Italia

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    <title>Italia</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:38:01Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="21117" sha1="56bkpvffpuk61rnp0gfe7najoq79tfv" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Italia 
|jina_asili = Repubblica Italiana ([[Kiitalia]])
|kauli_mbiu = 
|wimbo_wa_taifa =  &quot;Il Canto degli Italiani&quot; ([[Kiitalia]]) &lt;/br&gt;
&quot;Wimbo wa Waitalia&quot;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.5em;&quot; class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;[[File:italian anthem.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|bendera = Flag of Italy.svg
|nembo = Italy-Emblem.svg
|ramani = Italy (orthographic projection).svg
|maelezo_ramani = &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Eneo la Italia katika bara la Ulaya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|ukubwawapicha= 400px
|mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Roma]]
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiitalia]]
|lugha2 = 
|kabila = {{plainlist|
*91.0% Raia wa Italia
*9.0% Wengine 
}}
|dini = 
{{plainlist|
*84% [[Ukristo]]
*12% [[Wasio na dini]]
*1% [[Uislamu]]
*3% Nyinginezo 
}}
|serikali = Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Rais
|utaifa = Mwitalia
|kiongozi1 = Rais
|cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Sergio Mattarella]]
|cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]]
|kiongozi_jina2 = [[Giorgia Meloni]]
|kiongozi3 = [[Rais]] wa [[Seneti]]
|cheo_kiongozi3 = Ignazio La Russa
|bunge = Bunge la Italia
|muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' 
|tukio1 =  Muungano 
|tukio1_tarehe = 17 Machi 1861
|tukio2 = Jamhuri 
|tukio2_tarehe = 12 Juni  1946
|tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa
|tukio3_tarehe = 1 Januari 1948
|eneo_jumla = 301,340
|eneo_ardhi = 
|eneo_maji = &lt;!--Dont use commas in value--&gt;
|asilimia_maji = 1.24
|idadi_ya_watu= {{decrease}} 58,915,561
|mwaka_watu= 2025
|cheo_idadi_ya_watu= 25
|msongamano = 195
|plt_ppp = {{increase}} $3.597 Trilioni &lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Cite Web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA|title=Italy GDP profile|accessdate=2025-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato = 2024
|plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $60,992 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
|plt = {{increase}} $2.376 Trilioni (ya 8)&lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
|plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $40,286 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
|hdi =  0.906 
|orodha_hdi = 28 
|mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|url=https://countryeconomy.com/countries/italy|title= Italy Hdi|accessdate=2025-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_gini = 2021
|gini = 34.8
|tovuti = 
|sarafu = [[Euro ]]€ '''EU'''
|majira_saa = +1 (CET)
|msimbo_simu = 39
|mtandao = .it
|upande_wa_kuendeshea = Kulia
|tanbihi=
}}
'''Italia''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Italia''') ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[kusini]] mwa [[Ulaya]]. Inapakana na [[Ufaransa]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Uswisi]] na [[Austria]] upande wa [[kaskazini]], na [[Slovenia]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Nchi hii ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban milioni 60 na ina eneo la [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 301,340. [[Roma]], [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi, pia ni [[mji mkuu]]. Italia imegawanywa katika [[Mikoa ya Italia|mikoa 20]] na inajulikana kwa [[alama]] zake za [[historia|kihistoria]], [[sanaa]], [[Chakula|vyakula]], na kama mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa [[Dola la Roma]] na [[Renaissance]].

Italia ina [[urithi]] tajiri wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]] unaoendelea kuathiri [[dunia]] hadi leo. Kuanzia [[usanifu majengo]] na [[uhandisi]] wa [[Roma ya Kale]] hadi kazi bora za enzi ya ''Renaissance'' kutoka kwa wasanii kama [[Leonardo da Vinci]] na [[Michelangelo]], mchango wa Italia katika sanaa, [[fasihi]] na [[sayansi]] hauna kifani. [[Mji|Miji]] kama [[Firenze]], [[Venezia]] na [[Milano]] inajulikana kwa [[Jumba la Makumbusho|majumba]] ya kihistoria, [[Kanisa (jengo)|makanisa]], na maeneo ya kale yenye hazina ya sanaa, na huvutia [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya [[Utalii|watalii]] kila mwaka.

[[Uchumi]] wa Italia ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na unajulikana kwa sekta mbalimbali kama vile [[mitindo]] ya [[mavazi]], [[magari]], [[kilimo]] na utalii. Italia ni makao ya chapa maarufu duniani kama [[Ferrari]], [[Gucci]] na Lavazza. Nchi hii pia ina nafasi muhimu katika [[siasa]] za kimataifa kama mwanachama [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]] na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Licha ya changamoto za kiuchumi, Italia bado ni nchi yenye [[uhai]] mkubwa, utambulisho imara wa kitaifa na ushawishi mpana wa kitamaduni [[Dunia|duniani]].

==Jiografia==
[[Umbo]] la jamhuri, kama lile la [[rasi]] yake, linafanana na [[mguu]] linalozungukwa na [[maji]] ya [[Mediteraneo]] pande [[tatu]]. 

[[Milima]] ya [[Appennini]] inaunda [[uti wa mgongo]] wake, wakati ile ya [[Alpi]], ambayo ni mirefu zaidi, inaunda kwa kiasi kikubwa mpaka kati ya Italia na nchi nyingine za [[Ulaya]].

Mlima mrefu zaidi, ukiwa na [[mita]] 4,810 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]], unaitwa [[Mont Blanc|Monte Bianco]] (Mlima Mweupe) na uko mpakani kwa Ufaransa.  

[[Visiwa]] viwili vikubwa vya [[Sisilia]] na [[Sardinia]] ni sehemu za Italia pamoja na visiwa vingi vidogovidogo, vile vya [[Pelagie]] na [[Pantelleria]] vikiwa upande wa [[Afrika]]. 

Italia ina [[volkeno]] 14, ambazo 4 kati yake ziko hai: ile ndefu zaidi kuliko zote za Ulaya (mita 3,329) inaitwa [[Etna]] na iko [[mashariki]] mwa Sisilia. Italia inaongoza Ulaya kwa wingi wa [[matetemeko ya ardhi]].

[[Mto]] mrefu zaidi unaitwa [[Mto Po|Po]] na una [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 652. Mito mingine mirefu ni [[mto Adige|Adige]], [[Tiber|Tevere]], [[mto Adda, Italia|Adda]], [[mto Oglio|Oglio]], [[mto Tanaro|Tanaro]], [[mto Ticino|Ticino]], [[Mto Arno|Arno]], [[mto Piave|Piave]], [[mto Reno, Italia|Reno]], [[mto Sarca-Mincio|Sarca-Mincio]] n.k.

[[Ziwa|Maziwa]] makubwa zaidi ni: [[Ziwa la Garda|Garda]] (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 367.94), [[Ziwa Maggiore]] (212.51, likiingia Uswisi), [[Ziwa la Como]] (145.9), [[Ziwa Trasimeno|Trasimeno]] (124.29) na [[Ziwa la Bolsena]] (113.55).

Kutokana na [[urefu]] mkubwa wa Italia toka [[kaskazini]] hadi [[kusini]], [[hali ya hewa]] ni tofauti sana, kuanzia [[baridi]] kali sana hadi [[joto]] kali sana.

== Mikoa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! Bendera
! Jina
! Makao makuu
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Wakazi
! Msongamano wa watu/km²
! [[Wilaya za Italia|Wilaya]]
! Miji
! Miji mikubwa
! Hali ya utawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Abruzzo.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Abruzzo]]
| align=center|[[L'Aquila]]
| align=right|10,763
| align=right|1,307,919
| align=right|122
| align=center|4
| align=center|305 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Valle d'Aosta.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Bonde la Aosta]]
| align=center|[[Aosta]]
| align=right|3,263
| align=right|126,933
| align=right|39
| align=center|0
| align=center|74 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Apulia.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Puglia]]
| align=center|[[Bari]]
| align=right|19,358
| align=right|4,045,949
| align=right|209
| align=center|6
| align=center|258
| align=center|[[Bari]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Basilicata.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Basilicata]]
| align=center|[[Potenza]]
| align=right|9,995
| align=right|575,902
| align=right|58
| align=center|2
| align=center|131
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Calabria.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Calabria]]
| align=center|[[Catanzaro]]
| align=right|15,081
| align=right|1,954,403
| align=right|130
| align=center|5
| align=center|409 
| align=center|[[Reggio Calabria]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Campania.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Campania]]
| align=center|[[Napoli]]
| align=right|13,590
| align=right|5,761,155
| align=right|424
| align=center|5
| align=center|551
| align=center|[[Napoli]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|
| align=center|[[Emilia-Romagna]]
| align=center|[[Bologna]]
| align=right|22,446
| align=right|4,354,450
| align=right|194
| align=center|9
| align=center|348
| align=center|[[Bologna]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]
| align=center|[[Trieste]]
| align=right|7,858
| align=right|1,219,356
| align=right|155
| align=center|4
| align=center|218
| align=center|[[Trieste]]
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Lazio Flag.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Lazio]]
| align=center|[[Rome]]
| align=right|17,236
| align=right|5,550,459
| align=right|322
| align=center|5
| align=center|378
| align=center|[[Rome]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Liguria.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Liguria]]
| align=center|[[Genoa]]
| align=right|5,422
| align=right|1,565,349
| align=right|289
| align=center|4
| align=center|235
| align=center|[[Genoa]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Lombardy.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Lombardia]]
| align=center|[[Milan]]
| align=right|23,861
| align=right|9,749,593
| align=right|409
| align=center|12
| align=center|1544
| align=center|[[Milan]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Marche.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Marche]]
| align=center|[[Ancona]]
| align=right|9,366
| align=right|1,541,692
| align=right|165
| align=center|5
| align=center|239 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Molise.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Molise]]
| align=center|[[Campobasso]]
| align=right|4,438
| align=right|312,394
| align=right|70
| align=center|2
| align=center|136
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Bandiera della regione Piemonte.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Piemonte]]
| align=center|[[Turin]]
| align=right|25,402
| align=right|4,366,251
| align=right|172
| align=center|8
| align=center|1206
| align=center|[[Turin]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Sardinia, Italy.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Sardinia]]
| align=center|[[Cagliari]]
| align=right|24,090
| align=right|1,637,193
| align=right|68
| align=center|8
| align=center|377 
| align=center|[[Cagliari]]
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Sicily.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Sisilia]]
| align=center|[[Palermo]]
| align=right|25,711
| align=right|4,994,817
| align=right|194
| align=center|9
| align=center|390
| align=center|[[Catania]], [[Messina]], [[Palermo]]
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
| align=center|[[Trento]]
| align=right|13,607 
| align=right|1,036,707
| align=right|76
| align=center|2
| align=center|333
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Tuscany.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Toscana]]
| align=center|[[Firenze]]
| align=right|22,994
| align=right|3,679,027
| align=right|160
| align=center|10
| align=center|287
| align=center|[[Firenze]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Umbria.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Umbria]]
| align=center|[[Perugia]]
| align=right|8,456
| align=right|885,535
| align=right|105
| align=center|2
| align=center|92 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Veneto.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Veneto]]
| align=center|[[Venisi]]
| align=right|18,399
| align=right|4,865,380
| align=right|264
| align=center|7
| align=center|581
| align=center|[[Venisi]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
|-class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|}

==Historia==
{{main|Historia ya Italia}}
{{multiple image
|align=right|direction=vertical|width=190
|image1=Canal Grande Chiesa della Salute e Dogana dal ponte dell Accademia.jpg|190
|caption1=Mji wa [[Venisi]], uliojengwa juu ya [[visiwa]] 117.
|image2=Panoramic view of Piazza dei Miracoli (-Square of Miracles-). Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy.jpg|190
|caption2=[[Mnara wa Pisa]], pamoja na [[kanisa kuu la Pisa]] na [[batizio]] yake.
|image3= CasertaNorthernAspect.jpg
|caption3= [[Ikulu ya Caserta]].|190
}}
[[Akiolojia]] imethibitisha uwepo wa [[Homo|Homo erectus]] miaka 700,000 hivi iliyopita, [[Homo neanderthalensis]] miaka 200,000 hivi iliyopita. [[Homo sapiens|Homo sapiens sapiens]] alifika miaka 40,000 hivi iliyopita.

Kufikia [[milenia ya 1 KK]] wakazi wengi walikuwa wa [[Wazungu|jamii ya Kizungu]] na kutumia [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]], ingawa walibaki pia wazao wa wakazi wa awali.

[[Peninsula]] ya Italia iliunganishwa mara ya kwanza na [[Jamhuri ya Roma]] ([[509 KK|509]]-[[27 KK]]), lakini hiyo ilipoenea [[Ulaya kusini]] na [[Ulaya magharibi|magharibi]], [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na [[Asia ya Magharibi]] ikawa na sura ya kimataifa kama [[Dola la Roma]].

[[Umoja]] ulipotea kuanzia [[uvamizi]] wa [[jiji]] la [[Roma]] uliofanywa na [[Wagermanik]] ([[476]] [[BK]]) na hasa baada ya [[ufalme]] wa [[Karolo Mkuu]] aliyetawala sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] tu.

Juhudi za kuurudisha umoja zilifanywa hasa katika [[karne ya 19]], ambapo [[Ufalme wa Sardinia]] uliteka sehemu kubwa ya Italia (hasa miaka [[1860]], [[1866]] na [[1870]]) na kubadilika kuwa [[Ufalme wa Italia]] wenye [[makao makuu]] Roma.

Baada ya [[vita vikuu vya pili]] iligeuka [[Jamhuri]] yenye [[katiba]] inayotia [[mamlaka]] kuu [[Mikono|mikononi]] mwa [[bunge]].

Ni kati ya nchi [[sita]] zilizoanzisha [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] mwaka [[1957]] ikaendelea kuunga mkono ustawi wake hadi uanzishaji wa [[pesa]] ya pamoja ([[Euro]]).

==Sanaa na utalii==
[[File:Collage chiese italiane.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuanzia kushoto kwa kufuata mzunguko wa mishale katika saa: [[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Florence]], lenye [[kuba]] la [[matofali]] kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence &amp;#124; Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |accessdate=25 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |archivedate=2009-12-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschi's Dome.com |accessdate=25 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]], [[kanisa]] kubwa kuliko yote duniani, liko [[Vatikani]], nchi inayozungukwa na Italia pande zote;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reidsitaly.com/destinations/lazio/rome/sights/st_peters.html|title=St. Peter's Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro) in Rome, Italy|work=reidsitaly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kanisa kuu la [[Milano]], la tano duniani kwa ukubwa;&lt;ref&gt;See [[List of largest church buildings in the world]]; note that the #3 entry, [[First Family Church]] building in Kansas, is now a school education complex.&lt;/ref&gt; na Basilika la [[Mt. Marko]], [[Venezia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url = http://www.basilicasanmarco.it/WAI/eng/basilica/architettura/interne/fasi_costrutt.bsm|title = Basilica di San Marco|date = |access-date = 10 February 2016|website = |publisher = |last = |first = |accessdate = 2017-01-13|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150305102304/http://www.basilicasanmarco.it/WAI/eng/basilica/architettura/interne/fasi_costrutt.bsm|archivedate = 2015-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Italia ndiyo nchi inayongoza duniani kwa kuwa na mahali pengi (61) pa kimaumbile na pa kihistoria palipoingizwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya &quot;[[Urithi wa Dunia]]&quot;. 

Kwa sababu hiyo pia inashika nafasi ya 5 kati ya nchi zote zilizo lengo la [[utalii]].

==Demografia==
[[File:Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|thumb|Mtawanyiko wa watu wenye asili ya Italia.]]
Wananchi wana sifa za pekee kati ya [[Wazungu]] wote, hata upande wa [[DNA]], kutokana na jiografia na historia ya [[rasi]]. 

Ni kati ya nchi ambamo watu wanatarajiwa kuishi miaka mingi zaidi, lakini pia ni kati ya nchi ambapo [[uzazi]] ni mdogo zaidi: wanaokufa ni wengi kuliko wanaozaliwa.

Kutokana na [[umati]] wa Waitalia waliohama nchi hiyo karne za nyuma, sasa zaidi ya watu [[milioni]] 60 nje ya Italia wana asili ya nchi hiyo, mbali na [[raia]] zaidi ya milioni 4 wanaoishi nje.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiitalia]], inayotegemea zaidi [[lahaja]] za [[Italia ya Kati]], lakini siku hizi inatumiwa na wananchi walio wengi hata katika mikoa mingine, ambayo kwa jumla ni 20. Wananchi wanatumia pia lugha nyingine, kama [[Kisardinia]] (2.5%), [[Kifriuli]] (1.2%) na [[Kijerumani]] (0.6%), na vilevile wahamiaji wanatumia lugha zao asili, hasa [[Kiromania]] (1.3%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.8%), [[Kialbania]] (0.6%) na [[Kihispania]] (0.4%). 

Upande wa [[dini]], wengi wao (81.2%) ni [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], wakifuatwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] (2.8%, wengi wao wakiwa [[wahamiaji]], hasa kutoka [[Romania]]) na [[Waprotestanti]] (1.1%, wengi wao wakiwa [[Wapentekoste]]). [[Uhamiaji]] mwingi wa miaka ya mwisho wa [[karne ya 20]] umeleta pia [[Uislamu]] (3.7%) na [[dini]] nyingine.

Dini zote zinaachiwa [[Uhuru wa dini|uhuru]] na, tofauti na nchi nyingi za Ulaya, waumini wake wanajitahidi kiasi kufuata [[ibada]] (29% kila [[wiki]]).

== Serikali ==
Muundo wa Italia ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya uwakilishi wa [[bunge]], iliyoanzishwa chini ya [[Katiba]] ya mwaka [[1948]]. [[Rais]] wa Jamhuri ni mkuu wa [[nchi]] na huchukua nafasi ya mdhamini wa Katiba, huku [[Waziri Mkuu]] (Rais wa Baraza la Mawaziri) akiwa mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Waziri Mkuu huteuliwa na Rais na ni lazima apate [[imani]] ya [[tawi|matawi]] mawili ya Bunge la Italia ili aweze kuongoza. Mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa Italia umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa [[madaraka]] kati ya mihimili ya utendaji, ya kutunga [[sheria]], na ya [[mahakama]].

Tawi la kutunga sheria linaundwa na Bunge lenye mabaraza mawili, ambalo ni Bunge la Wawakilishi na Seneti ya Jamhuri. Mabaraza hayo mawili yana [[mamlaka]] sawa na yanawajibika kupitisha sheria, kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia serikali. Wabunge huchaguliwa na wananchi kupitia mfumo mchanganyiko wa [[uchaguzi]]. Italia ina [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]], jambo linalopelekea kila mara kuundwa kwa serikali za mseto kutokana na uwakilishi wa uwiano unaoruhusu vyama vidogo kupata viti.

Tawi la utendaji linajumuisha Waziri Mkuu na [[Baraza la Mawaziri]], ambao wanawajibika kwa sera za [[taifa|kitaifa]], usimamizi wa shughuli za serikali, na utekelezaji wa sheria. [[Wizara]] hushughulikia nyanja kama masuala ya nje, [[uchumi]], [[ulinzi]], na [[elimu]]. 

Mamlaka ya mahakama ni huru na haitegemei mihimili mingine ya [[dola]], na inajumuisha mahakama za kiraia, za kijinai, na za kiutawala. Mahakama ya Katiba huhakikisha kuwa sheria zinazingatia Katiba ya Italia. Italia pia ni mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], na sheria za umoja huo huathiri sera za ndani, hasa katika masuala ya uchumi na [[biashara]].

==Watu maarufu==
* [[Fransisko wa Asizi]]
* [[Marko Polo]]
* [[Dante Alighieri]]
* [[Katerina wa Siena]]
* [[Bernardino wa Siena]]
* [[Kristofa Columbus]]
* [[Amerigo Vespucci]]
* [[Yohane wa Verrazzano|Yohane wa Verrazzano]]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli|Nikola Machiavelli]]
* [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo wa Vinci]]
* [[Michelangelo]]
* [[Raffaello Sanzio]]
* [[Karolo Borromeo]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Galileo Galilei]]
* [[Amedeo Avogadro]]
* [[Alessandro Volta]]
* [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Yohane Bosco]]
* [[Antonio Meucci]]
* [[Papa Pius X]]
* [[Maria Montessori]]
* [[Guglielmo Marconi]]
* [[Benito Mussolini]]
* [[Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Papa Yohane XXIII]]
* [[Papa Paulo VI]]
* [[Pio wa Pietrelcina]]
* [[Carlo Rubbia]]

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Mikoa ya Italia]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Italia]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
*{{Rejea kitabu|title=Italy - Eyewitness Travel Guides|publisher=DK|year=2005|isbn=1-4053-0781-1}}
*{{Rejea kitabu|title=Northern Italy - Insight Guides|url=https://archive.org/details/northernitaly0000unse|publisher=APA Publications|year=2004|isbn=981-234-903-0}}
*{{cite web|title=History of Italy: Primary Documents|first=Richard|last=Hacken|publisher=EuroDocs: Harold B. Lee Library: Brigham Young University|url=http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Italy:_Primary_Documents|accessdate=6 March 2010}}
*{{cite web|title=FastiOnline: A database of archaeological excavations since the year 2000|date=2004–2007|publisher=International Association of Classical Archaeology (AIAC)|url=http://www.fastionline.org/|accessdate=6 March 2010}}
*{{cite web|title=Italy History – Italian History Index|language=Italian, English|date=1995–2010|publisher=European University Institute, The World Wide Web Virtual Library|url=http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html|accessdate=6 March 2010|archivedate=2021-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815124837/http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm Online resources about Italy] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm |date=20081216082829 }} at UCB Libraries GovPubs
*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Italy}}
* [http://www.study-in-italy.it/ Italian Higher Education for International Students] {{Wayback|url=http://www.study-in-italy.it/ |date=20090419134614 }}
* [http://www.parks.it/Eindex.html Italian National and Regional parks]
* [http://www.italia.it/en/home.html Italian tourism official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.italia.it/en/home.html |date=20091018203348 }}
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Italia]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538546</id>
      <parentid>1538545</parentid>
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      <text bytes="21122" sha1="p0aaoaeacad27mzymsnnlr4qm1ety5y" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Italia 
|jina_asili = Repubblica Italiana ([[Kiitalia]])
|kauli_mbiu = 
|wimbo_wa_taifa =  &quot;Il Canto degli Italiani&quot; ([[Kiitalia]]) &lt;/br&gt;
&quot;Wimbo wa Waitalia&quot;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.5em;&quot; class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;[[File:italian anthem.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|bendera = Flag of Italy.svg
|nembo = Italy-Emblem.svg
|ramani = Italy (orthographic projection).svg
|maelezo_ramani = &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Eneo la Italia katika bara la Ulaya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|ukubwawapicha= 400px
|mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Roma]]
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiitalia]]
|lugha2 = 
|kabila = {{plainlist|
*91.0% Raia wa Italia
*9.0% Wengine 
}}
|dini = 
{{plainlist|
*84% [[Ukristo]]
*12% [[Wasio na dini]]
*1% [[Uislamu]]
*3% Nyinginezo 
}}
|serikali = Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Rais
|utaifa = Mwitalia
|kiongozi1 = Rais
|cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Sergio Mattarella]]
|cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]]
|kiongozi_jina2 = [[Giorgia Meloni]]
|kiongozi3 = [[Rais]] wa [[Seneti]]
|cheo_kiongozi3 = Ignazio La Russa
|bunge = Bunge la Italia
|muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' 
|tukio1 =  Muungano 
|tukio1_tarehe = 17 Machi 1861
|tukio2 = Jamhuri 
|tukio2_tarehe = 12 Juni  1946
|tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa
|tukio3_tarehe = 1 Januari 1948
|eneo_jumla = 301,340
|eneo_ardhi = 
|eneo_maji = &lt;!--Dont use commas in value--&gt;
|asilimia_maji = 1.24
|idadi_ya_watu= {{decrease}} 58,915,561
|mwaka_watu= 2025
|cheo_idadi_ya_watu= 25
|msongamano = 195
|plt_ppp = {{increase}} $3.597 Trilioni &lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Cite Web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA|title=Italy GDP profile|accessdate=2025-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato = 2024
|plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $60,992 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
|plt = {{increase}} $2.376 Trilioni (ya 8)&lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
|plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $40,286 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
|hdi =  0.906 
|orodha_hdi = 28 
|mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|url=https://countryeconomy.com/countries/italy|title= Italy Hdi|accessdate=2025-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_gini = 2021
|gini = 34.8
|tovuti = 
|sarafu = [[Euro ]]€ '''EU'''
|majira_saa = +1 (CET)
|msimbo_simu = 39
|mtandao = .it
|upande_wa_kuendeshea = Kulia
|tanbihi=
}}
'''Italia''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Italia''') ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[kusini]] mwa [[Ulaya]]. Inapakana na [[Ufaransa]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Uswisi]] na [[Austria]] upande wa [[kaskazini]], na [[Slovenia]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Nchi hii ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban milioni 60 na ina eneo la [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 301,340. [[Roma]], [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi, pia ni [[mji mkuu]]. Italia imegawanywa katika [[Mikoa ya Italia|mikoa 20]] na inajulikana kwa [[alama]] zake za [[historia|kihistoria]], [[sanaa]], [[Chakula|vyakula]], na kama mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa [[Dola la Roma]] na [[Renaissance]].

Italia ina [[urithi]] tajiri wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]] unaoendelea kuathiri [[dunia]] hadi leo. Kuanzia [[usanifu majengo]] na [[uhandisi]] wa [[Roma ya Kale]] hadi kazi bora za enzi ya ''Renaissance'' kutoka kwa wasanii kama [[Leonardo da Vinci]] na [[Michelangelo]], mchango wa Italia katika sanaa, [[fasihi]] na [[sayansi]] hauna kifani. [[Mji|Miji]] kama [[Firenze]], [[Venezia]] na [[Milano]] inajulikana kwa [[Jumba la Makumbusho|majumba]] ya kihistoria, [[Kanisa (jengo)|makanisa]], na maeneo ya kale yenye hazina ya sanaa, na huvutia [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya [[Utalii|watalii]] kila mwaka.

[[Uchumi]] wa Italia ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na unajulikana kwa sekta mbalimbali kama vile [[mitindo]] ya [[mavazi]], [[magari]], [[kilimo]] na utalii. Italia ni makao ya chapa maarufu duniani kama [[Ferrari]], [[Gucci]] na Lavazza. Nchi hii pia ina nafasi muhimu katika [[siasa]] za kimataifa kama mwanachama [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]] na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Licha ya changamoto za kiuchumi, Italia bado ni nchi yenye [[uhai]] mkubwa, utambulisho imara wa kitaifa na ushawishi mpana wa kitamaduni [[Dunia|duniani]].

==Jiografia==
[[Umbo]] la jamhuri, kama lile la [[rasi]] yake, linafanana na [[mguu]] linalozungukwa na [[maji]] ya [[Mediteraneo]] pande [[tatu]]. 

[[Milima]] ya [[Appennini]] inaunda [[uti wa mgongo]] wake, wakati ile ya [[Alpi]], ambayo ni mirefu zaidi, inaunda kwa kiasi kikubwa mpaka kati ya Italia na nchi nyingine za [[Ulaya]].

Mlima mrefu zaidi, ukiwa na [[mita]] 4,810 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]], unaitwa [[Mont Blanc|Monte Bianco]] (Mlima Mweupe) na uko mpakani kwa Ufaransa.  

[[Visiwa]] viwili vikubwa vya [[Sisilia]] na [[Sardinia]] ni sehemu za Italia pamoja na visiwa vingi vidogovidogo, vile vya [[Pelagie]] na [[Pantelleria]] vikiwa upande wa [[Afrika]]. 

Italia ina [[volkeno]] 14, ambazo 4 kati yake ziko hai: ile ndefu zaidi kuliko zote za Ulaya (mita 3,329) inaitwa [[Etna]] na iko [[mashariki]] mwa Sisilia. Italia inaongoza Ulaya kwa wingi wa [[matetemeko ya ardhi]].

[[Mto]] mrefu zaidi unaitwa [[Mto Po|Po]] na una [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 652. Mito mingine mirefu ni [[mto Adige|Adige]], [[Tiber|Tevere]], [[mto Adda, Italia|Adda]], [[mto Oglio|Oglio]], [[mto Tanaro|Tanaro]], [[mto Ticino|Ticino]], [[Mto Arno|Arno]], [[mto Piave|Piave]], [[mto Reno, Italia|Reno]], [[mto Sarca-Mincio|Sarca-Mincio]] n.k.

[[Ziwa|Maziwa]] makubwa zaidi ni: [[Ziwa la Garda|Garda]] (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 367.94), [[Ziwa Maggiore]] (212.51, likiingia Uswisi), [[Ziwa la Como]] (145.9), [[Ziwa Trasimeno|Trasimeno]] (124.29) na [[Ziwa la Bolsena]] (113.55).

Kutokana na [[urefu]] mkubwa wa Italia toka [[kaskazini]] hadi [[kusini]], [[hali ya hewa]] ni tofauti sana, kuanzia [[baridi]] kali sana hadi [[joto]] kali sana.

== Mikoa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! Bendera
! Jina
! Makao makuu
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Wakazi
! Msongamano wa watu/km²
! [[Wilaya za Italia|Wilaya]]
! Miji
! Miji mikubwa
! Hali ya utawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Abruzzo.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Abruzzo]]
| align=center|[[L'Aquila]]
| align=right|10,763
| align=right|1,307,919
| align=right|122
| align=center|4
| align=center|305 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Valle d'Aosta.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Bonde la Aosta]]
| align=center|[[Aosta]]
| align=right|3,263
| align=right|126,933
| align=right|39
| align=center|0
| align=center|74 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Apulia.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Puglia]]
| align=center|[[Bari]]
| align=right|19,358
| align=right|4,045,949
| align=right|209
| align=center|6
| align=center|258
| align=center|[[Bari]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Basilicata.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Basilicata]]
| align=center|[[Potenza]]
| align=right|9,995
| align=right|575,902
| align=right|58
| align=center|2
| align=center|131
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Calabria.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Calabria]]
| align=center|[[Catanzaro]]
| align=right|15,081
| align=right|1,954,403
| align=right|130
| align=center|5
| align=center|409 
| align=center|[[Reggio Calabria]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Campania.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Campania]]
| align=center|[[Napoli]]
| align=right|13,590
| align=right|5,761,155
| align=right|424
| align=center|5
| align=center|551
| align=center|[[Napoli]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|
| align=center|[[Emilia-Romagna]]
| align=center|[[Bologna]]
| align=right|22,446
| align=right|4,354,450
| align=right|194
| align=center|9
| align=center|348
| align=center|[[Bologna]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]
| align=center|[[Trieste]]
| align=right|7,858
| align=right|1,219,356
| align=right|155
| align=center|4
| align=center|218
| align=center|[[Trieste]]
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Lazio Flag.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Lazio]]
| align=center|[[Rome]]
| align=right|17,236
| align=right|5,550,459
| align=right|322
| align=center|5
| align=center|378
| align=center|[[Rome]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Liguria.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Liguria]]
| align=center|[[Genoa]]
| align=right|5,422
| align=right|1,565,349
| align=right|289
| align=center|4
| align=center|235
| align=center|[[Genoa]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Lombardy.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Lombardia]]
| align=center|[[Milan]]
| align=right|23,861
| align=right|9,749,593
| align=right|409
| align=center|12
| align=center|1544
| align=center|[[Milan]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Marche.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Marche]]
| align=center|[[Ancona]]
| align=right|9,366
| align=right|1,541,692
| align=right|165
| align=center|5
| align=center|239 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Molise.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Molise]]
| align=center|[[Campobasso]]
| align=right|4,438
| align=right|312,394
| align=right|70
| align=center|2
| align=center|136
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Bandiera della regione Piemonte.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Piemonte]]
| align=center|[[Turin]]
| align=right|25,402
| align=right|4,366,251
| align=right|172
| align=center|8
| align=center|1206
| align=center|[[Turin]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Sardinia, Italy.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Sardinia]]
| align=center|[[Cagliari]]
| align=right|24,090
| align=right|1,637,193
| align=right|68
| align=center|8
| align=center|377 
| align=center|[[Cagliari]]
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Sicily.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Sisilia]]
| align=center|[[Palermo]]
| align=right|25,711
| align=right|4,994,817
| align=right|194
| align=center|9
| align=center|390
| align=center|[[Catania]], [[Messina]], [[Palermo]]
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
| align=center|[[Trento]]
| align=right|13,607 
| align=right|1,036,707
| align=right|76
| align=center|2
| align=center|333
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kujitawala
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Tuscany.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Toscana]]
| align=center|[[Firenze]]
| align=right|22,994
| align=right|3,679,027
| align=right|160
| align=center|10
| align=center|287
| align=center|[[Firenze]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Umbria.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Umbria]]
| align=center|[[Perugia]]
| align=right|8,456
| align=right|885,535
| align=right|105
| align=center|2
| align=center|92 
| align=center|-
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
| align=center|[[File:Flag of Veneto.svg|40px|border]]
| align=center|[[Veneto]]
| align=center|[[Venisi]]
| align=right|18,399
| align=right|4,865,380
| align=right|264
| align=center|7
| align=center|581
| align=center|[[Venisi]]
| align=center|Kawaida
|-
|-class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|}

==Historia==
{{main|Historia ya Italia}}
{{multiple image
|align=right|direction=vertical|width=190
|image1=Canal Grande Chiesa della Salute e Dogana dal ponte dell Accademia.jpg|190
|caption1=Mji wa [[Venisi]], uliojengwa juu ya [[visiwa]] 117.
|image2=Panoramic view of Piazza dei Miracoli (-Square of Miracles-). Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy.jpg|190
|caption2=[[Mnara wa Pisa]], pamoja na [[kanisa kuu la Pisa]] na [[batizio]] yake.
|image3= CasertaNorthernAspect.jpg
|caption3= [[Ikulu ya Caserta]].|190
}}
[[Akiolojia]] imethibitisha uwepo wa [[Homo|Homo erectus]] miaka 700,000 hivi iliyopita, [[Homo neanderthalensis]] miaka 200,000 hivi iliyopita. [[Homo sapiens|Homo sapiens sapiens]] alifika miaka 40,000 hivi iliyopita.

Kufikia [[milenia ya 1 KK]] wakazi wengi walikuwa wa [[Wazungu|jamii ya Kizungu]] na kutumia [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]], ingawa walibaki pia wazao wa wakazi wa awali.

[[Peninsula]] ya Italia iliunganishwa mara ya kwanza na [[Jamhuri ya Roma]] ([[509 KK|509]]-[[27 KK]]), lakini hiyo ilipoenea [[Ulaya kusini]] na [[Ulaya magharibi|magharibi]], [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na [[Asia ya Magharibi]] ikawa na sura ya kimataifa kama [[Dola la Roma]].

[[Umoja]] ulipotea kuanzia [[uvamizi]] wa [[jiji]] la [[Roma]] uliofanywa na [[Wagermanik]] ([[476]] [[BK]]) na hasa baada ya [[ufalme]] wa [[Karolo Mkuu]] aliyetawala sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] tu.

Juhudi za kuurudisha umoja zilifanywa hasa katika [[karne ya 19]], ambapo [[Ufalme wa Sardinia]] uliteka sehemu kubwa ya Italia (hasa miaka [[1860]], [[1866]] na [[1870]]) na kubadilika kuwa [[Ufalme wa Italia]] wenye [[makao makuu]] Roma.

Baada ya [[vita vikuu vya pili]] iligeuka [[Jamhuri]] yenye [[katiba]] inayotia [[mamlaka]] kuu [[Mikono|mikononi]] mwa [[bunge]].

Ni kati ya nchi [[sita]] zilizoanzisha [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] mwaka [[1957]] ikaendelea kuunga mkono ustawi wake hadi uanzishaji wa [[pesa]] ya pamoja ([[Euro]]).

==Sanaa na utalii==
[[File:Collage chiese italiane.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuanzia kushoto kwa kufuata mzunguko wa mishale katika saa: [[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Florence]], lenye [[kuba]] la [[matofali]] kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence &amp;#124; Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |accessdate=25 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |archivedate=2009-12-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschi's Dome.com |accessdate=25 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]], [[kanisa]] kubwa kuliko yote duniani, liko [[Vatikani]], nchi inayozungukwa na Italia pande zote;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reidsitaly.com/destinations/lazio/rome/sights/st_peters.html|title=St. Peter's Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro) in Rome, Italy|work=reidsitaly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kanisa kuu la [[Milano]], la tano duniani kwa ukubwa;&lt;ref&gt;See [[List of largest church buildings in the world]]; note that the #3 entry, [[First Family Church]] building in Kansas, is now a school education complex.&lt;/ref&gt; na Basilika la [[Mt. Marko]], [[Venezia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url = http://www.basilicasanmarco.it/WAI/eng/basilica/architettura/interne/fasi_costrutt.bsm|title = Basilica di San Marco|date = |access-date = 10 February 2016|website = |publisher = |last = |first = |accessdate = 2017-01-13|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150305102304/http://www.basilicasanmarco.it/WAI/eng/basilica/architettura/interne/fasi_costrutt.bsm|archivedate = 2015-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Italia ndiyo nchi inayongoza duniani kwa kuwa na mahali pengi (61) pa kimaumbile na pa kihistoria palipoingizwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya &quot;[[Urithi wa Dunia]]&quot;. 

Kwa sababu hiyo pia inashika nafasi ya 5 kati ya nchi zote zilizo lengo la [[utalii]].

==Demografia==
[[File:Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|thumb|Mtawanyiko wa watu wenye asili ya Italia.]]
Wananchi wana sifa za pekee kati ya [[Wazungu]] wote, hata upande wa [[DNA]], kutokana na jiografia na historia ya [[rasi]]. 

Ni kati ya nchi ambamo watu wanatarajiwa kuishi miaka mingi zaidi, lakini pia ni kati ya nchi ambapo [[uzazi]] ni mdogo zaidi: wanaokufa ni wengi kuliko wanaozaliwa.

Kutokana na [[umati]] wa Waitalia waliohama nchi hiyo karne za nyuma, sasa zaidi ya watu [[milioni]] 60 nje ya Italia wana asili ya nchi hiyo, mbali na [[raia]] zaidi ya milioni 4 wanaoishi nje.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiitalia]], inayotegemea zaidi [[lahaja]] za [[Italia ya Kati]], lakini siku hizi inatumiwa na wananchi walio wengi hata katika mikoa mingine, ambayo kwa jumla ni 20. Wananchi wanatumia pia lugha nyingine, kama [[Kisardinia]] (2.5%), [[Kifriuli]] (1.2%) na [[Kijerumani]] (0.6%), na vilevile wahamiaji wanatumia lugha zao asili, hasa [[Kiromania]] (1.3%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.8%), [[Kialbania]] (0.6%) na [[Kihispania]] (0.4%). 

Upande wa [[dini]], wengi wao (81.2%) ni [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], wakifuatwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] (2.8%, wengi wao wakiwa [[wahamiaji]], hasa kutoka [[Romania]]) na [[Waprotestanti]] (1.1%, wengi wao wakiwa [[Wapentekoste]]). [[Uhamiaji]] mwingi wa miaka ya mwisho wa [[karne ya 20]] umeleta pia [[Uislamu]] (3.7%) na [[dini]] nyingine.

Dini zote zinaachiwa [[Uhuru wa dini|uhuru]] na, tofauti na nchi nyingi za Ulaya, waumini wake wanajitahidi kiasi kufuata [[ibada]] (29% kila [[wiki]]).

== Serikali ==
Muundo wa Italia ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya uwakilishi wa [[bunge]], iliyoanzishwa chini ya [[Katiba]] ya mwaka [[1948]]. [[Rais]] wa Jamhuri ni mkuu wa [[nchi]] na huchukua nafasi ya mdhamini wa Katiba, huku [[Waziri Mkuu]] (Rais wa Baraza la Mawaziri) akiwa mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Waziri Mkuu huteuliwa na Rais na ni lazima apate [[imani]] ya [[tawi|matawi]] mawili ya Bunge la Italia ili aweze kuongoza. Mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa Italia umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa [[madaraka]] kati ya mihimili ya utendaji, ya kutunga [[sheria]], na ya [[mahakama]].

Tawi la kutunga sheria linaundwa na Bunge lenye mabaraza mawili, ambalo ni Bunge la Wawakilishi na Seneti ya Jamhuri. Mabaraza hayo mawili yana [[mamlaka]] sawa na yanawajibika kupitisha sheria, kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia serikali. Wabunge huchaguliwa na wananchi kupitia mfumo mchanganyiko wa [[uchaguzi]]. Italia ina [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]], jambo linalopelekea kila mara kuundwa kwa serikali za mseto kutokana na uwakilishi wa uwiano unaoruhusu vyama vidogo kupata viti.

Tawi la utendaji linajumuisha Waziri Mkuu na [[Baraza la Mawaziri]], ambao wanawajibika kwa sera za [[taifa|kitaifa]], usimamizi wa shughuli za serikali, na utekelezaji wa sheria. [[Wizara]] hushughulikia nyanja kama masuala ya nje, [[uchumi]], [[ulinzi]], na [[elimu]]. 

Mamlaka ya mahakama ni huru na haitegemei mihimili mingine ya [[dola]], na inajumuisha mahakama za kiraia, za kijinai, na za kiutawala. Mahakama ya Katiba huhakikisha kuwa sheria zinazingatia Katiba ya Italia. Italia pia ni mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], na sheria za umoja huo huathiri sera za ndani, hasa katika masuala ya uchumi na [[biashara]].

==Watu maarufu==
* [[Fransisko wa Asizi]]
* [[Marko Polo]]
* [[Dante Alighieri]]
* [[Katerina wa Siena]]
* [[Bernardino wa Siena]]
* [[Kristofa Columbus]]
* [[Amerigo Vespucci]]
* [[Yohane wa Verrazzano|Yohane wa Verrazzano]]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli|Nikola Machiavelli]]
* [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo wa Vinci]]
* [[Michelangelo]]
* [[Raffaello Sanzio]]
* [[Karolo Borromeo]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Galileo Galilei]]
* [[Amedeo Avogadro]]
* [[Alessandro Volta]]
* [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Yohane Bosco]]
* [[Antonio Meucci]]
* [[Papa Pius X]]
* [[Maria Montessori]]
* [[Guglielmo Marconi]]
* [[Benito Mussolini]]
* [[Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Papa Yohane XXIII]]
* [[Papa Paulo VI]]
* [[Pio wa Pietrelcina]]
* [[Carlo Rubbia]]

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Mikoa ya Italia]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Italia]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliografia==
{{reflist}}
*{{Rejea kitabu|title=Italy - Eyewitness Travel Guides|publisher=DK|year=2005|isbn=1-4053-0781-1}}
*{{Rejea kitabu|title=Northern Italy - Insight Guides|url=https://archive.org/details/northernitaly0000unse|publisher=APA Publications|year=2004|isbn=981-234-903-0}}
*{{cite web|title=History of Italy: Primary Documents|first=Richard|last=Hacken|publisher=EuroDocs: Harold B. Lee Library: Brigham Young University|url=http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Italy:_Primary_Documents|accessdate=6 March 2010}}
*{{cite web|title=FastiOnline: A database of archaeological excavations since the year 2000|date=2004–2007|publisher=International Association of Classical Archaeology (AIAC)|url=http://www.fastionline.org/|accessdate=6 March 2010}}
*{{cite web|title=Italy History – Italian History Index|language=Italian, English|date=1995–2010|publisher=European University Institute, The World Wide Web Virtual Library|url=http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html|accessdate=6 March 2010|archivedate=2021-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815124837/http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm Online resources about Italy] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm |date=20081216082829 }} at UCB Libraries GovPubs
*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Italy}}
* [http://www.study-in-italy.it/ Italian Higher Education for International Students] {{Wayback|url=http://www.study-in-italy.it/ |date=20090419134614 }}
* [http://www.parks.it/Eindex.html Italian National and Regional parks]
* [http://www.italia.it/en/home.html Italian tourism official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.italia.it/en/home.html |date=20091018203348 }}
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Italia]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>p0aaoaeacad27mzymsnnlr4qm1ety5y</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Somalia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2532</id>
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        <username>Gayle157</username>
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      <text bytes="18821" sha1="3xuxnfiiy3kr9hbvh8ugbl1ot46mcg6" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi  
| jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Somalia  
| jina_asili = ''Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya''  
| bendera = Flag of Somalia.svg  
| nembo = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg  
| kaulimbiu = ''Qaranimo, Cadaalad, Midnimo'' ([[Kisomali]]: &quot;Utaifa, Haki, Umoja&quot;)  
| wimbo = ''Qolobaa Calankeed''  
| ramani = Somalia (orthographic projection)2.svg
| mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu =  [[Mogadishu]]
| majiranukta1 =  
| majiranukta2 =  
| lugha_rasmi = [[Kisomali]], [[Kiarabu]]  
| lugha_taifa =  
| kiongozi1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]]  
| kiongozi2 = [[Hamza Abdi Barre]]  
| cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais  
| cheo_kiongozi2 = Waziri Mkuu  
| muundo_uhuru = '''Historia'''  
| tukio1 = Uhuru
| tukio2 = Muungano na Somaliland
| tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa
| tukio1_tarehe = 1 Julai 1960  
| tukio2_tarehe = 1 Julai 1960 
| tukio3_tarehe = 1 Agosti 2012 
| eneo_jumla = 637,657 km²  
| cheo_eneo = 43  
| maji =  
| ardhi =  
| watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 18,143,378  
| mwaka_kadirio = 2023  
| msongamano = 27.2  
| pato_ppp = {{increase}} $34.03 bilioni  
| pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $2,060  
| cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu =  
| plt = {{increase}} $12.8 bilioni  
| mwaka_pato = 2023  
| pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $775  
| cheo_plt_kawaida =  
| cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu =  
| mwaka_maendeleo = 2022  
| maendeleo = {{steady}} 0.380 {{chini}}  
| hdi = 0.404 (ya 192) &lt;/br&gt;- {{chini}}
| mwaka_maendeleo = 2023
| gini = 36.8  
| mwaka_gini = 2017  
| fedha = [[Shilingi ya Somalia]] (SOS)  
| majira_saa = +3 (EAT)  
| udereva = Kulia  
| msimbo_simu = 252  
| tld = .so  
}}
'''Somalia''' (kwa [[Kisomali]]: ''Soomaaliya''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Somalia''') ni nchi katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], iliyoko kwenye [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Ethiopia]] [[magharibi]], [[Jibuti]] [[kaskazini]]-magharibi, [[Kenya]] [[kusini]]-magharibi, na imezungukwa na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] [[mashariki]]. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban milioni 18.1, ikiwa ya 78 [[Dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Mogadishu]]. Somalia imegawanyika katika [[Jimbo|majimbo]] sita ya [[shirikisho]]. Inajulikana kwa [[pwani]] yake ndefu zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na kwa changamoto zake za kisiasa na kiusalama kutokana na miongo ya migogoro ya ndani.

Somalia ina [[historia]] ndefu na [[utamaduni]], ikiwa ni mojawapo ya maeneo ya kale yaliyojihusisha na [[biashara]] ya majini katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Katika enzi za zamani, miji ya pwani kama [[Mogadishu]], [[Berbera]], na [[Zeila]] ilikuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara kati ya Afrika, [[Uarabuni]], na [[Asia]]. Somalia pia ni maarufu kwa [[utamaduni]] wake wa [[sanaa|kisanaa]], [[shairi|mashairi]], na [[lugha]] ya [[Kisomali]] ambayo ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiafrika zenye [[sarufi]] ya kipekee na [[utajiri]] wa [[fasihi]].

Licha ya changamoto za kiusalama, hivi karibuni Somalia imeonyesha [[dalili]] za kuimarika katika nyanja mbalimbali kama [[elimu]], [[miundombinu]], na [[biashara]], hasa katika maeneo yenye utulivu kama [[Somaliland]] na [[Puntland]]. Jumuiya ya kimataifa pamoja na mashirika ya ndani yamekuwa yakishirikiana katika [[juhudi]] za [[ujenzi]] wa [[taifa]] na kukuza [[utawala]] bora. Aidha, [[wimbi]] la watu wa Somalia walioko ughaibuni (diaspora) limechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa maendeleo kupitia uhamishaji wa fedha, uwekezaji, na maarifa.

Uchumi wa Somalia unategemea zaidi [[kilimo]], [[mifugo]], na [[fedha]] zinazotumwa na diaspora ya [[Wasomali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Somalia_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/#economy |title=Somalia - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mifugo kama [[ngamia]], [[mbuzi]], [[kondoo]], na [[ng’ombe]] ndio msingi mkuu wa [[mauzo ya nje]], hasa kwenda nchi za Ghuba. Kilimo kwa kiasi kikubwa ni cha kujikimu, huku mazao kama [[mtama]], [[mahindi]], ndizi, na miwa yakilimwa hasa katika maeneo ya mito ya [[Juba]] na [[Shabelle]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Somalia_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Economy |author=Ioan M. Lewis |title=Somalia: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 12, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi mwingi uko katika sekta isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na miundombinu ya kifedha ya kitaifa iliyo na mipaka, ingawa mifumo ya fedha kwa njia ya simu imeenea sana kwa miamala na huduma za kibenki. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Somalia_Update&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/publication/somalia-economic-update-rapid-growth-of-mobile-money |title=Somalia Economic Update: Rapid Growth of Mobile Money |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Nchi ina [[rasilimali]] asilia kubwa ambazo bado hazijatumika kikamilifu, ikiwa ni pamoja na uwezekano wa mafuta na gesi asilia baharini, ingawa utafutaji wake umekuwa mdogo kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu wa zamani na maendeleo ya mfumo wa udhibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Somalia_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/somalia/somalia-economic-outlook |title=Somalia Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Biashara na shughuli ndogo ndogo za kibiashara ni muhimu katika miji, huku [[Mogadishu]] ikiwa kituo kikuu cha biashara na huduma. Urejeshaji wa uchumi wa Somalia umeungwa mkono na uwekezaji wa kigeni unaoongezeka, misaada ya kibinadamu, na maboresho ya taratibu katika utawala na uwezo wa taasisi. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Somalia_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23440-somalia-imf-executive-board-completes-the-sixth-and-final-review-under-the-ecf |title=IMF Executive Board Completes Review of Somalia |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2023 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiografia ==
{{main|Jiografia ya Somalia}}
[[File:A map of Somalia regions.png|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ramani]] ya mikoa ya Somalia.]]
== Historia ==
[[Picha:BosasoCity.jpg|thumb|right|Mji wa [[Bosaso]], Somalia.]]
{{main|Historia ya Somalia}}
===Ukoloni wa Italia===
Kuanzia mwaka [[1888]] [[Italia]] ilijipatia [[nchi lindwa|mikataba ya ulinzi]] na [[sultani|masultani]] mbalimbali waliotawala maeneo madogo kwenye [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Walitangulia [[1889]] na sultani ya [[bandari]] ya [[Hobyo]] na mtawala wa usultani wa [[Majerteen]]. 

Mwaka [[1892]] [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]] ulikodisha bandari ya [[Banadir]] kati ya [[Mogadishu]] hadi [[Brava]] kwa Italia. Mwaka [[1905]] Italia ilinunua eneo hili kutoka [[Zanzibar]] na kulitangaza kuwa [[koloni]] na [[Mogadishu]] kuwa [[mji mkuu]]. 

Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Waitalia walikabidhiwa  na [[Uingereza]] eneo la [[Kismayu]]. Walilitawala kwa jina la &quot;Oltre Giuba&quot; (''ng'ambo ya [[Juba (mto)|mto Juba]]'') na kuliunganisha na Somalia ya Kiitalia [[tarehe]] [[30 Juni]] [[1926]].

Wakati uleule waliamua kumaliza hali ya sultani za Majarteen na Hobyo kuwa nchi lindwa na kuzifanya sehemu kamili za koloni. Mipango hiyo ilisababisha [[vita]] kali ya miaka miwili kwa sababu masultani waliona mikataba yao ya ulinzi ilivunjwa wakapinga [[jeshi]] la Italia.

Mwaka [[1936]] Somalia ikaunganishwa na [[Ethiopia]] kuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiitalia]]. 

Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] makoloni ya Italia yalivamiwa na Uingereza uliotawala Somalia tangu [[1941]]. 

Mwaka [[1949]] Somalia ilirudishwa mikononi mwa Italia ilisimamie kwa niaba ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. 

===Ukoloni wa Uingereza===
Uingereza uliingia katika eneo hili baada ya [[Misri]] kuondoka mwaka [[1885]] kwa kushindwa na [[jeshi]] la [[Mahdi]] huko [[Sudan]]. Uingereza uliingia kwa sababu iliona umuhimu wa kutawala pande zote [[mbili]] za [[Bab el Mandeb]] ikihofia uenezaji wa nchi nyingine za [[Ulaya]], hasa [[Ufaransa]] iliyokuwa na [[koloni]] la kwanza ya Ubuk (Obok) katika [[Jibuti]] ya leo tangu [[1862]]. Pamoja na hayo [[Waingereza]] walitegemea kununua [[nyama]] kwa ajili ya [[mji]] wa [[Aden]] na [[meli]] zilizopita hapo kati ya [[Uhindi]] na [[Ulaya]].

Somaliland ilitawaliwa awali kama [[mkoa]] wa [[Uhindi wa Kiingereza]] ikawa baadaye chini ya [[wizara ya makoloni]] huko [[London]].

Hata kama Uingereza haukuwa na nia ya kuingilia mno [[maisha]] ya wenyeji ulikutana na upinzani mkali kuanzia mwaka [[1899]] kutoka kwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[dini]] [[Diiriye Guure]], aliyeitwa na Waingereza &quot;Mullah majununi&quot;. Waingereza walijibu kwa [[ukatili]] katika [[vita]] vya miaka 20 iliyoua takriban [[theluthi]] moja ya wakazi wote wa eneo.

Mwishowe Uingereza iliweza kumaliza upinzani kwa [[teknolojia]] mpya ya [[eropleni]] [[ndege za kijeshi|za kijeshi]] zilizotumia [[mabomu]] na [[bunduki za mtombo]] kutoka [[Anga|angani]] kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Afrika]].

Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] eneo likatwaliwa na [[Italia]] katika [[Agosti]] [[1940]] lakini lilichukuliwa tena na Uingereza katika [[Machi]] [[1941]].

===Uhuru===
Mwaka 1960 [[utawala]] wa kikoloni ulikwisha na Somalia ikapata uhuru wake, ikiunganisha ma[[koloni]] mawiliː la [[Waitalia]] ([[Somalia ya Kiitalia|kusini]]) na la [[Waingereza]] ([[Somalia ya Kiingereza|kaskazini]]).

Baada ya mwaka [[1991]] nchi ya Somalia ilibaki haina [[serikali]] wala umoja wa taifa, bali iligawiwa na wakereketwa na [[wanamgambo]] wa [[ukoo]] na eneo, hasa [[Somaliland]], [[Puntland]] na [[Galmudug]] upande wa kaskazini.

Katika miaka [[2008]]-[[2013]] ilihesabika kama [[nchi filisika]]. Kwa sasa ni [[nchi dhaifu]] lakini inaanza kujengwa upya kama [[shirikisho]] na kujiandaa kujiunga na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]].

Tarehe [[4 Machi]] [[2024]] imejiunga rasmi na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/somalia-yatambuliwa-rasmi-eac-viongozi-kuvalia-njuga-migogoro-4545254&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[File:Oreotragus oreotragus.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Klipspringers anaishi katika maeneo ya milimani yenye mimea kidogo.]]

== Demografia ==
[[Picha:Somalia pop 2002.jpg|thumb|200px|Hii [[ramani]] ya mwaka [[2002]] inaonyesha [[msongamano wa watu]] nchini.]]
Wakazi asili wa Somalia ni Wasomali (85%) wa ma[[kabila]] yafuatayo:
** [[Isaaq]]
** [[Hawiye]] 
** [[Dir (clan)|Dir]]
** [[Darod]]
** [[Digil &amp; Mifle]]

Wengine (15%) ni:
* [[Wabantu]]
* [[Waarabu]] n.k.
[[File:Somali map.jpg|thumb|[[Ramani]] ikionyesha uenezi wa lugha ya [[Kisomali]] katika [[Pembe ya Afrika]].]] 
[[Kisomali]] ndiyo [[lugha]] ya kawaida ya wakazi wengi na [[lugha rasmi]] pamoja na [[Kiarabu]]. Kati ya lugha nyingine zinazotumika nchini, mojawapo ni [[Kiswahili]] ([[lahaja]] za [[Chimbalanzi]] na [[Kibajuni]]).

Upande wa [[dini]], 99.8% ni [[Waislamu]], hasa [[Wasuni]]. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] hawafikii 0.1%.
[[File:Canjeelo.jpg|thumb|Somali [[lahoh]] (''canjeero'').]]
[[File:Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg|thumb|[[Maporomoko ya maji]] ya [[Lamadaya]] kwenye [[mlima Cal Madow]].]]
[[File:Somalia (Somaliland)(168).jpg|thumb|Eneo la Somaliland.]]
[[File:Almadow Overview.JPG|thumb|Mandhari ya milima ya [[Cal Madow]], makao ya [[spishi]] nyingi za pekee.]]
[[File:Somaliland (6936778013) (2).jpg|thumb|[[Ufukwe]] wa [[Berbera]].]]
[[File:Somalia (Somaliland)(023).jpg|thumb|[[Dahabshiil]] huko [[Hargeisa]].]]
[[File:Burcoshopmall.jpeg|thumb|Duka huko [[Burao]].]]
[[File:EgalInternationalAirport.jpg|thumb|[[Hargeisa International Airport]] huko [[Hargeisa]].]]
[[File:Hargeisa (28986744304).jpg|thumb|Watu mjini [[Hargeisa]].]]

== Utawala ==
Maeneo (umoja: ''[[gobolka]]'', wingi: ''gobollada'') ya Somalia, ambayo imegawiwa tena katika [[wilaya]], ni 18:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Mikoa ya Somalia
|-
! Mkoa
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
! Wakazi
! Makao makuu
|-
|[[Awdal]]
|21,374
|1,010,566
|[[Borama]]
|-
| [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]]
| 70,088
| 719,512
| [[Bosaso]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Nugal|Nugal]]
| 26,180
| 392,697
| [[Garowe]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Mudug|Mudug]]
| 72,933
| 717,863
| [[Galkayo]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Galguduud|Galguduud]]
| 46,126
| 569,434
| [[Dusmareb]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Hiran|Hiran]]
| 31,510
| 520,685
| [[Beledweyne]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Kati|Shebeli wa Kati]]
| 22,663
| 516,036
| [[Jowhar]]
|-
| [[Banaadir]]
| 370
| 1,650,227
| [[Mogadishu]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Chini|Shebeli wa Chini]]
| 25,285
| 1,202,219
| [[Barawa]]
|-
|[[Togdheer]]
|38,663
|721,363
|[[Burao]]
|-
| [[Bakool]]
| 26,962
| 367,226
| [[Xuddur]]
|-
|[[Woqooyi Galbeed]]
|28,836
|1,242,003
|[[Hargeisa]]
|-
| [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]]
| 35,156
| 792,182
| [[Baidoa]]
|-
| [[Gedo]]
| 60,389
| 508,405
| [[Garbahaarreey]]
|-
| [[Juba wa Kati]]
| 9,836
| 362,921
| [[Bu'aale]]
|-
| [[Juba ya chini|Juba wa Chini]]
| 42,876
| 489,307
| [[Kismayo]]
|-
|[[Sanaag]]
|53,374
|544,123
|[[Erigavo]]
|-
|[[Sool, Somalia|Sool]]
|25,036
|327,428
|[[Las Anod]]
|}

[[Picha:MogadishuCoke.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Banda]] la [[biashara]] huko [[Mogadishu]].]]

== Mawasiliano ==
Mawasiliano ya Jamhuri ya Somalia ilikaribia kuangamia kwa [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]], lakini kwa sasa [[kampuni]] za binafsi za mawasiliano ya mitambo, zimetwaa karibu miji yote Somalia, na hata kutoa huduma njema kuliko nchi zilizo jirani. 

Somalia ni nchi mojawapo Afrika ambayo ina mawasiliano ya [[bei]] rahisi zaidi, pengine kwa kuwa Somalia haikuwa na serikali iliyotoza ushuru; ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4020259.stm ''Telecoms thriving in lawless Somalia''])
Kampuni zinazohudumia watu wa Somalia ni kama:
* [[SOMTEL]]
* [[Galkom]]
* [[Global Internet Company]]
* [[Hormuud]]
* [[Telcom]]
* [[Nationlink]]
* [[Netco]]
* [[STG]]
* [[Dahabshiil]]

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Utamaduni wa Somalia]]
* [[Uislamu nchini Somalia]]
* [[Waandishi wa Somalia]]
* [[Muziki wa Somalia]]
* [[Uchumi wa Somalia]]
* [[Vita vya Mogadishu]]
* [[Mawasiliano nchini Somalia]]
* [[Orodha ya kampuni za Somalia]]
* [[Jeshi la Somalia]]
* [[Usafiri nchini Somalia]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo==
{{Refbegin|2}} 
{{Clear}}
* {{cite book
  |last= Abdullahi  |first= Mohamed Diriye
  |year= 2001
  |title= Culture and Customs of Somalia
  |url= https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri
  |location= Westport, CT
  |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-313-31333-2
}}
* {{Rejea jarida
  |last= Alpers  |first= Edward A.  |year= 1976
  |title= Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800
  |journal= [[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]]  |volume= 9  |issue= 1  |pages= 22–44
  |doi= 10.2307/217389  |jstor= 217389}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |author= Gebru Tareke &lt;!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --&gt;  |year= 2009
  |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
  |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr|location= New Haven,&amp;nbsp;CT  |publisher= [[Yale University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4  |ref= CITEREFTareke2009 }}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Laitin  |first= David D.|year= 1977
  |title= Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
  |location= Chicago  |publisher= [[University Of Chicago Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7}}
* {{Rejea jarida
  |last1= Lecarme  |first1= Jacqueline  |last2= Maury  |first2= Carole  |year= 1987
  |title= A Software Tool for Research in Linguistics and Lexicography: Application to Somali
  |journal= Computers and Translation  |volume= 2  |issue= 1  |pages= 21–36
  |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131}}
* Mauri, Arnaldo, ''Somalia'', in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), &quot;Banking Systems of Africa&quot;, Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp.&amp;nbsp;209–217.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=958442]
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Samatar  |first= Said S.  |year= 1982
  |title = Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism
  |location= Cambridge  |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Schraeder  |first= Peter J.  |year= 2006
  |chapter= From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism
  |title= ''In Lowell W. Barrington, ed.,'' After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;107–137)''
  |location= Ann Arbor, MI  |publisher= [[University of Michigan Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9}}
* Shay, Shaul. ''Somalia in Transition Since 2006.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014.
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Warmington  |first= Eric Herbert  |year= 1995
  |title= The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
  |publisher= South Asia Books
  |isbn= 8121506700}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last1= Zolberg  |first1= Aristide R.  |last2= Suhrke  |first2= Astri
  |last3= Aguayo  |first3= Sergio  |author3-link= Sergio Aguayo  |year= 1989
  |title= Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World
  |url= https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.341.486.zol.1.8771  |location= New York  |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-195-05592-4}}
{{Refend}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Somalia}}
* {{wikiatlas|Somalia}}
* [http://www.somaligov.net/ Federal Government of Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somaligov.net/ |date=20150408021606 }}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|so|Somalia}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Somalia}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094503 Somalia profile] from the [[BBC News]]

;Habari, mitandao inayojadili kuhusu Somalia.
* [http://allafrica.com/somalia/ AllAfrica.com - ''Somalia''] Habari
* [http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/41/ International Freedom of Expression eXchange: Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/41/ |date=20070314195352 }}
* [http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/sotoc.html#so0016  Somalia - A Country Study]

;Habari za kawaida
* [http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2004/somalia/default.stm BBC habari barabara - ''Somalia: Kutoka kwenye mbomoko?'']
* [http://www.somplanet.com Somali Planet Networks''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somplanet.com/ |date=20070927185411 }}
* [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/so/ US State Department - ''Somalia''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf ''Better off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse'']

;Watambuzi
* [http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/280-nenova-harford.pdf Anarchy and Invention: Vipi Kampuni za Somalia zaweza kufanya biashara bila serikali?] {{Wayback|url=http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/280-nenova-harford.pdf |date=20080307005543 }}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}

[[Jamii:Somalia| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Kiarabu]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>3xuxnfiiy3kr9hbvh8ugbl1ot46mcg6</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538556</id>
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        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
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      <comment>/* Demografia */ Unnecessary [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="18106" sha1="ahk2ndz3ie7qcmpu6qf904fyfke5cpa" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi  
| jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Somalia  
| jina_asili = ''Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya''  
| bendera = Flag of Somalia.svg  
| nembo = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg  
| kaulimbiu = ''Qaranimo, Cadaalad, Midnimo'' ([[Kisomali]]: &quot;Utaifa, Haki, Umoja&quot;)  
| wimbo = ''Qolobaa Calankeed''  
| ramani = Somalia (orthographic projection)2.svg
| mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu =  [[Mogadishu]]
| majiranukta1 =  
| majiranukta2 =  
| lugha_rasmi = [[Kisomali]], [[Kiarabu]]  
| lugha_taifa =  
| kiongozi1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]]  
| kiongozi2 = [[Hamza Abdi Barre]]  
| cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais  
| cheo_kiongozi2 = Waziri Mkuu  
| muundo_uhuru = '''Historia'''  
| tukio1 = Uhuru
| tukio2 = Muungano na Somaliland
| tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa
| tukio1_tarehe = 1 Julai 1960  
| tukio2_tarehe = 1 Julai 1960 
| tukio3_tarehe = 1 Agosti 2012 
| eneo_jumla = 637,657 km²  
| cheo_eneo = 43  
| maji =  
| ardhi =  
| watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 18,143,378  
| mwaka_kadirio = 2023  
| msongamano = 27.2  
| pato_ppp = {{increase}} $34.03 bilioni  
| pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $2,060  
| cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu =  
| plt = {{increase}} $12.8 bilioni  
| mwaka_pato = 2023  
| pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $775  
| cheo_plt_kawaida =  
| cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu =  
| mwaka_maendeleo = 2022  
| maendeleo = {{steady}} 0.380 {{chini}}  
| hdi = 0.404 (ya 192) &lt;/br&gt;- {{chini}}
| mwaka_maendeleo = 2023
| gini = 36.8  
| mwaka_gini = 2017  
| fedha = [[Shilingi ya Somalia]] (SOS)  
| majira_saa = +3 (EAT)  
| udereva = Kulia  
| msimbo_simu = 252  
| tld = .so  
}}
'''Somalia''' (kwa [[Kisomali]]: ''Soomaaliya''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Somalia''') ni nchi katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], iliyoko kwenye [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Ethiopia]] [[magharibi]], [[Jibuti]] [[kaskazini]]-magharibi, [[Kenya]] [[kusini]]-magharibi, na imezungukwa na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] [[mashariki]]. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban milioni 18.1, ikiwa ya 78 [[Dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Mogadishu]]. Somalia imegawanyika katika [[Jimbo|majimbo]] sita ya [[shirikisho]]. Inajulikana kwa [[pwani]] yake ndefu zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na kwa changamoto zake za kisiasa na kiusalama kutokana na miongo ya migogoro ya ndani.

Somalia ina [[historia]] ndefu na [[utamaduni]], ikiwa ni mojawapo ya maeneo ya kale yaliyojihusisha na [[biashara]] ya majini katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Katika enzi za zamani, miji ya pwani kama [[Mogadishu]], [[Berbera]], na [[Zeila]] ilikuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara kati ya Afrika, [[Uarabuni]], na [[Asia]]. Somalia pia ni maarufu kwa [[utamaduni]] wake wa [[sanaa|kisanaa]], [[shairi|mashairi]], na [[lugha]] ya [[Kisomali]] ambayo ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiafrika zenye [[sarufi]] ya kipekee na [[utajiri]] wa [[fasihi]].

Licha ya changamoto za kiusalama, hivi karibuni Somalia imeonyesha [[dalili]] za kuimarika katika nyanja mbalimbali kama [[elimu]], [[miundombinu]], na [[biashara]], hasa katika maeneo yenye utulivu kama [[Somaliland]] na [[Puntland]]. Jumuiya ya kimataifa pamoja na mashirika ya ndani yamekuwa yakishirikiana katika [[juhudi]] za [[ujenzi]] wa [[taifa]] na kukuza [[utawala]] bora. Aidha, [[wimbi]] la watu wa Somalia walioko ughaibuni (diaspora) limechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa maendeleo kupitia uhamishaji wa fedha, uwekezaji, na maarifa.

Uchumi wa Somalia unategemea zaidi [[kilimo]], [[mifugo]], na [[fedha]] zinazotumwa na diaspora ya [[Wasomali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Somalia_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/#economy |title=Somalia - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mifugo kama [[ngamia]], [[mbuzi]], [[kondoo]], na [[ng’ombe]] ndio msingi mkuu wa [[mauzo ya nje]], hasa kwenda nchi za Ghuba. Kilimo kwa kiasi kikubwa ni cha kujikimu, huku mazao kama [[mtama]], [[mahindi]], ndizi, na miwa yakilimwa hasa katika maeneo ya mito ya [[Juba]] na [[Shabelle]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Somalia_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Economy |author=Ioan M. Lewis |title=Somalia: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 12, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi mwingi uko katika sekta isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na miundombinu ya kifedha ya kitaifa iliyo na mipaka, ingawa mifumo ya fedha kwa njia ya simu imeenea sana kwa miamala na huduma za kibenki. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Somalia_Update&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/publication/somalia-economic-update-rapid-growth-of-mobile-money |title=Somalia Economic Update: Rapid Growth of Mobile Money |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Nchi ina [[rasilimali]] asilia kubwa ambazo bado hazijatumika kikamilifu, ikiwa ni pamoja na uwezekano wa mafuta na gesi asilia baharini, ingawa utafutaji wake umekuwa mdogo kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu wa zamani na maendeleo ya mfumo wa udhibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Somalia_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/somalia/somalia-economic-outlook |title=Somalia Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Biashara na shughuli ndogo ndogo za kibiashara ni muhimu katika miji, huku [[Mogadishu]] ikiwa kituo kikuu cha biashara na huduma. Urejeshaji wa uchumi wa Somalia umeungwa mkono na uwekezaji wa kigeni unaoongezeka, misaada ya kibinadamu, na maboresho ya taratibu katika utawala na uwezo wa taasisi. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Somalia_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23440-somalia-imf-executive-board-completes-the-sixth-and-final-review-under-the-ecf |title=IMF Executive Board Completes Review of Somalia |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2023 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiografia ==
{{main|Jiografia ya Somalia}}
[[File:A map of Somalia regions.png|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ramani]] ya mikoa ya Somalia.]]
== Historia ==
[[Picha:BosasoCity.jpg|thumb|right|Mji wa [[Bosaso]], Somalia.]]
{{main|Historia ya Somalia}}
===Ukoloni wa Italia===
Kuanzia mwaka [[1888]] [[Italia]] ilijipatia [[nchi lindwa|mikataba ya ulinzi]] na [[sultani|masultani]] mbalimbali waliotawala maeneo madogo kwenye [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Walitangulia [[1889]] na sultani ya [[bandari]] ya [[Hobyo]] na mtawala wa usultani wa [[Majerteen]]. 

Mwaka [[1892]] [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]] ulikodisha bandari ya [[Banadir]] kati ya [[Mogadishu]] hadi [[Brava]] kwa Italia. Mwaka [[1905]] Italia ilinunua eneo hili kutoka [[Zanzibar]] na kulitangaza kuwa [[koloni]] na [[Mogadishu]] kuwa [[mji mkuu]]. 

Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Waitalia walikabidhiwa  na [[Uingereza]] eneo la [[Kismayu]]. Walilitawala kwa jina la &quot;Oltre Giuba&quot; (''ng'ambo ya [[Juba (mto)|mto Juba]]'') na kuliunganisha na Somalia ya Kiitalia [[tarehe]] [[30 Juni]] [[1926]].

Wakati uleule waliamua kumaliza hali ya sultani za Majarteen na Hobyo kuwa nchi lindwa na kuzifanya sehemu kamili za koloni. Mipango hiyo ilisababisha [[vita]] kali ya miaka miwili kwa sababu masultani waliona mikataba yao ya ulinzi ilivunjwa wakapinga [[jeshi]] la Italia.

Mwaka [[1936]] Somalia ikaunganishwa na [[Ethiopia]] kuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiitalia]]. 

Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] makoloni ya Italia yalivamiwa na Uingereza uliotawala Somalia tangu [[1941]]. 

Mwaka [[1949]] Somalia ilirudishwa mikononi mwa Italia ilisimamie kwa niaba ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. 

===Ukoloni wa Uingereza===
Uingereza uliingia katika eneo hili baada ya [[Misri]] kuondoka mwaka [[1885]] kwa kushindwa na [[jeshi]] la [[Mahdi]] huko [[Sudan]]. Uingereza uliingia kwa sababu iliona umuhimu wa kutawala pande zote [[mbili]] za [[Bab el Mandeb]] ikihofia uenezaji wa nchi nyingine za [[Ulaya]], hasa [[Ufaransa]] iliyokuwa na [[koloni]] la kwanza ya Ubuk (Obok) katika [[Jibuti]] ya leo tangu [[1862]]. Pamoja na hayo [[Waingereza]] walitegemea kununua [[nyama]] kwa ajili ya [[mji]] wa [[Aden]] na [[meli]] zilizopita hapo kati ya [[Uhindi]] na [[Ulaya]].

Somaliland ilitawaliwa awali kama [[mkoa]] wa [[Uhindi wa Kiingereza]] ikawa baadaye chini ya [[wizara ya makoloni]] huko [[London]].

Hata kama Uingereza haukuwa na nia ya kuingilia mno [[maisha]] ya wenyeji ulikutana na upinzani mkali kuanzia mwaka [[1899]] kutoka kwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[dini]] [[Diiriye Guure]], aliyeitwa na Waingereza &quot;Mullah majununi&quot;. Waingereza walijibu kwa [[ukatili]] katika [[vita]] vya miaka 20 iliyoua takriban [[theluthi]] moja ya wakazi wote wa eneo.

Mwishowe Uingereza iliweza kumaliza upinzani kwa [[teknolojia]] mpya ya [[eropleni]] [[ndege za kijeshi|za kijeshi]] zilizotumia [[mabomu]] na [[bunduki za mtombo]] kutoka [[Anga|angani]] kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Afrika]].

Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] eneo likatwaliwa na [[Italia]] katika [[Agosti]] [[1940]] lakini lilichukuliwa tena na Uingereza katika [[Machi]] [[1941]].

===Uhuru===
Mwaka 1960 [[utawala]] wa kikoloni ulikwisha na Somalia ikapata uhuru wake, ikiunganisha ma[[koloni]] mawiliː la [[Waitalia]] ([[Somalia ya Kiitalia|kusini]]) na la [[Waingereza]] ([[Somalia ya Kiingereza|kaskazini]]).

Baada ya mwaka [[1991]] nchi ya Somalia ilibaki haina [[serikali]] wala umoja wa taifa, bali iligawiwa na wakereketwa na [[wanamgambo]] wa [[ukoo]] na eneo, hasa [[Somaliland]], [[Puntland]] na [[Galmudug]] upande wa kaskazini.

Katika miaka [[2008]]-[[2013]] ilihesabika kama [[nchi filisika]]. Kwa sasa ni [[nchi dhaifu]] lakini inaanza kujengwa upya kama [[shirikisho]] na kujiandaa kujiunga na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]].

Tarehe [[4 Machi]] [[2024]] imejiunga rasmi na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/somalia-yatambuliwa-rasmi-eac-viongozi-kuvalia-njuga-migogoro-4545254&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[File:Oreotragus oreotragus.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Klipspringers anaishi katika maeneo ya milimani yenye mimea kidogo.]]

== Demografia ==
[[Picha:Somalia pop 2002.jpg|thumb|200px|Hii [[ramani]] ya mwaka [[2002]] inaonyesha [[msongamano wa watu]] nchini.]]
Wakazi asili wa Somalia ni Wasomali (85%) wa ma[[kabila]] yafuatayo:
** [[Isaaq]]
** [[Hawiye]] 
** [[Dir (clan)|Dir]]
** [[Darod]]
** [[Digil &amp; Mifle]]

Wengine (15%) ni:
* [[Wabantu]]
* [[Waarabu]] n.k.
[[File:Somali map.jpg|thumb|[[Ramani]] ikionyesha uenezi wa lugha ya [[Kisomali]] katika [[Pembe ya Afrika]].]] 
[[Kisomali]] ndiyo [[lugha]] ya kawaida ya wakazi wengi na [[lugha rasmi]] pamoja na [[Kiarabu]]. Kati ya lugha nyingine zinazotumika nchini, mojawapo ni [[Kiswahili]] ([[lahaja]] za [[Chimbalanzi]] na [[Kibajuni]]).

Upande wa [[dini]], 99.8% ni [[Waislamu]], hasa [[Wasuni]]. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] hawafikii 0.1%.

== Utawala ==
Maeneo (umoja: ''[[gobolka]]'', wingi: ''gobollada'') ya Somalia, ambayo imegawiwa tena katika [[wilaya]], ni 18:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Mikoa ya Somalia
|-
! Mkoa
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
! Wakazi
! Makao makuu
|-
|[[Awdal]]
|21,374
|1,010,566
|[[Borama]]
|-
| [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]]
| 70,088
| 719,512
| [[Bosaso]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Nugal|Nugal]]
| 26,180
| 392,697
| [[Garowe]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Mudug|Mudug]]
| 72,933
| 717,863
| [[Galkayo]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Galguduud|Galguduud]]
| 46,126
| 569,434
| [[Dusmareb]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Hiran|Hiran]]
| 31,510
| 520,685
| [[Beledweyne]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Kati|Shebeli wa Kati]]
| 22,663
| 516,036
| [[Jowhar]]
|-
| [[Banaadir]]
| 370
| 1,650,227
| [[Mogadishu]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Chini|Shebeli wa Chini]]
| 25,285
| 1,202,219
| [[Barawa]]
|-
|[[Togdheer]]
|38,663
|721,363
|[[Burao]]
|-
| [[Bakool]]
| 26,962
| 367,226
| [[Xuddur]]
|-
|[[Woqooyi Galbeed]]
|28,836
|1,242,003
|[[Hargeisa]]
|-
| [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]]
| 35,156
| 792,182
| [[Baidoa]]
|-
| [[Gedo]]
| 60,389
| 508,405
| [[Garbahaarreey]]
|-
| [[Juba wa Kati]]
| 9,836
| 362,921
| [[Bu'aale]]
|-
| [[Juba ya chini|Juba wa Chini]]
| 42,876
| 489,307
| [[Kismayo]]
|-
|[[Sanaag]]
|53,374
|544,123
|[[Erigavo]]
|-
|[[Sool, Somalia|Sool]]
|25,036
|327,428
|[[Las Anod]]
|}

[[Picha:MogadishuCoke.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Banda]] la [[biashara]] huko [[Mogadishu]].]]

== Mawasiliano ==
Mawasiliano ya Jamhuri ya Somalia ilikaribia kuangamia kwa [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]], lakini kwa sasa [[kampuni]] za binafsi za mawasiliano ya mitambo, zimetwaa karibu miji yote Somalia, na hata kutoa huduma njema kuliko nchi zilizo jirani. 

Somalia ni nchi mojawapo Afrika ambayo ina mawasiliano ya [[bei]] rahisi zaidi, pengine kwa kuwa Somalia haikuwa na serikali iliyotoza ushuru; ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4020259.stm ''Telecoms thriving in lawless Somalia''])
Kampuni zinazohudumia watu wa Somalia ni kama:
* [[SOMTEL]]
* [[Galkom]]
* [[Global Internet Company]]
* [[Hormuud]]
* [[Telcom]]
* [[Nationlink]]
* [[Netco]]
* [[STG]]
* [[Dahabshiil]]

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Utamaduni wa Somalia]]
* [[Uislamu nchini Somalia]]
* [[Waandishi wa Somalia]]
* [[Muziki wa Somalia]]
* [[Uchumi wa Somalia]]
* [[Vita vya Mogadishu]]
* [[Mawasiliano nchini Somalia]]
* [[Orodha ya kampuni za Somalia]]
* [[Jeshi la Somalia]]
* [[Usafiri nchini Somalia]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo==
{{Refbegin|2}} 
{{Clear}}
* {{cite book
  |last= Abdullahi  |first= Mohamed Diriye
  |year= 2001
  |title= Culture and Customs of Somalia
  |url= https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri
  |location= Westport, CT
  |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-313-31333-2
}}
* {{Rejea jarida
  |last= Alpers  |first= Edward A.  |year= 1976
  |title= Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800
  |journal= [[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]]  |volume= 9  |issue= 1  |pages= 22–44
  |doi= 10.2307/217389  |jstor= 217389}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |author= Gebru Tareke &lt;!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --&gt;  |year= 2009
  |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
  |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr|location= New Haven,&amp;nbsp;CT  |publisher= [[Yale University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4  |ref= CITEREFTareke2009 }}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Laitin  |first= David D.|year= 1977
  |title= Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
  |location= Chicago  |publisher= [[University Of Chicago Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7}}
* {{Rejea jarida
  |last1= Lecarme  |first1= Jacqueline  |last2= Maury  |first2= Carole  |year= 1987
  |title= A Software Tool for Research in Linguistics and Lexicography: Application to Somali
  |journal= Computers and Translation  |volume= 2  |issue= 1  |pages= 21–36
  |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131}}
* Mauri, Arnaldo, ''Somalia'', in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), &quot;Banking Systems of Africa&quot;, Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp.&amp;nbsp;209–217.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=958442]
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Samatar  |first= Said S.  |year= 1982
  |title = Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism
  |location= Cambridge  |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Schraeder  |first= Peter J.  |year= 2006
  |chapter= From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism
  |title= ''In Lowell W. Barrington, ed.,'' After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;107–137)''
  |location= Ann Arbor, MI  |publisher= [[University of Michigan Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9}}
* Shay, Shaul. ''Somalia in Transition Since 2006.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014.
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Warmington  |first= Eric Herbert  |year= 1995
  |title= The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
  |publisher= South Asia Books
  |isbn= 8121506700}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last1= Zolberg  |first1= Aristide R.  |last2= Suhrke  |first2= Astri
  |last3= Aguayo  |first3= Sergio  |author3-link= Sergio Aguayo  |year= 1989
  |title= Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World
  |url= https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.341.486.zol.1.8771  |location= New York  |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-195-05592-4}}
{{Refend}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Somalia}}
* {{wikiatlas|Somalia}}
* [http://www.somaligov.net/ Federal Government of Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somaligov.net/ |date=20150408021606 }}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|so|Somalia}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Somalia}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094503 Somalia profile] from the [[BBC News]]

;Habari, mitandao inayojadili kuhusu Somalia.
* [http://allafrica.com/somalia/ AllAfrica.com - ''Somalia''] Habari
* [http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/41/ International Freedom of Expression eXchange: Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/41/ |date=20070314195352 }}
* [http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/sotoc.html#so0016  Somalia - A Country Study]

;Habari za kawaida
* [http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2004/somalia/default.stm BBC habari barabara - ''Somalia: Kutoka kwenye mbomoko?'']
* [http://www.somplanet.com Somali Planet Networks''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somplanet.com/ |date=20070927185411 }}
* [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/so/ US State Department - ''Somalia''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf ''Better off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse'']

;Watambuzi
* [http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/280-nenova-harford.pdf Anarchy and Invention: Vipi Kampuni za Somalia zaweza kufanya biashara bila serikali?] {{Wayback|url=http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/280-nenova-harford.pdf |date=20080307005543 }}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}

[[Jamii:Somalia| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Kiarabu]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Demografia */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi#Demografia]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="20842" sha1="p5jeb1ftuv1k0fd05sp1u7pv5r4k1ht" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi  
| jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Somalia  
| jina_asili = ''Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya''  
| bendera = Flag of Somalia.svg  
| nembo = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg  
| kaulimbiu = ''Qaranimo, Cadaalad, Midnimo'' ([[Kisomali]]: &quot;Utaifa, Haki, Umoja&quot;)  
| wimbo = ''Qolobaa Calankeed''  
| ramani = Somalia (orthographic projection)2.svg
| mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu =  [[Mogadishu]]
| majiranukta1 =  
| majiranukta2 =  
| lugha_rasmi = [[Kisomali]], [[Kiarabu]]  
| lugha_taifa =  
| kiongozi1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]]  
| kiongozi2 = [[Hamza Abdi Barre]]  
| cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais  
| cheo_kiongozi2 = Waziri Mkuu  
| muundo_uhuru = '''Historia'''  
| tukio1 = Uhuru
| tukio2 = Muungano na Somaliland
| tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa
| tukio1_tarehe = 1 Julai 1960  
| tukio2_tarehe = 1 Julai 1960 
| tukio3_tarehe = 1 Agosti 2012 
| eneo_jumla = 637,657 km²  
| cheo_eneo = 43  
| maji =  
| ardhi =  
| watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 18,143,378  
| mwaka_kadirio = 2023  
| msongamano = 27.2  
| pato_ppp = {{increase}} $34.03 bilioni  
| pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $2,060  
| cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu =  
| plt = {{increase}} $12.8 bilioni  
| mwaka_pato = 2023  
| pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $775  
| cheo_plt_kawaida =  
| cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu =  
| mwaka_maendeleo = 2022  
| maendeleo = {{steady}} 0.380 {{chini}}  
| hdi = 0.404 (ya 192) &lt;/br&gt;- {{chini}}
| mwaka_maendeleo = 2023
| gini = 36.8  
| mwaka_gini = 2017  
| fedha = [[Shilingi ya Somalia]] (SOS)  
| majira_saa = +3 (EAT)  
| udereva = Kulia  
| msimbo_simu = 252  
| tld = .so  
}}
'''Somalia''' (kwa [[Kisomali]]: ''Soomaaliya''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Somalia''') ni nchi katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], iliyoko kwenye [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Ethiopia]] [[magharibi]], [[Jibuti]] [[kaskazini]]-magharibi, [[Kenya]] [[kusini]]-magharibi, na imezungukwa na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] [[mashariki]]. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban milioni 18.1, ikiwa ya 78 [[Dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Mogadishu]]. Somalia imegawanyika katika [[Jimbo|majimbo]] sita ya [[shirikisho]]. Inajulikana kwa [[pwani]] yake ndefu zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na kwa changamoto zake za kisiasa na kiusalama kutokana na miongo ya migogoro ya ndani.

Somalia ina [[historia]] ndefu na [[utamaduni]], ikiwa ni mojawapo ya maeneo ya kale yaliyojihusisha na [[biashara]] ya majini katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Katika enzi za zamani, miji ya pwani kama [[Mogadishu]], [[Berbera]], na [[Zeila]] ilikuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara kati ya Afrika, [[Uarabuni]], na [[Asia]]. Somalia pia ni maarufu kwa [[utamaduni]] wake wa [[sanaa|kisanaa]], [[shairi|mashairi]], na [[lugha]] ya [[Kisomali]] ambayo ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiafrika zenye [[sarufi]] ya kipekee na [[utajiri]] wa [[fasihi]].

Licha ya changamoto za kiusalama, hivi karibuni Somalia imeonyesha [[dalili]] za kuimarika katika nyanja mbalimbali kama [[elimu]], [[miundombinu]], na [[biashara]], hasa katika maeneo yenye utulivu kama [[Somaliland]] na [[Puntland]]. Jumuiya ya kimataifa pamoja na mashirika ya ndani yamekuwa yakishirikiana katika [[juhudi]] za [[ujenzi]] wa [[taifa]] na kukuza [[utawala]] bora. Aidha, [[wimbi]] la watu wa Somalia walioko ughaibuni (diaspora) limechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa maendeleo kupitia uhamishaji wa fedha, uwekezaji, na maarifa.

Uchumi wa Somalia unategemea zaidi [[kilimo]], [[mifugo]], na [[fedha]] zinazotumwa na diaspora ya [[Wasomali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Somalia_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/#economy |title=Somalia - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mifugo kama [[ngamia]], [[mbuzi]], [[kondoo]], na [[ng’ombe]] ndio msingi mkuu wa [[mauzo ya nje]], hasa kwenda nchi za Ghuba. Kilimo kwa kiasi kikubwa ni cha kujikimu, huku mazao kama [[mtama]], [[mahindi]], ndizi, na miwa yakilimwa hasa katika maeneo ya mito ya [[Juba]] na [[Shabelle]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Somalia_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Economy |author=Ioan M. Lewis |title=Somalia: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 12, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi mwingi uko katika sekta isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na miundombinu ya kifedha ya kitaifa iliyo na mipaka, ingawa mifumo ya fedha kwa njia ya simu imeenea sana kwa miamala na huduma za kibenki. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Somalia_Update&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/publication/somalia-economic-update-rapid-growth-of-mobile-money |title=Somalia Economic Update: Rapid Growth of Mobile Money |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Nchi ina [[rasilimali]] asilia kubwa ambazo bado hazijatumika kikamilifu, ikiwa ni pamoja na uwezekano wa mafuta na gesi asilia baharini, ingawa utafutaji wake umekuwa mdogo kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu wa zamani na maendeleo ya mfumo wa udhibiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Somalia_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/somalia/somalia-economic-outlook |title=Somalia Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Biashara na shughuli ndogo ndogo za kibiashara ni muhimu katika miji, huku [[Mogadishu]] ikiwa kituo kikuu cha biashara na huduma. Urejeshaji wa uchumi wa Somalia umeungwa mkono na uwekezaji wa kigeni unaoongezeka, misaada ya kibinadamu, na maboresho ya taratibu katika utawala na uwezo wa taasisi. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Somalia_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23440-somalia-imf-executive-board-completes-the-sixth-and-final-review-under-the-ecf |title=IMF Executive Board Completes Review of Somalia |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2023 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiografia ==
{{main|Jiografia ya Somalia}}
[[File:A map of Somalia regions.png|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ramani]] ya mikoa ya Somalia.]]
== Historia ==
[[Picha:BosasoCity.jpg|thumb|right|Mji wa [[Bosaso]], Somalia.]]
{{main|Historia ya Somalia}}
===Ukoloni wa Italia===
Kuanzia mwaka [[1888]] [[Italia]] ilijipatia [[nchi lindwa|mikataba ya ulinzi]] na [[sultani|masultani]] mbalimbali waliotawala maeneo madogo kwenye [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Walitangulia [[1889]] na sultani ya [[bandari]] ya [[Hobyo]] na mtawala wa usultani wa [[Majerteen]]. 

Mwaka [[1892]] [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]] ulikodisha bandari ya [[Banadir]] kati ya [[Mogadishu]] hadi [[Brava]] kwa Italia. Mwaka [[1905]] Italia ilinunua eneo hili kutoka [[Zanzibar]] na kulitangaza kuwa [[koloni]] na [[Mogadishu]] kuwa [[mji mkuu]]. 

Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Waitalia walikabidhiwa  na [[Uingereza]] eneo la [[Kismayu]]. Walilitawala kwa jina la &quot;Oltre Giuba&quot; (''ng'ambo ya [[Juba (mto)|mto Juba]]'') na kuliunganisha na Somalia ya Kiitalia [[tarehe]] [[30 Juni]] [[1926]].

Wakati uleule waliamua kumaliza hali ya sultani za Majarteen na Hobyo kuwa nchi lindwa na kuzifanya sehemu kamili za koloni. Mipango hiyo ilisababisha [[vita]] kali ya miaka miwili kwa sababu masultani waliona mikataba yao ya ulinzi ilivunjwa wakapinga [[jeshi]] la Italia.

Mwaka [[1936]] Somalia ikaunganishwa na [[Ethiopia]] kuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiitalia]]. 

Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] makoloni ya Italia yalivamiwa na Uingereza uliotawala Somalia tangu [[1941]]. 

Mwaka [[1949]] Somalia ilirudishwa mikononi mwa Italia ilisimamie kwa niaba ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. 

===Ukoloni wa Uingereza===
Uingereza uliingia katika eneo hili baada ya [[Misri]] kuondoka mwaka [[1885]] kwa kushindwa na [[jeshi]] la [[Mahdi]] huko [[Sudan]]. Uingereza uliingia kwa sababu iliona umuhimu wa kutawala pande zote [[mbili]] za [[Bab el Mandeb]] ikihofia uenezaji wa nchi nyingine za [[Ulaya]], hasa [[Ufaransa]] iliyokuwa na [[koloni]] la kwanza ya Ubuk (Obok) katika [[Jibuti]] ya leo tangu [[1862]]. Pamoja na hayo [[Waingereza]] walitegemea kununua [[nyama]] kwa ajili ya [[mji]] wa [[Aden]] na [[meli]] zilizopita hapo kati ya [[Uhindi]] na [[Ulaya]].

Somaliland ilitawaliwa awali kama [[mkoa]] wa [[Uhindi wa Kiingereza]] ikawa baadaye chini ya [[wizara ya makoloni]] huko [[London]].

Hata kama Uingereza haukuwa na nia ya kuingilia mno [[maisha]] ya wenyeji ulikutana na upinzani mkali kuanzia mwaka [[1899]] kutoka kwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[dini]] [[Diiriye Guure]], aliyeitwa na Waingereza &quot;Mullah majununi&quot;. Waingereza walijibu kwa [[ukatili]] katika [[vita]] vya miaka 20 iliyoua takriban [[theluthi]] moja ya wakazi wote wa eneo.

Mwishowe Uingereza iliweza kumaliza upinzani kwa [[teknolojia]] mpya ya [[eropleni]] [[ndege za kijeshi|za kijeshi]] zilizotumia [[mabomu]] na [[bunduki za mtombo]] kutoka [[Anga|angani]] kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Afrika]].

Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] eneo likatwaliwa na [[Italia]] katika [[Agosti]] [[1940]] lakini lilichukuliwa tena na Uingereza katika [[Machi]] [[1941]].

===Uhuru===
Mwaka 1960 [[utawala]] wa kikoloni ulikwisha na Somalia ikapata uhuru wake, ikiunganisha ma[[koloni]] mawiliː la [[Waitalia]] ([[Somalia ya Kiitalia|kusini]]) na la [[Waingereza]] ([[Somalia ya Kiingereza|kaskazini]]).

Baada ya mwaka [[1991]] nchi ya Somalia ilibaki haina [[serikali]] wala umoja wa taifa, bali iligawiwa na wakereketwa na [[wanamgambo]] wa [[ukoo]] na eneo, hasa [[Somaliland]], [[Puntland]] na [[Galmudug]] upande wa kaskazini.

Katika miaka [[2008]]-[[2013]] ilihesabika kama [[nchi filisika]]. Kwa sasa ni [[nchi dhaifu]] lakini inaanza kujengwa upya kama [[shirikisho]] na kujiandaa kujiunga na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]].

Tarehe [[4 Machi]] [[2024]] imejiunga rasmi na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/somalia-yatambuliwa-rasmi-eac-viongozi-kuvalia-njuga-migogoro-4545254&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[File:Oreotragus oreotragus.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Klipspringers anaishi katika maeneo ya milimani yenye mimea kidogo.]]

== Demografia ==
[[Picha:Somalia pop 2002.jpg|thumb|200px|Hii [[ramani]] ya mwaka [[2002]] inaonyesha [[msongamano wa watu]] nchini.]]
Kufikia 2026, Somalia ina jumla ya watu ni takribani milioni 19.1, huku umri wa wastani ukikadiriwa kuwa takribani miaka 14 hadi 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Somalia_Demo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/#people-and-society |title=Somalia - World Factbook: People and Society |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ongezeko hili linachochewa na kiwango cha juu cha uzazi, ambacho bado ni miongoni mwa viwango vya juu duniani, takribani watoto 6 kwa mwanamke mmoja, na kusababisha kiwango cha ukuaji wa takribani asilimia 3 kwa mwaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Somalia_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SO |title=Somalia Population Data |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kabila===
Muundo wa kikabila wa nchi hii ni wa kipekee katika eneo kwa sababu ya uwiano mkubwa wa watu, ambapo takribani asilimia 85 ya wakazi hujitambulisha kama kabila la [[Wasomali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Somalia_People&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/People |author=Ioan M. Lewis |title=Somalia: People |website=Britannica |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wengi hawa wamepangwa [[jamii|kijamii]] kupitia mfumo wa nasaba za koo unaojumuisha familia kuu za kikoo kama [[Hawiye]], [[Darod]], [[Isaaq]], na [[Dir]]. Takribani asilimia 15 iliyobaki inajumuisha makundi ya wachache, hasa Wasomali Bantu (wazawa wenye asili ya [[Afrika Mashariki|Afrika ya Kusini Mashariki]]) na Benadiri (jamii zenye mchanganyiko wa [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]], na [[Wasomali]] wanaopatikana katika miji ya pwani). &lt;ref name=&quot;MinorityRights_Somalia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/somalia/ |title=Somalia: Minorities and indigenous peoples |website=minorityrights.org |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lugha===
Mandhari ya lugha inatawaliwa na [[Kisomali]], lugha ya familia ya Kiafro-Asia ambayo hutumika kama lugha kuu ya maisha ya kila siku na ilisanifishwa kwa herufi za [[Kilatini]] mwaka 1972. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Somalia_Demo&quot; /&gt; [[Kiarabu]] kina hadhi ya [[lugha rasmi]] ya pili, kikiwa kimejikita sana katika maisha ya kijamii kupitia [[dini]] na historia ya biashara. Ingawa watu wengi huzungumza [[Kisomali]] pekee, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiitalia]] hutumika serikalini na katika elimu ya juu, huku lahaja ya Maay ikiwa maarufu katika maeneo ya kusini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Somalia_People&quot; /&gt;

===Dini===
[[Dini]] nchini Somalia ni ya aina moja kwa kiasi kikubwa, ambapo takribani asilimia 99 au zaidi ya watu ni wafuasi wa [[Uislamu]] wa Kisunni. &lt;ref name=&quot;StateGov_Somalia_Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/somalia/ |title=2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Somalia |website=state.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wengi wa Wasomali hufuata madhehebu ya Shafi’i ya sheria za Kiislamu, na misingi ya Kiislamu ndiyo msingi mkuu wa kanuni za kijamii na sheria za familia. Kuna wachache sana wasio Waislamu, wanaokadiriwa kuwa maelfu machache tu, hasa wageni, na wanawakilisha chini ya asilimia 1 ya idadi ya watu. &lt;ref name=&quot;StateGov_Somalia_Religion&quot; /&gt;

== Utawala ==
Maeneo (umoja: ''[[gobolka]]'', wingi: ''gobollada'') ya Somalia, ambayo imegawiwa tena katika [[wilaya]], ni 18:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Mikoa ya Somalia
|-
! Mkoa
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
! Wakazi
! Makao makuu
|-
|[[Awdal]]
|21,374
|1,010,566
|[[Borama]]
|-
| [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]]
| 70,088
| 719,512
| [[Bosaso]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Nugal|Nugal]]
| 26,180
| 392,697
| [[Garowe]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Mudug|Mudug]]
| 72,933
| 717,863
| [[Galkayo]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Galguduud|Galguduud]]
| 46,126
| 569,434
| [[Dusmareb]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Hiran|Hiran]]
| 31,510
| 520,685
| [[Beledweyne]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Kati|Shebeli wa Kati]]
| 22,663
| 516,036
| [[Jowhar]]
|-
| [[Banaadir]]
| 370
| 1,650,227
| [[Mogadishu]]
|-
| [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Chini|Shebeli wa Chini]]
| 25,285
| 1,202,219
| [[Barawa]]
|-
|[[Togdheer]]
|38,663
|721,363
|[[Burao]]
|-
| [[Bakool]]
| 26,962
| 367,226
| [[Xuddur]]
|-
|[[Woqooyi Galbeed]]
|28,836
|1,242,003
|[[Hargeisa]]
|-
| [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]]
| 35,156
| 792,182
| [[Baidoa]]
|-
| [[Gedo]]
| 60,389
| 508,405
| [[Garbahaarreey]]
|-
| [[Juba wa Kati]]
| 9,836
| 362,921
| [[Bu'aale]]
|-
| [[Juba ya chini|Juba wa Chini]]
| 42,876
| 489,307
| [[Kismayo]]
|-
|[[Sanaag]]
|53,374
|544,123
|[[Erigavo]]
|-
|[[Sool, Somalia|Sool]]
|25,036
|327,428
|[[Las Anod]]
|}

[[Picha:MogadishuCoke.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Banda]] la [[biashara]] huko [[Mogadishu]].]]

== Mawasiliano ==
Mawasiliano ya Jamhuri ya Somalia ilikaribia kuangamia kwa [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]], lakini kwa sasa [[kampuni]] za binafsi za mawasiliano ya mitambo, zimetwaa karibu miji yote Somalia, na hata kutoa huduma njema kuliko nchi zilizo jirani. 

Somalia ni nchi mojawapo Afrika ambayo ina mawasiliano ya [[bei]] rahisi zaidi, pengine kwa kuwa Somalia haikuwa na serikali iliyotoza ushuru; ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4020259.stm ''Telecoms thriving in lawless Somalia''])
Kampuni zinazohudumia watu wa Somalia ni kama:
* [[SOMTEL]]
* [[Galkom]]
* [[Global Internet Company]]
* [[Hormuud]]
* [[Telcom]]
* [[Nationlink]]
* [[Netco]]
* [[STG]]
* [[Dahabshiil]]

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Utamaduni wa Somalia]]
* [[Uislamu nchini Somalia]]
* [[Waandishi wa Somalia]]
* [[Muziki wa Somalia]]
* [[Uchumi wa Somalia]]
* [[Vita vya Mogadishu]]
* [[Mawasiliano nchini Somalia]]
* [[Orodha ya kampuni za Somalia]]
* [[Jeshi la Somalia]]
* [[Usafiri nchini Somalia]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo==
{{Refbegin|2}} 
{{Clear}}
* {{cite book
  |last= Abdullahi  |first= Mohamed Diriye
  |year= 2001
  |title= Culture and Customs of Somalia
  |url= https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri
  |location= Westport, CT
  |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-313-31333-2
}}
* {{Rejea jarida
  |last= Alpers  |first= Edward A.  |year= 1976
  |title= Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800
  |journal= [[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]]  |volume= 9  |issue= 1  |pages= 22–44
  |doi= 10.2307/217389  |jstor= 217389}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |author= Gebru Tareke &lt;!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --&gt;  |year= 2009
  |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
  |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr|location= New Haven,&amp;nbsp;CT  |publisher= [[Yale University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4  |ref= CITEREFTareke2009 }}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Laitin  |first= David D.|year= 1977
  |title= Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
  |location= Chicago  |publisher= [[University Of Chicago Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7}}
* {{Rejea jarida
  |last1= Lecarme  |first1= Jacqueline  |last2= Maury  |first2= Carole  |year= 1987
  |title= A Software Tool for Research in Linguistics and Lexicography: Application to Somali
  |journal= Computers and Translation  |volume= 2  |issue= 1  |pages= 21–36
  |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131}}
* Mauri, Arnaldo, ''Somalia'', in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), &quot;Banking Systems of Africa&quot;, Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp.&amp;nbsp;209–217.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=958442]
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Samatar  |first= Said S.  |year= 1982
  |title = Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism
  |location= Cambridge  |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Schraeder  |first= Peter J.  |year= 2006
  |chapter= From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism
  |title= ''In Lowell W. Barrington, ed.,'' After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;107–137)''
  |location= Ann Arbor, MI  |publisher= [[University of Michigan Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9}}
* Shay, Shaul. ''Somalia in Transition Since 2006.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014.
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last= Warmington  |first= Eric Herbert  |year= 1995
  |title= The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
  |publisher= South Asia Books
  |isbn= 8121506700}}
* {{Rejea kitabu
  |last1= Zolberg  |first1= Aristide R.  |last2= Suhrke  |first2= Astri
  |last3= Aguayo  |first3= Sergio  |author3-link= Sergio Aguayo  |year= 1989
  |title= Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World
  |url= https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.341.486.zol.1.8771  |location= New York  |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  |isbn= 978-0-195-05592-4}}
{{Refend}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Somalia}}
* {{wikiatlas|Somalia}}
* [http://www.somaligov.net/ Federal Government of Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somaligov.net/ |date=20150408021606 }}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|so|Somalia}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Somalia}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094503 Somalia profile] from the [[BBC News]]

;Habari, mitandao inayojadili kuhusu Somalia.
* [http://allafrica.com/somalia/ AllAfrica.com - ''Somalia''] Habari
* [http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/41/ International Freedom of Expression eXchange: Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/41/ |date=20070314195352 }}
* [http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/sotoc.html#so0016  Somalia - A Country Study]

;Habari za kawaida
* [http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2004/somalia/default.stm BBC habari barabara - ''Somalia: Kutoka kwenye mbomoko?'']
* [http://www.somplanet.com Somali Planet Networks''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somplanet.com/ |date=20070927185411 }}
* [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/so/ US State Department - ''Somalia''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf ''Better off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse'']

;Watambuzi
* [http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/280-nenova-harford.pdf Anarchy and Invention: Vipi Kampuni za Somalia zaweza kufanya biashara bila serikali?] {{Wayback|url=http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/280-nenova-harford.pdf |date=20080307005543 }}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}

[[Jamii:Somalia| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Kiarabu]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>p5jeb1ftuv1k0fd05sp1u7pv5r4k1ht</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nigeria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538560</id>
      <parentid>1522194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Uchumi */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi#Uchumi]]</comment>
      <origin>1538560</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27299" sha1="0649ma9uax6dyidc19sbq00zkjsfvyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) &lt;br /&gt;Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo) &lt;br /&gt;Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà'' (Yoruba)
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria
 | common_name = Nigeria
 | bendera = Flag of Nigeria.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
 | ramani = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
 | ramani2 = NGA orthographic.svg
 | maelezo_ramani = &lt;i&gt;Eneo la Nigeria katika Afrika&lt;/i&gt;
 | maelezo_ramani2 = Nigeria katika dunia
 | kauli_mbiu = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;{{Color|#1A73E8|Nigeria, We Hail Thee}}&quot;
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Abuja]]
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya kirais ya shirikisho
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais
 | kiongozi1 = Bola Tinubu
 | kiongozi2 = Kashim Shettima
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa Nigeria
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza
 | tukio1_tarehe = 1 Januari 1914
 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1960
 | kabila = Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15.2%, Fulani 6%, wengine 33.3%
 | mwaka_kabila = 2018
 | eneo_jumla = 923,769
 | cheo_eneo = ya 31
 | maji = 1.4%
 | muundo_uhuru = 
 | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 236,747,130
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023
 | cheo_watu = ya 6
 | watu_sensa = 
 | mwaka_sensa = 
 | msongamano = 249.8
 | population_density_rank = ya 42
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.443 trilioni
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 27
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,340
 | plt = {{decrease}} $199.0 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $877
 | hdi = 0.548
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 161
 | fedha = [[Naira]] (₦)
 | majira_saa = +1 WAT
 | upande_gari = Kushoto
 | tld = [[.ng]]
 | msimbo_simu = 234
 | footnotes = 
}}
'''Nigeria''' pia '''Nijeria''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria''' ni nchi iliyoko Magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Benin]] upande wa magharibi, [[Niger]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Chad]] na [[Kameruni]] upande wa mashariki, na upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 232 ndio nchi ya sita kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu na ni nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Abuja]] ndiyo mji mkuu, huku [[Lagos]] ikiwa jiji kubwa zaidi.

Nigeria imepata [[uhuru]] wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]], ikiunganisha maeneo ya [[koloni]] la Nigeria na sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Nijeria ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] inayojumuisha majimbo 36 na Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa [[Shirikisho]], ikiendesha serikali kwa mfumo wa [[rais|urais]]. Ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] mwaka 1960 na kuwa [[jamhuri]] mwaka 1963. Nijeria ina wakazi wa [[kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali na [[utamduni|tamaduni]] tofauti, ikiwa na zaidi ya [[kabila|makabila]] 250. [[Kabila|Makabila]] matatu makubwa ni Wahausa-Wafulan upande wa kaskazini, [[Wayoruba]] upande wa kusini-magharibi, na [[Waigbo]] upande wa kusini-mashariki. [[Kiingereza]] ndicho lugha rasmi, lakini [[lugha]] nyingi za asili kama vile [[Hausa]], [[Wayoruba]], na [[Igbo]] huzungumzwa kwa wingi nchini kote.

Nijeria ina [[uchumi]]  wa 4 kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]], unaoendeshwa na sekta kama mafuta na gesi, [[kilimo]], mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma. Ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta duniani, ambapo mauzo ya mafuta nje yanachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa mapato ya [[serikali]] na fedha za kigeni. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile ufisadi, ukosefu wa usalama, umaskini, na upungufu wa miundombinu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, Nijeria bado ni nguvu ya kikanda na mwanachama mwenye ushawishi katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[ECOWAS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

== Jiografia ==
Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] upande wa [[kusini]] kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. 

[[Mlima]] wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye [[m]] 2,419 juu ya [[UB]].

[[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[kitropiki]]. Kusini kuna [[mvua]] mwaka wote lakini kaskazini mwa nchi kuna [[ukame]] kati ya Novemba na Aprili.

[[Mito]] mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]].

[[Mji]] mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]],  [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]].

[[Picha:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - [[2007]]]]

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya Nigeria}}
===Historia ya kale (hadi waka 1500)===
Tangu mnamo [[500 KK]] kulikuwa na [[Utamaduni wa Nok]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria. Unajulikana tu kutokana na [[sanamu]] kubwa za watu zilizotengenezwa kwa [[terakota]] ([[udongo]] wa kuchomwa) ambazo zilitengenezwa kati ya 500 KK na [[200]] [[BK]] kufuatana na [[vipimo vya rediokaboni]]. &lt;ref&gt;Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig &amp; Stefanie Kahlheber, &quot;[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma]&quot;, ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. E. B. Fagg, &quot;The Nok Culture in Prehistory&quot;, ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=archaeology&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kleiner|first= Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=0-495-57367-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &amp;#124; Thematic Essay &amp;#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &amp;#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2014-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kumbukumbu ya mji wa [[Kano]] inaanza katika mwaka [[999]] BK. 

Katika [[kusini]] [[milki ya Nri]] kati ya [[Waigbo]] ilianza kabla ya [[karne ya 10]] BK ikaendelea hadi kumezwa na [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1911]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Juang&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|first=Richard M.|last= Juang|page=597|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=1-85109-441-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|first=Ivan|last=Hrbek|page=254|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=0-85255-093-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nri ilitawaliwa na [[mfalme]] ([[Eze Nri]]) na mji wa Nri huangaliwa kama [[chanzo]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Uzukwu|first=E. Elochukwu|title=Worship as Body Language|year=1997|isbn=0-8146-6151-3|page=93|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tangu [[karne ya 12]] kuna habari za falme za [[Ife]] na [[Milki ya Oyo|Oyo]] katika kusini [[magharibi]] zilizoundwa na [[Wayoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Nigeria|first1=Toyin|last1=Falola|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Heaton|page=23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23 |isbn=0-521-68157-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba|first=David D.|last=Laitin|page=111|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-226-46790-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 14th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Peoples of Africa, Volume 1|first1=Fiona|last1=MacDonald|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Paren|first3=Kevin|last3=Shillington|first4=Gillian|last4=Stacey|first5=Philip|last5= Steele|page=385|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2000|isbn=0-7614-7158-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ife ilianza kukaliwa na watu tangu [[karne ya 9]] na utamaduni wake ulitengeneza sanamu mashuhuri za terakota na [[bronzi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;/&gt;.

===Karne za kati===
Mnamo mwaka [[1500]] kulikuwa na falme kubwa katika eneo la Nigeria ya leo. Katika kusini ni [[milki ya Benin]] (tofauti na nchi ya leo) na [[Onitsa]] ya Waigbo, katika kaskazini falme za [[Wahausa]] na [[Songhai]] ambazo zilitawaliwa na wafalme au [[Sultani|masultani]] [[Waislamu]]. Falme za kaskazini zilishiriki katika [[biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara]] ambako hasa [[chumvi]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] walipelekwa kwa njia ya misafara hadi nchi za Waislamu karibu na [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=5VghQALn-90C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=trans%20saharan%20trade&amp;f=false  Ralph A. Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History],  Oxford University Press, 2010 , uk. 26 (imeangaliwa kupitia google books, tar. 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=wYM9HGe2PD0C&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kano&amp;f=false Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa] uk. 85f; Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; imeangaliwa kupitia google books 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huohuo [[wapelelezi]] [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walianza kufika kwenye [[pwani]] za [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] na pia katika [[delta ya Niger]]. Walianza kujenga vituo vya biashara kwa vibali vya watawala wa sehemu za pwani kama huko [[Lagos]] na [[Calabar]]. [[Wazungu]] walifanya biashara ya [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali na watu wa pwani na hii ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=April A. |last=Gordon |title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2003 |pages=44–54 |isbn=1576076822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&amp;pg=PA54 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bandari]] ya Calabar kwenye [[Hori ya Biafra]] (leo hii inajulikana zaidi kwa jina la &quot;Bight of Bonny&quot;) iliendelea kuwa moja kati ya vituo vya [[biashara ya watumwa]] vikubwa zaidi kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Vituo vingine vya biashara ya watumwa kwenye pwani ya Nigeria vilikuwa Lagos na [[Badagry]], &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Ann |last2=Genova |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |page=328 |isbn=0810863162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDKeMEwPdMC&amp;pg=PA328 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangi waliouzwa hapo walifukuwa wafungwa wa [[vita]] vya watawala wenyeji kati yao au walikamatwa katika kampeni zilizoendeshwa kwa shabaha za kupata watumwa wa kuuzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Adam |last2=Paddock |title=Environment and Economics in Nigeria |publisher=Routledge |page=78 |year=2012 |isbn=1136662472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&amp;pg=PA78 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Watendaji wakuu walioleta watumwa pwani walitoka katika milki ya Oyo kwenye kusini magharibi na [[Ukhalifa]] wa [[Sokoto]] katika kaskazini. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;/&gt;

[[Utumwa]] katika maeneo ya Nigeria ya leo haukuanzishwa na watu kutoka [[Ulaya]], ulikuwepo tayari pia biashara ya watumwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slavery – Historical survey – Slave societies|work=Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|accessdate=28 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakini [[soko]] jipya kwenye pwani lililoanzishwa na Wazungu lilibadilisha uwiano katika [[jamii]] nyingi za Kiafrika na pia uhusiano kati ya jamii za Kiafrika. Watawala karibu na pwani waliweza kupata faida kwa kuuza watumwa moja kwa moja kwa Wazungu na waliweza kununua [[silaha za moto]]; wenye silaha za moto waliweza kushinda vita, kupata wafungwa wengi na kuuza wafungwa wengi zaidi. Hivyo mahitaji makubwa ya soko la watumwa la [[Atlantiki]] yalilisha ufuatano wa vita na mashindano ya kukamata wafungwa zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook von April A. Gordon, uk. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Idadi ya watumwa ndani ya Nigeria ilizidi kukua katika [[karne ya 19]] ambako biashara ya watumwa kwenye Atlantiki ilikwisha. Manmo [[1890]] mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watumwa katika [[Afrika]] walikuwa watumwa katika milki ya Khalifa wa Sokoto, takriban watu [[milioni]] 2. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest [[Slavery in Africa|slave population]] of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.&quot;Kevin Shillington (2005). ''[[Encyclopedia of African History]]''. Michigan University Press. p. 1401. ISBN 1-57958-455-1&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karne ya 19 na ukoloni===
Tangu mnamo [[1860]] Uingereza ilianza kupanua athira yake katika Nigeria. Uingereza ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuwa na [[viwanda]] vingi; viwanda vyake vilihitaji [[mafuta]] kwa matumizi ya [[grisi]] kwa kulainisha mwendo wa [[mashine]]. [[Delta]] ya [[mto Niger]] ilikuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[michikichi]] inayozalisha mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf S.O. Aghalino, British colonial policies and the oil palm industry in the Niger delta region of Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |date=20130116234451 }}, African Study Monographs, 21(1): 19-33, January 2000, tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kyoto, iliangaliwa 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo shirika kama Royal Niger Company zilipata maeneo makubwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] yao kwa njia ya mapatano na mikataba na watawala wenyeji, malipo na matishio na maeneo haya yaliwekwa baadaye chini ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza.

Kwenye [[mkutano wa Berlin]] madai ya Uingereza juu ya pwani ya Nigeria yalikubaliwa na [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Ulaya. Baadaye Waingereza waliendelea haraka kuhakikisha mamlaka yao juu ya maeneo ya kaskazini ama kwa mapatano au kwa vita kwa kusudi la kuzuia upanuzi wa Ufaransa. 

Hivyo zilitokea maeneo ya &quot;Southern Nigeria Protectorate&quot; na &quot;Northern Nigeria Protectorate&quot;. Hali halisi sehemu hizi haziwahi kuwa na [[umoja]] katika historia lakini hatimaye Uingereza iliamua kutawala maeneo yote kama koloni moja.
 
===Baada ya uhuru===
Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza ikiunganisha maeneo ya koloni la Nigeria na sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Kati ya miaka [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi, inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa, ilijaribu kujitenga kwa jina la [[Biafra]], ikipinga [[utawala]] wa [[wanajeshi]] Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa kwa [[njaa]] wakati ule.

Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na [[mapinduzi ya kijeshi]]. 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1970]] Nigeria ilikuwa na [[mapato]] makubwa kutokana na [[mafuta]] yaliyotolewa kutoka [[ardhi]] yake, hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. 

Ulaji [[rushwa]] na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia [[maendeleo]] ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta.

Tangu mwaka 1999 nchi imerudi kwenye [[utawala wa kisheria]] ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa [[madaraka]]ni mara moja. 

Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yalishindikana bungeni. 

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka 2007 [[Umaru Yar’Adua]] alishinda kwa [[asilimia]] 70 za [[kura]]. 

Baada ya [[ugonjwa|kungonjeka]] kwake, [[makamu wa rais]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] alichukua madaraka ya urais kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] akachaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye kura ya mwaka [[2011]]. 

Mwaka [[2015]] alishindwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] na [[mgombea]] mwenzake, [[Muhammadu Buhari]].

Ni kwamba tangu mwaka [[2009]] hadi Septemba 2015 [[uasi]] wa kundi la [[Boko Haram]] ulivuruga [[amani]] na [[usalama]] nchini Nigeria. [[Wanamgambo]] wa kundi hilo wanaotazamwa na Wanigeria wengi kuwa ma[[gaidi]] walianza kutwaa mamlaka juu ya sehemu za nchi hasa katika mazingira ya jimbo la [[Borno]], kuua wananchi wengi, kuchukua watu [[mateka]] na kupigana na [[jeshi la Nigeria]] na ya nchi jirani. 

Kutofaulu kwa jeshi la [[taifa]] kumaliza [[ghasia]] hizo ndiyo [[sababu]] muhimu ya kushindwa kwa rais Jonathan kwenye uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015. Kufuata na [[ahadi]] zake kwa wapiga kura, Muhammadu Buhari alijitahidi kukomesha kundi hilo.

=== Jeshi ===
Jeshi la Nigeria lina [[jukumu]] la kulinda Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria, kukuza [[maslahi]] ya usalama wa kimataifa ya Nigeria, na kuunga [[mkono]] [[juhudi]] za kulinda amani hasa katika Afrika Magharibi.

Jeshi la Nigeria linaundwa na [[Jeshi la Ardhi]], ni [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] na [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Jeshi nchini Nigeria limecheza jukumu kubwa katika historia ya nchi tangu uhuru. [[Junta]] mbalimbali zilikamata [[udhibiti]] wa nchi na zilitawala kupitia wengi wa historia yake. 

Kipindi cha mwisho cha utawala wake kilimalizika mwaka 1999 kufuatia [[kifo]] cha [[ghafla]] cha [[dikteta]] wa zamani [[Sani Abacha]] mwaka [[1998]], na [[mrithi]] wake, [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]], kumpa mamlaka ya serikali Olusegun Obasanjo aliyechaguliwa ki[[demokrasia]] mwaka wa 1999.

Ikichukua faida ya jukumu lake kama nchi yenye wakazi wengi wa Afrika, Nigeria imeweka jeshi lake kama [[kikosi cha kulinda amani]] Afrika. Tangu mwaka 1995, jeshi la Nigeria, kupitia mamlaka ya [[ECOMOG]], limetumwa kulinda amani katika [[Liberia]] (1997), [[Ivory Coast]] (1997-1999), [[Sierra Leone]] 1997-1999, na kwa sasa katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Darfur]] huko [[Sudan]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]].

== Uchumi ==
Nigeria ina mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na inaainishwa kama uchumi mchanganyiko wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha chini cha kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Nigeria_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |title=Nigeria Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muundo wake wa kiuchumi unategemea sana sekta rasmi na isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa kutoka [[mafuta]] na [[gesi)], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[biashara]]. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta duniani, thamani ya sarafu, na changamoto za kimuundo za ndani, hali inayobadilisha nafasi yake ya [[Pato la Taifa]] ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine kubwa za Afrika kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Misri]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Nigeria_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya mafuta ya petroli bado ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na mapato ya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;OPEC_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria: Member Country |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[OPEC]] na huzalisha mafuta ghafi hasa katika eneo la Delta ya Niger. Hata hivyo, sekta zisizo za mafuta zimeongezeka umuhimu, hasa kilimo, mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma za kifedha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Economy |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Economy of Nigeria |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kilimo]] huajiri sehemu kubwa ya watu na kinajumuisha uzalishaji wa mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, viazi vikuu, kakao, na mpunga, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |title=Nigeria at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya [[huduma]] imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa, hasa katika benki, teknolojia ya fedha, na huduma za kidijitali, ambapo Lagos hutumika kama kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi na kifedha katika Afrika Magharibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/nigeria-country-report |title=Nigeria: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria pia ina sekta kubwa ya viwanda na biashara isiyo rasmi inayosaidia matumizi ya ndani na ajira. Uchumi wake una soko kubwa la ndani kutokana na idadi ya watu inayozidi milioni 200, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Nigeria_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/ng.html |title=United Nations Country Profile: Nigeria |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Biashara ya kimataifa]] inatawaliwa na [[mauzo ya nje]] ya mafuta ghafi, huku [[Maduhuli|bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka nje]] zikiwa ni mafuta yaliyosafishwa, mashine, magari, na bidhaa za matumizi ya kila siku. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#economy |title=Nigeria - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], taasisi zinazosaidia ushirikiano wa kikanda na uratibu wa biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;AU_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/nigeria |title=Member State Profile: Nigeria |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Licha ya ukubwa wa uchumi wake na utajiri wa rasilimali, nchi inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], ukosefu wa ajira, upungufu wa miundombinu, na utegemezi mkubwa wa mapato ya mafuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Nigeria_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook |title=Nigeria Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;
== Majimbo ya shirikisho ==
[[Picha:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Majimbo ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]]
[[Muundo]] wa Nigeria ni [[Jamhuri ya Shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] ya nchi imefuata mfano wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]]. 

[[Rais]] huchaguliwa na wananchi wote: ndiye mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] lenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]].

{| cellpadding=10
| valign=top |
* [[Abia (jimbo)|Abia]]
* [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Abuja Federal Capital Territory]]
* [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]]
* [[Akwa Ibom (jimbo)|Akwa Ibom]]
* [[Anambra (jimbo)|Anambra]]
* [[Bauchi (jimbo)|Bauchi]]
* [[Bayelsa (jimbo)|Bayelsa]]
* [[Benue (jimbo)|Benue]]
* [[Borno (jimbo)|Borno]]
* [[Cross River (jimbo)|Cross River]]
* [[Delta (jimbo)|Delta]]
* [[Ebonyi (jimbo)|Ebonyi]]
* [[Edo (jimbo)|Edo]]
* [[Ekiti (jimbo)|Ekiti]]
* [[Enugu (jimbo)|Enugu]]
* [[Gombe (jimbo)|Gombe]]
* [[Imo (jimbo)|Imo]]
* [[Jigawa (jimbo)|Jigawa]]
* [[Kaduna (jimbo)|Kaduna]]
| valign=top |
* [[Kano (jimbo)|Kano]]
* [[Katsina (jimbo)|Katsina]]
* [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Kebbi]]
* [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]]
* [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]]
* [[Lagos (jimbo)|Lagos]]
* [[Nassarawa (jimbo)|Nassarawa]]
* [[Niger (jimbo)|Niger]]
* [[Ogun (jimbo)|Ogun]]
* [[Ondo (jimbo)|Ondo]]
* [[Osun (jimbo)|Osun]]
* [[Oyo (jimbo)|Oyo]]
* [[Plateau (jimbo)|Plateau]]
* [[Rivers (jimbo)|Rivers]]
* [[Sokoto (jimbo)|Sokoto]]
* [[Taraba (jimbo)|Taraba]]
* [[Yobe (jimbo)|Yobe]]
* [[Zamfara (jimbo)|Zamfara]]
|}

[[Picha:Lagos Island.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]]

== Wakazi ==
Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban [[milioni]] 180. Inasemekana [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wana [[umri]] wa chini ya miaka 14. Hata hivyo ni vigumu kupata [[namba]] halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[siasa]]. 

Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la [[Kabila|makabila]] 300 ni [[Wahausa]] na [[Wafula]] kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za [[magharibi]] (20-27%). 

Katika miji mikubwa watu kukaa kwa mchanganyiko wa makabila. 

Nigeria iliona mara kadhaa [[vurugu]] na mapambano kati ya makabila yaliyoongezewa [[ukali]] kwa sababu mara nyingi [[ukabila]] unaendelea sambamba na [[udini]]. Watu wa Kaskazini ni [[Waislamu]] zaidi na watu wa kusini [[Wakristo]] zaidi.

=== Dini ===
[[File:NG-Sharia.png|thumb|Majimbo ya Nigeria yaniyofuata sharia yanaonyeshwa na [[rangi ya kijani]].]]
Kuthibitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wahausa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Wayoruba zaidi [[Waprotestanti]].

Wengi wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] takriban 10%, lakini hawa wa mwisho kwa sasa wamepungua sana, labda wamebaki 1.4%. 

Kati ya Waislamu, wengi ni [[Wasuni]]. Kati ya Wakristo, 74% ni Waprotestanti
na 25% ni Wakatoliki.

Tangu mwaka [[1999]] [[suala]] la [[sharia]] au [[sheria]] za Kiislamu limeleta [[utata]] na [[mapambano]] katika majimbo kadhaa. Jimbo la Zamfara linalokaliwa hasa na Wahausa ambao ni Waislamu liliamua kuwa na sharia kama sheria ya kijimbo mwaka 1999 na majimbo mengine yalifuata. Kwa sasa ni [[Kano]], Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe na Kebbi. Kanuni za sharia hazitumiwi kwa namna moja kati ya majimbo haya; mapambano yalitokea juu ya jinsi gani sharia inaathiri [[raia]] wasio Waislamu.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ya nchi ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wakazi wengi wanatumia zaidi [[lugha]] za makabila yao, ambayo ni zaidi ya 500. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]], [[Kiigbo]] na [[Kiyoruba]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Nigeria]]

==Marejeo==
&lt;references/&gt;


==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Banknotes of Nigeria}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ni|Nigeria}}
&lt;!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open).--&gt;

{{Nigeria}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}}

[[Jamii:Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]]
[[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27300" sha1="6cyh6v84hu53hsy81d8yfj9acp5kfjh" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) &lt;br /&gt;Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo) &lt;br /&gt;Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà'' (Yoruba)
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria
 | common_name = Nigeria
 | bendera = Flag of Nigeria.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
 | ramani = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
 | ramani2 = NGA orthographic.svg
 | maelezo_ramani = &lt;i&gt;Eneo la Nigeria katika Afrika&lt;/i&gt;
 | maelezo_ramani2 = Nigeria katika dunia
 | kauli_mbiu = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;{{Color|#1A73E8|Nigeria, We Hail Thee}}&quot;
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Abuja]]
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya kirais ya shirikisho
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais
 | kiongozi1 = Bola Tinubu
 | kiongozi2 = Kashim Shettima
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa Nigeria
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza
 | tukio1_tarehe = 1 Januari 1914
 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1960
 | kabila = Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15.2%, Fulani 6%, wengine 33.3%
 | mwaka_kabila = 2018
 | eneo_jumla = 923,769
 | cheo_eneo = ya 31
 | maji = 1.4%
 | muundo_uhuru = 
 | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 236,747,130
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023
 | cheo_watu = ya 6
 | watu_sensa = 
 | mwaka_sensa = 
 | msongamano = 249.8
 | population_density_rank = ya 42
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.443 trilioni
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 27
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,340
 | plt = {{decrease}} $199.0 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $877
 | hdi = 0.548
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 161
 | fedha = [[Naira]] (₦)
 | majira_saa = +1 WAT
 | upande_gari = Kushoto
 | tld = [[.ng]]
 | msimbo_simu = 234
 | footnotes = 
}}
'''Nigeria''' pia '''Nijeria''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria''' ni nchi iliyoko Magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Benin]] upande wa magharibi, [[Niger]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Chad]] na [[Kameruni]] upande wa mashariki, na upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 232 ndio nchi ya sita kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu na ni nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Abuja]] ndiyo mji mkuu, huku [[Lagos]] ikiwa jiji kubwa zaidi.

Nigeria imepata [[uhuru]] wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]], ikiunganisha maeneo ya [[koloni]] la Nigeria na sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Nijeria ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] inayojumuisha majimbo 36 na Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa [[Shirikisho]], ikiendesha serikali kwa mfumo wa [[rais|urais]]. Ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] mwaka 1960 na kuwa [[jamhuri]] mwaka 1963. Nijeria ina wakazi wa [[kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali na [[utamduni|tamaduni]] tofauti, ikiwa na zaidi ya [[kabila|makabila]] 250. [[Kabila|Makabila]] matatu makubwa ni Wahausa-Wafulan upande wa kaskazini, [[Wayoruba]] upande wa kusini-magharibi, na [[Waigbo]] upande wa kusini-mashariki. [[Kiingereza]] ndicho lugha rasmi, lakini [[lugha]] nyingi za asili kama vile [[Hausa]], [[Wayoruba]], na [[Igbo]] huzungumzwa kwa wingi nchini kote.

Nijeria ina [[uchumi]]  wa 4 kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]], unaoendeshwa na sekta kama mafuta na gesi, [[kilimo]], mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma. Ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta duniani, ambapo mauzo ya mafuta nje yanachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa mapato ya [[serikali]] na fedha za kigeni. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile ufisadi, ukosefu wa usalama, umaskini, na upungufu wa miundombinu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, Nijeria bado ni nguvu ya kikanda na mwanachama mwenye ushawishi katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[ECOWAS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

== Jiografia ==
Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] upande wa [[kusini]] kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. 

[[Mlima]] wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye [[m]] 2,419 juu ya [[UB]].

[[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[kitropiki]]. Kusini kuna [[mvua]] mwaka wote lakini kaskazini mwa nchi kuna [[ukame]] kati ya Novemba na Aprili.

[[Mito]] mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]].

[[Mji]] mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]],  [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]].

[[Picha:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - [[2007]]]]

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya Nigeria}}
===Historia ya kale (hadi waka 1500)===
Tangu mnamo [[500 KK]] kulikuwa na [[Utamaduni wa Nok]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria. Unajulikana tu kutokana na [[sanamu]] kubwa za watu zilizotengenezwa kwa [[terakota]] ([[udongo]] wa kuchomwa) ambazo zilitengenezwa kati ya 500 KK na [[200]] [[BK]] kufuatana na [[vipimo vya rediokaboni]]. &lt;ref&gt;Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig &amp; Stefanie Kahlheber, &quot;[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma]&quot;, ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. E. B. Fagg, &quot;The Nok Culture in Prehistory&quot;, ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=archaeology&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kleiner|first= Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=0-495-57367-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &amp;#124; Thematic Essay &amp;#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &amp;#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2014-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kumbukumbu ya mji wa [[Kano]] inaanza katika mwaka [[999]] BK. 

Katika [[kusini]] [[milki ya Nri]] kati ya [[Waigbo]] ilianza kabla ya [[karne ya 10]] BK ikaendelea hadi kumezwa na [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1911]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Juang&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|first=Richard M.|last= Juang|page=597|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=1-85109-441-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|first=Ivan|last=Hrbek|page=254|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=0-85255-093-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nri ilitawaliwa na [[mfalme]] ([[Eze Nri]]) na mji wa Nri huangaliwa kama [[chanzo]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Uzukwu|first=E. Elochukwu|title=Worship as Body Language|year=1997|isbn=0-8146-6151-3|page=93|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tangu [[karne ya 12]] kuna habari za falme za [[Ife]] na [[Milki ya Oyo|Oyo]] katika kusini [[magharibi]] zilizoundwa na [[Wayoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Nigeria|first1=Toyin|last1=Falola|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Heaton|page=23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23 |isbn=0-521-68157-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba|first=David D.|last=Laitin|page=111|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-226-46790-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 14th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Peoples of Africa, Volume 1|first1=Fiona|last1=MacDonald|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Paren|first3=Kevin|last3=Shillington|first4=Gillian|last4=Stacey|first5=Philip|last5= Steele|page=385|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2000|isbn=0-7614-7158-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ife ilianza kukaliwa na watu tangu [[karne ya 9]] na utamaduni wake ulitengeneza sanamu mashuhuri za terakota na [[bronzi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;/&gt;.

===Karne za kati===
Mnamo mwaka [[1500]] kulikuwa na falme kubwa katika eneo la Nigeria ya leo. Katika kusini ni [[milki ya Benin]] (tofauti na nchi ya leo) na [[Onitsa]] ya Waigbo, katika kaskazini falme za [[Wahausa]] na [[Songhai]] ambazo zilitawaliwa na wafalme au [[Sultani|masultani]] [[Waislamu]]. Falme za kaskazini zilishiriki katika [[biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara]] ambako hasa [[chumvi]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] walipelekwa kwa njia ya misafara hadi nchi za Waislamu karibu na [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=5VghQALn-90C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=trans%20saharan%20trade&amp;f=false  Ralph A. Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History],  Oxford University Press, 2010 , uk. 26 (imeangaliwa kupitia google books, tar. 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=wYM9HGe2PD0C&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kano&amp;f=false Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa] uk. 85f; Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; imeangaliwa kupitia google books 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huohuo [[wapelelezi]] [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walianza kufika kwenye [[pwani]] za [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] na pia katika [[delta ya Niger]]. Walianza kujenga vituo vya biashara kwa vibali vya watawala wa sehemu za pwani kama huko [[Lagos]] na [[Calabar]]. [[Wazungu]] walifanya biashara ya [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali na watu wa pwani na hii ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=April A. |last=Gordon |title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2003 |pages=44–54 |isbn=1576076822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&amp;pg=PA54 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bandari]] ya Calabar kwenye [[Hori ya Biafra]] (leo hii inajulikana zaidi kwa jina la &quot;Bight of Bonny&quot;) iliendelea kuwa moja kati ya vituo vya [[biashara ya watumwa]] vikubwa zaidi kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Vituo vingine vya biashara ya watumwa kwenye pwani ya Nigeria vilikuwa Lagos na [[Badagry]], &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Ann |last2=Genova |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |page=328 |isbn=0810863162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDKeMEwPdMC&amp;pg=PA328 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangi waliouzwa hapo walifukuwa wafungwa wa [[vita]] vya watawala wenyeji kati yao au walikamatwa katika kampeni zilizoendeshwa kwa shabaha za kupata watumwa wa kuuzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Adam |last2=Paddock |title=Environment and Economics in Nigeria |publisher=Routledge |page=78 |year=2012 |isbn=1136662472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&amp;pg=PA78 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Watendaji wakuu walioleta watumwa pwani walitoka katika milki ya Oyo kwenye kusini magharibi na [[Ukhalifa]] wa [[Sokoto]] katika kaskazini. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;/&gt;

[[Utumwa]] katika maeneo ya Nigeria ya leo haukuanzishwa na watu kutoka [[Ulaya]], ulikuwepo tayari pia biashara ya watumwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slavery – Historical survey – Slave societies|work=Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|accessdate=28 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakini [[soko]] jipya kwenye pwani lililoanzishwa na Wazungu lilibadilisha uwiano katika [[jamii]] nyingi za Kiafrika na pia uhusiano kati ya jamii za Kiafrika. Watawala karibu na pwani waliweza kupata faida kwa kuuza watumwa moja kwa moja kwa Wazungu na waliweza kununua [[silaha za moto]]; wenye silaha za moto waliweza kushinda vita, kupata wafungwa wengi na kuuza wafungwa wengi zaidi. Hivyo mahitaji makubwa ya soko la watumwa la [[Atlantiki]] yalilisha ufuatano wa vita na mashindano ya kukamata wafungwa zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook von April A. Gordon, uk. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Idadi ya watumwa ndani ya Nigeria ilizidi kukua katika [[karne ya 19]] ambako biashara ya watumwa kwenye Atlantiki ilikwisha. Manmo [[1890]] mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watumwa katika [[Afrika]] walikuwa watumwa katika milki ya Khalifa wa Sokoto, takriban watu [[milioni]] 2. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest [[Slavery in Africa|slave population]] of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.&quot;Kevin Shillington (2005). ''[[Encyclopedia of African History]]''. Michigan University Press. p. 1401. ISBN 1-57958-455-1&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karne ya 19 na ukoloni===
Tangu mnamo [[1860]] Uingereza ilianza kupanua athira yake katika Nigeria. Uingereza ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuwa na [[viwanda]] vingi; viwanda vyake vilihitaji [[mafuta]] kwa matumizi ya [[grisi]] kwa kulainisha mwendo wa [[mashine]]. [[Delta]] ya [[mto Niger]] ilikuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[michikichi]] inayozalisha mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf S.O. Aghalino, British colonial policies and the oil palm industry in the Niger delta region of Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |date=20130116234451 }}, African Study Monographs, 21(1): 19-33, January 2000, tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kyoto, iliangaliwa 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo shirika kama Royal Niger Company zilipata maeneo makubwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] yao kwa njia ya mapatano na mikataba na watawala wenyeji, malipo na matishio na maeneo haya yaliwekwa baadaye chini ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza.

Kwenye [[mkutano wa Berlin]] madai ya Uingereza juu ya pwani ya Nigeria yalikubaliwa na [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Ulaya. Baadaye Waingereza waliendelea haraka kuhakikisha mamlaka yao juu ya maeneo ya kaskazini ama kwa mapatano au kwa vita kwa kusudi la kuzuia upanuzi wa Ufaransa. 

Hivyo zilitokea maeneo ya &quot;Southern Nigeria Protectorate&quot; na &quot;Northern Nigeria Protectorate&quot;. Hali halisi sehemu hizi haziwahi kuwa na [[umoja]] katika historia lakini hatimaye Uingereza iliamua kutawala maeneo yote kama koloni moja.
 
===Baada ya uhuru===
Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza ikiunganisha maeneo ya koloni la Nigeria na sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Kati ya miaka [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi, inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa, ilijaribu kujitenga kwa jina la [[Biafra]], ikipinga [[utawala]] wa [[wanajeshi]] Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa kwa [[njaa]] wakati ule.

Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na [[mapinduzi ya kijeshi]]. 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1970]] Nigeria ilikuwa na [[mapato]] makubwa kutokana na [[mafuta]] yaliyotolewa kutoka [[ardhi]] yake, hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. 

Ulaji [[rushwa]] na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia [[maendeleo]] ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta.

Tangu mwaka 1999 nchi imerudi kwenye [[utawala wa kisheria]] ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa [[madaraka]]ni mara moja. 

Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yalishindikana bungeni. 

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka 2007 [[Umaru Yar’Adua]] alishinda kwa [[asilimia]] 70 za [[kura]]. 

Baada ya [[ugonjwa|kungonjeka]] kwake, [[makamu wa rais]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] alichukua madaraka ya urais kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] akachaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye kura ya mwaka [[2011]]. 

Mwaka [[2015]] alishindwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] na [[mgombea]] mwenzake, [[Muhammadu Buhari]].

Ni kwamba tangu mwaka [[2009]] hadi Septemba 2015 [[uasi]] wa kundi la [[Boko Haram]] ulivuruga [[amani]] na [[usalama]] nchini Nigeria. [[Wanamgambo]] wa kundi hilo wanaotazamwa na Wanigeria wengi kuwa ma[[gaidi]] walianza kutwaa mamlaka juu ya sehemu za nchi hasa katika mazingira ya jimbo la [[Borno]], kuua wananchi wengi, kuchukua watu [[mateka]] na kupigana na [[jeshi la Nigeria]] na ya nchi jirani. 

Kutofaulu kwa jeshi la [[taifa]] kumaliza [[ghasia]] hizo ndiyo [[sababu]] muhimu ya kushindwa kwa rais Jonathan kwenye uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015. Kufuata na [[ahadi]] zake kwa wapiga kura, Muhammadu Buhari alijitahidi kukomesha kundi hilo.

=== Jeshi ===
Jeshi la Nigeria lina [[jukumu]] la kulinda Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria, kukuza [[maslahi]] ya usalama wa kimataifa ya Nigeria, na kuunga [[mkono]] [[juhudi]] za kulinda amani hasa katika Afrika Magharibi.

Jeshi la Nigeria linaundwa na [[Jeshi la Ardhi]], ni [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] na [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Jeshi nchini Nigeria limecheza jukumu kubwa katika historia ya nchi tangu uhuru. [[Junta]] mbalimbali zilikamata [[udhibiti]] wa nchi na zilitawala kupitia wengi wa historia yake. 

Kipindi cha mwisho cha utawala wake kilimalizika mwaka 1999 kufuatia [[kifo]] cha [[ghafla]] cha [[dikteta]] wa zamani [[Sani Abacha]] mwaka [[1998]], na [[mrithi]] wake, [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]], kumpa mamlaka ya serikali Olusegun Obasanjo aliyechaguliwa ki[[demokrasia]] mwaka wa 1999.

Ikichukua faida ya jukumu lake kama nchi yenye wakazi wengi wa Afrika, Nigeria imeweka jeshi lake kama [[kikosi cha kulinda amani]] Afrika. Tangu mwaka 1995, jeshi la Nigeria, kupitia mamlaka ya [[ECOMOG]], limetumwa kulinda amani katika [[Liberia]] (1997), [[Ivory Coast]] (1997-1999), [[Sierra Leone]] 1997-1999, na kwa sasa katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Darfur]] huko [[Sudan]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]].

== Uchumi ==
Nigeria ina mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na inaainishwa kama uchumi mchanganyiko wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha chini cha kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Nigeria_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |title=Nigeria Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muundo wake wa kiuchumi unategemea sana sekta rasmi na isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa kutoka [[mafuta]] na [[gesi]], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[biashara]]. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta duniani, thamani ya sarafu, na changamoto za kimuundo za ndani, hali inayobadilisha nafasi yake ya [[Pato la Taifa]] ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine kubwa za Afrika kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Misri]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Nigeria_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya mafuta ya petroli bado ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na mapato ya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;OPEC_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria: Member Country |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[OPEC]] na huzalisha mafuta ghafi hasa katika eneo la Delta ya Niger. Hata hivyo, sekta zisizo za mafuta zimeongezeka umuhimu, hasa kilimo, mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma za kifedha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Economy |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Economy of Nigeria |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kilimo]] huajiri sehemu kubwa ya watu na kinajumuisha uzalishaji wa mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, viazi vikuu, kakao, na mpunga, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |title=Nigeria at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya [[huduma]] imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa, hasa katika benki, teknolojia ya fedha, na huduma za kidijitali, ambapo Lagos hutumika kama kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi na kifedha katika Afrika Magharibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/nigeria-country-report |title=Nigeria: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria pia ina sekta kubwa ya viwanda na biashara isiyo rasmi inayosaidia matumizi ya ndani na ajira. Uchumi wake una soko kubwa la ndani kutokana na idadi ya watu inayozidi milioni 200, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Nigeria_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/ng.html |title=United Nations Country Profile: Nigeria |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Biashara ya kimataifa]] inatawaliwa na [[mauzo ya nje]] ya mafuta ghafi, huku [[Maduhuli|bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka nje]] zikiwa ni mafuta yaliyosafishwa, mashine, magari, na bidhaa za matumizi ya kila siku. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#economy |title=Nigeria - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], taasisi zinazosaidia ushirikiano wa kikanda na uratibu wa biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;AU_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/nigeria |title=Member State Profile: Nigeria |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Licha ya ukubwa wa uchumi wake na utajiri wa rasilimali, nchi inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], ukosefu wa ajira, upungufu wa miundombinu, na utegemezi mkubwa wa mapato ya mafuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Nigeria_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook |title=Nigeria Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Majimbo ya shirikisho ==
[[Picha:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Majimbo ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]]
[[Muundo]] wa Nigeria ni [[Jamhuri ya Shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] ya nchi imefuata mfano wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]]. 

[[Rais]] huchaguliwa na wananchi wote: ndiye mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] lenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]].

{| cellpadding=10
| valign=top |
* [[Abia (jimbo)|Abia]]
* [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Abuja Federal Capital Territory]]
* [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]]
* [[Akwa Ibom (jimbo)|Akwa Ibom]]
* [[Anambra (jimbo)|Anambra]]
* [[Bauchi (jimbo)|Bauchi]]
* [[Bayelsa (jimbo)|Bayelsa]]
* [[Benue (jimbo)|Benue]]
* [[Borno (jimbo)|Borno]]
* [[Cross River (jimbo)|Cross River]]
* [[Delta (jimbo)|Delta]]
* [[Ebonyi (jimbo)|Ebonyi]]
* [[Edo (jimbo)|Edo]]
* [[Ekiti (jimbo)|Ekiti]]
* [[Enugu (jimbo)|Enugu]]
* [[Gombe (jimbo)|Gombe]]
* [[Imo (jimbo)|Imo]]
* [[Jigawa (jimbo)|Jigawa]]
* [[Kaduna (jimbo)|Kaduna]]
| valign=top |
* [[Kano (jimbo)|Kano]]
* [[Katsina (jimbo)|Katsina]]
* [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Kebbi]]
* [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]]
* [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]]
* [[Lagos (jimbo)|Lagos]]
* [[Nassarawa (jimbo)|Nassarawa]]
* [[Niger (jimbo)|Niger]]
* [[Ogun (jimbo)|Ogun]]
* [[Ondo (jimbo)|Ondo]]
* [[Osun (jimbo)|Osun]]
* [[Oyo (jimbo)|Oyo]]
* [[Plateau (jimbo)|Plateau]]
* [[Rivers (jimbo)|Rivers]]
* [[Sokoto (jimbo)|Sokoto]]
* [[Taraba (jimbo)|Taraba]]
* [[Yobe (jimbo)|Yobe]]
* [[Zamfara (jimbo)|Zamfara]]
|}

[[Picha:Lagos Island.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]]

== Wakazi ==
Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban [[milioni]] 180. Inasemekana [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wana [[umri]] wa chini ya miaka 14. Hata hivyo ni vigumu kupata [[namba]] halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[siasa]]. 

Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la [[Kabila|makabila]] 300 ni [[Wahausa]] na [[Wafula]] kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za [[magharibi]] (20-27%). 

Katika miji mikubwa watu kukaa kwa mchanganyiko wa makabila. 

Nigeria iliona mara kadhaa [[vurugu]] na mapambano kati ya makabila yaliyoongezewa [[ukali]] kwa sababu mara nyingi [[ukabila]] unaendelea sambamba na [[udini]]. Watu wa Kaskazini ni [[Waislamu]] zaidi na watu wa kusini [[Wakristo]] zaidi.

=== Dini ===
[[File:NG-Sharia.png|thumb|Majimbo ya Nigeria yaniyofuata sharia yanaonyeshwa na [[rangi ya kijani]].]]
Kuthibitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wahausa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Wayoruba zaidi [[Waprotestanti]].

Wengi wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] takriban 10%, lakini hawa wa mwisho kwa sasa wamepungua sana, labda wamebaki 1.4%. 

Kati ya Waislamu, wengi ni [[Wasuni]]. Kati ya Wakristo, 74% ni Waprotestanti
na 25% ni Wakatoliki.

Tangu mwaka [[1999]] [[suala]] la [[sharia]] au [[sheria]] za Kiislamu limeleta [[utata]] na [[mapambano]] katika majimbo kadhaa. Jimbo la Zamfara linalokaliwa hasa na Wahausa ambao ni Waislamu liliamua kuwa na sharia kama sheria ya kijimbo mwaka 1999 na majimbo mengine yalifuata. Kwa sasa ni [[Kano]], Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe na Kebbi. Kanuni za sharia hazitumiwi kwa namna moja kati ya majimbo haya; mapambano yalitokea juu ya jinsi gani sharia inaathiri [[raia]] wasio Waislamu.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ya nchi ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wakazi wengi wanatumia zaidi [[lugha]] za makabila yao, ambayo ni zaidi ya 500. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]], [[Kiigbo]] na [[Kiyoruba]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Nigeria]]

==Marejeo==
&lt;references/&gt;


==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Banknotes of Nigeria}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ni|Nigeria}}
&lt;!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open).--&gt;

{{Nigeria}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}}

[[Jamii:Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]]
[[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>6cyh6v84hu53hsy81d8yfj9acp5kfjh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="27304" sha1="4gin6bw3l3i9uh5leekikp4drzxbusl" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) &lt;br /&gt;Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo) &lt;br /&gt;Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà'' (Yoruba)
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria
 | common_name = Nigeria
 | bendera = Flag of Nigeria.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
 | ramani = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
 | ramani2 = NGA orthographic.svg
 | maelezo_ramani = &lt;i&gt;Eneo la Nigeria katika Afrika&lt;/i&gt;
 | maelezo_ramani2 = Nigeria katika dunia
 | kauli_mbiu = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;{{Color|#1A73E8|Nigeria, We Hail Thee}}&quot;
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Abuja]]
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya kirais ya shirikisho
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais
 | kiongozi1 = Bola Tinubu
 | kiongozi2 = Kashim Shettima
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa Nigeria
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza
 | tukio1_tarehe = 1 Januari 1914
 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1960
 | kabila = Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15.2%, Fulani 6%, wengine 33.3%
 | mwaka_kabila = 2018
 | eneo_jumla = 923,769
 | cheo_eneo = ya 31
 | maji = 1.4%
 | muundo_uhuru = 
 | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 236,747,130
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023
 | cheo_watu = ya 6
 | watu_sensa = 
 | mwaka_sensa = 
 | msongamano = 249.8
 | population_density_rank = ya 42
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.443 trilioni
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 27
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,340
 | plt = {{decrease}} $199.0 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $877
 | hdi = 0.548
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 161
 | fedha = [[Naira]] (₦)
 | majira_saa = +1 WAT
 | upande_gari = Kushoto
 | tld = [[.ng]]
 | msimbo_simu = 234
 | footnotes = 
}}
'''Nigeria''' pia '''Nijeria''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria''' ni nchi iliyoko Magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Benin]] upande wa magharibi, [[Niger]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Chad]] na [[Kameruni]] upande wa mashariki, na upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 232 ndio nchi ya sita kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu na ni nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Abuja]] ndiyo mji mkuu, huku [[Lagos]] ikiwa jiji kubwa zaidi.

Nigeria imepata [[uhuru]] wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]], ikiunganisha maeneo ya [[koloni]] la Nigeria na sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Nijeria ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] inayojumuisha majimbo 36 na Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa [[Shirikisho]], ikiendesha serikali kwa mfumo wa [[rais|urais]]. Ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] mwaka 1960 na kuwa [[jamhuri]] mwaka 1963. Nijeria ina wakazi wa [[kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali na [[utamduni|tamaduni]] tofauti, ikiwa na zaidi ya [[kabila|makabila]] 250. [[Kabila|Makabila]] matatu makubwa ni Wahausa-Wafulan upande wa kaskazini, [[Wayoruba]] upande wa kusini-magharibi, na [[Waigbo]] upande wa kusini-mashariki. [[Kiingereza]] ndicho lugha rasmi, lakini [[lugha]] nyingi za asili kama vile [[Hausa]], [[Wayoruba]], na [[Igbo]] huzungumzwa kwa wingi nchini kote.

Nijeria ina [[uchumi]]  wa 4 kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]], unaoendeshwa na sekta kama mafuta na gesi, [[kilimo]], mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma. Ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta duniani, ambapo mauzo ya mafuta nje yanachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa mapato ya [[serikali]] na fedha za kigeni. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile ufisadi, ukosefu wa usalama, umaskini, na upungufu wa miundombinu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, Nijeria bado ni nguvu ya kikanda na mwanachama mwenye ushawishi katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[ECOWAS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

== Jiografia ==
Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] upande wa [[kusini]] kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. 

[[Mlima]] wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye [[m]] 2,419 juu ya [[UB]].

[[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[kitropiki]]. Kusini kuna [[mvua]] mwaka wote lakini kaskazini mwa nchi kuna [[ukame]] kati ya Novemba na Aprili.

[[Mito]] mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]].

[[Mji]] mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]],  [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]].

[[Picha:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - [[2007]]]]

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya Nigeria}}
===Historia ya kale (hadi waka 1500)===
Tangu mnamo [[500 KK]] kulikuwa na [[Utamaduni wa Nok]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria. Unajulikana tu kutokana na [[sanamu]] kubwa za watu zilizotengenezwa kwa [[terakota]] ([[udongo]] wa kuchomwa) ambazo zilitengenezwa kati ya 500 KK na [[200]] [[BK]] kufuatana na [[vipimo vya rediokaboni]]. &lt;ref&gt;Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig &amp; Stefanie Kahlheber, &quot;[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma]&quot;, ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. E. B. Fagg, &quot;The Nok Culture in Prehistory&quot;, ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=archaeology&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kleiner|first= Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=0-495-57367-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &amp;#124; Thematic Essay &amp;#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &amp;#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2014-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kumbukumbu ya mji wa [[Kano]] inaanza katika mwaka [[999]] BK. 

Katika [[kusini]] [[milki ya Nri]] kati ya [[Waigbo]] ilianza kabla ya [[karne ya 10]] BK ikaendelea hadi kumezwa na [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1911]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Juang&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|first=Richard M.|last= Juang|page=597|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=1-85109-441-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|first=Ivan|last=Hrbek|page=254|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=0-85255-093-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nri ilitawaliwa na [[mfalme]] ([[Eze Nri]]) na mji wa Nri huangaliwa kama [[chanzo]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Uzukwu|first=E. Elochukwu|title=Worship as Body Language|year=1997|isbn=0-8146-6151-3|page=93|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tangu [[karne ya 12]] kuna habari za falme za [[Ife]] na [[Milki ya Oyo|Oyo]] katika kusini [[magharibi]] zilizoundwa na [[Wayoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Nigeria|first1=Toyin|last1=Falola|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Heaton|page=23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23 |isbn=0-521-68157-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba|first=David D.|last=Laitin|page=111|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-226-46790-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 14th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Peoples of Africa, Volume 1|first1=Fiona|last1=MacDonald|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Paren|first3=Kevin|last3=Shillington|first4=Gillian|last4=Stacey|first5=Philip|last5= Steele|page=385|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2000|isbn=0-7614-7158-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ife ilianza kukaliwa na watu tangu [[karne ya 9]] na utamaduni wake ulitengeneza sanamu mashuhuri za terakota na [[bronzi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;/&gt;.

===Karne za kati===
Mnamo mwaka [[1500]] kulikuwa na falme kubwa katika eneo la Nigeria ya leo. Katika kusini ni [[milki ya Benin]] (tofauti na nchi ya leo) na [[Onitsa]] ya Waigbo, katika kaskazini falme za [[Wahausa]] na [[Songhai]] ambazo zilitawaliwa na wafalme au [[Sultani|masultani]] [[Waislamu]]. Falme za kaskazini zilishiriki katika [[biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara]] ambako hasa [[chumvi]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] walipelekwa kwa njia ya misafara hadi nchi za Waislamu karibu na [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=5VghQALn-90C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=trans%20saharan%20trade&amp;f=false  Ralph A. Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History],  Oxford University Press, 2010 , uk. 26 (imeangaliwa kupitia google books, tar. 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=wYM9HGe2PD0C&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kano&amp;f=false Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa] uk. 85f; Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; imeangaliwa kupitia google books 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huohuo [[wapelelezi]] [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walianza kufika kwenye [[pwani]] za [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] na pia katika [[delta ya Niger]]. Walianza kujenga vituo vya biashara kwa vibali vya watawala wa sehemu za pwani kama huko [[Lagos]] na [[Calabar]]. [[Wazungu]] walifanya biashara ya [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali na watu wa pwani na hii ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=April A. |last=Gordon |title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2003 |pages=44–54 |isbn=1576076822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&amp;pg=PA54 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bandari]] ya Calabar kwenye [[Hori ya Biafra]] (leo hii inajulikana zaidi kwa jina la &quot;Bight of Bonny&quot;) iliendelea kuwa moja kati ya vituo vya [[biashara ya watumwa]] vikubwa zaidi kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Vituo vingine vya biashara ya watumwa kwenye pwani ya Nigeria vilikuwa Lagos na [[Badagry]], &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Ann |last2=Genova |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |page=328 |isbn=0810863162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDKeMEwPdMC&amp;pg=PA328 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangi waliouzwa hapo walifukuwa wafungwa wa [[vita]] vya watawala wenyeji kati yao au walikamatwa katika kampeni zilizoendeshwa kwa shabaha za kupata watumwa wa kuuzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Adam |last2=Paddock |title=Environment and Economics in Nigeria |publisher=Routledge |page=78 |year=2012 |isbn=1136662472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&amp;pg=PA78 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Watendaji wakuu walioleta watumwa pwani walitoka katika milki ya Oyo kwenye kusini magharibi na [[Ukhalifa]] wa [[Sokoto]] katika kaskazini. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;/&gt;

[[Utumwa]] katika maeneo ya Nigeria ya leo haukuanzishwa na watu kutoka [[Ulaya]], ulikuwepo tayari pia biashara ya watumwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slavery – Historical survey – Slave societies|work=Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|accessdate=28 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakini [[soko]] jipya kwenye pwani lililoanzishwa na Wazungu lilibadilisha uwiano katika [[jamii]] nyingi za Kiafrika na pia uhusiano kati ya jamii za Kiafrika. Watawala karibu na pwani waliweza kupata faida kwa kuuza watumwa moja kwa moja kwa Wazungu na waliweza kununua [[silaha za moto]]; wenye silaha za moto waliweza kushinda vita, kupata wafungwa wengi na kuuza wafungwa wengi zaidi. Hivyo mahitaji makubwa ya soko la watumwa la [[Atlantiki]] yalilisha ufuatano wa vita na mashindano ya kukamata wafungwa zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook von April A. Gordon, uk. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Idadi ya watumwa ndani ya Nigeria ilizidi kukua katika [[karne ya 19]] ambako biashara ya watumwa kwenye Atlantiki ilikwisha. Manmo [[1890]] mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watumwa katika [[Afrika]] walikuwa watumwa katika milki ya Khalifa wa Sokoto, takriban watu [[milioni]] 2. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest [[Slavery in Africa|slave population]] of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.&quot;Kevin Shillington (2005). ''[[Encyclopedia of African History]]''. Michigan University Press. p. 1401. ISBN 1-57958-455-1&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karne ya 19 na ukoloni===
Tangu mnamo [[1860]] Uingereza ilianza kupanua athira yake katika Nigeria. Uingereza ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuwa na [[viwanda]] vingi; viwanda vyake vilihitaji [[mafuta]] kwa matumizi ya [[grisi]] kwa kulainisha mwendo wa [[mashine]]. [[Delta]] ya [[mto Niger]] ilikuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[michikichi]] inayozalisha mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf S.O. Aghalino, British colonial policies and the oil palm industry in the Niger delta region of Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |date=20130116234451 }}, African Study Monographs, 21(1): 19-33, January 2000, tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kyoto, iliangaliwa 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo shirika kama Royal Niger Company zilipata maeneo makubwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] yao kwa njia ya mapatano na mikataba na watawala wenyeji, malipo na matishio na maeneo haya yaliwekwa baadaye chini ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza.

Kwenye [[mkutano wa Berlin]] madai ya Uingereza juu ya pwani ya Nigeria yalikubaliwa na [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Ulaya. Baadaye Waingereza waliendelea haraka kuhakikisha mamlaka yao juu ya maeneo ya kaskazini ama kwa mapatano au kwa vita kwa kusudi la kuzuia upanuzi wa Ufaransa. 

Hivyo zilitokea maeneo ya &quot;Southern Nigeria Protectorate&quot; na &quot;Northern Nigeria Protectorate&quot;. Hali halisi sehemu hizi haziwahi kuwa na [[umoja]] katika historia lakini hatimaye Uingereza iliamua kutawala maeneo yote kama koloni moja.
 
===Baada ya uhuru===
Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza ikiunganisha maeneo ya koloni la Nigeria na sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Kati ya miaka [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi, inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa, ilijaribu kujitenga kwa jina la [[Biafra]], ikipinga [[utawala]] wa [[wanajeshi]] Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa kwa [[njaa]] wakati ule.

Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na [[mapinduzi ya kijeshi]]. 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1970]] Nigeria ilikuwa na [[mapato]] makubwa kutokana na [[mafuta]] yaliyotolewa kutoka [[ardhi]] yake, hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. 

Ulaji [[rushwa]] na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia [[maendeleo]] ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta.

Tangu mwaka 1999 nchi imerudi kwenye [[utawala wa kisheria]] ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa [[madaraka]]ni mara moja. 

Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yalishindikana bungeni. 

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka 2007 [[Umaru Yar’Adua]] alishinda kwa [[asilimia]] 70 za [[kura]]. 

Baada ya [[ugonjwa|kungonjeka]] kwake, [[makamu wa rais]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] alichukua madaraka ya urais kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] akachaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye kura ya mwaka [[2011]]. 

Mwaka [[2015]] alishindwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] na [[mgombea]] mwenzake, [[Muhammadu Buhari]].

Ni kwamba tangu mwaka [[2009]] hadi Septemba 2015 [[uasi]] wa kundi la [[Boko Haram]] ulivuruga [[amani]] na [[usalama]] nchini Nigeria. [[Wanamgambo]] wa kundi hilo wanaotazamwa na Wanigeria wengi kuwa ma[[gaidi]] walianza kutwaa mamlaka juu ya sehemu za nchi hasa katika mazingira ya jimbo la [[Borno]], kuua wananchi wengi, kuchukua watu [[mateka]] na kupigana na [[jeshi la Nigeria]] na ya nchi jirani. 

Kutofaulu kwa jeshi la [[taifa]] kumaliza [[ghasia]] hizo ndiyo [[sababu]] muhimu ya kushindwa kwa rais Jonathan kwenye uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015. Kufuata na [[ahadi]] zake kwa wapiga kura, Muhammadu Buhari alijitahidi kukomesha kundi hilo.

=== Jeshi ===
Jeshi la Nigeria lina [[jukumu]] la kulinda Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria, kukuza [[maslahi]] ya usalama wa kimataifa ya Nigeria, na kuunga [[mkono]] [[juhudi]] za kulinda amani hasa katika Afrika Magharibi.

Jeshi la Nigeria linaundwa na [[Jeshi la Ardhi]], ni [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] na [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Jeshi nchini Nigeria limecheza jukumu kubwa katika historia ya nchi tangu uhuru. [[Junta]] mbalimbali zilikamata [[udhibiti]] wa nchi na zilitawala kupitia wengi wa historia yake. 

Kipindi cha mwisho cha utawala wake kilimalizika mwaka 1999 kufuatia [[kifo]] cha [[ghafla]] cha [[dikteta]] wa zamani [[Sani Abacha]] mwaka [[1998]], na [[mrithi]] wake, [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]], kumpa mamlaka ya serikali Olusegun Obasanjo aliyechaguliwa ki[[demokrasia]] mwaka wa 1999.

Ikichukua faida ya jukumu lake kama nchi yenye wakazi wengi wa Afrika, Nigeria imeweka jeshi lake kama [[kikosi cha kulinda amani]] Afrika. Tangu mwaka 1995, jeshi la Nigeria, kupitia mamlaka ya [[ECOMOG]], limetumwa kulinda amani katika [[Liberia]] (1997), [[Ivory Coast]] (1997-1999), [[Sierra Leone]] 1997-1999, na kwa sasa katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Darfur]] huko [[Sudan]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]].

== Uchumi ==
Nigeria ina mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na inaainishwa kama uchumi mchanganyiko wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha chini cha kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Nigeria_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |title=Nigeria Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muundo wake wa kiuchumi unategemea sana sekta rasmi na isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa kutoka [[mafuta]] na [[gesi]], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[biashara]]. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta duniani, thamani ya sarafu, na changamoto za kimuundo za ndani, hali inayobadilisha nafasi yake ya [[Pato la Taifa]] ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine kubwa za Afrika kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Misri]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Nigeria_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya mafuta ya petroli bado ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na mapato ya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;OPEC_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria: Member Country |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[OPEC]] na huzalisha mafuta ghafi hasa katika eneo la Delta ya Niger. Hata hivyo, sekta zisizo za mafuta zimeongezeka umuhimu, hasa kilimo, mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma za kifedha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Economy |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Economy of Nigeria |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kilimo]] huajiri sehemu kubwa ya watu na kinajumuisha uzalishaji wa mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, viazi vikuu, kakao, na mpunga, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |title=Nigeria at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya [[huduma]] imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa, hasa katika benki, teknolojia ya fedha, na huduma za kidijitali, ambapo Lagos hutumika kama kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi na kifedha katika Afrika Magharibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/nigeria-country-report |title=Nigeria: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria pia ina sekta kubwa ya viwanda na biashara isiyo rasmi inayosaidia matumizi ya ndani na ajira. Uchumi wake una soko kubwa la ndani kutokana na idadi ya watu inayozidi milioni 200, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Nigeria_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/ng.html |title=United Nations Country Profile: Nigeria |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Biashara ya kimataifa]] inatawaliwa na [[mauzo ya nje]] ya mafuta ghafi, huku [[Maduhuli|bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka nje]] zikiwa ni mafuta yaliyosafishwa, mashine, magari, na bidhaa za matumizi ya kila siku. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#economy |title=Nigeria - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], taasisi zinazosaidia ushirikiano wa kikanda na uratibu wa biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;AU_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/nigeria |title=Member State Profile: Nigeria |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Licha ya ukubwa wa uchumi wake na utajiri wa rasilimali, nchi inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], ukosefu wa ajira, upungufu wa miundombinu, na utegemezi mkubwa wa mapato ya mafuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Nigeria_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook |title=Nigeria Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Majimbo ya shirikisho ==
[[Picha:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Majimbo ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]]
[[Muundo]] wa Nigeria ni [[Jamhuri ya Shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] ya nchi imefuata mfano wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]]. 

[[Rais]] huchaguliwa na wananchi wote: ndiye mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] lenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]].

{| cellpadding=10
| valign=top |
* [[Abia (jimbo)|Abia]]
* [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Abuja Federal Capital Territory]]
* [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]]
* [[Akwa Ibom (jimbo)|Akwa Ibom]]
* [[Anambra (jimbo)|Anambra]]
* [[Bauchi (jimbo)|Bauchi]]
* [[Bayelsa (jimbo)|Bayelsa]]
* [[Benue (jimbo)|Benue]]
* [[Borno (jimbo)|Borno]]
* [[Cross River (jimbo)|Cross River]]
* [[Delta (jimbo)|Delta]]
* [[Ebonyi (jimbo)|Ebonyi]]
* [[Edo (jimbo)|Edo]]
* [[Ekiti (jimbo)|Ekiti]]
* [[Enugu (jimbo)|Enugu]]
* [[Gombe (jimbo)|Gombe]]
* [[Imo (jimbo)|Imo]]
* [[Jigawa (jimbo)|Jigawa]]
* [[Kaduna (jimbo)|Kaduna]]
| valign=top |
* [[Kano (jimbo)|Kano]]
* [[Katsina (jimbo)|Katsina]]
* [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Kebbi]]
* [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]]
* [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]]
* [[Lagos (jimbo)|Lagos]]
* [[Nassarawa (jimbo)|Nassarawa]]
* [[Niger (jimbo)|Niger]]
* [[Ogun (jimbo)|Ogun]]
* [[Ondo (jimbo)|Ondo]]
* [[Osun (jimbo)|Osun]]
* [[Oyo (jimbo)|Oyo]]
* [[Plateau (jimbo)|Plateau]]
* [[Rivers (jimbo)|Rivers]]
* [[Sokoto (jimbo)|Sokoto]]
* [[Taraba (jimbo)|Taraba]]
* [[Yobe (jimbo)|Yobe]]
* [[Zamfara (jimbo)|Zamfara]]
|}

[[Picha:Lagos Island.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]]

== Demografia ==
Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban [[milioni]] 180. Inasemekana [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wana [[umri]] wa chini ya miaka 14. Hata hivyo ni vigumu kupata [[namba]] halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[siasa]]. 

Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la [[Kabila|makabila]] 300 ni [[Wahausa]] na [[Wafula]] kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za [[magharibi]] (20-27%). 

Katika miji mikubwa watu kukaa kwa mchanganyiko wa makabila. 

Nigeria iliona mara kadhaa [[vurugu]] na mapambano kati ya makabila yaliyoongezewa [[ukali]] kwa sababu mara nyingi [[ukabila]] unaendelea sambamba na [[udini]]. Watu wa Kaskazini ni [[Waislamu]] zaidi na watu wa kusini [[Wakristo]] zaidi.

=== Dini ===
[[File:NG-Sharia.png|thumb|Majimbo ya Nigeria yaniyofuata sharia yanaonyeshwa na [[rangi ya kijani]].]]
Kuthibitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wahausa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Wayoruba zaidi [[Waprotestanti]].

Wengi wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] takriban 10%, lakini hawa wa mwisho kwa sasa wamepungua sana, labda wamebaki 1.4%. 

Kati ya Waislamu, wengi ni [[Wasuni]]. Kati ya Wakristo, 74% ni Waprotestanti
na 25% ni Wakatoliki.

Tangu mwaka [[1999]] [[suala]] la [[sharia]] au [[sheria]] za Kiislamu limeleta [[utata]] na [[mapambano]] katika majimbo kadhaa. Jimbo la Zamfara linalokaliwa hasa na Wahausa ambao ni Waislamu liliamua kuwa na sharia kama sheria ya kijimbo mwaka 1999 na majimbo mengine yalifuata. Kwa sasa ni [[Kano]], Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe na Kebbi. Kanuni za sharia hazitumiwi kwa namna moja kati ya majimbo haya; mapambano yalitokea juu ya jinsi gani sharia inaathiri [[raia]] wasio Waislamu.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ya nchi ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wakazi wengi wanatumia zaidi [[lugha]] za makabila yao, ambayo ni zaidi ya 500. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]], [[Kiigbo]] na [[Kiyoruba]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Nigeria]]

==Marejeo==
&lt;references/&gt;


==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Banknotes of Nigeria}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ni|Nigeria}}
&lt;!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open).--&gt;

{{Nigeria}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}}

[[Jamii:Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]]
[[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27320" sha1="rhhb0axw7aiopacazqgv8873hk8iafq" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) &lt;br /&gt;Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo) &lt;br /&gt;Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà'' (Yoruba)
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria
 | common_name = Nigeria
 | bendera = Flag of Nigeria.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
 | ramani = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
 | ramani2 = NGA orthographic.svg
 | maelezo_ramani = &lt;i&gt;Eneo la Nigeria katika Afrika&lt;/i&gt;
 | maelezo_ramani2 = Nigeria katika dunia
 | kauli_mbiu = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;{{Color|#1A73E8|Nigeria, We Hail Thee}}&quot;
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]]
 | mji_mkubwa = [[Lagos]]
 | mji_mkuu = [[Abuja]]
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya kirais ya shirikisho
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais
 | kiongozi1 = Bola Tinubu
 | kiongozi2 = Kashim Shettima
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa Nigeria
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza
 | tukio1_tarehe = 1 Januari 1914
 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1960
 | kabila = Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15.2%, Fulani 6%, wengine 33.3%
 | mwaka_kabila = 2018
 | eneo_jumla = 923,769
 | cheo_eneo = ya 31
 | maji = 1.4%
 | muundo_uhuru = 
 | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 236,747,130
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023
 | cheo_watu = ya 6
 | watu_sensa = 
 | mwaka_sensa = 
 | msongamano = 249.8
 | population_density_rank = ya 42
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.443 trilioni
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 27
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,340
 | plt = {{decrease}} $199.0 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $877
 | hdi = 0.548
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 161
 | fedha = [[Naira]] (₦)
 | majira_saa = +1 WAT
 | upande_gari = Kushoto
 | tld = [[.ng]]
 | msimbo_simu = 234
 | footnotes = 
}}
'''Nigeria''' pia '''Nijeria''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria''' ni nchi iliyoko Magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Benin]] upande wa magharibi, [[Niger]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Chad]] na [[Kameruni]] upande wa mashariki, na upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 232 ndio nchi ya sita kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu na ni nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Abuja]] ndiyo mji mkuu, huku [[Lagos]] ikiwa jiji kubwa zaidi.

Nigeria imepata [[uhuru]] wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]], ikiunganisha maeneo ya [[koloni]] la Nigeria na sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Nijeria ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] inayojumuisha majimbo 36 na Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa [[Shirikisho]], ikiendesha serikali kwa mfumo wa [[rais|urais]]. Ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] mwaka 1960 na kuwa [[jamhuri]] mwaka 1963. Nijeria ina wakazi wa [[kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali na [[utamduni|tamaduni]] tofauti, ikiwa na zaidi ya [[kabila|makabila]] 250. [[Kabila|Makabila]] matatu makubwa ni Wahausa-Wafulan upande wa kaskazini, [[Wayoruba]] upande wa kusini-magharibi, na [[Waigbo]] upande wa kusini-mashariki. [[Kiingereza]] ndicho lugha rasmi, lakini [[lugha]] nyingi za asili kama vile [[Hausa]], [[Wayoruba]], na [[Igbo]] huzungumzwa kwa wingi nchini kote.

Nijeria ina [[uchumi]]  wa 4 kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]], unaoendeshwa na sekta kama mafuta na gesi, [[kilimo]], mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma. Ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta duniani, ambapo mauzo ya mafuta nje yanachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa mapato ya [[serikali]] na fedha za kigeni. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile ufisadi, ukosefu wa usalama, umaskini, na upungufu wa miundombinu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, Nijeria bado ni nguvu ya kikanda na mwanachama mwenye ushawishi katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[ECOWAS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

== Jiografia ==
Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] upande wa [[kusini]] kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. 

[[Mlima]] wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye [[m]] 2,419 juu ya [[UB]].

[[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[kitropiki]]. Kusini kuna [[mvua]] mwaka wote lakini kaskazini mwa nchi kuna [[ukame]] kati ya Novemba na Aprili.

[[Mito]] mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]].

[[Mji]] mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]],  [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]].

[[Picha:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - [[2007]]]]

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya Nigeria}}
===Historia ya kale (hadi waka 1500)===
Tangu mnamo [[500 KK]] kulikuwa na [[Utamaduni wa Nok]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria. Unajulikana tu kutokana na [[sanamu]] kubwa za watu zilizotengenezwa kwa [[terakota]] ([[udongo]] wa kuchomwa) ambazo zilitengenezwa kati ya 500 KK na [[200]] [[BK]] kufuatana na [[vipimo vya rediokaboni]]. &lt;ref&gt;Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig &amp; Stefanie Kahlheber, &quot;[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma]&quot;, ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. E. B. Fagg, &quot;The Nok Culture in Prehistory&quot;, ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=archaeology&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kleiner|first= Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=0-495-57367-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &amp;#124; Thematic Essay &amp;#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &amp;#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2014-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kumbukumbu ya mji wa [[Kano]] inaanza katika mwaka [[999]] BK. 

Katika [[kusini]] [[milki ya Nri]] kati ya [[Waigbo]] ilianza kabla ya [[karne ya 10]] BK ikaendelea hadi kumezwa na [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1911]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Juang&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|first=Richard M.|last= Juang|page=597|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=1-85109-441-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|first=Ivan|last=Hrbek|page=254|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=0-85255-093-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nri ilitawaliwa na [[mfalme]] ([[Eze Nri]]) na mji wa Nri huangaliwa kama [[chanzo]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Uzukwu|first=E. Elochukwu|title=Worship as Body Language|year=1997|isbn=0-8146-6151-3|page=93|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tangu [[karne ya 12]] kuna habari za falme za [[Ife]] na [[Milki ya Oyo|Oyo]] katika kusini [[magharibi]] zilizoundwa na [[Wayoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Nigeria|first1=Toyin|last1=Falola|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Heaton|page=23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23 |isbn=0-521-68157-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba|first=David D.|last=Laitin|page=111|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-226-46790-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 14th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Peoples of Africa, Volume 1|first1=Fiona|last1=MacDonald|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Paren|first3=Kevin|last3=Shillington|first4=Gillian|last4=Stacey|first5=Philip|last5= Steele|page=385|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2000|isbn=0-7614-7158-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ife ilianza kukaliwa na watu tangu [[karne ya 9]] na utamaduni wake ulitengeneza sanamu mashuhuri za terakota na [[bronzi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;/&gt;.

===Karne za kati===
Mnamo mwaka [[1500]] kulikuwa na falme kubwa katika eneo la Nigeria ya leo. Katika kusini ni [[milki ya Benin]] (tofauti na nchi ya leo) na [[Onitsa]] ya Waigbo, katika kaskazini falme za [[Wahausa]] na [[Songhai]] ambazo zilitawaliwa na wafalme au [[Sultani|masultani]] [[Waislamu]]. Falme za kaskazini zilishiriki katika [[biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara]] ambako hasa [[chumvi]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] walipelekwa kwa njia ya misafara hadi nchi za Waislamu karibu na [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=5VghQALn-90C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=trans%20saharan%20trade&amp;f=false  Ralph A. Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History],  Oxford University Press, 2010 , uk. 26 (imeangaliwa kupitia google books, tar. 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=wYM9HGe2PD0C&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kano&amp;f=false Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa] uk. 85f; Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; imeangaliwa kupitia google books 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huohuo [[wapelelezi]] [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walianza kufika kwenye [[pwani]] za [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] na pia katika [[delta ya Niger]]. Walianza kujenga vituo vya biashara kwa vibali vya watawala wa sehemu za pwani kama huko [[Lagos]] na [[Calabar]]. [[Wazungu]] walifanya biashara ya [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali na watu wa pwani na hii ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=April A. |last=Gordon |title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2003 |pages=44–54 |isbn=1576076822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&amp;pg=PA54 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bandari]] ya Calabar kwenye [[Hori ya Biafra]] (leo hii inajulikana zaidi kwa jina la &quot;Bight of Bonny&quot;) iliendelea kuwa moja kati ya vituo vya [[biashara ya watumwa]] vikubwa zaidi kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Vituo vingine vya biashara ya watumwa kwenye pwani ya Nigeria vilikuwa Lagos na [[Badagry]], &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Ann |last2=Genova |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |page=328 |isbn=0810863162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDKeMEwPdMC&amp;pg=PA328 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangi waliouzwa hapo walifukuwa wafungwa wa [[vita]] vya watawala wenyeji kati yao au walikamatwa katika kampeni zilizoendeshwa kwa shabaha za kupata watumwa wa kuuzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Adam |last2=Paddock |title=Environment and Economics in Nigeria |publisher=Routledge |page=78 |year=2012 |isbn=1136662472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&amp;pg=PA78 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Watendaji wakuu walioleta watumwa pwani walitoka katika milki ya Oyo kwenye kusini magharibi na [[Ukhalifa]] wa [[Sokoto]] katika kaskazini. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;/&gt;

[[Utumwa]] katika maeneo ya Nigeria ya leo haukuanzishwa na watu kutoka [[Ulaya]], ulikuwepo tayari pia biashara ya watumwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slavery – Historical survey – Slave societies|work=Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|accessdate=28 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakini [[soko]] jipya kwenye pwani lililoanzishwa na Wazungu lilibadilisha uwiano katika [[jamii]] nyingi za Kiafrika na pia uhusiano kati ya jamii za Kiafrika. Watawala karibu na pwani waliweza kupata faida kwa kuuza watumwa moja kwa moja kwa Wazungu na waliweza kununua [[silaha za moto]]; wenye silaha za moto waliweza kushinda vita, kupata wafungwa wengi na kuuza wafungwa wengi zaidi. Hivyo mahitaji makubwa ya soko la watumwa la [[Atlantiki]] yalilisha ufuatano wa vita na mashindano ya kukamata wafungwa zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook von April A. Gordon, uk. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Idadi ya watumwa ndani ya Nigeria ilizidi kukua katika [[karne ya 19]] ambako biashara ya watumwa kwenye Atlantiki ilikwisha. Manmo [[1890]] mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watumwa katika [[Afrika]] walikuwa watumwa katika milki ya Khalifa wa Sokoto, takriban watu [[milioni]] 2. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest [[Slavery in Africa|slave population]] of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.&quot;Kevin Shillington (2005). ''[[Encyclopedia of African History]]''. Michigan University Press. p. 1401. ISBN 1-57958-455-1&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karne ya 19 na ukoloni===
Tangu mnamo [[1860]] Uingereza ilianza kupanua athira yake katika Nigeria. Uingereza ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuwa na [[viwanda]] vingi; viwanda vyake vilihitaji [[mafuta]] kwa matumizi ya [[grisi]] kwa kulainisha mwendo wa [[mashine]]. [[Delta]] ya [[mto Niger]] ilikuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[michikichi]] inayozalisha mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf S.O. Aghalino, British colonial policies and the oil palm industry in the Niger delta region of Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |date=20130116234451 }}, African Study Monographs, 21(1): 19-33, January 2000, tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kyoto, iliangaliwa 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo shirika kama Royal Niger Company zilipata maeneo makubwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] yao kwa njia ya mapatano na mikataba na watawala wenyeji, malipo na matishio na maeneo haya yaliwekwa baadaye chini ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza.

Kwenye [[mkutano wa Berlin]] madai ya Uingereza juu ya pwani ya Nigeria yalikubaliwa na [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Ulaya. Baadaye Waingereza waliendelea haraka kuhakikisha mamlaka yao juu ya maeneo ya kaskazini ama kwa mapatano au kwa vita kwa kusudi la kuzuia upanuzi wa Ufaransa. 

Hivyo zilitokea maeneo ya &quot;Southern Nigeria Protectorate&quot; na &quot;Northern Nigeria Protectorate&quot;. Hali halisi sehemu hizi haziwahi kuwa na [[umoja]] katika historia lakini hatimaye Uingereza iliamua kutawala maeneo yote kama koloni moja.
 
===Baada ya uhuru===
Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza ikiunganisha maeneo ya koloni la Nigeria na sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Kati ya miaka [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi, inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa, ilijaribu kujitenga kwa jina la [[Biafra]], ikipinga [[utawala]] wa [[wanajeshi]] Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa kwa [[njaa]] wakati ule.

Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na [[mapinduzi ya kijeshi]]. 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1970]] Nigeria ilikuwa na [[mapato]] makubwa kutokana na [[mafuta]] yaliyotolewa kutoka [[ardhi]] yake, hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. 

Ulaji [[rushwa]] na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia [[maendeleo]] ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta.

Tangu mwaka 1999 nchi imerudi kwenye [[utawala wa kisheria]] ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa [[madaraka]]ni mara moja. 

Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yalishindikana bungeni. 

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka 2007 [[Umaru Yar’Adua]] alishinda kwa [[asilimia]] 70 za [[kura]]. 

Baada ya [[ugonjwa|kungonjeka]] kwake, [[makamu wa rais]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] alichukua madaraka ya urais kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] akachaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye kura ya mwaka [[2011]]. 

Mwaka [[2015]] alishindwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] na [[mgombea]] mwenzake, [[Muhammadu Buhari]].

Ni kwamba tangu mwaka [[2009]] hadi Septemba 2015 [[uasi]] wa kundi la [[Boko Haram]] ulivuruga [[amani]] na [[usalama]] nchini Nigeria. [[Wanamgambo]] wa kundi hilo wanaotazamwa na Wanigeria wengi kuwa ma[[gaidi]] walianza kutwaa mamlaka juu ya sehemu za nchi hasa katika mazingira ya jimbo la [[Borno]], kuua wananchi wengi, kuchukua watu [[mateka]] na kupigana na [[jeshi la Nigeria]] na ya nchi jirani. 

Kutofaulu kwa jeshi la [[taifa]] kumaliza [[ghasia]] hizo ndiyo [[sababu]] muhimu ya kushindwa kwa rais Jonathan kwenye uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015. Kufuata na [[ahadi]] zake kwa wapiga kura, Muhammadu Buhari alijitahidi kukomesha kundi hilo.

=== Jeshi ===
Jeshi la Nigeria lina [[jukumu]] la kulinda Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria, kukuza [[maslahi]] ya usalama wa kimataifa ya Nigeria, na kuunga [[mkono]] [[juhudi]] za kulinda amani hasa katika Afrika Magharibi.

Jeshi la Nigeria linaundwa na [[Jeshi la Ardhi]], ni [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] na [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Jeshi nchini Nigeria limecheza jukumu kubwa katika historia ya nchi tangu uhuru. [[Junta]] mbalimbali zilikamata [[udhibiti]] wa nchi na zilitawala kupitia wengi wa historia yake. 

Kipindi cha mwisho cha utawala wake kilimalizika mwaka 1999 kufuatia [[kifo]] cha [[ghafla]] cha [[dikteta]] wa zamani [[Sani Abacha]] mwaka [[1998]], na [[mrithi]] wake, [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]], kumpa mamlaka ya serikali Olusegun Obasanjo aliyechaguliwa ki[[demokrasia]] mwaka wa 1999.

Ikichukua faida ya jukumu lake kama nchi yenye wakazi wengi wa Afrika, Nigeria imeweka jeshi lake kama [[kikosi cha kulinda amani]] Afrika. Tangu mwaka 1995, jeshi la Nigeria, kupitia mamlaka ya [[ECOMOG]], limetumwa kulinda amani katika [[Liberia]] (1997), [[Ivory Coast]] (1997-1999), [[Sierra Leone]] 1997-1999, na kwa sasa katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Darfur]] huko [[Sudan]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]].

== Uchumi ==
Nigeria ina mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na inaainishwa kama uchumi mchanganyiko wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha chini cha kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Nigeria_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |title=Nigeria Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muundo wake wa kiuchumi unategemea sana sekta rasmi na isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa kutoka [[mafuta]] na [[gesi]], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[biashara]]. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta duniani, thamani ya sarafu, na changamoto za kimuundo za ndani, hali inayobadilisha nafasi yake ya [[Pato la Taifa]] ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine kubwa za Afrika kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Misri]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Nigeria_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya mafuta ya petroli bado ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na mapato ya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;OPEC_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria: Member Country |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[OPEC]] na huzalisha mafuta ghafi hasa katika eneo la Delta ya Niger. Hata hivyo, sekta zisizo za mafuta zimeongezeka umuhimu, hasa kilimo, mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma za kifedha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Economy |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Economy of Nigeria |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kilimo]] huajiri sehemu kubwa ya watu na kinajumuisha uzalishaji wa mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, viazi vikuu, kakao, na mpunga, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |title=Nigeria at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya [[huduma]] imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa, hasa katika benki, teknolojia ya fedha, na huduma za kidijitali, ambapo Lagos hutumika kama kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi na kifedha katika Afrika Magharibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/nigeria-country-report |title=Nigeria: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria pia ina sekta kubwa ya viwanda na biashara isiyo rasmi inayosaidia matumizi ya ndani na ajira. Uchumi wake una soko kubwa la ndani kutokana na idadi ya watu inayozidi milioni 200, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Nigeria_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/ng.html |title=United Nations Country Profile: Nigeria |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Biashara ya kimataifa]] inatawaliwa na [[mauzo ya nje]] ya mafuta ghafi, huku [[Maduhuli|bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka nje]] zikiwa ni mafuta yaliyosafishwa, mashine, magari, na bidhaa za matumizi ya kila siku. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#economy |title=Nigeria - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], taasisi zinazosaidia ushirikiano wa kikanda na uratibu wa biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;AU_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/nigeria |title=Member State Profile: Nigeria |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Licha ya ukubwa wa uchumi wake na utajiri wa rasilimali, nchi inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], ukosefu wa ajira, upungufu wa miundombinu, na utegemezi mkubwa wa mapato ya mafuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Nigeria_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook |title=Nigeria Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Majimbo ya shirikisho ==
[[Picha:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Majimbo ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]]
[[Muundo]] wa Nigeria ni [[Jamhuri ya Shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] ya nchi imefuata mfano wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]]. 

[[Rais]] huchaguliwa na wananchi wote: ndiye mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] lenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]].

{| cellpadding=10
| valign=top |
* [[Abia (jimbo)|Abia]]
* [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Abuja Federal Capital Territory]]
* [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]]
* [[Akwa Ibom (jimbo)|Akwa Ibom]]
* [[Anambra (jimbo)|Anambra]]
* [[Bauchi (jimbo)|Bauchi]]
* [[Bayelsa (jimbo)|Bayelsa]]
* [[Benue (jimbo)|Benue]]
* [[Borno (jimbo)|Borno]]
* [[Cross River (jimbo)|Cross River]]
* [[Delta (jimbo)|Delta]]
* [[Ebonyi (jimbo)|Ebonyi]]
* [[Edo (jimbo)|Edo]]
* [[Ekiti (jimbo)|Ekiti]]
* [[Enugu (jimbo)|Enugu]]
* [[Gombe (jimbo)|Gombe]]
* [[Imo (jimbo)|Imo]]
* [[Jigawa (jimbo)|Jigawa]]
* [[Kaduna (jimbo)|Kaduna]]
| valign=top |
* [[Kano (jimbo)|Kano]]
* [[Katsina (jimbo)|Katsina]]
* [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Kebbi]]
* [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]]
* [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]]
* [[Lagos (jimbo)|Lagos]]
* [[Nassarawa (jimbo)|Nassarawa]]
* [[Niger (jimbo)|Niger]]
* [[Ogun (jimbo)|Ogun]]
* [[Ondo (jimbo)|Ondo]]
* [[Osun (jimbo)|Osun]]
* [[Oyo (jimbo)|Oyo]]
* [[Plateau (jimbo)|Plateau]]
* [[Rivers (jimbo)|Rivers]]
* [[Sokoto (jimbo)|Sokoto]]
* [[Taraba (jimbo)|Taraba]]
* [[Yobe (jimbo)|Yobe]]
* [[Zamfara (jimbo)|Zamfara]]
|}

[[Picha:Lagos Island.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]]

== Demografia ==
Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban [[milioni]] 180. Inasemekana [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wana [[umri]] wa chini ya miaka 14. Hata hivyo ni vigumu kupata [[namba]] halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[siasa]]. 

Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la [[Kabila|makabila]] 300 ni [[Wahausa]] na [[Wafula]] kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za [[magharibi]] (20-27%). 

Katika miji mikubwa watu kukaa kwa mchanganyiko wa makabila. 

Nigeria iliona mara kadhaa [[vurugu]] na mapambano kati ya makabila yaliyoongezewa [[ukali]] kwa sababu mara nyingi [[ukabila]] unaendelea sambamba na [[udini]]. Watu wa Kaskazini ni [[Waislamu]] zaidi na watu wa kusini [[Wakristo]] zaidi.

=== Dini ===
[[File:NG-Sharia.png|thumb|Majimbo ya Nigeria yaniyofuata sharia yanaonyeshwa na [[rangi ya kijani]].]]
Kuthibitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wahausa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Wayoruba zaidi [[Waprotestanti]].

Wengi wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] takriban 10%, lakini hawa wa mwisho kwa sasa wamepungua sana, labda wamebaki 1.4%. 

Kati ya Waislamu, wengi ni [[Wasuni]]. Kati ya Wakristo, 74% ni Waprotestanti
na 25% ni Wakatoliki.

Tangu mwaka [[1999]] [[suala]] la [[sharia]] au [[sheria]] za Kiislamu limeleta [[utata]] na [[mapambano]] katika majimbo kadhaa. Jimbo la Zamfara linalokaliwa hasa na Wahausa ambao ni Waislamu liliamua kuwa na sharia kama sheria ya kijimbo mwaka 1999 na majimbo mengine yalifuata. Kwa sasa ni [[Kano]], Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe na Kebbi. Kanuni za sharia hazitumiwi kwa namna moja kati ya majimbo haya; mapambano yalitokea juu ya jinsi gani sharia inaathiri [[raia]] wasio Waislamu.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ya nchi ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wakazi wengi wanatumia zaidi [[lugha]] za makabila yao, ambayo ni zaidi ya 500. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]], [[Kiigbo]] na [[Kiyoruba]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Nigeria]]

==Marejeo==
&lt;references/&gt;


==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Banknotes of Nigeria}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ni|Nigeria}}
&lt;!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open).--&gt;

{{Nigeria}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}}

[[Jamii:Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]]
[[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>rhhb0axw7aiopacazqgv8873hk8iafq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538564</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:31:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
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      <comment>/* Uchumi */ Lagos, Nigeria</comment>
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      <text bytes="27365" sha1="4sinez1bus0s3oc8tm8fhlpt1jvwlkq" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) &lt;br /&gt;Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo) &lt;br /&gt;Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà'' (Yoruba)
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria
 | common_name = Nigeria
 | bendera = Flag of Nigeria.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
 | ramani = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
 | ramani2 = NGA orthographic.svg
 | maelezo_ramani = &lt;i&gt;Eneo la Nigeria katika Afrika&lt;/i&gt;
 | maelezo_ramani2 = Nigeria katika dunia
 | kauli_mbiu = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;{{Color|#1A73E8|Nigeria, We Hail Thee}}&quot;
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]]
 | mji_mkubwa = [[Lagos]]
 | mji_mkuu = [[Abuja]]
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya kirais ya shirikisho
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais
 | kiongozi1 = Bola Tinubu
 | kiongozi2 = Kashim Shettima
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa Nigeria
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza
 | tukio1_tarehe = 1 Januari 1914
 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1960
 | kabila = Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15.2%, Fulani 6%, wengine 33.3%
 | mwaka_kabila = 2018
 | eneo_jumla = 923,769
 | cheo_eneo = ya 31
 | maji = 1.4%
 | muundo_uhuru = 
 | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 236,747,130
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023
 | cheo_watu = ya 6
 | watu_sensa = 
 | mwaka_sensa = 
 | msongamano = 249.8
 | population_density_rank = ya 42
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.443 trilioni
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 27
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,340
 | plt = {{decrease}} $199.0 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $877
 | hdi = 0.548
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 161
 | fedha = [[Naira]] (₦)
 | majira_saa = +1 WAT
 | upande_gari = Kushoto
 | tld = [[.ng]]
 | msimbo_simu = 234
 | footnotes = 
}}
'''Nigeria''' pia '''Nijeria''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria''' ni nchi iliyoko Magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Benin]] upande wa magharibi, [[Niger]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Chad]] na [[Kameruni]] upande wa mashariki, na upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 232 ndio nchi ya sita kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu na ni nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Abuja]] ndiyo mji mkuu, huku [[Lagos]] ikiwa jiji kubwa zaidi.

Nigeria imepata [[uhuru]] wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]], ikiunganisha maeneo ya [[koloni]] la Nigeria na sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Nijeria ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] inayojumuisha majimbo 36 na Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa [[Shirikisho]], ikiendesha serikali kwa mfumo wa [[rais|urais]]. Ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] mwaka 1960 na kuwa [[jamhuri]] mwaka 1963. Nijeria ina wakazi wa [[kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali na [[utamduni|tamaduni]] tofauti, ikiwa na zaidi ya [[kabila|makabila]] 250. [[Kabila|Makabila]] matatu makubwa ni Wahausa-Wafulan upande wa kaskazini, [[Wayoruba]] upande wa kusini-magharibi, na [[Waigbo]] upande wa kusini-mashariki. [[Kiingereza]] ndicho lugha rasmi, lakini [[lugha]] nyingi za asili kama vile [[Hausa]], [[Wayoruba]], na [[Igbo]] huzungumzwa kwa wingi nchini kote.

Nijeria ina [[uchumi]]  wa 4 kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]], unaoendeshwa na sekta kama mafuta na gesi, [[kilimo]], mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma. Ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta duniani, ambapo mauzo ya mafuta nje yanachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa mapato ya [[serikali]] na fedha za kigeni. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile ufisadi, ukosefu wa usalama, umaskini, na upungufu wa miundombinu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, Nijeria bado ni nguvu ya kikanda na mwanachama mwenye ushawishi katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[ECOWAS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

== Jiografia ==
Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] upande wa [[kusini]] kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. 

[[Mlima]] wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye [[m]] 2,419 juu ya [[UB]].

[[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[kitropiki]]. Kusini kuna [[mvua]] mwaka wote lakini kaskazini mwa nchi kuna [[ukame]] kati ya Novemba na Aprili.

[[Mito]] mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]].

[[Mji]] mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]],  [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]].

[[Picha:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - [[2007]]]]

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya Nigeria}}
===Historia ya kale (hadi waka 1500)===
Tangu mnamo [[500 KK]] kulikuwa na [[Utamaduni wa Nok]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria. Unajulikana tu kutokana na [[sanamu]] kubwa za watu zilizotengenezwa kwa [[terakota]] ([[udongo]] wa kuchomwa) ambazo zilitengenezwa kati ya 500 KK na [[200]] [[BK]] kufuatana na [[vipimo vya rediokaboni]]. &lt;ref&gt;Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig &amp; Stefanie Kahlheber, &quot;[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma]&quot;, ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. E. B. Fagg, &quot;The Nok Culture in Prehistory&quot;, ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=archaeology&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kleiner|first= Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=0-495-57367-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &amp;#124; Thematic Essay &amp;#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &amp;#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2014-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kumbukumbu ya mji wa [[Kano]] inaanza katika mwaka [[999]] BK. 

Katika [[kusini]] [[milki ya Nri]] kati ya [[Waigbo]] ilianza kabla ya [[karne ya 10]] BK ikaendelea hadi kumezwa na [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1911]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Juang&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|first=Richard M.|last= Juang|page=597|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=1-85109-441-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|first=Ivan|last=Hrbek|page=254|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=0-85255-093-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nri ilitawaliwa na [[mfalme]] ([[Eze Nri]]) na mji wa Nri huangaliwa kama [[chanzo]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Uzukwu|first=E. Elochukwu|title=Worship as Body Language|year=1997|isbn=0-8146-6151-3|page=93|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tangu [[karne ya 12]] kuna habari za falme za [[Ife]] na [[Milki ya Oyo|Oyo]] katika kusini [[magharibi]] zilizoundwa na [[Wayoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Nigeria|first1=Toyin|last1=Falola|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Heaton|page=23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23 |isbn=0-521-68157-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba|first=David D.|last=Laitin|page=111|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-226-46790-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 14th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Peoples of Africa, Volume 1|first1=Fiona|last1=MacDonald|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Paren|first3=Kevin|last3=Shillington|first4=Gillian|last4=Stacey|first5=Philip|last5= Steele|page=385|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2000|isbn=0-7614-7158-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ife ilianza kukaliwa na watu tangu [[karne ya 9]] na utamaduni wake ulitengeneza sanamu mashuhuri za terakota na [[bronzi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;/&gt;.

===Karne za kati===
Mnamo mwaka [[1500]] kulikuwa na falme kubwa katika eneo la Nigeria ya leo. Katika kusini ni [[milki ya Benin]] (tofauti na nchi ya leo) na [[Onitsa]] ya Waigbo, katika kaskazini falme za [[Wahausa]] na [[Songhai]] ambazo zilitawaliwa na wafalme au [[Sultani|masultani]] [[Waislamu]]. Falme za kaskazini zilishiriki katika [[biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara]] ambako hasa [[chumvi]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] walipelekwa kwa njia ya misafara hadi nchi za Waislamu karibu na [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=5VghQALn-90C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=trans%20saharan%20trade&amp;f=false  Ralph A. Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History],  Oxford University Press, 2010 , uk. 26 (imeangaliwa kupitia google books, tar. 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=wYM9HGe2PD0C&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kano&amp;f=false Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa] uk. 85f; Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; imeangaliwa kupitia google books 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huohuo [[wapelelezi]] [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walianza kufika kwenye [[pwani]] za [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] na pia katika [[delta ya Niger]]. Walianza kujenga vituo vya biashara kwa vibali vya watawala wa sehemu za pwani kama huko [[Lagos]] na [[Calabar]]. [[Wazungu]] walifanya biashara ya [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali na watu wa pwani na hii ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=April A. |last=Gordon |title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2003 |pages=44–54 |isbn=1576076822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&amp;pg=PA54 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bandari]] ya Calabar kwenye [[Hori ya Biafra]] (leo hii inajulikana zaidi kwa jina la &quot;Bight of Bonny&quot;) iliendelea kuwa moja kati ya vituo vya [[biashara ya watumwa]] vikubwa zaidi kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Vituo vingine vya biashara ya watumwa kwenye pwani ya Nigeria vilikuwa Lagos na [[Badagry]], &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Ann |last2=Genova |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |page=328 |isbn=0810863162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDKeMEwPdMC&amp;pg=PA328 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangi waliouzwa hapo walifukuwa wafungwa wa [[vita]] vya watawala wenyeji kati yao au walikamatwa katika kampeni zilizoendeshwa kwa shabaha za kupata watumwa wa kuuzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Adam |last2=Paddock |title=Environment and Economics in Nigeria |publisher=Routledge |page=78 |year=2012 |isbn=1136662472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&amp;pg=PA78 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Watendaji wakuu walioleta watumwa pwani walitoka katika milki ya Oyo kwenye kusini magharibi na [[Ukhalifa]] wa [[Sokoto]] katika kaskazini. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;/&gt;

[[Utumwa]] katika maeneo ya Nigeria ya leo haukuanzishwa na watu kutoka [[Ulaya]], ulikuwepo tayari pia biashara ya watumwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slavery – Historical survey – Slave societies|work=Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|accessdate=28 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakini [[soko]] jipya kwenye pwani lililoanzishwa na Wazungu lilibadilisha uwiano katika [[jamii]] nyingi za Kiafrika na pia uhusiano kati ya jamii za Kiafrika. Watawala karibu na pwani waliweza kupata faida kwa kuuza watumwa moja kwa moja kwa Wazungu na waliweza kununua [[silaha za moto]]; wenye silaha za moto waliweza kushinda vita, kupata wafungwa wengi na kuuza wafungwa wengi zaidi. Hivyo mahitaji makubwa ya soko la watumwa la [[Atlantiki]] yalilisha ufuatano wa vita na mashindano ya kukamata wafungwa zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook von April A. Gordon, uk. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Idadi ya watumwa ndani ya Nigeria ilizidi kukua katika [[karne ya 19]] ambako biashara ya watumwa kwenye Atlantiki ilikwisha. Manmo [[1890]] mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watumwa katika [[Afrika]] walikuwa watumwa katika milki ya Khalifa wa Sokoto, takriban watu [[milioni]] 2. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest [[Slavery in Africa|slave population]] of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.&quot;Kevin Shillington (2005). ''[[Encyclopedia of African History]]''. Michigan University Press. p. 1401. ISBN 1-57958-455-1&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karne ya 19 na ukoloni===
Tangu mnamo [[1860]] Uingereza ilianza kupanua athira yake katika Nigeria. Uingereza ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuwa na [[viwanda]] vingi; viwanda vyake vilihitaji [[mafuta]] kwa matumizi ya [[grisi]] kwa kulainisha mwendo wa [[mashine]]. [[Delta]] ya [[mto Niger]] ilikuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[michikichi]] inayozalisha mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf S.O. Aghalino, British colonial policies and the oil palm industry in the Niger delta region of Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |date=20130116234451 }}, African Study Monographs, 21(1): 19-33, January 2000, tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kyoto, iliangaliwa 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo shirika kama Royal Niger Company zilipata maeneo makubwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] yao kwa njia ya mapatano na mikataba na watawala wenyeji, malipo na matishio na maeneo haya yaliwekwa baadaye chini ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza.

Kwenye [[mkutano wa Berlin]] madai ya Uingereza juu ya pwani ya Nigeria yalikubaliwa na [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Ulaya. Baadaye Waingereza waliendelea haraka kuhakikisha mamlaka yao juu ya maeneo ya kaskazini ama kwa mapatano au kwa vita kwa kusudi la kuzuia upanuzi wa Ufaransa. 

Hivyo zilitokea maeneo ya &quot;Southern Nigeria Protectorate&quot; na &quot;Northern Nigeria Protectorate&quot;. Hali halisi sehemu hizi haziwahi kuwa na [[umoja]] katika historia lakini hatimaye Uingereza iliamua kutawala maeneo yote kama koloni moja.
 
===Baada ya uhuru===
Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza ikiunganisha maeneo ya koloni la Nigeria na sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Kati ya miaka [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi, inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa, ilijaribu kujitenga kwa jina la [[Biafra]], ikipinga [[utawala]] wa [[wanajeshi]] Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa kwa [[njaa]] wakati ule.

Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na [[mapinduzi ya kijeshi]]. 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1970]] Nigeria ilikuwa na [[mapato]] makubwa kutokana na [[mafuta]] yaliyotolewa kutoka [[ardhi]] yake, hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. 

Ulaji [[rushwa]] na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia [[maendeleo]] ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta.

Tangu mwaka 1999 nchi imerudi kwenye [[utawala wa kisheria]] ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa [[madaraka]]ni mara moja. 

Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yalishindikana bungeni. 

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka 2007 [[Umaru Yar’Adua]] alishinda kwa [[asilimia]] 70 za [[kura]]. 

Baada ya [[ugonjwa|kungonjeka]] kwake, [[makamu wa rais]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] alichukua madaraka ya urais kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] akachaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye kura ya mwaka [[2011]]. 

Mwaka [[2015]] alishindwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] na [[mgombea]] mwenzake, [[Muhammadu Buhari]].

Ni kwamba tangu mwaka [[2009]] hadi Septemba 2015 [[uasi]] wa kundi la [[Boko Haram]] ulivuruga [[amani]] na [[usalama]] nchini Nigeria. [[Wanamgambo]] wa kundi hilo wanaotazamwa na Wanigeria wengi kuwa ma[[gaidi]] walianza kutwaa mamlaka juu ya sehemu za nchi hasa katika mazingira ya jimbo la [[Borno]], kuua wananchi wengi, kuchukua watu [[mateka]] na kupigana na [[jeshi la Nigeria]] na ya nchi jirani. 

Kutofaulu kwa jeshi la [[taifa]] kumaliza [[ghasia]] hizo ndiyo [[sababu]] muhimu ya kushindwa kwa rais Jonathan kwenye uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015. Kufuata na [[ahadi]] zake kwa wapiga kura, Muhammadu Buhari alijitahidi kukomesha kundi hilo.

=== Jeshi ===
Jeshi la Nigeria lina [[jukumu]] la kulinda Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria, kukuza [[maslahi]] ya usalama wa kimataifa ya Nigeria, na kuunga [[mkono]] [[juhudi]] za kulinda amani hasa katika Afrika Magharibi.

Jeshi la Nigeria linaundwa na [[Jeshi la Ardhi]], ni [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] na [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Jeshi nchini Nigeria limecheza jukumu kubwa katika historia ya nchi tangu uhuru. [[Junta]] mbalimbali zilikamata [[udhibiti]] wa nchi na zilitawala kupitia wengi wa historia yake. 

Kipindi cha mwisho cha utawala wake kilimalizika mwaka 1999 kufuatia [[kifo]] cha [[ghafla]] cha [[dikteta]] wa zamani [[Sani Abacha]] mwaka [[1998]], na [[mrithi]] wake, [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]], kumpa mamlaka ya serikali Olusegun Obasanjo aliyechaguliwa ki[[demokrasia]] mwaka wa 1999.

Ikichukua faida ya jukumu lake kama nchi yenye wakazi wengi wa Afrika, Nigeria imeweka jeshi lake kama [[kikosi cha kulinda amani]] Afrika. Tangu mwaka 1995, jeshi la Nigeria, kupitia mamlaka ya [[ECOMOG]], limetumwa kulinda amani katika [[Liberia]] (1997), [[Ivory Coast]] (1997-1999), [[Sierra Leone]] 1997-1999, na kwa sasa katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Darfur]] huko [[Sudan]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]].

== Uchumi ==
[[File:Lagos city.jpg|thumb|Lagos, Nigeria]]
Nigeria ina mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na inaainishwa kama uchumi mchanganyiko wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha chini cha kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Nigeria_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |title=Nigeria Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muundo wake wa kiuchumi unategemea sana sekta rasmi na isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa kutoka [[mafuta]] na [[gesi]], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[biashara]]. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta duniani, thamani ya sarafu, na changamoto za kimuundo za ndani, hali inayobadilisha nafasi yake ya [[Pato la Taifa]] ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine kubwa za Afrika kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Misri]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Nigeria_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya mafuta ya petroli bado ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na mapato ya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;OPEC_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria: Member Country |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[OPEC]] na huzalisha mafuta ghafi hasa katika eneo la Delta ya Niger. Hata hivyo, sekta zisizo za mafuta zimeongezeka umuhimu, hasa kilimo, mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma za kifedha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Economy |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Economy of Nigeria |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kilimo]] huajiri sehemu kubwa ya watu na kinajumuisha uzalishaji wa mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, viazi vikuu, kakao, na mpunga, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |title=Nigeria at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya [[huduma]] imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa, hasa katika benki, teknolojia ya fedha, na huduma za kidijitali, ambapo Lagos hutumika kama kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi na kifedha katika Afrika Magharibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/nigeria-country-report |title=Nigeria: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria pia ina sekta kubwa ya viwanda na biashara isiyo rasmi inayosaidia matumizi ya ndani na ajira. Uchumi wake una soko kubwa la ndani kutokana na idadi ya watu inayozidi milioni 200, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Nigeria_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/ng.html |title=United Nations Country Profile: Nigeria |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Biashara ya kimataifa]] inatawaliwa na [[mauzo ya nje]] ya mafuta ghafi, huku [[Maduhuli|bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka nje]] zikiwa ni mafuta yaliyosafishwa, mashine, magari, na bidhaa za matumizi ya kila siku. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#economy |title=Nigeria - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], taasisi zinazosaidia ushirikiano wa kikanda na uratibu wa biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;AU_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/nigeria |title=Member State Profile: Nigeria |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Licha ya ukubwa wa uchumi wake na utajiri wa rasilimali, nchi inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], ukosefu wa ajira, upungufu wa miundombinu, na utegemezi mkubwa wa mapato ya mafuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Nigeria_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook |title=Nigeria Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Majimbo ya shirikisho ==
[[Picha:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Majimbo ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]]
[[Muundo]] wa Nigeria ni [[Jamhuri ya Shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] ya nchi imefuata mfano wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]]. 

[[Rais]] huchaguliwa na wananchi wote: ndiye mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] lenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]].

{| cellpadding=10
| valign=top |
* [[Abia (jimbo)|Abia]]
* [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Abuja Federal Capital Territory]]
* [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]]
* [[Akwa Ibom (jimbo)|Akwa Ibom]]
* [[Anambra (jimbo)|Anambra]]
* [[Bauchi (jimbo)|Bauchi]]
* [[Bayelsa (jimbo)|Bayelsa]]
* [[Benue (jimbo)|Benue]]
* [[Borno (jimbo)|Borno]]
* [[Cross River (jimbo)|Cross River]]
* [[Delta (jimbo)|Delta]]
* [[Ebonyi (jimbo)|Ebonyi]]
* [[Edo (jimbo)|Edo]]
* [[Ekiti (jimbo)|Ekiti]]
* [[Enugu (jimbo)|Enugu]]
* [[Gombe (jimbo)|Gombe]]
* [[Imo (jimbo)|Imo]]
* [[Jigawa (jimbo)|Jigawa]]
* [[Kaduna (jimbo)|Kaduna]]
| valign=top |
* [[Kano (jimbo)|Kano]]
* [[Katsina (jimbo)|Katsina]]
* [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Kebbi]]
* [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]]
* [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]]
* [[Lagos (jimbo)|Lagos]]
* [[Nassarawa (jimbo)|Nassarawa]]
* [[Niger (jimbo)|Niger]]
* [[Ogun (jimbo)|Ogun]]
* [[Ondo (jimbo)|Ondo]]
* [[Osun (jimbo)|Osun]]
* [[Oyo (jimbo)|Oyo]]
* [[Plateau (jimbo)|Plateau]]
* [[Rivers (jimbo)|Rivers]]
* [[Sokoto (jimbo)|Sokoto]]
* [[Taraba (jimbo)|Taraba]]
* [[Yobe (jimbo)|Yobe]]
* [[Zamfara (jimbo)|Zamfara]]
|}

[[Picha:Lagos Island.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]]

== Demografia ==
Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban [[milioni]] 180. Inasemekana [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wana [[umri]] wa chini ya miaka 14. Hata hivyo ni vigumu kupata [[namba]] halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[siasa]]. 

Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la [[Kabila|makabila]] 300 ni [[Wahausa]] na [[Wafula]] kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za [[magharibi]] (20-27%). 

Katika miji mikubwa watu kukaa kwa mchanganyiko wa makabila. 

Nigeria iliona mara kadhaa [[vurugu]] na mapambano kati ya makabila yaliyoongezewa [[ukali]] kwa sababu mara nyingi [[ukabila]] unaendelea sambamba na [[udini]]. Watu wa Kaskazini ni [[Waislamu]] zaidi na watu wa kusini [[Wakristo]] zaidi.

=== Dini ===
[[File:NG-Sharia.png|thumb|Majimbo ya Nigeria yaniyofuata sharia yanaonyeshwa na [[rangi ya kijani]].]]
Kuthibitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wahausa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Wayoruba zaidi [[Waprotestanti]].

Wengi wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] takriban 10%, lakini hawa wa mwisho kwa sasa wamepungua sana, labda wamebaki 1.4%. 

Kati ya Waislamu, wengi ni [[Wasuni]]. Kati ya Wakristo, 74% ni Waprotestanti
na 25% ni Wakatoliki.

Tangu mwaka [[1999]] [[suala]] la [[sharia]] au [[sheria]] za Kiislamu limeleta [[utata]] na [[mapambano]] katika majimbo kadhaa. Jimbo la Zamfara linalokaliwa hasa na Wahausa ambao ni Waislamu liliamua kuwa na sharia kama sheria ya kijimbo mwaka 1999 na majimbo mengine yalifuata. Kwa sasa ni [[Kano]], Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe na Kebbi. Kanuni za sharia hazitumiwi kwa namna moja kati ya majimbo haya; mapambano yalitokea juu ya jinsi gani sharia inaathiri [[raia]] wasio Waislamu.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ya nchi ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wakazi wengi wanatumia zaidi [[lugha]] za makabila yao, ambayo ni zaidi ya 500. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]], [[Kiigbo]] na [[Kiyoruba]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Nigeria]]

==Marejeo==
&lt;references/&gt;


==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Banknotes of Nigeria}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ni|Nigeria}}
&lt;!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open).--&gt;

{{Nigeria}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}}

[[Jamii:Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]]
[[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>73366</id>
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      <comment>/* Demografia */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="31250" sha1="a3tb7xpt4ytu99jm4pa9ofcaqy5y57w" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) &lt;br /&gt;Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo) &lt;br /&gt;Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà'' (Yoruba)
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria
 | common_name = Nigeria
 | bendera = Flag of Nigeria.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
 | ramani = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
 | ramani2 = NGA orthographic.svg
 | maelezo_ramani = &lt;i&gt;Eneo la Nigeria katika Afrika&lt;/i&gt;
 | maelezo_ramani2 = Nigeria katika dunia
 | kauli_mbiu = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;{{Color|#1A73E8|Nigeria, We Hail Thee}}&quot;
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]]
 | mji_mkubwa = [[Lagos]]
 | mji_mkuu = [[Abuja]]
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya kirais ya shirikisho
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais
 | kiongozi1 = Bola Tinubu
 | kiongozi2 = Kashim Shettima
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa Nigeria
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza
 | tukio1_tarehe = 1 Januari 1914
 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1960
 | kabila = Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15.2%, Fulani 6%, wengine 33.3%
 | mwaka_kabila = 2018
 | eneo_jumla = 923,769
 | cheo_eneo = ya 31
 | maji = 1.4%
 | muundo_uhuru = 
 | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 236,747,130
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023
 | cheo_watu = ya 6
 | watu_sensa = 
 | mwaka_sensa = 
 | msongamano = 249.8
 | population_density_rank = ya 42
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.443 trilioni
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 27
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,340
 | plt = {{decrease}} $199.0 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $877
 | hdi = 0.548
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 161
 | fedha = [[Naira]] (₦)
 | majira_saa = +1 WAT
 | upande_gari = Kushoto
 | tld = [[.ng]]
 | msimbo_simu = 234
 | footnotes = 
}}
'''Nigeria''' pia '''Nijeria''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria''' ni nchi iliyoko Magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Benin]] upande wa magharibi, [[Niger]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Chad]] na [[Kameruni]] upande wa mashariki, na upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 232 ndio nchi ya sita kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu na ni nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Abuja]] ndiyo mji mkuu, huku [[Lagos]] ikiwa jiji kubwa zaidi.

Nigeria imepata [[uhuru]] wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]], ikiunganisha maeneo ya [[koloni]] la Nigeria na sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Nijeria ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] inayojumuisha majimbo 36 na Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa [[Shirikisho]], ikiendesha serikali kwa mfumo wa [[rais|urais]]. Ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] mwaka 1960 na kuwa [[jamhuri]] mwaka 1963. Nijeria ina wakazi wa [[kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali na [[utamduni|tamaduni]] tofauti, ikiwa na zaidi ya [[kabila|makabila]] 250. [[Kabila|Makabila]] matatu makubwa ni Wahausa-Wafulan upande wa kaskazini, [[Wayoruba]] upande wa kusini-magharibi, na [[Waigbo]] upande wa kusini-mashariki. [[Kiingereza]] ndicho lugha rasmi, lakini [[lugha]] nyingi za asili kama vile [[Hausa]], [[Wayoruba]], na [[Igbo]] huzungumzwa kwa wingi nchini kote.

Nijeria ina [[uchumi]]  wa 4 kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]], unaoendeshwa na sekta kama mafuta na gesi, [[kilimo]], mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma. Ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta duniani, ambapo mauzo ya mafuta nje yanachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa mapato ya [[serikali]] na fedha za kigeni. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile ufisadi, ukosefu wa usalama, umaskini, na upungufu wa miundombinu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, Nijeria bado ni nguvu ya kikanda na mwanachama mwenye ushawishi katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[ECOWAS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

== Jiografia ==
Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] upande wa [[kusini]] kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. 

[[Mlima]] wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye [[m]] 2,419 juu ya [[UB]].

[[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[kitropiki]]. Kusini kuna [[mvua]] mwaka wote lakini kaskazini mwa nchi kuna [[ukame]] kati ya Novemba na Aprili.

[[Mito]] mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]].

[[Mji]] mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]],  [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]].

[[Picha:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - [[2007]]]]

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya Nigeria}}
===Historia ya kale (hadi waka 1500)===
Tangu mnamo [[500 KK]] kulikuwa na [[Utamaduni wa Nok]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria. Unajulikana tu kutokana na [[sanamu]] kubwa za watu zilizotengenezwa kwa [[terakota]] ([[udongo]] wa kuchomwa) ambazo zilitengenezwa kati ya 500 KK na [[200]] [[BK]] kufuatana na [[vipimo vya rediokaboni]]. &lt;ref&gt;Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig &amp; Stefanie Kahlheber, &quot;[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma]&quot;, ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. E. B. Fagg, &quot;The Nok Culture in Prehistory&quot;, ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=archaeology&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kleiner|first= Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=0-495-57367-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &amp;#124; Thematic Essay &amp;#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &amp;#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2014-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kumbukumbu ya mji wa [[Kano]] inaanza katika mwaka [[999]] BK. 

Katika [[kusini]] [[milki ya Nri]] kati ya [[Waigbo]] ilianza kabla ya [[karne ya 10]] BK ikaendelea hadi kumezwa na [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1911]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Juang&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|first=Richard M.|last= Juang|page=597|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=1-85109-441-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|first=Ivan|last=Hrbek|page=254|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=0-85255-093-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nri ilitawaliwa na [[mfalme]] ([[Eze Nri]]) na mji wa Nri huangaliwa kama [[chanzo]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Uzukwu|first=E. Elochukwu|title=Worship as Body Language|year=1997|isbn=0-8146-6151-3|page=93|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tangu [[karne ya 12]] kuna habari za falme za [[Ife]] na [[Milki ya Oyo|Oyo]] katika kusini [[magharibi]] zilizoundwa na [[Wayoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Nigeria|first1=Toyin|last1=Falola|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Heaton|page=23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23 |isbn=0-521-68157-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba|first=David D.|last=Laitin|page=111|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-226-46790-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 14th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Peoples of Africa, Volume 1|first1=Fiona|last1=MacDonald|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Paren|first3=Kevin|last3=Shillington|first4=Gillian|last4=Stacey|first5=Philip|last5= Steele|page=385|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2000|isbn=0-7614-7158-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ife ilianza kukaliwa na watu tangu [[karne ya 9]] na utamaduni wake ulitengeneza sanamu mashuhuri za terakota na [[bronzi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;/&gt;.

===Karne za kati===
Mnamo mwaka [[1500]] kulikuwa na falme kubwa katika eneo la Nigeria ya leo. Katika kusini ni [[milki ya Benin]] (tofauti na nchi ya leo) na [[Onitsa]] ya Waigbo, katika kaskazini falme za [[Wahausa]] na [[Songhai]] ambazo zilitawaliwa na wafalme au [[Sultani|masultani]] [[Waislamu]]. Falme za kaskazini zilishiriki katika [[biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara]] ambako hasa [[chumvi]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] walipelekwa kwa njia ya misafara hadi nchi za Waislamu karibu na [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=5VghQALn-90C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=trans%20saharan%20trade&amp;f=false  Ralph A. Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History],  Oxford University Press, 2010 , uk. 26 (imeangaliwa kupitia google books, tar. 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=wYM9HGe2PD0C&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kano&amp;f=false Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa] uk. 85f; Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; imeangaliwa kupitia google books 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huohuo [[wapelelezi]] [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walianza kufika kwenye [[pwani]] za [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] na pia katika [[delta ya Niger]]. Walianza kujenga vituo vya biashara kwa vibali vya watawala wa sehemu za pwani kama huko [[Lagos]] na [[Calabar]]. [[Wazungu]] walifanya biashara ya [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali na watu wa pwani na hii ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=April A. |last=Gordon |title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2003 |pages=44–54 |isbn=1576076822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&amp;pg=PA54 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bandari]] ya Calabar kwenye [[Hori ya Biafra]] (leo hii inajulikana zaidi kwa jina la &quot;Bight of Bonny&quot;) iliendelea kuwa moja kati ya vituo vya [[biashara ya watumwa]] vikubwa zaidi kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Vituo vingine vya biashara ya watumwa kwenye pwani ya Nigeria vilikuwa Lagos na [[Badagry]], &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Ann |last2=Genova |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |page=328 |isbn=0810863162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDKeMEwPdMC&amp;pg=PA328 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangi waliouzwa hapo walifukuwa wafungwa wa [[vita]] vya watawala wenyeji kati yao au walikamatwa katika kampeni zilizoendeshwa kwa shabaha za kupata watumwa wa kuuzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Adam |last2=Paddock |title=Environment and Economics in Nigeria |publisher=Routledge |page=78 |year=2012 |isbn=1136662472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&amp;pg=PA78 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Watendaji wakuu walioleta watumwa pwani walitoka katika milki ya Oyo kwenye kusini magharibi na [[Ukhalifa]] wa [[Sokoto]] katika kaskazini. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;/&gt;

[[Utumwa]] katika maeneo ya Nigeria ya leo haukuanzishwa na watu kutoka [[Ulaya]], ulikuwepo tayari pia biashara ya watumwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slavery – Historical survey – Slave societies|work=Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|accessdate=28 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakini [[soko]] jipya kwenye pwani lililoanzishwa na Wazungu lilibadilisha uwiano katika [[jamii]] nyingi za Kiafrika na pia uhusiano kati ya jamii za Kiafrika. Watawala karibu na pwani waliweza kupata faida kwa kuuza watumwa moja kwa moja kwa Wazungu na waliweza kununua [[silaha za moto]]; wenye silaha za moto waliweza kushinda vita, kupata wafungwa wengi na kuuza wafungwa wengi zaidi. Hivyo mahitaji makubwa ya soko la watumwa la [[Atlantiki]] yalilisha ufuatano wa vita na mashindano ya kukamata wafungwa zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook von April A. Gordon, uk. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Idadi ya watumwa ndani ya Nigeria ilizidi kukua katika [[karne ya 19]] ambako biashara ya watumwa kwenye Atlantiki ilikwisha. Manmo [[1890]] mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watumwa katika [[Afrika]] walikuwa watumwa katika milki ya Khalifa wa Sokoto, takriban watu [[milioni]] 2. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest [[Slavery in Africa|slave population]] of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.&quot;Kevin Shillington (2005). ''[[Encyclopedia of African History]]''. Michigan University Press. p. 1401. ISBN 1-57958-455-1&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karne ya 19 na ukoloni===
Tangu mnamo [[1860]] Uingereza ilianza kupanua athira yake katika Nigeria. Uingereza ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuwa na [[viwanda]] vingi; viwanda vyake vilihitaji [[mafuta]] kwa matumizi ya [[grisi]] kwa kulainisha mwendo wa [[mashine]]. [[Delta]] ya [[mto Niger]] ilikuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[michikichi]] inayozalisha mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf S.O. Aghalino, British colonial policies and the oil palm industry in the Niger delta region of Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |date=20130116234451 }}, African Study Monographs, 21(1): 19-33, January 2000, tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kyoto, iliangaliwa 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo shirika kama Royal Niger Company zilipata maeneo makubwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] yao kwa njia ya mapatano na mikataba na watawala wenyeji, malipo na matishio na maeneo haya yaliwekwa baadaye chini ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza.

Kwenye [[mkutano wa Berlin]] madai ya Uingereza juu ya pwani ya Nigeria yalikubaliwa na [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Ulaya. Baadaye Waingereza waliendelea haraka kuhakikisha mamlaka yao juu ya maeneo ya kaskazini ama kwa mapatano au kwa vita kwa kusudi la kuzuia upanuzi wa Ufaransa. 

Hivyo zilitokea maeneo ya &quot;Southern Nigeria Protectorate&quot; na &quot;Northern Nigeria Protectorate&quot;. Hali halisi sehemu hizi haziwahi kuwa na [[umoja]] katika historia lakini hatimaye Uingereza iliamua kutawala maeneo yote kama koloni moja.
 
===Baada ya uhuru===
Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza ikiunganisha maeneo ya koloni la Nigeria na sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Kati ya miaka [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi, inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa, ilijaribu kujitenga kwa jina la [[Biafra]], ikipinga [[utawala]] wa [[wanajeshi]] Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa kwa [[njaa]] wakati ule.

Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na [[mapinduzi ya kijeshi]]. 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1970]] Nigeria ilikuwa na [[mapato]] makubwa kutokana na [[mafuta]] yaliyotolewa kutoka [[ardhi]] yake, hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. 

Ulaji [[rushwa]] na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia [[maendeleo]] ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta.

Tangu mwaka 1999 nchi imerudi kwenye [[utawala wa kisheria]] ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa [[madaraka]]ni mara moja. 

Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yalishindikana bungeni. 

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka 2007 [[Umaru Yar’Adua]] alishinda kwa [[asilimia]] 70 za [[kura]]. 

Baada ya [[ugonjwa|kungonjeka]] kwake, [[makamu wa rais]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] alichukua madaraka ya urais kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] akachaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye kura ya mwaka [[2011]]. 

Mwaka [[2015]] alishindwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] na [[mgombea]] mwenzake, [[Muhammadu Buhari]].

Ni kwamba tangu mwaka [[2009]] hadi Septemba 2015 [[uasi]] wa kundi la [[Boko Haram]] ulivuruga [[amani]] na [[usalama]] nchini Nigeria. [[Wanamgambo]] wa kundi hilo wanaotazamwa na Wanigeria wengi kuwa ma[[gaidi]] walianza kutwaa mamlaka juu ya sehemu za nchi hasa katika mazingira ya jimbo la [[Borno]], kuua wananchi wengi, kuchukua watu [[mateka]] na kupigana na [[jeshi la Nigeria]] na ya nchi jirani. 

Kutofaulu kwa jeshi la [[taifa]] kumaliza [[ghasia]] hizo ndiyo [[sababu]] muhimu ya kushindwa kwa rais Jonathan kwenye uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015. Kufuata na [[ahadi]] zake kwa wapiga kura, Muhammadu Buhari alijitahidi kukomesha kundi hilo.

=== Jeshi ===
Jeshi la Nigeria lina [[jukumu]] la kulinda Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria, kukuza [[maslahi]] ya usalama wa kimataifa ya Nigeria, na kuunga [[mkono]] [[juhudi]] za kulinda amani hasa katika Afrika Magharibi.

Jeshi la Nigeria linaundwa na [[Jeshi la Ardhi]], ni [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] na [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Jeshi nchini Nigeria limecheza jukumu kubwa katika historia ya nchi tangu uhuru. [[Junta]] mbalimbali zilikamata [[udhibiti]] wa nchi na zilitawala kupitia wengi wa historia yake. 

Kipindi cha mwisho cha utawala wake kilimalizika mwaka 1999 kufuatia [[kifo]] cha [[ghafla]] cha [[dikteta]] wa zamani [[Sani Abacha]] mwaka [[1998]], na [[mrithi]] wake, [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]], kumpa mamlaka ya serikali Olusegun Obasanjo aliyechaguliwa ki[[demokrasia]] mwaka wa 1999.

Ikichukua faida ya jukumu lake kama nchi yenye wakazi wengi wa Afrika, Nigeria imeweka jeshi lake kama [[kikosi cha kulinda amani]] Afrika. Tangu mwaka 1995, jeshi la Nigeria, kupitia mamlaka ya [[ECOMOG]], limetumwa kulinda amani katika [[Liberia]] (1997), [[Ivory Coast]] (1997-1999), [[Sierra Leone]] 1997-1999, na kwa sasa katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Darfur]] huko [[Sudan]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]].

== Uchumi ==
[[File:Lagos city.jpg|thumb|Lagos, Nigeria]]
Nigeria ina mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na inaainishwa kama uchumi mchanganyiko wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha chini cha kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Nigeria_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |title=Nigeria Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muundo wake wa kiuchumi unategemea sana sekta rasmi na isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa kutoka [[mafuta]] na [[gesi]], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[biashara]]. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta duniani, thamani ya sarafu, na changamoto za kimuundo za ndani, hali inayobadilisha nafasi yake ya [[Pato la Taifa]] ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine kubwa za Afrika kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Misri]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Nigeria_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya mafuta ya petroli bado ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na mapato ya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;OPEC_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria: Member Country |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[OPEC]] na huzalisha mafuta ghafi hasa katika eneo la Delta ya Niger. Hata hivyo, sekta zisizo za mafuta zimeongezeka umuhimu, hasa kilimo, mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma za kifedha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Economy |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Economy of Nigeria |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kilimo]] huajiri sehemu kubwa ya watu na kinajumuisha uzalishaji wa mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, viazi vikuu, kakao, na mpunga, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |title=Nigeria at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya [[huduma]] imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa, hasa katika benki, teknolojia ya fedha, na huduma za kidijitali, ambapo Lagos hutumika kama kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi na kifedha katika Afrika Magharibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/nigeria-country-report |title=Nigeria: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria pia ina sekta kubwa ya viwanda na biashara isiyo rasmi inayosaidia matumizi ya ndani na ajira. Uchumi wake una soko kubwa la ndani kutokana na idadi ya watu inayozidi milioni 200, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Nigeria_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/ng.html |title=United Nations Country Profile: Nigeria |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Biashara ya kimataifa]] inatawaliwa na [[mauzo ya nje]] ya mafuta ghafi, huku [[Maduhuli|bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka nje]] zikiwa ni mafuta yaliyosafishwa, mashine, magari, na bidhaa za matumizi ya kila siku. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#economy |title=Nigeria - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], taasisi zinazosaidia ushirikiano wa kikanda na uratibu wa biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;AU_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/nigeria |title=Member State Profile: Nigeria |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Licha ya ukubwa wa uchumi wake na utajiri wa rasilimali, nchi inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], ukosefu wa ajira, upungufu wa miundombinu, na utegemezi mkubwa wa mapato ya mafuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Nigeria_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook |title=Nigeria Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Majimbo ya shirikisho ==
[[Picha:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Majimbo ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]]
[[Muundo]] wa Nigeria ni [[Jamhuri ya Shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] ya nchi imefuata mfano wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]]. 

[[Rais]] huchaguliwa na wananchi wote: ndiye mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] lenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]].

{| cellpadding=10
| valign=top |
* [[Abia (jimbo)|Abia]]
* [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Abuja Federal Capital Territory]]
* [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]]
* [[Akwa Ibom (jimbo)|Akwa Ibom]]
* [[Anambra (jimbo)|Anambra]]
* [[Bauchi (jimbo)|Bauchi]]
* [[Bayelsa (jimbo)|Bayelsa]]
* [[Benue (jimbo)|Benue]]
* [[Borno (jimbo)|Borno]]
* [[Cross River (jimbo)|Cross River]]
* [[Delta (jimbo)|Delta]]
* [[Ebonyi (jimbo)|Ebonyi]]
* [[Edo (jimbo)|Edo]]
* [[Ekiti (jimbo)|Ekiti]]
* [[Enugu (jimbo)|Enugu]]
* [[Gombe (jimbo)|Gombe]]
* [[Imo (jimbo)|Imo]]
* [[Jigawa (jimbo)|Jigawa]]
* [[Kaduna (jimbo)|Kaduna]]
| valign=top |
* [[Kano (jimbo)|Kano]]
* [[Katsina (jimbo)|Katsina]]
* [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Kebbi]]
* [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]]
* [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]]
* [[Lagos (jimbo)|Lagos]]
* [[Nassarawa (jimbo)|Nassarawa]]
* [[Niger (jimbo)|Niger]]
* [[Ogun (jimbo)|Ogun]]
* [[Ondo (jimbo)|Ondo]]
* [[Osun (jimbo)|Osun]]
* [[Oyo (jimbo)|Oyo]]
* [[Plateau (jimbo)|Plateau]]
* [[Rivers (jimbo)|Rivers]]
* [[Sokoto (jimbo)|Sokoto]]
* [[Taraba (jimbo)|Taraba]]
* [[Yobe (jimbo)|Yobe]]
* [[Zamfara (jimbo)|Zamfara]]
|}

[[Picha:Lagos Island.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]]

== Demografia ==
Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban [[milioni]] 180. Inasemekana [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wana [[umri]] wa chini ya miaka 14. Hata hivyo ni vigumu kupata [[namba]] halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[siasa]]. 

Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la [[Kabila|makabila]] 300 ni [[Wahausa]] na [[Wafula]] kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za [[magharibi]] (20-27%). 

Katika miji mikubwa watu kukaa kwa mchanganyiko wa makabila. 

Nigeria iliona mara kadhaa [[vurugu]] na mapambano kati ya makabila yaliyoongezewa [[ukali]] kwa sababu mara nyingi [[ukabila]] unaendelea sambamba na [[udini]]. Watu wa Kaskazini ni [[Waislamu]] zaidi na watu wa kusini [[Wakristo]] zaidi.

=== Dini ===
[[File:NG-Sharia.png|thumb|Majimbo ya Nigeria yaniyofuata sharia yanaonyeshwa na [[rangi ya kijani]].]]
Kuthibitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wahausa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Wayoruba zaidi [[Waprotestanti]].

Wengi wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] takriban 10%, lakini hawa wa mwisho kwa sasa wamepungua sana, labda wamebaki 1.4%. 

Kati ya Waislamu, wengi ni [[Wasuni]]. Kati ya Wakristo, 74% ni Waprotestanti
na 25% ni Wakatoliki.

Tangu mwaka [[1999]] [[suala]] la [[sharia]] au [[sheria]] za Kiislamu limeleta [[utata]] na [[mapambano]] katika majimbo kadhaa. Jimbo la Zamfara linalokaliwa hasa na Wahausa ambao ni Waislamu liliamua kuwa na sharia kama sheria ya kijimbo mwaka 1999 na majimbo mengine yalifuata. Kwa sasa ni [[Kano]], Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe na Kebbi. Kanuni za sharia hazitumiwi kwa namna moja kati ya majimbo haya; mapambano yalitokea juu ya jinsi gani sharia inaathiri [[raia]] wasio Waislamu.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ya nchi ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wakazi wengi wanatumia zaidi [[lugha]] za makabila yao, ambayo ni zaidi ya 500. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]], [[Kiigbo]] na [[Kiyoruba]].


== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Nigeria imepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] yenye [[rais]] wa mfumo wa [[katiba|kikatiba]], ambapo mamlaka ya kiutendaji yametenganishwa na majukumu ya bunge na mahakama chini ya Katiba ya 1999 iliyofanyiwa marekebisho. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria_Gov_Portal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeria.gov.ng/government/ |title=The Government of Nigeria |website=nigeria.gov.ng |publisher=Federal Government of Nigeria |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais wa Nigeria hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kwa kura za wananchi kwa muda wa juu ya mihula miwili ya miaka minne kila moja. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Government-and-society |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Nigeria: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais huongoza Baraza la Shirikisho la Utendaji, huteua [[waziri|mawaziri]], na anawajibika kutekeleza sera za kitaifa, kusimamia taasisi za [[shirikisho]], na kusimamia utawala wa umma.

Tawi la kutunga sheria la serikali ni [[Bunge la taifa]], ambalo lina mabunge mawili  yanayojumuisha [[Seneti]] na Baraza la Wawakilishi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NASS_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nass.gov.ng/about/history |title=History of the National Assembly |website=nass.gov.ng |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Seneti inawakilisha majimbo kwa usawa, wakati Baraza la Wawakilishi linategemea mgawanyo wa idadi ya watu katika maeneo bunge ya shirikisho. [[Bunge la taifa]] lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kuidhinisha bajeti, na kusimamia utendaji wa tawi la kiutendaji. Katika ngazi ya chini, Nigeria imegawanywa katika majimbo 36 na Eneo la [[Mji Mkuu]] wa Shirikisho, kila moja ikiwa na [[gavana]] na bunge la jimbo linalosimamia utawala wa kikanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_Nigeria_Politics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/nigeria-political-system |title=Nigeria’s Political System |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa mahakama wa Nigeria ni huru na unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo ndiyo mahakama ya juu zaidi nchini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Supreme_Court_NG&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://supremecourt.gov.ng/about-us/ |title=About the Supreme Court of Nigeria |website=supremecourt.gov.ng |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mahakama nyingine muhimu ni Mahakama ya Rufaa na Mahakama Kuu za Shirikisho, pamoja na mahakama za ngazi ya majimbo. Mahakama hutafsiri sheria, kutatua migogoro, na kuhakikisha ufuataji wa katiba katika [[taasisi]] za serikali. Uongozi wa mahakama hupangwa kupitia uteuzi unaofanywa na Rais kwa mapendekezo ya mabaraza ya mahakama, ukihitaji pia idhini ya bunge katika baadhi ya hali. &lt;ref name=&quot;NJC_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://njc.gov.ng/ |title=National Judicial Council of Nigeria |website=njc.gov.ng |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa utawala wa Nigeria pia unajumuisha serikali za mitaa (LGAs), ambazo hushughulikia utawala wa ngazi ya chini kama miundombinu ya msingi, msaada wa elimu ya msingi, na huduma za maendeleo ya eneo. &lt;ref name=&quot;CLGF_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Nigeria.pdf |title=The Local Government System in Nigeria |website=clgf.org.uk |publisher=Commonwealth Local Government Forum |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uongozi katika ngazi zote hufanya kazi ndani ya mfumo wa [[shirikisho]], ambao unasambaza madaraka kati ya serikali ya taifa, majimbo, na serikali za mitaa. Mfumo huu umeundwa kusimamia idadi kubwa ya watu wa Nigeria, [[Nigeria#Demografia|utofauti wa kikabila]], na tofauti za kikanda huku ukidumisha umoja wa kitaifa na uratibu wa kiutawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Gov&quot;/&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Nigeria]]

==Marejeo==
&lt;references/&gt;


==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Banknotes of Nigeria}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ni|Nigeria}}
&lt;!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open).--&gt;

{{Nigeria}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}}

[[Jamii:Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]]
[[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="31250" sha1="q6yl4sl5nt3vl1qybvmbokihh8rmnmg" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) &lt;br /&gt;Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo) &lt;br /&gt;Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà'' (Yoruba)
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria
 | common_name = Nigeria
 | bendera = Flag of Nigeria.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
 | ramani = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
 | ramani2 = NGA orthographic.svg
 | maelezo_ramani = &lt;i&gt;Eneo la Nigeria katika Afrika&lt;/i&gt;
 | maelezo_ramani2 = Nigeria katika dunia
 | kauli_mbiu = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;{{Color|#1A73E8|Nigeria, We Hail Thee}}&quot;
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]]
 | mji_mkubwa = [[Lagos]]
 | mji_mkuu = [[Abuja]]
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya kirais ya shirikisho
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais
 | kiongozi1 = Bola Tinubu
 | kiongozi2 = Kashim Shettima
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa Nigeria
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza
 | tukio1_tarehe = 1 Januari 1914
 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1960
 | kabila = Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15.2%, Fulani 6%, wengine 33.3%
 | mwaka_kabila = 2018
 | eneo_jumla = 923,769
 | cheo_eneo = ya 31
 | maji = 1.4%
 | muundo_uhuru = 
 | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 236,747,130
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023
 | cheo_watu = ya 6
 | watu_sensa = 
 | mwaka_sensa = 
 | msongamano = 249.8
 | population_density_rank = ya 42
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.443 trilioni
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 27
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,340
 | plt = {{decrease}} $199.0 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $877
 | hdi = 0.548
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 161
 | fedha = [[Naira]] (₦)
 | majira_saa = +1 WAT
 | upande_gari = Kushoto
 | tld = [[.ng]]
 | msimbo_simu = 234
 | footnotes = 
}}
'''Nigeria''' pia '''Nijeria''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria''' ni nchi iliyoko Magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Benin]] upande wa magharibi, [[Niger]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Chad]] na [[Kameruni]] upande wa mashariki, na upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 232 ndio nchi ya sita kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu na ni nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Abuja]] ndiyo mji mkuu, huku [[Lagos]] ikiwa jiji kubwa zaidi.

Nigeria imepata [[uhuru]] wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]], ikiunganisha maeneo ya [[koloni]] la Nigeria na sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Nijeria ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] inayojumuisha majimbo 36 na Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa [[Shirikisho]], ikiendesha serikali kwa mfumo wa [[rais|urais]]. Ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] mwaka 1960 na kuwa [[jamhuri]] mwaka 1963. Nijeria ina wakazi wa [[kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali na [[utamduni|tamaduni]] tofauti, ikiwa na zaidi ya [[kabila|makabila]] 250. [[Kabila|Makabila]] matatu makubwa ni Wahausa-Wafulan upande wa kaskazini, [[Wayoruba]] upande wa kusini-magharibi, na [[Waigbo]] upande wa kusini-mashariki. [[Kiingereza]] ndicho lugha rasmi, lakini [[lugha]] nyingi za asili kama vile [[Hausa]], [[Wayoruba]], na [[Igbo]] huzungumzwa kwa wingi nchini kote.

Nijeria ina [[uchumi]]  wa 4 kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]], unaoendeshwa na sekta kama mafuta na gesi, [[kilimo]], mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma. Ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta duniani, ambapo mauzo ya mafuta nje yanachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa mapato ya [[serikali]] na fedha za kigeni. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile ufisadi, ukosefu wa usalama, umaskini, na upungufu wa miundombinu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, Nijeria bado ni nguvu ya kikanda na mwanachama mwenye ushawishi katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[ECOWAS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

== Jiografia ==
Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] upande wa [[kusini]] kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. 

[[Mlima]] wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye [[m]] 2,419 juu ya [[UB]].

[[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[kitropiki]]. Kusini kuna [[mvua]] mwaka wote lakini kaskazini mwa nchi kuna [[ukame]] kati ya Novemba na Aprili.

[[Mito]] mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]].

[[Mji]] mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]],  [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]].

[[Picha:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - [[2007]]]]

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya Nigeria}}
===Historia ya kale (hadi waka 1500)===
Tangu mnamo [[500 KK]] kulikuwa na [[Utamaduni wa Nok]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria. Unajulikana tu kutokana na [[sanamu]] kubwa za watu zilizotengenezwa kwa [[terakota]] ([[udongo]] wa kuchomwa) ambazo zilitengenezwa kati ya 500 KK na [[200]] [[BK]] kufuatana na [[vipimo vya rediokaboni]]. &lt;ref&gt;Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig &amp; Stefanie Kahlheber, &quot;[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma]&quot;, ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. E. B. Fagg, &quot;The Nok Culture in Prehistory&quot;, ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=archaeology&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kleiner|first= Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=0-495-57367-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &amp;#124; Thematic Essay &amp;#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &amp;#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2014-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kumbukumbu ya mji wa [[Kano]] inaanza katika mwaka [[999]] BK. 

Katika [[kusini]] [[milki ya Nri]] kati ya [[Waigbo]] ilianza kabla ya [[karne ya 10]] BK ikaendelea hadi kumezwa na [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1911]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Juang&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|first=Richard M.|last= Juang|page=597|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=1-85109-441-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|first=Ivan|last=Hrbek|page=254|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=0-85255-093-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nri ilitawaliwa na [[mfalme]] ([[Eze Nri]]) na mji wa Nri huangaliwa kama [[chanzo]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Uzukwu|first=E. Elochukwu|title=Worship as Body Language|year=1997|isbn=0-8146-6151-3|page=93|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tangu [[karne ya 12]] kuna habari za falme za [[Ife]] na [[Milki ya Oyo|Oyo]] katika kusini [[magharibi]] zilizoundwa na [[Wayoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Nigeria|first1=Toyin|last1=Falola|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Heaton|page=23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23 |isbn=0-521-68157-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba|first=David D.|last=Laitin|page=111|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-226-46790-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 14th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Peoples of Africa, Volume 1|first1=Fiona|last1=MacDonald|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Paren|first3=Kevin|last3=Shillington|first4=Gillian|last4=Stacey|first5=Philip|last5= Steele|page=385|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2000|isbn=0-7614-7158-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ife ilianza kukaliwa na watu tangu [[karne ya 9]] na utamaduni wake ulitengeneza sanamu mashuhuri za terakota na [[bronzi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola1&quot;/&gt;.

===Karne za kati===
Mnamo mwaka [[1500]] kulikuwa na falme kubwa katika eneo la Nigeria ya leo. Katika kusini ni [[milki ya Benin]] (tofauti na nchi ya leo) na [[Onitsa]] ya Waigbo, katika kaskazini falme za [[Wahausa]] na [[Songhai]] ambazo zilitawaliwa na wafalme au [[Sultani|masultani]] [[Waislamu]]. Falme za kaskazini zilishiriki katika [[biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara]] ambako hasa [[chumvi]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] walipelekwa kwa njia ya misafara hadi nchi za Waislamu karibu na [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=5VghQALn-90C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=trans%20saharan%20trade&amp;f=false  Ralph A. Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History],  Oxford University Press, 2010 , uk. 26 (imeangaliwa kupitia google books, tar. 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=wYM9HGe2PD0C&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=trans+saharan+trade&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kano&amp;f=false Ghislaine Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa] uk. 85f; Cambridge University Press, 2009 ; imeangaliwa kupitia google books 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huohuo [[wapelelezi]] [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walianza kufika kwenye [[pwani]] za [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] na pia katika [[delta ya Niger]]. Walianza kujenga vituo vya biashara kwa vibali vya watawala wa sehemu za pwani kama huko [[Lagos]] na [[Calabar]]. [[Wazungu]] walifanya biashara ya [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali na watu wa pwani na hii ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=April A. |last=Gordon |title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2003 |pages=44–54 |isbn=1576076822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&amp;pg=PA54 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bandari]] ya Calabar kwenye [[Hori ya Biafra]] (leo hii inajulikana zaidi kwa jina la &quot;Bight of Bonny&quot;) iliendelea kuwa moja kati ya vituo vya [[biashara ya watumwa]] vikubwa zaidi kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Vituo vingine vya biashara ya watumwa kwenye pwani ya Nigeria vilikuwa Lagos na [[Badagry]], &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Ann |last2=Genova |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |page=328 |isbn=0810863162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDKeMEwPdMC&amp;pg=PA328 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangi waliouzwa hapo walifukuwa wafungwa wa [[vita]] vya watawala wenyeji kati yao au walikamatwa katika kampeni zilizoendeshwa kwa shabaha za kupata watumwa wa kuuzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Toyin |last1=Falola |first2=Adam |last2=Paddock |title=Environment and Economics in Nigeria |publisher=Routledge |page=78 |year=2012 |isbn=1136662472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&amp;pg=PA78 |access-date=2015-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Watendaji wakuu walioleta watumwa pwani walitoka katika milki ya Oyo kwenye kusini magharibi na [[Ukhalifa]] wa [[Sokoto]] katika kaskazini. &lt;ref name=&quot;diverse-slavery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slave-trade&quot;/&gt;

[[Utumwa]] katika maeneo ya Nigeria ya leo haukuanzishwa na watu kutoka [[Ulaya]], ulikuwepo tayari pia biashara ya watumwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slavery – Historical survey – Slave societies|work=Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|accessdate=28 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakini [[soko]] jipya kwenye pwani lililoanzishwa na Wazungu lilibadilisha uwiano katika [[jamii]] nyingi za Kiafrika na pia uhusiano kati ya jamii za Kiafrika. Watawala karibu na pwani waliweza kupata faida kwa kuuza watumwa moja kwa moja kwa Wazungu na waliweza kununua [[silaha za moto]]; wenye silaha za moto waliweza kushinda vita, kupata wafungwa wengi na kuuza wafungwa wengi zaidi. Hivyo mahitaji makubwa ya soko la watumwa la [[Atlantiki]] yalilisha ufuatano wa vita na mashindano ya kukamata wafungwa zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook von April A. Gordon, uk. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Idadi ya watumwa ndani ya Nigeria ilizidi kukua katika [[karne ya 19]] ambako biashara ya watumwa kwenye Atlantiki ilikwisha. Manmo [[1890]] mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watumwa katika [[Afrika]] walikuwa watumwa katika milki ya Khalifa wa Sokoto, takriban watu [[milioni]] 2. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest [[Slavery in Africa|slave population]] of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.&quot;Kevin Shillington (2005). ''[[Encyclopedia of African History]]''. Michigan University Press. p. 1401. ISBN 1-57958-455-1&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karne ya 19 na ukoloni===
Tangu mnamo [[1860]] Uingereza ilianza kupanua athira yake katika Nigeria. Uingereza ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuwa na [[viwanda]] vingi; viwanda vyake vilihitaji [[mafuta]] kwa matumizi ya [[grisi]] kwa kulainisha mwendo wa [[mashine]]. [[Delta]] ya [[mto Niger]] ilikuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[michikichi]] inayozalisha mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf S.O. Aghalino, British colonial policies and the oil palm industry in the Niger delta region of Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |date=20130116234451 }}, African Study Monographs, 21(1): 19-33, January 2000, tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kyoto, iliangaliwa 3-12-2016&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo shirika kama Royal Niger Company zilipata maeneo makubwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] yao kwa njia ya mapatano na mikataba na watawala wenyeji, malipo na matishio na maeneo haya yaliwekwa baadaye chini ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza.

Kwenye [[mkutano wa Berlin]] madai ya Uingereza juu ya pwani ya Nigeria yalikubaliwa na [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Ulaya. Baadaye Waingereza waliendelea haraka kuhakikisha mamlaka yao juu ya maeneo ya kaskazini ama kwa mapatano au kwa vita kwa kusudi la kuzuia upanuzi wa Ufaransa. 

Hivyo zilitokea maeneo ya &quot;Southern Nigeria Protectorate&quot; na &quot;Northern Nigeria Protectorate&quot;. Hali halisi sehemu hizi haziwahi kuwa na [[umoja]] katika historia lakini hatimaye Uingereza iliamua kutawala maeneo yote kama koloni moja.
 
===Baada ya uhuru===
Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza ikiunganisha maeneo ya koloni la Nigeria na sehemu ya [[kaskazini]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] la [[Kamerun ya Kiingereza]].

Kati ya miaka [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi, inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa, ilijaribu kujitenga kwa jina la [[Biafra]], ikipinga [[utawala]] wa [[wanajeshi]] Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa kwa [[njaa]] wakati ule.

Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na [[mapinduzi ya kijeshi]]. 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1970]] Nigeria ilikuwa na [[mapato]] makubwa kutokana na [[mafuta]] yaliyotolewa kutoka [[ardhi]] yake, hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. 

Ulaji [[rushwa]] na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia [[maendeleo]] ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta.

Tangu mwaka 1999 nchi imerudi kwenye [[utawala wa kisheria]] ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa [[madaraka]]ni mara moja. 

Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yalishindikana bungeni. 

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka 2007 [[Umaru Yar’Adua]] alishinda kwa [[asilimia]] 70 za [[kura]]. 

Baada ya [[ugonjwa|kungonjeka]] kwake, [[makamu wa rais]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] alichukua madaraka ya urais kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] akachaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye kura ya mwaka [[2011]]. 

Mwaka [[2015]] alishindwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] na [[mgombea]] mwenzake, [[Muhammadu Buhari]].

Ni kwamba tangu mwaka [[2009]] hadi Septemba 2015 [[uasi]] wa kundi la [[Boko Haram]] ulivuruga [[amani]] na [[usalama]] nchini Nigeria. [[Wanamgambo]] wa kundi hilo wanaotazamwa na Wanigeria wengi kuwa ma[[gaidi]] walianza kutwaa mamlaka juu ya sehemu za nchi hasa katika mazingira ya jimbo la [[Borno]], kuua wananchi wengi, kuchukua watu [[mateka]] na kupigana na [[jeshi la Nigeria]] na ya nchi jirani. 

Kutofaulu kwa jeshi la [[taifa]] kumaliza [[ghasia]] hizo ndiyo [[sababu]] muhimu ya kushindwa kwa rais Jonathan kwenye uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015. Kufuata na [[ahadi]] zake kwa wapiga kura, Muhammadu Buhari alijitahidi kukomesha kundi hilo.

=== Jeshi ===
Jeshi la Nigeria lina [[jukumu]] la kulinda Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria, kukuza [[maslahi]] ya usalama wa kimataifa ya Nigeria, na kuunga [[mkono]] [[juhudi]] za kulinda amani hasa katika Afrika Magharibi.

Jeshi la Nigeria linaundwa na [[Jeshi la Ardhi]], ni [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] na [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Jeshi nchini Nigeria limecheza jukumu kubwa katika historia ya nchi tangu uhuru. [[Junta]] mbalimbali zilikamata [[udhibiti]] wa nchi na zilitawala kupitia wengi wa historia yake. 

Kipindi cha mwisho cha utawala wake kilimalizika mwaka 1999 kufuatia [[kifo]] cha [[ghafla]] cha [[dikteta]] wa zamani [[Sani Abacha]] mwaka [[1998]], na [[mrithi]] wake, [[Abdulsalam Abubakar]], kumpa mamlaka ya serikali Olusegun Obasanjo aliyechaguliwa ki[[demokrasia]] mwaka wa 1999.

Ikichukua faida ya jukumu lake kama nchi yenye wakazi wengi wa Afrika, Nigeria imeweka jeshi lake kama [[kikosi cha kulinda amani]] Afrika. Tangu mwaka 1995, jeshi la Nigeria, kupitia mamlaka ya [[ECOMOG]], limetumwa kulinda amani katika [[Liberia]] (1997), [[Ivory Coast]] (1997-1999), [[Sierra Leone]] 1997-1999, na kwa sasa katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Darfur]] huko [[Sudan]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]].

== Uchumi ==
[[File:Lagos city.jpg|thumb|Lagos, Nigeria]]
Nigeria ina mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na inaainishwa kama uchumi mchanganyiko wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha chini cha kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WorldBank_Nigeria_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |title=Nigeria Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muundo wake wa kiuchumi unategemea sana sekta rasmi na isiyo rasmi, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa kutoka [[mafuta]] na [[gesi]], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[biashara]]. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta duniani, thamani ya sarafu, na changamoto za kimuundo za ndani, hali inayobadilisha nafasi yake ya [[Pato la Taifa]] ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine kubwa za Afrika kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Misri]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Nigeria_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya mafuta ya petroli bado ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na mapato ya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;OPEC_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm |title=Nigeria: Member Country |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[OPEC]] na huzalisha mafuta ghafi hasa katika eneo la Delta ya Niger. Hata hivyo, sekta zisizo za mafuta zimeongezeka umuhimu, hasa kilimo, mawasiliano ya simu, na huduma za kifedha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Economy |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Economy of Nigeria |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kilimo]] huajiri sehemu kubwa ya watu na kinajumuisha uzalishaji wa mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, viazi vikuu, kakao, na mpunga, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |title=Nigeria at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya [[huduma]] imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa, hasa katika benki, teknolojia ya fedha, na huduma za kidijitali, ambapo Lagos hutumika kama kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi na kifedha katika Afrika Magharibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/nigeria-country-report |title=Nigeria: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria pia ina sekta kubwa ya viwanda na biashara isiyo rasmi inayosaidia matumizi ya ndani na ajira. Uchumi wake una soko kubwa la ndani kutokana na idadi ya watu inayozidi milioni 200, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Nigeria_Pop&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/ng.html |title=United Nations Country Profile: Nigeria |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Biashara ya kimataifa]] inatawaliwa na [[mauzo ya nje]] ya mafuta ghafi, huku [[Maduhuli|bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka nje]] zikiwa ni mafuta yaliyosafishwa, mashine, magari, na bidhaa za matumizi ya kila siku. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Nigeria_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#economy |title=Nigeria - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], taasisi zinazosaidia ushirikiano wa kikanda na uratibu wa biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;AU_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/nigeria |title=Member State Profile: Nigeria |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Licha ya ukubwa wa uchumi wake na utajiri wa rasilimali, nchi inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], ukosefu wa ajira, upungufu wa miundombinu, na utegemezi mkubwa wa mapato ya mafuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfDB_Nigeria_Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/nigeria/nigeria-economic-outlook |title=Nigeria Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;
== Demografia ==
Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban [[milioni]] 180. Inasemekana [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wana [[umri]] wa chini ya miaka 14. Hata hivyo ni vigumu kupata [[namba]] halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[siasa]]. 

Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la [[Kabila|makabila]] 300 ni [[Wahausa]] na [[Wafula]] kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za [[magharibi]] (20-27%). 

Katika miji mikubwa watu kukaa kwa mchanganyiko wa makabila. 

Nigeria iliona mara kadhaa [[vurugu]] na mapambano kati ya makabila yaliyoongezewa [[ukali]] kwa sababu mara nyingi [[ukabila]] unaendelea sambamba na [[udini]]. Watu wa Kaskazini ni [[Waislamu]] zaidi na watu wa kusini [[Wakristo]] zaidi.

=== Dini ===
[[File:NG-Sharia.png|thumb|Majimbo ya Nigeria yaniyofuata sharia yanaonyeshwa na [[rangi ya kijani]].]]
Kuthibitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wahausa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Wayoruba zaidi [[Waprotestanti]].

Wengi wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] takriban 10%, lakini hawa wa mwisho kwa sasa wamepungua sana, labda wamebaki 1.4%. 

Kati ya Waislamu, wengi ni [[Wasuni]]. Kati ya Wakristo, 74% ni Waprotestanti
na 25% ni Wakatoliki.

Tangu mwaka [[1999]] [[suala]] la [[sharia]] au [[sheria]] za Kiislamu limeleta [[utata]] na [[mapambano]] katika majimbo kadhaa. Jimbo la Zamfara linalokaliwa hasa na Wahausa ambao ni Waislamu liliamua kuwa na sharia kama sheria ya kijimbo mwaka 1999 na majimbo mengine yalifuata. Kwa sasa ni [[Kano]], Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe na Kebbi. Kanuni za sharia hazitumiwi kwa namna moja kati ya majimbo haya; mapambano yalitokea juu ya jinsi gani sharia inaathiri [[raia]] wasio Waislamu.

[[Lugha rasmi]] ya nchi ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wakazi wengi wanatumia zaidi [[lugha]] za makabila yao, ambayo ni zaidi ya 500. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]], [[Kiigbo]] na [[Kiyoruba]].


== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Nigeria imepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya [[shirikisho]] yenye [[rais]] wa mfumo wa [[katiba|kikatiba]], ambapo mamlaka ya kiutendaji yametenganishwa na majukumu ya bunge na mahakama chini ya Katiba ya 1999 iliyofanyiwa marekebisho. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria_Gov_Portal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeria.gov.ng/government/ |title=The Government of Nigeria |website=nigeria.gov.ng |publisher=Federal Government of Nigeria |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais wa Nigeria hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kwa kura za wananchi kwa muda wa juu ya mihula miwili ya miaka minne kila moja. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Government-and-society |author=Reuben Kenrick Udo |title=Nigeria: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais huongoza Baraza la Shirikisho la Utendaji, huteua [[waziri|mawaziri]], na anawajibika kutekeleza sera za kitaifa, kusimamia taasisi za [[shirikisho]], na kusimamia utawala wa umma.

Tawi la kutunga sheria la serikali ni [[Bunge la taifa]], ambalo lina mabunge mawili  yanayojumuisha [[Seneti]] na Baraza la Wawakilishi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NASS_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nass.gov.ng/about/history |title=History of the National Assembly |website=nass.gov.ng |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Seneti inawakilisha majimbo kwa usawa, wakati Baraza la Wawakilishi linategemea mgawanyo wa idadi ya watu katika maeneo bunge ya shirikisho. [[Bunge la taifa]] lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kuidhinisha bajeti, na kusimamia utendaji wa tawi la kiutendaji. Katika ngazi ya chini, Nigeria imegawanywa katika majimbo 36 na Eneo la [[Mji Mkuu]] wa Shirikisho, kila moja ikiwa na [[gavana]] na bunge la jimbo linalosimamia utawala wa kikanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_Nigeria_Politics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/nigeria-political-system |title=Nigeria’s Political System |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa mahakama wa Nigeria ni huru na unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo ndiyo mahakama ya juu zaidi nchini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Supreme_Court_NG&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://supremecourt.gov.ng/about-us/ |title=About the Supreme Court of Nigeria |website=supremecourt.gov.ng |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mahakama nyingine muhimu ni Mahakama ya Rufaa na Mahakama Kuu za Shirikisho, pamoja na mahakama za ngazi ya majimbo. Mahakama hutafsiri sheria, kutatua migogoro, na kuhakikisha ufuataji wa katiba katika [[taasisi]] za serikali. Uongozi wa mahakama hupangwa kupitia uteuzi unaofanywa na Rais kwa mapendekezo ya mabaraza ya mahakama, ukihitaji pia idhini ya bunge katika baadhi ya hali. &lt;ref name=&quot;NJC_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://njc.gov.ng/ |title=National Judicial Council of Nigeria |website=njc.gov.ng |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa utawala wa Nigeria pia unajumuisha serikali za mitaa (LGAs), ambazo hushughulikia utawala wa ngazi ya chini kama miundombinu ya msingi, msaada wa elimu ya msingi, na huduma za maendeleo ya eneo. &lt;ref name=&quot;CLGF_Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Nigeria.pdf |title=The Local Government System in Nigeria |website=clgf.org.uk |publisher=Commonwealth Local Government Forum |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uongozi katika ngazi zote hufanya kazi ndani ya mfumo wa [[shirikisho]], ambao unasambaza madaraka kati ya serikali ya taifa, majimbo, na serikali za mitaa. Mfumo huu umeundwa kusimamia idadi kubwa ya watu wa Nigeria, [[Nigeria#Demografia|utofauti wa kikabila]], na tofauti za kikanda huku ukidumisha umoja wa kitaifa na uratibu wa kiutawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Nigeria_Gov&quot;/&gt;
=== Majimbo ya shirikisho ===
[[Picha:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Majimbo ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]]
[[Muundo]] wa Nigeria ni [[Jamhuri ya Shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] ya nchi imefuata mfano wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]]. 

[[Rais]] huchaguliwa na wananchi wote: ndiye mkuu wa [[serikali]]. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] lenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]].

{| cellpadding=10
| valign=top |
* [[Abia (jimbo)|Abia]]
* [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Abuja Federal Capital Territory]]
* [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]]
* [[Akwa Ibom (jimbo)|Akwa Ibom]]
* [[Anambra (jimbo)|Anambra]]
* [[Bauchi (jimbo)|Bauchi]]
* [[Bayelsa (jimbo)|Bayelsa]]
* [[Benue (jimbo)|Benue]]
* [[Borno (jimbo)|Borno]]
* [[Cross River (jimbo)|Cross River]]
* [[Delta (jimbo)|Delta]]
* [[Ebonyi (jimbo)|Ebonyi]]
* [[Edo (jimbo)|Edo]]
* [[Ekiti (jimbo)|Ekiti]]
* [[Enugu (jimbo)|Enugu]]
* [[Gombe (jimbo)|Gombe]]
* [[Imo (jimbo)|Imo]]
* [[Jigawa (jimbo)|Jigawa]]
* [[Kaduna (jimbo)|Kaduna]]
| valign=top |
* [[Kano (jimbo)|Kano]]
* [[Katsina (jimbo)|Katsina]]
* [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Kebbi]]
* [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]]
* [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]]
* [[Lagos (jimbo)|Lagos]]
* [[Nassarawa (jimbo)|Nassarawa]]
* [[Niger (jimbo)|Niger]]
* [[Ogun (jimbo)|Ogun]]
* [[Ondo (jimbo)|Ondo]]
* [[Osun (jimbo)|Osun]]
* [[Oyo (jimbo)|Oyo]]
* [[Plateau (jimbo)|Plateau]]
* [[Rivers (jimbo)|Rivers]]
* [[Sokoto (jimbo)|Sokoto]]
* [[Taraba (jimbo)|Taraba]]
* [[Yobe (jimbo)|Yobe]]
* [[Zamfara (jimbo)|Zamfara]]
|}

[[Picha:Lagos Island.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]]

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Nigeria]]

==Marejeo==
&lt;references/&gt;


==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Banknotes of Nigeria}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ni|Nigeria}}
&lt;!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. Web directories: When deemed appropriate by those contributing to an article on Wikipedia, a link to one web directory listing can be added, with preference to open directories (if two are comparable and only one is open).--&gt;

{{Nigeria}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}}

[[Jamii:Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]]
[[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>q6yl4sl5nt3vl1qybvmbokihh8rmnmg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ufaransa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3681</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jiografia */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="23724" sha1="95out1l6ufx62jc6frjkzisefemxn21" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi  
| jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Ufaransa  
| jina_asili = La République française ([[fr]])  
| kauli_mbiu = Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité ([[fr]]) &lt;/br&gt;Uhuru, Usawa, Undugu ([[sw]])  
| wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;La Marseillaise&quot; ([[fr]])&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.5em;&quot; class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;  
| bendera = Flag of France.svg  
| nembo = Armoiries république française.svg  
| ramani = France on the globe (France centered).svg  
| maelezo_ramani = &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Eneo la Ufaransa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;  
| ukubwawapicha =  
| mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Paris]]  
| lugha_rasmi = [[Kifaransa]]  
| lugha2 =  
| kabila = {{plainlist|  
*92.2% [[Wafaransa]]  
*7.8% Wengine  
}}  
| dini = {{plainlist|  
*50% [[Ukristo]]  
*33% [[Wasio na dini]]  
*4% [[Uislamu]]  
*4% Dini Zinginezo  
}}  
| serikali = Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Rais  
| utaifa = Mfaransa  
| kiongozi1 = [[Emmanuel Macron]]  
| cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais  
| cheo_kiongozi2 = Waziri Mkuu  
| kiongozi_jina2 = François Bayrou  
| kiongozi3 = Rais wa Seneti  
| cheo_kiongozi3 = Gérard Larcher  
| bunge = Bunge La Ufaransa 
| muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' 
| tukio1 = Ufalme wa Wafaransa wa Magharibi – Mkataba wa Verdun  
| tukio1_tarehe = 16 Agosti 843  
| tukio2 = Jamhuri ya Kwanza ya Ufaransa  
| tukio2_tarehe = 22 Septemba 1792  
| tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa – Jamhuri ya Tano ya Ufaransa  
| tukio3_tarehe = 4 Oktoba 1958  
| eneo_jumla = 643,801 km²  
| eneo_ardhi =  
| eneo_maji =  
| asilimia_maji = 0.86  
| idadi_ya_watu = {{increase}} 68,605,616  
| mwaka_watu = 2025  
| cheo_idadi_ya_watu = 20  
| msongamano = 122  
| plt_ppp = {{increase}} $4.44 Trilioni  
| pato_mwaka = 2024  
| plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $65,940  
| plt = {{increase}} $3.17 Trilioni  
| plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $48,070  
| hdi = {{increase}} 0.910  
| orodha_hdi = 28  
| mwaka_maendeleo = 2022  
| mwaka_gini = 2022  
| gini = 29.7  
| tovuti =  
| sarafu = [[Euro]] &lt;/br&gt; CFP franc (XPF)  
| majira_saa = +1  
| msimbo_simu = 33  
| mtandao = .fr  
| upande_wa_kuendeshea = Kulia  
| tanbihi = &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pato La Taifa inatumia data ya IMF chapisho la 2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Eneo Jumla Pia linajumuisha maeneo ya Mbali ya Ufaransa&lt;/small&gt;  
}}
'''Ufaransa''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Ufaransa''' &lt;i&gt; (République française [[fr]])&lt;/i&gt; ), ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[Ulaya ya  Magharibi|magharibi mwa Ulaya]]. Kulingana na sensa ya 2020 Ufaransa ina idadi ya watu milioni 67.1 na eneo la kilomita za mraba 643,801 .Inapakana na  [[Ubelgiji]] na [[Uholanzi]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Ujerumani]], [[Uswidi]], na [[Italia]] upande wa mashariki, [[Uhispania]] na [[Andorra]] upande wa kusini-magharibi. Nchi pia ina maeneo ya ng'ambo, kama vile visiwa vya Caribbean, [[Bahama]], na Pasifiki. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa  ni [[Paris]], na lugha rasmi ni [[Kifaransa]].

Ufaransa ina uchumi ulioendelea sana na uliotofautiana, ikiwa miongoni mwa nchi kubwa zaidi duniani kwa [[Plt|pato la taifa la kawaida]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/economy/france-economic-snapshot/ |title=France Economic Snapshot |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Inaendesha uchumi wa soko mchanganyiko wenye ushiriki mkubwa wa sekta ya umma katika maeneo kama [[nishati]], [[usafiri]], na huduma za afya. Sekta ya huduma ndiyo sehemu kuu ya uchumi, ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira, hasa katika [[fedha]], [[utalii]], biashara ya rejareja, na utawala wa umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ |title=France - World Factbook |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 20, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Ufaransa pia ni kitovu kikuu cha kimataifa cha [[utalii]], ikipokea mamilioni ya wageni wa kimataifa kila mwaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;UNWTO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Highlights |website=UN Tourism |publisher=World Tourism Organization |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sekta ya viwanda]] nchini Ufaransa imeendelea sana na inajumuisha anga na usafiri wa anga, utengenezaji wa magari, [[kemikali]], [[dawa]], bidhaa za anasa, na uzalishaji wa nishati. Ufaransa ni miongoni mwa wauzaji wakuu wa ndege na [[teknolojia]] ya anga duniani, hasa kupitia kampuni kama ''Airbus''. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/france-country-report |title=France: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |publisher=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Pia ni mzalishaji mkubwa wa kilimo ndani ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], ikiwa na uzalishaji mkubwa wa ngano, maziwa, divai, na mifugo. Kilimo kinanufaika na matumizi ya teknolojia ya kisasa na ushirikiano mkubwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya|masoko ya EU]] kupitia Sera ya Pamoja ya Kilimo. &lt;ref name=&quot;EC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/cap-my-country/cap-strategic-plans/france_en |title=CAP strategic plan: France |website=European Commission |publisher=European Commission |date=2023 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Ufaransa ni jamhuri ya muundo wa serikali ya umoja yenye mfumo wa nusu-urais unaofafanuliwa na Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Tano, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elysee&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-institutions |title=The French Institutions |website=elysee.fr |publisher=Élysée Palace |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais ni mkuu wa nchi na ana mamlaka makubwa ya kiutendaji, wakati [[Waziri Mkuu]] anaongoza [[serikali]] na anawajibika mbele ya [[Bunge]]. Bunge lina mabunge mawili, Bunge la Taifa na Seneti. Ufaransa ina nafasi kubwa katika masuala ya kimataifa kama mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa, [[NATO]], na mashirika mengine ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFRFrance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-france-is-governed |author=Claire Klobucista |title=How France is Governed |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Ufaransa pia ina utambulisho thabiti wa kitamaduni na kihistoria unaoathiri nafasi yake duniani. Imekuwa kituo kikuu cha sanaa, [[falsafa]], [[sayansi]], na fikra za kisiasa kwa karne nyingi. &lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaFrance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/France |author=John Frederick Drinkwater |title=France - History, Culture, &amp; Geography |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=April 12, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Lugha]] na utamaduni wa [[Wafaransa|Kifaransa]] vinahamasishwa sana kupitia taasisi za kimataifa na diplomasia. Nchi hii pia ina maeneo ya ng’ambo katika mikoa mbalimbali, ambayo yanaongeza ushawishi wake wa kisiasa, kiuchumi, na kimkakati nje ya Ulaya ya bara. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB&quot;/&gt;

==Jiografia==
[[Picha:Eiffel tower, extreme angle, 2003.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Mnara wa Eiffel]]]]
[[File:600x600 GMT France topo-R1.jpg|thumb|Topografia ya Ufaransa]]
Ufaransa ina [[pwani]] ndefu kwenye [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]] pande za [[kaskazini]] na [[magharibi]] halafu kwenye [[Mediteranea]] upande wa [[kusini]].

Ufaransa ina pia [[Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa|maeneo mengi ya ng'ambo]] yaliyokuwa makoloni yake zamani lakini kwa sasa ni sehemu rasmi za [[Jamhuri ya Ufaransa]] na wakazi wao ni [[raia]] wenye [[haki]] zote. Kati ya maeneo haya kuna hasa visiwa katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]], [[Amerika ya Kusini]], [[Bahari ya Karibi]], [[Afrika]], [[Bahari Hindi]] halafu [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].

===Mito===
Baadhi ya [[mito]] ya Ufaransa ni:
* [[Mto Charente]]
* [[Mto Doubs]]
* [[Mto Garonne]]
* [[Mto Isère]]
* [[Mto Loire]]
* [[Mto Marne]]
* [[Mto Rhine]]
* [[Mto Rhône]]
* [[Mto Saône]]
* [[Mto Seine]]
* [[Mto Yser]]

==Historia==
===Historia ya awali===
Ufaransa ulikaliwa na [[watu]] tangu [[muda]] mrefu sana. [[Utafiti]] wa [[akiolojia]] umeonyesha [[vifaa]] vya [[mawe]] vyenye [[umri]] wa miaka [[laki]] iliyopita.

===Gallia===
Watu wa Ufaransa waliingia katika [[historia andishi]] kupitia taarifa za [[waandishi]] wa [[Roma ya Kale]] walioeleza habari za majirani wao [[Wagallia]] katika [[Italia ya kaskazini]] na Ufaransa wa leo. Hao Wagallia walikuwa [[Wakelti]] na mara kwa mara katika hali ya [[vita]] kati yao na [[Waroma]]. 

Kuanzia mwaka [[58 KK]] Juliasi [[Caesar]] aliteka na kutawala Gallia yote kwa niaba ya [[Jamhuri ya Roma]]. 

Gallia ikaendelea kuwa moja ya [[majimbo]] tajiri ya Roma na wakazi wengi walitumia [[lahaja]] za [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa [[mama]] wa [[Kifaransa]] cha sasa. Lahaja za [[Kikelti]] zilibaki katika maeneo ya kando tu, kwa mfano [[Bretagne]]. 

Polepole wakazi wengi walipata kuwa [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]].

===Sehemu ya Milki ya Wafaranki===
Wakati wa kuporomoka kwa [[Dola la Roma]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] waliingia katika eneo la Ufaransa na kuchukua [[utawala]] [[Mkono|mikononi]] mwao. 

Kabila la Kigermanik la [[Wafaranki]]&lt;ref&gt;jina la Kilatini &quot;Franci&quot; ni asili ya maneno kama &quot;Ufaransa, Kifaransa&quot; na pia &quot;Frankonia&quot; inayotaja sehemu ya Ujerumani - hasa Bavaria kaskazini- ambako watu hujiita &quot;Franken&quot; hadi leo. Maumbo tofauti kwa [[Kiswahili]] yametokea na jina asilia; yaani [[herufi]] &quot;c&quot; ilipata mara matamshi kama &quot;k&quot; (Franki) au &quot;s&quot; (-faransa)&lt;/ref&gt; lilitawala sehemu kubwa ya Ufaransa pamoja na [[Ujerumani]] ya [[magharibi]] mnamo mwaka [[500]]. 

[[Mfalme]] wao [[Chlodvig I]] (''tamka klod-vig'') alipokea Ukristo wa Kikatoliki kama [[dini rasmi]] ya [[milki]] yake.

Mfalme [[Karolo Mkuu]] alipanua mipaka ya [[milki]] hadi Ujerumani ya [[kaskazini]] na [[Italia]] na mwaka [[800]] akapokea [[cheo]] cha [[Kaisari]] wa [[Roma]] kwa mikono ya [[Papa Leo III]].

===Chanzo cha ufalme wa Ufaransa===
Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Karolo na [[Mwana|mwanawe]], milki iligawiwa kati ya warithi kwenye [[mkataba wa Verdun]] mwaka [[843]]. 

Miaka 100 baadaye [[mtemi]] wa [[Paris]] [[Hugo Capet]] alichukua nafasi ya [[mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa Karolo na wafuasi wake waliendelea kuimarisha [[mamlaka]] ya kifalme.

Ugawaji wa mwaka 843 ulikuwa chanzo cha Ufaransa kama nchi ya pekee. Mwanzoni ilijulikana kama &quot;milki ya Wafaranki wa magharibi&quot; ilhali sehemu za Ujerumani ziliitwa &quot;milki ya Wafaranki wa mashariki&quot;. Lakini [[Wagermanik]] katika Ufaransa walikuwa wameshaacha lugha yao asilia na kutumia kile Kilatini-Kifaransa cha siku zile.

Wafalme wa sehemu walikuwa dhaifu mwanzoni na mamlaka kubwa ilikuwa mikononi wa ma[[kabaila]] katika majimbo ya ufalme.

===Ufaransa na Uingereza===
Kwa [[karne]] kadhaa [[historia]] ya Ufaransa ilikuwa na ugumu wa pekee kutokana na mchanganyiko wake na historia ya [[Uingereza]]. Mwaka [[1066]] mtemi [[William I wa Uingereza|William]] wa [[Normandi]] aliyekuwa chini ya mfalme wa Ufaransa alivamia Uingereza na kuwa mfalme huko lakini yeye pamoja na warithi wake waliendelea kuwa watemi wa jimbo la Normandi. Kwa njia hiyo watemi wa Normandi waliingia mara nyingi kwa nguvu katika [[siasa]] ya Ufaransa.

Baada ya kifo cha mtawala wa mwisho kutoka [[ukoo]] wa Hugo Capet [[Wanormandi]] walidai cheo cha mfalme wa Ufaransa na hii ilikuwa chanzo cha [[vita ya miaka 100]]. Mwishowe Waingereza walipaswa kuacha karibu [[mali]] yote kutoka urithi wa [[Wanormandi]].

===Kilele cha ufalme hadi mapinduzi ya 1789===
[[File:Acta Eruditorum - III mappe Francia, 1703 – BEIC 13363829.jpg|thumb|''Francia'', 1703]]
Milki ya Ufaransa iliendelea kuwa nchi yenye nguvu katika [[Ulaya]]. 

Katika [[vita ya miaka 30]] ([[1618]] - [[1648]]) iliweza kujipatia nafasi ya mwamuzi katika [[siasa]] ya Ulaya bara.

Wakati huohuo [[matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] yalikuwa yameshaenea na watemi [[Waprotestanti]] walitawala maeneo makubwa ya Ufaransa.

Mfalme [[Louis XIV wa Ufaransa]] aliona hali hiyo kama [[hatari]] kwa mamlaka yake, akafuta [[ahadi]] zote kwa Waprotestanti hadi wakaondoka nchini kwa wingi. 

Baada ya Louis XIV, waandamizi wake waliongeza ma[[deni]] ya [[serikali]] kwa [[vita]] vingi dhidi ya Uingereza na [[ujenzi]] wa ma[[jumba]] makubwa. 

Matatizo makali ya ki[[uchumi]] pamoja na mawazo mapya ya [[Zama za Mwangaza]] yalisababisha [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] ya mwaka [[1789]]. 

Mamlaka ya mfalme iliondolewa na baada ya kipindi [[jamhuri]] kutangaziwa ilhali mfalme alishtakiwa kuwa [[msaliti]] na kupewa [[adhabu ya mauti]].

===Napoleone===
Baada ya mapinduzi, Ufaransa uliingia katika vita na falme nyingine za Ulaya zilizoona [[mapinduzi]] ni hatari kwao. Wapinzani walikuwa hasa [[Uingereza]], [[Austria]] na pia [[Prussia]]. Kwa jumla jeshi la kimapinduzi lilifaulu kutetea eneo la Ufaransa na kuingia katika sehemu za Ujerumani, [[Uholanzi]] na Italia.

Katika vita hivyo [[afisa]] [[kijana]], kwa jina [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], alipanda vyeo haraka hadi kuingia katika siasa; mwaka [[1799]] alichukua mamlaka yote kwa kutumia cheo cha &quot;[[konsuli]] wa kwanza&quot; na tangu [[1804]] alijiita &quot;[[Kaisari]] wa Wafaransa&quot;.

Katika vita vya mfululizo aliteka sehemu kubwa ya nchi za Ulaya au kuzilazimisha kumfuata. Baada ya kushinda Prussia na Austria na kutawala Italia pamoja na [[Hispania]] alikuwa mkuu wa Ulaya. 

Lakini vita alivyoanzishwa mwaka [[1812]] dhidi ya [[Urusi]] vilikuwa msingi wa kushindwa kwake. 

Mwaka [[1814]] alipaswa [[kusalimu amri]], akapelekwa kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha [[Elba]] (Italia); aliporudi barani na kujaribu kuwa mkuu wa Ufaransa tena, jeshi lake lilishindwa katika [[mapigano ya Waterloo]] mwaka [[1815]] na Napoleon akawa [[mfungwa]] kwenye kisiwa cha [[St Helena]] hadi [[kifo]] chake.

===Karne mbili za mwisho===
Baadaye ufalme ulirudishwa kwa msaada wa nchi zilizoshauriana pamoja kwenye [[mkutano wa Vienna]] [[1815]], lakini ulipinduliwa tena.

Katika [[karne ya 19]] Ufaransa ulijitwalia [[Koloni|makoloni]] mengi, hasa [[Afrika]].

Katika [[vita vikuu vya kwanza]], ulivamiwa na Wajerumani, lakini mwisho uliibuka na [[ushindi]] na kurudishiwa mikoa ya [[Alsace]] na [[Lorraine]] iliyotekwa na Ujerumani katika vita vya mwaka [[1870]].

Baada ya [[vita vikuu vya pili]] ambako nchi ilitekwa na Ujerumani kwa kiasi kikubwa, Ufaransa ulipata [[katiba mpya]] na kujiunga na [[NATO]] ([[1949]]) na mwanzo wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] (tangu [[1951]]). Ilihesabiwa kati ya washindi wa vita na kupata [[kiti cha kudumu]] kwenye [[Baraza la Usalama la UM]].

Wakati huohuo utawala wake juu ya makoloni ulianza kuporomoka. Baada ya kushindwa katika [[Vita vya kwanza vya Indochina]] mwaka [[1954]] Ufaransa ulipaswa kukubali [[uhuru]] wa [[Vietnam Kaskazini]], [[Vietnam Kusini]], [[Laos]] na [[Kambodia]]. 

Makoloni yake mengi katika Afrika yalipata [[uhuru]] bila vita mnamo [[1960]]. Ila Aljeria, iliyowahi kutangazwa kuwa sehemu ya Ufaranya yenyewe, ilipata uhuru wake baada ya vita vikali vya kupigania uhuru vya miaka 1954 - [[1962]].

Katika kipindi hiki cha vurugu [[jenerali]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] alichaguliwa kuwa [[rais]] chini ya katiba mpya iliyounda mfumo wa rais kama kiongozi wa [[serikali]] mwenye [[mamlaka]] makubwa. 

[[Chama cha kisiasa|Vyama]] mbalimbali vilivyoendelea kutetea [[itikadi]] ya de Gaulle hata baada ya [[kifo]] chake vinaendelea kuwa mkondo muhimu katika siasa ya Ufaransa na marais walichaguliwa ama kutoka mkondo huo ([[Jaques Chirac]], [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]) au kutoka Chama cha Kisoshalisti ([[Francois Mitterand]], [[Francois Hollande]]).

Tangu [[miaka ya 1980]] chama kipya cha [[Front National]] kilianza kupata [[kura]] kikipinga uhusiano wa karibu na Umoja wa Ulaya na [[wahamiaji]] [[Waislamu]] kutoka nchi za [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]].

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa rais wa mwaka [[2017]] ilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza ya kwamba wagombea wa vyama vikubwa walishindwa kupata kura nyingi na awamu ya mwisho ya uchaguzi ilikuwa kati ya mgombea wa kujitegemea [[Emmanuel Macron]] (aliyepata urais) na [[Marine Le Pen]] wa Front National.

==Utawala==
{{Kigezo:Mikoa ya Ufaransa}}
{{main|Orodha ya departments za Ufaransa}}
Baada ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa|mapinduzi]] ya mwaka [[1789]] Ufaransa yote iligawiwa katika wilaya (kwa Kifaransa &quot;département&quot;) zilizoongozwa na mkuu (prefect) aliyekuwa mwakilishi wa [[serikali kuu]]. 

Tangu mwaka [[1964]] wilaya ziliwekwa chini ya ngazi mpya ya [[mikoa]] (&quot;région&quot;). 

Tangu mwaka [[1982]] Ufaransa ilianza kutumia mfumo wa [[ugatuzi]] na kuipa mikoa, wilaya na [[kata]] zake kiwango cha [[madaraka]] ya kujitawala. Mikoa huwa sasa na bunge zao.

Kiasili Ufaransa ya Ulaya ilikuwa na mikoa 22. Idadi hiyo ilipunguzwa mwaka 2016. Kwa sasa kuna mikoa 13 Ufaransa ya Ulaya halafu [[Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa|mikoa 5 ya ng'ambo]] huko Amerika Kusini na katika Bahari Hindi.


==Demografia==
Tangu muda mrefu Ufaransa imepokea [[wahamiaji]] wengi, hivi kwamba 7.7% za wakazi ni wageni; tena 23% wana walau [[mzazi]] au [[babu]]/[[bibi]] mmoja aliyezaliwa nje ya nchi.
13% za wakazi wana [[asili]] ya [[Afrika]] ([[kaskazini kwa Sahara|kaskazini]] au [[kusini kwa Sahara]]).
=== Lugha ===
[[Lugha ya taifa]] ni [[Kifaransa]] lakini kuna lugha za maeneo kama vile [[Kibaski]], [[Kibretoni]], [[Kikatalani]], [[Kikorsika]], [[Kijerumani]], [[Kiholanzi]] na [[Kioksitania]]. Wahamiaji kutoka nchi zilizokuwa makoloni ya Ufaransa walileta pia lugha zao, hasa [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kiberber]] kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]].
=== Dini ===
Ufaransa haina [[dini rasmi]] lakini wakazi walio wengi (47%) ni [[Wakatoliki]]. 2% ni [[Waprotestanti]] na 1% [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengine. 4% ni [[Waislamu]] kutokana na wahamiaji milioni 5-6 kutoka makoloni ya zamani katika Afrika ya Kaskazini au [[Afrika Magharibi|Magharibi]] pamoja na watoto wao. 2% ni [[Wabuddha]] na 1% [[Wayahudi]]. 33% hawana [[dini]] yoyote&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Etat des lieux de la laïcité en France - 2021&quot; (PDF) (official statistics) (in French). Observatoire de la laïcité, Government of France.&lt;/ref&gt;.
=== Majiji ===
* '''[[Orodha ya miji ya Ufaransa]]'''
#[[Paris]]
# [[Lyon]]
# [[Marseille]]
# [[Toulouse]]
# [[Toulon]]
# [[Lille]]
# [[Brest]]
# [[Nice]]
# [[Amiens]]
# [[Angers]]
# [[Bordeaux]]
# [[Caen]]
# [[Dijon]]
# [[Metz]]
# [[Nantes]]
# [[Nîmes]]
# [[Rennes]]
# [[Montpellier]]
# [[Grenoble]]
# [[Strasbourg]]
# [[Saint-Étienne]]

== Uchumi ==
[[File:Paris France 6.jpg|thumb|[[Paris]], Ufaransa]]
Uchumi wa Ufaransa ni miongoni mwa mkubwa zaidi duniani na wa pili kwa ukubwa ndani ya Umoja wa Ulaya, ukiwa na [[pato la taifa]] la kawaida linalokadiriwa kufikia takriban dola trilioni 3.24 mwaka 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_April_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Ni uchumi ulioendelea sana wa aina ya soko mchanganyiko unaojulikana kwa ushiriki mkubwa wa serikali katika sekta muhimu kama [[nishati]], [[usafiri]], na [[huduma]] za umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA_WFB_France&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ |title=France - World Factbook |website=cia.gov |date=April 20, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi inanufaika na [[miundombinu]] iliyoendelea, nguvu kazi yenye ujuzi, na ushirikiano mkubwa ndani ya soko la pamoja la Ulaya. [[Euro]] ni sarafu rasmi, kwani Ufaransa ni mwanachama wa eneo la euro. &lt;ref name=&quot;EU_Commission_Euro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/eu-countries-and-euro/france-and-euro_en |title=France and the euro |website=European Commission |date=2023 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya huduma ndiyo inayoongoza uchumi wa Ufaransa, ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Econ_France&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/France/Economy |author=John Frederick Drinkwater |title=Economy of France |website=Britannica |date=April 12, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Maeneo muhimu ni [[fedha]], [[bima]], biashara ya rejareja, [[mawasiliano ya simu]], [[afya]], [[elimu]], na utawala wa umma. Utalii ni sehemu muhimu sana ya uchumi, kwani Ufaransa mara kwa mara huwa miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani, ikipokea mamilioni ya watalii wa kimataifa kila mwaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Tourism_Dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Highlights |website=UN Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Paris]] ni kituo kikuu cha kimataifa cha [[biashara]], [[utamaduni]], mitindo, na fedha.

[[Viwanda]] na [[kilimo]] pia vina nafasi muhimu katika uchumi wa Ufaransa. Sekta ya viwanda inajumuisha anga na usafiri wa anga, utengenezaji wa magari, kemikali, dawa, bidhaa za anasa, na uzalishaji wa nishati, huku Ufaransa ikiwa miongoni mwa wauzaji wakuu wa ndege duniani kupitia kampuni kama Airbus. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_France_Report&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/france-country-report |title=France: Major Economic Highlights |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Kilimo ni miongoni mwa kilimo chenye tija kubwa zaidi barani [[Ulaya]], kikizalisha nafaka, divai, bidhaa za maziwa, na nyama, kikiwa kinaungwa mkono na mbinu za kisasa za kilimo na sera za kilimo za [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EU_Agri_France&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/cap-my-country/cap-strategic-plans/france_en |title=CAP strategic plan: France |website=European Commission |date=2023 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Ufaransa pia ni muuzaji mkubwa wa bidhaa na huduma nje ya nchi, ikiwa na uhusiano imara wa kibiashara ndani ya Ulaya na duniani kote. &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA_WFB_France&quot;/&gt;

== Watu maarufu ==
* [[Adolphe Adam]]
* [[Albert Camus]]
* [[Albert Schweitzer]]
* [[Alois Maria wa Montfort]]
* [[Anselm wa Canterbury]]
* [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]]
* [[Blaise Pascal]]
* [[Charles de Foucald]]
* [[Charles Sacleux]]
* [[Daniel Auber]]
* [[François Mauriac]]
* [[Fransisko wa Sales]]
* [[Gregori wa Tours]]
* [[Henri Bergson]]
* [[Henri Matisse]]
* [[Hilari wa Poitiers]]
* [[Jacques Maritain]]
* [[Jacques Monod]]
* [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
* [[Jeanne d'Arc]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[John Calvin]]
* [[Koleta Boylet]]
* [[Le Corbusier]]
* [[Louis Pasteur]]
* [[Ludoviko IX]]
* [[Marcel Proust]]
* [[Margareta Maria Alacoque]]
* [[Marie Curie]]
* [[Martino wa Tours]]
* [[Molière]]
* [[Paul Sabatier]]
* [[Paulino wa Nola]]
* [[Pierre Curie]]
* [[René Descartes]]
* [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]]
* [[Valdo]]
* [[Victor Hugo]]
* [[Vinsenti wa Paulo]]
* [[Voltaire]]
* [[Yoana Antida Thouret]]
* [[Yoana Fransiska wa Chantal]]
* [[Yohane Baptista de La Salle]]
* [[Yohane Maria Vianney]]

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Ufaransa]]
* [[Orodha ya départements za Ufaransa]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.traveldir.org/france/ France Travel Guide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.traveldir.org/france/ |date=20061018235436 }}
* [http://annuairepagesblanches.org/pages-jaunes Pages Jaunes] Ufaransa kitabu cha simu
* [http://www.pictures-europe.com/holidays-france.htm France Pictures] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pictures-europe.com/holidays-france.htm |date=20060709080033 }}
* [http://www.pictures-europe.com/map/map-france.htm France Map] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pictures-europe.com/map/map-france.htm |date=20060709085051 }}
* [http://meteo.12.growiktionary.org France Weather] {{Wayback|url=http://meteo.12.growiktionary.org/ |date=20141219183853 }} 
[[Jamii:Ufaransa| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]]
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>95out1l6ufx62jc6frjkzisefemxn21</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marekani</title>
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      <comment>/* Uchumi */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]Siasa</comment>
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      <text bytes="50621" sha1="sm1pfjo6xpz24dto4259daukn6xx9po" xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}&lt;/i&gt;
{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia ==
[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]
[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]). 

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio. 

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. 

Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi wa awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. 
[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]
Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni. 

Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji wa nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu wa Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. 

Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] wa Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo. 

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.
== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |author=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji fedha, vyombo vya habari, maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha uchumi, huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa silaha, mabadiliko ya tabianchi, na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa kidemokrasia wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]

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{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia ==
[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]
[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]). 

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio. 

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. 

Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi wa awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. 
[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]
Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni. 

Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji wa nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu wa Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. 

Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] wa Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo. 

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.
== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 }}
* {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings|last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1 |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Daynes |first=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&amp;M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIOQ1FYHtcYC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |first= Sylvan G. |last=Feldstein |first2=Frank J., CFA |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]], January 13, 2011 |page=1376 |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Gold |first=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold |ref=Gold2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144 144] |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mbV6kPGO4OAC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogers |first2=Joel |ref=Ferguson |year=1986 |title=The Myth of America's Turn to the Right |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=43–53 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |accessdate=March 11, 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104235329/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&amp;lpg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&amp;lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version]
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |url= https://archive.org/details/confrontingthird0000kolk |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheo 
n Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck/page/682 682] |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf |date=20130123135724 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green &amp; Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&amp;pg=PA44 Book]
* Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false eBook version]
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;vq=triangle&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&amp;vq=census&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;vq=twenty+seven+times&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538537</id>
      <parentid>1538536</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
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      <comment>/* Bibliografia */ Categorization [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="50642" sha1="h6lxysvnz2ht6uq7tbxp9jlpqi10t0o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}&lt;/i&gt;
{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia ==
[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]
[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]). 

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio. 

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. 

Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi wa awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. 
[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]
Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni. 

Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji wa nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu wa Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. 

Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] wa Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo. 

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.
== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Bibliografia ==
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* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;vq=triangle&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&amp;vq=census&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;vq=twenty+seven+times&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="49361" sha1="n64fxr8a1ztuv3cj9xrpqz9i7d4kh98" xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}&lt;/i&gt;
{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia ==

=== 1. Kipindi cha Awali na Enzi ya Barafu ===
[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]

[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]).

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

=== 2. Kuwasili kwa Wazungu na Enzi ya Ukoloni (1492 - Karne ya 18) ===

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio.

=== 3. Upanuzi wa Maeneo na Karne ya 19 ===

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni.

=== 4. Vita ya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe (1861 - 1865) ===

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia.

Lakini watumwa wengi wa awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]].

[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]
Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] wa Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo. 

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Bibliografia ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance |ref=Acharya10 |first1=Viral V. |last1=Acharya |first2=Thomas F. |last2=Cooley |first3=Matthew P. |last3=Richardson |first4=Ingo |last4=Walter |page=592 |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-76877-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 }}
* {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings|last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1 |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Daynes |first=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&amp;M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIOQ1FYHtcYC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |first= Sylvan G. |last=Feldstein |first2=Frank J., CFA |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]], January 13, 2011 |page=1376 |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Gold |first=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold |ref=Gold2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144 144] |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mbV6kPGO4OAC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogers |first2=Joel |ref=Ferguson |year=1986 |title=The Myth of America's Turn to the Right |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=43–53 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |accessdate=March 11, 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104235329/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&amp;lpg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&amp;lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version]
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |url= https://archive.org/details/confrontingthird0000kolk |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheo 
n Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck/page/682 682] |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf |date=20130123135724 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green &amp; Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&amp;pg=PA44 Book]
* Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false eBook version]
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;vq=triangle&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&amp;vq=census&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;vq=twenty+seven+times&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50949" sha1="elw22f3tlq4hst2my2ljwnsk8a5heu5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}&lt;/i&gt;
{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia ya Marekani ==

=== Asili na Historia ya Awali ===

[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]

[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]).

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

=== Enzi ya Ukoloni na Kuanzishwa kwa Taifa ===

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio.

=== Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe ===

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]].

Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi av awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo av [[ubaguzi wa rangi]].

[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni.

=== Wimbi la Uhamiaji na Sera za Kimataifa ===

Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji av nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu av Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020&lt;/ref&gt;.

Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya.

Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] av Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

=== Karne ya 20: Vita Vikuu na Mdororo Mkuu ===

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo.

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi av Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

=== Vita Baridi na Mapambano ya Haki za Kiraia ===

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Bibliografia ==
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* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&amp;pg=PA44 Book]
* Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false eBook version]
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;vq=triangle&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&amp;vq=census&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;vq=twenty+seven+times&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50936" sha1="715hvxeky1rgikybubkspwemhljc8q4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}&lt;/i&gt;
{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia==

=== Asili na Historia ya Awali ===

[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]

[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]).

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

=== Enzi ya Ukoloni na Kuanzishwa kwa Taifa ===

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio.

=== Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe ===

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]].

Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi av awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo av [[ubaguzi wa rangi]].

[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni.

=== Wimbi la Uhamiaji na Sera za Kimataifa ===

Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji av nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu av Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020&lt;/ref&gt;.

Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya.

Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] av Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

=== Karne ya 20: Vita Vikuu na Mdororo Mkuu ===

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo.

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi av Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

=== Vita Baridi na Mapambano ya Haki za Kiraia ===

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Bibliografia ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 }}
* {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings|last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1 |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
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* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&amp;lpg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book]
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* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version]
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |url= https://archive.org/details/confrontingthird0000kolk |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheo 
n Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck/page/682 682] |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf |date=20130123135724 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green &amp; Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&amp;pg=PA44 Book]
* Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false eBook version]
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;vq=triangle&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&amp;vq=census&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;vq=twenty+seven+times&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
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[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
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      <text bytes="50997" sha1="1348o61nuzh507mixsou6y2cyfhigx1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}&lt;/i&gt;
{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia==

=== Asili na Historia ya Awali ===

[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]

[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]).

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

=== Enzi ya Ukoloni na Kuanzishwa kwa Taifa ===

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio.

=== Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe ===

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]].

Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi av awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo av [[ubaguzi wa rangi]].

[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni.

=== Wimbi la Uhamiaji na Sera za Kimataifa ===

Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji av nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu av Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020&lt;/ref&gt;.

Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya.

Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] av Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

=== Karne ya 20: Vita Vikuu na Mdororo Mkuu ===

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo.

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi av Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

=== Vita Baridi na Mapambano ya Haki za Kiraia ===

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
[[File:White House 02.jpg|thumb|White house, Washington DC]]
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

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* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&amp;lpg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&amp;lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version]
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |url= https://archive.org/details/confrontingthird0000kolk |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheo 
n Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck/page/682 682] |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf |date=20130123135724 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green &amp; Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&amp;pg=PA44 Book]
* Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false eBook version]
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;vq=triangle&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&amp;vq=census&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;vq=twenty+seven+times&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>1348o61nuzh507mixsou6y2cyfhigx1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538543</id>
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        <id>73366</id>
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      <comment>/* */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi#Utangulizi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="53579" sha1="k7fpzgxcj7tq29brsipxxruvdk1zejx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}&lt;/i&gt;
{{Jedwali la nchi
|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])
|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg
|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg
|kaulimbiu=&quot;In God We Trust&quot;
|wimbo=&quot;[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]
|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]
|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}
|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}
|lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]]
|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]
|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]
|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
|eneo_jumla=9 833 520&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|cheo_eneo=3
|maji=7.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ardhi=9 147 593&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|watu_kadirio=335 893 238&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_kadirio=2024
|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2022&amp;ey=2029&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mwaka_pato=2024
|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_maendeleo=2023
|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt; - {{juu sana}}
|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]
|majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11
|udereva=Kulia
|msimbo_simu=1
|tovuti=https://www.usa.gov
|tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]]
|tukio2=Muungano
|tukio3=Kutambuliwa
|tukio4=Katiba
|tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776
|tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781
|tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783
|tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788
|kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais
|gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfactbook&quot;/&gt;
|mwaka_gini=2022
|msongamano=33.6}}
'''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]]  wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa

Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi.

Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani.

Marekani ina [[Uchumi wa Marekani|uchumi mkubwa ulioendelea]] na wenye sekta mbalimbali unaoendeshwa na [[huduma]], [[Viwanda|uzalishaji viwandani]], [[fedha]], [[teknolojia]], na &gt;[[biashara]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_US_Snapshot&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/united-states.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: United States |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo ni makao ya baadhi ya mashirika makubwa zaidi duniani pamoja na [[taasisi]] za [[fedha|kifedha]], huku vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi vikijumuisha [[Jiji la New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], na [[San Francisco]]. Marekani ni kiongozi wa dunia katika utafiti wa [[sayansi|kisayansi]], [[elimu ya juu]], anga za juu, burudani, na [[teknolojia]] ya kidijitali, ambapo ''Bonde la Silicon'' hutumika kama kituo kikubwa cha kimataifa cha ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] na maendeleo ya programu za kompyuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_US_Economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#economy |title=United States - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 30, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Kiutamaduni, Marekani ina sifa ya [[Marekani#Demografia|utofauti mkubwa wa kikabila, kilugha, na kidini]] uliotokana na karne nyingi za uhamiaji na mabadiliko ya idadi ya watu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Diversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/demographics/ |title=Demographics and Social Trends |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Kiingereza]] ndiyo lugha kuu inayotumika kitaifa kwa vitendo, na lugha rasmi katika ngazi ya [[shirikisho]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Culture&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Cultural-life |author=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=United States: Cultural life |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utamaduni]] wa Marekani umeathiri sana dunia kupitia [[filamu]], [[muziki]], [[televisheni]], [[michezo]], [[fasihi]], na [[vyombo vya habari]] vya kidijitali. Nchi hiyo pia ina hifadhi nyingi za taifa, kumbukumbu za kihistoria, na taasisi za kitamaduni zilizo chini ya ulinzi wa taifa, zikionyesha utofauti wake wa mazingira na maendeleo yake ya kihistoria. &lt;ref name=&quot;NPS_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |title=About Us: National Park Service |website=nps.gov |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografia ==
Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia).

=== Idadi ya wakazi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi
! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu&lt;/br&gt;'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%)
|-
| 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4%
|-
| 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2%
|-
| 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6%
|-
| 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8%
|-
| 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0%
|}

=== Kabila/Asili===
[[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]]
[[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani&lt;/br&gt;
{{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}}
{{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}}
{{legend|#007500|Kieire}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}}
{{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}}
{{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}}
{{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]]
Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/
|accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia
|-
| [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8%
|-
| Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9%
|-
| [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1%
|-
| [[Waasia]] || 6.0%
|-
| [[Machotara]] || 2.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7%
|-
| Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2%
|}

=== Lugha ===
Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dini ===
[[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]]
[[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Dini !! Asilimia
|-
| Ukristo || 63%
|-
| Wasiokuwa na dini || 29%
|-
| Uyahudi || 2%
|-
| Uislamu || 1%
|-
| Uhindu || 1%
|-
| Ubudha || 1%
|-
| Nyingine || 3%
|}

=== Muundo wa Umri ===
Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia
|-
| 0–14 miaka || 18.2%
|-
| 15–64 miaka || 64.6%
|-
| 65+ miaka || 17.2%
|}

=== Elimu ===
[[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]]
[[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu.

=== Kipato na Umaskini ===
* Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
===Watu maarufu ===
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Al Capone]]
* [[Barack Obama]]
* [[Beyoncé Knowles]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Oprah Winfrey]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]]

== Jiografia ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
&lt;sup&gt;angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia==

=== Asili na Historia ya Awali ===

[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]

[[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa &quot;[[Dunia ya zamani]]&quot; ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]].

Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]).

Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]].

=== Enzi ya Ukoloni na Kuanzishwa kwa Taifa ===

[[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za &quot;[[Dunia mpya]]&quot;.

Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]].

Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio.

=== Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe ===

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]].

Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]].

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha &quot;[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]&quot;. Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi av awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo av [[ubaguzi wa rangi]].

[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]]

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni.

=== Wimbi la Uhamiaji na Sera za Kimataifa ===

Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji av nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu av Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020&lt;/ref&gt;.

Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya.

Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] av Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] &lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

=== Karne ya 20: Vita Vikuu na Mdororo Mkuu ===

Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo.

[[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya &quot;New Deal&quot; chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]].

Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi av Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

=== Vita Baridi na Mapambano ya Haki za Kiraia ===

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]].

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii.

[[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

== Uchumi==
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]]
[[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini.
Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa.

[[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani.
== Siasa ==
[[File:White House 02.jpg|thumb|White house, Washington DC]]
Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;USA_Gov_Branches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CFR_ElectoralCollege&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_US_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Gov_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;US_Courts_Role&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LibraryOfCongress_Parties&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FEC_Campaigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew_Research_Issues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FreedomHouse_US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Uchumi wa Marekani]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Bibliografia ==
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* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&amp;pg=PA44 Book]
* Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false eBook version]
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;vq=triangle&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&amp;vq=census&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;vq=twenty+seven+times&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&amp;lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;uid=3739256&amp;purchase-type=article&amp;accessType=RR&amp;sid=21102125115943&amp;showMyJstorPss=false&amp;seq=1&amp;showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&amp;vq=1670&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of &quot;In God We Trust&quot; |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&amp;lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kigezo:Non-free fair use in</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>18413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538895</id>
      <parentid>1382913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:14:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kutafsiri</comment>
      <origin>1538895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1813" sha1="aylft3lvfdpo350m8t3rrxvzqzx40ha" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Fair use tag, based on Template:Image-license-fairuse --&gt;{{imbox
| type        = license
| image       = [[Image:Red copyright.svg|52px|Copyrighted]]
| imageright  = 
| text        = Kazi hii ina [[hakimiliki]] na haina leseni. Haingii katika moja ya kundi la maudhui yasiyo huru yanayokubalika yaliyoorodheshwa [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-free content#Images|hapa]] au [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-free content#Audio clips|vipande vya sauti]]. Hata hivyo, inasemekana kwamba matumizi ya kazi hii katika makala{{#if: {{{2|}}} |z}} &quot;'''[[{{{1}}}]]'''&quot;{{#if: {{{3|}}} |, &quot;'''[[{{{3}}}]]'''&quot;}}{{#if: {{{4|}}} |, &quot;'''[[{{{4}}}]]'''&quot;}}{{#if: {{{5|}}} |, &quot;'''[[{{{5}}}]]'''&quot;}}{{#if: {{{6|}}} |, &quot;'''[[{{{6}}}]]'''&quot;}} {{#if: {{{2|}}}| na &quot;'''[[{{{2}}}]]'''&quot;}}:
*Kufafanua '''mada husika'''
*Ambapo hakuna mbadala huru unaopatikana au unaoweza kuundwa ambao ungetoa habari ile ile kwa usahihi
*Kwenye [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], inayohifadhiwa katika seva za nchini Marekani na asasi isiyo ya kibiashara ya [[Wikimedia Foundation]] ([http://wikimediafoundation.org/]),
inatambulika kama '''[[matumizi ya haki]]''' (fair use) chini ya [[:en:Fair use#Fair use under United States law|sheria ya hakimiliki ya Marekani]]. '''Matumizi mengine yoyote ya picha hii, ndani ya Wikipedia au kwingineko, ''yanaweza'' kuwa ni [[ukiukaji wa hakimiliki]].''' Angalia [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-free content|Wikipedia:Non-free content]] na [[:en:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]].&lt;br /&gt;

'''Kwa mpandishaji (uploader)''': tagi hii pekee haitoshelezi madai ya matumizi ya haki. Lazima pia uweke '''chanzo''' cha kazi hii, '''taarifa zote za hakimiliki''' zinazopatikana, na '''[[:en:Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline|maelezo ya kina ya matumizi yasiyo ya huru]]'''.}}{{Non-free media}}

[[Category:Fair use katika... picha|{{PAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Goribe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538402</id>
      <parentid>1538137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2418" sha1="nd02o3rx1lowhqo5pxs61w58h9m3w6p" xml:space="preserve">'''Goribe''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Rorya]] katika [[Mkoa wa Mara]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''31312'''. 

Katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2022]] wakazi wa kata walihesabiwa kuwa 12,377 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nbs.go.tz, uk 198 &lt;/ref&gt;. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 9,915 waishio humo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wavuti.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/7/6/3076464/census20general20report20-202920march202013_combined_final20for20printing1.pdf Sensa ya 2012, Mara - Rorya-District-Council]&lt;/ref&gt;

Chanzo kikuu cha mapato kwa wakazi wa kata ya Goribe ni [[kilimo]] na [[ufugaji]]. Mazao kama mahindi, mtama, mihogo na maharage hulimwa kwa matumizi ya chakula na biashara. Baadhi ya wakazi pia hujihusisha na biashara ndogo ndogo pamoja na shughuli za uvuvi kutokana na ukaribu wa eneo hilo na [[Ziwa Viktoria]].

Kata ya Goribe inaendelea kukua katika sekta ya [[miundombinu]], hususan barabara zinazounganisha vijiji vya kata hiyo na maeneo jirani ya Wilaya ya Rorya. Wakazi wengi hutumia barabara za ndani kwa shughuli za biashara, usafirishaji wa mazao ya kilimo pamoja na huduma za kijamii. Pia huduma za mawasiliano zimeendelea kuimarika kupitia upatikanaji wa mitandao ya simu katika baadhi ya maeneo ya kata.

Kuna kitongoji maarufu kinachoitwa ''Mariwa'' kilichopo mpakani mwa Kenya na eneo la [[Nyamusi]] ndani ya kata ya Goribe. Kitongoji hicho kinatajwa kuwa na historia ya kijamii na kiutamaduni inayohusishwa na ukoo wa Kanyalkwenda (Jokomolo) ambao ni miongoni mwa koo zinazotambulika katika eneo hilo.

Katika sekta ya [[elimu]], kata ya Goribe ina [[shule]] kadhaa za [[elimu ya msingi]] zinazotoa huduma kwa watoto wa vijiji mbalimbali vya kata hiyo:
* Shule ya Msingi Goribe
* Shule ya Msingi Panyakoo
* Shule ya Msingi Tatwe
* Shule ya Msingi Nyamusi
* Shule ya Msingi Rayudhi
* Shule ya Msingi Nyajogu.

Aidha, kuna [[shule]] moja ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] inayohudumia wanafunzi wa eneo hilo na maeneo ya jirani. Serikali pamoja na wananchi wameendelea kushirikiana kuboresha mazingira ya kujifunzia kupitia ujenzi wa madarasa na miundombinu mingine ya elimu.

Kuna [[zahanati]] mbili za Panyakoo na Tatwe. Kuna [[parokia]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] iliyoanzishwa na [[wamisionari]] wa [[Maryknoll]] mwaka [[1959]].

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
{{Kata za Wilaya ya Rorya}} 
{{mbegu-jio-mara}}
[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Rorya]]
[[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Mara]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jamii:Kurasa zenye viungo vilivyovunjika</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1538926</origin>
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      <text bytes="85" sha1="mtwjp94os0ylox6osiijmdkb55lujx3" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
{{Commonscat|Pages with broken file links}}

[[Jamii:Kurasa zisizokuu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Viunganishi vihusishi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538876</id>
      <parentid>1056583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:16:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-28040-82</username>
        <id>89203</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hewa tu</comment>
      <origin>1538876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="666" sha1="c6p3b60wy5hbntihleneot4mgfv7srt" xml:space="preserve">{{ExamplesSidebar|35%|
*Wao ni binadamu '''kama''' sisi
*Shoka limeshindwa '''sembuse''' panga

}}
'''Viunganishi vihusishi''' (alama yake ya [[isimu|kiisimu]] ni: '''U''') ni [[aina za maneno|aina]] ya viunganishi ambavyo vinaunganisha vipashio vyenye hadhi tofauti kisarufi. Wakati mwingine unaweza kuwa na muunganiko wa vipashio viwili au zaidi vyenye hadhi tofauti katika sarufi. Viunganishi vinavyotumika kuunganisha vipashio hivyo huitwa &quot;''vipashio vihusishi''&quot;. Huitwa hivyo hivyo kwa sababu kazi yake ni kujulisha uhusiano uliopo baina ya vipashio hivyo.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Lango:Lugha]]

{{aina za maneno}}
{{mbegu-lugha}}

[[Jamii:Isimu]]
[[Jamii:Sarufi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538998</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:05:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28040-82|~2026-28040-82]] ([[User talk:~2026-28040-82|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:196.110.72.45|196.110.72.45]]</comment>
      <origin>1056583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1009" sha1="6yds07rhev8130oqbt9y3npdocdck67" xml:space="preserve">{{ExamplesSidebar|35%|
*Wao ni binadamu '''kama''' sisi
*Shoka limeshindwa '''sembuse''' panga

}}
'''Viunganishi vihusishi''' (alama yake ya [[isimu|kiisimu]] ni: '''U''') ni [[aina za maneno|aina]] ya viunganishi ambavyo vinaunganisha vipashio vyenye hadhi tofauti kisarufi. Wakati mwingine unaweza kuwa na muunganiko wa vipashio viwili au zaidi vyenye hadhi tofauti katika sarufi. Viunganishi vinavyotumika kuunganisha vipashio hivyo huitwa &quot;''vipashio vihusishi''&quot;. Huitwa hivyo hivyo kwa sababu kazi yake ni kujulisha uhusiano uliopo baina ya vipashio hivyo.

==Uchambuzi==
Mifano ya pamoja:

*Husna aliondoka '''pamoja na''' na mama yake (Husna = [[nomino za pekee|nomino ya pekee]], aliondoka = [[kitenzi kikuu]], pamoja na = kiunganishi, na = kiungani, mama = [[nomino za kawaida|nomino ya kawaida]], yake = [[vivumishi vya kumiliki|kivumishi cha kumiliki]])
*Watoto wamemuua Simba '''pasipo''' hofu
==Tazama pia==
*[[Lango:Lugha]]

{{aina za maneno}}
{{mbegu-lugha}}

[[Jamii:Isimu]]
[[Jamii:Sarufi]]</text>
      <sha1>6yds07rhev8130oqbt9y3npdocdck67</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kigezo:Makabila ya Tanzania</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>91106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539026</id>
      <parentid>1533100</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:38:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1539026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3641" sha1="r9zex4ja6p18dzyflfak8glgwwxx9pr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name = Makabila ya Tanzania
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|title = [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|Makabila ya Tanzania]]
|listclass = hlist
|group1=[[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]]
|list1 = 
*[[Waarusha]]
*[[Waasa]]
*[[Wadatoga]]
*[[Wahadzabe]]
*[[Wakisankasa]]
*[[Wamasai]]
*[[Wameru (Tanzania)|Wameru]]
*[[Watemi]]
|group2=[[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]]
|list2 = 
*[[Waswahili]]
*[[Wazaramo]]
|group3=[[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]]
|list3 = 
*[[Waakiek]]
*[[Waalagwa]]
*[[Waburunge]]
*[[Wagogo]]
*[[Warangi]]
*[[Wasandawe]]
|group4=[[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]]
|list4 = 
*[[Wasukuma]]
*[[Wasumbwa]]
*[[Wazinza]]
|group5=[[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]]
|list5 = 
*[[Wabena (Tanzania)|Wabena]]
*[[Wahehe]]
|group6=[[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]]
|list6= 
*[[Waganda]]
*[[Wahangaza]]
*[[Wahaya]]
*[[Wanyambo]]
*[[Washubi]]
|group7=[[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]]
|list7= 
*[[Wabembe]]
*[[Wabende]]
*[[Wakonongo]]
*[[Wapimbwe]]
*[[Warungwa]]
|group8=[[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]]
|list8= 
*[[Wagoma]] 
*[[Waha]]
*[[Waholoholo]]
*[[Wajiji]]
*[[Wamanyema]]
*[[Watongwe]]
*[[Wavinza]]
*[[Wazyoba]]
|group9=[[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]
|list9= 
*[[Wachaga]]
*[[Wagweno]]
*[[Wakahe]]
*[[Wangasa]]
*[[Wapare]]
|group10=[[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]]
|list10= 
*[[Wamachinga]]
*[[Wamatumbi]]
*[[Wamwera]]
*[[Wandonde]]
*[[Wangindo]]
*[[Wayao]]
|group11=[[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]]
|list11=
*[[Waakie]]
*[[Wabarabaig]]
*[[Waburunge]]
*[[Wadatoga]]
*[[Wagorowa]]
*[[Wairaqw]]
*[[Wamasai]]
*[[Wambugwe]]
|group12=[[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]]
|list12= 
*[[Waikizu]]
*[[Waikoma]]
*[[Waisenye]]
*[[Waluo|Wajaluo]]
*[[Wajita]]
*[[Wakabwa]]
*[[Wakuria]]
*[[Wakwaya]]
*[[Wangurimi]]
*[[Wasizaki]]
*[[Wasuba]]
*[[Waware]]
*[[Wazanaki]]
|group13=[[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]]
|list13= 
*[[Wanyakyusa]]
*[[Wasafwa]]
*[[Wasangu]]
|group14=[[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]]
|list14= 
*[[Wabena (Tanzania)|Wabena]]
*[[Wakaguru]]
*[[Wakami]]
*[[Wakutu]]
*[[Waluguru]]
*[[Wambunga]]
*[[Wandamba]]
*[[Wangulu]]
*[[Waparakuyo]]
*[[Wapogolo]]
*[[Wasagara]]
*[[Wavidunda]]
|group15=[[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]]
|list15= 
*[[Wamakonde]]
*[[Wamakua]]
*[[Wamaviha]]
*[[Wayao]]
|group16=[[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]]
|list16= 
*[[Wakara]]
*[[Wakerewe]]
*[[Wasukuma]]
*[[Wazinza]]
|group17=[[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]]
|list17= 
*[[Wabena (Tanzania)|Wabena]]
*[[Wakinga]]
*[[Wakisi]]
*[[Wamagoma]]
*[[Wamahanji]]
*[[Wamanda]]
*[[Wanena]]
*[[Wapangwa]]
*[[Wawanji]]
|group18=[[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]]
|list18= 
*[[Wadoe]]
*[[Wakwere]]
*[[Wandengereko]]
*[[Warufiji]]
|group19=[[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]]
|list19= 
*[[Wabungu]]
*[[Wafipa]]
*[[Walungu]]
*[[Wamambwe]]
*[[Watumbuka]]
*[[Wawanda]]
|group20=[[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]]
|list20= 
*[[Wamakwe]]
*[[Wamanda]]
*[[Wamatengo]]
*[[Wampoto]]
*[[Wandendeule]]
*[[Wangoni]]
*[[Wanindi]]
*[[Wayao]]
|group21=[[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]]
|list21= 
*[[Wanyamwezi]]
*[[Wanyiramba]]
*[[Wasukuma]]
|group22=[[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]]
|list22= 
*[[Wasukuma]]
|group23=[[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]]
|list23=
*[[Waisanzu]]
*[[Wanyiramba]]
*[[Wanyaturu]]
|group24=[[Mkoa wa Songwe|Songwe]]
|list24= 
*[[Walambya]]
*[[Wamalila]]
*[[Wandali]]
*[[Wanyamwanga]]
*[[Wanyiha]]
|group25=[[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]]
|list25= 
*[[Wakimbu]]
*[[Wanyamwezi]]
*[[Wanyanyembe]]
|group26=[[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]]
|list26= 
*[[Wabondei]]
*[[Wadhaiso]]
*[[Wadigo]]
*[[Wambugu]]
*[[Wangulu]]
*[[Wasegeju]]
*[[Washambaa]]
*[[Wazigua]] 
|group27=[[Zanzibar]]
|list27= 
*[[Wahadimu]]
*[[Washirazi]]
|group28= [[Walowezi]] na [[Wahamiaji]]
|list28= 
*[[Waarabu wa Tanzania]]
*[[Wachina wa Tanzania]]
*[[Wahindi wa Tanzania]]
*[[Wazungu wa Tanzania]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:vigezo vya Tanzania]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r9zex4ja6p18dzyflfak8glgwwxx9pr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chillingham Castle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538508</id>
      <parentid>1530566</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Viungo vya nje */</comment>
      <origin>1538508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6950" sha1="iur6oit0gvdw1dweu8vbdh0meol706p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Chillinghamcastlemorris edited.jpg|thumb|right|Ngome ilivyochorwa katika karne ya 19.]]
'''Ngome ya Chillingham''' ni [[ngome]] ya kipindi cha [[Enzi ya Kati]] katika [[historia]] iliyoko kwenye [[kijiji]] cha [[Chillingham, Northumberland|Chillingham]] kwenye [[kaskazini]] ya [[Northumberland]], [[Uingereza]]. Katika ngome hii wanapatikana ng'ombe wa aina adimu sana ya [[Ng'ombe wa Chillingham]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.countryfile.com/news/coming-weeks-countryfile-sunday-1-november |title=Coming up on this week's Countryfile - Sunday 1 November |website=[[Countryfile]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=30 October 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144916/http://www.countryfile.com/news/coming-weeks-countryfile-sunday-1-november |archivedate=2017-10-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The castle is a Grade&amp;nbsp;I [[listed building]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1042387&amp;resourceID=5 |title=Chillingham Castle |website=Heritage Gateway ([[English Heritage]], Institute of Historic Building Conservation and [[ALGAO|ALGAO:England]]) |year=2006 |accessdate=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yalikuwa ndio makazi ya [[Baroni Grey wa Werke|Grey]] na [[Earl wa Tankerville)|Bennett]] toka [[karne ya 15]] hadi [[miaka ya 1980]] ilipokuwa makazi ya [[Humphry Wakefield|Sir Edward Humphry Tyrrell Wakefield]]. 

==Historia==
Ngome hii awali ilikuwa ni monasteria mwishoni mwa karne ya 12. Mwaka 1298, [[Mfalme Edward I]] alikaa kwenye ngome hii wakati akielekea Uskochi kupigana na jeshi la Uskochi lililoongozwa na [[William Wallace]].

Ngome hii ilitumiwa kama mahali wanajeshi wa Uingereza walipoanzisha vita dhidi ya Uskochi.

[[Anne wa Denmark]] na watoto wake walikaa kwenye ngome hii wakati wa safari yao ya kwenda [[London]] Juni 6, 1603.&lt;ref&gt;''HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 15 (London, 1930), p. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 1617, [[Mfalme James I]] wa Uingereza, ambaye utawala wake uliunganisha Uingereza na Uskochi alikaa hapo wakati akisafiri kati ya nchi hizi mbii. 

Wakati wa vita za Kwanza na Pili za Dunia, ngome hii ilitumika kama kituo cha jeshi. Inaaminika kuwa kipindi hiki ndio wakati ambao mbao zilizotumika kupendesha ngoma ziliondolewa na kuchomwa moto na wanajeshi. Baada ya vita, ngome ilianza kuharibika. Sehemu kubwa iliharibika kutokana na kuvuja kwa paa. Mwaka 1982, ngome ilinunuliwa na [[Sir Humphry Wakefield]], ambaye mke wake Catherine alitoka katika familia ya Grey wa Chillingham waliokuwa wamiliki wa kwanza.

==Mizimu ya Chillingham==
[[Image:Lady berkeley.jpg|thumb|170px|Lady Mary Berkeley, ambaye sauti yake huaminika kusikika ndani ya ngome]]
Wamiliki wa sasa wa ngome hii wanaitangaza kuwa ni ngome yenye kutembelewa na mizimu kuliko ngome yoyote Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chillingham-castle.com/Ghosts.asp?S=3&amp;V=1&amp;P=3 |title=Ghosts |website=Chillingham Castle |accessdate=9 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009093630/http://www.chillingham-castle.com/Ghosts.asp?S=3&amp;V=1&amp;P=3 |archivedate=2017-10-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3626296/The-ghosts-of-a-chance.html |title=The ghosts of a chance |first=Mary |last=Wakefield |date=29 October 2004 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=9 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Imefanyiwa uchunguzi na kuwa kwenye vipindi mbalimbali vya televisheni, radio na YouTube,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk/news/castle-s-ghostly-reputation-leads-to-expansion-plans-1-227421 |first=Ian |last=Smith |title=Castle's ghostly reputation leads to expansion plans |newspaper=Berwick Advertiser |date=12 April 2007 |accessdate=9 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092707/http://www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk/news/castle-s-ghostly-reputation-leads-to-expansion-plans-1-227421 |archivedate=2017-10-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[I'm Famous and Frightened!]]'', ''[[Scariest Places On Earth]]'', ''[[Holiday Showdown]]'', ''[[Alan Robson|Alan Robson's]] Nightowls''), [[The ParaPod]], ‘'[[Ghost Hunters International]]'', ''A Blood Red Sky'' (2013).  

Mzimu maarufu katika ngome hii ni  &quot;blue boy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/northernengland/722527/Northumberland-Castles-knight-in-shining-armour.html |title=Northumberland: Castle's knight in shining armour |first=Anne |last=Campbell Dixon |date=24 June 2000 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=9 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watu wanaotembelea ngome hii hudai kuona miale ya bluu juu ya vitnda vyao. 

==Kwenye Fasihi==
Ngome hii iko katika vitabu mbalimbali kama vile ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' (1819) kilichoandikwa na [[Sir Walter Scott]]. Ngome hii ndio iliyopelekea kuandikwa kwa kitabu cha watoto na [[Eva Ibbotson's]] mwaka 2005 cha ''[[The Beasts of Clawstone Castle]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Journal&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Whetstone |first=David |date=17 May 2005 |title=Eva just gets better |url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/theatre/eva-just-gets-better-4617576 |newspaper=[[The Journal (newspaper)|The Journal]] |location=Newcastle Upon Tyne |access-date=15 February 2015 |accessdate=2019-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215183816/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/theatre/eva-just-gets-better-4617576 |archivedate=2015-02-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scotsman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Obituary: Eva Ibbotson |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-eva-ibbotson-writer-1-826121 |newspaper=The Scotsman |location=Edinburgh |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2015 |accessdate=2019-07-16 |archivedate=2019-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716153923/https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-eva-ibbotson-writer-1-826121 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Picha==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Chillingham Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1282720.jpg|Uwanja wa nyuma 
File:Chillingham Castle Garden.jpg|Italian Garden
File:Chillingham Castle, Chapel Window (34448467795).jpg|Dirisha la kanisa
File:ChillinghamCastleFireplace.jpg|Sehemu ya kuota moto
File:Roman breed of cattle (18703665186).jpg|Ngombe wa Chillingham 
File:Mounted statue and woodland ride, Chillingham Castle.jpg|Sanamu ya [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Viscount Gough]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category|Chillingham Castle}}
*[http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/2465.html Bibliographia ya vyanzo kuhusu Chillingham Castle]
*[https://random-times.com/2018/08/23/the-medieval-castle-of-chillingham-the-most-haunted-castle-in-britain/ The medieval Castle of Chillingham: the most haunted castle in Britain]
*[https://travelazzi.com/chillingham-castle-the-chilling-tale-behind-the-most-haunted-hotel/ Chillingham Castle – The Chilling Tale] {{Wayback|url=https://travelazzi.com/chillingham-castle-the-chilling-tale-behind-the-most-haunted-hotel/ |date=20190716153915 }}
{{mbegu-jio-Uingereza}}
[[Jamii:Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>iur6oit0gvdw1dweu8vbdh0meol706p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waganda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>118784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539023</id>
      <parentid>1391308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:37:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1539023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1494" sha1="21awstqmysg0worlpduh9es99j6tz3w" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Flag of Buganda.svg|thumb|right|150px|[[Bendera]] ya Buganda.]]
[[Picha:Karte Buganda.GIF|thumb|right|350px|Eneo la Buganda kati ya [[ziwa Viktoria]], [[mto Nile]] na [[ziwa Kyoga]].]]
'''Waganda''' (wao hujiita '''Baganda''') ndilo [[kabila]] kubwa la [[Uganda]] likiwa na [[asilimia]] 16.9 za wakazi wote wa nchi hiyo. Baadhi ya watu wa kabila hilo wanaishi [[Tanzania]] tangu zamani za [[ukoloni]], katika [[wilaya ya Missenyi]], [[mkoa wa Kagera]].

[[Lugha]] yao inaitwa [[Kiganda]] (wao wanasema: Luganda) na ni kati ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]. 

[[Ufalme]] wao ([[Buganda]]) unaongozwa na [[mfalme]] anayeitwa [[Kabaka]] na unaenea katika [[Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)|Mkoa mzima wa Kati]]. Ufalme huo ulikubali [[ulinzi]] wa [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1894]] chini ya [[Mwanga II]]. 

==Tanbihi==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Marejeo==
* Roscoe, John (2005). The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs and Beliefs. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-7538-9.

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.myuganda.co.ug/categories/about/people_culture/mornachies/buganda/index.htm Brief description of Buganda at www.myuganda.co.ug] {{Wayback|url=http://www.myuganda.co.ug/categories/about/people_culture/mornachies/buganda/index.htm |date=20040414000112 }}
* [http://www.buganda.com/ Buganda.com]
{{makabila ya Uganda}}
{{makabila ya Tanzania}}
{{mbegu-utamaduni}}
[[Category:Makabila ya Uganda]]
[[Category:Makabila ya Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)]]
[[Jamii:wilaya ya Missenyi]]</text>
      <sha1>21awstqmysg0worlpduh9es99j6tz3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carole Nyakudya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538488</id>
      <parentid>1530548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:02:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2084" sha1="gni1pg297fdujalu70zblr0uq1e7vyi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person
|jina        = Carole Nyakudya
|picha       = 
|maelezo_ya_picha     = 
|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 1978
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = 
|tarehe_ya_kufariki  = 
|mahala_alipofia = 
|majina_mengine = 
|anafahamika kwa   = 
|kazi_yake  = mwanamuziki wa Injili
|nchi = Zimbabwe
}}
'''Carole Nyakudya''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[nyimbo]] za [[Injili]], [[mjasiriamali]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = Carole Nyakudya mixes gospel and mental health awareness – The Sunday News|url=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/carole-nyakudya-mixes-gospel-and-mental-health-awareness/amp/|work=www.sundaynews.co.zw|accessdate=2023-02-26|archive-date=2020-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209205414/https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/carole-nyakudya-mixes-gospel-and-mental-health-awareness/amp/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&gt; mwanachama mwanzilishi wa kwaya ya Zimpraise na mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]] ya [[mtandao|mtandaoni]], Zimbolive TV wa nchini [[Zimbabwe]].

== Wasifu ==
Alizaliwa Zimbabwe [[1978]], Nyakudya alikulia kwenye jiji la Bulawayo, kisha 1997 alihamia Uingereza kama mtaalamu wa afya ya akili [[NHS]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = Covid-19 amplifies gap in Africa’s mental healthcare services|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/covid-19-amplifies-gap-in-africas-mental-healthcare-services/|work=The Chronicle|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en-GB|author=The Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyakudya ana stashahada ya afya ya akili ambayo aliipata chuo kikuu cha Birmingham. [[Shahada]] ya mafunzo ya afya katika chuo kikuu cha Wolverhampton na Shahada ya Uzamili  ya afya ya umma na maendeleo aliyosomea chuo kikuu cha Birmingham

Carole Nyakudya alijulikana zaidi [[mwaka]] [[2005]] alipotoa [[albamu]] ya kwanza ''hii ni sasa'' ambayo iliteuliwa kama albamu bora ya mwaka katika tuzo za kitaifa mwaka 2005. Nyakundya ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa kikundi cha nyimbo za injili cha Zimpraise kwaya kilichoanzishwa [[2006]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Zimbabwe]]
[[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1978]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]]</text>
      <sha1>gni1pg297fdujalu70zblr0uq1e7vyi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carniriv</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538484</id>
      <parentid>1530545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:59:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1594" sha1="ita8z0rl4i27g69cszvr32v7t3zh8bk" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Young Stunna - Carniriv 2013.JPG|thumb|Young Stunna - carniriv 2013]]
'''Carniriv''' ni tamasha la kila mwaka linalofanyika huko ''port Harcourt, Nigeria''. Tamasha huanza wiki chache kabla ya Krismasi na kudumu kwa siku saba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2012-12-20| title = Carnival Rivers: Celebration of the tribes|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/12/carnival-rivers-celebration-of-the-tribes/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamasha la ''Port Harcourt Carniva'' huwa na utofauti wa aina yake kwani hujumuisha matasha mawili, tamasha la kiutamaduni na tamasha la kisasa ya staili ya Karibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.carnirivnigeria.com/carnival/index.php/about-us/carniriv-2013 | title = Archived copy|accessdate=2013-11-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117053216/http://www.carnirivnigeria.com/carnival/index.php/about-us/carniriv-2013 |archivedate=2013-11-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Serikali]] inatambua Carniriv kama kivutio kikubwa cha utalii. Katika maslahi ya uchumi, serikali imeazimia kukuza tamasha hili itambulike duniani kama moja ya vivutio vya utalii dunia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.carnirivnigeria.com/carnival/index.php/about-us/carniriv-2013 | title = Archived copy|accessdate=2013-11-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117053216/http://www.carnirivnigeria.com/carnival/index.php/about-us/carniriv-2013 |archivedate=2013-11-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-utamaduni}}
[[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]]
[[Jamii:Matamasha ya Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>ita8z0rl4i27g69cszvr32v7t3zh8bk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hispania</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>179473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538978</id>
      <parentid>1514133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi#Utangulizi]]</comment>
      <origin>1538978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23070" sha1="2x7r6mbwfnyf0qaztxlyawk9tywyyh4" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]

==Majimbo ya kujitawala==
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

===Miji ya kujitawala===

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

=== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ===
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246

==Watu==
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni Wahispania asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.

[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 

Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>2x7r6mbwfnyf0qaztxlyawk9tywyyh4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538979</id>
      <parentid>1538978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:50:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Demografia */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
      <origin>1538979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23126" sha1="0t4pmnf22ng2mx97ohhguvwn6yxh1dy" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]

==Majimbo ya kujitawala==
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

===Miji ya kujitawala===

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

=== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ===
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>0t4pmnf22ng2mx97ohhguvwn6yxh1dy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538980</id>
      <parentid>1538979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1538980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23126" sha1="5vnmacamwvmd0nh17cuvuelpsvnciof" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]

==Majimbo ya kujitawala==
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

===Miji ya kujitawala===

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

=== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ===
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538994</id>
      <parentid>1538980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:02:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siasa */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi#Siasa]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="26884" sha1="h33ytoo3gzsukisn2jjwgi27609pb54" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]

==Majimbo ya kujitawala==
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

===Miji ya kujitawala===

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

=== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ===
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Siasa ==
Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_English&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa.

[[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Executive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cortes_Generales_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Functions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Regional&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;
== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>h33ytoo3gzsukisn2jjwgi27609pb54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538995</id>
      <parentid>1538994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:03:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Serikali na Utawala */ Correct Title</comment>
      <origin>1538995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26899" sha1="suumeshzdacq3hicaggsdmb6kn0yhlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]

==Majimbo ya kujitawala==
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

===Miji ya kujitawala===

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

=== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ===
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_English&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa.

[[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Executive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cortes_Generales_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Functions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Regional&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>suumeshzdacq3hicaggsdmb6kn0yhlk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539006</id>
      <parentid>1538995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Demografia */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi#Uchumi]]</comment>
      <origin>1539006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31138" sha1="oxcl0xtihe6hdr53vy8ew8yne8skjl5" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]

==Majimbo ya kujitawala==
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

===Miji ya kujitawala===

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

=== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ===
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Uchumi ==
Uchumi wa Hispania ni mojawapo ya mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unaendesha kama uchumi wa soko mchanganyiko ulioendelea sana uliounganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania hutumia [[euro]] kama sarafu yake rasmi na ina uhusiano mkubwa wa biashara na kifedha na uchumi mwingine wa [[Ulaya]]. Nchi hiyo ina mfumo wa uchumi uliotofautishwa unaotegemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], [[utalii]], na biashara ya kimataifa. Vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi ni pamoja na [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], na [[Bilbao]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya huduma ndiyo sehemu kubwa zaidi ya uchumi wa Hispania, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Economy |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni muhimu sana, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, pwani ya [[Mediterania]], visiwa, na miji ya kihistoria. Sekta nyingine muhimu za huduma ni pamoja na [[fedha]], [[mawasiliano]], [[usafiri]], biashara ya rejareja, na utawala wa umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Tourism_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Data |website=unwto.org |publisher=UN Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Viwanda]] pia vina jukumu kubwa katika uchumi, hasa utengenezaji wa magari, mashine, kemikali, dawa, teknolojia ya nishati jadidifu, na usindikaji wa chakula. Hispania ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakubwa wa magari Ulaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/spain-country-report |title=Spain: Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo pia imewekeza sana katika nishati jadidifu, hasa nishati ya upepo na jua, na kuifanya kuwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa wa nishati jadidifu [[Ulaya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IEA_Spain_Energy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/spain |title=Spain Energy Profile |website=iea.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kilimo]] bado ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi, huku Hispania ikiwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa duniani wa zeituni na mafuta ya zeituni, pamoja na zabibu, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, mboga, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/203 |title=Spain at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Uvuvi]] na ufugaji wa viumbe wa majini pia ni muhimu katika maeneo ya pwani. Biashara ya Hispania imeunganishwa sana na masoko ya Ulaya, huku bidhaa kuu za kuuza nje zikiwa magari, mashine, bidhaa za kilimo, dawa, na bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;/&gt;

Licha ya ukubwa na utofauti wa uchumi wake, Hispania imekabiliwa na changamoto kama ukosefu wa ajira, deni la umma, tofauti za kiuchumi za kikanda, na mabadiliko katika soko la nyumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Spain_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ESP |title=Spain and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi uliathiriwa sana na mgogoro wa kifedha wa mwaka 2008 na baadaye janga la [[COVID-19]], ingawa juhudi za kupona ziliungwa mkono kupitia ufadhili wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mageuzi ya ndani. Leo, Hispania bado ni mojawapo ya uchumi mkuu wa [[Ulaya Kusini]] na mshiriki muhimu katika biashara na fedha za kimataifa.

== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_English&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa.

[[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Executive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cortes_Generales_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Functions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Regional&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="31211" sha1="47376cmf371ibgcj2xijktob5qh77qn" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]

==Majimbo ya kujitawala==
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

===Miji ya kujitawala===

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

=== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ===
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Uchumi ==
[[File:City of Madrid (18035561592).jpg|thumb|Mji wa Madrid, Uhispania]]
Uchumi wa Hispania ni mojawapo ya mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unaendesha kama uchumi wa soko mchanganyiko ulioendelea sana uliounganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania hutumia [[euro]] kama sarafu yake rasmi na ina uhusiano mkubwa wa biashara na kifedha na uchumi mwingine wa [[Ulaya]]. Nchi hiyo ina mfumo wa uchumi uliotofautishwa unaotegemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], [[utalii]], na biashara ya kimataifa. Vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi ni pamoja na [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], na [[Bilbao]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya huduma ndiyo sehemu kubwa zaidi ya uchumi wa Hispania, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Economy |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni muhimu sana, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, pwani ya [[Mediterania]], visiwa, na miji ya kihistoria. Sekta nyingine muhimu za huduma ni pamoja na [[fedha]], [[mawasiliano]], [[usafiri]], biashara ya rejareja, na utawala wa umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Tourism_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Data |website=unwto.org |publisher=UN Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Viwanda]] pia vina jukumu kubwa katika uchumi, hasa utengenezaji wa magari, mashine, kemikali, dawa, teknolojia ya nishati jadidifu, na usindikaji wa chakula. Hispania ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakubwa wa magari Ulaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/spain-country-report |title=Spain: Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo pia imewekeza sana katika nishati jadidifu, hasa nishati ya upepo na jua, na kuifanya kuwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa wa nishati jadidifu [[Ulaya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IEA_Spain_Energy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/spain |title=Spain Energy Profile |website=iea.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kilimo]] bado ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi, huku Hispania ikiwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa duniani wa zeituni na mafuta ya zeituni, pamoja na zabibu, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, mboga, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/203 |title=Spain at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Uvuvi]] na ufugaji wa viumbe wa majini pia ni muhimu katika maeneo ya pwani. Biashara ya Hispania imeunganishwa sana na masoko ya Ulaya, huku bidhaa kuu za kuuza nje zikiwa magari, mashine, bidhaa za kilimo, dawa, na bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;/&gt;

Licha ya ukubwa na utofauti wa uchumi wake, Hispania imekabiliwa na changamoto kama ukosefu wa ajira, deni la umma, tofauti za kiuchumi za kikanda, na mabadiliko katika soko la nyumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Spain_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ESP |title=Spain and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi uliathiriwa sana na mgogoro wa kifedha wa mwaka 2008 na baadaye janga la [[COVID-19]], ingawa juhudi za kupona ziliungwa mkono kupitia ufadhili wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mageuzi ya ndani. Leo, Hispania bado ni mojawapo ya uchumi mkuu wa [[Ulaya Kusini]] na mshiriki muhimu katika biashara na fedha za kimataifa.

== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_English&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa.

[[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Executive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cortes_Generales_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Functions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Regional&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1539011</id>
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      <comment>Position[[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="31218" sha1="lkzxrh1qusp8fh0tm8ab2dpim5jcjtj" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]


==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Uchumi ==
[[File:City of Madrid (18035561592).jpg|thumb|Mji wa Madrid, Uhispania]]
Uchumi wa Hispania ni mojawapo ya mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unaendesha kama uchumi wa soko mchanganyiko ulioendelea sana uliounganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania hutumia [[euro]] kama sarafu yake rasmi na ina uhusiano mkubwa wa biashara na kifedha na uchumi mwingine wa [[Ulaya]]. Nchi hiyo ina mfumo wa uchumi uliotofautishwa unaotegemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], [[utalii]], na biashara ya kimataifa. Vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi ni pamoja na [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], na [[Bilbao]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya huduma ndiyo sehemu kubwa zaidi ya uchumi wa Hispania, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Economy |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni muhimu sana, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, pwani ya [[Mediterania]], visiwa, na miji ya kihistoria. Sekta nyingine muhimu za huduma ni pamoja na [[fedha]], [[mawasiliano]], [[usafiri]], biashara ya rejareja, na utawala wa umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Tourism_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Data |website=unwto.org |publisher=UN Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Viwanda]] pia vina jukumu kubwa katika uchumi, hasa utengenezaji wa magari, mashine, kemikali, dawa, teknolojia ya nishati jadidifu, na usindikaji wa chakula. Hispania ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakubwa wa magari Ulaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/spain-country-report |title=Spain: Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo pia imewekeza sana katika nishati jadidifu, hasa nishati ya upepo na jua, na kuifanya kuwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa wa nishati jadidifu [[Ulaya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IEA_Spain_Energy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/spain |title=Spain Energy Profile |website=iea.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kilimo]] bado ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi, huku Hispania ikiwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa duniani wa zeituni na mafuta ya zeituni, pamoja na zabibu, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, mboga, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/203 |title=Spain at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Uvuvi]] na ufugaji wa viumbe wa majini pia ni muhimu katika maeneo ya pwani. Biashara ya Hispania imeunganishwa sana na masoko ya Ulaya, huku bidhaa kuu za kuuza nje zikiwa magari, mashine, bidhaa za kilimo, dawa, na bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;/&gt;

Licha ya ukubwa na utofauti wa uchumi wake, Hispania imekabiliwa na changamoto kama ukosefu wa ajira, deni la umma, tofauti za kiuchumi za kikanda, na mabadiliko katika soko la nyumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Spain_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ESP |title=Spain and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi uliathiriwa sana na mgogoro wa kifedha wa mwaka 2008 na baadaye janga la [[COVID-19]], ingawa juhudi za kupona ziliungwa mkono kupitia ufadhili wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mageuzi ya ndani. Leo, Hispania bado ni mojawapo ya uchumi mkuu wa [[Ulaya Kusini]] na mshiriki muhimu katika biashara na fedha za kimataifa.

== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_English&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa.

[[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Executive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cortes_Generales_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Functions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Regional&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;
===Majimbo ya kujitawala===
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

====Miji ya kujitawala====

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

==== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ====
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246


== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>lkzxrh1qusp8fh0tm8ab2dpim5jcjtj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539021</id>
      <parentid>1539011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jiografia */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
      <origin>1539021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34927" sha1="d2efueou1fm7t4aen79e08i347qn0o5" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]
[[Jiografia]] ya Hispania ina utofauti mkubwa, ikijumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, nyanda za pwani, na maeneo ya visiwa. Hispania iko [[Ulaya ya Kusini|kusini-magharibi mwa Ulaya]] na inachukua sehemu kubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], ikipakana na [[Ureno]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Andorra]], na eneo la ng’ambo la [[Uingereza]] la [[Gibraltar]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain⁠� |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Geography |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}  Nchi hiyo pia inajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Balearic]] katika [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], [[Visiwa vya Canary]] katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], pamoja na miji huru ya [[Ceuta na Melilla]] katika [[Afrika Kaskazini]]. Eneo lake lote lina takriban kilomita za mraba 505,990, jambo linaloifanya kuwa mojawapo ya nchi kubwa zaidi barani [[Ulaya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#geography⁠� |title=Spain - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kitopografia, sehemu kubwa ya Hispania bara inaongozwa na Meseta Kati, ambayo ni [[tambarare]] kubwa ya juu iliyozungukwa na mifumo ya milima. Safu kuu za milima ni pamoja na [[Milima ya Pyrenees]] kaskazini-mashariki kandokando ya mpaka na [[Ufaransa]], Milima ya Cantabrian kaskazini, Mfumo wa Kati katika eneo la ndani, na Sierra Nevada kusini, ambako Mlima Mulhacén ndio kilele cha juu zaidi katika [[Rasi ya Iberia]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/destinations/spain⁠� |title=Geography of Spain |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}  Nyanda za pwani zinapatikana kando ya [[Bahari ya Mediterania]] na [[Atlantiki]], huku mabonde ya mito yakisaidia shughuli za kilimo na maendeleo ya mijini.

Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] yenye utofauti mkubwa unaoathiriwa na mwinuko, latitudi, na ukaribu na bahari. Maeneo mengi ya pwani na kusini yana hali ya hewa ya Mediterania inayojulikana kwa kiangazi cha joto na kikavu pamoja na majira ya baridi yenye hali ya wastani na mvua zaidi. Kaskazini mwa Hispania kuna hali ya hewa ya bahari yenye mvua nyingi na halijoto za chini zaidi, huku maeneo ya kusini-mashariki yakiwa na hali ya ukame kiasi. {{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/estudios/detalles/climatological_atlas_of_spain⁠� |title=Climatological Atlas of Spain |website=aemet.es |publisher=State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}  Tambarare za ndani hupata tofauti kubwa zaidi za halijoto kati ya misimu kutokana na mwinuko wake na umbali kutoka pwani.

Mfumo wa mito wa nchi hiyo unajumuisha mito mikubwa kama [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], [[Mto Duero]], [[Mto Guadiana]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. [[Mto Ebro]] ndio mkubwa zaidi kwa kiwango cha maji unaopatikana kabisa ndani ya Hispania, huku [[Mto Tagus]] ukiwa mto mrefu zaidi katika [[Rasi ya Iberia]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Drainage⁠� |title=Spain: Drainage |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}  Mito mingi huanzia maeneo ya milimani na kuelekea [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] au Mediterania. Mabwawa na vizuizi vya maji hutumiwa sana kwa umwagiliaji, uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji, na usambazaji wa maji, hasa katika maeneo makavu ambako upungufu wa maji ni changamoto kubwa ya kimazingira. {{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/env/resources/water-management-in-spain.htm⁠� |title=Water Resources Management in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Uchumi ==
[[File:City of Madrid (18035561592).jpg|thumb|Mji wa Madrid, Uhispania]]
Uchumi wa Hispania ni mojawapo ya mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unaendesha kama uchumi wa soko mchanganyiko ulioendelea sana uliounganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania hutumia [[euro]] kama sarafu yake rasmi na ina uhusiano mkubwa wa biashara na kifedha na uchumi mwingine wa [[Ulaya]]. Nchi hiyo ina mfumo wa uchumi uliotofautishwa unaotegemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], [[utalii]], na biashara ya kimataifa. Vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi ni pamoja na [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], na [[Bilbao]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya huduma ndiyo sehemu kubwa zaidi ya uchumi wa Hispania, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Economy |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni muhimu sana, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, pwani ya [[Mediterania]], visiwa, na miji ya kihistoria. Sekta nyingine muhimu za huduma ni pamoja na [[fedha]], [[mawasiliano]], [[usafiri]], biashara ya rejareja, na utawala wa umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Tourism_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Data |website=unwto.org |publisher=UN Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Viwanda]] pia vina jukumu kubwa katika uchumi, hasa utengenezaji wa magari, mashine, kemikali, dawa, teknolojia ya nishati jadidifu, na usindikaji wa chakula. Hispania ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakubwa wa magari Ulaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/spain-country-report |title=Spain: Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo pia imewekeza sana katika nishati jadidifu, hasa nishati ya upepo na jua, na kuifanya kuwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa wa nishati jadidifu [[Ulaya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IEA_Spain_Energy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/spain |title=Spain Energy Profile |website=iea.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kilimo]] bado ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi, huku Hispania ikiwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa duniani wa zeituni na mafuta ya zeituni, pamoja na zabibu, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, mboga, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/203 |title=Spain at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Uvuvi]] na ufugaji wa viumbe wa majini pia ni muhimu katika maeneo ya pwani. Biashara ya Hispania imeunganishwa sana na masoko ya Ulaya, huku bidhaa kuu za kuuza nje zikiwa magari, mashine, bidhaa za kilimo, dawa, na bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;/&gt;

Licha ya ukubwa na utofauti wa uchumi wake, Hispania imekabiliwa na changamoto kama ukosefu wa ajira, deni la umma, tofauti za kiuchumi za kikanda, na mabadiliko katika soko la nyumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Spain_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ESP |title=Spain and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi uliathiriwa sana na mgogoro wa kifedha wa mwaka 2008 na baadaye janga la [[COVID-19]], ingawa juhudi za kupona ziliungwa mkono kupitia ufadhili wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mageuzi ya ndani. Leo, Hispania bado ni mojawapo ya uchumi mkuu wa [[Ulaya Kusini]] na mshiriki muhimu katika biashara na fedha za kimataifa.

== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_English&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa.

[[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Executive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cortes_Generales_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Functions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Regional&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;
===Majimbo ya kujitawala===
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

====Miji ya kujitawala====

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

==== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ====
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246


== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>d2efueou1fm7t4aen79e08i347qn0o5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539025</id>
      <parentid>1539021</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
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      <comment>/* Jiografia */ Cite Errors[[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="34964" sha1="03gaa5jve0v5ryzr78tmuk32aqt4vum" xml:space="preserve">{{Jedwali la nchi
 | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}}
 | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania
 | common_name = Hispania
 | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg
 | nembo = Escudo de España.png
 | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg
 | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania
 | kauli_mbiu = &quot;Plus Ultra&quot; ([[Kilatini]] kwa &quot;Mbele na zaidi&quot;) 
 | wimbo_wa_taifa = &quot;Marcha Real&quot; au &quot; Marcha Granadera&quot; 
 | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]]
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] 
 | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]]
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]]
 | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez
 | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba
 | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano 
 | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza
 | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa
 | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479
 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715
 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815
 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918
 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] &lt;/br&gt; 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania 
 | mwaka_kabila = 2025
 | eneo_jumla = 505,990
 | cheo_eneo = ya 50
 | maji = 1.04%
 | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa'''
 | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018
 | cheo_watu = ya 35
 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371
 | mwaka_sensa = 2001
 | msongamano = 92
 | population_density_rank = 112
 | mwaka_pato = 2024
 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
&lt;ref name='auto1'&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} &lt;/ref&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp = 12
 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25
 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 &lt;ref name='auto1'/&gt;
 | maendeleo = 0.911
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022
 | cheo_maendeleo = 27
 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR
 | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]]
 | upande_gari = Kulia
 | tld = [[.es]]
 | msimbo_simu = 34
 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]&lt;br /&gt;{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]]
}}
'''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]],  [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi.

[[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo_SpanishEmpire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Spain_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi.

[[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia ya awali ===
Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. 

===Wafoinike===
Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]].

=== Waroma ===
[[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]].

Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania.

=== Waarabu ===
Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. 

Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini.

Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi.

Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]].

=== Makoloni ya Amerika ===
Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]].

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika &quot;Dunia Mpya&quot; ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo.

Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika.

===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== 
Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. 

Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. 

Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. 

Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. 

Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. 

Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. 

Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]].

== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]]
[[Jiografia]] ya Hispania ina utofauti mkubwa, ikijumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, nyanda za pwani, na maeneo ya visiwa. Hispania iko [[Ulaya ya Kusini|kusini-magharibi mwa Ulaya]] na inachukua sehemu kubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], ikipakana na [[Ureno]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Andorra]], na eneo la ng’ambo la [[Uingereza]] la [[Gibraltar]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain⁠ |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Geography |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nchi hiyo pia inajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Balearic]] katika [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], [[Visiwa vya Canary]] katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], pamoja na miji huru ya [[Ceuta na Melilla]] katika [[Afrika Kaskazini]]. Eneo lake lote lina takriban kilomita za mraba 505,990, jambo linaloifanya kuwa mojawapo ya nchi kubwa zaidi barani [[Ulaya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#geography⁠|title=Spain - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kitopografia, sehemu kubwa ya Hispania bara inaongozwa na Meseta Kati, ambayo ni [[tambarare]] kubwa ya juu iliyozungukwa na mifumo ya milima. Safu kuu za milima ni pamoja na [[Milima ya Pyrenees]] kaskazini-mashariki kandokando ya mpaka na [[Ufaransa]], Milima ya Cantabrian kaskazini, Mfumo wa Kati katika eneo la ndani, na Sierra Nevada kusini, ambako Mlima Mulhacén ndio kilele cha juu zaidi katika [[Rasi ya Iberia]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/destinations/spain⁠ |title=Geography of Spain |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nyanda za pwani zinapatikana kando ya [[Bahari ya Mediterania]] na [[Atlantiki]], huku mabonde ya mito yakisaidia shughuli za kilimo na maendeleo ya mijini.

Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] yenye utofauti mkubwa unaoathiriwa na mwinuko, latitudi, na ukaribu na bahari. Maeneo mengi ya pwani na kusini yana hali ya hewa ya Mediterania inayojulikana kwa kiangazi cha joto na kikavu pamoja na majira ya baridi yenye hali ya wastani na mvua zaidi. Kaskazini mwa Hispania kuna hali ya hewa ya bahari yenye mvua nyingi na halijoto za chini zaidi, huku maeneo ya kusini-mashariki yakiwa na hali ya ukame kiasi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/estudios/detalles/climatological_atlas_of_spain⁠ |title=Climatological Atlas of Spain |website=aemet.es |publisher=State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Tambarare za ndani hupata tofauti kubwa zaidi za halijoto kati ya misimu kutokana na mwinuko wake na umbali kutoka pwani.

Mfumo wa mito wa nchi hiyo unajumuisha mito mikubwa kama [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], [[Mto Duero]], [[Mto Guadiana]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. [[Mto Ebro]] ndio mkubwa zaidi kwa kiwango cha maji unaopatikana kabisa ndani ya Hispania, huku [[Mto Tagus]] ukiwa mto mrefu zaidi katika [[Rasi ya Iberia]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Drainage⁠ |title=Spain: Drainage |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mito mingi huanzia maeneo ya milimani na kuelekea [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] au Mediterania. Mabwawa na vizuizi vya maji hutumiwa sana kwa umwagiliaji, uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji, na usambazaji wa maji, hasa katika maeneo makavu ambako upungufu wa maji ni changamoto kubwa ya kimazingira. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/env/resources/water-management-in-spain.htm⁠l |title=Water Resources Management in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Demografia==
=== Kabila ===
Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k.
=== Lugha rasmi ===
[[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. 
=== Dini ===
Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote.

== Uchumi ==
[[File:City of Madrid (18035561592).jpg|thumb|Mji wa Madrid, Uhispania]]
Uchumi wa Hispania ni mojawapo ya mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unaendesha kama uchumi wa soko mchanganyiko ulioendelea sana uliounganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Hispania hutumia [[euro]] kama sarafu yake rasmi na ina uhusiano mkubwa wa biashara na kifedha na uchumi mwingine wa [[Ulaya]]. Nchi hiyo ina mfumo wa uchumi uliotofautishwa unaotegemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], [[utalii]], na biashara ya kimataifa. Vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi ni pamoja na [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], na [[Bilbao]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Sekta ya huduma ndiyo sehemu kubwa zaidi ya uchumi wa Hispania, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Economy |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Utalii]] ni muhimu sana, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, pwani ya [[Mediterania]], visiwa, na miji ya kihistoria. Sekta nyingine muhimu za huduma ni pamoja na [[fedha]], [[mawasiliano]], [[usafiri]], biashara ya rejareja, na utawala wa umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Tourism_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Data |website=unwto.org |publisher=UN Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Viwanda]] pia vina jukumu kubwa katika uchumi, hasa utengenezaji wa magari, mashine, kemikali, dawa, teknolojia ya nishati jadidifu, na usindikaji wa chakula. Hispania ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakubwa wa magari Ulaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coface_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/spain-country-report |title=Spain: Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hiyo pia imewekeza sana katika nishati jadidifu, hasa nishati ya upepo na jua, na kuifanya kuwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa wa nishati jadidifu [[Ulaya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;IEA_Spain_Energy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/spain |title=Spain Energy Profile |website=iea.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kilimo]] bado ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi, huku Hispania ikiwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa duniani wa zeituni na mafuta ya zeituni, pamoja na zabibu, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, mboga, na nafaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO_Spain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/203 |title=Spain at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Uvuvi]] na ufugaji wa viumbe wa majini pia ni muhimu katika maeneo ya pwani. Biashara ya Hispania imeunganishwa sana na masoko ya Ulaya, huku bidhaa kuu za kuuza nje zikiwa magari, mashine, bidhaa za kilimo, dawa, na bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Econ&quot;/&gt;

Licha ya ukubwa na utofauti wa uchumi wake, Hispania imekabiliwa na changamoto kama ukosefu wa ajira, deni la umma, tofauti za kiuchumi za kikanda, na mabadiliko katika soko la nyumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_Spain_Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ESP |title=Spain and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Uchumi uliathiriwa sana na mgogoro wa kifedha wa mwaka 2008 na baadaye janga la [[COVID-19]], ingawa juhudi za kupona ziliungwa mkono kupitia ufadhili wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mageuzi ya ndani. Leo, Hispania bado ni mojawapo ya uchumi mkuu wa [[Ulaya Kusini]] na mshiriki muhimu katika biashara na fedha za kimataifa.

== Serikali na Utawala ==
Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spain_Constitution_English&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa.

[[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. &lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoncloa_Executive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cortes_Generales_Overview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. &lt;ref name=&quot;Senate_Functions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;

Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;OECD_Spain_Regional&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt; Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFB_Spain_Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} &lt;/ref&gt;
===Majimbo ya kujitawala===
[[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]]

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Jimbo&lt;br /&gt;la kujitawala
 ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo
 ! Rais wa jimbo
!Bunge la jimbo
!Vyama tawala jimboni
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]])
 ! Hali
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]]
 | [[Andalusia]]
 | [[Seville]]
 | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Parliament of Andalusia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|41 (9 RA,
32 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 87,268
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,414,240
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 19,107
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Catalonia]]
 | [[Barcelona]]
 | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]])
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|24 (8 RA, 16 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32,114
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 7,675,217
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 239
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 30,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Madrid]]
 | [[Madrid]]
 | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP)
|[[Assembly of Madrid]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|14 (7 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 8,028
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 6,663,394
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 830
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 35,041
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Valencia]]
 | [[Valencia]]
 | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
|[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]]
|17 (5 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 23,255
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 5,003,769
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 215
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,426
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
 | [[Santiago de Compostela]]
 | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP)
|[[Parliament of Galicia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|19 (3 RA, 16 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 29,574
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,699,499
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 91
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,183
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilia na León]]
 | [[Valladolid]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP)
|[[Cortes of Castile and León]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|39 (3 RA, 36 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 94,223
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,399,548
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 25
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 24,031
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]]
 | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]]
 | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)&lt;/small&gt;
 | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]])
|[[Basque Parliament]]
|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|15 (3 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,234
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,207,776
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 305
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 33,223
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]]
 | [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
 | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
 | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE)
|[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|23 (3 RA, 20 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 79,463
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,032,863
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,363
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]
 | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
 | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]
|14 (3 RA, 11 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 7,447
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 2,153,389
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 289
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 20,892
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]]
 | [[Jimbo la Murcia]]
 | [[Murcia]]
 | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP)
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] &lt;small&gt;(until 2021)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,313
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,493,898
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 132
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 21,269
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]]
 | [[Aragon]]
 | [[Zaragoza]]
 | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE)
|[[Aragonese Corts]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]]
|14 (2 RA, 12 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 47,719
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,319,291
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 28
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 28,151
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[Extremadura]]
 | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
 | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE)
|[[Assembly of Extremadura]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|10 (2 RA, 8 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,634
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,067,710
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 26
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 18,469
 | Region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]]
 | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]]
 | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]
 | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]]
|7 (2 RA, 5 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,992
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,149,460
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 230
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,682
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]]
 | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]]
 | [[Oviedo]]
 | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE)
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|6 (2 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,604
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1,022,800
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 96
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 22,789
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]]
 | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]]
 | [[Pamplona]]
 | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,391
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 654,214
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 31,389
 | Nationality
|- style=&quot;background: #ddd&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]]
 | [[Cantabria]]
 | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]]
 | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]])
|[[Parliament of Cantabria]]
|[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,321
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 581,078
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 109
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 23,757
 | Historical region
|- style=&quot;background: #eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]]
 | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]]
 | [[Logroño]]
 | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE)
|[[Parliament of La Rioja]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|5 (1 RA, 4 DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 5,045
 | style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 316,798
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 63
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| 27,225
 | Region
|}
''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.''

====Miji ya kujitawala====

{| style=&quot;clear:both&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#bbb&quot;
 ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Bendera
 ! Mji wa kujitawala
 ! Meya
!Halmashauri
!Vyama tawala mjini
!Viti katika seneti
! Eneo (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! Wakazi (2019)
 ! Msongamano (/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
 ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi &lt;br&gt;(kwa [[euro]])
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]]
 |[[Melilla]]
 |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]])
|[[Assembly of Melilla]]
|[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12.3
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 86,487
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,031
 | align=&quot;right&quot; | 16,981
|- style=&quot;background:#eee&quot;
 | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]]
 | [[Ceuta]]
 | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
|[[Assembly of Ceuta]]
|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
|2 (DE)
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 18.5
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 84,777
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,583
 | align=&quot;right&quot;| 19,335
|}

==== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ====
* [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018)
* [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679
* [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084
* [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018
* [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822
* [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843
* [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053
* [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246


== Picha ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba
Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]]
Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona
Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid
Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na &quot;Puerta de Europa&quot; (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid
Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia
Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa
Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]]
Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]]
* [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Spain}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain]

;Ramani
* {{wikiatlas|Spain}}

;Utalii
* [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain]
{{Umoja wa Ulaya}}
{{Ulaya}}
{{mbegu-jio-Hispania}}
[[Jamii:Hispania| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]]
[[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>03gaa5jve0v5ryzr78tmuk32aqt4vum</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catherine Omanyo</title>
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      <text bytes="10538" sha1="twfzhma3vz3eq4r5g4pylzlzb7nwzyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person
|jina        = Catherine Omanyo
|jina la kuzaliwa = 
|picha       = 
|maelezo_ya_picha     = 
|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = Julai 7, 1978
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Kaunti ya Busia, Kenya
|tarehe_ya_kufariki  = 
|mahala_alipofia = 
|majina_mengine = 
|anafahamika kwa   = 
|ndoa = Daron Kendrick
|wazazi = 
|watoto = Cindy, Sandra
|kazi_yake  = Mwanasiasa
|nchi = Kenya {{flagicon|Kenya}}
}}
[[File:Catherine Omanyo speaking.jpg|thumb|Omanyo akizungumza na wapiga kura katika [[Kaunti ya Busia]], [[2022]]]]
'''Catherine Nakhabi Omanyo''' (alizaliwa Kaunti ya [[Busia, Kenya|Busia]] [[7 Julai]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kenya]], [[mwanaharakati]] wa elimu, na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa [[kaunti ya Busia]] katika bunge la Kitaifa la Kenya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=300 needy students benefit from bursary |url=https://nairobireview.africa/300-needy-students-benefit-bursary/ |accessdate=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929081946/https://nairobireview.africa/300-needy-students-benefit-bursary/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inspiration |url=https://www.intlschoolforchampions.org/inspiration |accessdate=2024-06-29 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218103621/https://www.intlschoolforchampions.org/inspiration |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Baba yake alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nne, na mamake alikataa kuwa mke wa kaka wa mumewe kama ilivyokuwa desturi. Familia ya mume wake ililiona hili kama tusi na mama yake alilazimika kusimamia bila wao. Omanyo alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya watoto kumi &lt;ref name=isfc&gt;{{Cite web|title=Inspiration|url=https://www.intlschoolforchampions.org/inspiration|access-date=18 December 2021|website=International School for Champions|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218103621/https://www.intlschoolforchampions.org/inspiration|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na alikuwa na hamu sana ya kupata elimu lakini mama yake hakuweza kumudu karo ya shule. Omanyo angeingia darasani kwa siri kumsikiliza mwalimu, lakini alipogunduliwa angeadhibiwa na kufukuzwa shule.&lt;ref name=coynyt&gt;{{Cite news|last=Coy|first=Peter|date=13 December 2021|title=Opinion {{!}} Education Is Like a Beautiful Garden|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/13/opinion/philanthropy-giving-education.html|access-date=18 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo [[1998]], Omanyo alikubaliwa na ufadhili wa masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi na kufua nguo ili kumudu masomo. &lt;ref name=pok&gt;{{Cite web|title=Catherine Omayno|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/the-national-assembly/hon-omanyo-catherine-nakhabi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiwa na mshtuko kwamba watoto wengi wanaoishi katika vitongoji duni vya Nairobi walikuwa wavivu kwa sababu hawakuweza kumudu karo ya shule, alianza kuwasomesha watoto wa eneo hilo. Idadi yake ya wanafunzi ilipoongezeka, hatimaye alianzisha shule ndogo iitwayo ''Imprezza Academy''. &lt;ref name=wic&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women Influence Community Forum|url=http://www.womeninfluence.club/stories/Citizen/catherine-nakhabi-omanyo/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=www.womeninfluence.club|archive-date=2024-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621135513/http://www.womeninfluence.club/stories/Citizen/catherine-nakhabi-omanyo/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shule ilianza [[Nairobi]] mwaka [[2001]].
==Kazi==

===Uanaharakati===
Mwaka 2006, Omanyo alianza kampeni ya kufukiza wadudu ili kutokomeza [[Tunga penetrans|viroboto wa jigger]]. Kampeni hiyo inaendelea hadi leo na imesababisha mamia ya nyumba kutibiwa.&lt;ref name=wic/&gt;

Kutokana na ghasia za 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis, Omanyo alilazimika kufunga Imprezza Academy. Aliondoka pamoja na walimu wachache na watoto thelathini ambao hawakuweza kuachwa nyuma kwani shule hiyo ndiyo ilikuwa tumaini lao pekee. Dereva wa lori aliyewasafirisha aliuawa na umati alipokuwa akirejea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=chrispinus|first=juma|date=10 January 2018|title=Jubilee MP threatens to join NASA|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/politics/didmas-barasa-jubilee-mp-threatens-to-join-nasa/6mqykd9|access-date=18 December 2021|website=Pulselive Kenya|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omanyo alirudi Busia County mwaka 2008 na kufungua upya shule hiyo kama International School for Champions karibu na Matayos.

Mwaka 2009, Omanyo alitumia wiki mbili kutembelea Teignmouth huko Devon ili kuwashukuru wakazi wa eneo hilo kwa msaada wao kwa shule. Alikutana na wafadhili wengi wa shule na alishangazwa kuona watu wachache waliokuwa wembamba huko Devon, hadi alipotambua kuwa upatikanaji wa chakula haukuwa tatizo kama ilivyo Kenya.&lt;ref name=b2009&gt;{{Cite web|title=Catherine travels 4,500 miles to say thanks|url=[http://www.middevonadvertiser.co.uk/article.cfm?id=644&amp;headline=Catherine%20travels%204,500%20miles%20to%20say%20thanks&amp;sectionIs=news&amp;searchyear=2009|access-date=18](http://www.middevonadvertiser.co.uk/article.cfm?id=644&amp;headline=Catherine%20travels%204,500%20miles%20to%20say%20thanks&amp;sectionIs=news&amp;searchyear=2009|access-date=18) December 2021|website=Mid-Devon Advertiser|language=en|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211217123734/https://www.middevonadvertiser.co.uk/article.cfm?id=644&amp;headline=Catherine%20travels%204,500%20miles%20to%20say%20thanks&amp;sectionIs=news&amp;searchyear=2009|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20211217123734/https://www.middevonadvertiser.co.uk/article.cfm?id=644&amp;headline=Catherine%20travels%204,500%20miles%20to%20say%20thanks&amp;sectionIs=news&amp;searchyear=2009|url-status=dead}})&lt;/ref&gt;Mwaka 2017, alifanya jaribio lake la tatu kugombea nafasi ya ubunge. Idadi ndogo ya wanawake huchaguliwa licha ya sheria inayotaka uwiano wa kijinsia usiozidi theluthi mbili. Mwaka uliofuata, alikuwa miongoni mwa waliopinga uteuzi wa Mawaziri wa Rais Kenyatta ambapo wote sita waliopendekezwa walikuwa wanaume (bila kujumuisha waliotarajiwa kuteuliwa baadaye).&lt;ref name=&quot;b20092&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Catherine travels 4,500 miles to say thanks|url=http://www.middevonadvertiser.co.uk/article.cfm?id=644&amp;headline=Catherine%20travels%204,500%20miles%20to%20say%20thanks&amp;sectionIs=news&amp;searchyear=2009|access-date=18 December 2021|website=Mid-Devon Advertiser|language=en|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217123734/https://www.middevonadvertiser.co.uk/article.cfm?id=644&amp;headline=Catherine%20travels%204,500%20miles%20to%20say%20thanks&amp;sectionIs=news&amp;searchyear=2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2021, shule ya Omanyo ilichaguliwa kuwa moja ya chaguo nne bora za kusaidia kuboresha elimu katika makala ya ''[[The New York Times]]''. Mwandishi Peter Coy alipendekeza [[Wikimedia Foundation]], Khan Academy, Children International pamoja na Omanyo na shule yake. Coy alimchagua Omanyo kwa sababu alikuwa amewahi kusaidia shule hiyo hapo awali.&lt;ref name=&quot;coynyt&quot; /&gt;

Mwaka 2023, alihamasisha nchi kusaidia wasichana wanaopata hedhi kwa kuwapatia taulo za kike, hatua ambayo ingesaidia afya zao na kuongeza mahudhurio yao shuleni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kweyu|first=Collins|title=Support girls with menstrual health products, Busia woman rep tells stakeholders|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/reproductive-health/article/2001474716/support-girls-with-menstrual-health-products-busia-woman-rep-tells-stakeholders|access-date=2024-11-09|website=Health|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwezi Septemba alitangaza mfuko wa shilingi milioni 10 kutekeleza agizo la mwaka 2017 la Rais wa nne wa Kenya [[Uhuru Kenyatta]]. Alisema kuwa taulo za kike, si fedha, ndizo zitasambazwa nchini kote, na fedha zimetengwa na Waziri wa Utumishi wa Umma [[Aisha Jumwa]] kugharamia hilo.

===Kazi ya kisiasa===
Mwaka 2022, Omanyo alichaguliwa kuingia National Assembly (Kenya) kama mwakilishi wa wanawake wa kaunti kwa Busia County.&lt;ref name=&quot;ta2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Otuoma, Omtatah, And Omanyo Declared  Elect Leaders Of Busia County|url=https://www.talkafrica.co.ke/otwoma-omtatah-and-omanyo-declared-elect-leaders-of-busia-county//}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ochieng|first=Angeline|title=Catherine Omanyo: From 'little girl' to building widows’ homes and breaking barriers in Busia|date=26 September 2025|newspaper=Daily Nation|access-date=12 February 2026|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/catherine-omanyo-from-little-girl-to-building-widows-homes-and-breaking-barriers-in-busia-5205014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260212150017/https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/catherine-omanyo-from-little-girl-to-building-widows-homes-and-breaking-barriers-in-busia-5205014|archive-date=12 February 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yeye ni mmoja wa Manaibu Makatibu Wakuu wa chama cha ODM na aliteuliwa kuwa Kaimu Katibu Mkuu tarehe 11 Februari 2026, baada ya Edwin Sifuna kuondolewa. Hata hivyo, kuondolewa kwake kulisimamishwa na Mahakama ya Migogoro ya Vyama vya Siasa (PPDT) tarehe 12 Februari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Wangui|first1=Joseph|last2=Kiplagat|first2=Sam|title=Relief for Sifuna as tribunal halts ODM ouster plan|date=12 February 2026|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/relief-for-sifuna-as-tribunal-halts-odm-ouster-plan--5357084|newspaper=Daily Nation|access-date=12 February 2026|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260212160439/https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/relief-for-sifuna-as-tribunal-halts-odm-ouster-plan--5357084|archive-date=12 February 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Msaada==
Shule hiyo inapata msaada kutoka kwa watu wa Uingereza na Marekani. Msichana wa Kiingereza mwenye umri wa miaka 16, Sarah Hulme wa Torquay Girls' Grammar School, alitembelea shule hiyo na aliporejea Uingereza alianza kuchangisha fedha.&lt;ref name=b2009/&gt; Shirika la hisani lilianzishwa mwaka uliofuata. Wengine, akiwemo mwalimu mkuu, walijihusisha na mji huo unachangisha pauni 475 kila wiki kusaidia shule. Shule pia imepokea ufadhili kutoka kwa serikali ya Uingereza kupitia Department for International Development kugharamia walimu na mpango wa kubadilishana walimu tisa.&lt;ref name=wic/&gt;

==Maisha binafsi==
Omanyo ameolewa na Daron, mchungaji mzaliwa wa Marekani. Wana watoto wawili, Cindy na Sandra.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Kenya}}
[[jamii:waliozaliwa 1978]]
[[jamii:watu walio hai]]
[[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]]
[[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]]
[[jamii:wanasiasa wa Kenya]]
[[jamii:wanawake wa Kenya]]
[[jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]]
[[jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]]</text>
      <sha1>twfzhma3vz3eq4r5g4pylzlzb7nwzyu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>184244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538478</id>
      <parentid>1530568</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="963" sha1="ryaujfmtkz8sqo8kfzxv02t6uiperkv" xml:space="preserve">'''Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin''', kinachojulikana pia kama Unilorin, ni chuo kikuu kinachomilikiwa na serikali ya shirikisho kilichopo Ilorin, Jimbo la [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]], Nigeria. Chuo kikuu kipo kwenye eneo kubwa la ardhi, takriban hekta 15,000 katika mji wa kale wa [[Ilorin]]; na hivyo kuwa chuo kikuu kikubwa zaidi nchini Nigeria na mojawapo ya vikubwa zaidi barani Afrika kwa ukubwa wa ardhi. Chuo kikuu kina jumla ya vitivo 17 na zaidi ya idara 100 za masomo. Kilianzishwa kwa amri ya serikali ya kijeshi ya shirikisho mnamo [[Agosti]], [[1975]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Universities Commission|url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-04-26|accessdate=2024-07-13|archive-date=2015-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426070234/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Jimbo la Kwara]]
[[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:AWC GWEI]]</text>
      <sha1>ryaujfmtkz8sqo8kfzxv02t6uiperkv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carrie Hall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>194676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538490</id>
      <parentid>1530551</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:03:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="408" sha1="1gjhgl9xtgdgg1piums70rcoh6kzjjs" xml:space="preserve">'''Carrie May Hall''' ([[Julai 5]], [[1874]] – [[Novemba 17]], [[1963]]) alikuwa [[muuguzi]] aliyeshikilia nafasi kadhaa za uongozi wa juu katika [[hospitali]] na ndani ya [[Shirika la Msalaba Mwekundu]] la Marekani wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1874]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1963]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1gjhgl9xtgdgg1piums70rcoh6kzjjs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chenhamo Chimutengwende</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>197850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538505</id>
      <parentid>1530562</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:13:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538505</origin>
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      <text bytes="657" sha1="su13snnq1kvv24plui6h7mdcuwg6p88" xml:space="preserve">'''Chenhamo Chakezha &quot;Chen&quot; Chimutengwende''' ([[28 Agosti]] [[1943]] – [[16 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Zimbabwe]] aliyewahi kuwa [[Waziri]] wa masuala ya umma na mahusiano ya kijamii. Alikuwa mfuasi wa muda mrefu wa ''Robert Mugabe''. Mnamo [[31 Machi]] [[2008]], alipoteza kiti chake cha ubunge katika uchaguzi mkuu, hatua ambayo ilihitimisha miaka 23 ya kazi yake kama [[Mbunge]]. Tangu [[Septemba]] [[2009]], alikuwa mwenyekiti wa shirika la ''Zimbabwe Foundation for Sustainable Development.''  

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Zimbabwe]]</text>
      <sha1>su13snnq1kvv24plui6h7mdcuwg6p88</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johannes Dyba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202428</id>
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        <username>SajoR</username>
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      <text bytes="754" sha1="9xl3bo91vwpdrhkzkkc7ubdyphnvsml" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Johannes_Dyba.jpg|right|thumb|Johannes Dyba in 1995.]]
[[Faili:Coat of arms of Johannes Dyba.svg|thumb]]
'''Johannes Dyba''' (15 Septemba [[1929]] – 23 Julai [[2000]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Ujerumani]] ambaye aliongoza Dayosisi ya Fulda kuanzia mwaka 1983 hadi kifo chake. 

Katika hatua za awali za taaluma yake, alihudumu katika Huduma ya Kidiplomasia ya Vatikani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Military Ordinariate of Deutsches Militärordinariat, Germany|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/germ0.htm|website=GCatholic|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-Mkristo}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]
[[Jamii:maaskofu Wakatoliki]]</text>
      <sha1>9xl3bo91vwpdrhkzkkc7ubdyphnvsml</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carly Pearce</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538481</id>
      <parentid>1530543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:57:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538481</origin>
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      <text bytes="1221" sha1="6blv0pv5dh7d2l559m9ohkhles9nlri" xml:space="preserve">'''Carly Pearce''' (alizaliwa '''Carly Cristyne Slusser'''; [[24 Aprili]] [[1990]])&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/carly-pearce-mn0000585748/biography| title = Carly Pearce biography|last=Deming|first=Mark|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-date=October 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016014130/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/carly-pearce-mn0000585748/biography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[muziki wa country]] kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Snapp |first1=Lauryn | title = Carly Pearce's Real-Life Cinderella Story|url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2019-05-08-carly-pearces-real-life-cinderella-story/ |website=[[iHeart Radio]] | date = Mei 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Kaplan |first1=Ilana |title=Tim McGraw Reveals Dates for 'Standing Room Only' Tour with Special Guest Carly Pearce |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=July 28, 2023 |url=https://people.com/tim-mcgraw-announces-2024-standing-room-only-tour-carly-pearce-opens-7567105 |access-date=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
{{BD|1990|}}
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>6blv0pv5dh7d2l559m9ohkhles9nlri</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cynthia Nwadiora</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12231" sha1="f9auzy5emo0akk2us45c9d7sk88v6z6" xml:space="preserve">{{tafsiri kompyuta}}
'''Cynthia Nwadiora''' (anajulikana kwa jina la '''Cee-C''', alizaliwa 6 Novemba 1992) ni mwanasheria wa [[Nigeria]], mwigizaji,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stella|date=16 Desemba 2018|title=Mtindo wa Ukweli Ceec Anasherehekea Miaka 4 ya Kuitwa Kwenye Baraza la Wakili wa Nigeria|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2018/12/reality-star-ceec-celebrates-4-years-of.html?m=1|access-date=28 Desemba 2023|website=korkus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=PM news|date=1 Agosti 2019 |title=Mwanamgeni wa zamani wa BBNaija, Ceec anafanya mwonekano wake wa kwanza wa Nollywood|url= https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/08/01/ex-bbnaija-housemate-ceec-makes-nollywood-debut/?amp=1|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[P.M. News]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; mwanamitindo na mtu wa televisheni ya ukweli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jennifer |first1=Okundia |title=Ceec anasherehekea miaka sita ya kuitwa kwenye baraza la wakili|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/11/25/ceec-marks-six-years-of-being-called-to-bar/?amp=1|work=[[P.M. News]] |date=25 Novemba 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ameonekana kwenye vipindi ''Big Brother Naija'' msimu wa 3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tolulope|first=Aderoje|date=22 Juni 2019|title=Migogoro kama Uti Nwachukwu anamwita Cee-C mwanamgeni aliyefanikiwa zaidi wa BB Naija 2018|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/drama-as-uti-nwachukwu-names-cee-c-most-successful-bb-naija-2018-housemate/amp/|access-date=28 Desemba 2023|website=Vanguard News}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Big Brother Naija'' msimu wa 8 kama mwanamgeni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adetutu |first=Sobowale |date=1 Oktoba 2023 |title=Fainali ya BBNaija: CeeC amefukuzwa kutoka Nyumbani|url=https://punchng.com/bbnaija-final-ceec-evicted-from-the-house/?amp|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[The Punch|Gazeti la Punch]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dstv |date=18 Septemba 2023 |title=Siku ya 57 – 18 Sept: Ceec, Ilebaye na Mercy Eke wanajiunga na Cross kwenye fainali ya All Stars|url=https://www.dstv.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/big-brother-naija/season/8/videos/live-show-11-1-oct-ceec-s-all-stars-journey-bbnaija/video|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[DStv]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishinda tuzo ya Mwongozaji wa Mitindo wa Mwaka kwenye Hafla ya Oktoba ya Kijani ya Gazeti la La Mode mnamo 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GistLover |date=2 Oktoba 2018 |title=Mtindo wa Ukweli, Cee-C Anashinda Tuzo ya Mwongozaji wa Mitindo wa Mwaka|url=https://www.gistlover.com/reality-show-star-cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=Gist Lover|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tomilayo|first=Adeiye|date=3 Oktoba 2018|title=Cee-C wa BBNaija Anashinda Tuzo ya Mwongozaji wa Mitindo wa Mwaka 2018|url=https://thenet.ng/bbnaijas-cee-c-wins-2018-fashion-influencer-year-award/|access-date=28 Desemba 2023|website=The Net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa balozi wa chapa ya GetFit, chapa ya mazoezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayo|first=Onikoyi |date=25 Julai 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Ceec, Tacha wamefunuliwa kuwa mabalozi wa chapa ya GetFit|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/bimbo-ademoye-ceec-tacha-unveiled-as-brand-ambassadors-for-getfit/amp/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu==
Cynthia Nwadiora alizaliwa [[Jimbo la Enugu|Enugu]] lakini anatoka Ozubulu, [[Jimbo la Anambra|Anambra]], Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adam|first=Mosadioluwa|date=25 Septemba 2023 |title=BBNaija 2018: Ukweli 5 kuhusu mwanamgeni aliyefukuzwa: CeeC|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bbnaijaallstars-5-quick-facts-about-mercy-ilebaye-ceec-other-finalists/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[Nigerian Tribune|Tribune Online]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihudhuria Shule ya Wasichana ya Serikali ya Shirikisho huko Ibusa, Jimbo la Delta, ambapo alimaliza elimu yake ya sekondari. Alisoma sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Madonna (Nigeria) huko Okija.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 Machi 2023|title=Wasifu wa Elimu wa Cee-C|url=https://presspay.ng/news/2023/03/03/education-profile-of-cee-c/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023|website=Press|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226193229/https://presspay.ng/news/2023/03/03/education-profile-of-cee-c/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Adeoluwa|first=Atayero|date=1 Machi 2018 |title=BBNaija 2018: Cee-C Alidaiwa Kufeli Shule ya Sheria Mara Mbili|url=https://thenet.ng/bbnaija-2018-cee-c-allegedly-failed-law-school-twice/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[The Netng|The Net]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi==
Nwadiora alijiunga na kipindi cha ukweli ''Big Brother Naija'' msimu wa 3,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sunny Green|first=Itodo|date=25 Julai 2023 |title=BBNaija All Stars: Nilipitia mengi kiakili katika msimu wa 'Double Wahala' – CeeC|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/25/bbnaija-all-stars-i-went-through-a-lot-mentally-in-double-wahala-season-ceec/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Maymunah|first=Ajetunmobi|date=2 Oktoba 2023 |title=BBNaija All Stars: CeeC Ameinuliwa Wazi, Akawa Mwanamgeni wa 3 Kufukuzwa Kutoka Fainali, Watu wa Mtandao|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/tv-shows/1556543-bbnaija-stars-ceec-visibly-shaken-3rd-housemate-evicted-finale-netizens-react/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na pia alionekana kwenye kipindi cha ukweli Ndani TGIF Show.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=BN|date=15 Februari 2019 |title=ANGALIA Cee-C kwenye Ndani TGIF Show|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/watch-cee-c-on-the-ndani-tgif-show/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anafanya kazi kama balozi wa chapa ya miwani House of Lunettes, Kampuni ya RealTech OxfordBuildBay, mwakilishi wa chapa ya mazoezi GetFit,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Naija|date=18 Mei 2018|title=BBNAIJA! Cee-C asaini mkataba wa ushirikiano na &quot;House of Lunettes&quot;|url=https://wuzupnigeria.ng/bbnaija-cee-c-signs-endorsement-deal-with-house-of-lunettes-photos/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=wuzupnigeria.ng|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kampuni ya kinywaji cha pombe na kipindi cha televisheni Amstel Malta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mtindo wa BBNaija, Cee-C Akawa Balozi wa Chapa ya Amstel Malta|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/bbnaija-stars-tobi-and-cee-c-become-amstel-maltas-brand-ambassador-photos/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=Saharaweeklyng|date=14 Februari 2019 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sidomex|date=14 Februari 2019|title=Kumjua balozi mpya wa chapa ya Amstel Malta|url=https://sidomexentertainment.com/latest-news/entertainment-news/meet-the-new-brand-ambassadors-for-amstel-malta/|access-date=28 Desemba 2023|website=Sidomex|archive-date=2025-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322101326/https://sidomexentertainment.com/latest-news/entertainment-news/meet-the-new-brand-ambassadors-for-amstel-malta/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji wa [[Nollywood]] kwenye filamu ''Fake Liars'' pamoja na Broda Shaggi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rotimi|first=Agbana|date=31 Julai 2019|title=Cee-C anafanya mwonekano wake wa kwanza wa Nollywood pamoja na Osuofia, Broda Shaggi, wengine katika 'Fake Liars'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/cee-c-makes-nollywood-debut-alongside-osuofia-broda-shaggi-others-in-fake-liars/amp/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

## Big Brother Nigeria
Mnamo 2018, Nwadiora alikuwa mmoja wa washiriki watano wa fainali wa ''Big Brother Naija'' msimu wa 3, pamoja na [[Alex Asogwa]], Miracle Igbokwe, Tobi na Nina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Anazia|first=Daniel|date=16 Aprili 2018|title=Imeshuka kwa Tobi, Cee C, Nina, Alex na Miracle!|url=https://www.dstv.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/big-brother-naija/season/4/news/it-s-down-to-tobi-cee-c-nina-alex-and-miracle/news|access-date=26 Desemba 2023|website=[[Dstv|Tovuti Rasmi ya DSTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Anazia|first=Daniel|date=21 Aprili 2018|title=Nani Atashinda Big Brother Naija… Tobi, Miracle, Cee C, Nina au Alex?|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/who-wins-big-brother-naija-tobi-miracle-cee-c-nina-or-alex/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023|website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishika nafasi ya pili.

Mnamo Julai 2023, alitangazwa kuwa mmoja wa washiriki wa msimu wa nane wa ''Big Brother Naija: All Stars''. Mnamo 1 Oktoba 2023, alifukuzwa kutoka kwenye kipindi hicho, akimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu (pili kufukuzwa) baada ya Mercy Eke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gist Lovers|date=1 Oktoba 2023|title=Wakati BBNaijaAllstars Nafasi ya Pili ya Kufukuzwa Ceec, Aliitwa 'Jani la Uchungu' Wakati wa Ukumbi Baada ya Kufukuzwa|url=https://www.gistlover.com/moment-bbnaijaallstars-second-runner-up-ceec-was-called-a-bitter-leaf-on-stage-following-eviction/|access-date=26 Desemba 2023 |website=Gist Lover|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filamu==

=== Televisheni===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Mwaka
!Jina
!Jukumu
!Maelezo
!Hali
|-
|2018
| ''[[Big Brother Naija (season 3)|Big Brother Naija 3]]''
| Mgombea 
| Kipindi cha Ukweli
Kipindi cha Michezo
|''Nafasi ya 2''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Biggie|date=22 Aprili 2018|title=Siku ya 85 'Fainali Kuu': Cee-C Ni Mshindi wa Pili wa Big Brother Naija 2018|url=https://bigbrothernaija.net/day-85-grand-finale-cee-c-1st-runner-up-big-brother-naija-2018/|access-date=28 Desemba 2023|website=[[Big Brother Naija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|''[[Big Brother Naija (season 8)|Big Brother Naija 8 All Stars]]''
| Mgombea 
|Kipindi cha Ukweli
Kipindi cha Michezo
|''Nafasi ya 3''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mohammed|first=Hammed|date=1 Oktoba 2023|title=BBNaija All Stars: CeeC amefukuzwa, anashika nafasi ya pili ya Msimu wa 8|url=https://www.gistreel.com/bbnaija-all-stars-ceec-evicted-emerges-second-runner-up-of-season-8/|access-date=28 Desemba 2023|website=Gist Reel}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Filamu==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Mwaka
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Jina
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Jukumu
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Maelezo
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''True Colour''
| Bi Davis
|Filamu ya Nigeria
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cee-C anashughulikia Ufutaji wa Ngozi kwenye Filamu Fupi ya Kwanza &quot;True Colour&quot;|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/08/cee-c-debut-short-film-true-colour/ |work=[[BellaNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tuzo na Uteuzi==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Mwaka
!Hafla
!Kategoria 
!Matokeo 
!Ref
|-
|2018
|Tuzo za Oktoba ya Kijani ya Gazeti la La Mode
|Mwongozaji wa Mitindo wa Mwaka
|{{won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 Oktoba 2018|title=Cee-C Anashinda Tuzo ya Mwongozaji wa Mitindo wa Mwaka|url=https://cliq.ng/other/cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/|access-date=30 Desemba 2023|website=Cliq Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322101326/https://cliq.ng/other/cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Tuzo za Mitandao ya Kijamii
|Mwongozaji wa Chapa na Mgunduzi wa Mwaka
|{{won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 Novemba 2018|title=#BBnaija: Wow! CeeC Anashinda Mwongozaji wa Chapa wa Mwaka Kwenye Tuzo za Mitandao ya Kijamii|last=Doris|url=https://www.mimidoris.com/2018/11/bbnaija-wow-ceec-wins-brand-influencer.html?m=1|access-date=30 Desemba 2023|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|[[Tuzo za ELOY]]
|Mtu wa Mitandao ya Kijamii wa Mwaka
|{{won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bella|first=Naija|date=26 Novemba 2018|title=Uche Pedro, Cee-C, Mercy Johnson wanashinda kwenye Tuzo za ELOY za 2018, Angalia Orodha Kamili ya Washindi|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/11/uche-pedro-2018-eloy-awards/|access-date=30 Desemba 2023|website=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Murtala|first=Abubakar|date=26 Novemba 2018|title=ORODHA KAMILI: Cee-C, Mercy Johnson, Lota Chukwu… washindi wa Tuzo za ELOY za 2018|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-eloy-awards-cee-c-mercy/|access-date=30 Desemba 2023|website=[[TheCable]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|[[Tuzo za ELOY]]
|Tuzo ya ELOY ya Ushawishi 
|{{won}}
|
|}

== Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>f9auzy5emo0akk2us45c9d7sk88v6z6</sha1>
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  <page>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="13" sha1="2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__</text>
      <sha1>2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sinja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>208333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538686</id>
      <parentid>1525893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Old</username>
        <id>19967</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Ibrahim Old alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Singa]] hadi [[Sinja]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="349" sha1="hm5s3rh6btu28wtfu0zrxoayqij2kfk" xml:space="preserve">'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Sudan]]. Mwaka 2025 ulikuwa na wakazi 250,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;City population&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/sudan|title=City Population in Sudan | access-date=6 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya miji ya Sudan]]

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu-jio-Sudan}}
[[Jamii:Miji ya Sudan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi</title>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules</comment>
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      <text bytes="11755" sha1="10y3njz1b2d5fawqymdcq6on9rrcrgc" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 6
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 56
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.39
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 5.79
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 90) || 813 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27891 || ↑ +27.0%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 4.7 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 162.2 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3220 || ↑ +10.0%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 514 || ↑ +26.0%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 457 || ↓ -16.3%
|-
| 10 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 90)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 44.3%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 350 || 43.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 56 || 6.9%
|-
| 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 41 || 5.0%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2026-20935-45|~2026-20935-45]] || 1 || 0.1%
|-
| 6 || [[User:|User:]] || 1 || 0.1%
|-
| 7 || [[User:Magnefl|Magnefl]] || 1 || 0.1%
|-
| 8 || [[User:NDG|NDG]] || 1 || 0.1%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Cromenio|Cromenio]] || 1 || 0.1%
|-
| 10 || [[User:Ziv|Ziv]] || 1 || 0.1%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>10y3njz1b2d5fawqymdcq6on9rrcrgc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538552</id>
      <parentid>1538549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:49:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1538552</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11475" sha1="1tl047reyrrtr9gqme88c9kx7i9u1uv" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 6
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 56
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.39
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 5.79
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 209 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21907 || ↑ +26.6%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.4 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 2 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 3 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 6 || [[Uingereza]] || 514 || ↑ +26.0%
|-
| 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 8 || [[Urusi]] || 457 || ↓ -16.3%
|-
| 9 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 446 || ↑ +73.5%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 131 || 62.7%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.7%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 10.0%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.6%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>1tl047reyrrtr9gqme88c9kx7i9u1uv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538554</id>
      <parentid>1538552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:52:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1538554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11477" sha1="1phntahw59a3mo3d6cpukfdq5j9co0l" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 6
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 56
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.39
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 5.79
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 209 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 32656 || ↑ +29.7%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 189.9 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3220 || ↑ +10.0%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 514 || ↑ +26.0%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 457 || ↓ -16.3%
|-
| 10 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 131 || 62.7%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.7%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 10.0%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.6%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>1phntahw59a3mo3d6cpukfdq5j9co0l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538565</id>
      <parentid>1538554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1538565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11477" sha1="s5ml8nielp8ibl2fmwh8xxa323dgmkp" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 6
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 56
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.39
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 5.79
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 33439 || ↑ +29.9%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 194.4 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3220 || ↑ +10.0%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 514 || ↑ +26.0%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 457 || ↓ -16.3%
|-
| 10 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>s5ml8nielp8ibl2fmwh8xxa323dgmkp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538571</id>
      <parentid>1538565</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1538571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11478" sha1="ptdfg7zdrm9ldp3t0mnvkd2blxyhj90" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 6
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 56
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.39
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 5.79
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 33630 || ↑ +30.1%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 195.5 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3220 || ↑ +10.0%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 514 || ↑ +26.0%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 457 || ↓ -16.3%
|-
| 10 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>ptdfg7zdrm9ldp3t0mnvkd2blxyhj90</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538573</id>
      <parentid>1538571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules</comment>
      <origin>1538573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11479" sha1="d3n5xonauocvvakng2jp0ctujgexzbp" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 33630 || ↑ +30.1%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 195.5 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3220 || ↑ +10.0%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 514 || ↑ +26.0%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 457 || ↓ -16.3%
|-
| 10 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>d3n5xonauocvvakng2jp0ctujgexzbp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538705</id>
      <parentid>1538573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1538705</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11482" sha1="0mmm61zcy4z1gjosie32qswi64o6rrx" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30715 || ↑ +32.5%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 178.6 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3220 || ↑ +10.0%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 8 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
| 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 446 || ↑ +73.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Ethiopia]] || 407 || ↑ +23.3%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>0mmm61zcy4z1gjosie32qswi64o6rrx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538707</id>
      <parentid>1538705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:38:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules</comment>
      <origin>1538707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11483" sha1="j72oy1vx8crbglsbc5m9yqup9yn126l" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30715 || ↑ +32.5%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 178.6 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3220 || ↑ +10.0%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1114 || ↓ -15.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 880 || ↓ -43.1%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +19.1%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 635 || ↑ +8.2%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 541 || ↑ +64.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 474 || ↓ -4.2%
|-
| 8 || [[Israeli]] || 448 || ↓ -60.5%
|-
| 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 446 || ↑ +73.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Ethiopia]] || 407 || ↑ +23.3%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>j72oy1vx8crbglsbc5m9yqup9yn126l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538867</id>
      <parentid>1538707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T07:24:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1538867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11456" sha1="kwdaqjzqgnh5h3lqfuorjnpiqeif5qt" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-08)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-08)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 204 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9475 || ↑ +34.6%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 55.1 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Irani]] || 848 || ↓ -42.3%
|-
| 2 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +16.9%
|-
| 3 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 556 || ↑ +66.0%
|-
| 4 || [[Uturuki]] || 468 || ↓ -6.2%
|-
| 5 || [[Vatikani]] || 410 || ↑ +55.3%
|-
| 6 || [[Hispania]] || 290 || ↑ +90.8%
|-
| 7 || [[Malawi]] || 283 || ↑ +108.1%
|-
| 8 || [[Nigeria]] || 281 || ↑ +43.4%
|-
| 9 || [[Shelisheli]] || 269 || ↑ +43.1%
|-
| 10 || [[Mali]] || 250 || ↑ +184.1%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 126 || 61.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 18.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 10.3%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.8%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>kwdaqjzqgnh5h3lqfuorjnpiqeif5qt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538868</id>
      <parentid>1538867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T07:25:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules</comment>
      <origin>1538868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11457" sha1="okiwbhwwmuta7wxckrwj15nrhly1fth" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-09)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-09)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 204 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9475 || ↑ +34.6%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 55.1 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Irani]] || 848 || ↓ -42.3%
|-
| 2 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +16.9%
|-
| 3 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 556 || ↑ +66.0%
|-
| 4 || [[Uturuki]] || 468 || ↓ -6.2%
|-
| 5 || [[Vatikani]] || 410 || ↑ +55.3%
|-
| 6 || [[Hispania]] || 290 || ↑ +90.8%
|-
| 7 || [[Malawi]] || 283 || ↑ +108.1%
|-
| 8 || [[Nigeria]] || 281 || ↑ +43.4%
|-
| 9 || [[Shelisheli]] || 269 || ↑ +43.1%
|-
| 10 || [[Mali]] || 250 || ↑ +184.1%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 126 || 61.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 18.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 10.3%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.8%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>okiwbhwwmuta7wxckrwj15nrhly1fth</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538874</id>
      <parentid>1538868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T07:52:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Makala */</comment>
      <origin>1538874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11443" sha1="eljyks4pe9owdljyg9fitd13vm30ia7" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==
{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-09)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-09)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 204 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9475 || ↑ +34.6%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 55.1 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Irani]] || 848 || ↓ -42.3%
|-
| 2 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +16.9%
|-
| 3 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 556 || ↑ +66.0%
|-
| 4 || [[Uturuki]] || 468 || ↓ -6.2%
|-
| 5 || [[Vatikani]] || 410 || ↑ +55.3%
|-
| 6 || [[Hispania]] || 290 || ↑ +90.8%
|-
| 7 || [[Malawi]] || 283 || ↑ +108.1%
|-
| 8 || [[Nigeria]] || 281 || ↑ +43.4%
|-
| 9 || [[Shelisheli]] || 269 || ↑ +43.1%
|-
| 10 || [[Mali]] || 250 || ↑ +184.1%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 126 || 61.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 18.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 10.3%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.8%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>eljyks4pe9owdljyg9fitd13vm30ia7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539030</id>
      <parentid>1538874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1539030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11470" sha1="stfdqdv3use3emw80k8ai4rytlf7asv" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==
{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-09)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-09)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30414 || ↑ +30.3%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 176.8 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3225 || ↑ +9.5%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1120 || ↓ -12.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 848 || ↓ -42.3%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +16.9%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 626 || ↑ +4.9%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 556 || ↑ +66.0%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 502 || ↑ +19.2%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 468 || ↓ -6.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 462 || ↓ -14.4%
|-
| 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 449 || ↑ +71.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>stfdqdv3use3emw80k8ai4rytlf7asv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539031</id>
      <parentid>1539030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle157</username>
        <id>73366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Takwimu */</comment>
      <origin>1539031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11459" sha1="32ffl1x47ks1o0vpm9ilmaimu1epzzh" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==
{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-09)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 7
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 55
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-09)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.94
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.58
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==
===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30414 || ↑ +30.3%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 176.8 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3225 || ↑ +9.5%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1120 || ↓ -12.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 848 || ↓ -42.3%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +16.9%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 626 || ↑ +4.9%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 556 || ↑ +66.0%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 502 || ↑ +19.2%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 468 || ↓ -6.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 462 || ↓ -14.4%
|-
| 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 449 || ↑ +71.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>32ffl1x47ks1o0vpm9ilmaimu1epzzh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539033</id>
      <parentid>1539031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules</comment>
      <origin>1539033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11460" sha1="gixnsb7rtaojtjqtl5ji97w1nttd4kt" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==

{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-05-09)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 53
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 75
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 31
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-05-09)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.09
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.25
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.10
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.08
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.15
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 2.79
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|}

==Takwimu==
===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 172 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku 30) || 217 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30414 || ↑ +30.3%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 1.3 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 176.8 || —
|}

===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3225 || ↑ +9.5%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1120 || ↓ -12.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Irani]] || 848 || ↓ -42.3%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↑ +16.9%
|-
| 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 626 || ↑ +4.9%
|-
| 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 556 || ↑ +66.0%
|-
| 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 502 || ↑ +19.2%
|-
| 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 468 || ↓ -6.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Urusi]] || 462 || ↓ -14.4%
|-
| 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 449 || ↑ +71.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 30)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 139 || 64.1%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 37 || 17.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 21 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 20 || 9.2%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>gixnsb7rtaojtjqtl5ji97w1nttd4kt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amaggunju</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>209341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538476</id>
      <parentid>1533266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5559" sha1="lurzw4t0s7r05b3dezb9tp82seb6w8u" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 350px; font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; background-color:#f2f2f2; padding: 0.6em;&quot; | Amaggunju (ngoma ya Waganda)
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; padding: 0.3em;&quot; | [[File:Ndere troupe dancers performing the Amaggunju 13.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 85%; padding: 0.3em;&quot; | '''Wachezaji ngoma ya Amaggunju katika tamasha la kitamaduni'''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Jina
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Amaggunju
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Jamii inayocheza
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Baganda
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Eneo
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Uganda ya Kati {{flagicon|Uganda}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Aina
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Ngoma ya kifalme ya kitamaduni
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Dhumuni
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Kutuliza mfalme mchanga, sherehe za kifalme, harusi, tamaduni
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Asili ya kihistoria
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Ilianzia ikulu ya Kabaka mwaka 1582, wakati wa malkia Namulondo
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Vyombo vya muziki
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Ngoma, kengele za miguuni
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Mitindo ya kucheza
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Harakati za nguvu, midundo ya kipekee, mchanganyiko wa wanaume na wanawake
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Hapo awali
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Ilikuwa ya jamii ya Obutiko pekee na ya kifalme
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Leo
| style=&quot;text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;&quot; | Inachezwa pia na watu wa kawaida katika hafla za kijamii
|}
'''Amaggunju''' ni [[ngoma]] ya kitamaduni ya watu wa [[Buganda]], ambao ni kabila kubwa zaidi nchini [[Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cultural dance: Celebrating unity in diversity |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title=Why we dance the way we do |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/entertainment/why-we-dance-the-way-we-do--1608312 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngoma hii ya kifalme huchezwa wakati wa hafla muhimu kama vile kutawazwa kwa mfalme, [[harusi]], na matukio mengine ya kitamaduni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amaggunju dance -- [Digital Collection of East African Recordings] |url=https://diglib.library.vanderbilt.edu/displayitem.pl?RC=274 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=diglib.library.vanderbilt.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Miongoni mwa sifa kuu za ngoma hii ni upigaji wa ngoma kwa mtindo wa kipekee na harakati za nguvu zinazofanywa na wanaume na wanawake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Historia ==
Ngoma ya Amaggunju ilianzia miongoni mwa [[Waganda]], na ina umuhimu mkubwa wa kihistoria kwa kuwa ilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika ikulu ya kifalme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music &amp; Dance in Buganda Culture – BEING AFRICAN |url=https://beingafrican.com/music-art-and-dance-in-the-buganda-culture/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130170338/https://beingafrican.com/music-art-and-dance-in-the-buganda-culture/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Historia ya ngoma hii inarudi nyuma hadi mwaka 1582, wakati wa utawala wa [[Kabaka Mulondo]]. Kabaka huyu alifariki bila kuacha mrithi wa kiume, ingawa wake zake kadhaa walikuwa wajawazito wakati wa kifo chake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  Waganga wa jadi na wapiga ramli walijaribu kubaini ni mke yupi aliyekuwa na ujauzito wa mtoto wa kiume, kwa sababu ilikuwa kinyume cha mila ya kifalme mwanamke kutawala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mke mmoja aliyeitwa Namulondo, ambaye aliaminika kuwa na mimba ya mtoto wa kiume, alikalia kiti cha enzi kwa niaba ya mwanawe ambaye alikuwa hajazaliwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  Jamii iliamini kuwa si Namulondo aliyekuwa akitawala, bali mwana wake ambaye alikuwa tumboni. Alipozaliwa, mtoto huyo alianza kutawala akiwa bado mtoto mchanga. Kwa kuwa Baganda wanaamini kuwa wafalme hawapaswi kulia, kwani kulia huleta mikosi na laana kwa ufalme, walitaka kuhakikisha kwamba mtoto huyo hapati huzuni wala kulia. Hivyo basi, wajomba na mashangazi wa mtoto walijipamba kwa kengele miguuni na wakaanza kucheza kwa furaha ili kumfurahisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thoughts |first=Angel's |date=2016-07-27 |title=WHEN UGANDANS DANCE |url=https://angelinahblog.wordpress.com/2016/07/27/when-ugandans-dance/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=AngeI'S THOUGHTS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngoma hiyo ilikuja kujulikana kama ngoma ya Amaggunju.Awali, ngoma hii ilikuwa maalum kwa watu wa kabila la Obutiko (jamii ya [[uyoga]]), na ilichezwa tu ndani ya jumba la kifalme. Hata hivyo, kwa sasa, ngoma hii imeenea zaidi na watu wa kawaida pia huweza kuicheza katika matukio mbalimbali ya kijamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-utamaduni}}
[[Jamii:Buganda]]
[[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]]
[[Jamii:Ngoma]]</text>
      <sha1>lurzw4t0s7r05b3dezb9tp82seb6w8u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caroline Gombakomba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>222164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538489</id>
      <parentid>1530549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:03:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2463" sha1="k2ff9n00ptkv4oky9x9vrjbkqfaty4a" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline Gombakomba''' (1968 - 2008) alikuwa [[mwandishi wa habari]] na [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] na [[televisheni]] kutoka nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. 

Alifahamika zaidi kwa kazi yake katika shirika la utangazaji la taifa nchini humo (''Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation - ZBC''), ambapo alihudumu kwa miaka mingi kama mwanahabari mwenye ushawishi, hususan katika kuripoti habari za kijamii na matukio ya kitaifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carole Gombakomba: A unique Zimbabwean voice is lost|url=https://cpj.org/2008/12/carole-gombakomba-a-unique-zimbabwean-voice-is-los/|work=Committee to Protect Journalists|date=2008-12-26|accessdate=2026-02-04|language=en-US|author=Brendan Murphy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha na elimu ==
Caroline Gombakomba alizaliwa na kukulia nchini Zimbabwe ambapo alipata elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari. Baadaye alijiunga na masomo ya uandishi wa habari na mawasiliano ya umma. Mapenzi yake katika utangazaji yalianza kuonekana tangu mapema, jambo lililompelekea kujiunga na tasnia ya habari ili kuwa sauti ya wananchi wa Zimbabwe.

== Kazi ==
Katika maisha yake ya kikazi, Caroline amekuwa sura na sauti inayofahamika sana kupitia vituo vya ZBC. Amefanya kazi kama mtangazaji wa habari (news anchor) na mtayarishaji wa programu mbalimbali za redio zinazogusa maisha ya kila siku ya watu wa Zimbabwe. Uzoefu wake katika uandishi wa habari umemsaidia kusimamia mijadala muhimu inayohusu maendeleo ya nchi, utamaduni, na haki za wanawake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-10-30|title=Carole Gombakomba Orangarirwa muWashington DC neMugovera|url=https://www.voashona.com/a/a-65-2009-10-30-voa4/1473724.html|access-date=2025-02-20|website=Voice of America|language=sn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbali na utangazaji, amehusika katika usimamizi wa maudhui ya habari na amekuwa mshauri kwa waandishi wa habari chipukizi ndani ya shirika la utangazaji la taifa. Caroline anasifika kwa uwezo wake wa kuwahoji viongozi na watu mashuhuri kwa weledi, huku akidumisha maadili ya uandishi wa habari katika mazingira yenye changamoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mapimhidze|first=Ropafadzo|date=2011-07-15|title=Saturday dialogue: Women journalists suffer in silence|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/columnists/article/248742/saturday-dialogue-women-journalists-suffer-in-silence|access-date=2025-02-20|website=NewsDay|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]]</text>
      <sha1>k2ff9n00ptkv4oky9x9vrjbkqfaty4a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carol Alyek Beyanga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>222283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538485</id>
      <parentid>1523631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
      <origin>1538485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3715" sha1="sh3miz03arsk2kjgae0af79dgcfa4f7" xml:space="preserve">'''Carol Alyek Beyanga''' (alizaliwa [[1979]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] [[mwandamizi]] na mhariri kutoka nchini [[Uganda]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carol Alyek Beyanga|url=https://wan-ifra.org/event_speakers/72430/|work=WAN-IFRA|accessdate=2026-02-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Anafahamika zaidi kwa uongozi wake katika [[gazeti]] la ''Daily Monitor'', ambapo amehudumu katika nyadhifa mbalimbali za juu ikiwemo Mhariri wa Makala (''Features Editor'') na Mhariri Mtendaji anayehusika na maudhui ya kidijitali na uzalishaji. Pia ni mtetezi mkubwa wa weledi katika uandishi wa habari na uendelezaji wa vipaji vya wanahabari vijana&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Carol Beyanga - Managing Editor, NMG Digital|url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/tv-anchors/carol-beyanga-managing-editor-nmg-digital-2421298|work=NTV Uganda|language=en|access-date=2026-02-05|archive-date=2025-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802182534/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/tv-anchors/carol-beyanga-managing-editor-nmg-digital-2421298|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Carol Beyanga alipata elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari nchini Uganda. Alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] ambapo alihitimu [[Shahada ya awali]] katika Mawasiliano ya Umma. Baadaye, alijiendeleza kimasomo nchini [[Uingereza]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Leicester, ambapo alihitimu [[Shahada ya uzamili]] katika masuala ya habari na Mawasiliano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carol Beyanga|url=https://borderdialogues.com/conference-speaker/carol-beyanga/|work=Border Dialogues|accessdate=2026-02-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Elimu yake imekuwa msingi wa weledi wake katika kusimamia maudhui ya habari yanayozingatia maadili na ubora.

== Kazi ==
Beyanga alianza kazi yake katika kampuni ya Monitor Publications Limited (MPL) kama mwandishi na baadaye kupanda ngazi kutokana na umakini wake katika uhariri. Akiwa mhariri wa makala, alileta mageuzi katika namna hadithi za kijamii, afya, na elimu zinavyosimuliwa, akizipa uzito sawa na habari za kisiasa. Amehusika kwa kiasi kikubwa katika mchakato wa kuhamisha maudhui ya gazeti hilo kutoka mfumo wa karatasi kwenda katika mifumo ya kidijitali&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Journalism Department Holds Annual Media Convention 2023: Youth, Media &amp; Communication Professionals Challenged to Harness Digital Media to Preserve Culture|url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2023/10/journalism-department-holds-annual-media-convention-2023-youth-media-communication-professionals-challenged-to-harness-digital-media-to-preserve-culture/|work=Makerere University News|date=2023-10-18|accessdate=2026-02-05|language=en-US|author=Jane Anyango}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mbali na kazi yake ya kila siku ya uhariri, Carol ni mshauri na mwalimu kwa waandishi wa habari wengi nchini Uganda. Amekuwa akiongoza mafunzo mbalimbali ya uandishi na kuhimiza ushiriki wa wanawake katika nafasi za maamuzi ndani ya vyumba vya habari. Pia, amekuwa akijihusisha na miradi mbalimbali ya kijamii inayolenga kuboresha maisha ya wanawake na watoto kupitia habari.

== Uongozi na mchango wa kitaaluma ==
Mbali na majukumu yake ya uhariri, Beyanga ameshiriki katika majukwaa mbalimbali ya kitaifa na kimataifa yanayohusu maendeleo ya vyombo vya habari. Amechangia mijadala kuhusu mustakabali wa uandishi wa habari barani Afrika, akisisitiza umuhimu wa uhuru wa vyombo vya habari, uwazi, na uwajibikaji. Pia amekuwa akihamasisha uwepo wa wanawake katika nafasi za uongozi ndani ya sekta ya habari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carol Alyek Beyanga|url=https://wan-ifra.org/event_speakers/72430/|work=WAN-IFRA|access-date=2026-02-05}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>sh3miz03arsk2kjgae0af79dgcfa4f7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Culton Scovia Nakamya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>222306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538520</id>
      <parentid>1530575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:30:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tuzo na heshima */</comment>
      <origin>1538520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4657" sha1="fi6j0pnm56j0qcagliw0ksosm68ku39" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person
| jina               = Culton Scovia Nakamya
| tarehe_kuzaliwa    = 1993
| uraia              = [[Uganda]]
| elimu              = Taasisi ya Maendeleo ya Jamii ya Makerere; Taasisi ya Filamu na Televisheni ya Uganda; Shule ya Sekondari Balibaseka; Shule ya Msingi St Andrews; Shule ya Msingi St Pius Naddangira
| kazi               = [[Mwanahabari]]
| anajulikana_kwa    = Mtetezi wa uhuru wa vyombo vya habari
| tuzo               = Ufadhili wa Chevening 2024; Tuzo ya Uandishi wa Habari kuhusu Ukuaji wa Miji na Makazi ya Binadamu 2024; Tuzo ya Mwanahabari Mwanamke Anayevutia 2023
}}
'''Culton Scovia Nakamya''' (alizaliwa [[1993]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] za uchunguzi na [[mtangazaji]] kutoka nchini [[Uganda]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Culton Scovia Nakamya: Reporting for NTV - Sqoop - Get Uganda entertainment news, celebrity gossip, videos and photos|url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201711/features/culton-scovia-nakamya-reporting-ntv.html|date=2017-11-11|accessdate=2026-02-05|language=en-US|author=sqoopadmin}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Anafahamika zaidi kwa kazi zake zinazoangazia masuala ya [[haki za binadamu]], [[mazingira]], na migogoro ya kijamii. Nakamya amejipatia sifa kwa ujasiri wake wa kuripoti habari kutoka maeneo yenye changamoto na amekuwa akifanya kazi na [[vyombo vya habari]] vya kimataifa na vile vya ndani ya nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na shirika la habari la BBS Terefayina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arrest on duty is the worst memory|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/life/arrest-on-duty-is-the-worst-memory-3347994|work=Monitor|date=2021-04-03|accessdate=2026-02-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Culton Scovia Nakamya alizaliwa na kukulia nchini Uganda. Alipata elimu yake ya juu katika fani ya uandishi wa habari na mawasiliano ya umma nchini humo. Katika safari yake ya kitaaluma, amejikita zaidi katika kuimarisha ujuzi wa uandishi wa habari za uchunguzi (''investigative journalism''), jambo lililomwezesha kushinda ufadhili na nafasi mbalimbali za mafunzo ya kimataifa.

== Kazi ==
Nakamya alianza kazi yake katika vyombo vya habari vya redio na televisheni nchini Uganda, ambapo alijulikana kwa ufuatiliaji wa kina wa habari za mazingira na kijamii. Moja ya kazi zake kubwa ni kuripoti kuhusu athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi na migogoro ya ardhi inayowaathiri wananchi wa kawaida. Amekuwa mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara katika mashirika ya habari ya kimataifa kama vile Global Press Journal, ambako ameandika makala nyingi zinazohusu afya, haki za wanawake, na utawala bora&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Students decry Poor Welfare for Journalists during Lecture with Culton Scovia Nakamya|url=https://hicginewsagency.com/2022/03/23/students-decry-poor-welfare-for-journalists-during-lecture-with-culton-scovia-nakamya/|work=HICGI News Agency|date=2022-03-23|accessdate=2026-02-05|language=en|author=HICGI News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mbali na uandishi, Nakamya ni mwanachama hai wa mashirikisho ya wanahabari wanawake nchini Uganda. Amekuwa akitumia jukwaa lake kutetea usalama wa waandishi wa habari, hususan wanawake wanaofanya kazi katika mazingira hatarishi. Ujasiri wake wa kuingia maeneo ya mbali na kuibua sauti za watu wasiosikika umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa wanahabari wa kike wanaoheshimika zaidi wa kizazi chake.
==Tuzo na heshima==

Alishinda ufadhili wa masomo wa Chevening (Chevening Scholarship) kwenda [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[2024]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cheveningalumniug.org/articles/2024/09/chevening-class-of-2024-off-to-uk/
 |title=Chevening Class of 2024 off to UK |website=Chevening Alumni Association of Uganda |access-date=23 Machi 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alishinda tuzo ya Uandishi wa Habari kuhusu Ukuaji wa Miji na Makazi ya Binadamu (Urbanisation and Human Settlements Reporting) mwaka 2024.

Alishinda tuzo ya Mwanahabari Mwanamke Anayevutia (Inspiring Female Journalist) mwaka 2023 kutoka African Centre for Media Excellence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://iwpr.net/about/people/culton-scovia-nakamya
 |title=Culton Scovia Nakamya |website=Institute for War and Peace Reporting |access-date=23 Machi 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alitunukiwa tuzo na Rotaract Club ya Lubaga mwaka [[2023]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hicginewsagency.com/2024/02/02/rotaract-club-of-lubaga-awards-culton-scovia/
 |title=Rotaract Club of Lubaga Awards Culton Scovia |website=HICGI News Agency |date=2 Februari 2024 |access-date=23 Machi 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliheshimiwa na Idara ya Uandishi wa Habari ya YMCA katika Kampasi ya Buwambo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>fi6j0pnm56j0qcagliw0ksosm68ku39</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elena Cazzulani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>225040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538462</id>
      <parentid>1509688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>16685</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2641" sha1="dv7izzig6alj867qtggomp04xhemrxg" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Elena Cazzulani.jpg|thumb|220px|Elena Cazzulani.]]
'''Elena Cazzulani''' (maarufu kwa [[Kifupi|kifupisho]] '''Ena'''; [[Lodi (Lombardia)|Lodi]], [[20 Desemba]] [[1920]] - [[Vigevano]], [[17 Oktoba]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Italia]]. Kwa zaidi ya miaka 30 klabu yake kuhusu [[fasihi]] ilikuwa muhimu kwa mji wa Lodi na [[Lombardia]] kwa jumla. Aliandika [[Biografia|wasifu]] wa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] maarufu kadhaa wa Lodi. 
[[Image:Lodi collegio Cazzulani.JPG|Right|thumb|280px|Collegio «Cazzulani», Lodi.]]
[[Familia]] yake imeunda ''Collegio Cazzulani''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.istitutocazzulani.gov.it/sitovecchio/collegio_cazzulani/storia.html |title=C'era una volta il Collegio |publisher=istitutocazzulani.gov.it |accessdate=10 January 2026 |archive-date=2016-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827175601/http://www.istitutocazzulani.gov.it/sitovecchio/collegio_cazzulani/storia.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2014 [[manispaa]] ya Lodi imeita kwa jina lake barabara moja ya mji huo. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.lodi.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5907 |title=Intitolate tre nuove vie in zona Codignola |author=Comune di Lodi |date=24 December 2014 |publisher=comune.lodi.it |accessdate=10 January 2026 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ilcittadino.it/stories/cultura/lodi-omaggia-sue-figlie-migliori-o_11080_96/ |title=Lodi omaggia le sue figlie migliori |author=Fabio Ravera |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=ilcittadino.it |accessdate=25 February 2026 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Vitabu vyake==
* 1982: ''Cristina di Belgioioso'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1983: ''Il muro sul ponte'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1984: ''Giuseppina Strepponi, biografia'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1985: pamoja na Gilberto Coletto: ''Francesco de Lemene. Poesia e teatro'', Ed. del Campus, Lodi
* 1988: ''Il collegio Cazzulani'', Edizioni Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1989: ''Maria Hadfield Cosway. Biografia, diari e scritti della fondatrice del collegio delle Dame Inglesi in Lodi'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi
* 1991: ''Il viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi
* 1992: ''Carlotta Ferrari da Lodi. Poetessa e musicista'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi
* 1993: ''Ritorno al viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L'Immagine, Lodi
* 1996: ''Il cielo comincia dal suolo'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi

==Tanbihi==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Marejeo==
* Ercole Ongaro, ''Il Lodigiano nel Novecento: la cultura'', Milano, Franco Angeli, 2006 {{ISBN | 978-88-464-7142-0}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>dv7izzig6alj867qtggomp04xhemrxg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>225161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538974</id>
      <parentid>1509982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Olimasy</username>
        <id>26935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ubora wa Makala */ Jibu</comment>
      <origin>1538974</origin>
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      <text bytes="10071" sha1="je9gpskg0lsex311dn96ypawn7ltb0m" xml:space="preserve">== karibu  ==

karibu sana ndugu Egipa tunakuthamini sana @[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)

==Kuchangia makala==
Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka Riccardo, nimeupokea. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:23, 26 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::Sawa, lakini umerudia tena kosa hilohilo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 30 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::Ahsante tena kwa ushauri labda sijakuelewa kaka Riccardo ukisema ninafuta kazi ya wenzangu unamanisha ninafuta baadhi ya maneno au kazi nzima? Au nini haswa ninachofuta naomba unielewesha hapo '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:13, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::Sawa, angalia makala [[Sarah Gertrude Millin]]. Uliikuta ipo, na picha yake pia. Lakini ukaacha kuichangia na badala yake ulitafsiri upya ukurasa wa Kiingereza juu yake. Hivyo ukapoteza kazi ya waliokutangulia, pamoja na picha. Ikanibidi kuirudia bila kudharau nyongeza zako. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:36, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::::ahsante sana hapo nimekuelewa vizuri mnoo na ninaomba radhi kwa kufuta kazi ya wenzangu japo sio kwa makisudi nitahakikisha kuangalia jina kama limeshaandikwa kabla ya kuweka mchango wangu. Ninashururu mno kwa ushauri wako kaka [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 08:40, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::::mimi nina swali kaka @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] hivi ni sawa ninavyotumia translation tool kwa ajili ya kutransalate from english to swahili? i would have loved to use the normal typing method but currently i am in a competition contest and i need to work at a faster pace...please advice me. i want my work to be of high quality but i also need to have super speed because the person with the most written documentation get the price. Your advice would be of great help. Ahsante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:55, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Ndiyo matokeo ya kutoa zawadi kwa kuangalia wingi kuliko ubora. Sijui tuzo ikoje, lakini ndivyo ilivyo. Kwa kweli kurasa zako zina makosa mengi, kwa mfano kwa kawaida zinaanza na ubini tu wa mhusika, bila majina ya binafsi. Pia nimegundua unapenda na labda unajua Kiingereza kuliko Kiswahili. Hata ujumbe ulionitumia leo unaonyesha hilo... Utambue kwamba baadhi ya washindani wako wameshazoea uhariri kuliko wewe, hivyo si rahisi kuwashinda. Ila ukizidi kujifunza, pengine siku za mbele utakuwa na uzoefu utakaokusaidia kuwahi tuzo. Usichoke kupitia makala zako baada ya sisi kuzisahihisha walau kiasi. Ndiyo njia ya kujifunza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:38, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) 
::::::::Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka. Ninautafakari na nitachukua hatua. Barikiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:45, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Matumizi ya Translation tool ==

Habari ndugu,

Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. 

Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 10:48, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako ndugu Anuary nimeanza kutengeneza pakae viruri kwenye kazi yangu naomba uendelee kuzidi kunishauri. Kwa sababu unanijenga [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 11:00, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Ubora wa Makala ==

Ndugu, kwenye kuhariri makala zako zipitie na uzisafishe vizuuri kuna baadhi ya makosa umekua ukiyarejea, kwanza kwenye kuweka vyanzo usitafsiri vyanzo vichukue kama vilivyo na uvi bandike (paste) sehemu husika na pia usitumia Akili Bandia (AI) kwani utasababisha makala zako kufutwa kabisa au kufungiwa akaunti yako kama utashindwa kufanya vile inatakiwa, na kingine ukitasfiri makala embu zipitie zisome na uziweke zikae sawa, amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 14 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri kaka nimeupokea na nitaufanyia kazi. [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 06:51, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

::Kasi imezidi mno! Kurasa za dakika moja haziwezi kuwa na ubora. Nyingi ni fupi kupindukia na nyingine hazina vyanzo kabisa. Unataka tukusimamishe kwanza? Katika jamii mtu wa Misri wa Kale unamweka kati ya waliofariki mwaka 1992 BK! Kweli? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:50, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::Sawa ahsante ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] nitaufanyia kazi ushauri wako '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:01, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::Pamoja na hayo naomba usinisimamishe, nitaweka bidii zaidi kwenye kazi zangu kaka '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:04, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
::::Naona bado unafanya makosa yale yale. Je bado kunahaja ya kuto kukupumzisha? Makala zako sasa zina changamoto ya marejeo ambayo nimuhimu kweli kweli kwa kila makala. Tafadhari rekebisha mpaka ifikapo jumaa tatu tare 11.05.2026. Amani kwakoǃ '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Catalina Andeme</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="2942" sha1="lpyp1u6za9ovnjfrahn3qccceywzm3f" xml:space="preserve">'''Catalina Andeme Engonga Mangue''' (amezaliwa [[14 Julai]] [[1999]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa kitaaluma kutoka [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] anayejihusisha na soka la wanawake. Anacheza kama [[kiungo wa kati]] na ni sehemu ya timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Guinea ya Ikweta. Kwenye ngazi ya klabu, Andeme ameshiriki katika ligi za ndani za taifa lake akiwakilisha klabu mbalimbali za wanawake.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldfootball&quot;&gt;WorldFootball.net – Catalina Andeme Player Info&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha na mwanzo wa taaluma ==
Catalina Andeme Engonga Mangue alizaliwa tarehe 14 Julai 1999 katika Guinea ya Ikweta. Alianza taaluma yake ya soka akicheza katika ligi ya wanawake nchini humo, akijifunza soka tangu akiwa mdogo na kusonga hatua kwa hatua hadi kufuzu kucheza katika klabu za kitaaluma.

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Andeme amewahi kuichezea klabu ya Deportivo Evinayong katika soka la wanawake nchini Equatorial Guinea, akichangia katika safu ya uchezaji kama kiungo wa kati ambapo alijihusisha na michuano ya ligi ya kitaifa. Baadaye alihamia kucheza kwa klabu nyingine za ndani akiwemo Huracanes kabla ya kujiunga na 15 de Agosto, klabu ambayo anakipiga sasa hivi (2024).&lt;ref name=&quot;askoracle&quot;&gt;Ask‑Oracle.com – Taarifa ya umri na mchezaji&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Catalina Andeme amecheza kwa upande wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Equatorial Guinea. Alishiriki katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika la Wanawake [[2018]] (Africa Women Cup of Nations), ikiwa ni sehemu ya kikosi cha taifa katika mashindano hayo yaliyofanyika [[Ghana]]. Katika michuano hiyo, aliichezea nchi yake katika mechi tatu na kufunga bao moja, akionyesha uwezo wake kama mchezaji mwenye mchango wa kimikakati katika safu ya [[kiungo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;playmakerstats&quot;&gt;PlaymakerStats.com – Player Profile&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umuhimu na taaluma ==
Ushiriki wa Catalina Andeme katika timu ya taifa unaonyesha nafasi yake kama mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu wa soka la wanawake nchini Equatorial Guinea, kijani kama sehemu ya kizazi cha wanamichezo waliosaidia timu yao kushiriki mashindano ya kimataifa mara kadhaa. Licha ya changamoto za ushindani mkali, Andeme amejitolea katika kutoa mchango wake katika timu yake ya taifa na klabu zake.&lt;ref name=&quot;fichajes&quot;&gt;Fichajes.com – Catalina Andeme Engoga Mangue Profile&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fichajes2&quot;&gt;Fichajes.com – &quot;Catalina Andeme Engoga Mangue Profile&quot;, https://www.fichajes.com/jugador/catalina-andeme-engoga-mangue/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takwimu za kimataifa ==
Hadi [[5 Desemba]] [[2023]], Andeme ameshiriki michezo ya kimataifa na timu ya taifa ya wanawake, akiwezesha sehemu ya safari ya timu katika michuano mbalimbali ya Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;globalsportsarchive&quot;&gt;Global Sports Archive – &quot;Catalina Andeme Player Stats&quot;, https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/catalina/292758/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Guinea ya Ikweta]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Guinea ya Ikweta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caesarina Kona Makhoere</title>
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      <text bytes="6342" sha1="4vk1t61hk64mle53cs5r4krce8icu16" xml:space="preserve">'''Caesarina Kona Makhoere''' (alizaliwa karibu na [[Pretoria]], 1955) ni mwanaharakati wa zamani wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Afrika Kusini na mwandishi wa magereza, anajulikana kwa kazi yake ya uandishi ''No Child's Play: In Prison Under Apartheid'' (1988).

== Wasifu ==
Makhoere alihudhuria Shule ya Sekondari ya Ufundi ya Vlakfontein. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/caesarina-kona-makhoere&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Wall_Tappings/EA4XZxfO8dYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Caesarina+Kona+Makhoere&amp;pg=PA97&amp;printsec=frontcover&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa kazi kama  polisi na mama yake alifanya kazi ya utumishi wa nyumbani, na Makhoere alikuwa  mmoja wa watoto saba wa familia yao. Pamoja na familia yake, aliondolewa kwa nguvu chini ya masharti ya Sheria ya Maeneo ya Vikundi na kuhamishiwa Mamelodi akiwa mtoto.

Makoere alianza kujihusisha na shirika la upinzani la Black Sash. Alikamatwa mnamo Oktoba  mwaka 1976 kama &quot;mchochezi&quot; chini ya Sheria ya Ugaidi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Wall_Tappings/EA4XZxfO8dYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Caesarina+Kona+Makhoere&amp;pg=PA97&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Wall Tappings: An International Anthology of Women's Prison Writings, 200 to the Present|last=Scheffler|first=Judith A.|date=2002|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-273-0|pages=97|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFScheffler2002&quot;&gt;Scheffler, Judith A. (2002). [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Wall_Tappings/EA4XZxfO8dYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Caesarina+Kona+Makhoere&amp;pg=PA97&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Wall Tappings: An International Anthology of Women's Prison Writings, 200 to the Present'']. Feminist Press at CUNY. p.&amp;nbsp;97. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-273-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-55861-273-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kisha akafungwa kwa miezi kumi katika Kituo cha Polisi cha Silverton, Mamelodi, [[Gauteng]], akisubiri kesi yake. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Caesarina Kona Makhoere|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/caesarina-kona-makhoere|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=South African History Online}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/caesarina-kona-makhoere &quot;Caesarina Kona Makhoere&quot;]. ''South African History Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 March&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 1977, alihukumiwa kwa kujaribu kupata mafunzo ya kijeshi ili kupinga sheria ya kwamba madarasa ya shule kote  nchini Afrika Kusini yangefundishwa kwa  lugha ya Kiafrikana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mnamo  mwaka 1982, pamoja na wanaharakati wenzake wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi waliofungwa gereza moja la Elizabeth Komikie Gumede, Thandi Modise, [[Elizabeth Nhlapo]] na Kate Serokolo, Makhoere  na mwenzake waliwasilisha maombi kwa Waziri wa Sheria, Kobie Coetsee, wakitarajia kutengwa kwao kutangazwa kuwa ni kinyume cha sheria  na kuboresha hali yao ya maisha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7G3AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=elizabeth+gumede+1982|title=South African Women on the Move|last=Barrett|first=Jane|date=1985|publisher=Zed|isbn=978-0-946848-81-2|pages=259|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hili lilikataliwa, lakini aliachiliwa kutoka gerezani mnamo Oktoba  mwaka 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Baada ya kuachiliwa, aliishi mafichoni na baadaye akasomea shahada ya biashara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Makhoere pia alikwa mwandishi wa fasihi gerezani, aliandika ''No Child's Play: In Prison Under Apartheid'' (mwaka 1988) kuhusu uzoefu wake  wa kuwa gerezani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Young |first=Sandra Michele |date=2009-05-01 |title=Pain and the Struggle for Self-Restoration: The Prison Narratives of Ruth First, Caesarina Kona Makhoere and Emma Mashinini |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00138390903172567 |journal=English Studies in Africa |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |doi=10.1080/00138390903172567 |issn=0013-8398 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Gititi |first=Gitahi |date=1991-01-01 |title=Self and society in testimonial literature: Caesarina kona Makhoere's no child's play: In prison under apartheid |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1013929X.1991.9677872 |journal=Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=42–49 |doi=10.1080/1013929X.1991.9677872 |issn=1013-929X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Apartheid_Narratives/ilryeEWyFnIC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Caesarina+Kona+Makhoere&amp;pg=PA33&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Apartheid Narratives|last=Yousaf|first=Nahem|date=2001|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-1506-7|pages=33|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Gathering_Seaweed/xeVZAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1|title=Gathering Seaweed: African Prison Writing|date=2002|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-435-91211-6|editor-last=Mapanje|editor-first=Jack|editor-link=Jack Mapanje|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika kitabu hicho, anaelezea muda wake aliokuwa gerezani, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=No child's play: in prison under apartheid|url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=046392734|accessdate=2025-12-12|work=AfricaBib}}&lt;/ref&gt; anawakilisha mwili wake kama silaha ya  kivita vya kisiasa (ndani na nje ya gereza), na anatumia kiwakilishi cha wingi sisi kujitambulisha na wanaharakati wengine waliofungwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Young |first=Sandra Michele |date=1996 |title=Negotiating truth, freedom and self : the prison narratives of some South African women |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/items/0728d118-73f6-4124-b37e-40908d99128e |journal=Masters Dissertation, University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kulingana na Ryan, kitabu cha Makhoere &quot;kilielezea&quot; &quot;maandishi ya upinzani&quot; ya Afrika Kusini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Ryan |first=Pamela |date=1993-04-01 |title=Singing in prison ‐ women writers and the discourse of resistance |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02564719308530028 |journal=Journal of Literary Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1080/02564719308530028 |issn=0256-4718 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>4vk1t61hk64mle53cs5r4krce8icu16</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christine Loudes</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2516" sha1="e65blc9bub6v8rf2xxhpk9i4xbrqbvo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person
|jina                = Christine Loudes
|picha               = 
|maelezo_ya_picha    = 
|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 1972
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Ubelgiji]]
|tarehe_ya_kufariki  = 28 Desemba 2016
|mahala_alipofia     = 
|majina_mengine      = 
|anafahamika kwa     = Harakati za kupinga ukeketaji (FGM) na haki za jinsia
|kazi_yake           = Mwanasheria, Mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu
|nchi                = [[Ubelgiji]]
|tovuti              = 
}}

'''Christine Loudes''' (1972 – 28 Desemba 2016) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu kutoka nchini [[Ubelgiji]]. Alijipatia umaarufu wa kimataifa kutokana na uongozi wake katika kampeni za kupinga ukeketaji wa wanawake (FGM) barani [[Ulaya]] na duniani kote, pamoja na kutetea haki za watu wa jamii ya LGBTI na usawa wa kijinsia.

== Elimu ==
Loudes alikuwa na wasifu mkubwa wa kitaaluma katika sheria. Alihitimu shahada ya sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Robert Schuman huko [[Ufaransa]], kisha akapata shahada ya uzamili (LL.M) katika sheria za binadamu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Essex nchini [[Uingereza]]. Baadaye, alihitimu shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika masuala ya haki za binadamu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Queens mjini [[Belfast]], Ireland ya Kaskazini.

== Kazi na harakati ==
Christine Loudes alifanya kazi na mashirika mbalimbali makubwa ya kimataifa:
* '''Amnesty International:''' Alihudumu kama mkurugenzi wa kampeni ya &quot;End FGM&quot; barani Ulaya kuanzia mwaka 2009 hadi 2014. Chini ya uongozi wake, kampeni hiyo ilifanikiwa kuishawishi [[Jumuiya ya Ulaya]] kuweka mikakati thabiti ya kisheria ya kuwalinda wanawake na wasichana dhidi ya ukeketaji.
* '''Taasisi ya Ulaya ya Usawa wa Jinsia (EIGE):''' Kabla ya kifo chake, alikuwa akifanya kazi kama afisa mwandamizi katika taasisi hii, akijikita katika utafiti na mapambano dhidi ya ukatili wa kijinsia.
* '''Haki za LGBTI:''' Alihudumu pia kama mkurugenzi wa shirika la ILGA-Europe, ambapo alipigania haki za kisheria na kijamii kwa watu waliokuwa wakibaguliwa kutokana na mwelekeo wao wa kijinsia.

== Urithi ==
Christine anakumbukwa kwa uwezo wake wa kipekee wa kuunganisha wanasiasa na wanaharakati wa ngazi za chini ili kuleta mabadiliko ya kweli. Tuzo ya &quot;Christine Loudes Award&quot; ilianzishwa na mtandao wa ''End FGM European Network'' ili kuenzi mchango wake na kuwatunuku wanaharakati vijana wanaoendeleza mapambano aliyoyaanzisha.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1972|2016}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ubelgiji]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Ubelgiji]]
[[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>e65blc9bub6v8rf2xxhpk9i4xbrqbvo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chantelle Cameron</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227226</id>
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      <id>1538500</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:11:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi na harakati */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2930" sha1="fsfmtxtqnophka0oyg5zwt1vh0xj51y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person
|jina                = Chantelle Cameron
|picha               = 
|maelezo_ya_picha    = 
|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 14 Mei 1991
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = Northampton, [[Uingereza]]
|tarehe_ya_kufariki  = 
|mahala_alipofia     = 
|majina_mengine      = Il Capo
|anafahamika kwa     = Bondia wa kwanza wa kike wa Uingereza kuwa bingwa asiyepingika
|kazi_yake           = Bondia
|nchi                = [[Uingereza]]
|tovuti              = 
}}

'''Chantelle Cameron''' (alizaliwa 14 Mei 1991) ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye ameweka historia kama mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka nchi hiyo kuwa bingwa wa dunia asiyepingika katika enzi ya mataji manne (WBC, WBA, IBF, na WBO). Cameron alifikia mafanikio hayo katika uzani wa kati mwepesi mnamo mwaka 2022. Anajulikana kwa jina la utani &quot;Il Capo&quot;(Bosi) na anasifika kwa mtindo wake wa kushambulia kwa fujo na stamina kubwa anapokuwa ulingoni, jambo lililomfanya kuwa mmoja wa mabondia bora zaidi duniani katika viwango vya ubora wa jumla bila kujali uzani.&lt;ref name=&quot;sky-cameron&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/12183/12739327/chantelle-cameron-beats-jessica-mccaskill-to-become-the-uks-first-undisputed-female-champion|title=Chantelle Cameron becomes UK's first undisputed female champion|website=Sky Sports|access-date=8 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na mafanikio ya ridhaa ==
Cameron alizaliwa [[Northampton]] nchini Uingereza na kabla ya kuingia kwenye ndondi, alikuwa mwanamichezo wa (kickboxing) ambapo alishinda mataji kadhaa ya dunia. Alihamia kwenye ndondi za ridhaa na kufanikiwa kujiunga na timu ya taifa ya Uingereza (Team GB), akishinda medali ya fedha katika Mashindano ya Ulaya ya mwaka 2011 na medali ya shaba katika mashindano ya mwaka 2010. Licha ya kukosa nafasi ya kushiriki Olimpiki ya Rio 2016, uzoefu wake mkubwa katika ngazi ya ridhaa ulimpa msingi imara alipoamua kuingia kwenye ndondi za kulipwa mwaka 2017.

== Kazi na harakati ==
Katika kazi na harakati zake, Cameron amekuwa sauti muhimu katika kuongeza hadhi ya ndondi za wanawake barani Ulaya, akishiriki katika baadhi ya mapambano makubwa zaidi katika historia ya mchezo huo, ikiwa ni pamoja na ushindi wake dhidi ya Katie Taylor nchini [[Ireland]] ambao ulitajwa kama moja ya matukio muhimu zaidi ya michezo kwa mwaka 2023. Amekuwa akipigania kuwepo kwa uwazi zaidi katika maamuzi ya marefa na majaji ulingoni, pamoja na kutaka mabondia wa kike wapewe fursa sawa za masoko na udhamini kama wenzao wa kiume. Aidha, Cameron anatumia mafanikio yake kuhamasisha vijana wa kike nchini Uingereza kujiunga na michezo ya mapigano kama njia ya kujenga ujasiri na kukabiliana na changamoto za afya ya akili, huku akisisitiza umuhimu wa nidhamu na uvumilivu katika kufikia malengo makubwa maishani.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1991}}
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Watu kutoka Northampton]]
[[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>fsfmtxtqnophka0oyg5zwt1vh0xj51y</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charlotte Lobe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:13:20Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="4264" sha1="quxgw3wpck5mg98dwtqv6w3h6rcreee" xml:space="preserve">'''Madiepetsane Charlotte Lobe''' ('''née Pheko'''; alizaliwa [[2 Julai]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwanadiplomasia]] na mtumishi wa umma wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Aliwakilisha chama cha [[African National Congress|African National Congress (ANC)]] katika Bunge la Kitaifa kuanzia [[1999]] hadi [[2004]], na baadaye katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Free State kuanzia [[2004]] hadi [[2008]]. Mnamo Oktoba 2008, alijiunga na Congress of the People (COPE), chama kipya kilichojitenga na ANC.

Ndani ya COPE, Lobe alihudumu kama Katibu Mkuu hadi alipoondolewa katika wadhifa huo mnamo Oktoba [[2010]]. Baada ya hapo, alirejea tena katika African National Congress.

Baada ya miaka kadhaa akihudumu katika utumishi wa umma, mnamo Julai [[2022]] aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna Mkuu wa Afrika Kusini nchini [[Singapore]]. Pia amewahi kuwa Katibu wa Mkoa wa ANC Free State na mjumbe wa zamani wa Kamati Kuu ya Kitaifa ya chama hicho.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Lobe alizaliwa tarehe 2 Julai 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|date=11 June 1999|title=General Notice: Notice 1319 of 1999 – Electoral Commission: Representatives Elected to the Various Legislatures|url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/za/1999/za-government-gazette-dated-1999-06-11-no-20203.pdf|magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]]|location=Pretoria, South Africa|publisher=[[Government of South Africa]]|volume=408|issue=20203|pages=|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakati wa kipindi cha [[ubaguzi wa rangi]], yeye na dada yake Gertrude walijihusisha katika harakati za kupinga mfumo huo katika jimbo la zamani la Orange Free State.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=31 October 2020|title='Keeping quiet is not an option' — Charlotte Lobe|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2020-10-31-qa-sessions-keeping-quiet-is-not-an-option-charlotte-lobe/|access-date=2023-03-21|website=Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yao, aliyekuwa polisi, alikuwa amemuacha mama yao, na Lobe baadaye alieleza kwamba kushiriki kwao katika siasa kulikuwa pia ni aina ya kupinga hali hiyo ya kifamilia na kijamii.

Mwaka [[1987]], Lobe na dada yake walijiunga na Bunge la Wanafunzi la Botshabelo pamoja na Bunge la Vijana la [[Botshabelo]], ambapo waliendelea na shughuli zao za uanaharakati.

Kitaaluma, Lobe ana shahada ya uzamili katika utawala na mabadiliko ya kisiasa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 July 2022|title=High Commissioner of the Republic of South Africa, Her Excellency Madiepetsane Charlotte Lobe presented her credentials to President Halimah Yacob of Singapore|url=https://diplomaticinformer.com/high-commissioner-of-the-republic-of-south-africa-her-excellency-madiepetsane-charlotte-lobe-presented-her-credentials-to-president-halimah-yacob-of-singapore/|access-date=2023-03-21|website=The Diplomatic Informer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi serikalini: 1996–2008 ==
Baada ya kumalizika kwa ubaguzi wa rangi, Lobe alihudumu kama diwani wa eneo lake kuanzia mwaka [[1996]] hadi 1999. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 1999, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa African National Congress (ANC) katika Bunge la Kitaifa, ambapo alihudumu hadi mwaka 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=Quality education, gender and the economy|url=https://www.ufs.ac.za/templates/news-archive-item/campus-news/2021/october/quality-education-gender-and-the-economy|access-date=2023-03-21|website=University of the Free State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2004, alihamia katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Free State kama mwakilishi wa ANC.

Wakati huohuo, Lobe aliendelea kupanda ngazi ndani ya chama na katika Ligi ya Wanawake ya ANC. Kuanzia [[2002]] hadi [[2005]], alihudumu kama Naibu Katibu wa Mkoa wa ANC Free State, akimsaidia Pat Matosa. Mnamo Juni 2005, alichaguliwa kuwa Katibu wa Mkoa wa ANC Free State, nafasi aliyoshikilia chini ya uongozi wa Mwenyekiti wa Mkoa Ace Magashule, huku Sibongile Besani akiwa naibu wake.

Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika wadhifa huo, na aliendelea kuhudumu akiwa pia bado ni mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa.

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>quxgw3wpck5mg98dwtqv6w3h6rcreee</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gianni Matheja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>234</id>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Gianni-Matheja-Alexandria-Ocasio-Cortez-2026.jpg|Gianni-Matheja-Alexandria-Ocasio-Cortez-2026.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No ticket permission since 8 April 2026.</comment>
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      <text bytes="5761" sha1="1gisc5oh1qxmuawikyk2pfw2foa5c5p" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Gianni Matheja in snowy Berlin.jpg|thumb|Gianni Matheja mjini Berlin]]
'''Gianni Matheja''' (aliyezaliwa [[14 Machi|Machi 14]][[2005|, 2005]] huko [[Berlin]]) ni [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] [[Ujerumani|wa Ujerumani]], mtayarishaji wa video za wavuti, na mwanafunzi . Tangu 2025, amekuwa akiandaa kipindi cha redio cha kila mwezi kwenye Rundfunk Berlin Brandenburg na ni mwandishi wa habari wa televisheni wa nembo ya kipindi cha habari cha watoto cha ZDF.

== Wasifu ==
Matheja alikulia Berlin kama mtoto wa mama mmoja. Baba yake anatoka Italia na aliacha familia alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.de/books/edition/K%C3%BCmmern_und_K%C3%A4mpfen/5nx9zwEACAAJ?hl=en|title=Kümmern und Kämpfen: warum Geschlechtergerechtigkeit in Erziehung und Familie uns alle freier macht|last=Waak|first=Anne|date=2023|publisher=Goldmann|isbn=978-3-442-31703-5|language=de|access-date=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, alitoa ushahidi dhidi ya baba yake katika mahakama [[Potsdam|ya Potsdam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|first=Bent|last=Freiwald|title=Warum Gianni, 17, für seine Mutter kämpft|url=https://krautreporter.de/politik-und-macht/4378-warum-gianni-17-fur-seine-mutter-kampft|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuanzia 2017, alihudhuria Gymnasium ya Lilienthal huko Steglitz-Zehlendorf na, katika mwaka wake wa kwanza shuleni, alishiriki katika Shindano la Mijadala la Berlin, ambapo alishinda taji la &quot;Mzungumzaji Bora&quot; katika mjadala wa lugha ya Kiingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|title=Erfolgreiche Juniors beim Debating Contest 2018 – Lilienthal-Gymnasium Berlin|url=https://lilienthal-gymnasium-berlin.de/erfolgreiche-juniors-beim-debating-contest-2018/|accessdate=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2021, aliongoza majadiliano ya jopo na wagombea wa moja kwa moja wa [[Jimbo la uchaguzi|jimbo]] katika shule yake kwa uchaguzi wa shirikisho. Hawa ni pamoja na Birgit Malsack-Winkelmann, Raia wa Reich ambaye baadaye alikamatwa.

== Kazi ==
Akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, Matheja alizindua podikasti yake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |date=25 octobre 2022 |title=Jugendwort des Jahres 2022: 20 junge Prominente über ihr wichtigstes Wort 2022 |url=https://www.zeit.de/zett/2022-10/jugendwort-jahr-2022-jugendsprache |journal=ZEIT ONLINE ze.tt |language=de |access-date=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Juni 2022, alitoa kipindi cha kwanza cha &quot;Ujerumani ya Kijamii.&quot; Katika kila kipindi, alizungumzia mada ya kijamii na kisiasa. Vipindi vingi vilitokana na mijadala ya sasa na vilikuwa na mgeni maarufu pamoja na mtaalamu wa kisayansi au uandishi wa habari. Wakati mwingine, mazungumzo pia yalifanyika na vijana wengine. 
Mnamo 2024, Matheja alisimamia usomaji na Katja Riemann na akaendelea na umbizo lake la podikasti kwenye [[YouTube]], ambapo aliwahoji Lea Van Acken na Marcel Fratzscher, miongoni mwa wengine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|first=Antonia|last=Trinkaus|title=„Zeit der Zäune - Orte der Flucht“: Katja Riemann: „Wir lernen nichts aus der Geschichte“|url=https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/saarland/saar-pfalz-kreis/homburg/homburg-katja-riemann-mit-zeit-der-zaeune-bei-der-hombuch-2024_aid-121616379|date=2024-12-03|accessdate=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Oktoba, sanjari na kuanza kwa masomo yake, alianza kupakia video kwenye [[TikTok]] na [[Instagram]] chini ya jina ''gianni.studiert'', ambalo lilionyesha maisha ya kila siku ya wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu kwa njia ya kejeli. Ndani ya miezi michache tu, alikuwa amekusanya jumla ya wafuasi 200,000 katika majukwaa yote (kufikia Aprili 2025) na kuonekana kwenye televisheni kwenye jarida la kejeli la ARD Extra 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=ONLINE |first=ZEIT |date=2025-04-12 |title=Uni-Memes: Der Trost von Mensakaffee und Milchreis |url=https://www.zeit.de/campus/2025-03/uni-memes-studium-humor-social-media |journal=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070 |access-date=2025-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Video zake kuhusu kutumia [[ChatGPT]] kwa ajili ya kusoma, haswa, zilivutia umakini mkubwa.

Mnamo Mei 2025, alitoa hotuba ya ufunguzi katika Siku za Habari za chuo kikuu chake—hotuba ambayo katika miaka iliyopita ilikuwa ikitolewa na [[Rais]] Günther Ziegler. Hotuba yake baadaye ilisambaa sana kwenye mitandao ya kijamii. Tangu Juni 2025, Matheja amekuwa akiendesha kipindi cha redio cha kila mwezi kiitwacho Blue Moon kwenye rbb.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|title=Podcast: Geburtstage: Feiern oder lieber ignorieren? - mit Gianni|url=https://www.ardsounds.de/episode/urn:ard:episode:91bd3b263f90d0ff/|accessdate=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Desemba, alionekana kama mwandishi wa habari kwenye nembo ya kipindi cha habari cha televisheni ya watoto kinachoitwa logo! kwenye ZDF.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|title=Reporter unterwegs: Gianni fällt einen Weihnachtsbaum|url=https://www.zdf.de/video/magazine/logo-154/gianni-weihnachtsbaumkauf-100|accessdate=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matheja hafichui anachosoma. Alieleza kwamba hii ilikuwa kwa sababu za kutokujulikana chuoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|last=Cara|title=Interview Gianni Studiert|url=https://campusradio-mainz.de/2025/07/14/gianni-studiert/|date=2025-07-14|accessdate=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anaishi [[Berlin]], [[Potsdam]], na [[Mainz]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Köhler |first=Charlotte |last2=Farkas |first2=Christoph |date=2026-02-10 |title=Unileben: Ist die Uni ein Witz, Gianni Matheja? |url=https://www.zeit.de/wissen/2026-02/universitaet-leben-alltag-uni-podcast |journal=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070 |access-date=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2022, ''Die Zeit'' ilimtaja kama mmoja wa nyota 20 wanaochipuka wa kizazi chake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{BD|2005|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]]
[[jamii:watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>1gisc5oh1qxmuawikyk2pfw2foa5c5p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jane Tapsubei Creider</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3173" sha1="njapora26ae5hs49lf9yzuhn7792m5i" xml:space="preserve">'''Jane Tapsubei Creider''' (alizaliwa [[miaka ya 1940]])&lt;ref name=DOA&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/creider-jane-tapsubei-c-1940s|title=Creider](https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/creider-jane-tapsubei-c-1940s|title=Creider), Jane Tapsubei (c. 1940s–)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia.com]]|access-date=29 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Kenya]] wa hadithi za kubuni na zisizo za kubuni, akijumuisha makala na vitabu alivyoshirikiana kuandika na mume wake Chet A. Creider kuhusu lugha ya Kandi–Markweta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40461875|title=The](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40461875|title=The) Past in the Present: Living Biographies of the Nandi|first=Jane Tapsubei |last=Creider|author2= Chet A. Creider|journal=Anthropos|volume=79|date=1984|issue=4/6 |pages=537–544|jstor=40461875 |access-date=29 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ni msanii.

== Asili na maisha ya awali ==
Alilelewa katika jamii ya Wandi (Nandi) nchini Kenya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465355|title=Gender](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465355|title=Gender) Inversion in Nandi Ritual|first=Jane Tapsubei |last=Creider|author2=Chet A. Creider|journal=Anthropos|volume=92|date=1997|issue=1/3 |pages= 51–58|jstor=40465355 |access-date=29 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; karibu na eneo la [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Nyanza]]. Baada ya kufanya kazi Kisumu na Nairobi, baadaye alihamia Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-first=Margaret|editor-last=Busby|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1992|publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]]|location=London|page=614}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya uandishi ==
Kazi zake zinajumuisha makala, [[hadithi]] fupi, [[riwaya]] na kumbukumbu binafsi. Kitabu chake cha kwanza kilikuwa tawasifu *Two Lives: My Spirit and I* kilichochapishwa mwaka 1986. Kitabu hicho kinaeleza maisha yake ya utotoni ndani ya jamii ya Wandi, elimu aliyopata kupitia wamisionari wa Kikristo, maisha yake ya Amerika Kaskazini, na baadaye ndoa yake na profesa kutoka Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IoSlHam2gi0C&amp;pg=PA83|first=Joseph|last=Hogan|author2=Rebecca](https://books.google.com/books?id=IoSlHam2gi0C&amp;pg=PA83|first=Joseph|last=Hogan|author2=Rebecca) Hogan|title=True Relations: Essays on Autobiography and the Postmodern|chapter=Autobiography in the Contact Zone: Cross-cultural Identity in Jane Tapsubei Creider's ''Two Lives''|pages=83–84|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|date=1998|isbn=9780313305092|access-date=31 January 2022|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uandishi wake umejumuishwa katika vitabu vya mkusanyo kama *Daughters of Africa* (1992) na *Fiery Spirits* (1995).

== Vitabu ==
* *Two Lives: My Spirit and I* (1986)
* *A Grammar of Nandi* (1989)
* *The Shrunken Dream* (1993)
* *A Dictionary of the Nandi Language* (2001)

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Creider, Jane Tapsubei}}
{{BD|miaka ya 1940|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Catherine Kasavuli</title>
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      <text bytes="5061" sha1="5nb3fbcy9lx0cho9pzks0dzh6c4hrhw" xml:space="preserve">'''Catherine Kiza Kasavuli''' (22 Februari 1962 – 29 Desemba 2022) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mtangazaji wa taarifa za habari nchini Kenya. Kasavuli alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kusoma habari kwenye runinga nchini Kenya na alifanya kazi kwenye vituo mbalimbali vya televisheni ikiwemo [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation|Shirika la Utangazaji la Kenya (KBC)]], [[Citizen TV|Citizen Television]], na [[Kenya Television Network|KTN]].

== Kazi ==
Kasavuli alianza kazi yake kama mtangazaji wa redio wa matangazo ya mfululizo mwaka 1980 katika Voice of Kenya, ambayo baadaye ilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[KBC]]. Mjomba wake, ambaye alikuwa amemsikia akisoma Biblia na kuomba wakati wa chakula cha jioni, alimshauri aombe kazi hiyo akiwa na umri wa miaka 18. Baadaye alihamia televisheni mwaka 1985 akiwa katika shirika hilo. Hakupata mafunzo rasmi ya uandishi wa habari mwanzoni, na baada ya miaka miwili kazini alijiunga na [[Kenya Institute of Mass Communication]]. Mwezi Machi 1990, alijiunga na timu ya waanzilishi wa KTN kama kituo cha kwanza cha televisheni cha binafsi nchini. Alikuwa mtangazaji wa kwanza kusoma taarifa za moja kwa moja hewani, tofauti na mfumo wa awali wa kurekodi kabla ya kurushwa. Mbali na uwasilishaji wa habari, pia alitangaza matangazo ya biashara ili kuongeza kipato chake.

Baada ya kuhudumu KTN kwa miaka 17, Kasavuli aliondoka mwaka 2007 na kujiunga na [[Citizen TV]], inayomilikiwa na Royal Media Services. Aliondoka akiwa pamoja na watangazaji wengine mashuhuri kama Swaleh Mdoe na Louis Otieno. Baadaye alihudumu kama meneja wa masuala ya shirika katika Royal Media Services, kampuni mama ya Citizen TV.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kasavuli-Live&quot; /&gt; Mwaka 2015 alistaafu mbele ya kamera na kuendelea kufanya kazi nyuma ya pazia.

Hata hivyo, mwishoni mwa Julai 2021, miaka minane baada ya kuacha televisheni, alirejea na kusaini mkataba na [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation|KBC]] ambapo alitangaza taarifa za habari za wikendi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2021-06-22 |title=Catherine Kasavuli Speaks On Her Return, But Some Kenyans Aren't Happy About It |url=[https://businesstoday.co.ke/catherine-kasavuli-speaks-on-her-return-but-some-kenyans-arent-happy-about-it/](https://businesstoday.co.ke/catherine-kasavuli-speaks-on-her-return-but-some-kenyans-arent-happy-about-it/) |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika mahojiano baada ya kurejea, alisema alikusudia kuja KBC kuwafundisha watangazaji lakini alipewa nafasi ya kusoma habari tena. Licha ya umaarufu wake, alipendelea maisha ya faragha na hakupenda kuongelea sana maisha yake binafsi.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Kasavuli alikuwa na mtoto mmoja wa kiume aitwaye Martin, aliyezaliwa mwaka 1981. Alikiri kwamba wakati mwingine alilazimika kumwacha mtoto wake ili kuzingatia kazi yake, jambo alilolijutia kwa kukosa baadhi ya hatua za ukuaji wake wa utoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mukei |first1=Cate |title=Minus a house girl Catherine Kasavuli took her baby Martin, to the studio |url=[https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio](https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio) |publisher=SDE |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170325174544/http://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio](https://web.archive.org/web/20170325174544/http://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kustaafu, alianzisha kampuni iitwayo Kasavuli Media Group Limited yenye taasisi mbalimbali ikiwemo shule ya mafunzo ya wanahabari. Alifariki tarehe 29 Desemba 2022 akiwa na umri wa miaka 60 kutokana na saratani ya mlango wa kizazi katika [[Hospitali ya Taifa ya Kenyatta]] (KNH) jijini Nairobi, ambako alikuwa amelazwa tangu Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Veteran news anchor Catherine Kasavuli dies |work=Pulse Live .co.ke |url=[https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/veteran-news-anchor-catherine-kasavuli-dies-after-battle-with-cancer/lp8r2tm}}](https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/veteran-news-anchor-catherine-kasavuli-dies-after-battle-with-cancer/lp8r2tm}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuzo ==
Mwaka 2008, Kasavuli alitunukiwa tuzo ya ''Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya'' wakati wa maadhimisho ya Siku ya Jamhuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Omanga|first1=Beuttah|title=President awards journalists |url=[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144001779/president-awards-journalists|publisher=Standard](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144001779/president-awards-journalists|publisher=Standard) Digital|access-date=18 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1962|2022}}
[[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Kenya]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4544" sha1="rj4rt65nq2hts4valo0jniw4fr85x2n" xml:space="preserve">'''Catherine Kiza Kasavuli''' (22 Februari 1962 – 29 Desemba 2022) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mtangazaji wa taarifa za habari nchini Kenya. Kasavuli alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kusoma habari kwenye runinga nchini Kenya na alifanya kazi kwenye vituo mbalimbali vya televisheni ikiwemo [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation|Shirika la Utangazaji la Kenya (KBC)]], [[Citizen TV|Citizen Television]], na [[Kenya Television Network|KTN]].

== Kazi ==
Kasavuli alianza kazi yake kama mtangazaji wa redio wa matangazo ya mfululizo mwaka 1980 katika Voice of Kenya, ambayo baadaye ilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[KBC]]. Mjomba wake, ambaye alikuwa amemsikia akisoma Biblia na kuomba wakati wa chakula cha jioni, alimshauri aombe kazi hiyo akiwa na umri wa miaka 18. Baadaye alihamia televisheni mwaka 1985 akiwa katika shirika hilo. Hakupata mafunzo rasmi ya uandishi wa habari mwanzoni, na baada ya miaka miwili kazini alijiunga na [[Kenya Institute of Mass Communication]]. Mwezi Machi 1990, alijiunga na timu ya waanzilishi wa KTN kama kituo cha kwanza cha televisheni cha binafsi nchini. Alikuwa mtangazaji wa kwanza kusoma taarifa za moja kwa moja hewani, tofauti na mfumo wa awali wa kurekodi kabla ya kurushwa. Mbali na uwasilishaji wa habari, pia alitangaza matangazo ya biashara ili kuongeza kipato chake.

Baada ya kuhudumu KTN kwa miaka 17, Kasavuli aliondoka mwaka 2007 na kujiunga na [[Citizen TV]], inayomilikiwa na Royal Media Services. Aliondoka akiwa pamoja na watangazaji wengine mashuhuri kama Swaleh Mdoe na Louis Otieno. Baadaye alihudumu kama meneja wa masuala ya shirika katika Royal Media Services, kampuni mama ya Citizen TV. Mwaka 2015 alistaafu mbele ya kamera na kuendelea kufanya kazi nyuma ya pazia.

Hata hivyo, mwishoni mwa Julai 2021, miaka minane baada ya kuacha televisheni, alirejea na kusaini mkataba na [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation|KBC]] ambapo alitangaza taarifa za habari za wikendi. Katika mahojiano baada ya kurejea, alisema alikusudia kuja KBC kuwafundisha watangazaji lakini alipewa nafasi ya kusoma habari tena. Licha ya umaarufu wake, alipendelea maisha ya faragha na hakupenda kuongelea sana maisha yake binafsi.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Kasavuli alikuwa na mtoto mmoja wa kiume aitwaye Martin, aliyezaliwa mwaka 1981. Alikiri kwamba wakati mwingine alilazimika kumwacha mtoto wake ili kuzingatia kazi yake, jambo alilolijutia kwa kukosa baadhi ya hatua za ukuaji wake wa utoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mukei |first1=Cate |title=Minus a house girl Catherine Kasavuli took her baby Martin, to the studio |url=[https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio](https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio) |publisher=SDE |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170325174544/http://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio](https://web.archive.org/web/20170325174544/http://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kustaafu, alianzisha kampuni iitwayo Kasavuli Media Group Limited yenye taasisi mbalimbali ikiwemo shule ya mafunzo ya wanahabari. Alifariki tarehe 29 Desemba 2022 akiwa na umri wa miaka 60 kutokana na saratani ya mlango wa kizazi katika [[Hospitali ya Taifa ya Kenyatta]] (KNH) jijini Nairobi, ambako alikuwa amelazwa tangu Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Veteran news anchor Catherine Kasavuli dies |work=Pulse Live .co.ke |url=[https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/veteran-news-anchor-catherine-kasavuli-dies-after-battle-with-cancer/lp8r2tm}}](https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/veteran-news-anchor-catherine-kasavuli-dies-after-battle-with-cancer/lp8r2tm}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuzo ==
Mwaka 2008, Kasavuli alitunukiwa tuzo ya ''Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya'' wakati wa maadhimisho ya Siku ya Jamhuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Omanga|first1=Beuttah|title=President awards journalists |url=[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144001779/president-awards-journalists|publisher=Standard](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144001779/president-awards-journalists|publisher=Standard) Digital|access-date=18 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1962|2022}}
[[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Kenya]]</text>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="4132" sha1="o4abvk6485podogbu035al4qhjo7lwv" xml:space="preserve">'''Catherine Kiza Kasavuli''' (22 Februari 1962 – 29 Desemba 2022) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mtangazaji wa taarifa za habari nchini Kenya. Kasavuli alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kusoma habari kwenye runinga nchini Kenya na alifanya kazi kwenye vituo mbalimbali vya televisheni ikiwemo [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation|Shirika la Utangazaji la Kenya (KBC)]], [[Citizen TV|Citizen Television]], na [[Kenya Television Network|KTN]].

== Kazi ==
Kasavuli alianza kazi yake kama mtangazaji wa redio wa matangazo ya mfululizo mwaka 1980 katika Voice of Kenya, ambayo baadaye ilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[KBC]]. Mjomba wake, ambaye alikuwa amemsikia akisoma Biblia na kuomba wakati wa chakula cha jioni, alimshauri aombe kazi hiyo akiwa na umri wa miaka 18. Baadaye alihamia televisheni mwaka 1985 akiwa katika shirika hilo. Hakupata mafunzo rasmi ya uandishi wa habari mwanzoni, na baada ya miaka miwili kazini alijiunga na [[Kenya Institute of Mass Communication]]. Mwezi Machi 1990, alijiunga na timu ya waanzilishi wa KTN kama kituo cha kwanza cha televisheni cha binafsi nchini. Alikuwa mtangazaji wa kwanza kusoma taarifa za moja kwa moja hewani, tofauti na mfumo wa awali wa kurekodi kabla ya kurushwa. Mbali na uwasilishaji wa habari, pia alitangaza matangazo ya biashara ili kuongeza kipato chake.

Baada ya kuhudumu KTN kwa miaka 17, Kasavuli aliondoka mwaka 2007 na kujiunga na [[Citizen TV]], inayomilikiwa na Royal Media Services. Aliondoka akiwa pamoja na watangazaji wengine mashuhuri kama Swaleh Mdoe na Louis Otieno. Baadaye alihudumu kama meneja wa masuala ya shirika katika Royal Media Services, kampuni mama ya Citizen TV. Mwaka 2015 alistaafu mbele ya kamera na kuendelea kufanya kazi nyuma ya pazia.

Hata hivyo, mwishoni mwa Julai 2021, miaka minane baada ya kuacha televisheni, alirejea na kusaini mkataba na [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation|KBC]] ambapo alitangaza taarifa za habari za wikendi. Katika mahojiano baada ya kurejea, alisema alikusudia kuja KBC kuwafundisha watangazaji lakini alipewa nafasi ya kusoma habari tena. Licha ya umaarufu wake, alipendelea maisha ya faragha na hakupenda kuongelea sana maisha yake binafsi.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Kasavuli alikuwa na mtoto mmoja wa kiume aitwaye Martin, aliyezaliwa mwaka 1981. Alikiri kwamba wakati mwingine alilazimika kumwacha mtoto wake ili kuzingatia kazi yake, jambo alilolijutia kwa kukosa baadhi ya hatua za ukuaji wake wa utoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mukei |first1=Cate |title=Minus a house girl Catherine Kasavuli took her baby Martin, to the studio |url=[https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio](https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio) |publisher=SDE |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170325174544/http://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio](https://web.archive.org/web/20170325174544/http://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2000171057/minus-a-house-girl-catherine-kasavuli-took-her-baby-martin-to-the-studio) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kustaafu, alianzisha kampuni iitwayo Kasavuli Media Group Limited yenye taasisi mbalimbali ikiwemo shule ya mafunzo ya wanahabari. Alifariki tarehe 29 Desemba 2022 akiwa na umri wa miaka 60 kutokana na saratani ya mlango wa kizazi katika [[Hospitali ya Taifa ya Kenyatta]] (KNH) jijini Nairobi, ambako alikuwa amelazwa tangu Oktoba 2022.

== Tuzo ==
Mwaka 2008, Kasavuli alitunukiwa tuzo ya ''Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya'' wakati wa maadhimisho ya Siku ya Jamhuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Omanga|first1=Beuttah|title=President awards journalists |url=[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144001779/president-awards-journalists|publisher=Standard](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144001779/president-awards-journalists|publisher=Standard) Digital|access-date=18 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1962|2022}}
[[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Kenya]]</text>
      <sha1>o4abvk6485podogbu035al4qhjo7lwv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carol Jenkins Barnett</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538486</id>
      <parentid>1530546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538486</origin>
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      <text bytes="1149" sha1="03p7oajtlzx7rco5m1vom8mf7ybe5ih" xml:space="preserve">'''Carol Jenkins Barnett''' ([[30 Septemba]] [[1956]] – [[7 Desemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]], binti [[George W. Jenkins]], mwanzilishi wa msururu wa maduka makubwa ya ''Publix''. Alikuwa rais wa ''Publix Super Markets Charities'' na mwanachama wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya msururu huo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Philanthropist, Publix heiress Carol Jenkins Barnett dies at 65 |url=https://www.theledger.com/story/news/2021/12/08/carol-jenkins-barnett-publix-heiress-philanthropist-dies-65/6425436001/ |website=The Ledger |date=December 8, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliongoza shirika lake la hisani kutoa dola milioni 25 kwa mashirika yasiyo ya faida kila mwaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Carol Jenkins Barnett |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/carol-jenkins-barnett/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo [[2016]], aligunduliwa na ugonjwa wa [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer]] wa mapema na alifariki kutokana na matatizo ya ugonjwa huo mwaka [[2021]].

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>03p7oajtlzx7rco5m1vom8mf7ybe5ih</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cheryl Dunye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538506</id>
      <parentid>1530563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:14:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3650" sha1="t49d5woxqh552yeps4qr266r3x2bbbu" xml:space="preserve">'''Cheryl Dunye'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILzUvPnsDUI&amp;t=20s|title=DocFilm
 Forum: Barbara Hammer &amp; Cheryl Dunye|publisher=DocFilm Institute|date=April 28, 2017|access-date=April 13, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; (alizaliwa 13 Mei 1966) ni mkurugenzi wa filamu, mtayarishaji, mwandishi wa skrini, mhariri na mwigizaji wa [[Liberia]]–[[Marekani]]. Yeye ni binti wa Edith Irene Hamilton Dunye na George Kekura Dunye. Alizaliwa nchini Liberia, lakini familia yake ilihamia Philadelphia muda mfupi baadaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cheryl Dunye {{!}} Early Life, Career, Movies, &amp; Legacy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cheryl-Dunye
 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.britannica.com
 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kazi za Dunye mara nyingi hushughulikia masuala ya rangi, jinsia na ujinsia, hasa uzoefu wa wanawake weusi mashoga. Anajulikana kama miongoni mwa wanawake weusi mashoga wa kwanza waliotoka waziwazi kuongoza filamu ya urefu kamili kupitia filamu yake ya 1996 ''The Watermelon Woman''. Pia anaendesha kampuni ya utayarishaji ya Jingletown Films iliyopo Oakland, California.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jingletown Films&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jingletown Films|url=https://www.jingletownfilms.com/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Jingletown
 Films|language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Dunye alizaliwa Monrovia, Liberia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/cheryl_dunye|title
 = Cheryl Dunye - Rotten Tomatoes|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}&lt;/ref&gt; na alikulia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Alisoma katika Michigan State University kabla ya kuhamia programu ya filamu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Temple. Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Sanaa (BA) kutoka Temple na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa Nzuri (MFA) kutoka Rutgers University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/freeze-frame-cheryl-dunye-interview|title=Director
 Cheryl Dunye Shares Her Film School Syllabus|date=March 12, 2021|website=W Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Dunye alianza kazi yake ya utengenezaji filamu katika miaka ya 1990 kupitia filamu fupi zilizochanganya mbinu za hali halisi na simulizi, alizozita “Dunyementaries”. Kazi yake ya kwanza ya filamu ya urefu kamili ilikuwa ''The Watermelon Woman'' (1996), ambayo ilipata umaarufu mkubwa na kuchukuliwa kama kazi muhimu katika sinema huru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Watermelon Woman (1996) |url=https://www.criterion.com/films/29124-the-watermelon-woman
 |publisher=Criterion Collection |access-date=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alielekeza filamu ya HBO ''Stranger Inside'' (2001), inayoangazia maisha ya wanawake Waafrika–Marekani walioko gerezani. Pia alifanya kazi katika filamu ya vichekesho ya studio ''My Baby's Daddy'' (2004), kabla ya kurudi kwenye sinema huru kupitia miradi kama ''The Owls'' (2010), ''Mommy Is Coming'' (2012) na filamu fupi ''Black Is Blue'' (2014).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cheryl Dunye on her groundbreaking career |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/08/1186574310/cheryl-dunye-career
 |publisher=NPR |access-date=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dunye pia amefanya kazi kubwa ya kufundisha vyuoni, akifundisha katika taasisi mbalimbali ikiwemo UCLA, California Institute of the Arts na San Francisco State University.

== Tuzo ==
Miongoni mwa tuzo zake ni pamoja na Guggenheim Fellowship ya mwaka 2016 na kuingizwa katika Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/cheryl-dunye/
 |title=Cheryl Dunye |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
{{BD|1966|}}
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Liberia]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>t49d5woxqh552yeps4qr266r3x2bbbu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chana Pilane-Majake</title>
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    <id>227948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538499</id>
      <parentid>1530555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:11:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maisha ya awali na elimu */</comment>
      <origin>1538499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4113" sha1="9xwnq698499s7ktowxwhzkxhal2jaty" xml:space="preserve">'''Makgathatso Charlotte Chana Pilane-Majake''' (née '''Pilane'''; alizaliwa [[13 Februari]] [[1957]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri wa Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala hadi mwaka [[2024]]. Hapo awali alishikilia wadhifa huo kati ya Februari [[2018]] na Mei [[2019]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa [[African National Congress]], aliwakilisha jimbo la [[Gauteng]] katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini.

Alizaliwa Atteridgeville, Pilane-Majake alikuwa mfanyakazi wa kijamii na mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu kabla ya kujiunga na Bunge Januari [[2012]]. Kabla ya hapo, alikuwa Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu wa ''Commission for Gender Equality'' kuanzia [[2002]] hadi [[2010]].

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Makgathatso Charlotte Chana Pilane-Majake alizaliwa tarehe 13 Februari 1957&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 May 2019|title=Electoral Commission Notice 267 of 2019 – Electoral Act (73/1998): List of Representatives in the National Assembly and Provincial Legislatures, in respect of the elections held on 8 May 2019 42460|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201905/42460gen267.pdf|access-date=3 August 2023|publisher=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; huko Atteridgeville, mji ulio nje ya [[Pretoria]] katika eneo la zamani la [[Transvaal]]. Mama yake alikuwa muuguzi, huku baba yake akiwa mwanachama wa chini kwa chini wa South African Communist Party (SACP), chama kilichokuwa kimepigwa marufuku wakati wa utawala wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] nchini Afrika Kusini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trustees|url=https://berthagxowa.org.za/trustees/|access-date=2023-08-09|website=Bertha Gxowa Foundation|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiwa kijana, aliondoka nyumbani kwenda kusoma shule ya upili katika eneo la Transvaal ya Kaskazini (leo [[Limpopo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chana Pilane-Majake, Dr|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/public-service-and-administration-deputy-ministry/chana-pilane|access-date=2023-08-09|website=South African Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kitaaluma, alikamilisha Shahada ya Kwanza na Shahada ya Heshima katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Limpopo|University of Limpopo]] (zamani Chuo Kikuu cha Kaskazini), na baadaye Shahada ya Uzamili katika sayansi ya jamii kutoka University of Natal. Mnamo [[2017]], alitunukiwa Shahada ya Uzamivu ya Fasihi na Falsafa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini]], ambapo utafiti wake ulijikita katika masuala ya wanawake na VVU/UKIMWI.

== Kazi ya awali ==
Makgathatso Charlotte Chana Pilane-Majake baada ya kumaliza shahada yake ya kwanza, aliishi kwa takriban miaka kumi katika Mkoa wa [[Natal]]. Katika kipindi hicho, alianzisha uhusiano wake wa kwanza na African National Congress (ANC) kupitia kazi yake katika Chama cha Wafanyakazi wa Jamii Weusi wa Afrika Kusini, ambacho kilikuwa mshirika wa United Democratic Front. Wakati wa machafuko ya kisiasa ya mpito kuelekea demokrasia, alihudumu kama mshauri na mpatanishi wa amani kwa familia zilizoathirika na vurugu katika maeneo mbalimbali. Kati ya [[1992]] na [[1994]], pia alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Uratibu wa Kurejesha Watu Nchini, ambayo ilihusika na kuratibu urejeshwaji na ujumuishaji wa wakimbizi wa kisiasa wa Afrika Kusini. Baadaye, chini ya serikali ya kwanza ya baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi, aliongoza ujumbe wa Afrika Kusini ulioshinda haki ya kuandaa Kongamano la 13 la Kimataifa la Kuzuia Unyanyasaji na Uzembe wa Watoto, lililofanyika Durban mwaka [[2000]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006-11-21|title=A fresh look at our watchdogs|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-11-21-a-fresh-look-at-our-watchdogs/|access-date=2023-08-09|website=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-03-08|title=Gasa accused of graft|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-03-08-gasa-accused-of-graft/|access-date=2023-08-09|website=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii: Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>9xwnq698499s7ktowxwhzkxhal2jaty</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charlie Ergen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538502</id>
      <parentid>1530559</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538502</origin>
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      <text bytes="1045" sha1="pofqbuxul8ei6eqkb595m7afcjg5a33" xml:space="preserve">'''Charlie Ergen''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 1]], [[1953]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Charlie Ergen |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/charles-ergen/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa ''Dish Network'' na ''EchoStar Corporation'', makampuni ya huduma za televisheni za satelaiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dish co-founder Ergen steps down from CEO role |url=https://www.reuters.com/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianza biashara yake mwaka [[1980]] akiwa na dola 60,000 tu, akiuza sahani za satelaiti kutoka nyuma ya lori lake huko [[Colorado]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chairman and chief executive officer, EchoStar Communications Corporation |url=https://www.echostar.com/ |access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya biashara, aliwahi kuwa mcheza kamari kitaaluma (professional gambler) akicheza poka na blackjack.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>pofqbuxul8ei6eqkb595m7afcjg5a33</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chika Unigwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538507</id>
      <parentid>1530565</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="14437" sha1="mt9lze0yetckk3by3njlbyhxk0qpzp0" xml:space="preserve">'''Chika Nina Unigwe'''  (alizaliwa [[Juni 12]], [[1974]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya wa kabila la [[Waigbo]] mzaliwa wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye anaandika kwa [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiholanzi]]. Alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Nigeria mwaka wa 2012 kwa riwaya yake ''ya On Black Sisters' Street'' . Mnamo Aprili 2014, alichaguliwa katika orodha ya Waandishi 39 wa Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara ya [[Hay Festival]] ya Waandishi 39 wenye umri chini ya miaka 40. Yuko katika Bodi ya Wadhamini wa mpango wa fasihi wa Afrika nzima Writivism, na alianzisha Awele Creative Trust nchini Nigeria ili kuwasaidia waandishi wachanga. Amehudumu kama jaji wa Kimataifa wa Man Booker na mwenyekiti wa majaji wa Tuzo ya Caine ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika . Mnamo 2023, aliteuliwa kuwa Knight of the Order of the Crown (Ubelgiji).

Hapo awali alikuwa akiishi [[Ubelgiji]], lakini sasa anaishi Marekani.

== Wasifu ==
Chika Unigwe alizaliwa mwaka wa 1974 huko [[Enugu]], mji mkuu wa [[Jimbo la Enugu]], kusini-mashariki mwa [[Nigeria]], akiwa mtoto wa sita kati ya watoto saba wa wazazi wake. &lt;ref name=&quot;bibarch&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe|url=https://www.chikaunigwe.com/biography.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227072654/http://chikaunigwe.com/biography.html|archivedate=December 27, 2021|accessdate=30 May 2022|work=www.chikaunigwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihudhuria shule ya upili katika chuo cha Wasichana cha Serikali ya Shirikisho huko [[Abuja]] na kupata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) mwaka wa 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;bibarch&quot; /&gt; Mnamo 1996, alipata shahada ya Uzamili ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kujifunza Kiingereza (KUL, Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki cha Leuven). &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://users.skynet.be/chikaunigwe/en_biography.html|title=Biography|date=2006–2009|work=Chika Unigwe website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105011011/http://users.skynet.be/chikaunigwe/en_biography.html|archivedate=5 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Fasihi (2004) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Leiden nchini [[Uholanzi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;bibarch&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/unigwe/cuintro.html|title=The Chika Unigwe Bibliography|work=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|accessdate=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anaandika kwa Kiingereza na Kiholanzi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=1 September 2015|title=The Jalada Conversations No 3: Chika Unigwe|url=https://jaladaafrica.org/jalada-conversations/the-jalada-conversations-no-3-chika-unigwe/|accessdate=27 May 2022|work=Jalada Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unigwe hapo awali aliishi [[Turnhout]], [[Ubelgiji]], pamoja na mumewe na watoto wake wanne. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://users.skynet.be/chikaunigwe/en_biography.html|title=Biography|date=2006–2009|work=Chika Unigwe website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105011011/http://users.skynet.be/chikaunigwe/en_biography.html|archivedate=5 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbali na uandishi, alihudumu katika baraza la mji la Turnhout na kuwafundisha wahamiaji wa Flemish. &lt;ref name=&quot;bibarch2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe|url=https://www.chikaunigwe.com/biography.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227072654/http://chikaunigwe.com/biography.html|archivedate=December 27, 2021|accessdate=30 May 2022|work=www.chikaunigwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihamia Marekani mwaka wa 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;bibarch2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Zeijl&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2013/10/strangers-others-countries-discussion-chika-unigwe-femke-van-zeijl/|first=Femke|author=van Zeijl|title=Strangers in Each Other's Countries - In Conversation: Chika Unigwe &amp; Femke van Zeijl|date=16 October 2013|publisher=[[Brittle Paper]]|accessdate=5 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anaishi Atlanta, Georgia, ambapo yeye ni Profesa wa Uandishi wa Ubunifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Georgia na Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe|url=https://canongate.co.uk/contributors/17734-chika-unigwe/|work=Canongate|accessdate=23 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Mnamo 2003,  alipokuwa mwanafunzi nchini [[Ubelgiji]], Unigwe alishinda Shindano la Hadithi Fupi la BBC World Service kwa hadithi yake &quot;Borrowed Smile&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2003&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=BBC World Service Short Story Competition|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p03m129z|work=BBC|accessdate=22 February 2025|date=18 February 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Short Story Competition 2002|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/competition/story.shtml|work=BBC|accessdate=22 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hadithi hiyo baadaye ilichapishwa katika Wasafiri . &lt;ref name=&quot;wasa&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Tunca |first=Daria |last2=Mortimer |first2=Vicki |last3=Del Calzo |first3=Emmanuelle |date=Autumn 2013 |title=An Interview with Chika Unigwe |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/156712/1/Tunca_Mortimer_Del_Calzo_Unigwe_Interview_Wasafiri.pdf |journal=Wasafiri |volume=28 |issue=75 |pages=54–59 |doi=10.1080/02690055.2013.802439 |hdl=2268/156712}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Unigwe |first=Chika |date=Summer 2003 |title=The 2003 World Service Short Story Winners: Borrowed Smile |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690050308589842 |journal=Wasafiri |issue=39 |pages=54–59 |doi=10.1080/02690050308589842 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia mnamo 2003, alishinda kutajwa kwa heshima katika Shindano la Hadithi Fupi la Jumuiya ya Madola kwa hadithi yake &quot;Weathered Smiles&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;schrijvers&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe|url=https://schrijversgewijs.be/schrijvers/unigwe-chika/|work=Schrijversgewijs|accessdate=22 February 2025|language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tien nieuwe schrijftalenten gebundeld in &quot;De eerste keer&quot;|url=https://www.gva.be/incoming/tien-nieuwe-schrijftalenten-gebundeld-in-de-eerste-keer/37939519.html|work=Gazet van Antwerpen|accessdate=24 February 2025|date=1 April 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nigeriaanse schrijfster werd laureate van de VDAB-verhalenwedstrijd|url=https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/nigeriaanse-schrijfster-werd-laureate-van-de-vdab-verhalenwedstrijd~ba553707/|work=De Morgen|accessdate=24 February 2025|date=31 January 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=De Eerste Keer|last=Unigwe|first=Chika|date=2004|publisher=Manteau Uitgeverij|location=Antwerp|chapter=De Smaak van Sneeuw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2004, hadithi yake &quot;Siri&quot; iliorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Caine kwa Uandishi wa Kiafrika . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Pauli|first=Michelle|title=Caine prize winner announced|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/20/news.awardsandprizes|work=The Guardian|accessdate=23 February 2025|date=20 July 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ais&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=A is for ancestors: A selection of writings from the 2003 Caine Prize for African writing|date=November 2004|publisher=Jacana Media|isbn=978-1770090279}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CainePrize&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://caineprize.com/notable-entries|title=The Caine Prize for African Writing - Previously shortlisted|publisher=Caine Prize|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904034222/http://caineprize.com/notable-entries|archivedate=4 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika mwaka huo huo, hadithi yake fupi &quot;Dreams&quot; ilishika nafasi ya 10 bora ya Tuzo ya Waandishi Milioni kwa ajili ya hadithi bora za mtandaoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Million Writers Award Top Ten Stories of 2004|url=http://www.storysouth.com/millionwriters/2004toptenstories.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330075633/http://www.storysouth.com/millionwriters/2004toptenstories.html|archivedate=2012-03-30|work=storySouth|accessdate=24 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2005, alishinda nafasi ya tatu katika Tuzo ya Olaudah Equiano ya Hadithi za Kubuni, tuzo ya hadithi fupi za Waafrika wanaoishi nje ya nchi, pamoja na hadithi yake &quot;Confetti, Glitter, and Ash&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chielozona Eze Wins 1st Olaudah Equiano Prize for Fiction|url=https://equianoprize.blogspot.com/|work=equianoprize|accessdate=24 February 2025|date=14 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hadithi zake fupi za mapema pia zilionekana katika majarida ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Eclectica'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Unigwe|first=Chika|title=Thinking of Angel|url=https://www.eclectica.org/v8n1/unigwe_angel.html|work=Eclectica|accessdate=24 February 2025|date=February 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Moving Worlds'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Unigwe |first=Chika |date=2004 |title=The Swelling Word |journal=Moving Worlds |volume=4 |issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Per Contra'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Unigwe |first=Chika |date=2007 |title=The Day Independence Came |url=https://percontra.net/archive/9unigwe.htm |journal=Per Contra |volume=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Unigwe |first=Chika |date=2010 |title=Waiting |url=https://percontra.net/archive/17unigwe.htm |journal=Per Contra |volume=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Litro'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;litro&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Unigwe|first=Chika|title=Saving Agu's Wife|url=https://www.litromagazine.com/looking-to-buy-short-stories-that-transport-look-no-further/litro-113-double-dutch/chika-unigwe-saving-agus-wife/|work=Litro|accessdate=23 February 2025|date=18 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Riwaya ya kwanza ya Unigwe, ''De Feniks'' (The Phoenix), ilichapishwa kwa Kiholanzi mnamo Septemba 2005 na Meulenhoff na Manteau . Ikisimulia kuhusu mwanamke kijana wa Nigeria anayeishi katika mji wa kaskazini mwa Ubelgiji ambaye amegunduliwa na saratani, &lt;ref name=&quot;wasa2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Tunca |first=Daria |last2=Mortimer |first2=Vicki |last3=Del Calzo |first3=Emmanuelle |date=Autumn 2013 |title=An Interview with Chika Unigwe |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/156712/1/Tunca_Mortimer_Del_Calzo_Unigwe_Interview_Wasafiri.pdf |journal=Wasafiri |volume=28 |issue=75 |pages=54–59 |doi=10.1080/02690055.2013.802439 |hdl=2268/156712}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni kitabu cha kwanza cha hadithi za kubuni kilichoandikwa na mwandishi wa Flemish mwenye asili ya Kiafrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe: Exploring the depths of the human condition….. {{!}} Life And Times Magazine|url=http://lifeandtimesmagazine.com/home/chika-unigwe-exploring-the-depths-of-the-human-condition/|author=MagAdmin|language=en-US|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iliorodheshwa kwa ajili ya riwaya ya kwanza bora ya kwanza iliyoandikwa na mwandishi wa kike.Mnamo 2007 iliorodheshwa kwa ajili ya Literatuurprijs Gerard Walschap, iliyotolewa kwa waandishi wa Uholanzi au Flemish katika hatua za mwanzo za kazi zao. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Literatuurprijs Gerard Walschap|url=https://www.begeerte.be/p/aanbevelingen-voor-een-beter-leven-2007-literatuurprijs-gerard-walschap/|work=Behoud de Begeerte|accessdate=24 February 2025|language=Dutch|date=19 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2016, Unigwe aliteuliwa kuwa Profesa wa Uandishi wa Ubunifu wa Bonderman katika Chuo Kikuu cha Brown huko [[Providence, Rhode Island]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bonderman&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2016/05/chika-unigwe-heads-brown-university-bonderman-professor-creative-writing/|title=Chika Unigwe Heads to Brown University as Bonderman Professor of Creative Writing|first=Ainehi|author=Edoro|authorlink=Ainehi Edoro|date=4 May 2016|work=[[Brittle Paper]]|accessdate=5 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2017, alihudumu kama jaji wa Kimataifa wa Man Booker . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe is a Man Booker International Prize 2017 judge|url=https://www.jamesmurua.com/chika-unigwe-man-booker-international-prize-2017-judge/|first=James|author=Murua|authorlink=James Murua|work=James Murua Literacy|date=7 July 2016|accessdate=28 January 2021|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402125415/https://www.jamesmurua.com/chika-unigwe-man-booker-international-prize-2017-judge/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuanzia 2017 hadi 2019, alikuwa profesa mgeni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Emory, Atlanta, Georgia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Secretariat|date=24 June 2019|title=Writer Chika Unigwe is ANPA Featured Speaker, Tackles Sex Trafficking|url=https://www.anpa.org/writer-chika-unigwe-is-anpa-featured-speaker-tackles-sex-trafficking/|accessdate=30 May 2022|work=Association of Nigerian Physicians in the Americas (ANPA)|language=en-US|archivedate=3 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203083611/https://www.anpa.org/writer-chika-unigwe-is-anpa-featured-speaker-tackles-sex-trafficking/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Julai 2020, Unigwe aliteuliwa kuwa profesa wa uandishi wa ubunifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Georgia na Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo . &lt;ref name=&quot;townsend&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe is a Finalist for The 2025 Townsend Prize for Fiction|url=https://jaylit.com/chika-unigwe-is-a-finalist-for-the-2025-townsend-prize-for-fiction/|work=The Journal of African Youth Literature|accessdate=23 February 2025|date=31 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mary E. Rolling Reading Series Presents Chika Unigwe November 2|url=https://creativewriting.psu.edu/2023/10/19/mary-e-rolling-reading-series-presents-chika-unigwe-november-2/|work=Penn State University|accessdate=23 February 2025|date=19 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sasa anahudumu kama mhariri wa hadithi za kubuni kwa jarida la fasihi la programu yao ya MFA , Arts &amp; Letters. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who We Are|url=https://artsandletters.gcsu.edu/about-our-journal/|work=Arts &amp; Letters|date=5 April 2024|publisher=gscu.edu|accessdate=17 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2023, Unigwe alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mfalme na Serikali ya Ubelgiji kwa michango yake kwa fasihi na huduma kwa taifa la Ubelgiji. Katika tukio hilo hilo, pia alipewa Tangazo/Oorkonde na Christoffel Plantin Fonds, tuzo iliyotolewa kwa raia wa Ubelgiji ambao wametoa mchango wa kipekee kwa heshima na taswira ya Ubelgiji nje ya nchi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chika Unigwe Knighted by Belgium's Merit Award Order of the Crown|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/01/chika-unigwe-knighted-by-belgiums-merit-award-order-of-the-crown/|work=Brittle Paper|accessdate=23 February 2025|date=10 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Aprili 2024, aliteuliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Majaji wa Tuzo ya Caine kwa Uandishi wa Kiafrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wood|first=Heloise|title=Caine Prize for African Writing reveals 2024 shortlist alongside new format|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/caine-prize-for-african-writing-reveals-2024-shortlist-alongside-new-format|work=The Bookseller|accessdate=23 February 2025|date=31 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Waigbo]]</text>
      <sha1>mt9lze0yetckk3by3njlbyhxk0qpzp0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cynthia Konlan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538522</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:32:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi ya kimataifa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7829" sha1="qcfub63jciu0gglqjzmkvbicl0nmvxw" xml:space="preserve">'''Cynthia Konlan Findib''' (alizaliwa [[29 Novemba|Novemba 29]], [[2002]]) ni [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji wa mpira]] wa miguu wa Ghana ambaye anacheza kama kipa wa klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Saudi Arabia, Al-Hilal na timu ya taifa ya Ghana .

== Kazi ==
Konlan alianza safari yake ya mpira wa miguu nchini Ghana akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 tu, akijiunga na Pearl Pia Ladies mwaka wa 2016. Alishikilia wadhifa wake hapo hadi 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=504997101631415&amp;set=a.120936140037515|title=Cynthia Konlan Fiindib signs for Swieqi United FC!|date=19 September 2022|accessdate=1 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Septemba 2022, timu ya Daraja la Kwanza la Wanawake ya Malta Swieqi United ilimsajili Konlan. baada ya kuwa sehemu ya uteuzi wa Ghana kwa Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake wa FIFA U-20 la 2022 lililofanyika [[Kosta Rika|Costa Rica]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.shopsofmalta.com/malta/swieqi-united-women-sign-ghana-u-20s-pair-american-forward-ahead/|title=Swieqi United women sign Ghana U-20’s pair, American forward ahead|date=19 September 2022|work=shopsofmalta.com|accessdate=1 January 2024|archive-date=2024-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210160027/https://www.shopsofmalta.com/malta/swieqi-united-women-sign-ghana-u-20s-pair-american-forward-ahead/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Mei 2023, aliongeza mkataba wake na Swieqi United kwa misimu miwili iliyofuata, kama ilivyothibitishwa rasmi na klabu ya Ligi ya Wanawake ya Assikura Ijumaa. Konlan alicheza jukumu muhimu katika ushindi wa hivi karibuni wa Swieqi United katika hatua ya Knockout ya Wanawake ya Assikura. Katika msimu wote, alishikilia kwa nguvu akiruhusu mabao sita pekee. Utendaji mzuri wa Konlan ulimpa taji la Kipa Bora wa Mwaka wa Chama cha Wachezaji wa Soka cha Malta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/ghana-goalkeeper-cynthia-konlan-extends-swieqi-contract.1034058#:~:text=The%20Ghana%20international%20was%20one,of%20the%20Year%20as%20well.|title=Ghana goalkeeper Cynthia Konlan extends Swieqi contract|date=26 May 2023|work=timesofmalta.com|accessdate=1 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Agosti 2023, Konlan alisaini mkataba wa mkopo wa mwaka mmoja na Al Hilal nchini Saudi Arabia, akiondoka katika klabu yake ya sasa, Swieqi United FC. Tangazo la kuhama kwake lilitolewa kwenye Facebook, huku klabu hiyo ikielezea msisimko wake kwa safari yake mpya katika Msimu wa 23/24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=18 August 2023|title=Black Queens goalkeeper Cynthia Konlan joins Saudi Arabian giants Al Hilal|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/black-queens-goalkeeper-cynthia-konlan-joins-saudi-arabian-giants-al-hilal|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=GhanaSoccerNet}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 August 2023|title=Black Queens Goalkeeper, Cynthia Konlan Fiindib joins Al-Hilal in Saudi on loan|url=https://ournewsgh.com/black-queens-goalkeeper-cynthia-konlan-fiindib-joins-al-hilal-in-saudi-on-loan/|accessdate=1 January 2024|work=ournewsgh.com|archive-date=2024-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119040717/https://ournewsgh.com/black-queens-goalkeeper-cynthia-konlan-fiindib-joins-al-hilal-in-saudi-on-loan/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Cynthia alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya Ghana ya chini ya umri wa miaka 17 kwa vikosi vya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake la FIFA la U-17 vya mwaka 2018 akicheza mechi moja tu, dhidi ya Mexico akiingia kama mchezaji mbadala katika dakika za 95 na kucheza penalti ambazo walipoteza 2-4. 

Konlan alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha timu ya chini ya umri wa miaka 20 kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake la FIFA la U-20 la 2022. Alicheza michezo miwili katika hatua ya makundi ya Ghana. 

Konlan alipokea wito wake wa kwanza kujiunga na timu ya taifa ya wakubwa kwa ajili ya mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya Morocco mnamo tarehe 12 Aprili 2022, lakini hatimaye hakucheza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=13 July 2024|title=Jennifer Cudjoe gets the nod… line-up against Guinea|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/jennifer-cudjoe-gets-the-nod-in-nora-hauptle-starting-line-up-against-guinea|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya taifa dhidi ya Benin mnamo tarehe 19 Februari 2023, pia katika mchezo wa kirafiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=10 July 2024|title=Paris 2024 Olympic qualifier: Black Queens battle ready – Cynthia Konlan|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/paris-2024-olympic-qualifier-cynthia-konlan-believes-the-black-queens-are-battle-ready|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa kwa Black Queens mnamo 2023 na akajiimarisha kama chaguo la kwanza chini ya makocha Nora Häuptle na Kim Björkegren . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=13 July 2024|title=Jennifer Cudjoe gets the nod… line-up against Guinea|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/jennifer-cudjoe-gets-the-nod-in-nora-hauptle-starting-line-up-against-guinea|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakati wa kufuzu kwa Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Paris 2024, alishiriki katika kampeni za Ghana na ushiriki wa vyombo vya habari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=10 July 2024|title=Paris 2024 Olympic qualifier: Black Queens battle ready – Cynthia Konlan|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/paris-2024-olympic-qualifier-cynthia-konlan-believes-the-black-queens-are-battle-ready|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika la Wanawake la 2024 (lililochezwa Julai 2025 nchini Morocco), Konlan alikuwa muhimu sana Ghana ilipofika nusu fainali kwa mara ya kwanza tangu 2016. Aliokoa penalti mbili katika ushindi wa robo fainali dhidi ya Algeria baada ya sare ya 0-0, na kupata sifa nyingi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CAFQF&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=19 July 2025|title=Ghana edge Algeria in penalty drama to reach TotalEnergies CAF WAFCON semi-finals|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/ghana-edge-algeria-in-penalty-drama-to-reach-totalenergies-caf-wafcon-semi-finals/|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=CAF Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Alianza mchezo wa ufunguzi wa Ghana dhidi ya Afrika Kusini na akabaki golini katika mashindano yote. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=7 July 2025|title=Ghana surrenders early dominance, loses to South Africa in WAFCON opener|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ghana-surrenders-early-dominance-loses-to-south-africa-in-wafcon-opener|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=7 July 2025|title=Kim Lars Björkegren names exciting line-up for WAFCON opener against South Africa|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/kim-lars-bjorkegren-names-exciting-line-up-for-wafcon-opener-against-south-africa|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Agosti 2025, GFA ilimteua Konlan mmoja wa manaibu manahodha wawili wa timu ya wakubwa pamoja na Jennifer Cudjoe, chini ya nahodha Portia Boakye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=5 August 2025|title=A new era for Ghana’s Black Queens captaincy: Three Queens, One Mission|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/a-new-era-for-ghanas-black-queens-captaincy-three-queens-one-mission|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Konlan anajulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kuokoa penalti na kutawala eneo lake la penalti, sifa zilizoangaziwa wakati wa mchezo wa robo fainali wa WAFCON 2024 dhidi ya Algeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;CAFQF2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=19 July 2025|title=Ghana edge Algeria in penalty drama to reach TotalEnergies CAF WAFCON semi-finals|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/ghana-edge-algeria-in-penalty-drama-to-reach-totalenergies-caf-wafcon-semi-finals/|accessdate=30 August 2025|work=CAF Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>qcfub63jciu0gglqjzmkvbicl0nmvxw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cofield Mundi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538516</id>
      <parentid>1530571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6834" sha1="941121rdc1pcsui8l2qk4w38mtfm8ea" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ambassador for the Nelson Mandela 46664 foundation.jpg|thumb|Balozi wa taasisi ya Nelson Mandela 46664]]
'''Cofield Mundi''' ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyezaliwa Johannesburg. Alikulia katika familia ya muziki, alianza kuimba na kutumbuiza tangu akiwa mdogo, na aliandika wimbo wake wa kwanza akiwa na umri wa miaka 12. Shangazi yake ni mwigizaji na mwimbaji wa Afrika Kusini Jill Kirkland, anayejulikana kwa nafasi yake katika filamu ''Katrina''.

Cofield ametoa albamu mbili, ''Ceremony'' na ''The Big Question'' kupitia Universal Music Group Afrika Kusini. Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Ceremony'', ilipokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji na hadhira, ikielezwa kuwa “ya kuvutia sana” na “albamu ya kwanza ambayo wasanii wengi hutumia maisha yao yote kujaribu kuifikia.”&lt;ref name=&quot;CD baby listener review&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|title=CD](http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|title=CD) Baby: COFIELD MUNDI: Ceremony|access-date=2 Februari 2023|archive-date=19 Februari 2008|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219035320/http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|url-status=bot](https://web.archive.org/web/20080219035320/http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|url-status=bot): unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ilithaminiwa sana na wasikilizaji, waliyoitaja kama “mkusanyiko wa nyimbo zenye hisia nzito na roho ya ndani.”&lt;ref name=&quot;CD baby listener review&quot;/&gt; Albamu hiyo ilipongezwa kwa uandishi wake wa mashairi.&lt;ref name=&quot;website including lyrics of some of her albums' songs.&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.elyrics.net/song/c/cofield-mundi-lyrics.html](https://www.elyrics.net/song/c/cofield-mundi-lyrics.html) |title=COFIELD MUNDI Lyrics, Songs &amp; Albums | eLyrics.net }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilijumuisha nyimbo za mapenzi zenye hisia na pia nyimbo za kuchezeka, ikiwa na sauti iliyojitofautisha katika miaka ya 2000. Albamu zote mbili ziliteuliwa katika South African Music Awards. Cofield alianza taaluma yake ya muziki kama mwimbaji kiongozi wa bendi ya Afrika Kusini ya underground, The Aeroplanes.

Mnamo 2005, Cofield aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa taasisi ya Nelson Mandela 46664 na alitumbuiza katika tamasha lililofanyika George pamoja na wasanii kama Will Smith, Annie Lennox na Queen wakiongozwa na Paul Rodgers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.thirtythreeproductions.com/?portfolio=46664|title](http://www.thirtythreeproductions.com/?portfolio=46664|title)=46664|date=23 Aprili 2014}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/saturday-opening-on-mundi-927537|title](https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/saturday-opening-on-mundi-927537|title) = 46664 Concert - Cofield Mundi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Cofield ameshirikiana kuandika nyimbo na wasanii na waandishi mashuhuri kama Russell Dickerson,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://russelldickerson.com/|title](https://russelldickerson.com/|title)=Russell Dickerson}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye wimbo wake ''Yours'' ulifika namba 1 kwenye chati ya Billboard Heat Seeker, Cary Barlowe, Adam Zelkind,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1115683/|title](https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1115683/|title) = Adam Zelkind|website = IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeff Cohen,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.jeffcohenmusic.com/|title](http://www.jeffcohenmusic.com/|title) = Jeff Cohen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matthew Puckett na Wayne Carson,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=[http://www.musicvf.com/songs.php?page=artist&amp;artist=Wayne+Carson+Thompson&amp;tab=songaswriterchartstab|title](http://www.musicvf.com/songs.php?page=artist&amp;artist=Wayne+Carson+Thompson&amp;tab=songaswriterchartstab|title) = Wayne Carson}}&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye aliandika wimbo maarufu wa muda wote “Always on My Mind” uliorekodiwa na kuimbwa na wasanii wengi akiwemo Elvis Presley, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, Johnny Cash na Pet Shop Boys. Cofield amerekodi katika baadhi ya studio maarufu duniani, ikiwemo Abbey Road Studios mjini London.

Alipata umaarufu baada ya kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Ceremony'' mwaka 2003 ambayo iliteuliwa kuwa Albamu Bora ya Pop&lt;ref name=&quot;Best Pop Album&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Best Pop Album|url=[http://www.bizcommunity.co.ke/Article/111/66/34055.html|publisher=BizzCommunity|date=Machi](http://www.bizcommunity.co.ke/Article/111/66/34055.html|publisher=BizzCommunity|date=Machi) 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; katika South African Music Awards mwaka 2004. Albamu yake ya pili, ''The Big Question'', iliteuliwa kuwa Albamu Bora ya Adult Contemporary katika tuzo hizo mwaka 2009.

Mnamo 2008, Cofield alitoa albamu yake ya pili ''The Big Question'' kupitia Sony BMG&lt;ref name=&quot;Cofield Mundi Signs To Sony BMG | Recording Contract&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cofield Mundi Signs To Sony BMG {{!}} Recording Contract|url=[http://www.overtone.co.za/musicblog/index.php/2008/06/cofield-mundi-signs-to-sony-bmg-recording-contract/|publisher=Overtone}}](http://www.overtone.co.za/musicblog/index.php/2008/06/cofield-mundi-signs-to-sony-bmg-recording-contract/|publisher=Overtone}})&lt;/ref&gt; na baadaye akahamia Universal ambako aliitoa tena mwaka 2009.

Mnamo 2011, Cofield alishiriki kama jaji mgeni na pia alitumbuiza katika kipindi cha South African Idols msimu wa 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest Judge: Cofield Mundi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Guest Judge: Cofield Mundi|url=[http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121185755/http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21](http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121185755/http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21) Januari 2013|publisher=DSTV.COM|access-date=29 Agosti 2012|date=Agosti 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2010, mshindi wa Idols (Afrika Kusini msimu wa 6), Elvis Blue, alirekodi upya wimbo ''Only Wanna Be with You'' katika albamu yake ''Lightly Tread'', wimbo ambao Cofield aliandika pamoja na Alissa Moreno. Albamu hiyo ilishinda tuzo ya Albamu Bora ya Adult Contemporary katika South African Music Awards 2012. Pia wimbo aliouandika pamoja na Russell Dickerson uitwao ''Make Time Stand Still'' ulirekodiwa na mshindi wa pili wa Idols South Africa (msimu wa 7), Mark Haze, katika albamu yake ya kwanza ''Where Angels Fear to Fly''.

== Diskografia ==

=== Albamu ===
* ''Ceremony'' (2004)
* ''The Big Question'' (2009)

=== Mikusanyo ===
* ''Palace Lounge presents Cafe D'Afrique''
* ''Count Me Out'' (2006)
* ''Lightly Tread'' – Elvis Blue
* ''Only Want to Be with You'' – Elvis Blue (2010)
* ''Where Angels Fear to Fly'' – Mark Haze (2012)
* ''Make Time Stand Still'' – Mark Haze
* ''Get Fresh!'' – Wasanii mbalimbali

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD||}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>941121rdc1pcsui8l2qk4w38mtfm8ea</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538517</id>
      <parentid>1538516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6394" sha1="ko1xd3e40lq3a3cwzmswv3753vvjm0i" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ambassador for the Nelson Mandela 46664 foundation.jpg|thumb|Balozi wa taasisi ya Nelson Mandela 46664]]
'''Cofield Mundi''' ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyezaliwa Johannesburg. Alikulia katika familia ya muziki, alianza kuimba na kutumbuiza tangu akiwa mdogo, na aliandika wimbo wake wa kwanza akiwa na umri wa miaka 12. Shangazi yake ni mwigizaji na mwimbaji wa Afrika Kusini Jill Kirkland, anayejulikana kwa nafasi yake katika filamu ''Katrina''.

Cofield ametoa albamu mbili, ''Ceremony'' na ''The Big Question'' kupitia Universal Music Group Afrika Kusini. Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Ceremony'', ilipokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji na hadhira, ikielezwa kuwa “ya kuvutia sana” na “albamu ya kwanza ambayo wasanii wengi hutumia maisha yao yote kujaribu kuifikia.”&lt;ref name=&quot;CD baby listener review&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|title=CD](http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|title=CD) Baby: COFIELD MUNDI: Ceremony|access-date=2 Februari 2023|archive-date=19 Februari 2008|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219035320/http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|url-status=bot](https://web.archive.org/web/20080219035320/http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/cofieldmundi|url-status=bot): unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ilithaminiwa sana na wasikilizaji, waliyoitaja kama “mkusanyiko wa nyimbo zenye hisia nzito na roho ya ndani.”&lt;ref name=&quot;CD baby listener review&quot;/&gt; Albamu hiyo ilipongezwa kwa uandishi wake wa mashairi.&lt;ref name=&quot;website including lyrics of some of her albums' songs.&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.elyrics.net/song/c/cofield-mundi-lyrics.html](https://www.elyrics.net/song/c/cofield-mundi-lyrics.html) |title=COFIELD MUNDI Lyrics, Songs &amp; Albums | eLyrics.net }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilijumuisha nyimbo za mapenzi zenye hisia na pia nyimbo za kuchezeka, ikiwa na sauti iliyojitofautisha katika miaka ya 2000. Albamu zote mbili ziliteuliwa katika South African Music Awards. Cofield alianza taaluma yake ya muziki kama mwimbaji kiongozi wa bendi ya Afrika Kusini ya underground, The Aeroplanes.

Mnamo 2005, Cofield aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa taasisi ya Nelson Mandela 46664 na alitumbuiza katika tamasha lililofanyika George pamoja na wasanii kama Will Smith, Annie Lennox na Queen wakiongozwa na Paul Rodgers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/saturday-opening-on-mundi-927537|title](https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/saturday-opening-on-mundi-927537|title) = 46664 Concert - Cofield Mundi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Cofield ameshirikiana kuandika nyimbo na wasanii na waandishi mashuhuri kama Russell Dickerson, ambaye wimbo wake ''Yours'' ulifika namba 1 kwenye chati ya Billboard Heat Seeker, Cary Barlowe, Adam Zelkind,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1115683/|title](https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1115683/|title) = Adam Zelkind|website = IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeff Cohen,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.jeffcohenmusic.com/|title](http://www.jeffcohenmusic.com/|title) = Jeff Cohen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matthew Puckett na Wayne Carson,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=[http://www.musicvf.com/songs.php?page=artist&amp;artist=Wayne+Carson+Thompson&amp;tab=songaswriterchartstab|title](http://www.musicvf.com/songs.php?page=artist&amp;artist=Wayne+Carson+Thompson&amp;tab=songaswriterchartstab|title) = Wayne Carson}}&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye aliandika wimbo maarufu wa muda wote “Always on My Mind” uliorekodiwa na kuimbwa na wasanii wengi akiwemo Elvis Presley, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, Johnny Cash na Pet Shop Boys. Cofield amerekodi katika baadhi ya studio maarufu duniani, ikiwemo Abbey Road Studios mjini London.

Alipata umaarufu baada ya kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Ceremony'' mwaka 2003 ambayo iliteuliwa kuwa Albamu Bora ya Pop&lt;ref name=&quot;Best Pop Album&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Best Pop Album|url=[http://www.bizcommunity.co.ke/Article/111/66/34055.html|publisher=BizzCommunity|date=Machi](http://www.bizcommunity.co.ke/Article/111/66/34055.html|publisher=BizzCommunity|date=Machi) 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; katika South African Music Awards mwaka 2004. Albamu yake ya pili, ''The Big Question'', iliteuliwa kuwa Albamu Bora ya Adult Contemporary katika tuzo hizo mwaka 2009.

Mnamo 2008, Cofield alitoa albamu yake ya pili ''The Big Question'' kupitia Sony BMG&lt;ref name=&quot;Cofield Mundi Signs To Sony BMG | Recording Contract&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cofield Mundi Signs To Sony BMG {{!}} Recording Contract|url=[http://www.overtone.co.za/musicblog/index.php/2008/06/cofield-mundi-signs-to-sony-bmg-recording-contract/|publisher=Overtone}}](http://www.overtone.co.za/musicblog/index.php/2008/06/cofield-mundi-signs-to-sony-bmg-recording-contract/|publisher=Overtone}})&lt;/ref&gt; na baadaye akahamia Universal ambako aliitoa tena mwaka 2009.

Mnamo 2011, Cofield alishiriki kama jaji mgeni na pia alitumbuiza katika kipindi cha South African Idols msimu wa 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest Judge: Cofield Mundi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Guest Judge: Cofield Mundi|url=[http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121185755/http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21](http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121185755/http://idolssa.dstv.com/News/1606/GuestJudgeCofieldMundi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21) Januari 2013|publisher=DSTV.COM|access-date=29 Agosti 2012|date=Agosti 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2010, mshindi wa Idols (Afrika Kusini msimu wa 6), Elvis Blue, alirekodi upya wimbo ''Only Wanna Be with You'' katika albamu yake ''Lightly Tread'', wimbo ambao Cofield aliandika pamoja na Alissa Moreno. Albamu hiyo ilishinda tuzo ya Albamu Bora ya Adult Contemporary katika South African Music Awards 2012. Pia wimbo aliouandika pamoja na Russell Dickerson uitwao ''Make Time Stand Still'' ulirekodiwa na mshindi wa pili wa Idols South Africa (msimu wa 7), Mark Haze, katika albamu yake ya kwanza ''Where Angels Fear to Fly''.

== Diskografia ==

=== Albamu ===
* ''Ceremony'' (2004)
* ''The Big Question'' (2009)

=== Mikusanyo ===
* ''Palace Lounge presents Cafe D'Afrique''
* ''Count Me Out'' (2006)
* ''Lightly Tread'' – Elvis Blue
* ''Only Want to Be with You'' – Elvis Blue (2010)
* ''Where Angels Fear to Fly'' – Mark Haze (2012)
* ''Make Time Stand Still'' – Mark Haze
* ''Get Fresh!'' – Wasanii mbalimbali

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD||}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>ko1xd3e40lq3a3cwzmswv3753vvjm0i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Princess Chitsulo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538509</id>
      <parentid>1529908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6972" sha1="c9jhuzxxp388fvpxkwzxhutv2am7z3z" xml:space="preserve">'''Mizaya Princess Chitsulo''' (amezaliwa 1 Januari 1981), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Princess Chitsulo''', ni mwimbaji wa nyimbo za injili, na ni mwanaharakati na mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Malawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Times |first=The Daily |date=2023-01-06 |title=Princess Chitsulo celebrates birthday with the needy |url=https://www.africannewsagency.com/times-group-malawi/princess-chitsulo-celebrates-birthday-with-the-needy-63d954f4-244d-5aed-9ebb-a40b055eb920/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=African News Agency |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-10-03 |title=Princess Chitsulo album launch surpasses expectations: Ben Phiri supports cause with K0.5 mil - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princess-chitsulo-album-launch-surpasses-expectations-ben-phiri-supports-cause-k0-5-mil/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2001 alipokea tuzo ya Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike katika shindano la Malawi Gin. Mwaka 2014 pia alitunukiwa tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike, na wimbo wake ''Ndidzayimba Nyimbo'' (Nitaimba wimbo) ukachaguliwa kuwa Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=MLOZI |first=HOWARD |date=2016-03-16 |title=2016 MUMA Awards to clear 2014 controversy {{!}} The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/2016-muma-awards-to-clear-2014-controversy/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512201736/https://www.mwnation.com/2016-muma-awards-to-clear-2014-controversy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2016, Chitsulo alishinda tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika Magic Promotions, na mwaka 2018 alitunukiwa tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika shughuli za kijamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Chitsulo pia ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la misaada lijulikanalo kama Princess Chitsulo Foundation lililoanzishwa Desemba 2014 kwa lengo la kuwasaidia wazee, maskini na watoto walio katika mazingira magumu nchini Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Loka |first=Chris |date=2016-11-01 |title=Person with albinism gets business boost from Princess Chitsulo Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2016/11/01/person-albinism-gets-business-boost-princess-chitsulo/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-04-27 |title=Princess Chitsulo Foundation pays tuition for 10 girls at South Lunzu CDSS - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princess-chitsulo-foundation-pays-tuition-for-10-girls-at-south-lunzu-cdss/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

=== Maisha ya awali ===
Chitsulo alizaliwa tarehe 1 Januari 1981 katika wilaya ya Chiradzulu District nchini Malawi, akiwa mtoto wa mfanyabiashara na kiongozi wa jadi Raiden Chitsulo pamoja na Angellina Makatanje. Ana ndugu watatu ambao ni Tina, Margaret na Grace. Mama yake alifariki akiwa mdogo na hakuwa na kumbukumbu nyingi kumhusu. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alipoteza baba yake. Baadaye yeye na ndugu zake walihamia kijijini kwao kabla ya kuhamia moja kwa moja mjini [[Blantyre]] kuishi na ndugu.

==== Elimu ====
Alipata elimu ya sekondari katika shule za Chiradzulu Secondary School na Chichiri Secondary School. Pia alijiunga na kozi ya masoko katika Lehlonolo Business College lakini hakukamilisha kutokana na ukosefu wa msaada wa kifedha.

===== Matatizo ya kiafya =====
Mwaka 2000, Chitsulo aliugua ugonjwa wa meningitisi na kulazwa katika Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital. Mwaka 2014 aligundulika kuwa na tatizo la moyo na alipelekwa Afrika Kusini kwa matibabu zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2014-05-27 |title=Princes Chitsulo back: Fit and well - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princes-chitsulo-back-fit-and-well/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marais wa zamani wa Malawi, [[Peter Mutharika]] na [[Joyce Banda]], walitoa msaada wa kifedha ili aweze kusafiri kwa matibabu nchini Afrika Kusini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2014-05-07 |title=JB, Mutharika assist gospel songstress Princess Chitsulo - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/jb-mutharika-assist-gospel-songstress-princess-chitsulo/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Chitsulo alianza kuimba mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000 na alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza mwaka 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mwaka 2015 alitoa albamu yake ya pili iitwayo ''Mavutowa Akadzatha'' (Matatizo yatakapokwisha). Mwaka 2016 alitoa albamu yake ya tatu ''Nyimbo Yanga'' (Wimbo wangu) iliyokuwa na wimbo maarufu ''Chenjera Peturo'' (Kuwa mwangalifu Petro).&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201604080750.html |title= |access-date=2024-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Mwaka 2023 alitoa albamu yake ya nne iitwayo ''Nsembe'' (Sadaka).&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Voice |first=Malawi |date=2023-02-21 |title=Gospel musician Princess Chitsulo set to release Nsembe album |url=https://www.malawivoice.com/2023/02/21/gospel-musician-princess-chitsulo-set-to-release-nsembe-album/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Malawi Voice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ameshirikiana na wasanii wa injili maarufu nchini humo kama Thoko Katimba na Ethel Kand pamoja na kwaya ya Great Angels Choir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-09-24 |title=Namadingo, Chiwamba and Princess Chitsulo to share stage on Mother’s day in Lilongwe - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/namadingo-chiwamba-and-princess-chitsulo-to-share-stage-on-mothers-day-in-lilongwe/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uanaharakati ===
Kupitia shirika lake la misaada, Chitsulo amekuwa akiwasaidia watu wenye ualbino nchini Malawi. Miongoni mwa misaada hiyo ni kutoa kiasi cha K24,000 kusaidia biashara ya ndizi kwa mtu mwenye ualbino aitwaye Constance Msiska huko [[Mzuzu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Mafanikio ==

=== Magic Promotions ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Mwaka
!Mteule
!Kategoria
!Matokeo
|-
|2018
|Yeye mwenyewe
|Best Gospel Act
|Alishinda
|}

=== MUMA Awards ===
Chanzo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Mwaka
!Mteule
!Kategoria
!Matokeo
|-
|2014
|Yeye mwenyewe
|Msanii Bora wa Kike
|Alishinda
|-
|2014
|''Ndidzayimba Nyimbo''
|Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka
|Alishinda
|}

=== Malawi Gin Competition ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Mwaka
!Mteule
!Kategoria
!Matokeo
|-
|2001
|Yeye mwenyewe
|Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike
|Alishinda
|}

== Maisha binafsi ==
Chitsulo alikuwa ameolewa na Albert Nyasulu ambaye alifariki miezi sita kabla ya kufanyika kwa harusi yao. Ana mtoto mmoja wa kike anayeitwa Sarah.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitsulo, Princess}}
{{BD|1981|}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Malawi]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Malawi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538510</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Kazi ya muziki */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6955" sha1="cy7vr3tvqbrt2ptfxiox0jgbceu57mi" xml:space="preserve">'''Mizaya Princess Chitsulo''' (amezaliwa 1 Januari 1981), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Princess Chitsulo''', ni mwimbaji wa nyimbo za injili, na ni mwanaharakati na mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Malawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Times |first=The Daily |date=2023-01-06 |title=Princess Chitsulo celebrates birthday with the needy |url=https://www.africannewsagency.com/times-group-malawi/princess-chitsulo-celebrates-birthday-with-the-needy-63d954f4-244d-5aed-9ebb-a40b055eb920/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=African News Agency |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-10-03 |title=Princess Chitsulo album launch surpasses expectations: Ben Phiri supports cause with K0.5 mil - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princess-chitsulo-album-launch-surpasses-expectations-ben-phiri-supports-cause-k0-5-mil/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2001 alipokea tuzo ya Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike katika shindano la Malawi Gin. Mwaka 2014 pia alitunukiwa tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike, na wimbo wake ''Ndidzayimba Nyimbo'' (Nitaimba wimbo) ukachaguliwa kuwa Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=MLOZI |first=HOWARD |date=2016-03-16 |title=2016 MUMA Awards to clear 2014 controversy {{!}} The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/2016-muma-awards-to-clear-2014-controversy/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512201736/https://www.mwnation.com/2016-muma-awards-to-clear-2014-controversy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2016, Chitsulo alishinda tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika Magic Promotions, na mwaka 2018 alitunukiwa tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika shughuli za kijamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Chitsulo pia ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la misaada lijulikanalo kama Princess Chitsulo Foundation lililoanzishwa Desemba 2014 kwa lengo la kuwasaidia wazee, maskini na watoto walio katika mazingira magumu nchini Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Loka |first=Chris |date=2016-11-01 |title=Person with albinism gets business boost from Princess Chitsulo Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2016/11/01/person-albinism-gets-business-boost-princess-chitsulo/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-04-27 |title=Princess Chitsulo Foundation pays tuition for 10 girls at South Lunzu CDSS - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princess-chitsulo-foundation-pays-tuition-for-10-girls-at-south-lunzu-cdss/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

=== Maisha ya awali ===
Chitsulo alizaliwa tarehe 1 Januari 1981 katika wilaya ya Chiradzulu District nchini Malawi, akiwa mtoto wa mfanyabiashara na kiongozi wa jadi Raiden Chitsulo pamoja na Angellina Makatanje. Ana ndugu watatu ambao ni Tina, Margaret na Grace. Mama yake alifariki akiwa mdogo na hakuwa na kumbukumbu nyingi kumhusu. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alipoteza baba yake. Baadaye yeye na ndugu zake walihamia kijijini kwao kabla ya kuhamia moja kwa moja mjini [[Blantyre]] kuishi na ndugu.

==== Elimu ====
Alipata elimu ya sekondari katika shule za Chiradzulu Secondary School na Chichiri Secondary School. Pia alijiunga na kozi ya masoko katika Lehlonolo Business College lakini hakukamilisha kutokana na ukosefu wa msaada wa kifedha.

===== Matatizo ya kiafya =====
Mwaka 2000, Chitsulo aliugua ugonjwa wa meningitisi na kulazwa katika Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital. Mwaka 2014 aligundulika kuwa na tatizo la moyo na alipelekwa Afrika Kusini kwa matibabu zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2014-05-27 |title=Princes Chitsulo back: Fit and well - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princes-chitsulo-back-fit-and-well/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marais wa zamani wa Malawi, [[Peter Mutharika]] na [[Joyce Banda]], walitoa msaada wa kifedha ili aweze kusafiri kwa matibabu nchini Afrika Kusini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2014-05-07 |title=JB, Mutharika assist gospel songstress Princess Chitsulo - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/jb-mutharika-assist-gospel-songstress-princess-chitsulo/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Chitsulo alianza kuimba mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000 na alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza mwaka 2000. Mwaka 2015 alitoa albamu yake ya pili iitwayo ''Mavutowa Akadzatha'' (Matatizo yatakapokwisha). Mwaka 2016 alitoa albamu yake ya tatu ''Nyimbo Yanga'' (Wimbo wangu) iliyokuwa na wimbo maarufu ''Chenjera Peturo'' (Kuwa mwangalifu Petro).&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201604080750.html |title= |access-date=2024-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Mwaka 2023 alitoa albamu yake ya nne iitwayo ''Nsembe'' (Sadaka).&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Voice |first=Malawi |date=2023-02-21 |title=Gospel musician Princess Chitsulo set to release Nsembe album |url=https://www.malawivoice.com/2023/02/21/gospel-musician-princess-chitsulo-set-to-release-nsembe-album/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Malawi Voice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ameshirikiana na wasanii wa injili maarufu nchini humo kama Thoko Katimba na Ethel Kand pamoja na kwaya ya Great Angels Choir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-09-24 |title=Namadingo, Chiwamba and Princess Chitsulo to share stage on Mother’s day in Lilongwe - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/namadingo-chiwamba-and-princess-chitsulo-to-share-stage-on-mothers-day-in-lilongwe/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uanaharakati ===
Kupitia shirika lake la misaada, Chitsulo amekuwa akiwasaidia watu wenye ualbino nchini Malawi. Miongoni mwa misaada hiyo ni kutoa kiasi cha K24,000 kusaidia biashara ya ndizi kwa mtu mwenye ualbino aitwaye Constance Msiska huko [[Mzuzu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Mafanikio ==

=== Magic Promotions ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Mwaka
!Mteule
!Kategoria
!Matokeo
|-
|2018
|Yeye mwenyewe
|Best Gospel Act
|Alishinda
|}

=== MUMA Awards ===
Chanzo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Mwaka
!Mteule
!Kategoria
!Matokeo
|-
|2014
|Yeye mwenyewe
|Msanii Bora wa Kike
|Alishinda
|-
|2014
|''Ndidzayimba Nyimbo''
|Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka
|Alishinda
|}

=== Malawi Gin Competition ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Mwaka
!Mteule
!Kategoria
!Matokeo
|-
|2001
|Yeye mwenyewe
|Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike
|Alishinda
|}

== Maisha binafsi ==
Chitsulo alikuwa ameolewa na Albert Nyasulu ambaye alifariki miezi sita kabla ya kufanyika kwa harusi yao. Ana mtoto mmoja wa kike anayeitwa Sarah.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitsulo, Princess}}
{{BD|1981|}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Malawi]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Malawi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rudo Chakwera</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:09:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538497</origin>
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      <text bytes="2582" sha1="mwzl3rwmzzybgsnv71y73srjlvrx7x6" xml:space="preserve">'''Rudo Chakwera''' (amezaliwa 23 Desemba 1979) ni mwimbaji wa nyimbo za injili kutoka [[Malawi]]. Ni mkwe wa Rais wa Malawi, [[Lazarus Chakwera]].

== Maisha binafsi ==
Alizaliwa na Isaac Mkukupa na Gloria Rose Mkukupa, familia yenye asili ya muziki. Ameolewa na Nick Chakwera na wana watoto watatu.

== Elimu ==
Rudo ana shahada ya kwanza ya muziki kutoka Chancellor College ya University of Malawi, na pia ana shahada ya uzamili katika utawala wa biashara (MBA) kutoka ESAMI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |title=bridgeAFRIC Signs Malawian gospel Artiste, Rudo Chakwera |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/07/17/bridgeafric-signs-malawian-gospel-artiste-rudo-chakwera/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Ingawa alianza kuimba tangu utotoni, alipata umaarufu katika tasnia ya muziki nchini Malawi mwaka 1999 kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza iliyokuwa na wimbo ''Ndine Mwana Wamasiye''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Abiodun |first=Alao |date=16 July 2024 |title=BridgeAFRIC signs Malawian gospel artiste Rudo Chakwera |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/bridgeafric-signs-malawian-gospel-artiste-rudo-chakwera/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=31 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rudo ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Utendaji ya kitaifa ya chama cha wanamuziki nchini Malawi. Pia amewahi kuhudumu kama mjumbe wa bodi ya Copyright Society of Malawi na bodi ya kituo cha redio cha Channel for All Nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |date=15 July 2024 |title=BridgeAFRIC signs Malawian gospel artiste Rudo Chakwera;set to release new project |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/bridgeafric-signs-malawian-gospel-artiste-rudo-chakwera-set-to-release-new-project/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=31 July 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2022, katika siku yake ya kuzaliwa, alitembelea Maula Prison mjini Lilongwe na kuwaburudisha vijana waliokuwa gerezani hapo pamoja na wanamuziki wengine akiwemo Chikondi Wiseman. Kituo hicho cha vijana wahalifu kilikuwa kipya na kilikabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali ikiwemo upungufu wa chakula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Kalumbi |first=Mike |date=2022-12-25 |title=Musician Rudo celebrates with young offenders at Maula Prison |url=https://malawi24.com/2022/12/25/musician-rudo-celebrates-with-young-offenders-at-maula-prison/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Malawi]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Malawi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coco Argentée</title>
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      <id>1538513</id>
      <parentid>1530570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:21:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7349" sha1="7n56wrtmrgamkf69rm3828sv76iqye3" xml:space="preserve">'''Coco Argentée''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Corine Céline Ntyame'''&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebene&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=[http://www.culturebene.com/7464-coco-argentee-la-go-dans-la-taniere.html|title=Coco](http://www.culturebene.com/7464-coco-argentee-la-go-dans-la-taniere.html|title=Coco) Argentée, la Go dans la Tanière |date=13 Februari 2012|work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; alizaliwa Agosti 13, 1982 katika [[Mbandjock]], Mkoa wa Kati wa Kamerun) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Kamerun]] anayeishi nchini Ubelgiji.

Argentée alianza taaluma yake mwaka 2010 kwa kutoa wimbo uliopata mafanikio ''Dans la tanière'' kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya kwanza ''Nostalgie''. Mnamo Februari 2016, alitoa ''Crayon de Dieu'', singo maalum yenye nyimbo mbili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.auletch.com/bikutsi-coco-argentee-devoile-le-crayon-de-dieu/](http://www.auletch.com/bikutsi-coco-argentee-devoile-le-crayon-de-dieu/) |title=BIKUTSI : Coco Argentée dévoile &quot;Le Crayon de Dieu&quot; |date=17 Februari 2016 |work=Auletch |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singo hii ilimpatia jina la utani ''La Go Galaxy''. Hadi sasa, ana albamu tatu, ambapo ya tatu iitwayo ''Ouragan'' ilitolewa Juni 2018.

== Wasifu ==

=== Utoto na mwanzo wa maisha ===
Mama yake Coco alifariki alipokuwa bado mdogo sana na alilelewa na baba yake, dada zake na mama wa kambo.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebene&quot; /&gt;

Alianza kupenda muziki tangu akiwa mtoto. Akiwa na umri wa miaka sita, alijiunga na kwaya ya Kiprotestanti iitwayo ''The Voice of the Angels'' huko Ngoumou. Miaka michache baadaye, alianzisha kundi la ''Les Feeling Girls'' lililotumbuiza katika tamasha la mwanamuziki Manu Dibango katika Chuo cha Mvogt.&lt;ref name=&quot;reglo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=Septemba 2012 |url=[http://reglo.org/posts/coco-argentee-la-travers-mon-album-je-parle-a-la-jeunesse-camerounaise-r-4874](http://reglo.org/posts/coco-argentee-la-travers-mon-album-je-parle-a-la-jeunesse-camerounaise-r-4874) |title=Coco Argentée : &quot;Dans le ventre de maman je bougeais déjà trop&quot; |work=reglo.org |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliondoka katika kundi hilo baada ya baba yake, Thomas Mekoulou Ndengue, mfanyakazi wa reli, kuhamishiwa Ngaoundéré katika Mkoa wa Adamawa, ambako aliimba katika kumbi za burudani bila wazazi wake kujua.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebene&quot; /&gt; Akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, alishinda tuzo mbili: Tuzo ya Jumuiya ya Madola na Tuzo ya UNESCO.

Mwaka 2003, Coco Argentée aliondoka Cameroon kwenda Chad ambako alipata shahada ya kwanza mwaka 2004. Baadaye alihamia N'Djamena na kutumbuiza katika kumbi za burudani hadi mwaka 2006 alipohamia Ubelgiji, ambako anaishi kwa sasa pamoja na mume wake na watoto wao wawili.&lt;ref name=&quot;reglo&quot; /&gt; Alipata mafunzo ya uuguzi na kufanya kazi kama muuguzi kwa miaka kadhaa kabla ya kuachana na taaluma hiyo ili kujikita katika muziki baada ya kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.culturebene.com/20724-coco-argentee-aujourdhui-je-massume-completement.html](http://www.culturebene.com/20724-coco-argentee-aujourdhui-je-massume-completement.html) |title=Coco Argentée : &quot; Aujourd'hui je m'assume complètement...&quot; |date=13 Machi 2016 |work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kazi ===
Taaluma ya solo ya Coco Argentée ilianza mwaka 2010 kwa kutolewa kwa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Nostalgie'' yenye nyimbo nane. Albamu hiyo inachanganya mitindo ya muziki ya Bikutsi na Zouk. Wimbo maarufu zaidi ni ''Dans la tanière'', ambao ni heshima kwa jiji la N'Djamena ambako alianza taaluma yake, na ulipata mafanikio makubwa Cameroon na N'Djamena. Albamu hiyo ilishinda tuzo mbalimbali, ikiwemo Ufunuo Bora wa Muziki wa Mwaka 2012 katika Canal 2'Or na Bikutsi Bora ya 2013 katika Festi-Bikutsi.

Aprili 2014, alitoa albamu yake ya pili yenye nyimbo 10 iitwayo ''Trésor'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Journal du Cameroun&quot; /&gt; ambayo ilijumuisha wimbo maarufu ''Fallait Pas''. Albamu hiyo pia inamrejelea mwanamuziki mashuhuri wa Cameroon Talla André-Marie kupitia wimbo ''Bikutskin''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Journal du Cameroun&quot; /&gt;

Februari 2016, alitoa wimbo ''Le crayon de Dieu'' ambao ulipata zaidi ya watazamaji milioni 2 kwenye YouTube. Nyimbo ''Femme'' na ''Coco Jackson'' zilitolewa mwaka 2017.

Juni 2018, alitoa albamu yake ya tatu iitwayo ''Ouragan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/20352/fr.html/coco-argentee-ouragan-|title=Coco](https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/20352/fr.html/coco-argentee-ouragan-|title=Coco) Argentée &quot; Ouragan &quot; dans les bacs|website=cameroon-tribune.cm|access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Culturebene&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.culturebene.com/41545-ouragan-le-nouvel-album-de-coco-argentee-bientot-dans-les-bacs.html](http://www.culturebene.com/41545-ouragan-le-nouvel-album-de-coco-argentee-bientot-dans-les-bacs.html) |title=&quot; Ouragan &quot; le nouvel album de Coco Argentée, bientôt dans les bacs |date=27 Mei 2018 |work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hiyo ina nyimbo 11 na iliambatana na video 10 zilizotolewa kwa wakati mmoja kwenye YouTube.&lt;ref name=&quot;Culturebene&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.crtv.cm/2018/06/musique-coco-argentee-revient-avec-ouragan/](http://www.crtv.cm/2018/06/musique-coco-argentee-revient-avec-ouragan/) |title=Musique : Coco Argentée revient avec Ouragan |date=27 Juni 2018 |publisher=Cameroon Radio Television |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografia ==

=== Albamu ===

* 2010: ''Nostalgie''
* 2014: ''Trésor''
* 2018: ''Ouragan''

=== Singo ===

* 2016: ''Le crayon de Dieu''
* 2017: ''Coco Jackson''
* 2017: ''Femme''
* 2021: ''Le amour vrai''

== Tuzo na tuzo za heshima ==

* 2012: Msanii Bora wa Diaspora katika tuzo za ''Planet Star Music''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.culturebene.com/7247-planete-star-music-video-awards-les-vainqueurs-sont.html](http://www.culturebene.com/7247-planete-star-music-video-awards-les-vainqueurs-sont.html) |title=Planete star music vidéo awards: les vainqueurs sont... |date=21 Machi 2012|work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: Ufunuo wa Muziki wa Mwaka katika toleo la tisa la Canal 2'Or
* 2013: Bikutsi Bora ya Mwaka katika Festi-Bikutsi
* 2014: Albamu Bora ya Mwaka katika Balafon Music Awards
* 2014: Msanii Bora wa Mwaka katika Balafon Music Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-musique-val-chammar-recompensee-au-balafon-music-awards-2014-238536.html](http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-musique-val-chammar-recompensee-au-balafon-music-awards-2014-238536.html) |title=Cameroun – Musique: Balafon Music Awards 2014 |website=Cameroon-Info.Net |language=fr |access-date=27 Novemba 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: Msanii Bora wa Kike katika toleo la kumi la Canal 2'Or&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[https://www.lebledparle.com/culture/1100086-canal-d-or-act10-les-laureats](https://www.lebledparle.com/culture/1100086-canal-d-or-act10-les-laureats) |title=Canal d'or Act10 : les lauréats !!! |work=Le Bled Parle |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{BD|1982|}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kamerun]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]]</text>
      <sha1>7n56wrtmrgamkf69rm3828sv76iqye3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538515</id>
      <parentid>1538513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6816" sha1="roknoeu7of4foo2jx2mj9zdp4a82gc4" xml:space="preserve">'''Coco Argentée''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Corine Céline Ntyame'''&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebene&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=[http://www.culturebene.com/7464-coco-argentee-la-go-dans-la-taniere.html|title=Coco](http://www.culturebene.com/7464-coco-argentee-la-go-dans-la-taniere.html|title=Coco) Argentée, la Go dans la Tanière |date=13 Februari 2012|work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; alizaliwa Agosti 13, 1982 katika [[Mbandjock]], Mkoa wa Kati wa Kamerun) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Kamerun]] anayeishi nchini Ubelgiji.

Argentée alianza taaluma yake mwaka 2010 kwa kutoa wimbo uliopata mafanikio ''Dans la tanière'' kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya kwanza ''Nostalgie''. Mnamo Februari 2016, alitoa ''Crayon de Dieu'', singo maalum yenye nyimbo mbili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.auletch.com/bikutsi-coco-argentee-devoile-le-crayon-de-dieu/](http://www.auletch.com/bikutsi-coco-argentee-devoile-le-crayon-de-dieu/) |title=BIKUTSI : Coco Argentée dévoile &quot;Le Crayon de Dieu&quot; |date=17 Februari 2016 |work=Auletch |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singo hii ilimpatia jina la utani ''La Go Galaxy''. Hadi sasa, ana albamu tatu, ambapo ya tatu iitwayo ''Ouragan'' ilitolewa Juni 2018.

== Wasifu ==

=== Utoto na mwanzo wa maisha ===
Mama yake Coco alifariki alipokuwa bado mdogo sana na alilelewa na baba yake, dada zake na mama wa kambo.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebene&quot; /&gt;

Alianza kupenda muziki tangu akiwa mtoto. Akiwa na umri wa miaka sita, alijiunga na kwaya ya Kiprotestanti iitwayo ''The Voice of the Angels'' huko Ngoumou. Miaka michache baadaye, alianzisha kundi la ''Les Feeling Girls'' lililotumbuiza katika tamasha la mwanamuziki Manu Dibango katika Chuo cha Mvogt.&lt;ref name=&quot;reglo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=Septemba 2012 |url=[http://reglo.org/posts/coco-argentee-la-travers-mon-album-je-parle-a-la-jeunesse-camerounaise-r-4874](http://reglo.org/posts/coco-argentee-la-travers-mon-album-je-parle-a-la-jeunesse-camerounaise-r-4874) |title=Coco Argentée : &quot;Dans le ventre de maman je bougeais déjà trop&quot; |work=reglo.org |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliondoka katika kundi hilo baada ya baba yake, Thomas Mekoulou Ndengue, mfanyakazi wa reli, kuhamishiwa Ngaoundéré katika Mkoa wa Adamawa, ambako aliimba katika kumbi za burudani bila wazazi wake kujua.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebene&quot; /&gt; Akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, alishinda tuzo mbili: Tuzo ya Jumuiya ya Madola na Tuzo ya UNESCO.

Mwaka 2003, Coco Argentée aliondoka Cameroon kwenda Chad ambako alipata shahada ya kwanza mwaka 2004. Baadaye alihamia N'Djamena na kutumbuiza katika kumbi za burudani hadi mwaka 2006 alipohamia Ubelgiji, ambako anaishi kwa sasa pamoja na mume wake na watoto wao wawili.&lt;ref name=&quot;reglo&quot; /&gt; Alipata mafunzo ya uuguzi na kufanya kazi kama muuguzi kwa miaka kadhaa kabla ya kuachana na taaluma hiyo ili kujikita katika muziki baada ya kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.culturebene.com/20724-coco-argentee-aujourdhui-je-massume-completement.html](http://www.culturebene.com/20724-coco-argentee-aujourdhui-je-massume-completement.html) |title=Coco Argentée : &quot; Aujourd'hui je m'assume complètement...&quot; |date=13 Machi 2016 |work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kazi ===
Taaluma ya solo ya Coco Argentée ilianza mwaka 2010 kwa kutolewa kwa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Nostalgie'' yenye nyimbo nane. Albamu hiyo inachanganya mitindo ya muziki ya Bikutsi na Zouk. Wimbo maarufu zaidi ni ''Dans la tanière'', ambao ni heshima kwa jiji la N'Djamena ambako alianza taaluma yake, na ulipata mafanikio makubwa Cameroon na N'Djamena. Albamu hiyo ilishinda tuzo mbalimbali, ikiwemo Ufunuo Bora wa Muziki wa Mwaka 2012 katika Canal 2'Or na Bikutsi Bora ya 2013 katika Festi-Bikutsi.

Aprili 2014, alitoa albamu yake ya pili yenye nyimbo 10 iitwayo ''Trésor'', ambayo ilijumuisha wimbo maarufu ''Fallait Pas''. Albamu hiyo pia inamrejelea mwanamuziki mashuhuri wa Cameroon Talla André-Marie kupitia wimbo ''Bikutskin''.

Februari 2016, alitoa wimbo ''Le crayon de Dieu'' ambao ulipata zaidi ya watazamaji milioni 2 kwenye YouTube. Nyimbo ''Femme'' na ''Coco Jackson'' zilitolewa mwaka 2017.

Juni 2018, alitoa albamu yake ya tatu iitwayo ''Ouragan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/20352/fr.html/coco-argentee-ouragan-|title=Coco](https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/20352/fr.html/coco-argentee-ouragan-|title=Coco) Argentée &quot; Ouragan &quot; dans les bacs|website=cameroon-tribune.cm|access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Culturebene&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.culturebene.com/41545-ouragan-le-nouvel-album-de-coco-argentee-bientot-dans-les-bacs.html](http://www.culturebene.com/41545-ouragan-le-nouvel-album-de-coco-argentee-bientot-dans-les-bacs.html) |title=&quot; Ouragan &quot; le nouvel album de Coco Argentée, bientôt dans les bacs |date=27 Mei 2018 |work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hiyo ina nyimbo 11 na iliambatana na video 10 zilizotolewa kwa wakati mmoja kwenye YouTube.&lt;ref name=&quot;Culturebene&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.crtv.cm/2018/06/musique-coco-argentee-revient-avec-ouragan/](http://www.crtv.cm/2018/06/musique-coco-argentee-revient-avec-ouragan/) |title=Musique : Coco Argentée revient avec Ouragan |date=27 Juni 2018 |publisher=Cameroon Radio Television |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografia ==

=== Albamu ===

* 2010: ''Nostalgie''
* 2014: ''Trésor''
* 2018: ''Ouragan''

=== Singo ===

* 2016: ''Le crayon de Dieu''
* 2017: ''Coco Jackson''
* 2017: ''Femme''
* 2021: ''Le amour vrai''

== Tuzo na tuzo za heshima ==

* 2012: Msanii Bora wa Diaspora katika tuzo za ''Planet Star Music''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.culturebene.com/7247-planete-star-music-video-awards-les-vainqueurs-sont.html](http://www.culturebene.com/7247-planete-star-music-video-awards-les-vainqueurs-sont.html) |title=Planete star music vidéo awards: les vainqueurs sont... |date=21 Machi 2012|work=Culturebene |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: Ufunuo wa Muziki wa Mwaka katika toleo la tisa la Canal 2'Or
* 2013: Bikutsi Bora ya Mwaka katika Festi-Bikutsi
* 2014: Albamu Bora ya Mwaka katika Balafon Music Awards
* 2014: Msanii Bora wa Mwaka katika Balafon Music Awards
* 2015: Msanii Bora wa Kike katika toleo la kumi la Canal 2'Or&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[https://www.lebledparle.com/culture/1100086-canal-d-or-act10-les-laureats](https://www.lebledparle.com/culture/1100086-canal-d-or-act10-les-laureats) |title=Canal d'or Act10 : les lauréats !!! |work=Le Bled Parle |language=fr-FR |access-date=27 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{BD|1982|}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kamerun]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]]</text>
      <sha1>roknoeu7of4foo2jx2mj9zdp4a82gc4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brendan Peyper</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538477</id>
      <parentid>1530844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
      <origin>1538477</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3766" sha1="euypuiycko6em527b3kbghkftirkwd6" xml:space="preserve">'''Brendan Peyper''' (amezaliwa [[Bloemfontein]], 7 Agosti 1996) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2015/05/07/7/bmbrendanpeyper_24_0_212567892.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160307220518/http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2015/05/07/7/bmbrendanpeyper_24_0_212567892.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-07|title=Verkies](http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2015/05/07/7/bmbrendanpeyper_24_0_212567892.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160307220518/http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2015/05/07/7/bmbrendanpeyper_24_0_212567892.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-07|title=Verkies) kitaar bo tokse|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Stop, wag, bly nog 'n bietjie'' mwaka 2015, ikifuatiwa na albamu ''Hy Loop Oop'' mwaka 2017. Albamu yake ya hivi karibuni ni ''Omdat Jy Mag'' iliyotolewa mwaka 2024. Alishiriki katika msimu wa tatu wa kipindi cha KyKNet kiitwacho ''Op My Eish'' akitafuta mapenzi, ambapo alimchagua Janae Stander kama mshindi wa moyo wake, lakini bahati mbaya yeye hakuchaguliwa na Janae.

== Kazi ==
Brendan Peyper alizaliwa mjini katika familia ya wakulima. Alisoma katika Hoërskool Jim Fouché akiwa na mipango ya kusomea uhandisi wa sauti. Alianza kupiga gitaa akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano na akaanza rasmi taaluma yake ya muziki akiwa na umri wa miaka 14. Alivutia hadhira mapema kwa maneno yake ya nyimbo yenye hisia na mvuto mkubwa.

Wimbo wake wa kwanza, ''Stop, wag, bly nog 'n bietjie'', ulipata mafanikio makubwa huku Channel24 ikiuita video ya muziki moto zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.channel24.co.za/Viral/We-just-found-the-best-Afrikaans-music-video-on-the-internet-ever-20150605|title=We](https://www.channel24.co.za/Viral/We-just-found-the-best-Afrikaans-music-video-on-the-internet-ever-20150605|title=We) just found the hottest Afrikaans music video on the internet ever|date=2015-06-05|website=Channel|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliufuata kwa wimbo ''Tafelberg vir Twee'' uliosindikizwa na video mpya ya muziki iliyopokelewa vizuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/06/16/OS/3/ewbrendanitunes_1749os_32_0_172256456.html|title=Plaasseun](http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/06/16/OS/3/ewbrendanitunes_1749os_32_0_172256456.html|title=Plaasseun) tref no. 9 op iTunes|publisher=|url-status=dead|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160220112138/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/06/16/OS/3/ewbrendanitunes_1749os_32_0_172256456.html|archive-date=2016-02-20}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20160220112138/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/06/16/OS/3/ewbrendanitunes_1749os_32_0_172256456.html|archive-date=2016-02-20}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Singo ==
* 2015: &quot;Stop, wag, bly nog 'n bietjie&quot;
* 2015: &quot;Tafelberg vir twee&quot;
* 2015: &quot;Die perfekte een vir my&quot;
* 2017: &quot;Twee is beter as een&quot;
* 2017: &quot;Vanaand sê ek net ja&quot;
* 2018: &quot;We Got Forever&quot;
* 2018: &quot;Klim Jou Everest&quot;
* 2018: &quot;Jy Laat Dit Maklik Lyk&quot;
* 2018: &quot;Maak Die Perde Los&quot;
* 2018: &quot;Like a River Flows&quot;
* 2020: &quot;Sterk Soos 'n Leeu&quot;
* 2020: &quot;Lekkerder Op My Trekker&quot;
* 2021: &quot;Dik en dun&quot;
* 2021: &quot;Op jou spoor&quot;
* 2021: &quot;Warm nog op&quot;
* 2021: &quot;Die Wolf&quot;
* 2021: &quot;Nooit 'n Glas&quot;
* 2022: &quot;Stop die wêreld ek wil afklim&quot;
* 2022: &quot;Meisies Soos Jy&quot;
* 2022: &quot;Meisies &amp; Ouens Soos Jy (feat. Minke Brits)&quot;
* 2023: &quot;Nee of Ja&quot;
* 2023: &quot;Moegdans&quot;
* 2024: &quot;Soen Soos Wat Jy Dans&quot;
* 2024: &quot;Madelein&quot;
* 2024: &quot;Plaaspop (Mullet Mix)&quot;
* 2024: &quot;Jou Tipe Boer&quot;
* 2025: &quot;Kyk&quot;
* 2025: &quot;Brand&quot;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{BD|1996|}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>euypuiycko6em527b3kbghkftirkwd6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Colmar Grünhagen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538518</id>
      <parentid>1530573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="846" sha1="phk9dlkr7uaja4badxgyzjz550u7df5" xml:space="preserve">'''Colmar Grünhagen''' (2 Aprili 1828 – 27 Julai 1911) alikuwa [[Mjerumani]] mhifadhi wa nyaraka na mwanahistoria. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi zake zilizochapishwa zilihusu historia ya Silesia.&lt;ref name= &quot;WilloweitLemberg2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Matthias |last1=Weber |first2=Dietmar |last2=Willoweit |first3=Hans |last3=Lemberg |title=Epochengliederung in Gesamtdarstellungen der Gedcvhichte Schlesiens|work=Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa: Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cGPpBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19|date=2006|publisher=R](https://books.google.com/books?id=cGPpBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19|date=2006|publisher=R). Oldenbourg Verlag, [[München]] |isbn=978-3-486-57839-3|pages=15–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1828|1911}}
[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>phk9dlkr7uaja4badxgyzjz550u7df5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clay Mathile</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538512</id>
      <parentid>1530569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:19:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538512</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="838" sha1="hlitbvdhxssy2xupxwcgfyimd035j61" xml:space="preserve">'''Clayton Lee Mathile''' ([[Januari 11]], [[1941]] – [[Agosti 26]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] alijulikana zaidi kwa kuongoza ''Iams'' kufikia karibu dola bilioni 1 kwa mauzo kabla ya kuiuza kwa ''Procter &amp; Gamble'' (P&amp;G)&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1999_on_20120920111548&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Procter &amp; Gamble is buying maker of premium pet food|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/12/business/procter-gamble-is-buying-maker-of-premium-pet-food.html | work=The New York Times | first=Dana|last=Canedy|date=August 12, 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwa dola bilioni 2.3 mwaka [[1999]] katika muamala uliokuwa wa fedha taslimu tu (cash-only) mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya P&amp;G wakati huo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]]</text>
      <sha1>hlitbvdhxssy2xupxwcgfyimd035j61</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles Adeane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538501</id>
      <parentid>1530558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538501</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1049" sha1="jzbsy1c9rbkst09vapxd4q9wacwjd9t" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Robert Whorwood Adeane''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB|JP}} (2 Novemba 1863 – 11 Februari 1943) alikuwa afisa wa jeshi la [[Uingereza]].

== Asili ==
Adeane alikuwa mtoto pekee wa mwanasiasa Henry John Adeane na mkewe [[Elizabeth Biddulph, Baroness Biddulph|Lady Elizabeth Philippa Yorke]], ambaye alikuwa binti mkubwa wa Charles Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke.&lt;ref name = &quot;Who'sWho&quot;/&gt; Adeane alipata elimu katika Eton College na Christ Church, Oxford.&lt;ref name = Walford&gt;{{cite book | last = Walford | first = Edward | publisher = Spottiswoode, Ballantyne and Co. Ltd. | title = The County Families of the United Kingdom | volume = LIX | year = 1919 | location = London | pages = 8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alitunukiwa shahada ya heshima ya Shahada ya Uzamifu katika Sheria kutoka [[University of Cambridge]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Who'sWho&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = Who is Who 1935 | publisher = Adam &amp; Charles Black Ltd. | location = London | year = 1935 | pages = 21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1863|1943}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>jzbsy1c9rbkst09vapxd4q9wacwjd9t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carmelo Goyenechea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>231110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538482</id>
      <parentid>1530544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:58:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="587" sha1="m4mbw2xqfk8jcc3mrnaiukmesztpjw2" xml:space="preserve">'''Carmelo Goyenechea Urrusolo''' ([[18 Juni]] [[1898]] – [[10 Novemba]] [[1984]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]].

Alishiriki katika mashindano ya wanaume ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1924.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://memoriasdelfutbolvasco.wordpress.com/2014/03/13/carmelo-goyenechea/ |title=Carmelo, el último jugador amateur del Athletic. |publisher=Memorias del Fútbol Vasco |language=es |date=13 March 2014 |accessdate=12 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1898|1984}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>m4mbw2xqfk8jcc3mrnaiukmesztpjw2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waganda nchini Tanzania</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>231348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539017</id>
      <parentid>1530420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:29:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1539017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9056" sha1="4qjew8nklmkjevfqr7vpqmmq19yls6m" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Tanzania Uganda Locator.svg|thumb|Tanzania (rangi ya kijani) na Uganda (rangi ya machungwa)]]
'''Waganda nchini Tanzania''' ni watu ambao walizaliwa [[Uganda]] au wana [[Wazazi|mzazi]] mmoja mwenye [[asili]] ya Uganda. Wanaunda jamii ndogo lakini ya maana kati ya [[Uhamiaji|wahamiaji]] wa kikanda ndani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ugandans in Tanzania celebrate heritage with inaugural diaspora convention run|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/ugandans-in-tanzania-celebrate-heritage-with-inaugural-diaspora-convention-run-5059234|access-date=21 April 2026|agency=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=27 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uwepo wao umechangiwa hasa na mitandao ya kihistoria ya biashara, uhamiaji wa wafanyakazi, na mfumo wa uhuru wa kusafiri wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]], unaorahisisha usafiri wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya nchi wanachama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022|url=https://www.socialscienceinaction.org/resources/key-considerations-cross-border-dynamics-between-uganda-and-tanzania-in-the-context-of-the-outbreak-of-ebola-2022/|website=[[Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hizo mbili zinashirikiana mpaka wa nchi kavu wenye urefu wa takriban kilomita 396 (maili 246), jambo linalochangia zaidi mwingiliano wa mara kwa mara wa kuvuka mipaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tanzania to mark border with neighbours|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzania-to-mark-border-with-neighbours--1385706|access-date=21 April 2026|work=www.theeastafrican.co.ke|agency=[[The EastAfrican]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbali na hao, kuna [[kabila]] la watu ambao tangu zamani wanaishi katika eneo la [[Tanzania]] [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]], hasa [[wilaya ya Missenyi]], katika [[mkoa wa Kagera]], na ambao ni [[raia]] wa Tanzania kwa kuzaliwa.

== Historia ==
Kabla ya [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ulaya]], eneo linalolingana na Uganda ya sasa na kaskazini mwa Tanzania lilikuwa sehemu ya ukanda mpana uliounganishwa kijamii na kiuchumi ndani ya eneo la [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]]. Eneo hili lilikuwa na mipaka isiyo thabiti, ambapo uhamaji uliathiriwa na biashara, mitandao ya undugu, na michakato ya kihistoria iliyohusishwa na upanuzi na mwingiliano wa jamii zinazozungumza [[lugha za Kibantu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Spear |first1=Thomas |date=1 December 1999 |title=David Lee Schoenbrun. A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century . (Social History of Africa.) Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, or Fountain, Kampala; EAEP, Nairobi; James Currey, Oxford. 1998. Pp. xiv, 301. Cloth $59.95, paper $24.95 |url=https://history.northwestern.edu/documents/people/faculty/schoenbrun/schoenbrun-green-place-good-place.pdf |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=1802–1803 |doi=10.1086/ahr/104.5.1802 |access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Falme kama [[Ufalme wa Buganda]] pamoja na jamii mbalimbali za kati ya maziwa hayo katika [[bonde]] la [[Ziwa Viktoria]] zilikuwa na mwingiliano mpana wa kikanda. Mwingiliano huo ulijumuisha biashara ya bidhaa kama [[chuma]], [[mifugo]], na [[mazao]] ya [[kilimo]], pamoja na uhamaji wa mafundi stadi, wafanyabiashara, na makundi ya wafugaji katika maeneo ambayo leo ni mipaka ya kimataifa.

Katika kipindi hicho, mpangilio wa kijamii na wa kisiasa ulitegemea falme, koo, na jamii za lugha badala ya mipaka ya kudumu ya kijiografia, hali iliyosababisha mabadilishano endelevu ya watu na tamaduni katika eneo lote. Usafiri kwa kutumia mitumbwi katika ziwa pamoja na njia za misafara ya nchi kavu, hasa kupitia Unyamwezi katika Tanzania ya kati ya sasa, uliunganisha maeneo ya uzalishaji wa ndani na mifumo mipana ya biashara ya kikanda.

Mfumo huo wa kabla ya ukoloni wa uhamaji usio na mipaka thabiti na mwingiliano wa kikanda ulibadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya kuwasili kwa mataifa ya Ulaya katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika, wakati eneo hilo lilipoingizwa katika tawala tofauti za kikoloni.

Ingawa hapo awali uhamaji ulipangwa kupitia mitandao iliyounganishwa ya kitamaduni, kilugha, na kiuchumi katika eneo lote, utawala wa kikoloni ulianzisha mipaka rasmi ya kijiografia na mifumo ya kiutawala iliyosimamiwa kwa njia ya kati, jambo lililobadili mifumo ya uhamiaji, mgawanyo wa nguvu kazi, na safari za masafa marefu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fenske |first1=James |date=June 2014 |title=ECOLOGY, TRADE, AND STATES IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA: Ecology, Trade, and States in Pre-colonial Africa |url=http://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-abstract/12/3/612/2317928 |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=612–640 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12042 |access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kipindi cha Ukoloni ===
Uganda iliingizwa katika Himaya ya [[Uingereza]] kama Hifadhi ya Uganda mwaka [[1894]]. Utawala wa kikoloni wa Waingereza ulitegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa mfumo wa utawala usio wa moja kwa moja (indirect rule), kwa kushirikiana na falme zilizokuwepo kama Buganda, na kuunganisha eneo hilo katika mifumo mipana ya kiuchumi ya himaya.

Miradi ya [[miundombinu]] ya kikoloni, ikiwemo ujenzi wa [[reli]] na kilimo cha [[Zao la biashara|mazao ya biashara]], ilirahisisha uhamaji wa nguvu kazi ndani ya Uganda na pia katika maeneo jirani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Low |first=Anthony |date=July 1956 |title=The British and the Baganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2608109 |journal=International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=308–317 |doi=10.2307/2608109 |jstor=2608109 |access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mienendo ya uhamiaji baada ya uhuru ==
Baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwanzoni mwa [[miaka ya 1960]], mifumo ya uhamiaji kati ya Uganda na Tanzania ilibadilishwa na mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. Tanzania, chini ya uongozi wa [[Julius Nyerere]], ilifuata mfumo wa sera uliokuwa umeathiriwa na [[Ujamaa]] wa Kiafrika pamoja na ushirikiano wa kikanda wa Pan-Afrika, jambo lililochangia kuwepo kwa urahisi wa uhamaji wa kuvuka mipaka ndani ya Afrika Mashariki.&lt;ref&gt;Maddox, Gregory H. (1 February 2017). &quot;Priya Lal. African Socialism in Postcolonial Tanzania: Between the Village and the World&quot;. The American Historical Review. 122 (1): 288. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.1.288. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa upande mwingine, Uganda ilikumbwa na ongezeko la hali ya kutokuwa na utulivu wa kisiasa baada ya uhuru mwaka [[1962]], hasa wakati wa utawala wa [[Idi Amin]] (1971–1979). Vipindi vya ukandamizaji, kudorora kwa uchumi, na migogoro vilisababisha wimbi kubwa la raia wa Uganda kuhamia nchi jirani, ikiwemo Tanzania. Uhamaji huo ulihusisha wahamiaji wa hiari wanaotafuta ajira pamoja na [[Mkimbizi|wakimbizi]] waliolazimika kuhama, ambapo Tanzania ikawa mojawapo ya maeneo makuu ya kupokea wakimbizi wa Uganda katika nyakati za migogoro.&lt;ref&gt;Ofcansky, Thomas P. (1996). Uganda: Tarnished Pearl of Africa. Westview Press. doi:10.4324/9780429502781. ISBN 978-0-429-50278-1. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kutokana na hali hiyo, uhamiaji baada ya uhuru katika mpaka wa Uganda na Tanzania ulibadilika kutoka mifumo ya kabla ya ukoloni na kikoloni iliyotegemea biashara, hadi kuwa uhamiaji unaoendeshwa zaidi na siasa za dola, migogoro, na mienendo ya hifadhi ya wakimbizi katika kanda.

Mwingiliano wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya Uganda na Tanzania pia unawezeshwa na usafiri wa feri katika Ziwa Viktoria. Feri za abiria na mizigo zimekuwa zikiunganisha bandari kama Port Bell na [[Entebbe]] nchini Uganda na [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] pamoja na [[Bukoba (mji)|Bukoba]] nchini Tanzania, zikiwa sehemu ya mtandao wa usafiri wa kikanda unaounganisha jamii zinazozunguka ziwa hilo. Huduma hizo hubeba abiria, magari, na bidhaa, na kwa muda mrefu zimekuwa zikichochea biashara na uhamaji wa watu kati ya nchi hizo mbili. Ingawa njia nyingi za feri sasa zinafanya kazi zaidi ndani ya mipaka ya kitaifa, miunganiko ya kuvuka ziwa bado inaendelea kuwa na nafasi katika uhamaji wa kikanda na mabadilishano ya kiuchumi.&lt;ref&gt;A reminder of how travel used to be&quot;. www.bbc.com. BBC. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ushiriki wa diaspora==
Mnamo Mei 2025, mamlaka za Uganda ziliandaa mkutano wa kwanza wa Diaspora ya Uganda nchini Tanzania, ulioratibiwa na Ubalozi Mkuu wa Uganda uliopo [[Dar es Salaam]] kwa kushirikiana na vyama vya diaspora. Mkutano huo uliwakutanisha raia wa Uganda wanaoishi Tanzania pamoja na wawakilishi wa serikali, kwa lengo la kuhamasisha uwekezaji, mazungumzo, na ushirikiano wa kijamii na kiuchumi ukionyesha namna serikali inavyoshirikiana na raia wake wanaoishi nje ya nchi kulingana na mikakati ya siasa za diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;Uganda hosts first diaspora convention in Tanzania to bolster national transformation&quot;. mofa.go.ug. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uganda. 24 May 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>4qjew8nklmkjevfqr7vpqmmq19yls6m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539018</id>
      <parentid>1539017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:31:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1539018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9082" sha1="czfrt7qj9x1etesh1tyo6a6ctg9979b" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Tanzania Uganda Locator.svg|thumb|Tanzania (rangi ya kijani) na Uganda (rangi ya machungwa)]]
'''Waganda nchini Tanzania''' ni watu ambao walizaliwa [[Uganda]] au wana [[Wazazi|mzazi]] mmoja mwenye [[asili]] ya Uganda. Wanaunda jamii ndogo lakini ya maana kati ya [[Uhamiaji|wahamiaji]] wa kikanda ndani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ugandans in Tanzania celebrate heritage with inaugural diaspora convention run|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/ugandans-in-tanzania-celebrate-heritage-with-inaugural-diaspora-convention-run-5059234|access-date=21 April 2026|agency=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=27 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uwepo wao umechangiwa hasa na mitandao ya kihistoria ya biashara, uhamiaji wa wafanyakazi, na mfumo wa uhuru wa kusafiri wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]], unaorahisisha usafiri wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya nchi wanachama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022|url=https://www.socialscienceinaction.org/resources/key-considerations-cross-border-dynamics-between-uganda-and-tanzania-in-the-context-of-the-outbreak-of-ebola-2022/|website=[[Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchi hizo mbili zinashirikiana mpaka wa nchi kavu wenye urefu wa takriban kilomita 396 (maili 246), jambo linalochangia zaidi mwingiliano wa mara kwa mara wa kuvuka mipaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tanzania to mark border with neighbours|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzania-to-mark-border-with-neighbours--1385706|access-date=21 April 2026|work=www.theeastafrican.co.ke|agency=[[The EastAfrican]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbali na hao, kuna watu wa [[kabila]] la [[Waganda]] ambao tangu zamani za ukoloni wanaishi katika eneo la [[Tanzania]] [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]], hasa [[wilaya ya Missenyi]], katika [[mkoa wa Kagera]], na ambao ni [[raia]] wa Tanzania kwa kuzaliwa.

== Historia ==
Kabla ya [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ulaya]], eneo linalolingana na Uganda ya sasa na kaskazini mwa Tanzania lilikuwa sehemu ya ukanda mpana uliounganishwa kijamii na kiuchumi ndani ya eneo la [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]]. Eneo hili lilikuwa na mipaka isiyo thabiti, ambapo uhamaji uliathiriwa na biashara, mitandao ya undugu, na michakato ya kihistoria iliyohusishwa na upanuzi na mwingiliano wa jamii zinazozungumza [[lugha za Kibantu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Spear |first1=Thomas |date=1 December 1999 |title=David Lee Schoenbrun. A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century . (Social History of Africa.) Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, or Fountain, Kampala; EAEP, Nairobi; James Currey, Oxford. 1998. Pp. xiv, 301. Cloth $59.95, paper $24.95 |url=https://history.northwestern.edu/documents/people/faculty/schoenbrun/schoenbrun-green-place-good-place.pdf |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=1802–1803 |doi=10.1086/ahr/104.5.1802 |access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Falme kama [[Ufalme wa Buganda]] pamoja na jamii mbalimbali za kati ya maziwa hayo katika [[bonde]] la [[Ziwa Viktoria]] zilikuwa na mwingiliano mpana wa kikanda. Mwingiliano huo ulijumuisha biashara ya bidhaa kama [[chuma]], [[mifugo]], na [[mazao]] ya [[kilimo]], pamoja na uhamaji wa mafundi stadi, wafanyabiashara, na makundi ya wafugaji katika maeneo ambayo leo ni mipaka ya kimataifa.

Katika kipindi hicho, mpangilio wa kijamii na wa kisiasa ulitegemea falme, koo, na jamii za lugha badala ya mipaka ya kudumu ya kijiografia, hali iliyosababisha mabadilishano endelevu ya watu na tamaduni katika eneo lote. Usafiri kwa kutumia mitumbwi katika ziwa pamoja na njia za misafara ya nchi kavu, hasa kupitia Unyamwezi katika Tanzania ya kati ya sasa, uliunganisha maeneo ya uzalishaji wa ndani na mifumo mipana ya biashara ya kikanda.

Mfumo huo wa kabla ya ukoloni wa uhamaji usio na mipaka thabiti na mwingiliano wa kikanda ulibadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya kuwasili kwa mataifa ya Ulaya katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika, wakati eneo hilo lilipoingizwa katika tawala tofauti za kikoloni.

Ingawa hapo awali uhamaji ulipangwa kupitia mitandao iliyounganishwa ya kitamaduni, kilugha, na kiuchumi katika eneo lote, utawala wa kikoloni ulianzisha mipaka rasmi ya kijiografia na mifumo ya kiutawala iliyosimamiwa kwa njia ya kati, jambo lililobadili mifumo ya uhamiaji, mgawanyo wa nguvu kazi, na safari za masafa marefu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fenske |first1=James |date=June 2014 |title=ECOLOGY, TRADE, AND STATES IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA: Ecology, Trade, and States in Pre-colonial Africa |url=http://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-abstract/12/3/612/2317928 |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=612–640 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12042 |access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kipindi cha Ukoloni ===
Uganda iliingizwa katika Himaya ya [[Uingereza]] kama Hifadhi ya Uganda mwaka [[1894]]. Utawala wa kikoloni wa Waingereza ulitegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa mfumo wa utawala usio wa moja kwa moja (indirect rule), kwa kushirikiana na falme zilizokuwepo kama Buganda, na kuunganisha eneo hilo katika mifumo mipana ya kiuchumi ya himaya.

Miradi ya [[miundombinu]] ya kikoloni, ikiwemo ujenzi wa [[reli]] na kilimo cha [[Zao la biashara|mazao ya biashara]], ilirahisisha uhamaji wa nguvu kazi ndani ya Uganda na pia katika maeneo jirani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Low |first=Anthony |date=July 1956 |title=The British and the Baganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2608109 |journal=International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=308–317 |doi=10.2307/2608109 |jstor=2608109 |access-date=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mienendo ya uhamiaji baada ya uhuru ==
Baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwanzoni mwa [[miaka ya 1960]], mifumo ya uhamiaji kati ya Uganda na Tanzania ilibadilishwa na mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. Tanzania, chini ya uongozi wa [[Julius Nyerere]], ilifuata mfumo wa sera uliokuwa umeathiriwa na [[Ujamaa]] wa Kiafrika pamoja na ushirikiano wa kikanda wa Pan-Afrika, jambo lililochangia kuwepo kwa urahisi wa uhamaji wa kuvuka mipaka ndani ya Afrika Mashariki.&lt;ref&gt;Maddox, Gregory H. (1 February 2017). &quot;Priya Lal. African Socialism in Postcolonial Tanzania: Between the Village and the World&quot;. The American Historical Review. 122 (1): 288. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.1.288. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa upande mwingine, Uganda ilikumbwa na ongezeko la hali ya kutokuwa na utulivu wa kisiasa baada ya uhuru mwaka [[1962]], hasa wakati wa utawala wa [[Idi Amin]] (1971–1979). Vipindi vya ukandamizaji, kudorora kwa uchumi, na migogoro vilisababisha wimbi kubwa la raia wa Uganda kuhamia nchi jirani, ikiwemo Tanzania. Uhamaji huo ulihusisha wahamiaji wa hiari wanaotafuta ajira pamoja na [[Mkimbizi|wakimbizi]] waliolazimika kuhama, ambapo Tanzania ikawa mojawapo ya maeneo makuu ya kupokea wakimbizi wa Uganda katika nyakati za migogoro.&lt;ref&gt;Ofcansky, Thomas P. (1996). Uganda: Tarnished Pearl of Africa. Westview Press. doi:10.4324/9780429502781. ISBN 978-0-429-50278-1. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kutokana na hali hiyo, uhamiaji baada ya uhuru katika mpaka wa Uganda na Tanzania ulibadilika kutoka mifumo ya kabla ya ukoloni na kikoloni iliyotegemea biashara, hadi kuwa uhamiaji unaoendeshwa zaidi na siasa za dola, migogoro, na mienendo ya hifadhi ya wakimbizi katika kanda.

Mwingiliano wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya Uganda na Tanzania pia unawezeshwa na usafiri wa feri katika Ziwa Viktoria. Feri za abiria na mizigo zimekuwa zikiunganisha bandari kama Port Bell na [[Entebbe]] nchini Uganda na [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] pamoja na [[Bukoba (mji)|Bukoba]] nchini Tanzania, zikiwa sehemu ya mtandao wa usafiri wa kikanda unaounganisha jamii zinazozunguka ziwa hilo. Huduma hizo hubeba abiria, magari, na bidhaa, na kwa muda mrefu zimekuwa zikichochea biashara na uhamaji wa watu kati ya nchi hizo mbili. Ingawa njia nyingi za feri sasa zinafanya kazi zaidi ndani ya mipaka ya kitaifa, miunganiko ya kuvuka ziwa bado inaendelea kuwa na nafasi katika uhamaji wa kikanda na mabadilishano ya kiuchumi.&lt;ref&gt;A reminder of how travel used to be&quot;. www.bbc.com. BBC. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ushiriki wa diaspora==
Mnamo Mei 2025, mamlaka za Uganda ziliandaa mkutano wa kwanza wa Diaspora ya Uganda nchini Tanzania, ulioratibiwa na Ubalozi Mkuu wa Uganda uliopo [[Dar es Salaam]] kwa kushirikiana na vyama vya diaspora. Mkutano huo uliwakutanisha raia wa Uganda wanaoishi Tanzania pamoja na wawakilishi wa serikali, kwa lengo la kuhamasisha uwekezaji, mazungumzo, na ushirikiano wa kijamii na kiuchumi ukionyesha namna serikali inavyoshirikiana na raia wake wanaoishi nje ya nchi kulingana na mikakati ya siasa za diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;Uganda hosts first diaspora convention in Tanzania to bolster national transformation&quot;. mofa.go.ug. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uganda. 24 May 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>czfrt7qj9x1etesh1tyo6a6ctg9979b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Masuada Karokhi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538535</id>
      <parentid>1538297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:11:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elizabeth Samwel</username>
        <id>75873</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2541" sha1="c56e8c0256v5ds7jus03pciqqk6cpj6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Masuada Karokhi|majina mengine=Mrs. Karukhi Masuda|uraia=Afghanistan|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa, Mwanaharakati, Muelimishaji|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya N-Peace}}
'''Masuada Karokhi''' (alizaliwa 1962) ni mwanaharakati wa amani wa Afghanistan, mtetezi wa haki za wanawake na mshindi wa Tuzo ya N-Peace mnamo 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;PeaceWomen&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=AFGHANISTAN: Afghan Woman Announced as a Winner of the 2013 N-Peace Awards|url=https://www.peacewomen.org/content/afghanistan-afghan-woman-announced-winner-2013-n-peace-awards|work=PeaceWomen|accessdate=5 September 2020|language=en|date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP in Asia and the Pacific&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=100 Asian peace champions gather to honor women heroes from conflict zones|url=https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2013/10/21/n-peace-awards-2013.html|work=UNDP in Asia and the Pacific|accessdate=5 September 2020|language=en|archivedate=17 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030034/https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2013/10/21/n-peace-awards-2013.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Kazi==
Karokhi pia alikuwa mbunge. Aligombea mara mbili kuwa mbunge wa Baraza la Chini kwa ajili ya Herat, mwaka wa 2005 na 2010,&lt;ref name=&quot;Khaama Press News&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Masouda Karokhi declared 2013 N-Peace Award winner from Afghanistan|url=https://www.khaama.com/masouda-karokhi-declared-2013-n-peace-award-winner-from-afghanistan-1710/|work=The Khaama Press News Agency|accessdate=5 September 2020|date=31 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishinda mwaka wa 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;N-PEACE&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Masuada Karokhi|url=http://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2015/masuada-karokhi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620164710/http://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2015/masuada-karokhi/|archivedate=June 20, 2018|work=N-PEACE|accessdate=5 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kama mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake alikuwa akipokea vitisho mara kwa mara lakini hakukata tamaa kupigania na kutetea haki za wanawake hasa nchini Afghanistan.. Elimu kwa Wanawake na Wasichana ilipopigwa marufuku nchini Afghanistan, alianza masomo ya bure kwa siri kwa Wanawake na Wasichana maskini.&lt;ref name=&quot;N-PEACE&quot; /&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5xOfGdcFMw Mwanaharakati shupavu wa haki za wanawake: Masuada Karokhi ashinda Tuzo ya N-Peace 2013] Video ya YouTube
{{BD|1962|}}
[[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Afghanistan]]</text>
      <sha1>c56e8c0256v5ds7jus03pciqqk6cpj6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>David Zirnhelt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538318</id>
      <parentid>1537729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T11:59:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="771" sha1="ql570n6ul3qok1b8m3wpoyo8ibz442s" xml:space="preserve">'''David Zirnhelt''' (alizaliwa [[1947]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfugaji wa ranchi kutoka [[British Columbia]], nchini Kanada. Akiwa mwanachama wa British Columbia New Democratic Party, alikuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa (MLA) kwa majimbo ya Cariboo na Cariboo South kuanzia mwaka 1989 hadi 2001. Pia alihudumu katika baraza la mawaziri la mawaziri wakuu Mike Harcourt, Glen Clark, Dan Miller na Ujjal Dosanjh.&lt;ref name=&quot;HarcourtCabinet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Harcourt Cabinet: 35th Parliament 1991-1996|url=https://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/reference/harcourtcabinet.pdf|publisher=[[Legislative Assembly of British Columbia]]|accessdate=2023-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>ql570n6ul3qok1b8m3wpoyo8ibz442s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laurie Throness</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538319</id>
      <parentid>1537730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T11:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1420" sha1="8qvcnwh2f2bai9ammw2du0pi9912q9n" xml:space="preserve">'''Laurie Throness''' (alizaliwa [[1958]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia katika uchaguzi wa mkoa wa mwaka 2013. Aliiwakilisha wilaya ya uchaguzi ya Chilliwack-Kent kama mwanachama wa British Columbia Liberal Party.

Baada ya kutoa kauli zilizoleta mabishano kuhusu mpango wa bure wa uzazi wa mpango wa chama cha New Democratic Party (NDP), alijiuzulu kutoka kundi la wabunge wa chama cha BC Liberal tarehe 15 Oktoba 2020. Baadaye aligombea kama mgombea huru katika uchaguzi mkuu wa British Columbia wa mwaka 2020.

Kabla ya kuwa mwanasiasa, Throness alipata nafasi ya kusoma katika University of Cambridge ambako alisomea shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika historia. Baada ya masomo yake Cambridge, alichapisha kitabu mwaka 2008 kuhusu chimbuko la kiteolojia la Penitentiary Act 1779.&lt;ref&gt;[https://theprovince.com/news/Fraser+Valley+line+Dongen+Liberals+bolster+stronghold+Fraser+Valley/8378835/story.html &quot;Fraser Valley: End of the line for van Dongen as Liberals bolster stronghold in Fraser Valley&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031134552/http://www.theprovince.com/news/Fraser+Valley+line+Dongen+Liberals+bolster+stronghold+Fraser+Valley/8378835/story.html|date=October 31, 2018}}. ''[[The Province]]'', May 15, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>8qvcnwh2f2bai9ammw2du0pi9912q9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jackie Tegart</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538320</id>
      <parentid>1537731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1217" sha1="j1sl1thk8g1x9u8qfykgc8ww3kpz1ag" xml:space="preserve">'''Jackie L. Tegart''' (alizaliwa [[1956]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 2013 na aliendelea kuhudumu hadi mwaka 2024. Aliwakilisha wilaya ya uchaguzi ya Fraser-Nicola kama mwanachama wa BC United.

Akiwa upande wa upinzani, aliwahi kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Kundi la Wabunge wa Chama cha Liberal, Mkosoaji Rasmi wa Upinzani katika sekta ya elimu, na Naibu Msaidizi wa Spika wa Bunge.

Kabla ya kuchaguliwa kwake, Tegart alihudumu kwa mihula mitatu katika baraza la manispaa la Ashcroft, na pia alikuwa katika bodi ya shule kwa kipindi cha miaka 17.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lillooetnews.net/article/20130515/LILLOOET12/305159991/-1/lillooet/jackie-tegart-defeats-longtime-mla-harry-lali &quot;Jackie Tegart defeats longtime MLA Harry Lali&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130703073147/http://www.lillooetnews.net/article/20130515/LILLOOET12/305159991/-1/lillooet/jackie-tegart-defeats-longtime-mla-harry-lali|date=2013-07-03}}. ''Bridge River Lillooet News'', May 15, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>j1sl1thk8g1x9u8qfykgc8ww3kpz1ag</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bruce Strachan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538322</id>
      <parentid>1537732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1240" sha1="bme5e3oqgynxijknu3w7pdtvmcob0vb" xml:space="preserve">'''Bruce Strachan''' (alizaliwa [[22 Julai]] [[1941]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa zamani katika jimbo la [[British Columbia]] nchini [[Kanada]]. Strachan aliwahi kuwa mdhamini wa shule na mwenyekiti wa bodi, mkurugenzi wa wilaya ya kikanda, pamoja na mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa (MLA) kwa mihula mitatu na waziri wa baraza la mawaziri. Alihudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia kuanzia mwaka 1979 hadi 1991 kama mwanachama wa Social Credit Party of British Columbia kwa jimbo la uchaguzi la Prince George South.

Baada ya kufanya kazi kama mwanamuziki wa kitaalamu nchini United States, Strachan pamoja na mke wake walihamia Prince George mwaka 1966, ambapo alijiandikisha kama mwanafunzi mtu mzima katika College of New Caledonia. Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi kama Afisa wa Habari katika chuo hicho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Strachan|first1=Bruce|title=The single transferable vote—or how to get elected without really winning|url=https://www.straight.com/article-207403/bruce-strachan-single-transferable-vote%3F%3For-how-get-elected-without-really-winning|accessdate=28 August 2015|work=[[Georgia Straight]]|date=March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>bme5e3oqgynxijknu3w7pdtvmcob0vb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nathan Divinsky</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538323</id>
      <parentid>1537733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:01:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="510" sha1="lg9vmvjvh3czthuh3csuwgbo8hz4963" xml:space="preserve">'''Nathan Divinsky''' ([[29 Oktoba]] [[1925]] – [[17 Juni]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwanahisabati]], [[profesa]] wa chuo kikuu, bingwa wa mchezo wa chess, [[mwandishi]], na mwanasiasa wa [[Kanada]].

Divinsky pia alijulikana kwa kuwa mume wa zamani wa Kim Campbell, ambaye alikuwa Waziri Mkuu wa 19 wa Canada. Divinsky na Campbell walifunga ndoa mwaka 1972 na wakaachana mwaka 1983.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>lg9vmvjvh3czthuh3csuwgbo8hz4963</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anita Hagen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538325</id>
      <parentid>1537739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:02:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1103" sha1="6pic6rrci2hbj2gou6thxoqmt7ko0jz" xml:space="preserve">'''Anita Hagen''' ([[6 Mei]] [[1931]] – [[5 Juni]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Canada ambaye aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la New Westminster katika Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia kuanzia mwaka 1986 hadi 1996.

Akiwa sehemu ya kundi la wabunge wa British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP), alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa jimbo hilo, Waziri wa Elimu, na Waziri anayehusika na masuala ya tamaduni mbalimbali na haki za binadamu kuanzia mwaka 1991 hadi 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWR150609&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newwestrecord.ca/news/anita-hagen-leaves-a-legacy-in-new-westminster-1.1962840|title=Anita Hagen leaves a legacy in New Westminster|first=Theresa|last=McManus|publisher=New Westminster Record|date=2015-06-09|accessdate=2023-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Legacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theprovince/obituary.aspx?pid=175071328|title=Anita Hagen Obituary (2015) - the Province|website=[[Legacy.com]]|accessdate=2023-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>6pic6rrci2hbj2gou6thxoqmt7ko0jz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Doug Routley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538326</id>
      <parentid>1537748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:02:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="867" sha1="6j5qultbqfg1k4qetg4btjjueg7fgv0" xml:space="preserve">'''Doug Routley''' (alizaliwa [[9 Mei]] [[1961]]) ni mbunge wa zamani wa Bunge la Mkoa (MLA) kwa jimbo la Nanaimo-North Cowichan katika jimbo la British Columbia nchini Canada.

Alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kuingia katika Bunge la Mkoa katika jimbo la uchaguzi la Cowichan-Ladysmith katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2005, na baadaye akachaguliwa kuwakilisha jimbo la Nanaimo-North Cowichan baada ya kuanzishwa kwa majimbo mapya ya uchaguzi kwa ajili ya uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.leg.bc.ca/documents-data/debate-transcripts/41st-parliament/3rd-session/20181126am-Hansard-n191 &quot;Motion 33 — Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Policies for Inclusive Education System&quot;]. [[Legislative Assembly of British Columbia]], November 26, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>6j5qultbqfg1k4qetg4btjjueg7fgv0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdallah Isaaq Deerow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538328</id>
      <parentid>1537751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1313" sha1="t9l0hzsnrskwcgct2w1962ahtw1gnba" xml:space="preserve">'''Abdallah Deerow Isaaq''' (Kisomali: '''Cabdalle Deeroow Isaaq''', pia hujulikana kama '''Abdullah Deerow Isaq''', Kiarabu: عبد الله اسحاق ديرو ; 1950 -2006) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka [[Somalia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somalia profile - Leaders |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094632](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094632) |website=BBC News |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alihudumu kama Spika wa kwanza wa Bunge katika [[Transitional National Government]] ya Somalia kuanzia mwaka 2000 hadi 2003. Baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Masuala ya Katiba na Shirikisho katika [[Transitional Federal Government]] ya Somalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Speaker of Parliament assassinated |url=[https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-speaker-parliament-assassinated](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-speaker-parliament-assassinated) |website=ReliefWeb |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2006 aliuawa kwa shambulizi la kisiasa mwezi Julai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somali minister shot dead |url=[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5161958.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5161958.stm) |website=BBC News |date=10 Julai 2006 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1950|2006}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]]</text>
      <sha1>t9l0hzsnrskwcgct2w1962ahtw1gnba</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Peter Gatkuoth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538329</id>
      <parentid>1537825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1148" sha1="7uzhny6wasfc63ot77mghp0cdzn4qpt" xml:space="preserve">'''Peter Gatkuoth''' (1 Januari 1938 – 26 Agosti 2010) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka [[Sudan Kusini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=[https://sudantribune.com/article35835/|title=Senior](https://sudantribune.com/article35835/|title=Senior) SPLA officer and 11 civilians killed in separate murders in Yei|publisher=Sudan Tribune|date=27 Agosti 2010|access-date=1 Februari 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa rais wa tatu wa [[High Executive Council of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]], akihudumu kuanzia tarehe 12 Julai 1979 hadi 30 Mei 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://rulers.org/indexg1.html|title=Heads](https://rulers.org/indexg1.html|title=Heads) of State and Government - South Sudan|website=Rulers.org|access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2010 aliuawa kwa shambulizi la kisiasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=[https://sudantribune.com/article35835/|title=Senior](https://sudantribune.com/article35835/|title=Senior) SPLA officer and 11 civilians killed in separate murders in Yei|publisher=Sudan Tribune|date=27 Agosti 2010|access-date=1 Februari 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1938|2010}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>7uzhny6wasfc63ot77mghp0cdzn4qpt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robert Guéï</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538331</id>
      <parentid>1537830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1538331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1222" sha1="mxd24xxvyw26u5x4j704vth10fy5atu" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Guéï''' (tamka: /ʁɔbɛʁ ɡe.i/; 16 Machi 1941 – 19 Septemba 2002) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Kodivaa]] (Côte d'Ivoire). Alihudumu kama rais wa tatu wa [[Kodivaa]] kuanzia tarehe 24 Desemba 1999 hadi 26 Oktoba 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia.com&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/robert-guei|title=Robert Guéï|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alimrithi rais [[Henri Konan Bédié]] baada ya Mapinduzi ya kijeshi ya Kodivaa ya 1999, lakini baadaye alishindwa na [[Laurent Gbagbo]] katika Uchaguzi wa urais wa Kodivaa wa 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Guei|title=Robert Guéï |website=Britannica |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guéï, mke wake [[Rose Doudou Guéï]], pamoja na watoto wao waliuawa tarehe 19 Septemba 2002, siku ya kwanza ya Vita vya kwanza vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Kodivaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2268992.stm|title=Ivory Coast coup leader killed|website=BBC News|date=20 Septemba 2002|access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1941|2002|Guei, Robert}}
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Cote d'Ivoire]]</text>
      <sha1>mxd24xxvyw26u5x4j704vth10fy5atu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A. Thomas Alsbury</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538332</id>
      <parentid>1537763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:08:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="888" sha1="lhs36xkaw26oatwem8e77egkjyp4v0s" xml:space="preserve">'''Albert Alsbury''' ([[21 Aprili]] [[1904]] – [[21 Julai]] [[1990]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], mwalimu, na mchezaji wa soka kutoka [[Kanada]].

Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Meya wa 29 wa jiji la Vancouver katika jimbo la British Columbia kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi 1962.

Kabla ya kazi yake ya siasa, Alsbury alikuwa kipa (goalkeeper) katika ligi ya soka ya Pacific Coast Soccer League kuanzia miaka ya 1920 hadi mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=1904 Alsbury, Albert Thomas (Statutory registers Births 685/3 508)|url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/view-image/nrs_stat_births/45089404?return_row=0|website=Scotland's People|publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] and the [[Court of the Lord Lyon]]|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>lhs36xkaw26oatwem8e77egkjyp4v0s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laurent-Désiré Kabila</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232444</id>
    <redirect title="Laurent Kabila" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538335</id>
      <parentid>1537793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:09:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Laurent Kabila]]</comment>
      <origin>1538335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="9ez0ssrcwfoewqnpps57zfy18xvabck" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Laurent Kabila]]</text>
      <sha1>9ez0ssrcwfoewqnpps57zfy18xvabck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bill Vander Zalm</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538336</id>
      <parentid>1537768</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1538336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="903" sha1="qtlraxo6io1827g92a9qshpcu83kwin" xml:space="preserve">'''Bill Vander Zalm''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada|Canada]] na aliyewahi kuwa Waziri Mkuu (Premier) wa jimbo la British Columbia.

Alizaliwa mwaka 1934 na alijulikana hasa kwa uongozi wake ndani ya siasa za British Columbia kupitia Social Credit Party of British Columbia. Kabla ya kufikia ngazi ya juu ya uongozi wa jimbo, alihudumu pia kama mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa (MLA) na katika nyadhifa mbalimbali za baraza la mawaziri.

Uongozi wake kama Premier ulihusisha kipindi cha mwisho wa miaka ya 1980 hadi mwanzo wa miaka ya 1990, ambapo alikabiliwa na changamoto za kisiasa zilizochangia kujiuzulu kwake baadaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bill-vander-zalm-sued-for-alleged-libel-1.1135377|title=Bill Vander Zalm sued for alleged libel|work=Canadian Press/CBC|date=2012-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>qtlraxo6io1827g92a9qshpcu83kwin</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aga Syed Mehdi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538337</id>
      <parentid>1537770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1538337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1920" sha1="799lph4s6ah3c5g9jb8116pfd0w7pvv" xml:space="preserve">'''Aga Syed Mehdi''' (19 Februari 1959 – 3 Novemba 2000) alikuwa mwanazuoni wa dini ya Kiislamu wa madhehebu ya Shia na mwanasiasa mashuhuri kutoka eneo la [[Kashmir]]. Alitokea katika familia yenye ushawishi ya Aga, inayojulikana kwa uongozi wake wa kidini ndani ya jamii ya Waislamu wa Shia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.anjumanesharieshian.com/aga-syed-mehdi/](http://www.anjumanesharieshian.com/aga-syed-mehdi/) |title=Shaheed Aga Syed Mehdi - J &amp; K ANJUMAN-E-SHARIE SHIAN |website=[www.anjumanesharieshian.com](http://www.anjumanesharieshian.com) |language=en |access-date=4 Novemba 2018 |archive-date=20 Machi 2018 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171117/http://www.anjumanesharieshian.com/aga-syed-mehdi/](https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171117/http://www.anjumanesharieshian.com/aga-syed-mehdi/) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aga Syed Mehdi alikuwa na nafasi muhimu katika siasa za eneo la [[Jammu na Kashmir]] pamoja na masuala ya kidini, hasa katika kutetea haki na maslahi ya jamii ya Washia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/shia-leaders-ceremony-peaceful/article28053298.ece|newspaper=The](https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/shia-leaders-ceremony-peaceful/article28053298.ece|newspaper=The) Hindu|date=9 Novemba 2000|first=Shujaat|last=Bukhari|title=Shia leader's ceremony peaceful|access-date=7 Februari 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliuawa tarehe 3 Novemba 2000 katika mlipuko wa bomu la kutegwa ardhini (IED).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=[https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/nov/03jk3.htm](https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/nov/03jk3.htm) |publisher=Rediff |title=Shia leader Agha Syed Mehdi killed in blast |first=Mukhtar |last=Ahmad |date=3 Novemba 2000 |access-date=7 Februari 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1959|2000}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uhindi]]</text>
      <sha1>799lph4s6ah3c5g9jb8116pfd0w7pvv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manzoor Ahmad (mwanasiasa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538338</id>
      <parentid>1537798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Manzoor Ahmad (politician)]] hadi [[Manzoor Ahmad (mwanasiasa)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1537798</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1730" sha1="5oxyg50ncv1ysx01lwzlc1nc43cfcee" xml:space="preserve">'''Manzoor Ahmad''' (28 Novemba 1938 – 6 Machi 2002) alikuwa mwanasiasa mashuhuri wa [[India]], mwanzilishi mwenza na kiongozi mwandamizi wa chama cha [[Samajwadi Party]]. Pia aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Waqfu ya [[Uttar Pradesh]], na mwanachama wa Kamati ya Ununuzi ya Maji ya Uttar Pradesh pamoja na Kamati ya Bunge la Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=🗳️ Manzoor Ahmad, Baheri Assembly Elections 1989 LIVE Results |url=[https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1989/Baheri/manzoor-ahmad/](https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1989/Baheri/manzoor-ahmad/) |website=LatestLY |language=en |access-date=4 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mwanachama wa [[Bunge la 10 la Uttar Pradesh]] akiwa mgombea huru, na baadaye akawa mwanachama wa [[Bunge la 12 la Uttar Pradesh]] pamoja na [[Bunge la 14 la Uttar Pradesh]] kupitia chama cha [[Samajwadi Party]], akiuwakilisha jimbo la [[Baheri Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Baheri Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=[https://resultuniversity.com/election/Baheri-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency](https://resultuniversity.com/election/Baheri-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency) |website=resultuniversity.com |access-date=4 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Baheri Election Result 2022 LIVE: Baheri MLA Election Result &amp; Vote Share - Oneindia |url=[https://www.oneindia.com/Baheri-assembly-elections-up-46/](https://www.oneindia.com/Baheri-assembly-elections-up-46/) |website=Oneindia |language=en |access-date=4 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1938|2002}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa India]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa India]]</text>
      <sha1>5oxyg50ncv1ysx01lwzlc1nc43cfcee</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538340</id>
      <parentid>1538338</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:11:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1712" sha1="68ir62aojl7ssvn7xe5nqi089oxp33j" xml:space="preserve">'''Manzoor Ahmad''' (28 Novemba 1938 – 6 Machi 2002) alikuwa mwanasiasa mashuhuri wa [[India]], mwanzilishi mwenza na kiongozi mwandamizi wa chama cha [[Samajwadi Party]]. Pia aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Waqfu ya [[Uttar Pradesh]], na mwanachama wa Kamati ya Ununuzi ya Maji ya Uttar Pradesh pamoja na Kamati ya Bunge la Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=🗳️ Manzoor Ahmad, Baheri Assembly Elections 1989 LIVE Results |url=[https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1989/Baheri/manzoor-ahmad/](https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1989/Baheri/manzoor-ahmad/) |website=LatestLY |language=en |access-date=4 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mwanachama wa [[Bunge la 10 la Uttar Pradesh]] akiwa mgombea huru, na baadaye akawa mwanachama wa [[Bunge la 12 la Uttar Pradesh]] pamoja na [[Bunge la 14 la Uttar Pradesh]] kupitia chama cha [[Samajwadi Party]], akiuwakilisha jimbo la [[Baheri Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Baheri Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=[https://resultuniversity.com/election/Baheri-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency](https://resultuniversity.com/election/Baheri-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency) |website=resultuniversity.com |access-date=4 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Baheri Election Result 2022 LIVE: Baheri MLA Election Result &amp; Vote Share - Oneindia |url=[https://www.oneindia.com/Baheri-assembly-elections-up-46/](https://www.oneindia.com/Baheri-assembly-elections-up-46/) |website=Oneindia |language=en |access-date=4 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1938|2002}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uhindi]]</text>
      <sha1>68ir62aojl7ssvn7xe5nqi089oxp33j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atiq Ahmed</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538341</id>
      <parentid>1537778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:12:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5019" sha1="pqoooa6ctkn1uj98j4vfhcgcbhu8cf4" xml:space="preserve">'''Atiq Ahmed''' (pia huandikwa '''Atique Ahmed'''; 10 Agosti 1962 – 15 Aprili 2023) alikuwa jambazi sugu, mhalifu na mwanasiasa wa [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 Aprili 2023 |title=Atiq Ahmed, brother Ashraf shot dead in Uttar Pradesh |url=[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/atiq-ahmed-brother-ashraf-shot-dead-in-uttar-pradesh-1210068.html](https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/atiq-ahmed-brother-ashraf-shot-dead-in-uttar-pradesh-1210068.html) |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=15 Aprili 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 Aprili 2023 |title=Atiq Ahmed: The brazen murder of an Indian mafia don-turned-politician |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65291781](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65291781) |access-date=16 Aprili 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alfanya kazi kama mbunge wa [[Bunge la India]] na pia mwanachama wa [[Bunge la Uttar Pradesh]] kupitia chama cha [[Samajwadi Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UP don Atique Ahmed to be transferred to Sabarmati jail |website=The Times of India |date=27 Aprili 2019 |url=[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/up-don-atique-ahmed-to-be-transferred-to-sabarmati-jail/articleshow/69065063.cms](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/up-don-atique-ahmed-to-be-transferred-to-sabarmati-jail/articleshow/69065063.cms) |access-date=27 Aprili 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samajwadi-party-ateeq-ahmad-gangster-act-uttar-pradesh-219963-2013-12-06|title=Uttar](https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samajwadi-party-ateeq-ahmad-gangster-act-uttar-pradesh-219963-2013-12-06|title=Uttar) Pradesh's first gangster Ateeq Ahmad is SP's poll candidate|website=India Today|access-date=16 Januari 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahmed alikuwa na zaidi ya kesi 160 za jinai dhidi yake na aliwahi kugombea uchaguzi mara kadhaa akiwa gerezani.&lt;ref name=&quot;bs&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Aditi Phadnis |date=12 Februari 2012 |title=Prayagraj challenge for Congress, BSP |publisher=Business Standard |url=[http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/Prayagraj-a-challenge-for-congress-bsp-112021200034_1.html](http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/Prayagraj-a-challenge-for-congress-bsp-112021200034_1.html) |access-date=20 Mei 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=160 cases lodged against don-turned-politician Atiq, kin |url=[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/160-cases-lodged-against-don-turned-politician-atiq-kin/articleshow/98401636.cms](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/160-cases-lodged-against-don-turned-politician-atiq-kin/articleshow/98401636.cms) |access-date=16 Aprili 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=4 Machi 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufikia Machi 2023, polisi wa [[Uttar Pradesh]] walikuwa wamekamata mali zenye thamani kubwa zilizokuwa zikihusishwa na Ahmed pamoja na familia yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=160 criminal cases, illegal revenues worth crores: Report card of Atiq Ahmed's family |url=[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/atiq-ahmed-wife-brother-criminal-history-properties-seized-umesh-pal-murder-2343430-2023-03-06](https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/atiq-ahmed-wife-brother-criminal-history-properties-seized-umesh-pal-murder-2343430-2023-03-06) |access-date=16 Aprili 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2019 alipatikana na hatia ya kuteka shahidi aliyekuwa ametoa ushahidi dhidi yake kuhusu mauaji ya mpinzani wake wa kisiasa [[Raju Pal]] mwaka 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 Aprili 2023 |title=Former Indian lawmaker, brother fatally shot live on TV |url=[https://apnews.com/article/india-former-lawmaker-shot-live-tv-78241a08883aa903d3cf7eb6edaa1108](https://apnews.com/article/india-former-lawmaker-shot-live-tv-78241a08883aa903d3cf7eb6edaa1108) |website=AP News |language=en |access-date=16 Aprili 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliendelea kuwa gerezani hadi alipouawa kwa kupigwa risasi na watu watatu wenye silaha tarehe 15 Aprili 2023 alipokuwa akipelekwa hospitalini kwa uchunguzi wa afya ulioagizwa na mahakama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why is Atiq Ahmed being taken from Sabarmati jail to UP? |url=[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-gangster-atiq-ahmed-taken-from-sabramati-jail-uttar-pradesh-prayagraj-2351938-2023-03-27](https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-gangster-atiq-ahmed-taken-from-sabramati-jail-uttar-pradesh-prayagraj-2351938-2023-03-27) |website=India Today |date=27 Machi 2023 |language=en |access-date=27 Machi 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 Machi 2023 |title=Gangster Atiq Ahmed's convoy reaches Uttar Pradesh |url=[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/gangster-atiq-ahmeds-convoy-reaches-uttar-pradesh-8521488/](https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/gangster-atiq-ahmeds-convoy-reaches-uttar-pradesh-8521488/) |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=27 Machi 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1962|2023}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uhindi]]
[[Jamii:wahalifu]]</text>
      <sha1>pqoooa6ctkn1uj98j4vfhcgcbhu8cf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aladi Aruna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538342</id>
      <parentid>1537783</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1538342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4813" sha1="0cmn0khw9cceujeebzo76c4xfiub82x" xml:space="preserve">'''Aladi Aruna''' @ '''V. Arunachalam Nadar''' (9 Julai 1933 – 31 Desemba 2004) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[India]]. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Sheria wa jimbo la [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=[http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm](http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm) | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050103021524/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20050103021524/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm) | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 Januari 2005 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Aladi Aruna murdered | date=1 Januari 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa [[Bunge la Tamil Nadu]] kupitia chama cha [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] akiwakilisha jimbo la [[Alangulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangulam]] katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1967, 1971 na 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf](http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf) |title=1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=19 Machi 2012 |archive-date=20 Machi 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf](http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf) |title=1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=19 Machi 2012 |archive-date=6 Oktoba 2010 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa [[Lok Sabha]], ambalo ni bunge la chini la [[Bunge la India]], akiwakilisha jimbo la [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]] katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Volume](http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Volume) I, 1977 Indian general election, 6th Lok Sabha|access-date=7 Mei 2026|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=18](https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=18) Julai 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alikuwa mwanachama wa [[Rajya Sabha]], bunge la juu la India, kupitia chama cha [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. Alijulikana sana baada ya kutoa taarifa ya kupinga ripoti ya kamati ya uchunguzi kuhusu [[Bofors Scandal]], iliyokuwa ikitoa msamaha kwa serikali ya [[Rajiv Gandhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aHE-gNVllf0C|year=1989|publisher=Published](https://books.google.com/books?id=aHE-gNVllf0C|year=1989|publisher=Published) for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=AK Bhattacharya|title=The Rise of Goliath: Twelve Disruptions That Changed India|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vH2jDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT233|year=2019|publisher=Penguin](https://books.google.com/books?id=vH2jDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT233|year=2019|publisher=Penguin) Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-597-4|page=233}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://m.rediff.com/news/feb/22bofors.htm](https://m.rediff.com/news/feb/22bofors.htm) |title=Rajiv Gandhi favoured Bofors, says ex-JPC member |publisher=Rediff |access-date=15 Septemba 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliuawa kwa kukatwa na mapanga wakati akifanya matembezi ya asubuhi mwaka 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=[http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm](http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm) | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050103021524/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20050103021524/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010107310100.htm) | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 Januari 2005 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Aladi Aruna murdered | date=1 Januari 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1933|2004}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uhindi]]</text>
      <sha1>0cmn0khw9cceujeebzo76c4xfiub82x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Béatrice Didier</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538343</id>
      <parentid>1537789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:14:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="653" sha1="677kdtzxgw3wa4fq4bss71v3v8se7s5" xml:space="preserve">'''Béatrice Didier''' (amezaliwa [[La Tronche]], [[Isère]], 21 Desemba 1935) ni mhakiki wa fasihi kutoka [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Béatrice Didier |url=[https://data.bnf.fr/en/11906869/beatrice_didier/](https://data.bnf.fr/en/11906869/beatrice_didier/) |website=Bibliothèque nationale de France |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Béatrice Didier |url=[https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/beatrice-didier/](https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/beatrice-didier/) |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1935|}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>677kdtzxgw3wa4fq4bss71v3v8se7s5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Petr Tomaily</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538346</id>
      <parentid>1537844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="910" sha1="7pmobqdwolve0t9prr1f5izvxovun21" xml:space="preserve">'''Petr Tomaily''' ([[Kisirili]]: '''Петр Томайлы'''; alizaliwa Cioc-Maidan, iliyokuwa SSR ya Moldavia, [[21 Oktoba]] [[1965]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Transnistria]].

Aliwahi kuwa mbunge katika bunge la Transnistria kupitia Obnovlenie, chama cha kisiasa cha eneo hilo.

Katika uchaguzi wa urais wa mwaka [[2006]], Petr Tomaily aligombea urais kama mgombea huru, lakini alimaliza nafasi ya mwisho kati ya wagombea wanne waliokuwa wakishindana. Mbali na siasa, yeye ni mjasiriamali na mmiliki wa biashara binafsi katika mji wa Bender. Pia anatambulika kama mtu wa kabila la Gagauz people.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070516212804/http://www.vspmr.org/Deputy/?ID=69&amp;Lang=Eng Peter Tomaily Official parliamentary biography&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Moldova]]
[[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>7pmobqdwolve0t9prr1f5izvxovun21</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reye syndrome</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538347</id>
      <parentid>1537846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1425" sha1="9d2y5e7fzcohkcyixtvs9wtbzg512jq" xml:space="preserve">'''Reye syndrome''' ni [[ugonjwa]] hatari unaoathiri [[ubongo]] na [[ini]], na mara nyingi huendelea kwa kasi. Ugonjwa huu unaweza kusababisha kuvimba kwa ubongo pamoja na matatizo makubwa ya ini. Dalili zake zinaweza kujumuisha kutapika mfululizo, mabadiliko ya tabia au utu, kuchanganyikiwa, kifafa, na kupoteza fahamu. Ingawa ini huathirika katika ugonjwa huu, dalili ya homa ya manjano haionekani mara nyingi.

Reye syndrome ina kiwango kikubwa cha hatari, ambapo kati ya asilimia 20 hadi 40 ya wagonjwa wanaweza kupoteza maisha. Aidha, karibu theluthi moja ya wanaonusurika hubaki na uharibifu mkubwa wa ubongo unaoweza kuathiri maisha yao ya baadaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schrör |first1=K |date=2007 |title=Aspirin and Reye syndrome: a review of the evidence |journal=Paediatric Drugs |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=195–204 |doi=10.2165/00148581-200709030-00008 |pmid=17523700 |s2cid=58727745}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=NINDS Reye's Syndrome Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/reyes_syndrome/reyes_syndrome.htm|website=NINDS|access-date=August 8, 2016|date=September 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801041308/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/reyes_syndrome/reyes_syndrome.htm|archive-date=August 1, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-tiba}}
[[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:magonjwa]]</text>
      <sha1>9d2y5e7fzcohkcyixtvs9wtbzg512jq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athari ya kijamii kuhusu ulemavu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538349</id>
      <parentid>1538131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mfano wa kijamii wa ulemavu]] hadi [[Athari ya kijamii kuhusu ulemavu]]: usahihi wa jina</comment>
      <origin>1538131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1320" sha1="8myi4e9cm2774dbpmwbu6tapw6rgenn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Let's_Raise_the_Roof_-_A_Social_Model_of_Disability_-_a_Welsh_Government_video_-_2021.webm|thumb|Uhuishaji mfupi wa ushauri wa serikali kuhusu mfumo wa kijamii wa ulemavu]]
'''Mfano wa kijamii wa ulemavu''' ''(Social model of disability)'' inaeleza kwamba watu wenye ulemavu hawazuiliwi na hali zao za kimwili au kiakili pekee, bali zaidi na vikwazo vilivyowekwa na jamii, kama vile miundombinu isiyofikika, mitazamo hasi, ubaguzi, na kutengwa kijamii.

Mtazamo huu ulitokana na harakati za haki za watu wenye ulemavu zilizojitokeza katika miaka ya [[1960]] na [[1970]]. Unapinga ''Medical model of disability'', ambao huutazama mwili wa binadamu kama kitu kinachopaswa “kurekebishwa” ili kufanana na kile kinachoonekana kuwa hali ya kawaida katika jamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Lid |first=Inger Marie |date=June 2014 |title=Universal Design and disability: an interdisciplinary perspective |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=36 |issue=16 |pages=1344–1349 |doi=10.3109/09638288.2014.931472 |pmid=24954388 |via=Taylor &amp; Francis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa mujibu wa mfumo wa kijamii wa ulemavu, changamoto nyingi zinazowakabili watu wenye ulemavu hutokana zaidi na mazingira na mifumo ya kijamii kuliko hali zao binafsi.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu}}
[[Jamii: Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>8myi4e9cm2774dbpmwbu6tapw6rgenn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538351</id>
      <parentid>1538349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:20:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1378" sha1="rnmhcv33fstshjv8ftftlxdals7g2pv" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Let's_Raise_the_Roof_-_A_Social_Model_of_Disability_-_a_Welsh_Government_video_-_2021.webm|thumb|Uhuishaji mfupi wa ushauri wa serikali kuhusu mfumo wa kijamii wa ulemavu]]
'''Athari ya kijamii kuhusu ulemavu''' ''(Social model of disability)'' ni ufafanuzi unaoeleza kwamba watu wenye ulemavu hawazuiliwi na hali zao za kimwili au kiakili pekee, bali zaidi na vikwazo vilivyowekwa na jamii, kama vile miundombinu isiyofikika, mitazamo hasi, ubaguzi, na kutengwa kijamii.

Mtazamo huu ulitokana na harakati za haki za watu wenye ulemavu zilizojitokeza katika miaka ya [[1960]] na [[1970]]. Unapinga ''Medical model of disability'', ambao huutazama mwili wa binadamu kama kitu kinachopaswa “kurekebishwa” ili kufanana na kile kinachoonekana kuwa hali ya kawaida katika jamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Lid |first=Inger Marie |date=June 2014 |title=Universal Design and disability: an interdisciplinary perspective |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=36 |issue=16 |pages=1344–1349 |doi=10.3109/09638288.2014.931472 |pmid=24954388 |via=Taylor &amp; Francis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa mujibu wa mfumo wa kijamii wa ulemavu, changamoto nyingi zinazowakabili watu wenye ulemavu hutokana zaidi na mazingira na mifumo ya kijamii kuliko hali zao binafsi.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu}}
[[Jamii:elimu jamii]]
[[Jamii:ulemavu]]
[[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>rnmhcv33fstshjv8ftftlxdals7g2pv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ida B. Kinney</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538352</id>
      <parentid>1538071</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2072" sha1="b9mimproo9if8cijjuh3jprxtgrvzby" xml:space="preserve">'''Ida B. Kinney''' (aliyezaliwa kama '''Ford'''; 25 Mei 1904 – 1 Januari 2009) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa haki za kiraia wa [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani wenye asili ya Afrika]] na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Ida Ford alikuwa mjukuu wa watumwa, alizaliwa katika Lafayette County, Arkansas. Alikuwa mtoto wa pekee wa Henry B. Ford na Bessie White.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2009-01-11|title=Civil-rights activist Ida B. Kinney dies at 104|url=[https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2009/01/11/civil-rights-activist-ida-b-kinney-dies-at-104/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=East](https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2009/01/11/civil-rights-activist-ida-b-kinney-dies-at-104/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=East) Bay Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, Ida aliishi na babu na bibi yake, James T. na Anna Mariah White, waliokuwa watumwa wa zamani waliojinunua kutoka utumwani kwa kuuza pamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2009-01-11|title=Civil-rights activist Ida B. Kinney dies at 104|url=[https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2009/01/11/civil-rights-activist-ida-b-kinney-dies-at-104/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=East](https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2009/01/11/civil-rights-activist-ida-b-kinney-dies-at-104/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=East) Bay Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walikuwa watu wenye bidii waliomfundisha maadili ya maisha na umuhimu wa kumweka Mungu kwanza maishani.

Katika miaka ya mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, wanawake wengi hawakuruhusiwa kusoma wala kuandika, hivyo Kinney akiwa msichana mdogo alimfundisha bibi yake kusoma na kuandika kwa kutumia Biblia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.bendbulletin.com/news/1438182-151/california-civil-rights-leader-ida-kinney-dies-at|title=California](http://www.bendbulletin.com/news/1438182-151/california-civil-rights-leader-ida-kinney-dies-at|title=California) civil rights leader Ida Kinney dies at 104|website=Bend Bulletin|date=2009-01-12|access-date=2017-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1904|2009}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>b9mimproo9if8cijjuh3jprxtgrvzby</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akina dada Lee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538354</id>
      <parentid>1538115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Lee sisters]] hadi [[Akina dada Lee]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2284" sha1="k4274xcxi31knzxnycf0iamk93ggado" xml:space="preserve">'''Dada wa Lee''' (Ernestine, Ruth Elaine, Sandra, Brenda, Peggy Jane, Joan na Susan Lee) walikuwa wanaharakati wa [[Marekani]] wa haki za kiraia waliotoa mchango mkubwa katika kuhamasisha harakati za kuondoa ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Marekani katika [[Memphis, Tennessee]] katika miaka ya 1960.

== Maisha ya awali na uanaharakati ==

Dada hao saba walikuwa watoto wa Robert na Alversa Williams Lee. Babu yao kwa upande wa mama, Dennis Williams, alizaliwa utumwani katika Lauderdale County, Tennessee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Often-Arrested Lee Sisters Get Civil Rights Due on Capitol Hill|url=[https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2017/apr/21/often-arrested-lee-sisters-get-civil-rights-due-on-capitol-hill/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Memphis](https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2017/apr/21/often-arrested-lee-sisters-get-civil-rights-due-on-capitol-hill/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Memphis) Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Waters|first=David|title=Waters: Time to stand up for persistent Lee sisters|url=[https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/columnists/david-waters/2017/03/25/waters-time-stand-up-persistent-lee-sisters/99494712/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The](https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/columnists/david-waters/2017/03/25/waters-time-stand-up-persistent-lee-sisters/99494712/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The) Commercial Appeal|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huo, [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] ilikuwa imegawanywa kwa misingi ya rangi, na vijana wengi Waamerika wenye asili ya Afrika walikabiliwa na ubaguzi katika elimu, huduma na maeneo ya umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Trail|first=U. S. Civil Rights|title=Elaine Lee Turner Interview Memphis, TN|date=2017-12-11|url=[https://vimeo.com/246793317|access-date=2020-06-11}}](https://vimeo.com/246793317|access-date=2020-06-11}})&lt;/ref&gt; Dada wa Lee walijihusisha na maandamano, migomo ya kukaa, na kampeni mbalimbali za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi katika mji huo. Walikamatwa mara kadhaa kutokana na shughuli zao za harakati za haki za kiraia.

Harakati zao zilichangia katika kuongeza shinikizo la kuondoa ubaguzi wa rangi katika Memphis na maeneo mengine ya [[Tennessee]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-kikundi}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>k4274xcxi31knzxnycf0iamk93ggado</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538357</id>
      <parentid>1538354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:24:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2277" sha1="i66aaehld8c4z81mgzfz1ua2q0dh7je" xml:space="preserve">'''Akina dada Lee''' (Ernestine, Ruth Elaine, Sandra, Brenda, Peggy Jane, Joan na Susan Lee) walikuwa wanaharakati wa [[Marekani]] wa haki za kiraia waliotoa mchango mkubwa katika kuhamasisha kuondoa ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Marekani katika [[Memphis, Tennessee]] katika miaka ya 1960.

== Maisha ya awali na uanaharakati ==
Dada hao saba walikuwa watoto wa Robert na Alversa Williams Lee. Babu yao kwa upande wa mama, Dennis Williams, alizaliwa utumwani katika Lauderdale County, Tennessee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Often-Arrested Lee Sisters Get Civil Rights Due on Capitol Hill|url=[https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2017/apr/21/often-arrested-lee-sisters-get-civil-rights-due-on-capitol-hill/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Memphis](https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2017/apr/21/often-arrested-lee-sisters-get-civil-rights-due-on-capitol-hill/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Memphis) Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Waters|first=David|title=Waters: Time to stand up for persistent Lee sisters|url=[https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/columnists/david-waters/2017/03/25/waters-time-stand-up-persistent-lee-sisters/99494712/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The](https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/columnists/david-waters/2017/03/25/waters-time-stand-up-persistent-lee-sisters/99494712/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The) Commercial Appeal|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati huo, [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] ilikuwa imegawanywa kwa misingi ya rangi, na vijana wengi Waamerika wenye asili ya Afrika walikabiliwa na ubaguzi katika elimu, huduma na maeneo ya umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Trail|first=U. S. Civil Rights|title=Elaine Lee Turner Interview Memphis, TN|date=2017-12-11|url=[https://vimeo.com/246793317|access-date=2020-06-11}}](https://vimeo.com/246793317|access-date=2020-06-11}})&lt;/ref&gt; Dada wa Lee walijihusisha na maandamano, migomo ya kukaa, na kampeni mbalimbali za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi katika mji huo. Walikamatwa mara kadhaa kutokana na shughuli zao za harakati za haki za kiraia.

Harakati zao zilichangia katika kuongeza shinikizo la kuondoa ubaguzi wa rangi katika Memphis na maeneo mengine ya [[Tennessee]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>i66aaehld8c4z81mgzfz1ua2q0dh7je</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joan Maynard (mhifadhi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538358</id>
      <parentid>1537874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Joan Maynard (preservationist)]] hadi [[Joan Maynard (mhifadhi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1537874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1388" sha1="c233w652hbdoz4k35mgkixbt8rilw75" xml:space="preserve">'''Joan Bacchus Maynard''' (aliyezaliwa '''Cooper'''; 29 Agosti 1928 – 22 Januari 2006) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]], mwandishi, mratibu wa jamii, na mtaalamu wa uhifadhi wa urithi wa kihistoria. Alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa kundi la mashinani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960 lililolenga kuhifadhi urithi wa Weeksville, jamii ya Waamerika wenye asili ya Afrika iliyokuwepo kabla ya Vita vya Ndani ya Marekani katika [[Brooklyn, New York]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Maynard alizaliwa katika [[Brooklyn]], New York. Alisoma katika Bishop McDonnell Memorial High School. Baba yake alikuwa John W. Cooper, mtaalamu wa burudani ya ventriloquism, na mama yake Julia St. Bernard alitoka kisiwa cha [[Grenada]] katika Karibiani.

Alipata ufadhili wa masomo kujiunga na Art Career School huko Manhattan. Baadaye alihitimu kutoka [Empire State University](https://www.sunyempire.edu?utm_source=chatgpt.com). Pia alikuwa Revson Fellow katika [[Columbia University]].

== Mchango na urithi ==
Maynard alijulikana kwa juhudi zake katika kuhifadhi historia ya jamii ya Wecksville, akisaidia kurejesha na kulinda mabaki ya mojawapo ya makazi ya mapema ya Waafrika-Wamarekani huru huko New York. Kazi yake ilisaidia kuongeza uelewa wa umuhimu wa maeneo ya kihistoria ya jamii nyeusi nchini Marekani.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>c233w652hbdoz4k35mgkixbt8rilw75</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538360</id>
      <parentid>1538358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:26:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1414" sha1="fqw4amlp582r576px4wed67m28uy8q1" xml:space="preserve">'''Joan Bacchus Maynard''' (aliyezaliwa '''Cooper'''; 29 Agosti 1928 – 22 Januari 2006) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]], mwandishi, mratibu wa jamii, na mtaalamu wa uhifadhi wa urithi wa kihistoria. Alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa kundi la mashinani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960 lililolenga kuhifadhi urithi wa Weeksville, jamii ya Waamerika wenye asili ya Afrika iliyokuwepo kabla ya Vita vya Ndani ya Marekani katika [[Brooklyn, New York]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Maynard alizaliwa katika [[Brooklyn]], New York. Alisoma katika Bishop McDonnell Memorial High School. Baba yake alikuwa John W. Cooper, mtaalamu wa burudani ya ventriloquism, na mama yake Julia St. Bernard alitoka kisiwa cha [[Grenada]] katika Karibiani.

Alipata ufadhili wa masomo kujiunga na Art Career School huko Manhattan. Baadaye alihitimu kutoka [Empire State University](https://www.sunyempire.edu?utm_source=chatgpt.com). Pia alikuwa Revson Fellow katika [[Columbia University]].

== Mchango na urithi ==
Maynard alijulikana kwa juhudi zake katika kuhifadhi historia ya jamii ya Wecksville, akisaidia kurejesha na kulinda mabaki ya mojawapo ya makazi ya mapema ya Waafrika-Wamarekani huru huko New York. Kazi yake ilisaidia kuongeza uelewa wa umuhimu wa maeneo ya kihistoria ya jamii nyeusi nchini Marekani.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1928|2006}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>fqw4amlp582r576px4wed67m28uy8q1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dorothee Hess-Maier</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538361</id>
      <parentid>1537884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:27:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3576" sha1="3aq2qoy0mx419hn89ty3qvgfvbnd559" xml:space="preserve">'''Dorothee Hess-Maier''' ni mchapishaji wa vitabu kutoka [[Ujerumani]] ambaye kwa sasa amepunguza shughuli zake za kikazi. Aliwahi kuwa sehemu ya timu ya juu ya usimamizi katika kampuni ya uchapishaji ya ''Otto-Maier-Verlag'' na pia mwanachama wa bodi ya utendaji ya kampuni mshirika ya [[Ravensburger|Ravensburger AG]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DHMlautBuchMarkt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://buchmarkt.de/menschen/dorothee-hess-maier-85/](https://buchmarkt.de/menschen/dorothee-hess-maier-85/) |work=Runde Geburtstage: Sie war die erste Frau an der Spitze des Börsenvereins |title=Dorothee Hess-Maier (85) |date=6 Novemba 2021 |publisher=BuchMarkt Verlag K. Werner GmbH, Meerbusch |access-date=8 Machi 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DHMlautMunz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dorothee Hess-Maier, deutsche Verlegerin; Ravensburger AG |url=[https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Dorothee+Hess+Maier/0/19138.html](https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Dorothee+Hess+Maier/0/19138.html) |work=Internationales Biographisches Archiv 08/2016 vom 23. Februar 2016 (cs) |publisher=Munzinger Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg |access-date=8 Machi 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 1989 alikua mwanamke wa kwanza baada ya miaka 164 kuteuliwa kuwa ''Vorsteherin'' (kiongozi mkuu) wa [[Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels]], chama cha biashara ya vitabu nchini Ujerumani.&lt;ref name=&quot;DHMlautBuchMarkt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DHMlautKBuSpielzeug&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=6 Novemba 2016 |work=Das Spielzeug |title=Ravensburger Dorothee Hess-Maier wird 80 |author=Kerstin Barthel |url=[https://dasspielzeug.de/Industrie/Dorothee-Hess-Maier-wird-80](https://dasspielzeug.de/Industrie/Dorothee-Hess-Maier-wird-80) |publisher=Meisenbach GmbH Verlag, Bamberg |access-date=8 Machi 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia ametunukiwa Nishani ya Daraja la Kwanza ya Heshima ya Ujerumani kutokana na mchango wake katika sekta ya uchapishaji na elimu.&lt;ref name=&quot;UmVerdienstkreuzDHM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse für Dorothee Hess-Maier |url=[http://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/service/presse/pressemitteilung/pid/verdienstkreuz-1-klasse-fuer-dorothee-hess-maier/](http://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/service/presse/pressemitteilung/pid/verdienstkreuz-1-klasse-fuer-dorothee-hess-maier/) |author=Staatsministerium |publisher=Staatsministerium Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182050/http://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/service/presse/pressemitteilung/pid/verdienstkreuz-1-klasse-fuer-dorothee-hess-maier/](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182050/http://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/service/presse/pressemitteilung/pid/verdienstkreuz-1-klasse-fuer-dorothee-hess-maier/) |archive-date=23 Septemba 2015 |access-date=8 Machi 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DHMEhrensenatorinPHWusw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dorothee Hess-Maier als Ehrensenatorin der PH ausgezeichnet |work=Wichtige Impulsgeberin im Hochschulrat seit 2000 |url=[http://www.ph-weingarten.de/de/aktuelles-pressemitteilungen/2014-12-01_ehrensenatorin-hess-maier.php](http://www.ph-weingarten.de/de/aktuelles-pressemitteilungen/2014-12-01_ehrensenatorin-hess-maier.php) |author=Arne Geertz |publisher=Pädagogische Hochschule Weingarten |year=2015 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150521093800/http://www.ph-weingarten.de/de/aktuelles-pressemitteilungen/2014-12-01_ehrensenatorin-hess-maier.php](https://web.archive.org/web/20150521093800/http://www.ph-weingarten.de/de/aktuelles-pressemitteilungen/2014-12-01_ehrensenatorin-hess-maier.php) |archive-date=21 Mei 2015 |access-date=8 Machi 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>3aq2qoy0mx419hn89ty3qvgfvbnd559</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theo van Gogh (mwongozafilamu)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538362</id>
      <parentid>1538239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Theo van Gogh (film director)]] hadi [[Theo van Gogh (mwongozafilamu)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1755" sha1="ozmimd4zct4ms4rm5hfo79gkyxae15o" xml:space="preserve">'''Theodoor &quot;Theo&quot; van Gogh''' (tamka: /ˈteːjoː vɑŋ ˈɣɔx/; 23 Julai 1957 – 2 Novemba 2004) alikuwa mwongozaji wa filamu kutoka [[Uholanzi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Theo van Gogh |url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theo-van-Gogh](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theo-van-Gogh) |website=Britannica |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliongoza filamu fupi ya ''[[Submission (2004 film)|Submission: Part 1]]'', iliyoandikwa na mwandishi na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Somalia]], [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]]. Filamu hiyo ilikosoa namna wanawake wanavyotendewa katika [[Uislamu]] kwa lugha kali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |title=Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh shot dead |url=[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3978521.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3978521.stm) |website=BBC News |date=2 Novemba 2004 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tarehe 2 Novemba 2004, Van Gogh aliuawa na [[Mohammed Bouyeri]], Mholanzi mwenye asili ya [[Moroko]] aliyekuwa na msimamo mkali wa Kiislamu, ambaye alipinga ujumbe wa filamu hiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |title=Killer of Dutch film-maker gets life |url=[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4655188.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4655188.stm) |website=BBC News |date=26 Julai 2005 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filamu ya mwisho aliyokamilisha kabla ya kuuawa ilikuwa ''[[06/05]]'', ambayo ilikuwa simulizi ya kubuni kuhusu [[Assassination of Pim Fortuyn|kuuawa]] kwa mwanasiasa wa Uholanzi [[Pim Fortuyn]]. Filamu hiyo ilitolewa baada ya kifo chake mwezi Desemba 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=06/05 |url=[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0400426/](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0400426/) |website=IMDb |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1957|2004}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Uholanzi]]</text>
      <sha1>ozmimd4zct4ms4rm5hfo79gkyxae15o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ismene Krishnadath</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538365</id>
      <parentid>1538077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="655" sha1="q9kp04i8ksgr766mb3vesk09dw3ck48" xml:space="preserve">'''Ismene Shakuntal Debi Krishnadath''' (amezaliwa 25 Januari 1956) ni mwandishi kutoka [[Suriname]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ismene Krishnadath |url=[https://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=kris018](https://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=kris018) |website=Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ismene Krishnadath |url=[https://www.suriname.nu/701vips/ismenekrishnadath.html](https://www.suriname.nu/701vips/ismenekrishnadath.html) |website=Suriname.nu |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1956|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Suriname]]</text>
      <sha1>q9kp04i8ksgr766mb3vesk09dw3ck48</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucy Murphy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538366</id>
      <parentid>1538116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Lucy murphy]] hadi [[Lucy Murphy]]: usahihi wa jina</comment>
      <origin>1538116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1666" sha1="5guc4qr8klpwesox4lj0n8tnd7khria" xml:space="preserve">'''Luci Murphy''' ni mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]], mwanaharakati wa kisiasa, mratibu wa jamii, na mkalimani wa lugha. Tangu miaka ya 1960, amekuwa akijulikana kwa kuimba nyimbo za kisiasa zinazohusiana na mapambano ya kijamii, akitumia mitindo ya muziki kama [[jazz]] na [[blues]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.blackagendareport.com/luci-murphy_cultural_warrior|title=Luci](https://www.blackagendareport.com/luci-murphy_cultural_warrior|title=Luci) Murphy: Cultural Warrior for the Movement {{!}} Black Agenda Report|website=Blackagendareport.com|date=19 August 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muziki na kazi ==
Murphy huimba hasa katika mitindo ya jazz na blues, mara nyingi akichanganya sanaa na uanaharakati wa kijamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Doob|first=P. A.|title=Steve Jones, with Pam Parker and Luci Murphy (GLAE, June 2013) in GLAE 2013|date=2014-03-20|url=[https://vimeo.com/channels/715454/89632582|website=Vimeo.com|accessdate=2017-05-24}}](https://vimeo.com/channels/715454/89632582|website=Vimeo.com|accessdate=2017-05-24}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Amefanya maonyesho katika nchi mbalimbali zikiwemo [[Cuba]], [[China]], [[Brazil]] na kambi za wakimbizi za Wapalestina nchini [[Lebanon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mara nyingi hushirikisha hadhira yake kuimba pamoja naye kama sehemu ya maonyesho yake ya muziki.

Katika opera ya jazz *Love Songs From the Liberation Wars*, Murphy anaimba sehemu ya mazungumzo (recitative) inayosimulia maumivu na changamoto za mfanyakazi mwanamke wa Kiafrika-Mmarekani wakati wa enzi ya Jim Crow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>5guc4qr8klpwesox4lj0n8tnd7khria</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538368</id>
      <parentid>1538366</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:29:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1668" sha1="o0cponl4cpiberyh9egpx56lxnh75fm" xml:space="preserve">'''Luci Murphy''' ni mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]], mwanaharakati wa kisiasa, mratibu wa jamii, na mkalimani wa lugha. Tangu miaka ya 1960, amekuwa akijulikana kwa kuimba nyimbo za kisiasa zinazohusiana na mapambano ya kijamii, akitumia mitindo ya muziki kama [[jazz]] na [[blues]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.blackagendareport.com/luci-murphy_cultural_warrior|title=Luci](https://www.blackagendareport.com/luci-murphy_cultural_warrior|title=Luci) Murphy: Cultural Warrior for the Movement {{!}} Black Agenda Report|website=Blackagendareport.com|date=19 August 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muziki na kazi ==
Murphy huimba hasa katika mitindo ya jazz na blues, mara nyingi akichanganya sanaa na uanaharakati wa kijamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Doob|first=P. A.|title=Steve Jones, with Pam Parker and Luci Murphy (GLAE, June 2013) in GLAE 2013|date=2014-03-20|url=[https://vimeo.com/channels/715454/89632582|website=Vimeo.com|accessdate=2017-05-24}}](https://vimeo.com/channels/715454/89632582|website=Vimeo.com|accessdate=2017-05-24}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Amefanya maonyesho katika nchi mbalimbali zikiwemo [[Cuba]], [[China]], [[Brazil]] na kambi za wakimbizi za Wapalestina nchini [[Lebanon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mara nyingi hushirikisha hadhira yake kuimba pamoja naye kama sehemu ya maonyesho yake ya muziki.

Katika opera ya jazz *Love Songs From the Liberation Wars*, Murphy anaimba sehemu ya mazungumzo (recitative) inayosimulia maumivu na changamoto za mfanyakazi mwanamke wa Kiafrika-Mmarekani wakati wa enzi ya Jim Crow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>o0cponl4cpiberyh9egpx56lxnh75fm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zohra Rasekh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538370</id>
      <parentid>1538277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:32:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7545" sha1="0ocm6dcclret4z7q9icd5xh6xj2qt5w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person|jina=Zohra Rasekh|picha=Zohra Rasekh (sq cropped).jpg|maelezo=Zohra Rasekh mwaka 2013|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=February 7 mwaka 1969|tarehe ya kufa=Machi 2025|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake|uraia=Afghanistan}}
'''Zohra Rasekh Kashanian''' (7 Februari 1969 - Machi 2025) alikuwa daktari, mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake na mwandishi wa Afghanistan. Alikuwa mwandishi mwenza wa ripoti ya ''Vita vya Taliban dhidi ya Wanawake na haki zao: Mgogoro wa Afya na Haki za Binadamu nchini Afghanistan'' na pia alikuwa mwanzilishi na mwanachama wa ''Global Watch Group'' (GWG),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Madaktari wa Haki za Binadamu na Kamati ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Mapatano ya Kimataifa ya Kutokomeza Aina zote za Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wanawake|ya Kuondoa Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wanawake]].

==Wasifu==
Rasekh alizaliwa tarehe 7 Februari 1969 huko Kabul, Afghanistan. Alihamia Marekani alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/se/date/2001-09-21/segment/02&lt;/ref&gt; Alisomea afya ya umma katika Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington huko Washington, D.C., Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zohra Rasekh – Roya Institute for Global Justice|url=https://roya.institute/team-partners/advisory-board/zohra-rasekh/701/|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2006, alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard na cheti cha Wanawake na Usalama.

Rasekh alikuwa Mtafiti Mkuu wa Afya wa Shirika la Madaktari wa Haki za Binadamu (PHR)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=War on Women {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/dialogue-program/war-women|work=www.wilsoncenter.org|date=2000-02-21|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rasekh, Zohra|url=https://freshairarchive.org/guests/zohra-rasekh|work=Fresh Air Archive: Interviews with Terry Gross|date=1998-08-05|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Working_Woman/2VmyAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;dq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Working Woman|date=2000|publisher=MacDonald Communications Corporation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ssrn.com/abstract=3301533&lt;/ref&gt; lenye makao yake makuu Boston. Baada ya kutumia miezi 2&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Women_s_International_Network_News/US2yAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;dq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Women's International Network News|last=Network|first=Women's International|date=1999|publisher=Women's International Network|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mwaka 1998 na 1999 aliwahoji karibu wanawake 200 wa Afghanistan nchini Afghanistan na katika kambi za wakimbizi katika nchi jirani ya Pakistani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Women_of_Afghanistan_Under_the_Talib/MuXDAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1|title=The Women of Afghanistan Under the Taliban|last=Skaine|first=Rosemarie|date=2010-06-28|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8174-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rasekh alishiriki katika kuandika ripoti hiyo ya ''Vita vya Taliban dhidi ya Wanawake: Mgogoro wa Afya na Haki za Binadamu nchini Afghanistan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wakati wa safari yake ya utafiti, &quot;alifukuzwa na kijana mmoja aliyekuwa na kebo ya chuma kwa sababu vifundo vya mikono yake vilikuwa vimefunuliwa hadharani.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Global_Politics_in_a_Changing_World/z1YtAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;dq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Global Politics in a Changing World: A Reader|last=Mansbach|first=Richard W.|last2=Rhodes|first2=Edward|date=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-395-84970-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kupitia kazi yake, Rasekh alibainisha sera za kibaguzi dhidi ya wanawake wanaoishi chini ya utawala wa Taliban, kama vile kudai kwamba wavae burqa wakati wote nje ya nyumba zao,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; na pia alidai kwamba 95% ya wanawake walidharau sera za Taliban kuhusu wanawake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Women_Lawyers_Journal/maE4AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;dq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Women Lawyers' Journal|date=1997|publisher=Women Lawyers' Club|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliripoti kwamba wanawake wanaoishi katika kambi nchini Pakistan walikuwa na kiwango cha juu cha msongo wa mawazo, ugumu wa kuhama, na matatizo yanayohusiana na kiafya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/International_Encyclopedia_of_Marriage_a/jd9GAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;dq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family|last=Ponzetti|first=James J.|date=2003|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865672-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2002, Rasekh alichangia kuandika kitabu cha ''Women for Afghanistan women: Shattering myths and claiming the future''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Women_for_Afghan_Women/mpuEQ3aufTEC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;pg=PR10&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Women for Afghan Women: Shattering Myths and Claiming the Future|last=Mehta|first=Sunita|date=2002-10-04|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6017-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alihudhuria onyesho la kwanza la hadharani la filamu ya ''Lorraine Sheinberg'' ya ''Shroud of Silence: Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan''&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ms_Magazine/-PexAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;dq=Zohra+Rasekh&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Ms. Magazine|last=Steinem|first=Gloria|last2=Morgan|first2=Robin|last3=Edgar|first3=Joanne|last4=Carbine|first4=Patricia Theresa|last5=Finkelstein|first5=Nina|last6=Pogrebin|first6=Letty Cottin|date=2002|publisher=Ms. Magazine Corporation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya kuanguka kwa Taliban, mwaka wa 2003 Rasekh alialikwa na Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Afghanistan kuwa mkurugenzi wa ofisi ya masuala ya jinsia, afya na haki za binadamu nchini Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Boustany|first=Nora|title=Returning Home to Help|date=2003-10-17|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/10/17/returning-home-to-help/45cc2d6e-4b3d-4696-87af-99655393d76f/|work=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Round Table on Afghan Women's Issues|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/wi/rls/22527.htm|work=2001-2009.state.gov|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Bureau of Public Affairs Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rasekh pia alikuwa rais na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa shirika lisilo la faida la Global Watch Group (GWG),&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Honoring the Legacy of Zohra Rasekh: A Champion of Human Rights and Displaced Women|url=https://displacedinternational.org/honoring-the-legacy-of-zohra-rasekh-a-champion-of-human-rights-and-displaced-women/|work=Displaced International|date=2025-03-13|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=M. Ashraf Haidari}}&lt;/ref&gt; aliongoza Shirika la Aid Afghanistan for Education na alichaguliwa kuwa makamu mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) ya Kuondoa Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wanawake (CDEAW).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1153&amp;context=jiws&lt;/ref&gt;

Rasekh alifariki mnamo mwezi Machi mwaka 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{BD|1969|2025}}
[[Jamii:wanawake wa Afghanistan]]
[[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Afghanistan]]</text>
      <sha1>0ocm6dcclret4z7q9icd5xh6xj2qt5w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Therese Patricia Okoumou</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538369</id>
      <parentid>1537902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:30:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1538369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1644" sha1="8pbcitsv3hz5fl48fqp9k30y2coxnpx" xml:space="preserve">'''Therese Patricia Okoumou''', anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Patricia Okoumou''', ni mwanaharakati wa haki za wahamiaji kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa tukio lake la mwaka 2018 alipopanda na kupanda sehemu ya chini ya [[Statue of Liberty]] kama njia ya kupinga sera za kutenganisha watoto na wazazi wao katika mpaka wa Meksiko–Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Aggeler |first=Madeleine |date=5 Julai 2018 |title=Statue of Liberty Climber: 'In a Democracy, We Do Not Put Children in Cages' |url=[https://www.thecut.com/2018/07/woman-who-climbed-statue-of-liberty-therese-patricia-okoumou-trump-is-a-monster.html](https://www.thecut.com/2018/07/woman-who-climbed-statue-of-liberty-therese-patricia-okoumou-trump-is-a-monster.html) |website=The Cut |access-date=15 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tendo lake lilihusishwa na maandamano dhidi ya sera za kutenganisha familia katika mpaka wa Meksiko–Marekani, ambapo watoto walitenganishwa na wazazi wao waliokuwa wakihama au kuomba hifadhi.

Ameelezwa na Hawk Newsome kama “sauti muhimu zaidi ya watu Weusi katika harakati za haki za wahamiaji kwa sasa.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Branigin |first=Anne |date=19 Machi 2019 |title='Lady Liberty' Patricia Okoumou Will Not Go to Prison for July 4th Protest |url=[https://www.theroot.com/lady-liberty-patricia-okoumou-will-not-go-to-prison-for-1833407553](https://www.theroot.com/lady-liberty-patricia-okoumou-will-not-go-to-prison-for-1833407553) |website=The Root |access-date=15 Juni 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>8pbcitsv3hz5fl48fqp9k30y2coxnpx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Peter Kurze</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538371</id>
      <parentid>1538203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:33:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="674" sha1="eams6184fng76jj0uy2evz0j93ynst5" xml:space="preserve">'''Peter Kurze''' ni mchapishaji na mwandishi kutoka [[Ujerumani]]. Anajulikana kupitia mfululizo wake wa vitabu kuhusu historia ya magari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Peter Kurze |url=[https://www.amazon.de/stores/Peter-Kurze/author/B0045APM8I](https://www.amazon.de/stores/Peter-Kurze/author/B0045APM8I) |website=Amazon.de |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Peter Kurze – Autor |url=[https://www.motorbuch.de/autor/peter-kurze-10111](https://www.motorbuch.de/autor/peter-kurze-10111) |website=Motorbuch Verlag |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ujerumani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>eams6184fng76jj0uy2evz0j93ynst5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William Puffer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538372</id>
      <parentid>1538269</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="962" sha1="o1gtwblcpilx6045pkydsheylik33g3" xml:space="preserve">'''William Franklin Puffer''' ([[1 Novemba]] [[1861]] – [[22 Aprili]] [[1948]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye alihudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Alberta kuanzia mwaka 1905 hadi 1917.

Alizaliwa Ontario, na baadaye alihamia magharibi na kuishi katika Lacombe, ambapo aliendesha biashara ya kuuza nyama pamoja na shughuli nyingine za kibiashara.

Alichaguliwa katika bunge kwenye uchaguzi wa kwanza wa mkoa wa Alberta mwaka 1905, na alirejea madarakani katika chaguzi mbili zilizofuata kabla ya kushindwa katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1917. Baadaye alifanya majaribio mawili bila mafanikio ya kurejea kwenye kiti chake cha ubunge..&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Liberal Party in Alberta|last=Thomas|first=Lewis Gwynne|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1959|location=[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]|pages=129–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1861]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>o1gtwblcpilx6045pkydsheylik33g3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maqsood Saqib</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538373</id>
      <parentid>1537936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:34:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="447" sha1="2719wsie76on84ghb0c3toickkqpb2m" xml:space="preserve">'''Maqsood Saqib''' (amezaliwa 4 Aprili 1955) ni mwandishi wa Kipunjabi, mhariri na mchapishaji kutoka [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041026/ldh1.htm](http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041026/ldh1.htm) |title=Pak writer whips up nostalgia, rues fall of Punjabi |work=The Tribune |access-date=23 Januari 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1955|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Pakistan]]</text>
      <sha1>2719wsie76on84ghb0c3toickkqpb2m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Peter Elzinga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538374</id>
      <parentid>1538202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="978" sha1="9sft4ivp9ra2lbw4gxlglrh8jrp5jzx" xml:space="preserve">'''Peter Elzinga''' ([[6 Aprili]] [[1944]] – [[8 Novemba]] [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]].

Aliwahi kuhudumu kama mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, mbunge wa Bunge la Shirikisho la Canada, na pia waziri katika baraza la mawaziri la Bunge la Mkoa wa Alberta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hHwAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Peter+Elzinga+1944|title=Guide Parlementaire Canadien|date=1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Peter Elzinga|url=https://canadianelectionsdatabase.ca/PHASE5/?p=0&amp;type=person&amp;ID=12311|last=Sayers|first=Anthony|date=2017|access-date=November 17, 2023|website=canadianelectionsdatabase.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007131241/http://canadianelectionsdatabase.ca/PHASE5/?p=0&amp;type=person&amp;ID=12311|archive-date=October 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>9sft4ivp9ra2lbw4gxlglrh8jrp5jzx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clement Francis Cornwall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232553</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538375</id>
      <parentid>1537939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="637" sha1="p3w2c2t13o02wlt1idjc56stl6j4d06" xml:space="preserve">'''Clement Francis Cornwall''' ([[18 Juni]] [[1836]] – [[15 Februari]] [[1910]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mbunge wa [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana pia kwa kuhudumu kama Luteni Gavana wa tatu wa jimbo la British Columbia, nafasi ya juu ya uwakilishi wa kifalme katika serikali ya jimbo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/governmentgazett21nogove_d8x2#page/n0/mode/2up|title=Provincial Secretary's Office|work=[[The British Columbia Gazette]]|date=30 July 1881|accessdate=16 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1836]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1910]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>p3w2c2t13o02wlt1idjc56stl6j4d06</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Katrine Conroy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538376</id>
      <parentid>1538092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:36:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538376</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="897" sha1="fxdbo7qqay0kl2tp3hk3aq2ywvc1rwt" xml:space="preserve">'''Katrine Conroy''' (née Thor-Larsen; alizaliwa maka [[1957]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Kanada ambaye alihudumu kama mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia kuanzia uchaguzi wa 2005 hadi 2024.

Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Kootenay West akiwa mwanachama wa British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP).

Kuanzia mwaka 2017 hadi 2024, alihudumu katika baraza la mawaziri la serikali ya British Columbia, na baadaye akawa Waziri wa Fedha wa jimbo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Katrine Conroy named B.C.'s Finance Minister, 8 new members of David Eby's cabinet {{!}} Globalnews.ca|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9330737/b-c-premier-david-eby-set-to-swear-in-new-cabinet-on-wednesday-morning/|access-date=2022-12-07|website=Global News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>fxdbo7qqay0kl2tp3hk3aq2ywvc1rwt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hewitt Bostock</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538377</id>
      <parentid>1538066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:37:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="940" sha1="pj8c8wtohs7ai9i76jujlvnxsxga0rl" xml:space="preserve">'''Hewitt Bostock''' ([[31 Mei]] [[1864]] – [[28 Aprili]] [[1930]]) alikuwa mchapishaji, mfanyabiashara, na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana kwa kushiriki katika siasa za Kanada katika kipindi cha mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, huku pia akiwa na shughuli za biashara na uchapishaji. Alibeba pia heshima ya kutumia jina la “Privy Councillor (PC)”, ambalo huonyesha nafasi yake katika huduma ya umma ya juu nchini Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Block |first=Tina |date=2014-12-09 |title=Ungodly Grandmother: Marian Sherman and the Social Dimensions of Atheism in Postwar Canada |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/563308 |journal=Journal of Women's History |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=132–154 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2014.0067 |issn=1527-2036 |s2cid=144715436 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1864]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1930]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>pj8c8wtohs7ai9i76jujlvnxsxga0rl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Russell Lambert Boyle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538379</id>
      <parentid>1537945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:37:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1087" sha1="20y6ma18bpbp5k17g3blgu6hu110q52" xml:space="preserve">'''Russell Lambert Boyle''' ([[29 Oktoba]] [[1880]] – [[25 Aprili]] [[1915]]) alikuwa mkulima wa ranchi na [[mwanajeshi]] wa [[Kanada]].

Alihudumu katika Vita vya Pili vya Boer (Second Boer War) na baadaye katika Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia akiwa kamanda wa 10th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.

Aliongoza batalioni hiyo tangu walipokusanyika Valcartier mwanzoni mwa Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia hadi kifo chake. Boyle aliongoza kikosi chake katika vita yao ya kwanza tarehe 22 Aprili 1915 katika mashambulizi ya Battle of Kitcheners' Wood.

Alijeruhiwa vibaya kwa kupigwa na risasi tano za bunduki ya mashine na kufariki katika No. 3 Casualty Clearing Station. Alizikwa katika makaburi ya askari ya Poperinghe Old Military Cemetery yanayosimamiwa na Commonwealth War Graves Commission.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/detail/485254?Russell%20Lambert%20Boyle Canadian Virtual War Memorial entry]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1880]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1915]]
[[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>20y6ma18bpbp5k17g3blgu6hu110q52</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Coleman Calhoun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538380</id>
      <parentid>1537947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="619" sha1="5x5ex45vu5df83qfa0tb79zzi8cr6hj" xml:space="preserve">'''John Coleman Calhoun''' (Machi 1871 – [[28 Septemba]] [[1950]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] katika jimbo la Alberta nchini [[Kanada]].

Aliwahi kuhudumu kama diwani wa manispaa katika jiji la Edmonton mwaka 1906.

Pia alikuwa mfanyabiashara mjini Edmonton, ambapo aliendesha moja ya hoteli kubwa na muhimu zaidi katika jiji hilo wakati huo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ebobit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Alta. Pioneer John Calhoun Dies In City|newspaper=[[Edmonton Bulletin]]|date=September 29, 1950|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1871]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1950]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>5x5ex45vu5df83qfa0tb79zzi8cr6hj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ernest Crawford Carson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538381</id>
      <parentid>1537949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:39:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1599" sha1="azyjakyxkxkovmxowk7z18kke2t2rz9" xml:space="preserve">'''Ernest Crawford Carson''' ([[9 Juni]] [[1894]] – [[21 Oktoba]] [[1952]]) alikuwa mfugaji wa ranchi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]] katika jimbo la [[British Columbia]].

Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Lillooet katika Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia kwa vipindi viwili tofauti: kuanzia 1928 hadi 1933 kama mwanachama wa Conservative Party of British Columbia, na kuanzia 1941 hadi 1952 akiwa sehemu ya muungano wa Liberal-Conservative.

Alizaliwa katika ranchi ya familia katika eneo la Cariboo na alisomea huko pamoja na Vancouver. Baada ya shule ya sekondari, alifanya kazi katika timu ya upimaji wa reli, kisha akahudumu nje ya nchi wakati wa First World War. Baada ya kurejea, alichukua uongozi wa ranchi ya familia.

Mwaka 1921 alioa Halcyon Emma Hills, na baadaye alihudumu kama postamasta wa Pavilion kuanzia 1936 hadi 1941.

Katika maisha yake ya kisiasa alihudumu pia katika baraza la mawaziri kama Waziri wa Migodi (1942–1946), Waziri wa Biashara na Viwanda (1942–1946), na Waziri wa Ujenzi wa Umma (1946–1952).&lt;ref name=&quot;StarPhoenix&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_TJgAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4279,2894490|newspaper=[[The StarPhoenix]]|location=Saskatoon|date=October 22, 1952|title=Death Claims Carson, Former BC Minister|pages=1–2|accessdate=2011-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mwaka 1952 alifariki akiwa madarakani kutokana na shambulio la moyo huko Oak Bay akiwa na umri wa miaka 58. Ndugu yake Robert Carson pia aliwahi kuhudumu katika bunge.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1894]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1952]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>azyjakyxkxkovmxowk7z18kke2t2rz9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bob Church (mtaalamu wa jeni)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538382</id>
      <parentid>1537952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:40:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1160" sha1="rk8pkxwj1yyq7gf43wy04iuxyxxq2bc" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Bertram Church''' ([[7 Mei]] [[1937]] – [[6 Septemba]] [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[jenetikia]], mfugaji wa ranchi, na [[Profesa]] Mstaafu katika University of Calgary nchini [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika kuboresha kilimo cha kisasa nchini Canada kwa kuhamisha mbinu za baiolojia ya molekuli na jenetiki kuelekea sekta ya kilimo na teknolojia ya kibayoteknolojia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.oldscollege.ca/alumni/hall-of-fame/ Olds College Hall of Fame/Merit]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Pia alihudumu kama mkurugenzi wa Canadian Institute for Advanced Research na pia wa Calgary Stampede.

Church alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa kitivo cha tiba cha University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine (awali Faculty of Medicine) na pia mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Mwaka 1969 alikua mkuu wa kwanza wa Idara ya Biokemia na Baiolojia ya Molekuli katika kitivo cha tiba cha Chuo Kikuu cha Calgary, ambacho baadaye kilijulikana kama Cumming School of Medicine.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>rk8pkxwj1yyq7gf43wy04iuxyxxq2bc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edgar Sidney Clinch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538384</id>
      <parentid>1537954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:40:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1346" sha1="t8ypeegp4q9n0mzri3zvvncqmex8jsi" xml:space="preserve">'''Edgar Sidney Clinch''' ([[4 Agosti]] [[1866]] – [[1937]]) alikuwa mkulima, [[mfanyabiashara]] wa nafaka, mfugaji wa ranchi na [[mwanasiasa]] katika jimbo la Saskatchewan nchini [[Kanada]].

Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Shellbrook katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Saskatchewan kuanzia 1915 hadi 1934 akiwa mwanachama wa Liberal Party of Saskatchewan.

Alizaliwa katika Anoka, akiwa mtoto wa Edward Stanley Clinch na Anna Brockway, na alisoma huko. Kabla ya kuhamia Canada, alifanya kazi kama msimamizi wa shughuli za ukataji miti katika Minnesota, kisha baada ya kuhamia Canada mwaka 1906 alifanya kazi kaskazini mwa Saskatchewan.

Alikuwa pia rais wa Shellbrook Agricultural Association. Alichaguliwa mara ya kwanza katika uchaguzi mdogo wa mwaka 1915 uliofuatia kujiuzulu kwa Samuel James Donaldson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf|title=Members of the Legislative Assembly, Saskatchewan|publisher=Saskatchewan Archives Board|accessdate=2012-03-31|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227192150/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1866]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1937]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>t8ypeegp4q9n0mzri3zvvncqmex8jsi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eric Harvie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538385</id>
      <parentid>1537960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:41:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="m3bfxzberza9dprs8napahhnw6hzctl" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Lafferty Harvie''' ([[2 Aprili]] [[1892]] – [[11 Januari]] [[1975]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] wa mafuta kutoka [[Kanada]].

Akiwa na haki za madini kwenye maeneo makubwa ya ardhi katika eneo la Edmonton, Harvie alipata utajiri mkubwa baada ya ugunduzi wa mafuta katika maeneo ya Leduc mwaka 1947 na Redwater mwaka 1948.

Baada ya mwaka 1955, alijikita zaidi katika shughuli za kitamaduni na hisani. Anajulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi wa Glenbow Museum na Devonian Gardens katika jiji la Calgary, ambazo zilifunguliwa mwaka 1966.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.glenbow.org/collections/search/findingAids/archhtm/harvie.cfm Eric Harvie fonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618201254/http://glenbow.org/collections/search/findingAids/archhtm/harvie.cfm|date=2017-06-18}}''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1892]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1975]]
[[Jamii:wanasheria wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>m3bfxzberza9dprs8napahhnw6hzctl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Richmond P. Hobson Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538386</id>
      <parentid>1538213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538386</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1004" sha1="nmjcchtn8zsli07rj43lun303d97lsu" xml:space="preserve">'''Richmond Pearson Hobson Jr.''' ([[27 Novemba]] [[1907]] – [[9 Agosti]] [[1966]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] mwenye uraia wa [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]].

Anajulikana kwa kuandika kumbukumbu (memoirs) za maisha yake kama mfugaji wa ranchi katika British Columbia nchini Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;cemetery&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://geneofun.on.ca/names/photo/2109057|title=BC: Vanderhoof Municipal Cemetery (Richmond Pearson &quot;Rich&quot; HOBSON), CanadaGenWeb's Cemetery Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220204118/http://geneofun.on.ca/names/photo/2109057|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Vitabu vyake maarufu ni ''Grass Beyond the Mountains'', ''Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy'', na ''The Rancher Takes a Wife''. Kazi hizi zilihamasisha mfululizo wa tamthilia wa CBC Television unaoitwa ''Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy''.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1907]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1966]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>nmjcchtn8zsli07rj43lun303d97lsu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles Frederick Houghton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538387</id>
      <parentid>1537967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:42:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="533" sha1="1okt3kbxaidto69jcn3t4uyxcqkkvra" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Frederick Houghton''' ([[27 Aprili]] [[1839]] – [[13 Agosti]] [[1898]]) alikuwa mfugaji wa ranchi, Hakimu wa Amani (Justice of the Peace), mwanasiasa na [[mwanajeshi]] wa [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana kwa kushiriki katika huduma ya umma na shughuli za kijeshi, pamoja na mchango wake katika maendeleo ya jamii za mwanzo za wakoloni kupitia kazi yake kama rancher na afisa wa sheria katika maeneo ya magharibi ya Canada.

{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1839]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1898]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>1okt3kbxaidto69jcn3t4uyxcqkkvra</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William Roper Hull</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538388</id>
      <parentid>1537969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:43:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="954" sha1="hyqy1wmh6drqe2lekvaohgc1f2j3d5c" xml:space="preserve">'''William Roper Hull''' ([[20 Desemba]] [[1856]] – [[4 Aprili]] [[1925]]) alikuwa mfugaji wa ranchi, [[mfanyabiashara]] wa nyama na mfadhili wa [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi ya awali ya magharibi mwa Canada, hasa katika jimbo la Alberta. Aliboresha mfumo wa ufugaji wa ng’ombe, uchakataji wa nyama, na usambazaji wa bidhaa kwa njia ya kisasa na ya kibiashara.

Kupitia mbinu zake zilizounganisha uzalishaji wa ng’ombe, usindikaji wa nyama, na uuzaji kwa kiwango kikubwa, Hull alichangia sana katika ukuaji wa sekta ya mifugo na biashara katika Alberta ya awali.&lt;ref name=&quot;pioneer&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Pioneer in Irrigation|date=August 30, 1938|newspaper=Lethbridge Herald|location=Alberta|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-30-1938-1595822/}}{{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1856]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1925]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>hyqy1wmh6drqe2lekvaohgc1f2j3d5c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reg Kesler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538391</id>
      <parentid>1538209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:44:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1286" sha1="t9b51ptp8323eisa0nvpn7lkeiap83z" xml:space="preserve">'''Reg Kesler''' ([[16 Oktoba]] [[1919]] – [[16 Mei]] [[2001]]) alianzisha taaluma yake ya rodeo akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 katika Raymond Stampede, akishindana katika mashindano ya vijana ya kupanda ng’ombe (steer riding).&lt;ref name=&quot;prorodeo&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.prorodeohalloffame.com/inductees/stock-contractors/reg-kesler/|title=Reg Kesler - ProRodeo Hall of Fame|work=Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame|access-date=25 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kadri alivyokua katika taaluma yake, Kesler alishiriki katika mashindano yote makuu matano ya rodeo ya wakati huo: saddle bronc riding, bareback riding, bull riding, tie-down roping, na steer decorating (ambayo baadaye ikawa steer wrestling). Alijitokeza zaidi katika mashindano ya roughstock, hasa saddle bronc na bareback riding, ambapo aliingia mara sita katika nafasi nne za juu katika viwango vya Canada.

Pia alishindana katika matukio kama wild cow milking na wild horse racing, alikuwa outrider katika chuckwagon racing, na alijulikana kama “pick-up man” mwenye uzoefu mkubwa.

Kwa mchango wake katika mchezo wa rodeo, Kesler aliingizwa katika ProRodeo Hall of Fame na pia Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]]
[[Jamii:wachezaji wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>t9b51ptp8323eisa0nvpn7lkeiap83z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ray Knight</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538392</id>
      <parentid>1537973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:44:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1604" sha1="sr2dk9f65afouezm57846d2exmj4vpd" xml:space="preserve">'''Ray Knight''' ([[8 Aprili]] [[1872]] – [[7 Februari]] [[1947]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa uchimbaji madini ya dhahabu na fedha, mfugaji wa ng’ombe, mkulima wa kiwango kikubwa, afisa wa benki, [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[viwanda]], afisa wa reli, na mratibu wa rodeo nchini [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=15388639&amp;page=4&amp;q=%22ray+knight%22&amp;sort=rel|title=Salt Lake Telegram &amp;#124; 1923-05-24 &amp;#124; Page 3 &amp;#124; Shelby Erects Huge Tent City}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alizaliwa katika Utah (wakati huo ikiwa Utah Territory) na baadaye alihamia Canada, ambapo alifanya kazi kubwa katika sekta ya mifugo na kilimo katika eneo la Alberta, hasa karibu na mji wa Raymond ambako pia alifariki.

Knight alijulikana kama mmoja wa “Canadian cattle barons” na alihesabiwa miongoni mwa wafugaji matajiri zaidi duniani wakati wake.

Mbali na biashara ya mifugo, alikuwa pia mwandaji na mratibu wa rodeo, pamoja na kuwa mtoa wanyama wa rodeo (stock contractor) na mshindani katika michezo hiyo.

Alitumia jina lake la kati “Raymond” na mara nyingi aliitwa kwa kifupi “Ray.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=12747707&amp;page=2&amp;q=%22ray+knight%22&amp;sort=rel|title=Salt Lake Tribune &amp;#124; 1897-09-10 &amp;#124; Page 1 &amp;#124; Wants to Meet Knight}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=17297879&amp;page=14&amp;q=%22ray+knight%22&amp;sort=rel|title=Salt Lake Telegram &amp;#124; 1947-02-18 &amp;#124; Page 18 &amp;#124; Obituaries}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1872]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1947]]
[[Jamii:wanamichezo wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>sr2dk9f65afouezm57846d2exmj4vpd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eiling Kramer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538393</id>
      <parentid>1537976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="975" sha1="2vc9g6hese9que42fguad1eifytgti4" xml:space="preserve">'''Eiling Kramer''' ([[14 Julai]] [[1914]] – [[5 Mei]] [[1999]]) alikuwa mnadaji (auctioneer), mfugaji wa ranchi, na [[mwanasiasa]] katika jimbo la Saskatchewan nchini [[Kanada]].

Alizaliwa mwaka 1914 katika Highworth katika eneo la North Battleford, akiwa mtoto wa Minne Dowe Kramer na Jacobina Kopinga. Baada ya kusoma huko Highworth, alifanya kazi mbalimbali kabla ya kununua ranchi na kuanza kufuga ng’ombe.

Mwaka 1944 alimuoa Dorothy Johnston. Baadaye, mwaka 1949 alianzisha biashara ya mnada (auctioneering).

Mwaka 1950 alisaidia kuanzisha Saskatchewan Farmers' Union na alihudumu kama makamu wa rais wake kwa miaka miwili.&lt;ref name=&quot;sain&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/eiling-kramer-fonds;rad|title=Eiling Kramer fonds|publisher=Saskatchewan Archival Information Network|accessdate=2012-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>2vc9g6hese9que42fguad1eifytgti4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Andrew Mara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538394</id>
      <parentid>1537986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1082" sha1="htjop7a2x0z0suvaa4osl1boi1fwump" xml:space="preserve">'''John Andrew Mara''' ([[21 Julai]] [[1840]] – [[11 Februari]] [[1920]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mfugaji wa ranchi na [[mwanasiasa]] katika ngazi za mkoa na shirikisho nchini [[Kanada]].

Alizaliwa katika Toronto na baadaye alihudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia kwa vipindi vinne. Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Kootenay kuanzia 1871 hadi 1875, na baadaye Yale kuanzia 1875 hadi 1886.

Katika kipindi hicho, Mara alihudumu kama Spika wa Bunge la Mkoa kuanzia Januari 1883 hadi Juni 1886. Alifanya kazi katika siasa kabla ya mfumo wa vyama vya kisiasa kuimarika, hivyo alishiriki kama mgombea huru na pia mfuasi wa mitazamo mbalimbali ya kisiasa wakati tofauti.

Katika siasa za shirikisho, alihudumu kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Canada (MP) akiwa mwanachama wa Conservative Party of Canada, na alichaguliwa bila kupingwa mara mbili katika jimbo la Yale.

Baadaye alishindwa na Hewitt Bostock katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1896 katika jimbo jipya la Yale—Cariboo.
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1840]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1920]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>htjop7a2x0z0suvaa4osl1boi1fwump</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patty Bonet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538395</id>
      <parentid>1537989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538395</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1394" sha1="ibetpktdinlm2cveuw82jrg3x6o7tla" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Patty Bonet (born 1984) in the video Presentación de Loves.png|thumb|Katika makala fupi aliandika na kuiongoza CEU mnamo [[2016]]]]
'''Patty Bonet''' (alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]] [[1984]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi wa habari]] na mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Hispania]]. Akiwa amezaliwa na [[ualbino]], Patty Bonet amekuwa mmoja wa watetezi wanaojulikana katika kuhamasisha uelewa kuhusu ualbino, ulemavu na umuhimu wa ujumuishaji katika tasnia ya burudani na vyombo vya habari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bouiali|first=Miriam|title=Patty Bonet: de una obra de Chéjov a una película de Netflix|trans-title=Patty Bonet: from a Chekhov play to a Netflix movie|url=https://www.levante-emv.com/cultura/2024/10/14/patty-bonet-obra-chejov-pelicula-109457066.html|website=Levante-EMV|language=es|date=14 October 2024|access-date=24 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Villacastín|first=Ángeles|title=Patty Bonet: «Mi perro Pirulo me ha salvado. Llegó tras la muerte de mi madre»|trans-title=Patty Bonet: &quot;My dog Pirulo has saved me. He came after my mother's death&quot;|url=https://www.abc.es/gente/patty-bonet-perro-pirulo-salvado-llego-tras-20230623132101-nt.html|website=ABC|language=es|date=23 June 2023|access-date=24 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]]
[[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Hispania]]
[[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>ibetpktdinlm2cveuw82jrg3x6o7tla</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isidore Charles Nollet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538397</id>
      <parentid>1537999</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:48:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="926" sha1="bszdxtzbtdenb1j0aip5uxdp0bkoick" xml:space="preserve">'''Isidore Charles Nollet''' ([[18 Novemba]] [[1898]] – [[29 Aprili]] [[1988]]), anayejulikana pia kama “Toby” Nollet, alikuwa mfugaji wa ranchi na [[mwanasiasa]] katika jimbo la Saskatchewan nchini Kanada.

Alizaliwa nchini United States, na baadaye akawa mwanasiasa muhimu katika bunge la mkoa la Saskatchewan.

Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Cut Knife kuanzia 1944 hadi 1964, na baadaye Cut Knife-Lloydminster kuanzia 1964 hadi 1967 katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Saskatchewan.

Alikuwa mwanachama wa Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), chama cha kisiasa kilichokuwa na msimamo wa kijamii wa kidemokrasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.legassembly.sk.ca/legdocs/Legislative%20Assembly/Hansard/19L1S/790302Debates.pdf|title=Hansard|date=March 2, 1979|accessdate=2023-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>bszdxtzbtdenb1j0aip5uxdp0bkoick</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ufikivu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538398</id>
      <parentid>1538248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:49:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1525" sha1="0nbelufplsfo91jwb8oubz9bmxp4550" xml:space="preserve">'''Ufikivu''' ni dhana ya kubuni bidhaa, vifaa, huduma, magari au mazingira kwa namna ambayo vinaweza kutumiwa na watu wote, wakiwemo watu wenye ulemavu. Lengo la ufikivu ni kuhakikisha kuwa watu wenye ulemavu wanaweza kutumia huduma au teknolojia kwa urahisi na kwa kujitegemea. Hii inaweza kuwa kupitia “ufikiaji wa moja kwa moja,” ambapo mtu anaweza kutumia kitu bila msaada, au “ufikiaji usio wa moja kwa moja,” ambapo mfumo unakuwa sambamba na teknolojia za usaidizi kama vile visomaji vya skrini kwa watu wasioona. Ufikivu ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi kama [[elimu]], [[teknolojia]], [[usafiri]], [[majengo]], [[mawasiliano]] na huduma za umma, kwa kuwa husaidia kujenga jamii jumuishi inayowapa watu wote nafasi sawa ya kushiriki kikamilifu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2596695.2596719 |author1=Henry, Shawn Lawton |author2=Abou-Zahra, Shadi |author3=Brewer, Judy |title=The Role of Accessibility in a Universal Web |publisher=Proceeding W4A '14 Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference Article No. 17 |isbn=978-1-4503-2651-3 |date=2014 |access-date=2014-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.washington.edu/accessit/print.html?ID=1109|title=What is assistive technology?|website=washington.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119142215/http://www.washington.edu/accessit/print.html?ID=1109|archive-date=2019-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu}}
[[Jamii:ulemavu]]
[[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>0nbelufplsfo91jwb8oubz9bmxp4550</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azucena Villaflor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538399</id>
      <parentid>1538083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:49:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3163" sha1="ddd38d5oofq3bpwloit0zxcvob3hxj7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Azucena Villaflor|watoto=4|picha=Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti.jpg|maelezo=Azucena Villaflor miaka ya 1970|wazazi=Florentino Villaflor na Emma Nitz|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Aprili 7, 1924|kazi maarufu=Mwanaharakati|tarehe ya kutoweka=Disemba 10, 1977|mwenza=Pedro De Vincenti|uraia=Argentina|mwili umepatikana=Disemba 20, 1977}}'''Azucena Villaflor''' (7 Aprili 1924 - 10 Desemba 1977) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa Argentina na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa shirika la ''Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo'', shirika la haki za binadamu linalotafuta waathiriwa wa kutoweka kwa lazima wakati wa Vita Vichafu vya [[Argentina]].

==Maisha binafsi==
Villaflor alizaliwa katika familia ya tabaka la chini kwa Florentino Villaflor, mfanyakazi wa kiwanda cha sufu mwenye umri wa miaka 21, na mkewe wa miaka 15, Emma Nitz. Familia ya baba wa Villaflor ilikuwa na historia ya kuhusika katika Uperoni wa wanamgambo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Página/12 :: El país :: La fundadora de las Madres|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/subnotas/60225-19937-2005-12-09.html|work=www.pagina12.com.ar|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Azucena Villaflor de Vicenti|url=http://www.diariomardeajo.com.ar/AzucenaVillaflor.htm|work=www.diariomardeajo.com.ar|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Villaflor alianza kufanya kazi kama katibu wa kampuni ya vifaa vya nyumbani, ambapo alikutana na Pedro de Vincenti, mjumbe wa chama cha wafanyakazi. Yeye na de Vincenti walioana mwaka wa 1949, na wakapata watoto wanne pamoja. Waliishi Villa Dominico katika Mkoa wa Buenos Aires.

==Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo==
Mnamo tarehe 30 Novemba 1976, miezi minane baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Mchakato wa Kitaifa wa Urekebishaji, mwana wa Villaflor, Néstor na mpenzi wake Raquel Mangin walitekwa nyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bigbangnews.com/politica/a-40-anos-de-las-madres-la-emocion-de-la-hija-de-azucena-villaflor-la-fundadora-2017-4-30-14-0-0&lt;/ref&gt; Villaflor alijaribu kuwatafuta kupitia Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani na pia aliomba msaada kutoka kwa kasisi wa kijeshi Adolfo Tortolo; wakati wa upekuzi, Villaflor alianza kukutana na wanawake wengine ambao walikuwa wanawatafuta ndugu zao waliopotea.

Baada ya miezi sita, Villaflor aliamua kuanzisha mfululizo wa maandamano ili kutangaza kutoweka kwa Néstor na Raquel. Mnamo Aprili 30, 1977, yeye na akina mama wengine kumi na watatu, akiwemo María Adela Gard de Antokoletz, walienda Plaza de Mayo katikati mwa Buenos Aires, mbele ya Casa Rosada, kutokana na Villaflor kuzingatia hili kuwa eneo muhimu kisiasa na kihistoria nchini Ajentina. Maandamano ya awali, ambayo yaligeuka kuwa maandamano baada ya jeshi kuamuru kwamba wasijiunge na kundi bali “wazunguke” kuzunguka uwanja huo, yalifanyika Jumamosi; ya pili Ijumaa; na baadaye kila alhamis saa Tisa na nusu alasiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Azucena Villaflor, a 20 años del secuestro|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/azucena-villaflor-a-20-anos-del-secuestro-nid82869/|work=LA NACION|date=1997-12-11|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{BD|1924|1977}}
[[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Argentina]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John William Woolf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538400</id>
      <parentid>1538005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:50:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538400</origin>
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      <text bytes="1268" sha1="bazy23vscmmr43bjm7wib9z2ren2adz" xml:space="preserve">'''John William Woolf''' ([[27 Novemba]] [[1869]] – [[22 Februari]] [[1950]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa asili ya [[Marekani]] aliyehudumu katika Bunge la Northwest Territories na baadaye katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Alberta.

Alizaliwa katika Utah katika familia iliyokuwa na ndoa za mitala (polygamous), na akiwa kijana alihamia na familia yake hadi Cardston katika eneo ambalo sasa ni sehemu ya Alberta. Huko alijijengea umaarufu kama mfugaji wa ranchi.

Alichaguliwa katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1902 wa Bunge la Northwest Territories, na baada ya kuanzishwa kwa jimbo la Alberta mwaka 1905, alichaguliwa tena katika uchaguzi wa kwanza wa mkoa huo.

Mwaka 1912 alijiuzulu na kurudi Marekani kutokana na hofu ya kufuatiliwa chini ya sheria za kupinga mitala nchini Canada, kwani inasemekana alikuwa ameoa mke wa pili. Baadaye alirejea Utah ambako alijihusisha na miradi mbalimbali ya biashara pamoja na mwanawe.&lt;ref name=&quot;son&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abish.byui.edu/specialCollections/manuscripts/Collections/CollMss43/PDFs/woolf_john_william_1869_1950.pdf|title=Oral recollections of William Layne Woolf|accessdate=October 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist|2}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1950]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>bazy23vscmmr43bjm7wib9z2ren2adz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William John Finley Warren</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538401</id>
      <parentid>1538028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:50:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="770" sha1="i7ib39ja17zuspwp0jf38bri09owoxs" xml:space="preserve">'''William John Finley Warren''' ([[14 Desemba]] [[1873]] – [[1963]]) alikuwa mkulima, mfugaji wa ranchi na [[mwanasiasa]] katika jimbo la Saskatchewan nchini Kanada.

Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Thunder Creek katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Saskatchewan kuanzia 1921 hadi 1925 akiwa mwanachama wa Progressive Party of Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;agr&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg6hit3HfzAC&amp;pg=PA185|title=Saskatchewan Agriculture: Lives Past and Present|last=Dale-Burnett|first=Lisa Lynne|author2=Mlazgar, Brian|publisher=Canadian Plains Research Center Press|year=2006|ISBN=0889771693|page=185|accessdate=2012-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1963]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1873]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>i7ib39ja17zuspwp0jf38bri09owoxs</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Elhadj Oumar Traoré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232614</id>
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      <parentid>1538035</parentid>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="545" sha1="tcau1c4wxlofoa9iy71kf22xk7ctlt4" xml:space="preserve">'''Elhadj Oumar Traoré''' is a Guinean politician. As of 2009, he was the regional president of the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea in the south-east.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Développement local : l’ANAFIC a enregistré des avancées significatives sur le terrain|url=https://guineenews.org/2019/09/12/developpement-local-lanafic-a-enregistre-des-avancees-significatives-sur-le-terrain/|work=Guinéenews©|date=2019-09-12|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>tcau1c4wxlofoa9iy71kf22xk7ctlt4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dollie Lowther Robinson</title>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="598" sha1="1g1bxy7n9r3ifq533s28r4p3n65zth6" xml:space="preserve">'''Dollie Lowther Robinson''' (alifariki 4 Agosti 1983) alikuwa mwanasiasa [[Marekani|Mmarekani]] na mtetezi wa haki za wafanyakazi, anayefahamika zaidi kwa kazi yake ndani ya vyama vya wafanyakazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|title=Who's Who In The Upcoming Primary Elections On June 18|date=June 8, 1968|work=New York Amsterdam News (1962–1993)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Dollie Lowther Robinson Joining Women's Bureau|date=March 16, 1961|work=The Washington Post and Times-Herald (1959–1973)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|||1983}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1g1bxy7n9r3ifq533s28r4p3n65zth6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fodé Mamoudou Touré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1538584</id>
      <parentid>1538061</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="584" sha1="h2pjbckj89nt6c109698hh1qoalpne5" xml:space="preserve">'''Fodé''' '''Mamoudou''' '''Touré''' (1 Aprili 1910, Baccoro – 11 Aprili 1992) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Guinea]] ambaye alihudumu katika Seneti ya Ufaransa kuanzia mwaka 1955 hadi 1958.

Baadaye, alikuwa Waziri wa Uchumi na Fedha wa Guinea kuanzia mwaka 1972 hadi 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=TOURE Fodé Mamadou|url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/toure_fode_mamadou0435r4.html|work=Sénat|date=2026-05-08|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]]</text>
      <sha1>h2pjbckj89nt6c109698hh1qoalpne5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Elaine Wynn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538578</id>
      <parentid>1538084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:07:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2053" sha1="42fc6nk0znl2zypjeaotdz60x9vidnj" xml:space="preserve">'''Elaine Farrell Wynn''' ([[Aprili 28]], [[1942]] – [[Aprili 14]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mkusanyaji wa sanaa, mfadhili na mwanamageuzi wa elimu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha ''Mirage Resorts'' na ''Wynn Resorts'' pamoja na mumewe wa zamani, [[Steve Wynn]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Horyn |first=Cathy |author-link=Cathy Horyn |date=May 14, 2006 |title=The Other Casino Wynn, in a Hard City for Women |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/fashion/sundaystyles/14ELAINE.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 16, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215094438/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/fashion/sundaystyles/14ELAINE.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CrowleyAD041525&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Matthew |last2=Hopkins |first2=A.D. |date=April 15, 2025 |title=Elaine Wynn dies, after decades as gaming leader, philanthropist |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/local-las-vegas/elaine-wynn-dies-after-decades-as-gaming-leader-philanthropist-3351546/ |access-date=April 15, 2025 |newspaper=Las Vegas Review-Journal |archive-date=April 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415143003/https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/local-las-vegas/elaine-wynn-dies-after-decades-as-gaming-leader-philanthropist-3351546/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Peterson-Withorn |first=Chase |date=November 14, 2016 |title=Elaine Wynn, Buyer Of $142 Million Painting, On Her Love Of Art |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/11/14/elaine-wynn-buyer-of-142-million-painting-on-her-love-of-art/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114234032/http://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/11/14/elaine-wynn-buyer-of-142-million-painting-on-her-love-of-art/ |archive-date=November 14, 2016 |magazine=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]]</text>
      <sha1>42fc6nk0znl2zypjeaotdz60x9vidnj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibrahima Abé Sylla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538605</id>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="946" sha1="23i2dd6og1pmwnz2vtyopo2wub33ths" xml:space="preserve">'''Aboubacar''' '''Sylla''' ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Guinea]]. Yeye ni Rais wa chama cha New Generation for the Republic, na aliwahi kugombea urais kupitia tiketi ya chama hicho mwaka 2010 na 2020.

Kwa sasa, ni Waziri wa Nishati, Umeme wa Maji (Hydropower) na Mafuta (Hydrocarbons) wa Guinea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya a (enfin) un gouvernement|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1262048/politique/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-a-enfin-un-gouvernement/|work=JeuneAfrique.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amphithéâtre de Labé : Mory Sangaré hué par des enseignants grévistes - Guineematin.com|url=https://guineematin.com/2020/02/06/amphitheatre-de-labe-mory-sangare-hue-par-des-enseignants-grevistes/|date=2020-02-06|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR|author=admin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>23i2dd6og1pmwnz2vtyopo2wub33ths</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isabella Vandervall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538608</id>
      <parentid>1538106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:51:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1577" sha1="l8trdgofij9kltw1tskuzl1p1vis39s" xml:space="preserve">'''Isabella Vandervall''' (1894–1989) alikuwa daktari Mwafrika-[[Marekani|Mmarekani]], mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya wanawake (gynecologist), na mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa harakati za uzazi wa mpango katika [[New York City]].

Alisoma katika New York Medical College for Women, ambapo alihitimu akiwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi bora darasani kwake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida|date=28 August 1915|title=Individualities|url=[https://archive.org/details/argonaut771915sanf/page/134/mode/2up|journal=The](https://archive.org/details/argonaut771915sanf/page/134/mode/2up|journal=The) Argonaut|volume=LXXVII. No. 2005|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari|date=4 September 1915|title=Woman of Rare Mental Powers|work=The Twin City Star|url=[https://search.findmypast.co.uk/search/us-and-world-newspapers/page/view/399039996}}{{Dead](https://search.findmypast.co.uk/search/us-and-world-newspapers/page/view/399039996}}{{Dead) link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa daktari, alijulikana pia kwa kuwa mtetezi muhimu wa harakati za uzazi wa mpango nchini Marekani, hasa katika mazingira ya mijini kama New York, ambapo alichangia katika mijadala ya afya ya wanawake na huduma za uzazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari|last=Jensen|first=Morgan S.|date=22 April 1939|title=Famed Woman Doctor Sued for &quot;Reno&quot; Divorce|work=The Pittsburgh Courier|url=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1602046/the-pittsburgh-courier/}}](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1602046/the-pittsburgh-courier/}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1894|1989}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>l8trdgofij9kltw1tskuzl1p1vis39s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fodé Soumah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232648</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>1538111</parentid>
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      <contributor>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="621" sha1="rxk1wgkeczpb8m8n0a3aa3xqa84nuev" xml:space="preserve">'''Soumah''' alikuwa kiongozi mashuhuri katika chama tawala cha Party of Unity and Progress cha [[Guinea]].

Aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu [[Gavana]] wa Benki Kuu ya Guinea. Baada ya uchaguzi wa rais wa mwaka 2003 nchini Guinea, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Vijana na Michezo.

Katika nafasi hiyo pia alikuwa mkuu wa Kamati ya Olimpiki ya taifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guinea - ITUC calls for vigilance {{!}} Scoop News|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0701/S00429.htm|work=www.scoop.co.nz|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Guinea]]</text>
      <sha1>rxk1wgkeczpb8m8n0a3aa3xqa84nuev</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatoumata Yarie Soumah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1538583</id>
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        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="907" sha1="obcgxezs9tdgqbgvpw1dgz9rk8d8579" xml:space="preserve">'''Fatoumata''' '''Yarie''' '''Soumah''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Guinea. Yeye ni Waziri wa zamani wa [[Sheria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Décrets : la notaire Fatoumata Yarie Soumah et l’ancien boxeur Lansana Béa Diallo nommés ministre de la justice et de la jeunesse|url=https://guineelive.com/2021/11/03/decrets-la-notaire-fatoumata-yarie-soumah-et-lancien-boxeur-lansana-bea-diallo-nommes-ministre-de-la-justice-et-de-la-jeunesse/|work=Guineelive|date=2021-11-02|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gouvernement : Béa Diallo et Yarie Soumah nommés ministres - Guineematin.com|url=https://guineematin.com/2021/11/02/gouvernement-bea-diallo-et-yarie-soumah-nommes-ministres/|date=2021-11-02|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR|author=Mamadou Yaya Diallo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Guinea]]</text>
      <sha1>obcgxezs9tdgqbgvpw1dgz9rk8d8579</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lamine Sidimé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538620</id>
      <parentid>1538120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="312" sha1="olw5gr03vxy35dycambqauja70tmm2c" xml:space="preserve">'''Lamine''' '''Sidimé''' (amezaliwa 1944) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Guinea]]. Alihudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Guinea kuanzia mwaka 1999 hadi 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Index Sh-Sl|url=http://rulers.org/indexs3.html|work=rulers.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>olw5gr03vxy35dycambqauja70tmm2c</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim al-Arjani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538404</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538404</origin>
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      <text bytes="474" sha1="4pfjmqxbkhzcrp4m99nwpvsiodqdp4b" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibrahim al-Arjani''' (pia huandikwa '''Al-Organi'''; kwa Kiarabu: ابراهيم العرجاني; amezaliwa Desemba 1977) ni mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Ibrahim al-Organi, President of the Union of Arab Tribes |url=[https://ibrahimalorgani.com](https://ibrahimalorgani.com) |website=Ibrahim Al-Organi Official Website |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1977|}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>4pfjmqxbkhzcrp4m99nwpvsiodqdp4b</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538604</id>
      <parentid>1538404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="478" sha1="91m28n3wlayv3zgd8ufrlxcx8qf4o0k" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibrahim al-Arjani''' (pia huandikwa '''Al-Organi'''; kwa Kiarabu: ابراهيم العرجاني; amezaliwa Desemba 1977) ni mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Meet Ibrahim al-Organi, President of the Union of Arab Tribes |url=[https://ibrahimalorgani.com](https://ibrahimalorgani.com) |website=Ibrahim Al-Organi Official Website |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1977|}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>91m28n3wlayv3zgd8ufrlxcx8qf4o0k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Lotfy (mwigizaji)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538405</id>
      <parentid>1538145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mohamed Lotfy (actor)]] hadi [[Mohamed Lotfy (mwigizaji)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
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      <text bytes="682" sha1="n4mi0iqbm95go7eatue4e392bqjf2se" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Lotfy''' (amezaliwa tarehe 17 Oktoba 1968) ni mwigizaji na bondia wa zamani kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mohamed Lotfy |url=[https://elcinema.com/en/person/1000197/](https://elcinema.com/en/person/1000197/) |website=ElCinema |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alizaliwa mjini [[Alexandria]] mwaka 1968. Alisoma katika [[Higher Institute of Cinema]] katika kitengo cha uigizaji mjini [[Cairo]], na alihitimu kwa ufaulu wa juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mohamed Lotfy Biography |url=[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522437/](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522437/) |website=IMDb |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1968|}}</text>
      <sha1>n4mi0iqbm95go7eatue4e392bqjf2se</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538407</id>
      <parentid>1538405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538407</origin>
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      <text bytes="719" sha1="7t4szyexh22cewh09htjcbiyqsdf1bf" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Lotfy''' (amezaliwa 17 Oktoba 1968) ni mwigizaji na bondia wa zamani kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mohamed Lotfy |url=[https://elcinema.com/en/person/1000197/](https://elcinema.com/en/person/1000197/) |website=ElCinema |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alizaliwa mjini [[Alexandria]] mwaka 1968. Alisoma katika [[Higher Institute of Cinema]] katika kitengo cha uigizaji mjini [[Cairo]], na alihitimu kwa ufaulu wa juu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mohamed Lotfy Biography |url=[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522437/](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522437/) |website=IMDb |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
{{BD|1968|}}
[[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>7t4szyexh22cewh09htjcbiyqsdf1bf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Wilson (mwanasiasa wa British Columbia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538408</id>
      <parentid>1538136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:57:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="950" sha1="7tbtg4m3qaayaewherj88s7zr8jsmsr" xml:space="preserve">'''John Wilson''' (alizaliwa [[1944]]) ni mfugaji wa ng’ombe, daktari wa mifugo, na mwanasiasa wa zamani wa Kanada.

Alihudumu kama mbunge wa BC Liberal Party katika Bunge la Mkoa wa British Columbia kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi alipostaafu katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 2005, akiuwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Cariboo North.

Mwaka 2010 alionekana katika sehemu ya mwisho ya msimu wa kwanza wa Dan for Mayor, akiwa mwakilishi wa Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu.

Wilson alisoma katika Ontario Veterinary College ndani ya University of Guelph. Baada ya kuhitimu mwaka 1967, alihamia Quesnel ambapo alianzisha Quesnel Veterinary Clinic.

Pia aliwahi kuwa rais wa Quesnel Cattlemen's Association.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Legislative Assembly of British Columbia|url=http://www.leg.bc.ca/MLA/37thparl/wilson.htm|title=Dr. John Wilson|accessdate=March 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>7tbtg4m3qaayaewherj88s7zr8jsmsr</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hesham Nazih</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538409</id>
      <parentid>1538139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="780" sha1="c4jiwatwk1i3nresr8rlrqagcsw15lr" xml:space="preserve">'''Hesham Nazih''' (pia huandikwa '''Hesham Nazeh'''; Kiarabu: هشام نزيه; amezaliwa 23 Oktoba 1972) ni mtunzi wa muziki, mwanamuziki na mwigizaji kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;heshamMK&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=من أجل &quot;moon knight&quot;.. الموسيقار هشام نزيه ثالث مصري ينضم لسلسلة &quot;مارفل&quot;|url=[https://lite.almasryalyoum.com/lists/arts/262531/|access-date=1](https://lite.almasryalyoum.com/lists/arts/262531/|access-date=1) Aprili 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hesham Nazih |url=[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2194393/](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2194393/) |website=IMDb |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{BD|1972|}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>c4jiwatwk1i3nresr8rlrqagcsw15lr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538601</id>
      <parentid>1538409</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:40:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="784" sha1="cksxjhktalzbykpoty41zoihl0c8nwq" xml:space="preserve">'''Hesham Nazih''' (pia huandikwa '''Hesham Nazeh'''; Kiarabu: هشام نزيه; amezaliwa 23 Oktoba 1972) ni mtunzi wa muziki, mwanamuziki na mwigizaji kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;heshamMK&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=من أجل &quot;moon knight&quot;.. الموسيقار هشام نزيه ثالث مصري ينضم لسلسلة &quot;مارفل&quot;|url=[https://lite.almasryalyoum.com/lists/arts/262531/|access-date=1](https://lite.almasryalyoum.com/lists/arts/262531/|access-date=1) Aprili 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Hesham Nazih |url=[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2194393/](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2194393/) |website=IMDb |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{BD|1972|}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>cksxjhktalzbykpoty41zoihl0c8nwq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chunky Woodward</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538410</id>
      <parentid>1538140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:59:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1034" sha1="s3bx236qi69ckd95l6ydhqf0satfltz" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Nanby Wynn Woodward''', anayejulikana kwa jina la utani “Chunky” Woodward, ([[23 Machi]] [[1924]] – [[27 Aprili]] [[1990]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] maarufu wa rejareja na mfugaji wa ranchi nchini Kanada.

Alikuwa mtoto wa William C. Woodward, aliyekuwa Luteni Gavana wa British Columbia kuanzia 1941 hadi 1946, na mjukuu wa Charles A. Woodward, mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya maduka ya Woodward's ambayo ilivunjwa mwaka 1993.

Kama baba yake na babu yake, “Chunky” alihudumu kama rais wa maduka ya Woodward's. Pia alijulikana sana kama mmiliki wa muda mrefu wa Douglas Lake Ranch, ambayo ilihesabiwa kuwa ranchi ya pili kwa ukubwa duniani wakati huo.

Zaidi ya hayo, alikuwa mfugaji maarufu wa farasi. Alizaliwa na pia kufariki katika jiji la Vancouver.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.memorybc.ca/woodward-family British Columbia Archival Information Network, Woodward family fonds description]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]]
[[Jamii:wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>s3bx236qi69ckd95l6ydhqf0satfltz</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Saad (mwimbaji)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538411</id>
      <parentid>1538143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ahmed Saad (singer)]] hadi [[Ahmed Saad (mwimbaji)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
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      <text bytes="968" sha1="nx8y0i5kobmzwnu0px085r6tva2cbgd" xml:space="preserve">'''Ahmed Saad''' (amezaliwa tarehe 20 Agosti 1981) ni mwimbaji na mwigizaji kutoka [[Misri]]. Pia ametunga nyimbo kwa ajili ya filamu nyingi za Kimisri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bal |first1=Aaratrika |title=Who is Ahmed Saad? Egyptian singer poses with Will Smith and Johnny Depp as actors go yachting together before concert |url=[https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/music/who-ahmed-saad-egyptian-singer-poses-will-smith-johnny-depp-actors-go-yachting-together-concert](https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/music/who-ahmed-saad-egyptian-singer-poses-will-smith-johnny-depp-actors-go-yachting-together-concert) |access-date=17 Februari 2025 |work=Sportskeeda |date=17 Julai 2024 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Saad |url=[https://elcinema.com/en/person/1101336/](https://elcinema.com/en/person/1101336/) |website=ElCinema |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1981|}}

[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>nx8y0i5kobmzwnu0px085r6tva2cbgd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538413</id>
      <parentid>1538411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="986" sha1="034ckkbqy9nihtoonnpjutpuz9sd3ia" xml:space="preserve">'''Ahmed Saad''' (amezaliwa 20 Agosti 1981) ni mwimbaji na mwigizaji kutoka [[Misri]]. Pia ametunga nyimbo kwa ajili ya filamu nyingi za Kimisri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bal |first1=Aaratrika |title=Who is Ahmed Saad? Egyptian singer poses with Will Smith and Johnny Depp as actors go yachting together before concert |url=[https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/music/who-ahmed-saad-egyptian-singer-poses-will-smith-johnny-depp-actors-go-yachting-together-concert](https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/music/who-ahmed-saad-egyptian-singer-poses-will-smith-johnny-depp-actors-go-yachting-together-concert) |access-date=17 Februari 2025 |work=Sportskeeda |date=17 Julai 2024 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Saad |url=[https://elcinema.com/en/person/1101336/](https://elcinema.com/en/person/1101336/) |website=ElCinema |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
{{BD|1981|}}
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>034ckkbqy9nihtoonnpjutpuz9sd3ia</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Charles Gowan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538414</id>
      <parentid>1538150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:00:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="637" sha1="et1nmjs7fzcsssnynytrj83a1wxdpw9" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Gowan''' ([[6 Februari]] [[1850]] – [[3 Julai]] [[1938]]) alikuwa mhamiaji wa mwanzo (pioneer) na [[mwanasiasa]] mwenye uraia wa Marekani na [[Kanada]].

Alihudumu kama meya wa Antigo katika Wisconsin, na pia kama diwani wa manispaa katika jiji la Edmonton katika jimbo la Alberta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://automatedgenealogy.com/census/View.jsp?id=68248&amp;highlight=25&amp;desc=1901+Census+of+Canada+page+containing+Charles+Gowan|title=Automated Genealogy 1901 Census Transcription Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1850]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1938]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>et1nmjs7fzcsssnynytrj83a1wxdpw9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nura Amin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538415</id>
      <parentid>1538180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:01:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="657" sha1="98n448c617gck5xk4lmult8mzabl3x9" xml:space="preserve">'''Nora Amin''' (Kiarabu: نورا أمين; amezaliwa 4 Julai 1970) ni mwandishi wa riwaya, mwandishi wa hadithi fupi na mtafsiri kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Nora Amin |url=[https://www.arablit.org/contributor/nora-amin/](https://www.arablit.org/contributor/nora-amin/) |website=ArabLit |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Nora Amin |url=[https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/645333.Nora_Amin](https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/645333.Nora_Amin) |website=Goodreads |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1970|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>98n448c617gck5xk4lmult8mzabl3x9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fabyula Badawi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538416</id>
      <parentid>1538153</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:01:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="649" sha1="okzd6zaofhw1quw1lo3drp4uoxfh946" xml:space="preserve">'''Fabyula Badawi''' (amezaliwa mwaka 1960) ni mshairi na mwandishi wa habari kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fabyula Badawi |url=[https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15067547.Fabyula_Badawi](https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15067547.Fabyula_Badawi) |website=Goodreads |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fabyula Badawi |url=[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/en/authors/fabyula-badawi](https://www.arabworldbooks.com/en/authors/fabyula-badawi) |website=Arab World Books |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1960|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>okzd6zaofhw1quw1lo3drp4uoxfh946</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538582</id>
      <parentid>1538416</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="657" sha1="e7z57juh4xtdbiq6fdc7x6hi3j99ctm" xml:space="preserve">'''Fabyula Badawi''' (amezaliwa mwaka 1960) ni mshairi na mwandishi wa habari kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Fabyula Badawi |url=[https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15067547.Fabyula_Badawi](https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15067547.Fabyula_Badawi) |website=Goodreads |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Fabyula Badawi |url=[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/en/authors/fabyula-badawi](https://www.arabworldbooks.com/en/authors/fabyula-badawi) |website=Arab World Books |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1960|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>e7z57juh4xtdbiq6fdc7x6hi3j99ctm</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Thomas Affleck (mkulima)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538418</id>
      <parentid>1538242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Thomas Affleck (planter)]] hadi [[Thomas Affleck (mkulima)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538242</origin>
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      <text bytes="2071" sha1="svthud14qpsnj7cr0lyem6490pu4cvw" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas Affleck''' (13 Julai 1812 – 30 Disemba 1868) alikuwa [[Uskoti|Mskoti]]-[[Marekani|Mmarekani]], mtaalamu wa vitalu vya mimea (nurseryman), mhariri wa almanaki, mwandishi wa kilimo, na mmiliki wa mashamba makubwa ya kilimo Kusini mwa Marekani.

Alijulikana kwa kuchapisha jarida la ''Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar'' kati ya mwaka 1851 hadi 1861.

[[File:Ingleside in Washington Mississippi.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya “Ingleside” huko [[Washington, Mississippi]]]]

Yeye na mke wake, Anna M. Dunbar Smith, walimiliki shamba la Ingleside katika Washington, Mississippi, ambako alianzisha Southern Nurseries, mojawapo ya vitalu vya mimea vya awali katika eneo la Kusini. Mke wake pia alimiliki mashamba kadhaa na watu waliokuwa watumwa katika kaunti za Adams na Wilkinson huko Mississippi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu |last=Fabiani Giannetto |first=Raffaella |title=Foreign Trends in American Gardens: A History of Exchange, Adaptation, and Reception |publisher=University of Virginia Press |date=February 8, 2017 |isbn=978-0813939292 |location=Charlottesville And London |pages=196–209 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katikati ya miaka ya 1850, Affleck alinunua Glenblythe Plantation katika Gay Hill, Washington County, Texas, ambapo alihamia pamoja na familia yake na watu waliokuwa watumwa mwaka 1860. Huko aliendeleza Central Nurseries na pia aliendelea kuchapisha almanaki yake kutoka Ingleside (1851–1859) na baadaye Glenblythe (1860–1861).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Affleck alijulikana kama mmoja wa waandishi wa mwanzo wa Kusini aliyekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kuhusu mimea na kilimo, na pia alichapisha miongozo iliyouza sana kuhusu uhasibu wa mashamba ya pamba na sukari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Naithani |first=Sushma |date=2021-06-08 |title=Colonial Agriculture |url=[https://open.oregonstate.education/cultivatedplants/chapter/colonialagriculture/](https://open.oregonstate.education/cultivatedplants/chapter/colonialagriculture/) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1812|1868}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>svthud14qpsnj7cr0lyem6490pu4cvw</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538420</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:03:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2094" sha1="kq24ca2tx52376f2dqfpefjzxutlfo0" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas Affleck''' (13 Julai 1812 – 30 Disemba 1868) alikuwa [[Uskoti|Mskoti]]-[[Marekani|Mmarekani]], mtaalamu wa vitalu vya mimea (nurseryman), mhariri wa almanaki, mwandishi wa kilimo, na mmiliki wa mashamba makubwa ya kilimo Kusini mwa Marekani.

Alijulikana kwa kuchapisha jarida la ''Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar'' kati ya mwaka 1851 hadi 1861.

[[File:Ingleside in Washington Mississippi.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya “Ingleside” huko [[Washington, Mississippi]]]]

Yeye na mke wake, Anna M. Dunbar Smith, walimiliki shamba la Ingleside katika Washington, Mississippi, ambako alianzisha Southern Nurseries, mojawapo ya vitalu vya mimea vya awali katika eneo la Kusini. Mke wake pia alimiliki mashamba kadhaa na watu waliokuwa watumwa katika kaunti za Adams na Wilkinson huko Mississippi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu |last=Fabiani Giannetto |first=Raffaella |title=Foreign Trends in American Gardens: A History of Exchange, Adaptation, and Reception |publisher=University of Virginia Press |date=February 8, 2017 |isbn=978-0813939292 |location=Charlottesville And London |pages=196–209 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katikati ya miaka ya 1850, Affleck alinunua Glenblythe Plantation katika Gay Hill, Washington County, Texas, ambapo alihamia pamoja na familia yake na watu waliokuwa watumwa mwaka 1860. Huko aliendeleza Central Nurseries na pia aliendelea kuchapisha almanaki yake kutoka Ingleside (1851–1859) na baadaye Glenblythe (1860–1861).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Affleck alijulikana kama mmoja wa waandishi wa mwanzo wa Kusini aliyekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kuhusu mimea na kilimo, na pia alichapisha miongozo iliyouza sana kuhusu uhasibu wa mashamba ya pamba na sukari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Naithani |first=Sushma |date=2021-06-08 |title=Colonial Agriculture |url=[https://open.oregonstate.education/cultivatedplants/chapter/colonialagriculture/](https://open.oregonstate.education/cultivatedplants/chapter/colonialagriculture/) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1812|1868}}
[[Jamii:watu wa Uskoti]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>kq24ca2tx52376f2dqfpefjzxutlfo0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Abdeen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538417</id>
      <parentid>1538155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538417</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="889" sha1="se86zon3moo9s3xqh0phbww3ga278fz" xml:space="preserve">'''Ahmed Zaki Abdeen''' au '''Ahmed Zaki Abdin''' ni ofisa mstaafu wa jeshi kutoka [[Misri]] na mwanasiasa aliyewahi kuwa Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia maendeleo ya serikali za mitaa katika baraza la mawaziri la [[Qandil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt appoints new local development minister |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48418/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-appoints-new-local-development-minister.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48418/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-appoints-new-local-development-minister.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |date=2 Agosti 2012 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Zaki Abdeen |url=[https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16872754](https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16872754) |website=Bloomberg |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>se86zon3moo9s3xqh0phbww3ga278fz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khaled Abdel Ghaffar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538614</id>
      <parentid>1538156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1695" sha1="70vwcbfqsnlannvmlbudyftvxxqomy4" xml:space="preserve">'''Khalid Atef Abdul Ghaffar''' (Kiarabu: خالد عاطف عبد الغفار; amezaliwa tarehe 24 Novemba 1962) ni mwanasiasa na daktari kutoka [[Misri]]. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu ya Juu na Utafiti wa Kisayansi, na kwa sasa ni Waziri wa Afya na Idadi ya Watu nchini Misri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-13 |title=PROFILE: Egypt's new Minister of Higher Education Mohamed Ayman Ashour |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118353/PROFILE-Egypt-s-new-Minister-of-Higher-Education-Mohamed-Ayman](https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118353/PROFILE-Egypt-s-new-Minister-of-Higher-Education-Mohamed-Ayman) |website=EgyptToday |access-date=2022-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-13 |title=Cabinet Reshuffle: New minister announced for Education portfolio |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118354/Cabinet-Reshuffle-New-minister-announced-for-Education-portfolio](https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118354/Cabinet-Reshuffle-New-minister-announced-for-Education-portfolio) |website=EgyptToday |access-date=2022-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Afya na Idadi ya Watu wa muda mwezi Oktoba 2021 kabla ya kuthibitishwa rasmi katika nafasi hiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Egypt appoints Khaled Abdel Ghaffar acting health minister |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/428182/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-appoints-Khaled-Abdel-Ghaffar-acting-he.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/428182/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-appoints-Khaled-Abdel-Ghaffar-acting-he.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |date=15 Oktoba 2021 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1962|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>70vwcbfqsnlannvmlbudyftvxxqomy4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Will Allen (mkulima)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538421</id>
      <parentid>1538157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:04:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Will Allen (urban farmer)]] hadi [[Will Allen (mkulima)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538157</origin>
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      <text bytes="956" sha1="3hvow7gvdqpcta3ggzmzawc4z18gxwn" xml:space="preserve">'''Will Allen''' (amezaliwa 8 Februari 1949) ni mkulima wa mijini (kilimo cha mijini) kutoka [[Marekani]] anayeishi [[Milwaukee]] na pia mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa kikapu wa kulipwa ([[basketball]]).

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Will Allen alikuwa mshindi wa ubingwa wa mpira wa kikapu wa shule ya sekondari katika Richard Montgomery High School iliyopo [[Rockville, Maryland]]. Baadaye alisoma na kuchezea timu ya chuo kikuu (Miami Hurricanes) katika University of Miami kupitia ufadhili wa masomo ya michezo (basketball scholarship).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.oprah.com/article/omagazine/200908-omag-will-allen|title=Making](http://www.oprah.com/article/omagazine/200908-omag-will-allen|title=Making) Fresh Food Affordable|website= [[O, The Oprah Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa Mmarekani Mwafrika wa kwanza kuchezea timu ya mpira wa kikapu ya University of Miami.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1949|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>3hvow7gvdqpcta3ggzmzawc4z18gxwn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William Finlay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538423</id>
      <parentid>1538159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538423</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1147" sha1="1aam0e75i8b5c6sfvvkhjcluefvq0px" xml:space="preserve">'''William Thomas Finlay''' ([[12 Julai]] [[1853]] – [[9 Mei]] [[1914]]) alikuwa mfanyabiashara, [[mwanasiasa]] na waziri wa baraza la mawaziri katika Alberta na Northwest Territories nchini Kanada.

Finlay alihudumu kama meya wa pili wa Medicine Hat na pia aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Medicine Hat katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Alberta.

Aidha, alihudumu katika baraza la mawaziri la Alexander Cameron Rutherford kama Waziri wa kwanza wa Kilimo wa Alberta na Katibu wa Mkoa (Provincial Secretary) kuanzia mwaka 1905 hadi 1909.aliozaliwa &lt;ref name=&quot;SaskProvArchives&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan|title=North-West Territories: Council and Legislative Assembly, 1876–1905|url=https://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/NWT-Council.pdf|publisher=Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan|date=2009|access-date=June 29, 2022|archive-date=September 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101028/http://www.saskarchives.com/web/seld/1-00.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{refend}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1853]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1914]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>1aam0e75i8b5c6sfvvkhjcluefvq0px</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hatem Abdel Latif</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538595</id>
      <parentid>1538161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:38:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="982" sha1="0fz6g0cj6v5gr7231xqfwu4s9pqifgy" xml:space="preserve">'''Hatem Abdel Latif''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kuwa Waziri wa Uchukuzi katika baraza la mawaziri lililoongozwa na [[Hisham Qandil]] kuanzia Januari hadi Julai 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Egypt's PM Qandil reshuffles cabinet, replaces 10 ministers |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/62088/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-PM-Qandil-reshuffles-cabinet,-replace.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/62088/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-PM-Qandil-reshuffles-cabinet,-replace.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |date=5 Januari 2013 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Egypt cabinet sworn in after reshuffle |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-cabinet-idUSBRE9040Z920130105](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-cabinet-idUSBRE9040Z920130105) |website=Reuters |date=5 Januari 2013 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>0fz6g0cj6v5gr7231xqfwu4s9pqifgy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Howard Pawley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538424</id>
      <parentid>1538163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:06:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538424</origin>
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      <text bytes="1093" sha1="3ojvoe7m6cgga0252vv7n2vn1do3gop" xml:space="preserve">'''Howard Pawley''' ([[21 Novemba]] [[1934]] – [[30 Desemba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na [[profesa]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye alihudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa 18 wa jimbo la Manitoba kuanzia mwaka 1981 hadi 1988.

Kabla ya kuwa waziri mkuu wa jimbo hilo, Pawley alihudumu katika nyadhifa mbalimbali za uwaziri ndani ya serikali ya Manitoba.

Alikuwa pia mwanachama wa Privy Council of Canada (PC) na alipokea heshima za Order of Canada (OC) pamoja na Order of Manitoba (OM).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/FederalRidingsHistory/hfer.asp?Include=Y&amp;Language=E&amp;rid=1143&amp;Search=Det|title=Selkirk, Manitoba (1987&amp;ndash;1990)|work=History of Federal Ridings since 1867|publisher=Library of Parliament|access-date=2014-01-12|archive-date=2012-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004223936/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/FederalRidingsHistory/hfer.asp?Include=Y&amp;Language=E&amp;rid=1143&amp;Search=Det|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>3ojvoe7m6cgga0252vv7n2vn1do3gop</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thomas J. Anderson (mwandishi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538425</id>
      <parentid>1538166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:06:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Thomas J. Anderson (author)]] hadi [[Thomas J. Anderson (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1200" sha1="dt4srz5rs96rspi5p7snep6hrjy5o45" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas Jefferson Anderson''' (10 Novemba 1910 – 30 Agosti 2002) alikuwa mwandishi wa Marekani, mwandishi wa habari, na mkulima. Pia alihudumu kama mgombea mwenza wa urais (Vice President of the United States) wa Chama Huru cha Marekani (American Independent Party) akiwa na John G. Schmitz katika uchaguzi wa Marekani wa 1972, na baadaye alikuwa mgombea urais wa Chama cha American Party katika uchaguzi wa 1976.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Thomas Jefferson Anderson alizaliwa [[Nashville, Tennessee]], akiwa mtoto wa pili kati ya watoto watano wa William Joseph Anderson na Nancy Lou Anderson.

Baada ya kumaliza masomo katika Baylor School huko [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], aliendelea kusoma katika Vanderbilt University mjini Nashville, ambako alipata  Shahada ya Sanaa katika uchumi mwaka 1934. Akiwa Vanderbilt, alifaulu sana katika michezo, akipata tuzo za varsity katika timu za tenisi na riadha. Pia alikuwa mhariri wa biashara wa kitabu cha mwaka cha chuo, ''The Commodore'', na alihudumu katika timu ya gazeti la wanafunzi.

Anderson pia alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa chama chake cha wanafunzi ( fraternity).

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1910|2002}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>dt4srz5rs96rspi5p7snep6hrjy5o45</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538427</id>
      <parentid>1538425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1538427</origin>
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      <text bytes="1209" sha1="p4g1vdt2l10h0gzsvcdu2ur49v0j50y" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas Jefferson Anderson''' (10 Novemba 1910 – 30 Agosti 2002) alikuwa mwandishi wa Marekani, mwandishi wa habari, na mkulima. Pia alihudumu kama mgombea mwenza wa urais (Vice President of the United States) wa Chama Huru cha Marekani (American Independent Party) akiwa na John G. Schmitz katika uchaguzi wa Marekani wa 1972, na baadaye alikuwa mgombea urais wa Chama cha American Party katika uchaguzi wa 1976.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Thomas Jefferson Anderson alizaliwa [[Nashville, Tennessee]], akiwa mtoto wa pili kati ya watoto watano wa William Joseph Anderson na Nancy Lou Anderson.

Baada ya kumaliza masomo katika Baylor School huko [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], aliendelea kusoma katika Vanderbilt University mjini Nashville, ambako alipata  Shahada ya Sanaa katika uchumi mwaka 1934. Akiwa Vanderbilt, alifaulu sana katika michezo, akipata tuzo za varsity katika timu za tenisi na riadha. Pia alikuwa mhariri wa biashara wa kitabu cha mwaka cha chuo, ''The Commodore'', na alihudumu katika timu ya gazeti la wanafunzi.

Anderson pia alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa chama chake cha wanafunzi ( fraternity).

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1910|2002}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>p4g1vdt2l10h0gzsvcdu2ur49v0j50y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Philip Petursson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538428</id>
      <parentid>1538168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:08:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="590" sha1="tgaxm3jnszculewf81uthvswzibppsr" xml:space="preserve">'''Philip Markus Petursson''' ([[21 Oktoba]] [[1902]] – [[12 Mei]] [[1988]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] katika jimbo la Manitoba nchini [[Kanada]].

Alizaliwa katika Pinecreek na baadaye alihamia Kanada.

Petursson alikuwa mwanachama wa New Democratic Party of Manitoba na alihudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Manitoba kuanzia mwaka 1966 hadi 1977. Pia alihudumu kwa muda mfupi kama waziri katika baraza la mawaziri la serikali ya Manitoba.&lt;ref name=&quot;members&quot; /&gt; 

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>tgaxm3jnszculewf81uthvswzibppsr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538429</id>
      <parentid>1538428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:08:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538429</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="567" sha1="8vpkmxdh0vpg64wrhacqtfv3zzhqarh" xml:space="preserve">'''Philip Markus Petursson''' ([[21 Oktoba]] [[1902]] – [[12 Mei]] [[1988]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] katika jimbo la Manitoba nchini [[Kanada]].

Alizaliwa katika Pinecreek na baadaye alihamia Kanada.

Petursson alikuwa mwanachama wa New Democratic Party of Manitoba na alihudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Manitoba kuanzia mwaka 1966 hadi 1977. Pia alihudumu kwa muda mfupi kama waziri katika baraza la mawaziri la serikali ya Manitoba.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>8vpkmxdh0vpg64wrhacqtfv3zzhqarh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Léopold Angrand</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538629</id>
      <parentid>1538174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538629</origin>
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      <text bytes="674" sha1="iuwwp37h6542d8unvnho46cg3ojk3yx" xml:space="preserve">'''Léopold''' '''Angrand''' (16 Oktoba 1859 – 7 Oktoba 1906) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]] na mzao wa tabaka la kifahari la Métis Signares wa Gorée.

Alikuwa mtoto wa Pierre Angrand (1820–?) na signare tajiri Helena St. John (1826–1859), ambaye alifariki wakati wa kujifungua. Helena St. John alikuwa mjukuu wa Gavana Estoupan Blaise Saint-Jean na signare Marie Thérèse Rossignol.

Léopold Angrand pia alikuwa baba wa Armand Pierre Angrand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm16537715/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1859]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1906]]</text>
      <sha1>iuwwp37h6542d8unvnho46cg3ojk3yx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Salah Abdel Moamen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538431</id>
      <parentid>1538219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:09:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="885" sha1="4ob97uxbccnnagployi6lzr5gicino7" xml:space="preserve">'''Salah Mohammad Abdel Moamen''' (au '''Salah Mohammad Abdel Momen''') alikuwa Waziri wa Kilimo na Urejeshaji wa Ardhi wa [[Misri]] kuanzia mwaka 2012 hadi 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Egypt's Qandil cabinet sworn in |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/49294/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Qandil-cabinet-sworn-in.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/49294/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Qandil-cabinet-sworn-in.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |date=2 Agosti 2012 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Egypt cabinet reshuffle announced |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-cabinet-idUSBRE9040Z920130105](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-cabinet-idUSBRE9040Z920130105) |website=Reuters |date=5 Januari 2013 |access-date=7 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>4ob97uxbccnnagployi6lzr5gicino7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elmer Roper</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538432</id>
      <parentid>1538178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:10:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="682" sha1="fpqq2700cphb5a0bmg8m9hh60uh4ini" xml:space="preserve">'''Elmer Ernest Roper''' ([[4 Juni]] [[1893]] – [[12 Novemba]] [[1994]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mwanachama wa vyama vya wafanyakazi, na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]].

Alihudumu kama mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa wa Alberta kuanzia mwaka 1942 hadi 1955 akiwa mwakilishi wa Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) katika jiji la Edmonton.

Baadaye alihudumu pia kama meya wa Edmonton kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi 1963.&lt;ref&gt;Monto, Tom. Protest and Progress. Three Labour Radicals in Early Edmonton, Crang Publishing, Alhambra Books (Edmonton), p. 86&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1893]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>fpqq2700cphb5a0bmg8m9hh60uh4ini</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fayyad Abdel Moneim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538433</id>
      <parentid>1538179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:10:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="751" sha1="599sz9jd00l45hj5rkh836k35bixfoc" xml:space="preserve">'''Fayyad Abdel Moneim''' (amezaliwa 1957) ni mwanataaluma na mchumi kutoka nchini [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa waziri wa fedha kwa kipindi kifupi kuanzia tarehe 7 Mei hadi 16 Julai 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's interim cabinet sworn in |url=[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/16/egypts-interim-cabinet-sworn-in](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/16/egypts-interim-cabinet-sworn-in) |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt finance minister replaced in cabinet reshuffle |url=[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/](https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/) |website=Reuters |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1957|}}
[[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>599sz9jd00l45hj5rkh836k35bixfoc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Don Scott (mwandishi wa Ontario)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538434</id>
      <parentid>1538181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:11:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="999" sha1="9406bzly0ibhilcevci97m708buojht" xml:space="preserve">'''Donald W. Scott''' (19 Mei 1924 – 6 Desemba 2011) alikuwa mwalimu, [[mwandishi]], na mgombea wa kisiasa wa mara kwa mara kutoka [[Kanada]], akiwa makazi yake katika Sudbury.

Alisoma katika University of Toronto na pia alipata shahada ya Uzamili wa Sayansi (MSc) kutoka University of Guelph. Zaidi ya elimu rasmi, alijifunza mwenyewe kuhusu magonjwa ya kuzorota (degenerative diseases).

Katika siasa, Scott aligombea kupitia New Democratic Party na pia Canadian Action Party, na baadaye alianzisha chama kidogo kilichodumu kwa muda mfupi kiitwacho Ontario Options katika miaka ya 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;York North CCF&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=York North CCF picks candidate|journal=[[Toronto Star]]|date=16 July 1953|page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;answer&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Harold|last=Carmichael|title=The answer is out there|journal=Sudbury Star|date=6 April 2004|page=B6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>9406bzly0ibhilcevci97m708buojht</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alex Avery (mwandishi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538435</id>
      <parentid>1538182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:11:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Alex Avery (writer)]] hadi [[Alex Avery (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2281" sha1="ki85bvdvbe1p5ljvwn2kbizguf612g1" xml:space="preserve">'''Alex Avery''' ni mkurugenzi wa zamani wa utafiti na elimu katika Kituo cha Masuala ya Chakula Duniani (Center for Global Food Issues) kilicho chini ya Hudson Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web|url=[http://www.cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm](http://www.cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm) |publisher=Center for global food issues |title=Alex Avery |access-date=9 Disemba 2007 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014192920/http://cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20071014192920/http://cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm) |archive-date=14 Oktoba 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Avery |first1=Alex |title=Frog-pocalypse Not: Amphibians And Atrazine |url=[https://www.hudson.org/research/11121-frog-pocalypse-not-amphibians-and-atrazine](https://www.hudson.org/research/11121-frog-pocalypse-not-amphibians-and-atrazine) |access-date=12 Septemba 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa katika taasisi hiyo, alifanya utafiti kuhusu athari za kimazingira za mifumo tofauti ya kilimo (farming systems). Yeye ndiye mwandishi wa kitabu ''The Truth About Organic Foods'',&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web | url =[http://www.tvrgroup.de/|](http://www.tvrgroup.de/|) publisher= TVR Group|  title = Die Wahrheit uber Bio-Lebensmittel| language = German| access-date = 19 Desemba 2007 | archive-url= [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225022842/http://www.tvrgroup.de/|](https://web.archive.org/web/20071225022842/http://www.tvrgroup.de/|) archive-date= 25 Desemba 2007 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ambacho kimeelezwa kuwa kitabu chenye utata&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=McHughen|first=Alan|date=May 5, 2007|title=Toppling the organic house of cards |journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=25|issue=5|pages=522–523|doi=10.1038/nbt0507-522|s2cid=38555109}}&lt;/ref&gt; kutokana na ukosoaji wake dhidi ya harakati za chakula hai (organic food movement) na upinzani wake dhidi ya teknolojia ya kilimo cha kisasa (agricultural biotechnology). Avery anasema teknolojia hiyo inaweza kupunguza matumizi ya viuatilifu na kufanya kilimo kuwa rafiki zaidi kwa mazingira.

Kitabu hicho kilichapishwa na Henderson Communications, kampuni ndogo ya ushauri wa kilimo biashara (agribusiness) na uchapishaji wa vitabu vinavyohusiana na kilimo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD||}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ki85bvdvbe1p5ljvwn2kbizguf612g1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538437</id>
      <parentid>1538435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538437</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2272" sha1="o67l32o3v09a13vgyl7tia08ered3wm" xml:space="preserve">'''Alex Avery''' ni mkurugenzi wa zamani wa utafiti na elimu katika Kituo cha Masuala ya Chakula Duniani (Center for Global Food Issues) kilicho chini ya Hudson Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web|url=[http://www.cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm](http://www.cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm) |publisher=Center for global food issues |title=Alex Avery |access-date=9 Disemba 2007 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014192920/http://cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20071014192920/http://cgfi.org/about/aavery_bio.htm) |archive-date=14 Oktoba 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Avery |first1=Alex |title=Frog-pocalypse Not: Amphibians And Atrazine |url=[https://www.hudson.org/research/11121-frog-pocalypse-not-amphibians-and-atrazine](https://www.hudson.org/research/11121-frog-pocalypse-not-amphibians-and-atrazine) |access-date=12 Septemba 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa katika taasisi hiyo, alifanya utafiti kuhusu athari za kimazingira za mifumo tofauti ya kilimo. Yeye ndiye mwandishi wa kitabu ''The Truth About Organic Foods'',&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web | url =[http://www.tvrgroup.de/|](http://www.tvrgroup.de/|) publisher= TVR Group|  title = Die Wahrheit uber Bio-Lebensmittel| language = German| access-date = 19 Desemba 2007 | archive-url= [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225022842/http://www.tvrgroup.de/|](https://web.archive.org/web/20071225022842/http://www.tvrgroup.de/|) archive-date= 25 Desemba 2007 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ambacho kimeelezwa kuwa kitabu chenye utata&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=McHughen|first=Alan|date=May 5, 2007|title=Toppling the organic house of cards |journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=25|issue=5|pages=522–523|doi=10.1038/nbt0507-522|s2cid=38555109}}&lt;/ref&gt; kutokana na ukosoaji wake dhidi ya harakati za chakula hai (organic food movement) na upinzani wake dhidi ya teknolojia ya kilimo cha kisasa (agricultural biotechnology). Avery anasema teknolojia hiyo inaweza kupunguza matumizi ya viuatilifu na kufanya kilimo kuwa rafiki zaidi kwa mazingira.

Kitabu hicho kilichapishwa na Henderson Communications, kampuni ndogo ya ushauri wa kilimo biashara (agribusiness) na uchapishaji wa vitabu vinavyohusiana na kilimo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD||}}
[[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>o67l32o3v09a13vgyl7tia08ered3wm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538655</id>
      <parentid>1538183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="550" sha1="42a62wzcx2ebar531oodr35zg3m23c2" xml:space="preserve">'''Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour''' (alizaliwa tarehe 21 Agosti 1945) ni mfanyabiashara na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2015-07-16 |title=Minister bans import of over 5 mW laser pointers |url=[https://egyptindependent.com/minister-bans-import-over-5-mw-laser-pointers/](https://egyptindependent.com/minister-bans-import-over-5-mw-laser-pointers/) |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US |access-date=2020-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1945|}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>42a62wzcx2ebar531oodr35zg3m23c2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lloyd R. Shaw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538440</id>
      <parentid>1538184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:13:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="920" sha1="taj1x8jnh1x4fadr9zi47vqq07nzszj" xml:space="preserve">'''Donald W. Scott''' ([[19 Mei]] [[1924]] – [[6 Desemba]] [[2011]]) alikuwa mwalimu, [[mwandishi]], na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Kanada]], akiwa makazi yake katika Sudbury.

Alisoma katika University of Toronto na pia alipata shahada ya Uzamili wa Sayansi (MSc) kutoka University of Guelph. Zaidi ya elimu rasmi, alijifunza mwenyewe kuhusu magonjwa ya kuzorota (degenerative diseases).

Katika siasa, Scott aligombea kupitia New Democratic Party na pia Canadian Action Party, na baadaye alianzisha chama kidogo kilichodumu kwa muda mfupi kiitwacho Ontario Options katika miaka ya 1990.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Clugston. [https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1982/3/29/the-one-woman-stronghold-of-the-nova-scotia-ndp The one-woman stronghold of the Nova Scotia NDP]. ''[[Maclean's]]'', March 29, 1982.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>taj1x8jnh1x4fadr9zi47vqq07nzszj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alfred Speakman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538441</id>
      <parentid>1538197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="847" sha1="7aiz6q6yn8kn4mksjkqlaadw910bg3c" xml:space="preserve">'''''Alfred Speakman''''' ([[24 Agosti]] [[1880]] – [[4 Novemba]] [[1943]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Kanada]].

Alijihusisha na siasa katika jimbo la Alberta, ambako alihudumu kama mwakilishi katika ngazi ya mkoa. Ingawa taarifa za kina kuhusu nafasi zake mahususi za kisiasa ni chache katika muhtasari huu, anajulikana kama mmoja wa wanasiasa waliokuwa sehemu ya historia ya awali ya siasa za Alberta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.ab.ca/ISYS/LADDAR_files%5Cdocs%5Chouserecords%5Cvp%5Clegislature_26%5Csession_2%5C20060321_1200_01_vp.pdf|date=2006-03-21|title=Speakers Corner, Leaders of the Official Opposition, Alberta Hansard|publisher=Alberta Legislative Assembly|accessdate=2007-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1943]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1880]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>7aiz6q6yn8kn4mksjkqlaadw910bg3c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stefanie Sycholt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538442</id>
      <parentid>1538198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:15:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3373" sha1="e1noswv4w5kaodsi3wtn30czkuk7pgp" xml:space="preserve">'''Stefanie Sycholt''' (alizaliwa [[Pretoria]], 1963) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa filamu wa [[Afrika Kusini]].

== Wasifu ==
Sycholt alisoma [[Kiingereza]] chini ya J. M. Coetzee pamoja na sayansi ya siasa na nadharia ya filamu katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Natal]] na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Cape Town]]. Sycholt alikuwa mshiriki katika harakati za kupinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na aliwahi kuwa afisa wa [[vyombo vya habari]] wa Umoja wa Kitaifa wa Wanafunzi wa Afrika Kusini. Alisimamia timu ya utayarishaji ya ''AVA'' iliyoigiza filamu ya [[Nelson Mandela]] ''Welcome Home Rall''y mjini [[Durban]] mwaka 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.filmportal.de/en/person/stefanie-sycholt_f31295e69554a3cfe03053d50b373efb Stefanie Sycholt | filmportal.de]&lt;/ref&gt; Sycholt baadaye alisafiri hadi [[Ujerumani]] kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Televisheni na Filamu ''Munich''. Amefanya kazi katika Idara ya Uandishi ya Ubunifu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Filamu na Televisheni ''Munich'' na vile vile mwandishi na mkurugenzi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://blakefriedmann.co.uk/stefanie-sycholt Stefanie Sycholt — Blake Friedmann]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2001, Sycholt alifanya filamu yake ya kwanza na Malunde, ambayo ilisimulia hadithi ya mvulana anayeitwa Wonderboy ambaye anakuwa rafiki na [[mwanajeshi]] wa zamani katika serikali ya Wazungu. Ilipokea tuzo sita za ''Avanti'' ikiwa ni pamoja na mkurugenzi bora, na sehemu ya faida ilienda kwa hisani ya Mandela kwa watoto wa mitaani. &lt;ref&gt;[https://variety.com/2001/film/reviews/malunde-1200552658/ Malunde]&lt;/ref&gt; Aliongoza filamu ya ucheshi iliyotengenezwa kwa ajili ya TV ''Gwendolyn'' mwaka wa 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnamo 2010, aliandika, akaongoza, na kumshirikisha Themba. Kulingana na riwaya isiyo na majina ya Lutz ''van Dijk'', ni drama ya familia inayosimulia hadithi ya mvulana mdogo aliyependa sana mpira wa miguu na mama yake ambaye anaambukizwa [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI.]]  Themba alipokea Tuzo ya Haki za Mtoto ya ''[[UNICEF]]'' katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar la 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[https://brandsouthafrica.com/ Home - Brand South Africa]&lt;/ref&gt; Sycholt ameongoza vipindi kadhaa vya mfululizo wa ''Inga Lindström''. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tv-media.at/programm/20260508 TV-Programm heute im Überblick | TV-MEDIA]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Orodha ya Filamu ==
* ''1998: MBUBE - Die Nacht der Löwen'' 
* ''2001: Malunde'' 
* ''2007: Gwendolyn''
* ''2007: Tango zu dritt'' 
* ''2009: Ella's Mystery'' 
* ''2010: Themba'' 
* ''2010: Ein Sommer in Kapstadt'' 
* ''2010: Ein Sommer in Marrakesch'' 
* ''2011: Ein Sommer in den Bergen'' 
* ''2012: Die Löwin'' 
* ''2013: Weit hinter dem Horizont'' 
* ''2013: Mein ganzes halbes Leben'' 
* ''2013: Zwischen Himmel und hier'' 
* ''2016-2020: Inga Lindström''
* ''2018: Cecelia Ahern: Dich zu lieben'' 
* ''2018 Inga Lindström - Die andere Tochter'' 
* ''2019 Inga Lindström - Familienfest in Sommerby'' 
* ''2019 Inga Lindström - Klang der Sehnsucht'' 
* ''2020 Inga Lindström - Das gestohlene Herz'' 
* ''2021 Inga Lindström - Schmetterlinge im Bauch'' 
* ''2021 Ein Sommer am Gardasee'' 
* ''2023 Inga Lindström - Spinnefeind'' 
* ''2023 Rosamunde Pilcher - Verliebt in einen Butler'' 
* ''2024 Un/Dressed – Amanzon''
* ''2025 Ein Sommer in Italien''
* ''2025 Fall for Me – Netflix''

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{BD|1963|}}
[[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>e1noswv4w5kaodsi3wtn30czkuk7pgp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eugene Forsey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538444</id>
      <parentid>1538205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:16:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538444</origin>
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      <text bytes="1003" sha1="9turrxms0ltz3lr0wnn5b8o6qojezo8" xml:space="preserve">'''Eugene Forsey''' (29 Mei [[1904]] – [[20 Februari]] [[1991]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa sheria za katiba na mwanasiasa wa [[Kanada]].

Alihudumu katika Senate of Canada kuanzia mwaka 1970 hadi 1979.

Forsey alihesabiwa miongoni mwa wataalamu wakuu wa katiba ya Canada kutokana na utafiti wake wa kina kuhusu mifumo ya kikatiba na historia ya kisiasa ya nchi hiyo.

Pia alikuwa mshiriki wa Order of Canada (PC CC) na Royal Society of Canada (FRSC), akitambuliwa kwa mchango wake katika taaluma na utumishi wa umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada, Finding Aid to Eugene Forsey fonds, part 1|url=https://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000002051.pdf|access-date=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada, Finding aid to Eugene Forsey fonds, part 2|url=https://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000000107.pdf|access-date=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>9turrxms0ltz3lr0wnn5b8o6qojezo8</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538581</id>
      <parentid>1538444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:15:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1011" sha1="7uk7572j0hs01eb7fw2zcyvurfhweib" xml:space="preserve">'''Eugene Forsey''' (29 Mei [[1904]] – [[20 Februari]] [[1991]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa sheria za katiba na mwanasiasa wa [[Kanada]].

Alihudumu katika Senate of Canada kuanzia mwaka 1970 hadi 1979.

Forsey alihesabiwa miongoni mwa wataalamu wakuu wa katiba ya Canada kutokana na utafiti wake wa kina kuhusu mifumo ya kikatiba na historia ya kisiasa ya nchi hiyo.

Pia alikuwa mshiriki wa Order of Canada (PC CC) na Royal Society of Canada (FRSC), akitambuliwa kwa mchango wake katika taaluma na utumishi wa umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Library and Archives Canada, Finding Aid to Eugene Forsey fonds, part 1|url=https://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000002051.pdf|access-date=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Library and Archives Canada, Finding aid to Eugene Forsey fonds, part 2|url=https://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000000107.pdf|access-date=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>7uk7572j0hs01eb7fw2zcyvurfhweib</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed M. Abou El Enein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538653</id>
      <parentid>1538207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1276" sha1="3oesdf4ui2sb6lx3vrtuk0vcuy1sz3u" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed M. Abou El Enein''' ( alizaliwa tarehe 5 Septemba 1951) ni mfanyabiashara, mwekezaji, mtu maarufu wa umma na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti na mwanzilishi wa Cleopatra Group&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=[http://www.cleopatraceramics.com/Content/AboutUS?lang=en](http://www.cleopatraceramics.com/Content/AboutUS?lang=en) |title=Abou El Enein's statement on the Company website |website=cleopatraceramics.com |access-date=2016-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160909142545/http://cleopatraceramics.com/Content/AboutUS?lang=en](https://web.archive.org/web/20160909142545/http://cleopatraceramics.com/Content/AboutUS?lang=en) |archivedate=2016-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; na pia mwenyekiti wa klabu ya [[Ceramica Cleopatra FC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ceramica Cleopatra – About |url=[https://cleopatrafc.com/about/](https://cleopatrafc.com/about/) |website=cleopatrafc.com |language=ar-EG |access-date=2020-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200403181032/https://cleopatrafc.com/about/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200403181032/https://cleopatrafc.com/about/) |archive-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1951|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>3oesdf4ui2sb6lx3vrtuk0vcuy1sz3u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wilbert Doneleyko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538445</id>
      <parentid>1538208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:17:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1458" sha1="rc6pjq7mxnkatn9z1i6eft77epc5eo9" xml:space="preserve">'''Wilbert George Doneleyko''' (jina lake la ukoo pia huandikwa ''Doneley''; [[13 Februari]] [[1913]] – [[27 Januari]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Kanada kutoka jimbo la Manitoba.

Alizaliwa katika Rossburn na alisoma huko, kisha akafanya kazi kama meneja wa ghala katika Manitoba Co-operative Honey Producers Limited.

Doneleyko alihudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Manitoba kuanzia 1945 hadi 1949 akiwa mwanachama wa Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Alifukuzwa kutoka katika kundi la wabunge wa CCF kutokana na kupinga hadharani shughuli za NATO barani Ulaya.

Mwaka 1945 pia aligombea bila mafanikio kiti cha Springfield katika uchaguzi wa Bunge la Shirikisho la Canada.

Baada ya kuacha CCF, aligombea tena mwaka 1949 kama mgombea huru lakini akashindwa na Nicholas Stryk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Genealogy/DisplayGenealogyImage?k=6be403f9-3f95-424b-b79e-91766776a39e|title=Untitled Document|work=royalbcmuseum.bc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifariki mwaka 1990 mjini Victoria akiwa na umri wa miaka 76, baada ya kusumbuliwa na magonjwa ikiwemo leukemia ya muda mrefu (CLL) na kushindwa kwa figo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/doneleyko_wg.shtml|title=Wilbert George Doneleyko (1913-1990)|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|work=Memorable Manitobans}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>rc6pjq7mxnkatn9z1i6eft77epc5eo9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gail Damerow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538588</id>
      <parentid>1538211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1164" sha1="1fk0supy2m8kb267656efgf7u9i8fn2" xml:space="preserve">'''Gail Damerow''' (amezaliwa 29 Februari 1944) ni mwandishi wa [[Marekani]] na mtaalamu wa ufugaji wa kuku (poultry expert). Alizaliwa katika jimbo la Colorado na baadaye aliishi katika majimbo mbalimbali ya Marekani, ikiwemo Alaska, California, na hatimaye Tennessee, ambako alikaa katika shamba pamoja na mume wake mwaka 1982.

Ameshughulika kwa muda mrefu na ufugaji wa wanyama wa shambani na kuandika makala na vitabu kuhusu kilimo, ufugaji, na mada zinazohusiana kuanzia miaka ya 1970 hadi 2020s.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Damerow alizaliwa tarehe 29 Februari 1944 mjini [[Denver, Colorado]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Damerow, Gail 1944– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/damerow-gail-1944](https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/damerow-gail-1944) |access-date=29 Novemba 2024 |website=[www.encyclopedia.com](http://www.encyclopedia.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisoma katika University of Arizona, ambako alihitimu kwa heshima (cum laude) akiwa na shahada ya [[mathematics|hisabati]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1944|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1fk0supy2m8kb267656efgf7u9i8fn2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahmoud Abouelleil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538632</id>
      <parentid>1538212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:09:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1342" sha1="avdsrt3ztyqx29tx9154c8oqw592bah" xml:space="preserve">'''Mahmoud Abouelleil''' (1935–2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;dod&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=[https://www.youm7.com/story/2011/9/29/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/502394](https://www.youm7.com/story/2011/9/29/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/502394) |title=بالصور.. تشييع جنازة المستشار محمود أبو الليل وزير العدل الأسبق |date=Oktoba 2011 |website=youm7.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa Waziri wa Sheria wa Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya [[Misri]] kuanzia Julai 2004 hadi kujiuzulu kwake mwezi Agosti 2006. Pia alikuwa gavana wa [[Giza]] kuanzia mwaka 2000 hadi 2004, na gavana wa Kafr El-Sheikh kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 2000.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1935|2011}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>avdsrt3ztyqx29tx9154c8oqw592bah</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538446</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="910" sha1="l142f7fy2kteulrag7by13xo5qwfjrk" xml:space="preserve">'''Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh Abdel Hady''' (alizaliwa 15 Oktoba 1951) ni daktari, mwanaharakati wa zamani wa wanafunzi na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]]. Mwaka 2011–2012 aligombea urais wa [[Misri]] kama mgombea huru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdel-Moneim-Aboul-Fotouh](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdel-Moneim-Aboul-Fotouh) |title=Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hapo awali alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] nchini Misri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12334495](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12334495) |title=Profile: Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh |website=BBC News |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1951|}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>l142f7fy2kteulrag7by13xo5qwfjrk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>True Davidson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538447</id>
      <parentid>1538224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:19:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538447</origin>
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      <text bytes="1115" sha1="b43ug06yfe1fjg5tpv7q38blmh7uxpt" xml:space="preserve">'''Jean “True” Davidson''' ([[19 Aprili]] [[1901]] – [[18 Septemba]] [[1978]]) alikuwa mwalimu, [[mwandishi]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana kama mmoja wa wanasiasa mahiri wa manispaa katika eneo la Ontario, hasa katika eneo la East York.

Davidson alikuwa Meya wa kwanza wa Borough ya East York na alihudumu kama mmoja wa viongozi mashuhuri katika siasa za Metropolitan Toronto kwa takriban miaka 25. Kabla ya kuwa meya, alihudumu miaka 10 katika bodi ya shule ya East York na pia miaka 11 kama diwani, reeve na meya wa baraza la East York.

Katika maisha yake ya kisiasa, alishiriki katika uchaguzi mara 11 na hakuwahi kushindwa, jambo lililomfanya ajulikane kwa uthabiti na umaarufu mkubwa katika siasa za mitaa.

Pia alitunukiwa heshima ya Order of Canada (CM) kutokana na mchango wake katika huduma ya umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=East York's True Davidson, she wants to be MPP|work=Toronto Star|date=17 February 1971|first=Lewis|last=Levendel|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1978]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>b43ug06yfe1fjg5tpv7q38blmh7uxpt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>George Gibson Coote</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538448</id>
      <parentid>1538227</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:19:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="807" sha1="rsbpkuua8kbrx7jclt0li23ml4epg2l" xml:space="preserve">'''George Gibson Coote''' ([[18 Agosti]] [[1880]] – [[24 Novemba]] [[1959]]) alikuwa mhasibu, meneja wa benki, mkulima na [[mwanasiasa]] wa shirikisho nchini [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana kwa kuchangia katika sekta ya fedha na kilimo kabla ya kuingia katika siasa za kitaifa. Kama mwanasiasa wa shirikisho, alihudumu katika Bunge la Canada akiwakilisha maslahi ya wakulima na jamii za vijijini wakati wa kipindi chake cha uhai wa kisiasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;35results&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Macleod Election Results|date=October 14, 1935|publisher=Parliament of Canada|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&amp;Search=Cresdetail&amp;Election=6342|accessdate=May 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1880]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1959]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>rsbpkuua8kbrx7jclt0li23ml4epg2l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hazem Salah Abu Ismail</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538449</id>
      <parentid>1538229</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:20:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="667" sha1="0zla6rkgsbtn4zshlt2z89ez09bqf44" xml:space="preserve">'''Hazem Salah Abu Ismail''' (Kiarabu: حازم صلاح أبو إسماعيل; IPA: [ħæːzem sˤɑˈlɑːħ ˈæbu ʔesmæˈʕiːl]; alizaliwa 16 Juni 1961) ni mwanasheria, mhubiri wa Kiislamu na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye aligombea katika uchaguzi wa urais wa Misri wa mwaka 2012 na pia alianzisha chama cha Flag Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile: Hazem Salah Abu Ismail |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17665630](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17665630) |website=BBC News |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1961|}}
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>0zla6rkgsbtn4zshlt2z89ez09bqf44</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sam Wyly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232724</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:14:40Z</timestamp>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1470" sha1="sygxp62x7nvuojy0c5qie3s7cgdhsyk" xml:space="preserve">'''Samuel Evans Wyly''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 4]], [[1934]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Debter |first=Lauren |title=Bankrupt Ex-Billionaire Sam Wyly Settles A $1.3 Billion Tax Bill—For Just $500 Million |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurendebter/2019/11/19/ex-billionaire-sam-wyly-settles-irs-tax-bill-exits-bankruptcy/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye orodha ya [[Forbes]] ya Wamarekani tajiri zaidi mwaka [[2000]] akiwa na utajiri wa dola milioni 750, na alibaki kwenye orodha hiyo mwaka [[2010]] akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Sam Wyly's $550 Million Problem |url=https://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/2013/february/sam-wyly-fight-to-keep-family-fortune/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=D Magazine |date=January 22, 2013 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utajiri wake wa awali ulipatikana baada ya ofa ya umma ya ''University Computing Company''.&lt;ref name=&quot;CultureMap&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari|last=Gubbins|first=Teresa|date=April 9, 2018|title=Kimbal Musk and Wyly heiress celebrate wedding at Dallas restaurant|work=CultureMap|url=http://dallas.culturemap.com/news/restaurants-bars/04-09-18-cedar-social-wedding-reception-kimbal-musk-christiana-wyly/|access-date=April 9, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>sygxp62x7nvuojy0c5qie3s7cgdhsyk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>John Alexander Wallace</title>
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      <text bytes="662" sha1="5pkwfl723gtqk8jayww9xtw5omrjm9v" xml:space="preserve">'''John Alexander Wallace''' ([[3 Aprili]] [[1881]] – [[13 Oktoba]] [[1961]]) alikuwa mhandisi, mkulima na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Kanada.

Alizaliwa katika Simcoe na baadaye alijihusisha na siasa za shirikisho. Mwaka 1921 alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Canada (MP) katika jimbo la Norfolk akiwa mwanachama wa Progressive Party of Canada.

Kabla ya ushindi huo, alishindwa katika uchaguzi wa 1917 akiwa na Liberal Party of Canada (Laurier Liberals), na baadaye pia alishindwa katika uchaguzi wa 1945 akiwa mgombea wa Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.

{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1881]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1961]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gabriel d'Arboussier</title>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1456" sha1="3w5qoswqf36kb5y86kgo4ulwy6ygfrk" xml:space="preserve">'''Gabriel''' '''Marquis''' '''d’Arboussier''' (14 Januari 1908 – 21 Desemba 1976) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]] na Ufaransa.

Alikuwa mtoto wa Baron Henri d’Arboussier-Monplaisir, ambaye alikuwa gavana wa kikoloni kutoka familia tajiri ya wakulima, na pia alikuwa na mama Mwislamu kutoka jamii ya Mossi.

Alisoma nchini [[Ufaransa]] na akaanza kazi kama msimamizi wa utawala wa kikoloni. Alihudumu katika Bunge la Taifa la Ufaransa kuanzia 1945 hadi 1946, na mwaka 1946 alihusishwa na bunge la kwanza la Katiba la Gabon chini ya Houphouët-Boigny, mmoja wa waanzilishi wa African Democratic Rally (RDA), ambapo aliteuliwa kuwa katibu mkuu.

Mwaka huo huo, aliteuliwa na chama chake kuwa mshauri katika French Union kwa niaba ya Côte d’Ivoire. Mwaka 1949, alisafiri duniani kote na pia alitembelea Umoja wa Kisovieti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gabriel, Marie d'Arboussier - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale|url=https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche?num_dept=179|work=www2.assemblee-nationale.fr|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Formulaire de recherche dans la base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale|url=https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/recherche|work=www2.assemblee-nationale.fr|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>3w5qoswqf36kb5y86kgo4ulwy6ygfrk</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Robert G. Wilmers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1569" sha1="rlpagvjpm5q96dvyfubs7vfty7s3flm" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert George &quot;Bob&quot;  Wilmers''' (anayejulikana kama Bob Wilmers; [[Aprili 20]], [[1934]] – [[Desemba 16]], [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea  nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''M&amp;T Bank'' kuanzia [[1983]] hadi kifo chake mwaka 2017, isipokuwa kwa mapumziko ya miezi 18 mwaka [[2005]]-[[2006]]. Mnamo Januari 2017, thamani inayoongezeka ya hisa za benki ilimfanya Wilmers kuwa bilionea. Alinunua ''Chateau Haut-Bailly'', shamba la mvinyo huko Bordeaux, [[Ufaransa]], mwaka [[1998]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nocera&quot;&gt;Joe Nocera, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/opinion/31nocera.html?_r=0 The Good Banker], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 30, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businessweek&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Stocks |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=272287&amp;ticker=MTB |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407214017/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=272287&amp;ticker=MTB |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |title=Stocks - Bloomberg |website=Investing.businessweek.com |access-date=2017-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-wilmers/|title=Robert Wilmers - Forbes|website=[[Forbes]]|date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625035124/http://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-wilmers/|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>rlpagvjpm5q96dvyfubs7vfty7s3flm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Herman Voaden</title>
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      <text bytes="497" sha1="fgccz79386hybro6ubnu0j6omg4x08u" xml:space="preserve">'''Herman Arthur Voaden''' ([[19 Januari]] [[1903]] – [[27 Juni]] [[1991]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa michezo ya kuigiza (playwright) kutoka [[Kanada]].

Alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika fasihi na sanaa ya maigizo nchini Canada. Pia alitunukiwa heshima ya Order of Canada (CM) na alikuwa mwanachama wa Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), akitambuliwa kwa mchango wake katika sanaa na utamaduni.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1903]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>fgccz79386hybro6ubnu0j6omg4x08u</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Landing Badji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Landing''' '''Badji''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]] na mwanachama wa Baraza la Kiuchumi, Kijamii na Kiutamaduni (ECOSOCC) la Umoja wa Afrika, akiiwakilisha Afrika Magharibi.

Pia, Badji ni mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Masuala ya Kisiasa, ambayo ni moja kati ya Kamati 10 za Kisekta za Umoja wa Afrika, na ni mkurugenzi wa ANRAC (l'Agence nationale pour la relance des activités économiques et sociales en Casamance), wakala uliowekwa mahususi kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya mkoa wa Casamancenchini Senegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.africa-union.org/ECOSOC/LIST%20OF%20%20MEMBERS%20OF%20%20ECOSOCC%20COMMITTEES.pdf|work=www.africa-union.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The African Executive {{!}} Gigantic Task|url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=33|work=www.africanexecutive.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|author=The African Executive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>paz0rohu6l8r3r4hqvoa8odlldvctd0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mel Swart</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538453</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:22:34Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="740" sha1="6v1ljuboxafm34yus484o05sm8avm3k" xml:space="preserve">'''Melvin Leroy Swart''' ([[25 Juni]] [[1919]] – [[27 Februari]] [[2007]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Kanada katika jimbo la [[Ontario]].

Alihudumu kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa (MPP) katika Legislative Assembly of Ontario kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi 1988, akiwa mwanachama wa Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;1967 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Canadian Press|title=Tories win, but...|newspaper=The Windsor Star|date=October 18, 1967|location=Windsor, Ontario|page=B2|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TDM_AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=VVEMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3673%2C2835192|accessdate=2014-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2007]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>6v1ljuboxafm34yus484o05sm8avm3k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>M'Baye Babacar Cissé</title>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="723" sha1="fx2npwa5cmk6iyrho35d9nxgj6w7zzr" xml:space="preserve">'''M’Baye Babacar Cissé''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1954) kutoka [[Senegal]] ni Naibu Mwakilishi Maalum wa Operesheni ya Umoja wa Mataifa nchini Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI). Pia, yeye ni Mratibu Mkazi wa Umoja wa Mataifa, Mratibu wa Masuala ya Kibinadamu, na Mwakilishi Mkazi wa Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Maendeleo (UNDP) nchini humo. Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hii na Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo tarehe 4 Oktoba 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=M’Baye Babacar Cissé – Afrique7, l’info du continent en continu|url=https://www.afrique7.com/tag/mbaye-babacar-cisse|date=2016-10-18|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>fx2npwa5cmk6iyrho35d9nxgj6w7zzr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Kamel Amr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1538454</id>
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      <text bytes="577" sha1="de0rxjafo1eu0bild16at0l64o40did" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Kamel Amr''' (alizaliwa 1 Desemba 1942) ni mwanasiasa na mwanadiplomasia kutoka [[Misri]] aliyewahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa [[Misri]] kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2013. Alijiuzulu kutoka wadhifa huo tarehe 30 Juni 2013.&lt;ref name=trust&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's foreign minister tenders resignation - state news agency |url=[http://www.trust.org/item/20130702001929-vzydb](http://www.trust.org/item/20130702001929-vzydb) |work=Trust |access-date=2 Julai 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1942|}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>de0rxjafo1eu0bild16at0l64o40did</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gary Winnick</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1204" sha1="dwx0yfifme61abthea4anbrl8clcz3s" xml:space="preserve">'''Gary Winnick''' ([[Oktoba 13]], [[1947]] – [[Novemba 4]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mmiliki wa viwanda, na  benki ya uwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]]. Alihudumu kama mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Winnick &amp; Company'', kampuni ya uwekezaji ya kibinafsi aliyoianzisha kama ''Pacific Capital Group'' mwaka [[1985]]. Mwaka [[2020]], alianzisha ''WCO Spectrum'' kampuni inayowekeza katika leseni za wigo wa redio nchini Marekani&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=The $20 billion crumb |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/0419/6308242a.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Gary Winnick, Winnick &amp; Company: Profile and Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/2020321 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dano |first=Mike |date=July 15, 2022 |title=Gary Winnick takes aim at spectrum licenses |url=https://www.lightreading.com/5g/gary-winnick-takes-aim-at-spectrum-licenses/d/d-id/778995 |website=lightreading.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]]</text>
      <sha1>dwx0yfifme61abthea4anbrl8clcz3s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Arab</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538455</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:24:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="598" sha1="9nld461inaohmp9h24olpcue90s8epx" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Arab''' (anajulikana pia kama '''Mohamed Saber Arab'''; alizaliwa 23 Desemba 1948) ni mwanasiasa mkongwe kutoka [[Misri]], ambaye aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Utamaduni wa [[Misri]] katika serikali mbalimbali, ikiwemo Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Beblawi Cabinet|Beblawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt cabinet profile: Mohamed Saber Arab |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23816705](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23816705) |website=BBC News |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1948|}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>9nld461inaohmp9h24olpcue90s8epx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Saye Cissé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="852" sha1="armfdhwbl9ti6cgvbrtamkbunt76u7s" xml:space="preserve">'''Saye''' '''Cissé''', aliyezaliwa huko Bakel mnamo tarehe 4 Juni 1989, ni [[mwanasiasa]] mwanamke wa [[Senegal]] na mwalimu. Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha PASTEF katika idara ya Linguère.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Assemblée nationale du Sénégal|url=https://www.assemblee.sn/fr/deputes/cisse-saye|work=www.assemblee.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=PARCOURS DE L’HONORABLE DÉPUTÉE MME SAYE CISSÉ : Un engagement politique et éducatif au service du département de Linguère|url=https://senenet.net/2024/12/05/parcours-de-lhonorable-deputee-mme-saye-cisse-un-engagement-politique-et-educatif-au-service-du-departement-de-linguere/|work=Senenet.net|date=2024-12-05|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>armfdhwbl9ti6cgvbrtamkbunt76u7s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Steve Witkoff</title>
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      <text bytes="2397" sha1="4g750up8jq68ai48tq801fasg5nc1yx" xml:space="preserve">'''Steven Charles Witkoff''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 15]], [[1957]]) ni mhandisi mwendelezaji majengo, mwekezaji, [[wakili]] wa zamani, na mwanzilishi wa ''Witkoff Group'' nchini [[Marekani]]. Tangu [[2025]], Witkoff amehudumu kama mjumbe maalum wa Marekani kwa [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na mjumbe maalum kwa misheni za amani. Pia amekuwa mjumbe wa kweli kwa rais wa [[Urusi]] [[Vladimir Putin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DCPD202500565&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Remarks During a Swearing-in Ceremony for Steven C. Witkoff as United States Special Envoy to the Middle East and an Exchange With Reporters |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-202500565/html/DCPD-202500565.htm |website=www.govinfo.gov |access-date=November 26, 2025 |location=Washington D.C. |language=en |date=May 6, 2025 |quote=President Trump: So I want to thank everybody for being here. And I want to—very, very importantly, I want to say to Marco Rubio that you're swearing in a very important person. And Steve reports to Marco. I said: &quot;Steve, you'd better do a good job or Marco will fire—he will fire you so violently. You have no idea.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari | last = Bazail-Eimil | first = Eric | title = Trump appoints real estate investor, golf partner as Middle East peace envoy | work = Politico | date = November 12, 2024 | url = https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/11/12/congress/from-trumps-golf-partner-to-middle-east-envoy-00189132 | access-date = February 17, 2025 | quote = Witkoff was not the only Middle East diplomat whose role Trump announced on Tuesday. |archive-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113122337/https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/11/12/congress/from-trumps-golf-partner-to-middle-east-envoy-00189132 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Untested&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Crowley |first=Michael |date=March 13, 2025 |title=Trump Turns to an Untested Emissary, Steven Witkoff, to Engage Putin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/13/us/politics/witkoff-trumps-russia-putin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313222926/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/13/us/politics/witkoff-trumps-russia-putin.html |archive-date=March 13, 2025 |access-date=March 14, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lewis Stubbs</title>
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      <text bytes="785" sha1="ts490kfeybxj81h3y0ungkz3uitq9og" xml:space="preserve">'''Lewis St. George Stubbs''' ([[14 Juni]] [[1878]] – [[12 Mei]] [[1958]]) alikuwa jaji mashuhuri na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Kanada katika jimbo la Manitoba.

Alihudumu katika Legislative Assembly of Manitoba kuanzia mwaka 1936 hadi 1949 akiwa mgombea huru (Independent).

Stubbs alijulikana kwa kuunga mkono mitazamo ya kisiasa ya mrengo wa kushoto na mageuzi ya kijamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na mawazo ya Henry George kuhusu mfumo wa kodi wa “Single Tax” (Georgism).&lt;ref name=&quot;mhs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/stubbs_lsg1.shtml|title=Lewis St. George Stubbs (1878-1958)|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|accessdate=2013-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1878]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1958]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>ts490kfeybxj81h3y0ungkz3uitq9og</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hisham Arafat</title>
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      <text bytes="2271" sha1="o58icvumv3lfw5m8t985rzsukkkfvuy" xml:space="preserve">'''Hisham Arafat''' (1964/1965 – 15 Mei 2024) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kufanya kazi kama Waziri wa Uchukuzi katika serikali iliyoongozwa na [[Sherif Ismail]] kuanzia tarehe 19 Februari 2017 hadi 27 Februari 2019, alimrithi waziri [[Galal Saeed]]. Alijiuzulu wadhifa wake muda mfupi baada ya ajali ya treni ya Kituo cha Ramses mjini Cairo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 Mei 2021 |title=Egypt appoints military officer as transportation minister |url=[https://apnews.com/article/cairo-middle-east-egypt-transportation-abdel-fattah-el-sissi-94cd2d4efce845729e4bb58adae7c635](https://apnews.com/article/cairo-middle-east-egypt-transportation-abdel-fattah-el-sissi-94cd2d4efce845729e4bb58adae7c635) |website=AP News |language=en |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Ezzidin |first2=Toqa |date=27 Februari 2019 |title=At Least 20 Killed in Fiery Crash at Cairo Train Station |work=The New York Times |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/world/middleeast/cairo-fire-train-station-egypt.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/world/middleeast/cairo-fire-train-station-egypt.html) |access-date=30 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 Februari 2019 |title=Egypt's transport minister resigns after deadly Cairo train crash |work=Reuters |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-fire-resignation-idUSKCN1QG1S3](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-fire-resignation-idUSKCN1QG1S3) |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transport Minister Hisham Arafat Archives |url=[https://www.egyptindependent.com/tag/transport-minister-hisham-arafat/](https://www.egyptindependent.com/tag/transport-minister-hisham-arafat/) |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt's Transportation Minister resigns over fatal train accident |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/326311/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Transportation-Minister-resigns-over-fatal-.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/326311/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Transportation-Minister-resigns-over-fatal-.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1964|2024}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>o58icvumv3lfw5m8t985rzsukkkfvuy</sha1>
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      <text bytes="2289" sha1="tglqsmvvfbcqy8qab6qdb8164kbbbv9" xml:space="preserve">'''Hisham Arafat''' (1964/1965 – 15 Mei 2024) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kufanya kazi kama Waziri wa Uchukuzi katika serikali iliyoongozwa na [[Sherif Ismail]] kuanzia tarehe 19 Februari 2017 hadi 27 Februari 2019, alimrithi waziri [[Galal Saeed]]. Alijiuzulu wadhifa wake muda mfupi baada ya ajali ya treni ya Kituo cha Ramses mjini Cairo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=27 Mei 2021 |title=Egypt appoints military officer as transportation minister |url=[https://apnews.com/article/cairo-middle-east-egypt-transportation-abdel-fattah-el-sissi-94cd2d4efce845729e4bb58adae7c635](https://apnews.com/article/cairo-middle-east-egypt-transportation-abdel-fattah-el-sissi-94cd2d4efce845729e4bb58adae7c635) |website=AP News |language=en |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Ezzidin |first2=Toqa |date=27 Februari 2019 |title=At Least 20 Killed in Fiery Crash at Cairo Train Station |work=The New York Times |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/world/middleeast/cairo-fire-train-station-egypt.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/world/middleeast/cairo-fire-train-station-egypt.html) |access-date=30 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |date=27 Februari 2019 |title=Egypt's transport minister resigns after deadly Cairo train crash |work=Reuters |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-fire-resignation-idUSKCN1QG1S3](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-fire-resignation-idUSKCN1QG1S3) |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Transport Minister Hisham Arafat Archives |url=[https://www.egyptindependent.com/tag/transport-minister-hisham-arafat/](https://www.egyptindependent.com/tag/transport-minister-hisham-arafat/) |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Egypt's Transportation Minister resigns over fatal train accident |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/326311/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Transportation-Minister-resigns-over-fatal-.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/326311/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Transportation-Minister-resigns-over-fatal-.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |access-date=29 Mei 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1964|2024}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robert Strachan (mwanasiasa)</title>
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      <text bytes="1074" sha1="pxzsynmc03a39git9j6oklancxo7at2" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Martin Strachan''' ([[1 Desemba]] [[1913]] – [[21 Julai]] [[1981]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa vyama vya wafanyakazi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Canada.

Alizaliwa katika Glasgow na awali alifanya kazi kama seremala. Baada ya kuacha kazi ya ujira mdogo, alihamia Nova Scotia kupitia mpango wa kazi ya shambani, kisha baadaye alihamia magharibi mwa Canada mwaka 1931.

Aliishi katika mji wa uchimbaji wa shaba wa Anyox na baadaye katika Powell River, ambapo alifanya kazi kama seremala na akawa mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa vyama vya wafanyakazi.

Baadaye alikua kiongozi wa tawi la British Columbia la United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.

Katika siasa, Strachan anajulikana pia kwa kuwa kiongozi aliyekaa muda mrefu zaidi kama Kiongozi wa Upinzani katika historia ya British Columbia.&lt;ref name=&quot;cp&quot;&gt;Canadian Press, &quot;Robert Strachan Led CCF-NDP in opposition for 13 years in B.C. House&quot;, ''Globe and Mail'', July 22, 1981&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1981]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>pxzsynmc03a39git9j6oklancxo7at2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Modou Dia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="386" sha1="hwso92juk9dwmeqy72ajxqjus2s6pfw" xml:space="preserve">'''Modou Dia''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 27 Machi 1950) ni mwanasiasa na [[mwanadiplomasia]] wa zamani wa [[Senegal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Modou Dia - JORFSearch|url=https://jorfsearch.steinertriples.ch/name/Modou%20Dia|work=jorfsearch.steinertriples.ch|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>hwso92juk9dwmeqy72ajxqjus2s6pfw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Youssou Diagne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="761" sha1="slcy1zf3g79qolywbqysxl6fhmm7d0g" xml:space="preserve">'''Youssou''' '''Diagne''' (29 Agosti 1938 – 18 Novemba 2022) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Senegal aliyekuwa Rais wa saba wa Bunge la Kitaifa, kuanzia mwaka 2001 hadi 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Assemblée nationale - Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement Sénégalais|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.sn/les-anciens-presidents.xml?p=active4|work=www.assemblee-nationale.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr|author=Mamadou Moustapha DIENG {{!}} Ibrahima Ciss}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=afrol News: Senegalese Parliamentary President resigns|url=http://afrol.com/News2002/sen019_diagne_resigns.htm|work=afrol.com|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]</text>
      <sha1>slcy1zf3g79qolywbqysxl6fhmm7d0g</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mountaga Diallo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538656</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:47:18Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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'''Mountaga''' '''Diallo''' (1942 – 4 Septemba 2017) alikuwa mwanadiplomasia na jenerali wa jeshi la Senegal. Alikuwa Balozi wa Senegal nchini Urusi, ambapo aliwasilisha hati zake za utambulisho kwa Rais wa Urusi Vladimir Putin mnamo tarehe 17 Februari 2005, na alifariki akiwa bado anashikilia wadhifa huo. Hapo awali, alihudumu kama Kamanda wa Kikosi cha MONUC kuanzia mwaka 2000 hadi 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=President of Russia {{!}} List of Ambassadors Presenting their Letters of Credential to President Vladimir Putin|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2005/02/84147.shtml|work=kremlin.ru|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>fnn83ovauixn6pttetf9zk5muoqpewj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jay Pritzker</title>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1210" sha1="5e9wd979x8gohwhgloy5nxi4ssdkpwa" xml:space="preserve">'''Jay Arthur Pritzker''' ([[Agosti 26]], [[1922]] – [[Januari 23]], [[1999]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mwanafamilia wa [[familia ya Pritzker]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pritzker family |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Pritzker-family |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=14 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RowMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Annie+Cohn+Pritzker|title=The Monthly Supplement|date=January 1, 1951|publisher=International Who's Who, Inc.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa ''Hyatt Corporation'', baada ya kununua Hoteli ya kwanza ya Hyatt mwaka [[1957]], na alihusika na mageuzi ya shirika hilo kuwa kampuni kubwa ya ukarimu ya kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title = The fascinating life of Penny Pritzker (so far)|url = http://fortune.com/2014/06/02/fortune-500-pritzker/|website = Fortune|access-date = February 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mwaka [[1979]] alianzisha ''Pritzker Architecture Prize''. [[Forbes]] ilimtaja mwaka [[1998]] kama Mmarekani tajiri wa 20 akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 5.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emile Diatta</title>
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      <text bytes="336" sha1="h112w7qql0xr0a0perthvfq86lzrusl" xml:space="preserve">'''Emfue Diatta''' ni mwanasiasa wa Senegal na mwanachama wa Bunge la Afrika '''('''Pan'''-'''African Parliament''')'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm15152014/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>h112w7qql0xr0a0perthvfq86lzrusl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pierre Jean Henri Didelot</title>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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'''Pierre Jean Henri Didelot''' (12 Mei 1870 huko Paris – 30 Oktoba 1941 huko Alpes-Maritimes). Alikuwa msimamizi wa kikoloni katika makoloni mbalimbali ya Dola la Kikoloni la Ufaransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pierre Jean Henri Didelot|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3384756|work=www.wikidata.org|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>3nyjxxhl801esi9cx9sfj16ph65von5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Ayman Ashour</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538652</id>
      <parentid>1538302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:44:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1414" sha1="smqutd8xz7szlbfxtfmbm1e24paup7p" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Ayman Ashour''' (alizaliwa tarehe 12 Desemba 1960) ni Waziri wa Elimu ya Juu na Utafiti wa Kisayansi wa [[Misri]], akihudumu katika serikali inayoongozwa na [[Mostafa Madbouly]], akimrithi [[Khaled Abdel Ghaffar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Who's who: Meet Egypt's 13 new ministers - Politics - Egypt |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/473106.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/473106.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |access-date=10 Novemba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-13 |title=PROFILE: Egypt's new Minister of Higher Education Mohamed Ayman Ashour |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118353/PROFILE-Egypt-s-new-Minister-of-Higher-Education-Mohamed-Ayman](https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118353/PROFILE-Egypt-s-new-Minister-of-Higher-Education-Mohamed-Ayman) |website=EgyptToday |access-date=29 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Project to develop 2000 teachers for the first time in Egypt |url=[https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/08/29/to-develop-2000-teachers-for-the-first-time-egypt-launches-a-professional-teaching-certificates-project/](https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/08/29/to-develop-2000-teachers-for-the-first-time-egypt-launches-a-professional-teaching-certificates-project/) |website=Daily News Egypt |access-date=29 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1960|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>smqutd8xz7szlbfxtfmbm1e24paup7p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gigi Pritzker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538590</id>
      <parentid>1538308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1512" sha1="a180pb0lusgxwrbmb1uf4ea0vebuux8" xml:space="preserve">'''Gigi Pritzker''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 27]], [[1962]]) ni bilionea na [[mtayarishaji wa filamu]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mwanafamilia wa [[familia ya Pritzker]].&lt;ref name=ChicagoTribuneOwnLessThanHalf&gt;[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/04/19/pritzker-family-could-soon-own-less-than-half-of-hyatt/ Chicago Tribune: &quot;Pritzker family could soon own less than half of Hyatt&quot; By Julie Wernau] April 19, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;Pritzker ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya utayarishaji na ufadhili wa filamu ''Odd Lot Entertainment'', akitayarisha filamu kadhaa ikiwemo ''Rabbit Hole'', ''Drive'', na ''Hell or High Water''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/04/25/70462/index.htm CNN Money: &quot;The Pritzker Unveiling a Private Family&quot; By Ford S. Worthy] April 25, 1988&lt;/ref&gt;Pritzker pia alitayarisha kwa ajili ya televisheni, ikiwemo ''The Dragon Prince'', iliyoshinda [[Emmy]] ya [[2020]] kwa Mfululizo Bora wa Katuni kwa Watoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|date=2020-07-26|title=Daytime Emmy Awards: 'Dragon Prince,' 'Ask the Storybots' &amp; 'Last Kids on Earth' Win Key Animation Categories for Netflix|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/events/daytime-emmy-awards-dragon-prince-ask-the-storybots-last-kids-on-earth-win-key-animation-categories-for-netflix/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=Animation Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watayarishaji  filamu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>a180pb0lusgxwrbmb1uf4ea0vebuux8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gail Miller (mfanyabiashara)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538321</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:00:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Karen Gail Miller''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 14]], [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mkuu wa ''Larry H. Miller Company''.&lt;ref name=forbes&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Gail Miller |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gail-miller/ |website=forbes |access-date=5 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alichukua nafasi hiyo baada ya kifo cha mumewe [[Larry H. Miller]] mwaka [[2009]]. Kuanzia 2009 hadi [[2020]], Miller alikuwa mmiliki wa Utah Jazz...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1078" sha1="k0e2488ux0zuoj999i01y71nm2an6se" xml:space="preserve">'''Karen Gail Miller''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 14]], [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mkuu wa ''Larry H. Miller Company''.&lt;ref name=forbes&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Gail Miller |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gail-miller/ |website=forbes |access-date=5 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alichukua nafasi hiyo baada ya kifo cha mumewe [[Larry H. Miller]] mwaka [[2009]]. Kuanzia 2009 hadi [[2020]], Miller alikuwa mmiliki wa [[Utah Jazz]] ya [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA).Kufikia Aprili [[2026]], Forbes ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 4.95.&lt;ref name=&quot;familysearch&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Christensen |first1=Lisa |title=Gail Miller: A quiet but formidable force in Utah’s business community |url=https://www.utahbusiness.com/archive/2017/02/21/gail-miller-quiet-formidable-force-utahs-business-community/ |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=Utah Business |date=21 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>k0e2488ux0zuoj999i01y71nm2an6se</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ziad Bahaa-Eldin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538324</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:01:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ziad Ahmed Bahaa-Eldin''' ( alizaliwa tarehe 30 Agosti 1964) ni mchumi, mwanasheria wa masuala ya biashara na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile: Ziad Bahaa-Eldin |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25861873](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25861873) |website=BBC News |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1964|}}   [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Misri]] Jamii:Wanasiasa wa...'</comment>
      <origin>1538324</origin>
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      <text bytes="494" sha1="qzgizy640bh7pjosgyf5tbkmi1wzmn9" xml:space="preserve">'''Ziad Ahmed Bahaa-Eldin''' ( alizaliwa tarehe 30 Agosti 1964) ni mchumi, mwanasheria wa masuala ya biashara na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile: Ziad Bahaa-Eldin |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25861873](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25861873) |website=BBC News |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1964|}}


[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]]</text>
      <sha1>qzgizy640bh7pjosgyf5tbkmi1wzmn9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jim Moran (mfanyabiashara)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538327</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Martin Moran''' ([[Agosti 8]], [[1918]] – [[Aprili 24]], [[2007]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] wa magari na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye utajiri wake ulikuwa dola  bilioni 2.4 ulimweka nambari 390 kwenye [[Forbes]] 400 wakati wa kifo chake.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_James-Moran_4IVJ.html] Forbes, March 8, 2007-The World's Billionaires&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa...'</comment>
      <origin>1538327</origin>
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      <text bytes="525" sha1="5v0wx5v2utrimav6iytm94cfpjuee1g" xml:space="preserve">'''James Martin Moran''' ([[Agosti 8]], [[1918]] – [[Aprili 24]], [[2007]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] wa magari na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye utajiri wake ulikuwa dola  bilioni 2.4 ulimweka nambari 390 kwenye [[Forbes]] 400 wakati wa kifo chake.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_James-Moran_4IVJ.html] Forbes, March 8, 2007-The World's Billionaires&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2007]]</text>
      <sha1>5v0wx5v2utrimav6iytm94cfpjuee1g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mostafa Bakry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538330</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mostafa Bakry''' (alizaliwa tarehe 16 Mei 1956) ni mwandishi wa habari, mtangazaji wa televisheni, mwandishi wa vitabu, mwanasiasa na mbunge wa [[Baraza la Wawakilishi (Misri)|Bunge la Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile: Mostafa Bakry |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24487035](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24487035) |website=BBC News |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1956|}}...'</comment>
      <origin>1538330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="512" sha1="66aekzvwyolb9jbwro6w7lkukuru70i" xml:space="preserve">'''Mostafa Bakry''' (alizaliwa tarehe 16 Mei 1956) ni mwandishi wa habari, mtangazaji wa televisheni, mwandishi wa vitabu, mwanasiasa na mbunge wa [[Baraza la Wawakilishi (Misri)|Bunge la Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile: Mostafa Bakry |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24487035](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24487035) |website=BBC News |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1956|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>66aekzvwyolb9jbwro6w7lkukuru70i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johnny Morris (mfanyabiashara)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538333</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:08:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John L. Morris''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Mwanzilishi, mmiliki mkuu, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Bass Pro Shops'' msururu wa maduka ya rejareja ya vifaa vya uwindaji na uvuvi nchini Marekani na [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://stores.basspro.com/|title=All Bass Pro Shops Locations - Sporting Goods &amp; Outdoor Stores|author=|date=|website=stores.basspro.com|access-date=December 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Alianza...'</comment>
      <origin>1538333</origin>
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      <text bytes="1296" sha1="3c2r0skeqrjbxujfzn68p4ma5k4llc2" xml:space="preserve">'''John L. Morris''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Mwanzilishi, mmiliki mkuu, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Bass Pro Shops'' msururu wa maduka ya rejareja ya vifaa vya uwindaji na uvuvi nchini Marekani na [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://stores.basspro.com/|title=All Bass Pro Shops Locations - Sporting Goods &amp; Outdoor Stores|author=|date=|website=stores.basspro.com|access-date=December 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Alianza kampuni mwaka [[1972]] kwa kuuza vifaa vya uvuvi kutoka nyuma ya duka la pombe la baba yake huko [[Springfield, Missouri]]. Mwaka [[2017]], alinunua ''Cabela's'' kwa dola bilioni 5, karibu kuongeza ukubwa wa Bass Pro Shops mara mbili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=John Morris |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-morris/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia anamiliki ''White River Marine Group'', ''Top of the Rock'', ''Big Cedar Lodge'', na Cabela's. Kufikia Desemba [[2025]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola  bilioni 8.4.&lt;ref name=Forbes&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: John Morris |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-morris/ |website=Forbes |access-date=August 4, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>3c2r0skeqrjbxujfzn68p4ma5k4llc2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538334</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="908" sha1="87zdd66yqhv8c64hcd3co2hxkt4bpb0" xml:space="preserve">

'''Amadou'''-'''Mahtar''' '''M'Bow''' GCIH (20 Machi 1921 – 24 Septemba 2024) alikuwa mtumishi wa umma wa [[Senegal]] na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa UNESCO. M'Bow alihudumu nchini Ufaransa na Afrika Kaskazini wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia baada ya kujitolea katika Jeshi la Ufaransa, akihudumu pia na vikosi vya ''Free French'', na hatimaye katika Jeshi la Anga la Ufaransa.

Baada ya vita kumalizika, alisoma Jiografia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sorbonne mjini Paris. Alihudumu katika Makao Makuu ya UNESCO mjini Paris kuanzia mwaka 1953 hadi 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXOGGjrB28EC&amp;q=Amadou-Mahtar+M'Bow+army&amp;pg=PA232|title=United Nations: A History|last=Meisler|first=Stanley|date=2011-11-11|publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic|isbn=978-0-8021-9499-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]]</text>
      <sha1>87zdd66yqhv8c64hcd3co2hxkt4bpb0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manzoor Ahmad (politician)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232780</id>
    <redirect title="Manzoor Ahmad (mwanasiasa)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538339</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Manzoor Ahmad (politician)]] hadi [[Manzoor Ahmad (mwanasiasa)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538339</origin>
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      <text bytes="40" sha1="6sf8gw9zcmj4psxqlelzrr3bmsgf1x0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Manzoor Ahmad (mwanasiasa)]]</text>
      <sha1>6sf8gw9zcmj4psxqlelzrr3bmsgf1x0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sameh Alaa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538344</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samyha</username>
        <id>69136</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nimeunda ukurusa mpya</comment>
      <origin>1538344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1910" sha1="gxxl6jz54gcro6gsrnhik59rinto9t0" xml:space="preserve">'''''Sameh Alaa''''' ni mkurugenzi wa filamu wa [[Misri]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1771861/lifestyle Meet Sameh Alaa, the unknown celebrity turning heads at the Cairo Film Festival | Arab News]&lt;/ref&gt; Mzaliwa wa [[Cairo]], alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo, kabla ya kuhamia Ulaya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210712174930/https://riff.is/director/sameh-alaa/ Sameh Alaa - RIFF 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2020, alikua mkurugenzi wa kwanza wa Misri kuwa na filamu iliyoonyeshwa katika sehemu ya Shindano la Filamu Fupi katika [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210729083404/https://talkingshorts.com/interviews/cinema-is-a-language-we-all-share talking shorts | &quot;Cinema is a language we all share.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Filamu yake, ''I Am Afraid to Forget Your Face'', ilishinda ''Short Film Palme d'Or'' katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la mwaka 2020, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.screendaily.com/features/arab-stars-of-tomorrow-2020-sameh-alaa-director-egypt/5155528.article Arab Stars of Tomorrow 2020: Sameh Alaa director (Egypt) | Features | Screen]&lt;/ref&gt; na kuifanya kuwa filamu ya kwanza ya Misri kufikia heshima hii. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.egyptindependent.com/egyptian-film-wins-a-golden-palm-at-the-2020-cannes-film-festival/ Egyptian film wins a Golden Palm at the 2020 Cannes Film Festival - Egypt Independent]&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Juni 2021, alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa washiriki sita wa ''jury'' la ''Cinéfondation'' na Filamu Fupi katika Tamasha la Filamu la 2021 la Cannes. &lt;ref&gt;[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/414349/Arts--Culture/Film/Egyptian-filmmaker-Sameh-Alaa-selected-for-Cannes-.aspx Egyptian filmmaker Sameh Alaa selected for Cannes short films' jury - Screens - Arts &amp; Culture - Ahram Online]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==

&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Waongozaji Filamu nchi kwa nchi]]
[[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>gxxl6jz54gcro6gsrnhik59rinto9t0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538460</id>
      <parentid>1538344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:29:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1883" sha1="44mqlje6z9oxvml22g7zjqfqr32wl7q" xml:space="preserve">'''Sameh Alaa''' ni mkurugenzi wa filamu wa [[Misri]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1771861/lifestyle Meet Sameh Alaa, the unknown celebrity turning heads at the Cairo Film Festival | Arab News]&lt;/ref&gt; Mzaliwa wa [[Cairo]], alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo, kabla ya kuhamia Ulaya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210712174930/https://riff.is/director/sameh-alaa/ Sameh Alaa - RIFF 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2020, alikua mkurugenzi wa kwanza wa Misri kuwa na filamu iliyoonyeshwa katika sehemu ya Shindano la Filamu Fupi katika [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210729083404/https://talkingshorts.com/interviews/cinema-is-a-language-we-all-share talking shorts | &quot;Cinema is a language we all share.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Filamu yake, ''I Am Afraid to Forget Your Face'', ilishinda ''Short Film Palme d'Or'' katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la mwaka 2020, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.screendaily.com/features/arab-stars-of-tomorrow-2020-sameh-alaa-director-egypt/5155528.article Arab Stars of Tomorrow 2020: Sameh Alaa director (Egypt) | Features | Screen]&lt;/ref&gt; na kuifanya kuwa filamu ya kwanza ya Misri kufikia heshima hii. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.egyptindependent.com/egyptian-film-wins-a-golden-palm-at-the-2020-cannes-film-festival/ Egyptian film wins a Golden Palm at the 2020 Cannes Film Festival - Egypt Independent]&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Juni 2021, alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa washiriki sita wa ''jury'' la ''Cinéfondation'' na Filamu Fupi katika Tamasha la Filamu la 2021 la Cannes. &lt;ref&gt;[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/414349/Arts--Culture/Film/Egyptian-filmmaker-Sameh-Alaa-selected-for-Cannes-.aspx Egyptian filmmaker Sameh Alaa selected for Cannes short films' jury - Screens - Arts &amp; Culture - Ahram Online]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>44mqlje6z9oxvml22g7zjqfqr32wl7q</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sheryl Sandberg</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sheryl Kara Sandberg''' (alizaliwa [[Agosti 28]], [[1969]]) ni mwanateknolojia, mfadhili na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://philanthropywomen.org/foundation-leaders/sheryl-sandberg-a-philanthropists-profile/ |title=Sheryl Sandberg Profile |first=Ariel |last=Dougherty |date=August 13, 2019 |website=Philanthropy Women |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202102251...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2345" sha1="f7hvy3wiw13j3ccsxwgvsmiw8x5ee65" xml:space="preserve">'''Sheryl Kara Sandberg''' (alizaliwa [[Agosti 28]], [[1969]]) ni mwanateknolojia, mfadhili na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://philanthropywomen.org/foundation-leaders/sheryl-sandberg-a-philanthropists-profile/ |title=Sheryl Sandberg Profile |first=Ariel |last=Dougherty |date=August 13, 2019 |website=Philanthropy Women |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184832/https://philanthropywomen.org/foundation-leaders/sheryl-sandberg-a-philanthropists-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sandbergquits&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/sheryl-sandberg-facebook-steps-down-55b7f5dd6ca202c442c9705f6920e613|title=Sheryl Sandberg, longtime No. 2 exec at Facebook, steps down|first=Barbara|last=Ortutay|publisher=Associated Press|date=June 1, 2022|accessdate=June 1, 2022|archive-date=June 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195444/https://apnews.com/article/sheryl-sandberg-facebook-steps-down-55b7f5dd6ca202c442c9705f6920e613|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa afisa mkuu wa uendeshaji wa [[Meta Platforms]] kuanzia [[2008]] hadi [[2022]] na ndiye mwanzilishi wa ''LeanIn.Org''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sheryl Sandberg stepping down from No. 2 job at Facebook parent company, Meta |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/sheryl-sandberg-facebook-1.6474181 |website=CBC News |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya kujiunga na [[Facebook]], Sandberg alihudumu kama makamu wa rais wa mauzo ya kimataifa na uendeshaji wa [[Google]] na aliwahi kuwa mkurugenzi wa wafanyakazi katika Wizara ya Hazina ya Marekani chini ya Rais [[Bill Clinton]].&lt;ref name=marriage&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/facebook-sheryl-sandberg-marries-tom-bernthal-1235202950/|last=Gajewski|first=Ryan|title=Sheryl Sandberg Marries Former NBC News Producer Tom Bernthal|date=August 20, 2022|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=August 20, 2022|archive-date=August 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821052700/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/facebook-sheryl-sandberg-marries-tom-bernthal-1235202950/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>f7hvy3wiw13j3ccsxwgvsmiw8x5ee65</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538701</id>
      <parentid>1538345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:22:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2349" sha1="o322gmt0979x8anv8rvxvpdn0qsh6op" xml:space="preserve">'''Sheryl Kara Sandberg''' (alizaliwa [[Agosti 28]], [[1969]]) ni mwanateknolojia, mfadhili na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://philanthropywomen.org/foundation-leaders/sheryl-sandberg-a-philanthropists-profile/ |title=Sheryl Sandberg Profile |first=Ariel |last=Dougherty |date=August 13, 2019 |website=Philanthropy Women |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184832/https://philanthropywomen.org/foundation-leaders/sheryl-sandberg-a-philanthropists-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sandbergquits&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/sheryl-sandberg-facebook-steps-down-55b7f5dd6ca202c442c9705f6920e613|title=Sheryl Sandberg, longtime No. 2 exec at Facebook, steps down|first=Barbara|last=Ortutay|publisher=Associated Press|date=June 1, 2022|accessdate=June 1, 2022|archive-date=June 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195444/https://apnews.com/article/sheryl-sandberg-facebook-steps-down-55b7f5dd6ca202c442c9705f6920e613|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa afisa mkuu wa uendeshaji wa [[Meta Platforms]] kuanzia [[2008]] hadi [[2022]] na ndiye mwanzilishi wa ''LeanIn.Org''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sheryl Sandberg stepping down from No. 2 job at Facebook parent company, Meta |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/sheryl-sandberg-facebook-1.6474181 |website=CBC News |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya kujiunga na [[Facebook]], Sandberg alihudumu kama makamu wa rais wa mauzo ya kimataifa na uendeshaji wa [[Google]] na aliwahi kuwa mkurugenzi wa wafanyakazi katika Wizara ya Hazina ya Marekani chini ya Rais [[Bill Clinton]].&lt;ref name=marriage&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/facebook-sheryl-sandberg-marries-tom-bernthal-1235202950/|last=Gajewski|first=Ryan|title=Sheryl Sandberg Marries Former NBC News Producer Tom Bernthal|date=August 20, 2022|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=August 20, 2022|archive-date=August 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821052700/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/facebook-sheryl-sandberg-marries-tom-bernthal-1235202950/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>o322gmt0979x8anv8rvxvpdn0qsh6op</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henry Samueli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538348</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:18:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Henry Samueli''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 20]], [[1954]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mhandisi]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapman.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/holocaust-education/samueli-holocaust-memorial-library/index.aspx?hl=en-US|title=Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Broadcom Corporation'', mmiliki wa ''Anaheim Ducks'' wa ''National Hockey League (NHL)'', na mfad...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1347" sha1="49kb1lg9w8jemu2wtwlmwbdns2s4sqp" xml:space="preserve">'''Henry Samueli''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 20]], [[1954]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mhandisi]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapman.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/holocaust-education/samueli-holocaust-memorial-library/index.aspx?hl=en-US|title=Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Broadcom Corporation'', mmiliki wa ''Anaheim Ducks'' wa ''National Hockey League (NHL)'', na mfadhili mashuhuri katika jamii ya Orange County, [[California]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.technion.ac.il/en/technion-honors/|title=Technion Honors {{!}} Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|date=August 11, 2015|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa ''Broadcom Inc.'' Samueli alianza Broadcom mwaka [[1991]] pamoja na [[Henry Nicholas]]huko [[Redondo Beach, California]]. Kufikia [[2025]], Bloomberg ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 32.8.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nctu.edu.tw/outstandingnctu/honorarydr/248-105/649-henry-samueli|title=蘇麗尹. &quot;Henry Samueli&quot;. www.nctu.edu.tw (in Chinese)|last=National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>49kb1lg9w8jemu2wtwlmwbdns2s4sqp</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538597</id>
      <parentid>1538348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1359" sha1="lp5ci6ugzytm75yaw1va44jfrhlmq45" xml:space="preserve">'''Henry Samueli''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 20]], [[1954]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mhandisi]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.chapman.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/holocaust-education/samueli-holocaust-memorial-library/index.aspx?hl=en-US|title=Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Broadcom Corporation'', mmiliki wa ''Anaheim Ducks'' wa ''National Hockey League (NHL)'', na mfadhili mashuhuri katika jamii ya Orange County, [[California]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.technion.ac.il/en/technion-honors/|title=Technion Honors {{!}} Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|date=August 11, 2015|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa ''Broadcom Inc.'' Samueli alianza Broadcom mwaka [[1991]] pamoja na [[Henry Nicholas]]huko [[Redondo Beach, California]]. Kufikia [[2025]], Bloomberg ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 32.8.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nctu.edu.tw/outstandingnctu/honorarydr/248-105/649-henry-samueli|title=蘇麗尹. &quot;Henry Samueli&quot;. www.nctu.edu.tw (in Chinese)|last=National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>lp5ci6ugzytm75yaw1va44jfrhlmq45</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mfano wa kijamii wa ulemavu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232784</id>
    <redirect title="Athari ya kijamii kuhusu ulemavu" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538350</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mfano wa kijamii wa ulemavu]] hadi [[Athari ya kijamii kuhusu ulemavu]]: usahihi wa jina</comment>
      <origin>1538350</origin>
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      <text bytes="46" sha1="5x9ygv70a5vaax0keujn7ezxh9sahrs" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Athari ya kijamii kuhusu ulemavu]]</text>
      <sha1>5x9ygv70a5vaax0keujn7ezxh9sahrs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Sall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538353</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John P. Sall''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  na [[msanidi programu]] wa kompyuta bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alianzisha ''SAS Institute'', kampuni ya programu ya uchambuzi wa data, na akaunda programu ya takwimu ya ''JMP (programu)''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vellanki |first=Bhamini |date=2020-07-27 |title=Leadership Profile: John P. Sall, Founder of SAS Institute |url=https://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/leadership-profile-john-p-sall-foun...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1743" sha1="5kaav3aryosy21p4n6mj9y6bq4pikxn" xml:space="preserve">'''John P. Sall''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  na [[msanidi programu]] wa kompyuta bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alianzisha ''SAS Institute'', kampuni ya programu ya uchambuzi wa data, na akaunda programu ya takwimu ya ''JMP (programu)''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vellanki |first=Bhamini |date=2020-07-27 |title=Leadership Profile: John P. Sall, Founder of SAS Institute |url=https://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/leadership-profile-john-p-sall-founder-of-sas-institute/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka [[1976]], alianzisha SAS Institute pamoja na [[James Goodnight]], [[Anthony James Barr]], na [[Jane Helwig]]. Sall anamiliki takriban theluthi moja ya SAS Institute, na kulingana na [[Forbes]], utajiri wake ulikuwa karibu dola bilioni 4.2 mwaka [[2016]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eight3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Lai |first=Eric |date=September 18, 2009 |title=Billionaire SAS co-founder keeps on Coding |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9138264/Billionaire_SAS_co_founder_keeps_on_coding |accessdate=December 15, 2011 |newspaper=Computerworld |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223170644/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9138264/Billionaire_SAS_co_founder_keeps_on_coding |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seven3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ohri |first=Ajay |date=July 28, 2000 |title=Interview John Sall Founder JMP/SAS Institute |url=http://www.decisionstats.com/interview-john-sall-jmp/ |accessdate=December 15, 2011 |publisher=DecisionStats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>5kaav3aryosy21p4n6mj9y6bq4pikxn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538612</id>
      <parentid>1538353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:03:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538612</origin>
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      <text bytes="1747" sha1="s0x9n9aam4eyy96ruiqz1mn32m54sfz" xml:space="preserve">'''John P. Sall''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  na [[msanidi programu]] wa kompyuta bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alianzisha ''SAS Institute'', kampuni ya programu ya uchambuzi wa data, na akaunda programu ya takwimu ya ''JMP (programu)''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Vellanki |first=Bhamini |date=2020-07-27 |title=Leadership Profile: John P. Sall, Founder of SAS Institute |url=https://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/leadership-profile-john-p-sall-founder-of-sas-institute/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka [[1976]], alianzisha SAS Institute pamoja na [[James Goodnight]], [[Anthony James Barr]], na [[Jane Helwig]]. Sall anamiliki takriban theluthi moja ya SAS Institute, na kulingana na [[Forbes]], utajiri wake ulikuwa karibu dola bilioni 4.2 mwaka [[2016]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eight3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Lai |first=Eric |date=September 18, 2009 |title=Billionaire SAS co-founder keeps on Coding |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9138264/Billionaire_SAS_co_founder_keeps_on_coding |accessdate=December 15, 2011 |newspaper=Computerworld |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223170644/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9138264/Billionaire_SAS_co_founder_keeps_on_coding |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seven3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ohri |first=Ajay |date=July 28, 2000 |title=Interview John Sall Founder JMP/SAS Institute |url=http://www.decisionstats.com/interview-john-sall-jmp/ |accessdate=December 15, 2011 |publisher=DecisionStats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>s0x9n9aam4eyy96ruiqz1mn32m54sfz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lee sisters</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232786</id>
    <redirect title="Akina dada Lee" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538355</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Lee sisters]] hadi [[Akina dada Lee]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="9tozdgbg1h694popfrtjbhqerz6o2dw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akina dada Lee]]</text>
      <sha1>9tozdgbg1h694popfrtjbhqerz6o2dw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Howard Elis Brown</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538356</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:24:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Howard Elis Brown''' (alizlaiwa [[24 Desemba]] [[1902]] – [[12 Oktoba]] [[1992]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Kanada|Canada]], hasa katika jimbo la Ontario.  Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Welland katika Legislative Assembly of Ontario kuanzia 1943 hadi 1945 akiwa mwanachama wa Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), tawi la Ontario.  Baadaye aligombea bila mafanikio kiti cha shirikisho katika jimbo la Haldimand katika...'</comment>
      <origin>1538356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="875" sha1="3afu0bvnbk4hmss9aafnqss8t7ivxma" xml:space="preserve">'''Howard Elis Brown''' (alizlaiwa [[24 Desemba]] [[1902]] – [[12 Oktoba]] [[1992]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Kanada|Canada]], hasa katika jimbo la Ontario.

Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Welland katika Legislative Assembly of Ontario kuanzia 1943 hadi 1945 akiwa mwanachama wa Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), tawi la Ontario.

Baadaye aligombea bila mafanikio kiti cha shirikisho katika jimbo la Haldimand katika uchaguzi wa Canada wa mwaka 1949, pia akiwa mgombea wa CCF.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Howard Elis Brown|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1012641327/?article=151942b0-5f5c-4cb0-8e17-5a7bd0918d1a&amp;terms=Howard%20Elis%20Brown|access-date=February 2, 2024|work=The Hamilton Spectator|date=October 26, 1992|page=18|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]]</text>
      <sha1>3afu0bvnbk4hmss9aafnqss8t7ivxma</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538463</id>
      <parentid>1538356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="915" sha1="npv37a5mrfz8dia2cdfc6lehv53rytn" xml:space="preserve">'''Howard Elis Brown''' ([[24 Desemba]] [[1902]] – [[12 Oktoba]] [[1992]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Kanada]], hasa katika jimbo la Ontario.

Aliwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Welland katika Legislative Assembly of Ontario kuanzia 1943 hadi 1945 akiwa mwanachama wa Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), tawi la Ontario.

Baadaye aligombea bila mafanikio kiti cha shirikisho katika jimbo la Haldimand katika uchaguzi wa Canada wa mwaka 1949, pia akiwa mgombea wa CCF.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Howard Elis Brown|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1012641327/?article=151942b0-5f5c-4cb0-8e17-5a7bd0918d1a&amp;terms=Howard%20Elis%20Brown|access-date=February 2, 2024|work=The Hamilton Spectator|date=October 26, 1992|page=18|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]]
[[Jamii:waliofariki 1992]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>npv37a5mrfz8dia2cdfc6lehv53rytn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joan Maynard (preservationist)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232788</id>
    <redirect title="Joan Maynard (mhifadhi)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538359</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Joan Maynard (preservationist)]] hadi [[Joan Maynard (mhifadhi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="k0p139txrsuyqyyzt4u9i1dmxsie99u" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Joan Maynard (mhifadhi)]]</text>
      <sha1>k0p139txrsuyqyyzt4u9i1dmxsie99u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theo van Gogh (film director)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232789</id>
    <redirect title="Theo van Gogh (mwongozafilamu)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538363</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Theo van Gogh (film director)]] hadi [[Theo van Gogh (mwongozafilamu)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="s7fd4gnvyompwiwfqp9vytq2ld7u7us" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Theo van Gogh (mwongozafilamu)]]</text>
      <sha1>s7fd4gnvyompwiwfqp9vytq2ld7u7us</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raymond Sackler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538364</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:28:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Raymond Sackler''' KBE ([[Februari 16]], [[1920]] – [[Julai 17]], [[2017]]) alikuwa [[daktari]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/raymond-sackler-obituary?pid=1000000186123281|title=Raymond Sackler Obituary - Greenwich, Connecticut|last=admin|date=18 July 2017|website=Legacy.com|accessdate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alinunua [[Purdue Pharma]] pamoja na kaka zake [[Arthur M. Sackler]] na Mort...'</comment>
      <origin>1538364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1692" sha1="la7tzu429ob5vnexjpe3nf8bvzgc9gt" xml:space="preserve">'''Raymond Sackler''' KBE ([[Februari 16]], [[1920]] – [[Julai 17]], [[2017]]) alikuwa [[daktari]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/raymond-sackler-obituary?pid=1000000186123281|title=Raymond Sackler Obituary - Greenwich, Connecticut|last=admin|date=18 July 2017|website=Legacy.com|accessdate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alinunua [[Purdue Pharma]] pamoja na kaka zake [[Arthur M. Sackler]] na [[Mortimer Sackler]]. Purdue Pharma ndiyo mtengenezaji wa [[OxyContin]], dawa iliyokuwa katikati ya janga la [[opioid]] nchini Marekani.&lt;ref name=esq&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a12775932/sackler-family-oxycontin/|title=The Secretive Family Making Billions From the Opioid Crisis|date=2017-10-16|work=Esquire|access-date=2017-10-25|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ny&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/30/the-family-that-built-an-empire-of-pain|title=The Family That Built an Empire of Pain|last=Keefe|first=Patrick Radden|author-link=Patrick Radden Keefe|date=2017-10-23|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=2017-10-25|issn=0028-792X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Langer|first=Emily |title=Raymond Sackler, philanthropist and maker of OxyContin, dies at 97|newspaper= Washington Post |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/raymond-sackler-philanthropist-and-maker-of-oxycontin-dies-at-97/2017/07/21/5c1306dc-6e1a-11e7-96ab-5f38140b38cc_story.html|date=July 21, 2017|access-date=December 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>la7tzu429ob5vnexjpe3nf8bvzgc9gt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538689</id>
      <parentid>1538364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:03:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1695" sha1="rxmwkqwqf4soqeq96ju9n6a74w3kbkr" xml:space="preserve">'''Raymond Sackler''' KBE ([[Februari 16]], [[1920]] – [[Julai 17]], [[2017]]) alikuwa [[daktari]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/raymond-sackler-obituary?pid=1000000186123281|title=Raymond Sackler Obituary - Greenwich, Connecticut|last=admin|date=18 July 2017|website=Legacy.com|accessdate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alinunua [[Purdue Pharma]] pamoja na kaka zake [[Arthur M. Sackler]] na [[Mortimer Sackler]]. Purdue Pharma ndiyo mtengenezaji wa [[OxyContin]], dawa iliyokuwa katikati ya janga la [[opioid]] nchini Marekani.&lt;ref name=esq&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a12775932/sackler-family-oxycontin/|title=The Secretive Family Making Billions From the Opioid Crisis|date=2017-10-16|work=Esquire|access-date=2017-10-25|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ny&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/30/the-family-that-built-an-empire-of-pain|title=The Family That Built an Empire of Pain|last=Keefe|first=Patrick Radden|author-link=Patrick Radden Keefe|date=2017-10-23|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=2017-10-25|issn=0028-792X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Langer|first=Emily |title=Raymond Sackler, philanthropist and maker of OxyContin, dies at 97|newspaper= Washington Post |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/raymond-sackler-philanthropist-and-maker-of-oxycontin-dies-at-97/2017/07/21/5c1306dc-6e1a-11e7-96ab-5f38140b38cc_story.html|date=July 21, 2017|access-date=December 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>rxmwkqwqf4soqeq96ju9n6a74w3kbkr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucy murphy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232791</id>
    <redirect title="Lucy Murphy" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538367</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Lucy murphy]] hadi [[Lucy Murphy]]: usahihi wa jina</comment>
      <origin>1538367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25" sha1="8jfd5g2sukshn7344yc72brguuw4088" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lucy Murphy]]</text>
      <sha1>8jfd5g2sukshn7344yc72brguuw4088</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>David I. Saperstein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538378</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David I. Saperstein''' (alizaliwa [[1941]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] na mwanzilishi wa [[Metro Networks]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;radar&quot;&gt;[https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/01/david-saperstein-wife-mistress-hillevi-mysterious-death-vacation/ Billionaire L.A. Family Reeling From Mysterious Death Of Nanny-Turned-Mistress], RadarOnline.com, January 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jewishjournal.com/community/article/milken_middle_school_gets_new_campu...'</comment>
      <origin>1538378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="742" sha1="gg7edgiszodwo28b2o2h8ny2sffeohq" xml:space="preserve">'''David I. Saperstein''' (alizaliwa [[1941]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] na mwanzilishi wa [[Metro Networks]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;radar&quot;&gt;[https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/01/david-saperstein-wife-mistress-hillevi-mysterious-death-vacation/ Billionaire L.A. Family Reeling From Mysterious Death Of Nanny-Turned-Mistress], RadarOnline.com, January 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jewishjournal.com/community/article/milken_middle_school_gets_new_campus_20090902 Jewish Journal: &quot;Milken Middle School Gets New Campus&quot; by Julie Gruenbaum Fax] September 2, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>gg7edgiszodwo28b2o2h8ny2sffeohq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rob Sands</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538383</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Scott Sands''' (alizaliwa [[1958]] au [[1959]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na mwenyekiti mtendaji na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa zamani wa ''Constellation Brands'', kampuni ya bia, divai na pombe kali iliyo katika majarida ya ''Fortune 500'' iliyoanzishwa na baba yake [[Marvin Sands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Robert Sands|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-sands/|website=Forbes|access-...'</comment>
      <origin>1538383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1048" sha1="648q8wdvun81dzh0ihcwqstbfox1rs3" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Scott Sands''' (alizaliwa [[1958]] au [[1959]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na mwenyekiti mtendaji na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa zamani wa ''Constellation Brands'', kampuni ya bia, divai na pombe kali iliyo katika majarida ya ''Fortune 500'' iliyoanzishwa na baba yake [[Marvin Sands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Robert Sands|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-sands/|website=Forbes|access-date=October 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Constellation Brands ndiyo muuzaji mkubwa zaidi wa bia za kiwango cha juu nchini Marekani kwa thamani ya dola, ikiwemo ''Corona Extra'' na ''Modelo Especial''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Andrea  |last=Deckert |title=Company leader stays in good spirits   |newspaper=[[American City Business Journals|Rochester Business Journal]]|date=November 20, 2009 |url=https://rbj.net/2009/11/20/company-leader-stays-in-good-spirits/  }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>648q8wdvun81dzh0ihcwqstbfox1rs3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538691</id>
      <parentid>1538383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1051" sha1="llwnbkbn0o3hfbeac7p7bm54kgjjx10" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Scott Sands''' (alizaliwa [[1958]] au [[1959]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na mwenyekiti mtendaji na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa zamani wa ''Constellation Brands'', kampuni ya bia, divai na pombe kali iliyo katika majarida ya ''Fortune 500'' iliyoanzishwa na baba yake [[Marvin Sands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Robert Sands|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-sands/|website=Forbes|access-date=October 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Constellation Brands ndiyo muuzaji mkubwa zaidi wa bia za kiwango cha juu nchini Marekani kwa thamani ya dola, ikiwemo ''Corona Extra'' na ''Modelo Especial''&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|first=Andrea  |last=Deckert |title=Company leader stays in good spirits   |newspaper=[[American City Business Journals|Rochester Business Journal]]|date=November 20, 2009 |url=https://rbj.net/2009/11/20/company-leader-stays-in-good-spirits/  }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>llwnbkbn0o3hfbeac7p7bm54kgjjx10</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marion Sandler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538389</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:43:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marion Osher Sandler''' ([[Oktoba 17]], [[1930]] – [[Juni 1]], [[2012]]) alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji mwenza (pamoja na mumewe [[Herbert Sandler]]) wa ''Golden West Financial Corporation'' na ''World Savings Bank''.&lt;ref name=Zweigenhaft&gt;Zweigenhaft, Richard L., and Domhoff, G. William. ''The New CEOs: Women, African American, Latino, and Asian American Leaders of Fortune 500 Companies'' Published: 2014-03-18 Publisher: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers [...'</comment>
      <origin>1538389</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="997" sha1="dhvlv2knhhp4xo7670dw5oor8dl24ga" xml:space="preserve">'''Marion Osher Sandler''' ([[Oktoba 17]], [[1930]] – [[Juni 1]], [[2012]]) alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji mwenza (pamoja na mumewe [[Herbert Sandler]]) wa ''Golden West Financial Corporation'' na ''World Savings Bank''.&lt;ref name=Zweigenhaft&gt;Zweigenhaft, Richard L., and Domhoff, G. William. ''The New CEOs: Women, African American, Latino, and Asian American Leaders of Fortune 500 Companies'' Published: 2014-03-18 Publisher: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers [https://books.google.com/books?id=SiV_HXPaodcC&amp;pg=PA16 p 16]&lt;/ref&gt;Mwaka [[2004]], baada ya miaka 43 ya kuendesha Golden West Financial Corporation, alielezewa na ''Columbia School of Journalism'' kama &quot;mwanamke wa kwanza na aliyehudumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi kama afisa mkuu mtendaji nchini Marekani.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120607190605/http://www.marionsandler.com/ Marion O. Sandler]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]]</text>
      <sha1>dhvlv2knhhp4xo7670dw5oor8dl24ga</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sana Akroud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538390</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samyha</username>
        <id>69136</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nimeunda ukurusa mpya</comment>
      <origin>1538390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1358" sha1="hppym7c9c7pzjjlnkbwxilv95vm00ri" xml:space="preserve">'''''Sana Akroud''''' (amezaliwa tarehe 18 Novemba 1980) ni mwigizaji wa [[Moroko]], mtengenezaji, mwandishi na mtayarishaji wa filamu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://elcinema.com/person/1109039/ سناء عكرود - ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 18, 1980, huko [[Taroudant]], katika mkoa wa Sous huko Moroko. Baada ya kuhitimu mwaka wa 1997 kutoka kwa ''Ecole Supérieure Art Dramatique'' na ''Animation Culturelle'' huko [[Rabat]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/sanaa-akroud-la-ferue-de-theatre-88917 Sanaâ Akroud, la férue de théâtre – Aujourd'hui le Maroc]&lt;/ref&gt;

Akroud kisha alicheza katika sinema, hasa katika ''Terminus des anges'' iliyosainiwa kwa pamoja na Hicham Lasri, Narjiss Nejjar na Mohamed Mouftakir, na iliyotolewa mwaka wa 2009. Aliigiza katika filamu ya Ismail Saidi Ahmed ''Gassiaux'', iliyotolewa mwaka huo huo, na katika filamu ya Yousry Nasrallah ya [[Misri]], alishiriki pia katika ugawaji wa filamu ya ''Femmes'' ''De Cairo'' iliyoachiliwa mwaka 2012.

== Orodha ya Filamu ==

* ''Myopia - 2020''
* ''The Commandments - 2025''
* ''Douiba - 2003''
* ''Sunset - 2007''
* ''Souk Nssa - 2008''
* ''The Bait - 2013''
* ''Little America - 2020''

== Marejeo ==

&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>hppym7c9c7pzjjlnkbwxilv95vm00ri</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538464</id>
      <parentid>1538390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538464</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1348" sha1="a15l9xri969kg69relzd0g0dozduys5" xml:space="preserve">'''Sana Akroud''' (amezaliwa 18 Novemba 1980) ni mwigizaji, mtengenezaji, mwandishi na mtayarishaji wa filamu wa [[Moroko]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://elcinema.com/person/1109039/ سناء عكرود - ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 18, 1980, huko [[Taroudant]], katika mkoa wa Sous huko Moroko. Baada ya kuhitimu mwaka wa 1997 kutoka kwa ''Ecole Supérieure Art Dramatique'' na ''Animation Culturelle'' huko [[Rabat]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/sanaa-akroud-la-ferue-de-theatre-88917 Sanaâ Akroud, la férue de théâtre – Aujourd'hui le Maroc]&lt;/ref&gt;

Akroud kisha alicheza katika sinema, hasa katika ''Terminus des anges'' iliyosainiwa kwa pamoja na Hicham Lasri, Narjiss Nejjar na Mohamed Mouftakir, na iliyotolewa mwaka wa 2009. Aliigiza katika filamu ya Ismail Saidi Ahmed ''Gassiaux'', iliyotolewa mwaka huo huo, na katika filamu ya Yousry Nasrallah ya [[Misri]], alishiriki pia katika ugawaji wa filamu ya ''Femmes'' ''De Cairo'' iliyoachiliwa mwaka 2012.

== Orodha ya filamu ==
* ''Myopia - 2020''
* ''The Commandments - 2025''
* ''Douiba - 2003''
* ''Sunset - 2007''
* ''Souk Nssa - 2008''
* ''The Bait - 2013''
* ''Little America - 2020''

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{BD|1980|}}
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Moroko]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>a15l9xri969kg69relzd0g0dozduys5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Herbert Sandler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538396</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:47:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Herbert Sandler''' ([[Novemba 16]], [[1931]] – [[Juni 5]], [[2019]]) alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji mwenza (pamoja na mkewe [[Marion Sandler]]) wa ''Golden West Financial Corporation'' na ''World Savings Bank''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/herb-sandler-the-man-who-made-propublica-possible|title=The Man Who Made ProPublica Possible|last=Richard Tofel|first=Stephen Engelberg|date=2019-06-05|website=ProPublica|language=en|access-da...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1174" sha1="tiid0dtbs9linweavlhkzpii387w20k" xml:space="preserve">'''Herbert Sandler''' ([[Novemba 16]], [[1931]] – [[Juni 5]], [[2019]]) alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji mwenza (pamoja na mkewe [[Marion Sandler]]) wa ''Golden West Financial Corporation'' na ''World Savings Bank''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/herb-sandler-the-man-who-made-propublica-possible|title=The Man Who Made ProPublica Possible|last=Richard Tofel|first=Stephen Engelberg|date=2019-06-05|website=ProPublica|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbinu za ukopeshaji za Golden West Financial zilifanya jarida la Time kumuingiza Sandler na mkewe Marion kwenye orodha  ya &quot;Watu 25 wa Kulaumiwa kwa Mgogoro wa Kifedha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.themaynepress.com/2019/06/06/herb-sandler-banker-who-financed-propublica-dies-at-87-news/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818081552/http://www.themaynepress.com/2019/06/06/herb-sandler-banker-who-financed-propublica-dies-at-87-news/|archive-date=2020-08-18|title=Herb Sandler, Banker Who Financed ProPublica, Dies at 87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538600</id>
      <parentid>1538396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:40:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1178" sha1="phf71kv5f6qhhfgqnlngp1n9vdv4u51" xml:space="preserve">'''Herbert Sandler''' ([[Novemba 16]], [[1931]] – [[Juni 5]], [[2019]]) alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji mwenza (pamoja na mkewe [[Marion Sandler]]) wa ''Golden West Financial Corporation'' na ''World Savings Bank''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/herb-sandler-the-man-who-made-propublica-possible|title=The Man Who Made ProPublica Possible|last=Richard Tofel|first=Stephen Engelberg|date=2019-06-05|website=ProPublica|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbinu za ukopeshaji za Golden West Financial zilifanya jarida la Time kumuingiza Sandler na mkewe Marion kwenye orodha  ya &quot;Watu 25 wa Kulaumiwa kwa Mgogoro wa Kifedha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.themaynepress.com/2019/06/06/herb-sandler-banker-who-financed-propublica-dies-at-87-news/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818081552/http://www.themaynepress.com/2019/06/06/herb-sandler-banker-who-financed-propublica-dies-at-87-news/|archive-date=2020-08-18|title=Herb Sandler, Banker Who Financed ProPublica, Dies at 87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]</text>
      <sha1>phf71kv5f6qhhfgqnlngp1n9vdv4u51</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hala Elkoussy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538403</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:55:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samyha</username>
        <id>69136</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nimeunda ukurusa mpya</comment>
      <origin>1538403</origin>
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      <text bytes="2068" sha1="497l2rf2t34do7s64swk3umyzksmhij" xml:space="preserve">'''''Hala Elkoussy''''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1974) ni msanii wa [[Misri]] na mkurugenzi wa filamu.

Elkoussy alizaliwa Cairo mwaka wa 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/dubai-arab-world-women-directors-hala-elkoussy-1202638953/#! Dubai: Arab World Women Directors - a Profile of Hala Elkoussy]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.institutfrancais.com/en French Institute]&lt;/ref&gt; Alipokea Tuzo ya Sanaa ya ''Abraaj Capital'' huko [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]] mnamo 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/abraaj-group-art-prize-collection-finally-finds-new-home-at-art-jameel-1.980750 Abraaj Group Art Prize collection finally finds new home at Art Jameel | The National]&lt;/ref&gt; Filamu yake ya kwanza, ''Cactus Flower,'' ilitolewa mwaka wa 2017. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/cactus-flower-dubai-review/5124934.article 'Cactus Flower': Dubai Review | Reviews | Screen]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.voguearabia.com/ Vogue Arabia - Fashion, Beauty, Celebrity Style and Culture | Vogue Arabia]&lt;/ref&gt; Kazi yake inafanyika katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya Tate, [[London]], &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/hala-elkoussy-10751 Hala Elkoussy born 1974 | Tate]&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Art Jameel,'' [[Saudi Arabia]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2020/02/18/saudi-art-organisation-acquires-vast-collection-of-middle-eastern-art-from-dubais-bankrupt-abraaj-firm Saudi art organisation acquires vast collection of Middle Eastern art from Dubai's bankrupt Abraaj firm - The Art Newspaper - International art news and events]&lt;/ref&gt; Filamu yake ya 2024, ''East of Noon'' ilionyeshwa katika Wiki mbili za Wakurugenzi wa [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes]] la mwaka 2024. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/132471/Egyptian-Film-%E2%80%98East-of-Noon%E2%80%99-Was-Screened-At-Cannes-Film Egyptian Film ‘East of Noon’ Was Screened At Cannes Film Festival’s Directors’ Fortnight - EgyptToday]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==

&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>497l2rf2t34do7s64swk3umyzksmhij</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538465</id>
      <parentid>1538403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:32:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2079" sha1="0x7gaif0kgetjbmkuw0p03i3y9qimuc" xml:space="preserve">'''Hala Elkoussy''' (alizaliwa 1974) ni msanii na mkurugenzi wa filamu wa [[Misri]] .

Elkoussy alizaliwa Cairo mwaka wa 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/dubai-arab-world-women-directors-hala-elkoussy-1202638953/#! Dubai: Arab World Women Directors - a Profile of Hala Elkoussy]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.institutfrancais.com/en French Institute]&lt;/ref&gt; Alipokea Tuzo ya Sanaa ya ''Abraaj Capital'' huko [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]] mnamo 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/abraaj-group-art-prize-collection-finally-finds-new-home-at-art-jameel-1.980750 Abraaj Group Art Prize collection finally finds new home at Art Jameel | The National]&lt;/ref&gt; Filamu yake ya kwanza, ''Cactus Flower,'' ilitolewa mwaka wa 2017. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/cactus-flower-dubai-review/5124934.article 'Cactus Flower': Dubai Review | Reviews | Screen]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.voguearabia.com/ Vogue Arabia - Fashion, Beauty, Celebrity Style and Culture | Vogue Arabia]&lt;/ref&gt; Kazi yake inafanyika katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya Tate, [[London]], &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/hala-elkoussy-10751 Hala Elkoussy born 1974 | Tate]&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Art Jameel,'' [[Saudi Arabia]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2020/02/18/saudi-art-organisation-acquires-vast-collection-of-middle-eastern-art-from-dubais-bankrupt-abraaj-firm Saudi art organisation acquires vast collection of Middle Eastern art from Dubai's bankrupt Abraaj firm - The Art Newspaper - International art news and events]&lt;/ref&gt; Filamu yake ya 2024, ''East of Noon'' ilionyeshwa katika Wiki mbili za Wakurugenzi wa [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes]] la mwaka 2024. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/132471/Egyptian-Film-%E2%80%98East-of-Noon%E2%80%99-Was-Screened-At-Cannes-Film Egyptian Film ‘East of Noon’ Was Screened At Cannes Film Festival’s Directors’ Fortnight - EgyptToday]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{BD|1974|}}
[[Jamii:wasanii wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>0x7gaif0kgetjbmkuw0p03i3y9qimuc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Lotfy (actor)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232798</id>
    <redirect title="Mohamed Lotfy (mwigizaji)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538406</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mohamed Lotfy (actor)]] hadi [[Mohamed Lotfy (mwigizaji)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538406</origin>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="o8d2lnhqxey19g4n3553s3xo6m6wkgv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Mohamed Lotfy (mwigizaji)]]</text>
      <sha1>o8d2lnhqxey19g4n3553s3xo6m6wkgv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Saad (singer)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232799</id>
    <redirect title="Ahmed Saad (mwimbaji)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538412</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T12:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ahmed Saad (singer)]] hadi [[Ahmed Saad (mwimbaji)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538412</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="ea0v684wwuy6g3e6oaz768kojh4uukw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ahmed Saad (mwimbaji)]]</text>
      <sha1>ea0v684wwuy6g3e6oaz768kojh4uukw</sha1>
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  <page>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538419</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Thomas Affleck (planter)]] hadi [[Thomas Affleck (mkulima)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="38" sha1="igr7cfy9o0u21y8lktqimj8u5b7ah02" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Thomas Affleck (mkulima)]]</text>
      <sha1>igr7cfy9o0u21y8lktqimj8u5b7ah02</sha1>
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    <redirect title="Will Allen (mkulima)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538422</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:04:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Will Allen (urban farmer)]] hadi [[Will Allen (mkulima)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538422</origin>
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      <text bytes="34" sha1="34flynrhummf7t8bhyqfh21a6gljrq5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Will Allen (mkulima)]]</text>
      <sha1>34flynrhummf7t8bhyqfh21a6gljrq5</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538426</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Thomas J. Anderson (author)]] hadi [[Thomas J. Anderson (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538426</origin>
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      <text bytes="44" sha1="1z8syoffm2q93znd5ke8icj0r82e54k" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Thomas J. Anderson (mwandishi)]]</text>
      <sha1>1z8syoffm2q93znd5ke8icj0r82e54k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdou Mbow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538430</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:08:50Z</timestamp>
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        <id>61486</id>
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      <origin>1538430</origin>
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'''Abdou''' '''Mbow''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 9 Januari 1976, huko Thies) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Yeye ni makamu wa nne wa rais wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Senegal. Mbow ni msemaji wa chama cha Alliance for the Republic (APR) cha Senegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=ABC À TOUBA - Abdou Mbow dit adieu à un homme qui savait dire les vérités.|url=https://www.dakaractu.com/ABC-A-TOUBA-Abdou-Mbow-dit-adieu-a-un-homme-qui-savait-dire-les-verites_a207771.html|work=DAKARACTU.COM|language=fr|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rorwh2dnmdso8ot85z8wvpqw8nmtqfx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Alex Avery (writer)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538436</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Alex Avery (writer)]] hadi [[Alex Avery (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538436</origin>
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      <text bytes="36" sha1="spo4it0txp8rtmpkji355pu8iw4fnq3" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Alex Avery (mwandishi)]]</text>
      <sha1>spo4it0txp8rtmpkji355pu8iw4fnq3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marie Sarr Mbodj</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538438</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:12:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="809" sha1="6jbtmpz4kqoj0o4vlr5zqob4zztq0jw" xml:space="preserve">

'''Marie Sarr Mbodj''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 28 Septemba 1935 huko '''Thiès''', Senegal) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Alihudumu kama Katibu wa Jimbo kwa Waziri wa Elimu ya Kitaifa anayehusika na elimu ya ufundi na taaluma kuanzia tarehe 3 Aprili 1983 hadi tarehe 2 Januari 1986. Baadaye, alikuwa '''Waziri wa Afya ya Umma''' kuanzia tarehe 2 Januari 1986 hadi tarehe 5 Aprili 1988 chini ya urais wa '''Abdou Diouf'''. Alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kuwa mawaziri nchini Senegal, na mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Waziri wa Afya ya Umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.sengenre-ucad.org/gouvernements-senegal.pdf|work=www.sengenre-ucad.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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'''Marie Sarr Mbodj''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 28 Septemba 1935 huko '''Thiès''', Senegal) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Alihudumu kama Katibu wa Jimbo kwa Waziri wa Elimu ya Kitaifa anayehusika na elimu ya ufundi na taaluma kuanzia tarehe 3 Aprili 1983 hadi tarehe 2 Januari 1986. Baadaye, alikuwa '''Waziri wa Afya ya Umma''' kuanzia tarehe 2 Januari 1986 hadi tarehe 5 Aprili 1988 chini ya urais wa '''Abdou Diouf'''. Alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kuwa mawaziri nchini Senegal, na mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Waziri wa Afya ya Umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.sengenre-ucad.org/gouvernements-senegal.pdf|work=www.sengenre-ucad.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>80h546z3yac79qjr27dkgve6253z7st</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abate Mekuria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538439</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samyha</username>
        <id>69136</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nimeunda ukurusa mpya</comment>
      <origin>1538439</origin>
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      <text bytes="2512" sha1="p5x992dyvu5ik68ow7j0u8szvgjlloc" xml:space="preserve">'''''Abate Mekuria''''' (''Amharic: አባተ መቁሪያ;'' 1944 – 20 Julai 2016) alikuwa mkurugenzi wa [[Ethiopia]], mwandishi wa tamthilia, mwandishi wa ''chore'', na mtayarishaji wa vipindi vya televisheni, filamu, na ukumbi wa michezo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/3916/ Ethiopian Theatre Legend Abate Mekuria Passes Away | The Reporter Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Abate alizaliwa [[Addis Ababa]]. Alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Haile Selassie wakati huo, ambapo alihitimu katika Kiingereza na alisomea kidogo katika ''Theatre'' katika miaka ya 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554857 Abate Mekuria (1944 – 2016) on JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Abate Mekuria alianza kazi yake akifanya kazi na mwandishi wa tamthilia wa [[Marekani]] na mkurugenzi Philip Caplan, ambaye alishirikiana na waandishi na waigizaji kadhaa wa kisasa wa Ethiopia kama vile Tesfaye Gessesse, Debe Seifu na Wogayehu Negatu. Abate aliendeleza masomo yake katika ukumbi wa michezo huko Glasgow katikati ya miaka ya 1960, na filamu nchini [[Ujerumani]] mnamo mwaka 1969-1970 kabla ya kuendelea na kozi ya Uongozaji huko London. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=HycGEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false A History of East African Theatre, Volume 1: Horn of Africa - Jane Plastow - Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt;

Anajulikana sana kwa tamthilia zake za ''Shakespearean'' zilizotafsiriwa katika [[Kiamhari]], ikijumuisha urekebishaji wa Macbeth, Othello, na Hamlet, Abate alikuwa na ustadi wa kutengeneza tamthilia kubwa kuliko maisha na tamthilia changamano. Alipewa jina la ‘Mfalme wa Opera ya Ethiopia’ Abate Mekuria alipata shauku yake ya kuchanganya muziki na ukumbi wa michezo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kuanzia 1976, katika nafasi ya mkurugenzi katika Ukumbi wa Kitaifa wa Ethiopia hadi mapinduzi ya mwaka 1991, Abate alifanya kazi kwa karibu na Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin, ambaye kwa miaka aliandika tamthilia ambazo Abate angeweza kuongoza. Kipaji cha Abate kingebadilisha monolojia wa muda mrefu (na wakati mwingine wa kuchosha) wa Tsegaye kuwa drama ya kuvutia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mnamo mwaka wa 1990 aliandika na kuelekeza ''opera'' ya ''The Shoe Shine Boys'', ambayo ilishughulikia masuala ya kisasa ya kijamii ya watu wa tabaka la chini la Ethiopia, hii ingesababisha shinikizo la [[serikali]], ambao waliutazama mchezo huo ukiharibu sifa yake. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==

&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>p5x992dyvu5ik68ow7j0u8szvgjlloc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538466</id>
      <parentid>1538439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:34:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2510" sha1="5k9n4opapcl8wq0at3nv9erbgatgtdc" xml:space="preserve">'''Abate Mekuria''' (''Kiamhari: አባተ መቁሪያ;'' 1944 – 20 Julai 2016) alikuwa mkurugenzi, mwandishi wa tamthilia, mwandishi wa ''chore'', na mtayarishaji wa vipindi vya televisheni, filamu, na ukumbi wa michezo wa [[Ethiopia]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/3916/ Ethiopian Theatre Legend Abate Mekuria Passes Away | The Reporter Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Abate alizaliwa [[Addis Ababa]]. Alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Haile Selassie wakati huo, ambapo alihitimu katika Kiingereza na alisomea kidogo katika ''Theatre'' katika miaka ya 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554857 Abate Mekuria (1944 – 2016) on JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Abate Mekuria alianza kazi yake akifanya kazi na mwandishi wa tamthilia wa [[Marekani]] na mkurugenzi Philip Caplan, ambaye alishirikiana na waandishi na waigizaji kadhaa wa kisasa wa Ethiopia kama vile Tesfaye Gessesse, Debe Seifu na Wogayehu Negatu. Abate aliendeleza masomo yake katika ukumbi wa michezo huko Glasgow katikati ya miaka ya 1960, na filamu nchini [[Ujerumani]] mnamo mwaka 1969-1970 kabla ya kuendelea na kozi ya Uongozaji huko London. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=HycGEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false A History of East African Theatre, Volume 1: Horn of Africa - Jane Plastow - Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt;

Anajulikana sana kwa tamthilia zake za ''Shakespearean'' zilizotafsiriwa katika [[Kiamhari]], ikijumuisha urekebishaji wa Macbeth, Othello, na Hamlet, Abate alikuwa na ustadi wa kutengeneza tamthilia kubwa kuliko maisha na tamthilia changamano. Alipewa jina la ‘Mfalme wa Opera ya Ethiopia’ Abate Mekuria alipata shauku yake ya kuchanganya muziki na ukumbi wa michezo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kuanzia 1976, katika nafasi ya mkurugenzi katika Ukumbi wa Kitaifa wa Ethiopia hadi mapinduzi ya mwaka 1991, Abate alifanya kazi kwa karibu na Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin, ambaye kwa miaka aliandika tamthilia ambazo Abate angeweza kuongoza. Kipaji cha Abate kingebadilisha monolojia wa muda mrefu (na wakati mwingine wa kuchosha) wa Tsegaye kuwa drama ya kuvutia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mnamo mwaka wa 1990 aliandika na kuelekeza ''opera'' ya ''The Shoe Shine Boys'', ambayo ilishughulikia masuala ya kisasa ya kijamii ya watu wa tabaka la chini la Ethiopia, hii ingesababisha shinikizo la [[serikali]], ambao waliutazama mchezo huo ukiharibu sifa yake. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{BD|1944|2016}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ethiopia]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>5k9n4opapcl8wq0at3nv9erbgatgtdc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Alioune Badara M'Bengue</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538443</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:16:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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'''Alioune''' '''Badara''' '''Mbengue''' (1 Februari 1924 – 12 Novemba 1992) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Senegal. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa [[Senegal]] mnamo mwaka 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Law Commission|url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/annex3.shtml|work=legal.un.org|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]]</text>
      <sha1>b6molxhmcny3vlajg8suqkn887qskto</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mame Diarra Beye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538452</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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'''Mame''' '''Diarra''' '''Beye''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] mwanamke wa [[Senegal]] aliyezaliwa tarehe 2 Aprili 1988 huko Thiaroye-sur-mer. Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha kisiasa cha PASTEF (''Patriotes africains du Sénégal pour le travail, l'éthique et la fraternité'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Assemblée nationale du Sénégal|url=https://www.assemblee.sn/fr/deputes/beye-mame-diarra|work=www.assemblee.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>ims23n74pscbaf8mejh31zvhfqmwxkw</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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'''Mame''' '''Diarra''' '''Beye''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] mwanamke wa [[Senegal]] aliyezaliwa tarehe 2 Aprili 1988 huko Thiaroye-sur-mer. Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha kisiasa cha PASTEF (''Patriotes africains du Sénégal pour le travail, l'éthique et la fraternité'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Assemblée nationale du Sénégal|url=https://www.assemblee.sn/fr/deputes/beye-mame-diarra|work=www.assemblee.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>02cl7aznjwxxxr225tdgdsqaj4220y8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mamadou Lamine Loum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538459</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:26:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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'''Mamadou''' '''Lamine''' '''Loum''' (Kiarabu: محمدُ الآمين الأم; aliyezaliwa tarehe 3 Februari 1952) ni kiongozi wa kisiasa wa [[Senegal]]. Akichukuliwa kama mtaalamu (technocrat), alihudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Senegal kuanzia tarehe 3 Julai 1998 hadi tarehe 5 Aprili 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MINISTRES EN CHARGE DE L’ECONOMIE|url=http://www.finances.gouv.sn/histo.htm|work=www.finances.gouv.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>c5lhx473s0z3frvi6pz18hsl6w7xn8t</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538634</id>
      <parentid>1538459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:12:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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'''Mamadou''' '''Lamine''' '''Loum''' (Kiarabu: محمدُ الآمين الأم; aliyezaliwa tarehe 3 Februari 1952) ni kiongozi wa kisiasa wa [[Senegal]]. Akichukuliwa kama mtaalamu (technocrat), alihudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Senegal kuanzia tarehe 3 Julai 1998 hadi tarehe 5 Aprili 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=MINISTRES EN CHARGE DE L’ECONOMIE|url=http://www.finances.gouv.sn/histo.htm|work=www.finances.gouv.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>ffjtde3ae8yss2kqb2gge85npbigcqk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Louis Le Gros</title>
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      <id>1538461</id>
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        <id>61486</id>
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'''Louis''' '''Le''' '''Gros''' (31 Desemba 1893 huko Gorée, [[Senegal]] – 10 Septemba 1969 huko Nice, Ufaransa) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka Senegal aliyehudumu katika Baraza la Seneti la Ufaransa kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LE GROS Louis|url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/le_gros_louis0271r4.html|work=Sénat|date=2026-05-08|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>2q5opq425dd9gixbbopmmw8n63m38m7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538625</id>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
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'''Louis''' '''Le''' '''Gros''' (31 Desemba 1893 huko Gorée, [[Senegal]] – 10 Septemba 1969 huko Nice, Ufaransa) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka Senegal aliyehudumu katika Baraza la Seneti la Ufaransa kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=LE GROS Louis|url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/le_gros_louis0271r4.html|work=Sénat|date=2026-05-08|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>ohgnc97q103sr4efc97luu09w53cijv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Thérèse King</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232811</id>
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        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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'''Thérèse''' '''King''' (15 Julai 1934 huko Ziguinchor – 16 Aprili 2015 huko Dakar) alikuwa [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Afya ya Umma kuanzia tarehe 5 Aprili 1988 hadi tarehe 27 Machi 1990 chini ya urais wa Abdou Diouf. Alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kuwa mawaziri wa serikali nchini Senegal, na mwanamke wa pili kushika nafasi ya Waziri wa Afya ya Umma baada ya Marie Sarr Mbodj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anciens ministres {{!}} MINISTÈRE DE LA SANTÉ ET DE L'ACTION SOCIALE|url=https://www.sante.gouv.sn/anciens-ministres|work=www.sante.gouv.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]</text>
      <sha1>mk37yt8uo2517sypw4esu4mjhz2wztr</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <id>78697</id>
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'''Thérèse''' '''King''' (15 Julai 1934 huko Ziguinchor – 16 Aprili 2015 huko Dakar) alikuwa [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Afya ya Umma kuanzia tarehe 5 Aprili 1988 hadi tarehe 27 Machi 1990 chini ya urais wa Abdou Diouf. Alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kuwa mawaziri wa serikali nchini Senegal, na mwanamke wa pili kushika nafasi ya Waziri wa Afya ya Umma baada ya Marie Sarr Mbodj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Anciens ministres {{!}} MINISTÈRE DE LA SANTÉ ET DE L'ACTION SOCIALE|url=https://www.sante.gouv.sn/anciens-ministres|work=www.sante.gouv.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]</text>
      <sha1>huxd42ds2uin2sp3k4fddvxutd8bu8t</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marie Khemesse Ngom</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232812</id>
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      <text bytes="128" sha1="azvi021iy0mzf0row1mxw7xdgj12nji" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie Khemesse Ngom Ndiaye''' ni daktari na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>azvi021iy0mzf0row1mxw7xdgj12nji</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Clare Ezeakacha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538469</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samyha</username>
        <id>69136</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nimeunda ukurusa mpya</comment>
      <origin>1538469</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3014" sha1="cpc725bsk06yhjqdfhqp1ylhbxspqlz" xml:space="preserve">'''''Clare Ezeakacha''''' (amezaliwa Mei 26, 1985) ni Mwigizaji wa [[Nigeria]], mtayarishaji, mkurugenzi wa filamu wa Nigeria, Mtangazaji na Mtetezi wa Mtoto anayejulikana kwa filamu zake ''Arima'' na ''Gone Grey.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ | Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos  Diamond Celebrities]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Clare Ezeakacha alizaliwa [[Lagos]] lakini anatoka Jimbo la Anambra, Nigeria. Alienda ''Charles Heery Memorial Junior'' na Sekondari kwa elimu yake ya chini. Ezeakacha ana Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi ya [[Kompyuta]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Madonna, Elele na Stashahada ya Uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria Nsukka.

== Wasifu ==
Clare alianza kazi yake mwaka wa 2011 kama mhusika hewani. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha]&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka wa 2016, alijikita katika utayarishaji wa filamu na alikuwa ametayarisha na kuelekeza filamu kadhaa za ''nollywood'', zikiwemo: &quot;''Jack of All Trade''&quot;, &quot;''Two Wrongs''&quot;, &quot;''Arima''&quot; na &quot;''Smoke''&quot; ambayo iliteuliwa kwa Shindano Bora la Muda Mfupi katika Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Afrika la mwaka 2018. 

== Orodha ya Filamu ==

* ''Smoke (2018)''
* ''Arima (2017)'' &lt;ref&gt;[[imdbtitle:7298372|Arima (Short 2017) - IMDb]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ordinary Fellow (2018)''
* ''Gone Grey (2016)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://xplorenollywood.com/xplore-reviews-gone-grey/ Xplore Reviews: Gone Grey - XploreNollywood]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Arima (2017)''
* ''The Employee (2017)''
* ''Mystified (2017)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9229615/?ref_=tt_ov_dr Clare Ezeakacha - IMDb]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''JOAT, Jack of All Trade (2017)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/31709/actor-rotimi-salami-is-now-jack-of-all-trade.html Actor, Rotimi Salami is now Jack of all Trade ‘JOAT’]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Two Wrongs (2019)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/4496849/cast/?utm_referrer=en.wikipedia.org Two Wrongs (2019) — актеры и съемочная группа — Кинопоиск]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Friends Only (2020)''

== Marejeo ==

&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]]
[[Jamii:Watoto]]
[[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>cpc725bsk06yhjqdfhqp1ylhbxspqlz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538474</id>
      <parentid>1538469</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2991" sha1="abjlsee4ix90xcoy4l7y7d29yu1v4od" xml:space="preserve">'''Clare Ezeakacha''' (amezaliwa [[Lagos]], Mei 26, 1985) ni mwigizaji, mtayarishaji, mkurugenzi wa filamu, Mtangazaji na Mtetezi wa Mtoto wa [[Nigeria]] anayejulikana kwa filamu zake ''Arima'' na ''Gone Grey.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ | Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos  Diamond Celebrities]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Clare Ezeakacha alitoka [[Jimbo la Anambra]], Nigeria. Alikwenda ''Charles Heery Memorial Junior'' na Sekondari kwa elimu yake ya chini. Ezeakacha ana Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi ya [[Kompyuta]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Madonna, Elele na Stashahada ya Uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria Nsukka.

== Wasifu ==
Clare alianza kazi yake mwaka wa 2011 kama mhusika hewani. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha]&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka wa 2016, alijikita katika utayarishaji wa filamu na alikuwa ametayarisha na kuelekeza filamu kadhaa za ''nollywood'', zikiwemo: &quot;''Jack of All Trade''&quot;, &quot;''Two Wrongs''&quot;, &quot;''Arima''&quot; na &quot;''Smoke''&quot; ambayo iliteuliwa kwa Shindano Bora la Muda Mfupi katika Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Afrika la mwaka 2018. 

== Orodha ya filamu ==
* ''Smoke (2018)''
* ''Arima (2017)'' &lt;ref&gt;[[imdbtitle:7298372|Arima (Short 2017) - IMDb]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ordinary Fellow (2018)''
* ''Gone Grey (2016)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://xplorenollywood.com/xplore-reviews-gone-grey/ Xplore Reviews: Gone Grey - XploreNollywood]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Arima (2017)''
* ''The Employee (2017)''
* ''Mystified (2017)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9229615/?ref_=tt_ov_dr Clare Ezeakacha - IMDb]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''JOAT, Jack of All Trade (2017)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/31709/actor-rotimi-salami-is-now-jack-of-all-trade.html Actor, Rotimi Salami is now Jack of all Trade ‘JOAT’]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Two Wrongs (2019)'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/4496849/cast/?utm_referrer=en.wikipedia.org Two Wrongs (2019) — актеры и съемочная группа — Кинопоиск]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Friends Only (2020)''

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]]
[[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>abjlsee4ix90xcoy4l7y7d29yu1v4od</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robert F. X. Sillerman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538470</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Francis Xavier Sillerman''' ([[Aprili 12]], [[1948]] – [[Novemba 24]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mjasiriamali]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/obituary/8544864/robert-sillerman-sfx-entertainment-dead-71|title=Robert Sillerman, SFX Entertainment Founder, Dies at 71|magazine=Billboard}}&lt;/ref&gt;Sillerman alikuwa mmiliki wa safu ya vituo vya televisheni na redio katika miaka ya 1...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1475" sha1="2tfxpzxvkgpd297bsjqk5e0hjn31c85" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Francis Xavier Sillerman''' ([[Aprili 12]], [[1948]] – [[Novemba 24]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mjasiriamali]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/obituary/8544864/robert-sillerman-sfx-entertainment-dead-71|title=Robert Sillerman, SFX Entertainment Founder, Dies at 71|magazine=Billboard}}&lt;/ref&gt;Sillerman alikuwa mmiliki wa safu ya vituo vya televisheni na redio katika miaka ya [[1970]] na [[1980]]. Mwaka [[1993]], aliunda ''SFX Broadcasting''. Kisha akajenga ''SFX Entertainment'' mkuzaji wa matamasha na maonyesho ya jukwaani ambayo iliuzwa kwa ''Clear Channel'' mwaka [[2000]] kwa dola bilioni 4.4.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/O348.html|title=Bio in the 2005 Forbes 400, he was #375|work=Forbes|year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1990/december_20_1990_164427.html|title=Robert F X Sillerman purchases WAFL NY-New Jersey Knights for $11 million|date=December 20, 1990}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alianzisha tena SFX Entertainment mwaka [[2012]] kama mkuzaji wa tamasha za muziki za mitandaoni, kampuni hiyo sasa inajulikana kama ''LiveStyle''. Pia ni mwanzilishi wa ''Viggle'' na jina la ''Sillerman Center for the Advancement of Philanthropy'' katika Chuo Kikuu cha Brandeis.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]</text>
      <sha1>2tfxpzxvkgpd297bsjqk5e0hjn31c85</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>André Guillabert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538471</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538471</origin>
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'''André''' '''Guillabert''' (15 Juni 1918 – 24 Agosti 2010) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mwanadiplomasia wa [[Senegal]]. Guillabert alikuwa mwanachama wa Baraza la Seneti la Senegal kuanzia Juni 1958 hadi Julai 1959. Pia, alichaguliwa katika Baraza la Seneti la Ufaransa mnamo mwaka 1958. Guillabert alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Senegal kwa muda mfupi mnamo mwaka 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GUILLABERT André|url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/guillabert_andre0345r4.html|work=Sénat|date=2026-05-08|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]]</text>
      <sha1>atw9wfpdovytsqh3b99p459s93ebnec</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abbas Gueye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538472</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:49:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="756" sha1="k6s7bsikjda57ejcno9z9q6d6s3s6lm" xml:space="preserve">

'''Abbas''' '''Guèye''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 27 Desemba 1913, huko Dakar, [[Senegal]], na kufariki tarehe 2 Agosti 1999, huko Dakar) alikuwa mwanasiasa na mwanaharakati wa vyama vya wafanyakazi kutoka Senegal aliyehudumu katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Ufaransa kuanzia mwaka 1951 hadi 1955. Abbas Guèye hakuwa na uhusiano wa kifamilia na Lamine Guèye (1891–1968), wala hawakuwa na msimamo mmoja wa kisiasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abbas Gueye - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale|url=https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche?num_dept=3642|work=www2.assemblee-nationale.fr|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]</text>
      <sha1>k6s7bsikjda57ejcno9z9q6d6s3s6lm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Larry Silverstein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538473</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:50:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Larry A. Silverstein''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 30]], [[1931]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=751288&amp;privcapId=3160386&amp;previousCapId=5379644&amp;previousTitle=Citizens%20Budget%20Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183800/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=751288&amp;privcapId=3160386&amp;...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1559" sha1="5y9nv3mcatmasg2665y6yxnfaayl4y4" xml:space="preserve">'''Larry A. Silverstein''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 30]], [[1931]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=751288&amp;privcapId=3160386&amp;previousCapId=5379644&amp;previousTitle=Citizens%20Budget%20Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183800/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=751288&amp;privcapId=3160386&amp;previousCapId=5379644&amp;previousTitle=Citizens%20Budget%20Commission|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 28, 2013|title=Larry A. Silverstein |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|access-date=April 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miongoni mwa miradi yake, yeye ni mhandisi wa jumba la ''World Trade Center'' lililojengwa upya katika [[Manhattan]], [[New York]], pamoja na moja ya maghorofa marefu zaidi ya makazi huko New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/larry-silverstein/ |title= Forbes Profile: Larry Silverstein| work=Forbes |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kufikia Desemba [[2024]], alikuwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1 kulingana na [[Forbes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-05-18|url=https://nyulangone.org/press-releases/nyu-school-of-medicine-celebrates-176th-anniversary-at-annual-graduation-ceremony|title=NYU School of Medicine Celebrates 176th Anniversary at Annual Graduation Ceremony|website=nyulangone.org|access-date=2018-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538622</id>
      <parentid>1538473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:55:59Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1563" sha1="0cfmglkg5m1z4qyna4ljuxb5u6rheig" xml:space="preserve">'''Larry A. Silverstein''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 30]], [[1931]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=751288&amp;privcapId=3160386&amp;previousCapId=5379644&amp;previousTitle=Citizens%20Budget%20Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183800/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=751288&amp;privcapId=3160386&amp;previousCapId=5379644&amp;previousTitle=Citizens%20Budget%20Commission|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 28, 2013|title=Larry A. Silverstein |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|access-date=April 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miongoni mwa miradi yake, yeye ni mhandisi wa jumba la ''World Trade Center'' lililojengwa upya katika [[Manhattan]], [[New York]], pamoja na moja ya maghorofa marefu zaidi ya makazi huko New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/larry-silverstein/ |title= Forbes Profile: Larry Silverstein| work=Forbes |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kufikia Desemba [[2024]], alikuwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1 kulingana na [[Forbes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2017-05-18|url=https://nyulangone.org/press-releases/nyu-school-of-medicine-celebrates-176th-anniversary-at-annual-graduation-ceremony|title=NYU School of Medicine Celebrates 176th Anniversary at Annual Graduation Ceremony|website=nyulangone.org|access-date=2018-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>0cfmglkg5m1z4qyna4ljuxb5u6rheig</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mantoulaye Guene</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538475</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:53:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538475</origin>
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      <text bytes="511" sha1="3d7w3j54l9kelhh5ropzy7unqr3yt3p" xml:space="preserve">'''Abbas''' '''Guèye''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 27 Desemba 1913, huko Dakar, [[Senegal]], na kufariki tarehe 2 Agosti 1999, huko Dakar) alikuwa mwanasiasa na mwanaharakati wa vyama vya wafanyakazi kutoka Senegal aliyehudumu katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Ufaransa kuanzia mwaka 1951 hadi 1955. Abbas Guèye hakuwa na uhusiano wa kifamilia na Lamine Guèye (1891–1968), wala hawakuwa na msimamo mmoja wa kisiasa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]]</text>
      <sha1>3d7w3j54l9kelhh5ropzy7unqr3yt3p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Harold Simmons</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538479</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:56:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harold Clark Simmons''' ([[Mei 13]], [[1931]] – [[Desemba 29]], [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mwekezaji, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye utaalamu wake wa fedha ulimsaidia kukuza dhana ya ununuzi inayojulikana kama ''leveraged buyout (LBO)'' ili kupata mashirika mbalimbali.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Kimble, &quot;Philanthropist Harold Simmons...&quot;'' Libertas'', Young America's Foundation, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;Alikuwa mmiliki ''Contran Corporation'' na  ''Valhi, Inc.'...'</comment>
      <origin>1538479</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1643" sha1="b5aehutkk61064aqux1sf2qerz51xuw" xml:space="preserve">'''Harold Clark Simmons''' ([[Mei 13]], [[1931]] – [[Desemba 29]], [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mwekezaji, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye utaalamu wake wa fedha ulimsaidia kukuza dhana ya ununuzi inayojulikana kama ''leveraged buyout (LBO)'' ili kupata mashirika mbalimbali.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Kimble, &quot;Philanthropist Harold Simmons...&quot;'' Libertas'', Young America's Foundation, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;Alikuwa mmiliki ''Contran Corporation'' na  ''Valhi, Inc.'' (kampuni inayouzwa kwenye NYSE karibu asilimia 90 ikidhibitiwa na Contran).&lt;ref&gt;[http://knowledgebase.pub.findlaw.com/scripts/getfile.pl?FILE=articles/pmsllp/pmsllp000056&amp;TITLE=Subject&amp;TOPIC=Corporations%2520%2520Enterprise%2520Law_Director%2520%2520Officer%2520Liability&amp;FILENAME=corporationsenterpriselaw_1_114  &quot;Conflicts of Interest and Special Committees Revisited: Has Kahn V. Tremont Corp. Permanently Changed the Landscape, or Merely Slightly Altered It?&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311110951/http://knowledgebase.pub.findlaw.com/scripts/getfile.pl?FILE=articles%2Fpmsllp%2Fpmsllp000056&amp;TITLE=Subject&amp;TOPIC=Corporations%20%20Enterprise%20Law_Director%20%20Officer%20Liability&amp;FILENAME=corporationsenterpriselaw_1_114 |date=2007-03-11 }}, FindLaw.com&lt;/ref&gt;Kufikia [[2006]], alidhibiti kampuni tano za umma zilizouzwa kwenye [[New York Stock Exchange]]&lt;ref&gt;Richard Kimble, &quot;Philanthropist Harold Simmons Establishes Lecture Series Featuring Senator Zel Miller,&quot; ''Libertas'', Young America's Foundation, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]]</text>
      <sha1>b5aehutkk61064aqux1sf2qerz51xuw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amadou Karim Gaye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538483</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T13:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="347" sha1="lwz13k6a641nk2062esjc6nhmbb69eu" xml:space="preserve">'''Amadou''' '''Karim''' '''Gaye''' (8 Novemba 1913 – 2 Oktoba 2000) alikuwa daktari wa wanyama, daktari wa [[binadamu]], na [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa Senegal kutoka Saint-Louis. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Senegal kuanzia mwaka 1968 hadi 1972.

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>lwz13k6a641nk2062esjc6nhmbb69eu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ellis Short</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538487</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:01:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ellis Short''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 6]], [[1960]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hickman&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Hickman |first=Niall |url=http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/431725/It-s-theatre-of-the-absurb-as-ham-fisted-Ellis-Short-has-to-share-the-blame-at-Sunderland |title=It's theatre of the absurb as ham-fisted Ellis Short has to share the blame at Sunderland |work=Daily Express |access-date=April 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theg...'</comment>
      <origin>1538487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2298" sha1="6ohskxeyafyogdyt0trpko1auwtgguj" xml:space="preserve">'''Ellis Short''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 6]], [[1960]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hickman&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Hickman |first=Niall |url=http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/431725/It-s-theatre-of-the-absurb-as-ham-fisted-Ellis-Short-has-to-share-the-blame-at-Sunderland |title=It's theatre of the absurb as ham-fisted Ellis Short has to share the blame at Sunderland |work=Daily Express |access-date=April 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/may/28/ellis-short-sunderland-owner-profile |title=Ellis Short: all you need to know about Sunderland's man at the helm &amp;#124; Football |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=April 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] na mwanzilishi wa [[Kildare Partners]], hazina ya uwekezaji wa kibinafsi inayowekeza katika mali zisizohamishika ya [[Ulaya]]. Short pia alikuwa mmiliki na mwenyekiti wa klabu ya soka ya [[Uingereza]] [[Sunderland A.F.C.]] kuanzia Septemba [[2008]] hadi Aprili [[2018]]. Ana uraia wa Marekani na [[Eire]]. Alisomea katika Chuo cha Missouri University of Science and Technology ([[1983]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Irish Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Nick Webb |url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/irish-billionaire-short-pumps-50m-into-sunderland-fc-28818231.html |title=Irish billionaire Short pumps €50m into Sunderland FC |website=Independent.ie |access-date=April 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Deirdre Hipwell |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/business-big-shot-ellis-short-of-sunderland-football-club-gnjq2sl6g5t |title=Business big shot: Ellis Short of Sunderland Football Club |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=April 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;safc.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.safc.com/news/ellis-short-assumes-control.html? |title=Sunderland AFC today revealed that majority shareholder Ellis Short is to assume 100% control of the club. |access-date=May 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529015851/http://www.safc.com/news/ellis-short-assumes-control.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |date=2009-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>6ohskxeyafyogdyt0trpko1auwtgguj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mansour Faye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538492</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1126" sha1="hfljuvezsljmgko6c13iukzjdinx42e" xml:space="preserve">'''Mansour''' '''Faye''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 16 Mei 1965) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Wakati wa uchaguzi wa serikali za mitaa mnamo Juni 2014, alichaguliwa kuwa meya wa Saint-Louis.

Mwaka 2014, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Rasilimali za Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Dionne. Mnamo mwaka 2015, akawa makamu mwenyekiti wa Jopo la Kimataifa la Ngazi ya Juu kuhusu Maji na Amani (''Global High-Level Panel on Water and Peace''). Alichaguliwa tena kuwa meya katika uchaguzi wa serikali za mitaa wa mwaka 2022.[http://www.lesoleil.sn/2016-03-22-23-17-43/item/66196-mansour-faye-maire-de-saint-louis-le-president-de-la-republique-a-honore-ses-engagements.html]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Municipales au Sénégal : l'opposition remporte Dakar et plusieurs autres grandes villes du pays|url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/afrique/politique-africaine/municipales-au-senegal-l-opposition-remporte-dakar-et-plusieurs-autres-grandes-villes-du-pays_4928185.html|work=franceinfo|date=2022-01-24|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>hfljuvezsljmgko6c13iukzjdinx42e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538636</id>
      <parentid>1538492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1130" sha1="2l0llf94gtzhsy74weafuideh0wmprc" xml:space="preserve">'''Mansour''' '''Faye''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 16 Mei 1965) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Wakati wa uchaguzi wa serikali za mitaa mnamo Juni 2014, alichaguliwa kuwa meya wa Saint-Louis.

Mwaka 2014, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Rasilimali za Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Dionne. Mnamo mwaka 2015, akawa makamu mwenyekiti wa Jopo la Kimataifa la Ngazi ya Juu kuhusu Maji na Amani (''Global High-Level Panel on Water and Peace''). Alichaguliwa tena kuwa meya katika uchaguzi wa serikali za mitaa wa mwaka 2022.[http://www.lesoleil.sn/2016-03-22-23-17-43/item/66196-mansour-faye-maire-de-saint-louis-le-president-de-la-republique-a-honore-ses-engagements.html]&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Municipales au Sénégal : l'opposition remporte Dakar et plusieurs autres grandes villes du pays|url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/afrique/politique-africaine/municipales-au-senegal-l-opposition-remporte-dakar-et-plusieurs-autres-grandes-villes-du-pays_4928185.html|work=franceinfo|date=2022-01-24|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>2l0llf94gtzhsy74weafuideh0wmprc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ram Shriram</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538495</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:07:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kavitark Ram Shriram''' (Alizaliwa [[1956]] au [[1957]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa bodi ya waanzilishi na mmoja wa wawekezaji wa kwanza katika [[Google]]. Alifanya kazi awali katika [[Amazon (kampuni)|Amazon.com]], akijiunga Agosti [[1998]] wakati kampuni iliponunua Junglee, kampuni ya kulinganisha ununuzi mtandaoni ambayo Shriram alikuwa rais wake. Kabla ya Junglee na Amazon, Shriram alikuwa m...'</comment>
      <origin>1538495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1414" sha1="6dltu9zer7x8oxvet6dm38qns6b86hu" xml:space="preserve">'''Kavitark Ram Shriram''' (Alizaliwa [[1956]] au [[1957]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa bodi ya waanzilishi na mmoja wa wawekezaji wa kwanza katika [[Google]]. Alifanya kazi awali katika [[Amazon (kampuni)|Amazon.com]], akijiunga Agosti [[1998]] wakati kampuni iliponunua Junglee, kampuni ya kulinganisha ununuzi mtandaoni ambayo Shriram alikuwa rais wake. Kabla ya Junglee na Amazon, Shriram alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya watendaji ya ''Netscape'', akijiunga nao mwaka [[1994]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Kavitark Ram Shriram|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/kavitark-ram-shriram/|website=Forbes|access-date=3 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ndtv&gt;{{cite web|title=Future of Internet is bright in India|url=http://www.ndtvprofit.com/2008/03/29200359/Future-of-Internet-is-bright-i.html|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2008-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514053213/http://www.ndtvprofit.com/2008/03/29200359/Future-of-Internet-is-bright-i.html|archive-date=14 May 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=redif&gt;{{cite web|title= 2 Indians in Forbes' richest Americans list |url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/22indians.htm|publisher=rediff |access-date=2008-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>6dltu9zer7x8oxvet6dm38qns6b86hu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibra Diouf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538498</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:10:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538498</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="378" sha1="rbh5wjy1a6spy3yq119hvmstm5yee50" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibra''' '''Diouf''' ni mwanasiasa wa Senegal aliyehudumu kama mjumbe wa Bunge la Afrika (Pan-African Parliament). Ibra Diouf pia alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mipango ya Kikanda na Serikali za Mitaa chini ya Rais Macky Sall kuanzia mwaka 2013 hadi 2017. Alizaliwa tarehe 4 Juni 1962, huko Kolda, Senegal.

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>rbh5wjy1a6spy3yq119hvmstm5yee50</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coumba Ndoffène Diouf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538504</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:13:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="390" sha1="dd9l2itb7czm4hfglj2hkbntuqn5grs" xml:space="preserve">'''Coumba''' '''Ndoffène''' Diouf (aliyezaliwa tarehe 29 Desemba 1932 huko Diakhao) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]]. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Senegal kuanzia mwaka 1972 hadi 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Index Di-Do|url=https://rulers.org/indexd3.html|work=rulers.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]]</text>
      <sha1>dd9l2itb7czm4hfglj2hkbntuqn5grs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awa Diop</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538514</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1538514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="q2ad481ias3frow08dwjb23lp4a6pq1" xml:space="preserve">

'''Awa''' '''Diop''' (1 Mei 1948 – 21 Julai 2021) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Senegal na mwanaharakati wa mapema wa chama cha Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS). Alikuwa mbunge katika Bunge la Kitaifa na waziri chini ya urais wa Abdoulaye Wade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nécrologie : Décès de Awa Diop du PDS|url=https://senego.com/necrologie-deces-de-awa-diop-du-pds_1299851.html|work=Senego.com - Actualité au Sénégal|date=2021-07-21|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>q2ad481ias3frow08dwjb23lp4a6pq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eugene Shvidler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538521</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Evgeny Markovich Shvidler''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 23]], [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mzaliwa wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] na mtengeneza mvinyo. Ana uraia wa [[Uingereza]], [[Marekani]], na [[Ufaransa]]. Alianzisha biashara ya mafuta ''Runicom S.A.'' pamoja na rafiki yake wa karibu [[Roman Abramovich]] na baadaye walipata udhibiti wa kampuni ya mafuta [[Sibneft]] mwaka [[1995]]. Alihudumu kama rais wa Sibneft kuanzia [[1998]] hadi [[2005]]. Mnamo...'</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1237" sha1="m6pk7rxjwcutfbaxwvi9nuoks5ts5o6" xml:space="preserve">'''Evgeny Markovich Shvidler''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 23]], [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mzaliwa wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] na mtengeneza mvinyo. Ana uraia wa [[Uingereza]], [[Marekani]], na [[Ufaransa]]. Alianzisha biashara ya mafuta ''Runicom S.A.'' pamoja na rafiki yake wa karibu [[Roman Abramovich]] na baadaye walipata udhibiti wa kampuni ya mafuta [[Sibneft]] mwaka [[1995]]. Alihudumu kama rais wa Sibneft kuanzia [[1998]] hadi [[2005]]. Mnamo Machi [[2022]], alitozwa vikwazo na Serikali ya Uingereza kufuatia uvamizi wa Urusi nchini Ukraine. Kufikia Aprili 2014, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 1.6&lt;ref name= &quot;Guardianvineyard&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Abramovich ally says UK sanctions imposed due to 'pressure' on minister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/oct/11/french-wine-chateau-thenac |date=20 August 2022 |access-date=2 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Evgeny (Eugene) Shvidler |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/evgeny-eugene-shvidler/ |access-date=7 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>m6pk7rxjwcutfbaxwvi9nuoks5ts5o6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thomas Siebel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538525</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T14:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thomas M. Siebel''' (Alizaliwa [[Novemba 20]], [[1952]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], mwanateknolojia, na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha kampuni ya programu ya biashara ''Siebel Systems'' na alikuwa mwanzilishi, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa zamani wa [[C3.ai]], jukwaa la programu ya akili bandia na kampuni ya programu. Kufikia Februari [[2026]], [[Forbes]] inaweka utajiri wa Siebel kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 4&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |f...'</comment>
      <origin>1538525</origin>
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      <text bytes="1140" sha1="5e4i077hf4jca6wo2dzdr3x7iqdlo78" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas M. Siebel''' (Alizaliwa [[Novemba 20]], [[1952]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], mwanateknolojia, na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha kampuni ya programu ya biashara ''Siebel Systems'' na alikuwa mwanzilishi, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa zamani wa [[C3.ai]], jukwaa la programu ya akili bandia na kampuni ya programu. Kufikia Februari [[2026]], [[Forbes]] inaweka utajiri wa Siebel kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 4&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Nusca |url=http://fortune.com/2016/02/25/tom-siebel-internet-things/ |title=Tom Siebel, Tech Pioneer, Bets Big on the Internet of Things |work=Fortune |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=May 16, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fvgroup.com|title=First Virtual Group|author=Develpixel|publisher=|access-date=17 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thomas Siebel |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/thomas-siebel/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]]
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      <text bytes="1144" sha1="2367p01db1ghymcsax0u6hq2p5eraeu" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas M. Siebel''' (Alizaliwa [[Novemba 20]], [[1952]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], mwanateknolojia, na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha kampuni ya programu ya biashara ''Siebel Systems'' na alikuwa mwanzilishi, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa zamani wa [[C3.ai]], jukwaa la programu ya akili bandia na kampuni ya programu. Kufikia Februari [[2026]], [[Forbes]] inaweka utajiri wa Siebel kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 4&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Nusca |url=http://fortune.com/2016/02/25/tom-siebel-internet-things/ |title=Tom Siebel, Tech Pioneer, Bets Big on the Internet of Things |work=Fortune |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=May 16, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fvgroup.com|title=First Virtual Group|author=Develpixel|publisher=|access-date=17 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thomas Siebel |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/thomas-siebel/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Herbert J. Siegel''' ([[Mei 7]], [[1928]] – [[Agosti 5]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alihudumu kama mwenyekiti wa [[Chris-Craft Industries]]. Alijulikana kwa jukumu lake kubwa katika mikataba ya tasnia ya vyombo vya habari, ikiwemo kuwezesha muunganisho wa ''Time Warner'' mwaka [[1989]] na kuuza vituo vya televisheni kwa ''News Corporation'' mwaka [[2000]]. Alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 95 nyumbani...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="888" sha1="m02obh7rlms1utg8en9dldkvoi04m9t" xml:space="preserve">'''Herbert J. Siegel''' ([[Mei 7]], [[1928]] – [[Agosti 5]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alihudumu kama mwenyekiti wa [[Chris-Craft Industries]]. Alijulikana kwa jukumu lake kubwa katika mikataba ya tasnia ya vyombo vya habari, ikiwemo kuwezesha muunganisho wa ''Time Warner'' mwaka [[1989]] na kuuza vituo vya televisheni kwa ''News Corporation'' mwaka [[2000]]. Alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 95 nyumbani kwake huko [[Manhattan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/business/media/herbert-j-siegel-dead.html|title=Herbert J. Siegel, Investor in Major Media Deals, Dies at 95|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 10, 2023|access-date=November 2, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
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      <text bytes="892" sha1="fhe1jekeq6d53xlkq7un6nx2w4yrxoo" xml:space="preserve">'''Herbert J. Siegel''' ([[Mei 7]], [[1928]] – [[Agosti 5]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alihudumu kama mwenyekiti wa [[Chris-Craft Industries]]. Alijulikana kwa jukumu lake kubwa katika mikataba ya tasnia ya vyombo vya habari, ikiwemo kuwezesha muunganisho wa ''Time Warner'' mwaka [[1989]] na kuuza vituo vya televisheni kwa ''News Corporation'' mwaka [[2000]]. Alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 95 nyumbani kwake huko [[Manhattan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/business/media/herbert-j-siegel-dead.html|title=Herbert J. Siegel, Investor in Major Media Deals, Dies at 95|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 10, 2023|access-date=November 2, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ben Silbermann''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 14]], [[1982]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] wa mtandaoni nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti mtendaji wa [[Pinterest]], injini  inayowaruhusu watumiaji kupanga picha, viungo, mapishi na vitu vingine. Aliunda Pinterest pamoja na [[Paul Sciarra]] na [[Evan Sharp]] mwaka [[2010]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ben Silbermann |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ben-silbermann/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="794" sha1="hqnca9tc71ul5foldvi4uhorrojabq3" xml:space="preserve">'''Ben Silbermann''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 14]], [[1982]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] wa mtandaoni nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti mtendaji wa [[Pinterest]], injini  inayowaruhusu watumiaji kupanga picha, viungo, mapishi na vitu vingine. Aliunda Pinterest pamoja na [[Paul Sciarra]] na [[Evan Sharp]] mwaka [[2010]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ben Silbermann |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ben-silbermann/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://help.pinterest.com/en/guide/all-about-pinterest|title=All about Pinterest|website=Pinterest help|language=en|access-date=2019-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina               = Ina Menzer | picha              =  | ukubwawapicha      =  | maelezo_ya_picha   =  | jina_halisi        =  | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1980|11|10|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Atbasar, Kazakh SSR, Umoja wa Kisovyeti&lt;br&gt;{{small|(sasa Kazakhstan)}} | utaifa             =  | jina_la_utani      =  | uzito              = Uzani wa Manyoya | urefu              = futi 5 inchi 5 | mikono             =  | mtind...'</comment>
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'''Ina Menzer''' (amezaliwa 10 Novemba 1980) ni bondia wa zamani kutoka nchi ya [[Kazakhstan]]. Mnamo mwaka 2021, aliingizwa kwenye orodha ya heshima ya wanamichezo wa kike wa ndondi duniani .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wbcboxing.com/en/international-womens-boxing-hall-of-fame-announces-2021-iwbhf-inductees/|title=International Women’s Boxing Hall of Fame Announces 2021 IWBHF Inductees|publisher=wbcboxing.com|accessdate=1 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tss.ib.tv/boxing/featured-boxing-articles-boxing-news-videos-rankings-and-results/69617-the-womens-boxing-hall-of-fame-welcomes-the-classes-of-2020-2021|title=The Women’s Boxing Hall of Fame Welcomes the Classes of 2020/2021|publisher=The Sweet Science|accessdate=1 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya ndondi==
Menzer alianza ndondi za kulipwa mwaka 2004 na alishinda mapambano 19 mfululizo bila kupoteza kabla ya kumshinda Sandy Tsagouris na kutwaa taji la dunia la WBC katika uzito wa manyoya. Baada ya mapambano mengine matano, akawa bingwa mtetezi wa mashirikisho mawili kwa mpigo alipomshinda Esther Schouten na kutwaa taji la kwanza la WBO katika uzito wa manyoya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxingnews24.com/2009/10/menzer-defeats-schouten-boxing-results/|title=Menzer Defeats Schouten|publisher=Boxing News 24|access-date=2024-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipoteza pambano moja tu katika maisha yake yote ya mchezo wa masumbwi alipopigwa na Jeannine Garside kutoka Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxingscene.com/steven-herelius-clobbers-arslan-garside-upsets-menzer--28952|title=Steven Herelius Clobbers Arslan, Garside Upsets Menzer|publisher=Boxing Scene|access-date=2024-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1980}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Kazakhstan]]</text>
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'''Ina Menzer''' (amezaliwa 10 Novemba 1980) ni bondia wa zamani mwenye uraia wa [[Ujerumani]] ambaye alizaliwa nchini [[Kazakhstan]]. Mnamo mwaka 2021, jina lake liliingizwa kwenye orodha ya heshima ya wanamichezo wakubwa wa kike wa ndondi duniani kutokana na mafanikio yake makubwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wbcboxing.com|title=International Women’s Boxing Hall of Fame Announces 2021 IWBHF Inductees|publisher=wbcboxing.com|accessdate=1 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ib.tv|title=The Women’s Boxing Hall of Fame Welcomes the Classes of 2020/2021|publisher=The Sweet Science|accessdate=1 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya ndondi==
Menzer alianza ndondi za kulipwa nchini Ujerumani mwaka 2004. Alishinda mapambano yake 19 ya kwanza bila kupoteza hata moja, kabla ya kumshinda Sandy Tsagouris na kuwa bingwa wa dunia wa WBC katika uzito wa manyoya. Baadaye, alifanikiwa kuunganisha mataji kwa kumshinda Esther Schouten na kutwaa pia taji la WBO katika uzito huohuo wa manyoya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxingnews24.com|title=Menzer Defeats Schouten|publisher=Boxing News 24|access-date=2024-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika maisha yake yote ya mchezo huo, alipoteza pambano moja tu alipopigwa na mpinzani wake Jeannine Garside kutoka [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxingscene.com|title=Steven Herelius Clobbers Arslan, Garside Upsets Menzer|publisher=Boxing Scene|access-date=2024-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1980}}
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'''Zulina Guadalupe Muñoz Grajeda''' (amezaliwa 10 Agosti 1987) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Meksiko]]. Alikuwa bingwa wa dunia wa taji la WBC katika uzito wa nzi kwa wanawake kuanzia mwaka 2012 hadi 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=BoxRec: List of WBC female super flyweight title fights|url=https://boxrec.com/en/title/7/Super%20Flyweight|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 October 2020|website=boxrec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia, mnamo mwaka 2008, alipigana kuwania taji la dunia la WBC katika uzito wa kuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=BoxRec: Zulina Muñoz vs. Galina Koleva Ivanova|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/560981/1343144|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 October 2020|website=boxrec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika ngazi ya kikanda, alishikilia taji la uzito wa kuku la NABF kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=BoxRec: List of NABF female bantamweight title fights|url=https://boxrec.com/en/title/65/Bantamweight|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 October 2020|website=boxrec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1987}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Meksiko]]</text>
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| tovuti             = 
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'''Zulina Guadalupe Muñoz Grajeda''' (amezaliwa 10 Agosti 1987) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Meksiko]]. Alikuwa bingwa wa dunia wa taji la WBC katika uzito wa nzi kwa wanawake kuanzia mwaka 2012 hadi 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=|title=BoxRec: List of WBC female super flyweight title fights|url=https://boxrec.com/en/title/7/Super%20Flyweight|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 October 2020|website=boxrec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia, mnamo mwaka 2008, alipigana kuwania taji la dunia la WBC katika uzito wa kuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=|title=BoxRec: Zulina Muñoz vs. Galina Koleva Ivanova|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/560981/1343144|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 October 2020|website=boxrec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika ngazi ya kikanda, alishikilia taji la uzito wa kuku la NABF kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=|title=BoxRec: List of NABF female bantamweight title fights|url=https://boxrec.com/en/title/65/Bantamweight|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 October 2020|website=boxrec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1987}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Meksiko]]</text>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Mabondia]]'</comment>
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        <id>452</id>
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[[Jamii:watu wa Meksiko|B]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tamir Sapir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538533</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tamir Sapir''' (Alizaliwa [[1946]] au [[1947]] – [[Septemba 24]], [[2014]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mhandisi mwendelezaji majengo, na mwekezaji nchini  [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Georgia]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Antique champagne buckets stolen from billionaire tycoon Tamir Sapir |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/antique-champagne-buckets-stolen-from-billionaire-tycoon-tamir-sapir-x51313 |website=Newsday |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;...'</comment>
      <origin>1538533</origin>
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      <text bytes="1621" sha1="g6tro1b749lbxypf1ci27wea08l7cbz" xml:space="preserve">'''Tamir Sapir''' (Alizaliwa [[1946]] au [[1947]] – [[Septemba 24]], [[2014]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mhandisi mwendelezaji majengo, na mwekezaji nchini  [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Georgia]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Antique champagne buckets stolen from billionaire tycoon Tamir Sapir |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/antique-champagne-buckets-stolen-from-billionaire-tycoon-tamir-sapir-x51313 |website=Newsday |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1011/rich-list-10-real-estate-tamir-sapir-drenched-in-debt.html?sh=4ab8ac8b7e88 | title=The Money Problems of Manhattan Real Estate Mogul Tamir Sapir | website=[[Forbes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa ''Sapir Organization'', kampuni ya uwekezaji yenye makao yake [[New York]]. Sapir awali alipata utajiri wake kwa biashara ya mafuta na mbolea na [[Umoja wa Kisovieti]] wakati wa miaka ya [[1980]]. Akawa bilionea mwaka [[2002]], na utajiri wake ulifikia kilele mwaka [[2007]] kwa dola bilioni 2, kulingana na [[Forbes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes Billionaires 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The World's Billionaires: #721 Tamir Sapir|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Tamir-Sapir_R27K.html|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 3, 2010|access-date=September 15, 2017|archive-date=December 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113218/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Tamir-Sapir_R27K.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538903</id>
      <parentid>1538533</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:22:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1607" sha1="503gowdcmx462rj1pgueo8mszw9hdy0" xml:space="preserve">'''Tamir Sapir''' ([[1946]] au [[1947]] – [[Septemba 24]], [[2014]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mhandisi mwendelezaji majengo, na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Georgia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Antique champagne buckets stolen from billionaire tycoon Tamir Sapir |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/antique-champagne-buckets-stolen-from-billionaire-tycoon-tamir-sapir-x51313 |website=Newsday |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1011/rich-list-10-real-estate-tamir-sapir-drenched-in-debt.html?sh=4ab8ac8b7e88 | title=The Money Problems of Manhattan Real Estate Mogul Tamir Sapir | website=[[Forbes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa ''Sapir Organization'', kampuni ya uwekezaji yenye makao yake [[New York]]. Sapir awali alipata utajiri wake kwa biashara ya mafuta na mbolea na [[Umoja wa Kisovieti]] wakati wa miaka ya [[1980]]. Akawa bilionea mwaka [[2002]], na utajiri wake ulifikia kilele mwaka [[2007]] kwa dola bilioni 2, kulingana na [[Forbes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes Billionaires 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The World's Billionaires: #721 Tamir Sapir|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Tamir-Sapir_R27K.html|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 3, 2010|access-date=September 15, 2017|archive-date=December 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113218/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Tamir-Sapir_R27K.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]]</text>
      <sha1>503gowdcmx462rj1pgueo8mszw9hdy0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Arely Muciño</title>
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      <id>1538538</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:21:43Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina               = Arely Muciño | picha              = Arely Muciño 2017.png | maelezo_ya_picha   =  | jina_la_utani      = Ametralladora | jina_halisi        = Arely Abigaíl Muciño Reyes | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1989|05|20}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Monterrey, Nuevo León, Meksiko | utaifa             = Meksiko | uzito              = Uzani wa Nzi | urefu              = sentimita 160 | mikono             = sen...'</comment>
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| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Monterrey, Nuevo León, Meksiko
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| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
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| ushindi            = 32
| KO                 = 11
| kupoteza           = 5
| sare               = 2
| hakuna mashindano  = 1
}}

'''Arely Abigaíl Muciño Reyes''' (amezaliwa 20 Mei 1989) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka [[Meksiko]] ambaye amewahi kuwa bingwa wa dunia mara nne katika uzito wa [[Flyweight|nzi]].

==Kazi yake==
Muciño alianza mchezo wa ndondi akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, ambapo mwanzoni alifundishwa na baba yake, Joseph Muciño Rameriz.&lt;ref name=&quot;women&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=https://womenboxing.com|title=Biography of Arely Mucino|publisher=womenofboxing.com|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya kuingia kwenye ulingo wa ngumi za kulipwa mwaka 2008, Muciño alishinda taji lake la kwanza la dunia tarehe 22 Januari 2011. Alimshinda Chantel Cordova na kutwaa mkanda wa IBF wa uzito wa nzi baada ya mpinzani wake kushindwa kuendelea na pambano katika raundi ya nne kule Meksiko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=Arely Mucino vs Chantel Cordova|publisher=boxrec.com|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;women&quot;/&gt;

Alipoteza taji hilo tarehe 29 Oktoba 2011 alipopigwa kwa KO na [[Ava Knight]] katika raundi ya pili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxingscene.com|title=Ava Knight on Her Shock KO of Arely Mucino, IBF Title Win|date=30 October 2011 |publisher=Boxing Scene|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muciño alirejea kwenye kilele cha mafanikio na kushinda taji lake la pili la dunia tarehe 6 Desemba 2014 alipomshinda bingwa wa WBC, [[Shindo Go]], kwa uamuzi wa majaji kule Monterrey, Meksiko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=Shindo Go vs Arely Mucino|publisher=boxrec.com|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, alipoteza mkanda huo mnamo Septemba 2015 dhidi ya [[Jessica Chávez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=Arely Mucino vs Yessica Chavez|publisher=boxrec.com|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tarehe 17 Februari 2018, akawa bingwa wa dunia kwa mara ya tatu alipotwaa taji la WBO kwa kumshinda [[Monserrat Alarcón]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=Montserrat Alarcon vs Arely Mucino|publisher=boxrec.com|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye, aliliacha taji hilo wazi na kisha akaja kuwa bingwa wa dunia wa IBF kwa mara ya nne tarehe 29 Oktoba 2022 alipomshinda [[Leonela Paola Yúdica]] wa [[Argentina]] kule [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=Leonela Paola Yudica vs Arely Mucino|publisher=boxrec.com|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubingwa wake huo wa nne ulifikia tamati tarehe 21 Oktoba 2023, baada ya kupoteza pambano dhidi ya [[Gabriela Fundora]] huko California, Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=Arely Mucino vs Gabriela Fundora|publisher=boxrec.com|access-date=2024-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1989}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Meksiko]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ivana Habazin</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina               = Ivana Habazin | picha              =  | ukubwawapicha      =  | maelezo_ya_picha   =  | jina_halisi        =  | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1989|10|22|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Zagreb, Yugoslavia&lt;br&gt;{{small|(sasa Kroatia)}} | utaifa             = Kroatia | jina_la_utani      =  | uzito              = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Kati *Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi *Uzani wa Kati Mkubwa }} | urefu              = f...'</comment>
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| tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1989|10|22|df=y}}
| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Zagreb, Yugoslavia&lt;br&gt;{{small|(sasa Kroatia)}}
| utaifa             = Kroatia
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| urefu              = futi 5 inchi 8
| mikono             = inchi 66 na nusu
| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
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}}

'''Ivana Habazin''' (amezaliwa 22 Oktoba 1989) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Kroatia]]. Amekuwa bingwa wa dunia wa uzito wa [[Welterweight|welter]] mara mbili, akishikilia taji la IBF mwaka 2014 na taji la WBC mwaka 2024. Pia, alishikilia taji la dunia la IBO katika [[Middleweight|uzito wa kati]] mnamo mwaka 2018.

==Maisha ya awali==
Habazin alizaliwa tarehe 22 Oktoba 1989 mjini Zlatar, Kroatia. Akiwa muumini wa Kanisa Katoliki, Habazin alitamani kuingia [[Utawa|utawani]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 14,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Svjedočanstvo svjetske prvakinje Ivane Habazin: 'Isus mi je dao snagu za sve što sam u životu prošla' |url=https://www.bitno.net/vjera/svjedocanstva/svjedocanstvo-svjetske-prvakinje-ivana-habazin-isus-mi-je-dao-snagu-za-sve-sto-sam-u-zivotu-prosla/ |website=bitno.net |date=22 March 2018 |access-date=14 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; lakini baadaye aliamua kuwa bondia na kuanza mazoezi akiwa na umri wa miaka 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bila sam izgubljena nakon samostana i onda sam se pronašla u boksu |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/sport/ivana-habazin-boks-samostan-1234947 |website=vecernji.hr |access-date=14 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata hamu ya kuanza ndondi baada ya kutazama filamu ya ''[[Rocky]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Od časne sestre do naše najbolje boksačice: Ivana Habazin sa 13 godina otišla je u samostan, ali svoj pravi poziv otkrila je gledajući Rockyja |url=https://www.rtl.hr/tv/tv-novosti/3575027/od-casne-sestre-do-nase-najbolje-boksacice-ivana-habazin-sa-13-godina-otisla-je-u-samostan-ali-svoj-pravi-poziv-otkrila-je-gledajuci-rockyja/ |website=rtl.hr |access-date=14 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana shahada ya uzamili ya teolojia na amesomea pia mambo ya uhusiano wa kimataifa na diplomasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ivana Habazin otvoreno o obiteljskim tragedijama, redovničkom životu i trnovitom putu do uspjeha |url=https://www.tportal.hr/showtime/clanak/ivana-habazin-otvoreno-o-obiteljskim-tragedijama-redovnickom-zivotu-i-trnovitom-putu-do-uspjeha-foto-20180324 |website=tportal.hr |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1989}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Kroatia]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:38:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Mabondia]]'</comment>
      <origin>1538547</origin>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:32:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="66" sha1="82y0lhwt5qmxhqkasw5np0h2st26v1v" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:wapiga ngumi nchi kwa nchi|K]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Kroatia|B]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Karthik Sarma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538548</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T15:40:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Karthik Sarma''' (alizaliwa [[1974]] au [[1975]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea katika  hazina ya uwekezaji kutoka [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Institutional Investor&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Corner Office: Karthik Sarma |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1x32xw0xbd24t/Karthik-Sarma |access-date=11 September 2022 |work=Institutional Investor |date=10 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia Juni [[2023]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 2.9.&lt;ref name=...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="838" sha1="nm1af6n5qdjyvckz1fsm4zpfldfecrm" xml:space="preserve">'''Karthik Sarma''' (alizaliwa [[1974]] au [[1975]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea katika  hazina ya uwekezaji kutoka [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Institutional Investor&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Corner Office: Karthik Sarma |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1x32xw0xbd24t/Karthik-Sarma |access-date=11 September 2022 |work=Institutional Investor |date=10 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia Juni [[2023]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Karthik Sarma |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/karthik-sarma/ |work=Forbes |access-date=24 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisomea katika ''Indian Institute of Technology Madras'' na [[Princeton University]].

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa India]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lyster Hoxie Dewey''' (1865–1944) alikuwa mwanabotania wa Marekani ([[botany|botanist]]) kutoka jimbo la [[Michigan]].  == Maisha ya awali == Dewey alizaliwa katika Cambridge, Michigan tarehe 14 Machi 1865.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html) WashingtonPost.com: &quot;Hemp fans look toward Lyster Dewey's past, and...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1539" sha1="9oijl7nbpz5yj2ozi8i11oy3uk7bgpo" xml:space="preserve">'''Lyster Hoxie Dewey''' (1865–1944) alikuwa mwanabotania wa Marekani ([[botany|botanist]]) kutoka jimbo la [[Michigan]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Dewey alizaliwa katika Cambridge, Michigan tarehe 14 Machi 1865.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html) WashingtonPost.com: &quot;Hemp fans look toward Lyster Dewey's past, and the Pentagon, for higher ground&quot;], by Manuel Roig-Franzia, May 13, 2010. Accessed April 22, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 1888 alihitimu kutoka Michigan State Agricultural College, ambapo pia alifundisha botania kwa miaka miwili iliyofuata.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka 1890 aliajiriwa kama msaidizi wa mwanabotania katika United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1903, alipoteuliwa kuwa mwanabotania mkuu wa utafiti wa fiber na mimea ya nyuzinyuzi  katika kituo cha utafiti cha USDA cha Arlington Experimental Farm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Timeline - Lyster Dewey |url=[https://www.lysterdewey.com/timeline/](https://www.lysterdewey.com/timeline/) |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Lyster Dewey Diaries |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1865|1944}}

[[Jamii:Wabotania wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahitimu wa Michigan State University]]
[[Jamii:Wafanyakazi wa USDA]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Michigan]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani waliozaliwa mwaka 1865]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani waliofariki mwaka 1944]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1311" sha1="ncifsa6b24lw2jrgvf716xc2i8ewh9b" xml:space="preserve">'''Lyster Hoxie Dewey''' (1865–1944) alikuwa mwanabotania wa [[Marekani]] ([[botany|botanist]]) kutoka jimbo la [[Michigan]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Dewey alizaliwa katika Cambridge, Michigan tarehe 14 Machi 1865.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html) WashingtonPost.com: &quot;Hemp fans look toward Lyster Dewey's past, and the Pentagon, for higher ground&quot;], by Manuel Roig-Franzia, May 13, 2010. Accessed April 22, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 1888 alihitimu kutoka Michigan State Agricultural College, ambapo pia alifundisha botania kwa miaka miwili iliyofuata.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka 1890 aliajiriwa kama msaidizi wa mwanabotania katika United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1903, alipoteuliwa kuwa mwanabotania mkuu wa utafiti wa fiber na mimea ya nyuzinyuzi  katika kituo cha utafiti cha USDA cha Arlington Experimental Farm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Timeline - Lyster Dewey |url=[https://www.lysterdewey.com/timeline/](https://www.lysterdewey.com/timeline/) |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Lyster Dewey Diaries |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1865|1944}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1315" sha1="q7ues9jlrdw5a5efp24yc7hb5z54nqs" xml:space="preserve">'''Lyster Hoxie Dewey''' (1865–1944) alikuwa mwanabotania wa [[Marekani]] ([[botany|botanist]]) kutoka jimbo la [[Michigan]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Dewey alizaliwa katika Cambridge, Michigan tarehe 14 Machi 1865.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/12/AR2010051204933.html) WashingtonPost.com: &quot;Hemp fans look toward Lyster Dewey's past, and the Pentagon, for higher ground&quot;], by Manuel Roig-Franzia, May 13, 2010. Accessed April 22, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 1888 alihitimu kutoka Michigan State Agricultural College, ambapo pia alifundisha botania kwa miaka miwili iliyofuata.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka 1890 aliajiriwa kama msaidizi wa mwanabotania katika United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1903, alipoteuliwa kuwa mwanabotania mkuu wa utafiti wa fiber na mimea ya nyuzinyuzi  katika kituo cha utafiti cha USDA cha Arlington Experimental Farm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Admin |title=Timeline - Lyster Dewey |url=[https://www.lysterdewey.com/timeline/](https://www.lysterdewey.com/timeline/) |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Lyster Dewey Diaries |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1865|1944}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harry Sargeant III</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harry Sargeant III''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba 30]], [[1957]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa nishati na usafirishaji wa baharini kutoka [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Afisa wa zamani wa Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani na rubani wa ndege za kivita. Sargeant anaendesha kampuni kubwa ya mabilionea ya biashara za kimataifa inayojumuisha makampuni ya ndege, visafishaji mafuta, shughuli za biashara ya mafuta, maendeleo ya nishati mbadala, na usafirishaji wa mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{ci...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1882" sha1="ax7vteqxiob51fo1u4w5vbp0pm8vm6x" xml:space="preserve">'''Harry Sargeant III''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba 30]], [[1957]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa nishati na usafirishaji wa baharini kutoka [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Afisa wa zamani wa Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani na rubani wa ndege za kivita. Sargeant anaendesha kampuni kubwa ya mabilionea ya biashara za kimataifa inayojumuisha makampuni ya ndege, visafishaji mafuta, shughuli za biashara ya mafuta, maendeleo ya nishati mbadala, na usafirishaji wa mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Harry Sargeant III, el magnate petrolero que asesora a los equipos de Trump y Delcy Rodríguez |url=https://elpitazo.net/investigacion/perfil-harry-sargeant-iii-el-magnate-petrolero-que-asesora-a-los-equipos-de-trump-y-delcy-rodriguez/ |website=El Pitazo |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni mfadhili mkubwa wa chama cha Republican na mshauri wa masuala ya nishati ya [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cob.fsu.edu/profiles.cfm?id=125 |title=&quot;FSU 2010 Hall Of Fame Inductee&quot; |access-date=September 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609222949/https://www.cob.fsu.edu/profiles.cfm?id=125 |archive-date=June 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sargeant.net/history.asp|title=&quot;Sargeant Marine Website&quot;|publisher=|access-date=September 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529025034/http://www.sargeant.net/history.asp|archive-date=May 29, 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cob.fsu.edu/press/sargeant.cfm |title=&quot;The Florida State University: Harry Sargeant, III. teaches FSU students a thing or two.&quot; |access-date=September 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613085640/https://www.cob.fsu.edu/press/sargeant.cfm |archive-date=June 13, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1890" sha1="nfzk6dv7pohwd23rajjwad30g1mq0ix" xml:space="preserve">'''Harry Sargeant III''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba 30]], [[1957]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa nishati na usafirishaji wa baharini kutoka [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Afisa wa zamani wa Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani na rubani wa ndege za kivita. Sargeant anaendesha kampuni kubwa ya mabilionea ya biashara za kimataifa inayojumuisha makampuni ya ndege, visafishaji mafuta, shughuli za biashara ya mafuta, maendeleo ya nishati mbadala, na usafirishaji wa mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Harry Sargeant III, el magnate petrolero que asesora a los equipos de Trump y Delcy Rodríguez |url=https://elpitazo.net/investigacion/perfil-harry-sargeant-iii-el-magnate-petrolero-que-asesora-a-los-equipos-de-trump-y-delcy-rodriguez/ |website=El Pitazo |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni mfadhili mkubwa wa chama cha Republican na mshauri wa masuala ya nishati ya [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cob.fsu.edu/profiles.cfm?id=125 |title=&quot;FSU 2010 Hall Of Fame Inductee&quot; |access-date=September 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609222949/https://www.cob.fsu.edu/profiles.cfm?id=125 |archive-date=June 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sargeant.net/history.asp|title=&quot;Sargeant Marine Website&quot;|publisher=|access-date=September 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529025034/http://www.sargeant.net/history.asp|archive-date=May 29, 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cob.fsu.edu/press/sargeant.cfm |title=&quot;The Florida State University: Harry Sargeant, III. teaches FSU students a thing or two.&quot; |access-date=September 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613085640/https://www.cob.fsu.edu/press/sargeant.cfm |archive-date=June 13, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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    <title>Maïva Hamadouche</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina               = Maïva Hamadouche | picha              = Maïva Hamadouche.jpg | ukubwawapicha      =  | maelezo_ya_picha   = Maïva Hamadouche, 2021 | jina_halisi        =  | jina_la_utani      = El Veneno (Sumu) | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1989|11|04|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Albi, Ufaransa | utaifa             = Ufaransa | uzito              = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa *Uzani Mwepesi }} | urefu...'</comment>
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| ukubwawapicha      = 
| maelezo_ya_picha   = Maïva Hamadouche, 2021
| jina_halisi        = 
| jina_la_utani      = El Veneno (Sumu)
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| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Albi, Ufaransa
| utaifa             = Ufaransa
| uzito              = {{plainlist|
*Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa
*Uzani Mwepesi
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| mikono             = inchi 64
| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
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| ushindi            = 22
| KO                 = 18
| kupoteza           = 2
| sare               = 
| hakuna mashindano  = 
| medali             = 
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{{MedalCountry|{{FRA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Ulaya}}
{{MedalSilver|2019 Alcobendas|Uzani Mwepesi}}
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'''Maïva Hamadouche''' (amezaliwa 4 Novemba 1989) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa na ofisa wa polisi kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alishikilia taji la dunia la IBF katika uzito wa manyoya kwa wanawake kuanzia Novemba 2016 hadi Novemba 2021. Katika ngazi ya kikanda, alikuwa bingwa wa uzito mwepesi nchini Ufaransa mwaka 2014 na bingwa wa Ulaya mwaka 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/671891 |title=BoxRec: Maiva Hamadouche |website=boxrec.com |access-date=15 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha na kazi yake ==
Hamadouche alizaliwa mji wa [[Albi]], nchini Ufaransa. Alilelewa na mama pekee katika familia ya watoto sita.&lt;ref name=&quot;bondyblog&quot;&gt;Mathieu Blard, [http://www.bondyblog.fr/201601120001/maiva-hamadouche-policiere-et-boxeuse/#.Wqbv2ufkVEZ « Maiva Hamadouche, polisi na bondia »], bondyblog.fr, 12 Januari 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya sekondari, alipanga kusomea sheria lakini aliacha mpango huo kutokana na changamoto za kiuchumi katika familia yake.

Alivutiwa na kazi za kijeshi, hasa utegaji wa mabomu, lakini kwa sababu hakutaka kuondoka Ufaransa ili aendelee na ndondi, aliamua kujiunga na jeshi la polisi akiwa na umri wa miaka 19. Mnamo mwaka 2009, alijiunga na chuo cha polisi cha [[Rouen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LM17&quot;&gt;Marie Slavicek, [https://www.lemonde.fr/sports-de-combat/article/2017/01/21/maiva-hamadouche-policiere-a-clichy-poison-sur-le-ring_5066479_1616664.html « Boxe : Maïva Hamadouche, polisi mjini Paris, &quot;sumu&quot; ulingoni »], lemonde.fr, 21 Januari 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Machi 2018, alitunukiwa medali ya shaba ya ushujaa na mji wa [[Paris]] baada ya kumuokoa mhamiaji kijana aliyekuwa amejeruhiwa vibaya mguuni kwa kumfunga bandeji ya kuzuia damu mnamo Juni 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2018/01/19/2724862-maiva-hamadouche-sauver-une-vie-ca-marque.html |title=Maïva Hamadouche : &quot;Kuokoa maisha ni jambo la kukumbukwa&quot; |last=Martine Lecaudey |date=19 January 2018 |website=ladepeche.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1989}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Ufaransa]]</text>
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| ukubwawapicha      = 
| maelezo_ya_picha   = Maïva Hamadouche, 2021
| jina_halisi        = 
| jina_la_utani      = El Veneno (Sumu)
| tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1989|11|04|df=y}}
| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Albi, Ufaransa
| utaifa             = Ufaransa
| uzito              = {{plainlist|
*Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa
*Uzani Mwepesi
}}
| urefu              = futi 5 inchi 4
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| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
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| KO                 = 18
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{{MedalCountry|{{FRA}}}}
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'''Maïva Hamadouche''' (amezaliwa 4 Novemba 1989) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa na ofisa wa polisi kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alishikilia taji la dunia la IBF katika uzito wa manyoya kwa wanawake kuanzia Novemba 2016 hadi Novemba 2021. Katika ngazi ya kikanda, alikuwa bingwa wa uzito mwepesi nchini Ufaransa mwaka 2014 na bingwa wa Ulaya mwaka 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/671891 |title=BoxRec: Maiva Hamadouche |website=boxrec.com |access-date=15 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha na kazi yake ==
Hamadouche alizaliwa mji wa [[Albi]], nchini Ufaransa. Alilelewa na mama pekee katika familia ya watoto sita.&lt;ref name=&quot;bondyblog&quot;&gt;Mathieu Blard, [http://www.bondyblog.fr/201601120001/maiva-hamadouche-policiere-et-boxeuse/#.Wqbv2ufkVEZ « Maiva Hamadouche, polisi na bondia »], bondyblog.fr, 12 Januari 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya sekondari, alipanga kusomea sheria lakini aliacha mpango huo kutokana na changamoto za kiuchumi katika familia yake.

Alivutiwa na kazi za kijeshi, hasa utegaji wa mabomu, lakini kwa sababu hakutaka kuondoka Ufaransa ili aendelee na ndondi, aliamua kujiunga na jeshi la polisi akiwa na umri wa miaka 19. Mnamo mwaka 2009, alijiunga na chuo cha polisi cha [[Rouen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LM17&quot;&gt;Marie Slavicek, [https://www.lemonde.fr/sports-de-combat/article/2017/01/21/maiva-hamadouche-policiere-a-clichy-poison-sur-le-ring_5066479_1616664.html « Boxe : Maïva Hamadouche, polisi mjini Paris, &quot;sumu&quot; ulingoni »], lemonde.fr, 21 Januari 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Machi 2018, alitunukiwa medali ya shaba ya ushujaa na mji wa [[Paris]] baada ya kumuokoa mhamiaji kijana aliyekuwa amejeruhiwa vibaya mguuni kwa kumfunga bandeji ya kuzuia damu mnamo Juni 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2018/01/19/2724862-maiva-hamadouche-sauver-une-vie-ca-marque.html |title=Maïva Hamadouche : &quot;Kuokoa maisha ni jambo la kukumbukwa&quot; |last=Martine Lecaudey |date=19 January 2018 |website=ladepeche.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1989}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Ufaransa]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538912</id>
      <parentid>1538559</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:33:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="67" sha1="elzlsqgbyqb90qdzv1wnjij45eon0ke" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:wapiga ngumi nchi kwa nchi|U]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Ufaransa|B]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Melissa St. Vil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538566</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina               = Melissa St. Vil | picha              =  | jina_halisi        =  | jina_la_utani      = Little Miss Tyson | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|9|8}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = New York City | utaifa             =  | uzito              = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa *Uzani Mwepesi *Uzani wa Kati }} | urefu              = futi 5 inchi 4 | mikono             = inchi 64 | mtindo             = Mtindo...'</comment>
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| jina               = Melissa St. Vil
| picha              = 
| jina_halisi        = 
| jina_la_utani      = Little Miss Tyson
| tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|9|8}}
| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = New York City
| utaifa             = 
| uzito              = {{plainlist|
*Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa
*Uzani Mwepesi
*Uzani wa Kati
}}
| urefu              = futi 5 inchi 4
| mikono             = inchi 64
| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
| jumla              = 23
| ushindi            = 15
| KO                 = 1
| kupoteza           = 4
| sare               = 4
| hakuna mashindano  = 0
}}

'''Melissa St. Vil''' (amezaliwa 8 Septemba 1983) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Ameshiriki mapambano mawili ya kuwania mataji ya dunia; taji la WBC la uzito wa manyoya mwaka 2018 na taji la WBC la [[Lightweight|uzito mwepesi]] mnamo Machi 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/389610|title=BoxRec: Melissa St Vil|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya ndondi==
Mnamo tarehe 31 Julai 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[http://boxrec.com/show_display.php?show_id=581481 BoxRec Boxing Records]. Boxrec.com (2009-07-31). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; alimshinda Jennifer Han,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4829612 Judge says trainer Roger Mayweather should stand trial on three felony charges – ESPN]. Sports.espn.go.com (2010-01-15). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye alikuwa mshindani wa zamani wa ligi ya mapigano ya dunia na bingwa wa mara nne wa taifa wa ndondi nchini Marekani.

Baadaye, alitwaa taji la WBC Silver katika uzito wa manyoya tarehe 16 Aprili 2016 baada ya kumshinda [[Baby Nansen]], na amefanikiwa kulitetea taji hilo mara mbili tangu wakati huo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1983}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538568</id>
      <parentid>1538566</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:50:12Z</timestamp>
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        <id>81318</id>
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| jina               = Melissa St. Vil
| picha              = 
| jina_halisi        = 
| jina_la_utani      = Little Miss Tyson
| tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|9|8}}
| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = New York City
| utaifa             = 
| uzito              = {{plainlist|
*Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa
*Uzani Mwepesi
*Uzani wa Kati
}}
| urefu              = futi 5 inchi 4
| mikono             = inchi 64
| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
| jumla              = 23
| ushindi            = 15
| KO                 = 1
| kupoteza           = 4
| sare               = 4
| hakuna mashindano  = 0
}}

'''Melissa St. Vil''' (amezaliwa 8 Septemba 1983) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Haiti]]. Anajulikana pia kwa jina la utani kama &quot;Little Miss Haiti.&quot; Ameshiriki mapambano mawili ya kuwania mataji ya dunia; taji la WBC la uzito wa [[Super featherweight|manyoya]] mwaka 2018 na taji la WBC la [[Lightweight|uzito mwepesi]] mnamo Machi 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=BoxRec: Melissa St Vil|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya ndondi==
Mnamo tarehe 31 Julai 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[http://boxrec.com BoxRec Boxing Records]. Boxrec.com (2009-07-31). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; alimshinda Jennifer Han,&lt;ref&gt;[https://espn.com Judge says trainer Roger Mayweather should stand trial on three felony charges – ESPN]. ://go.com (2010-01-15). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye alikuwa mshindani wa zamani wa ligi ya mapigano ya dunia na bingwa wa mara nne wa taifa wa ndondi nchini Marekani.

Baadaye, alitwaa taji la WBC  katika uzito wa manyoya tarehe 16 Aprili 2016 baada ya kumshinda [[Baby Nansen]], na amefanikiwa kulitetea taji hilo mara mbili tangu wakati huo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1983}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Haiti]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani wenye asili ya Haiti]]</text>
      <sha1>t5p5bprcen1iac1uj6w4mm5wbv15sw8</sha1>
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| jina               = Melissa St. Vil
| picha              = 
| jina_halisi        = 
| jina_la_utani      = Little Miss Tyson
| tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|9|8}}
| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = New York City
| utaifa             = 
| uzito              = {{plainlist|
*Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa
*Uzani Mwepesi
*Uzani wa Kati
}}
| urefu              = futi 5 inchi 4
| mikono             = inchi 64
| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
| jumla              = 23
| ushindi            = 15
| KO                 = 1
| kupoteza           = 4
| sare               = 4
| hakuna mashindano  = 0
}}

'''Melissa St. Vil''' (amezaliwa 8 Septemba 1983) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Haiti]]. Anajulikana pia kwa jina la utani kama &quot;Little Miss Tyson.&quot; Ameshiriki mapambano mawili ya kuwania mataji ya dunia; taji la WBC la uzito wa [[Super featherweight|manyoya]] mwaka 2018 na taji la WBC la [[Lightweight|uzito mwepesi]] mnamo Machi 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=BoxRec: Melissa St Vil|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya ndondi==
Mnamo tarehe 31 Julai 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[http://boxrec.com BoxRec Boxing Records]. Boxrec.com (2009-07-31). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; alimshinda Jennifer Han,&lt;ref&gt;[https://espn.com Judge says trainer Roger Mayweather should stand trial on three felony charges – ESPN]. ://go.com (2010-01-15). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye alikuwa mshindani wa zamani wa ligi ya mapigano ya dunia na bingwa wa mara nne wa taifa wa ndondi nchini Marekani.

Baadaye, alitwaa taji la WBC  katika uzito wa manyoya tarehe 16 Aprili 2016 baada ya kumshinda [[Baby Nansen]], na amefanikiwa kulitetea taji hilo mara mbili tangu wakati huo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1983}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Haiti]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani wenye asili ya Haiti]]</text>
      <sha1>a2ci9dkcbhaxbdma03zwmvdpq4885mm</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:26:37Z</timestamp>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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| jina               = Melissa St. Vil
| picha              = 
| jina_halisi        = 
| jina_la_utani      = Little Miss Tyson
| tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|9|8}}
| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = New York City
| utaifa             = 
| uzito              = {{plainlist|
*Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa
*Uzani Mwepesi
*Uzani wa Kati
}}
| urefu              = futi 5 inchi 4
| mikono             = inchi 64
| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
| jumla              = 23
| ushindi            = 15
| KO                 = 1
| kupoteza           = 4
| sare               = 4
| hakuna mashindano  = 0
}}

'''Melissa St. Vil''' (amezaliwa 8 Septemba 1983) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Haiti]]. Anajulikana pia kwa jina la utani kama &quot;Little Miss Tyson.&quot; Ameshiriki mapambano mawili ya kuwania mataji ya dunia; taji la WBC la uzito wa [[Super featherweight|manyoya]] mwaka 2018 na taji la WBC la [[Lightweight|uzito mwepesi]] mnamo Machi 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://boxrec.com|title=BoxRec: Melissa St Vil|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya ndondi==
Mnamo tarehe 31 Julai 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[http://boxrec.com BoxRec Boxing Records]. Boxrec.com (2009-07-31). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; alimshinda Jennifer Han,&lt;ref&gt;[https://espn.com Judge says trainer Roger Mayweather should stand trial on three felony charges – ESPN]. ://go.com (2010-01-15). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye alikuwa mshindani wa zamani wa ligi ya mapigano ya dunia na bingwa wa mara nne wa taifa wa ndondi nchini Marekani.

Baadaye, alitwaa taji la WBC  katika uzito wa manyoya tarehe 16 Aprili 2016 baada ya kumshinda [[Baby Nansen]], na amefanikiwa kulitetea taji hilo mara mbili tangu wakati huo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1983}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Haiti]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani wenye asili ya Haiti]]</text>
      <sha1>4kshr49inxgx66mqd7zzmerin6rokd5</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538914</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:35:13Z</timestamp>
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        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
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| jina               = Melissa St. Vil
| picha              = 
| jina_halisi        = 
| jina_la_utani      = Little Miss Tyson
| tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|9|8}}
| mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = New York City
| utaifa             = 
| uzito              = {{plainlist|
*Uzani wa Manyoya Mkubwa
*Uzani Mwepesi
*Uzani wa Kati
}}
| urefu              = futi 5 inchi 4
| mikono             = inchi 64
| mtindo             = Mtindo wa kawaida
| jumla              = 23
| ushindi            = 15
| KO                 = 1
| kupoteza           = 4
| sare               = 4
| hakuna mashindano  = 0
}}

'''Melissa St. Vil''' (amezaliwa 8 Septemba 1983) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Haiti]]. Anajulikana pia kwa jina la utani kama &quot;Little Miss Tyson.&quot; Ameshiriki mapambano mawili ya kuwania mataji ya dunia; taji la WBC la uzito wa [[Super featherweight|manyoya]] mwaka 2018 na taji la WBC la [[Lightweight|uzito mwepesi]] mnamo Machi 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://boxrec.com|title=BoxRec: Melissa St Vil|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya ndondi==
Mnamo tarehe 31 Julai 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[http://boxrec.com BoxRec Boxing Records]. Boxrec.com (2009-07-31). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; alimshinda Jennifer Han,&lt;ref&gt;[https://espn.com Judge says trainer Roger Mayweather should stand trial on three felony charges – ESPN]. ://go.com (2010-01-15). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye alikuwa mshindani wa zamani wa ligi ya mapigano ya dunia na bingwa wa mara nne wa taifa wa ndondi nchini Marekani.

Baadaye, alitwaa taji la WBC  katika uzito wa manyoya tarehe 16 Aprili 2016 baada ya kumshinda [[Baby Nansen]], na amefanikiwa kulitetea taji hilo mara mbili tangu wakati huo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1983|}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani wenye asili ya Haiti]]</text>
      <sha1>dfjqqozsp41yrgblw7stjmidal7zi4x</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahmoud Balbaa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538567</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mahmoud Saad Balbaa''' (alizaliwa tarehe 30 Januari 1952) ni mhandisi, mfanyabiashara na aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Umeme na Nishati katika Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Qandil Cabinet|Qandil]] nchini [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's new cabinet sworn in |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-government-idUSBRE8710G820120802](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-government-idUSBRE8710G820120802) |website=Reuters |date=2 Agosti 2012 |access-dat...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="618" sha1="dn0zz644wwonvzv0om3cv7sngnucubn" xml:space="preserve">'''Mahmoud Saad Balbaa''' (alizaliwa tarehe 30 Januari 1952) ni mhandisi, mfanyabiashara na aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Umeme na Nishati katika Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Qandil Cabinet|Qandil]] nchini [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's new cabinet sworn in |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-government-idUSBRE8710G820120802](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-government-idUSBRE8710G820120802) |website=Reuters |date=2 Agosti 2012 |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1952|}}

[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>dn0zz644wwonvzv0om3cv7sngnucubn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jamii:Mabondia wa Haiti</title>
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    <id>232846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538569</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Mabondia]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="18" sha1="1rocx8ifmp0arhl1xtno8kockr3ey38" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:Mabondia]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538915</id>
      <parentid>1538569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64" sha1="l6gzo5dgco7sglbq9y93uhd2yj6quhh" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:wapiga ngumi nchi kwa nchi|H]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Haiti|B]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jamii:Wamarekani wenye asili ya Haiti</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>232847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538570</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Wamarekani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1538570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="20" sha1="9b8urwj0x0oh067tu8lccz7rox5f92q" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:Wamarekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Elbeltagy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538574</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:55:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohamed Elbeltagy''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1963) ni daktari, profesa katika [[Al-Azhar University]] na mwanasiasa wa [[Muslim Brotherhood]] kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rafah-border-idUSTRE65733Q20100608](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rafah-border-idUSTRE65733Q20100608) |title=Egypt lets Muslim Brotherhood MPs into Gaza |date=8 Juni 2010 |newspaper=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuwa mbunge wa Bunge l...'</comment>
      <origin>1538574</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1086" sha1="7ghmzlj28snwo35bt5esj78qdl9hnb4" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Elbeltagy''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1963) ni daktari, profesa katika [[Al-Azhar University]] na mwanasiasa wa [[Muslim Brotherhood]] kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rafah-border-idUSTRE65733Q20100608](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rafah-border-idUSTRE65733Q20100608) |title=Egypt lets Muslim Brotherhood MPs into Gaza |date=8 Juni 2010 |newspaper=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuwa mbunge wa [[Bunge la Misri]] kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2010 na tena kuanzia 2011 hadi 2012, na pia alikuwa mwanachama wa [[Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012|Bunge Maalum la Kutunga Katiba la mwaka 2012]]. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama katibu mkuu wa [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Chama cha Freedom and Justice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3179/mohamed-al-beltagy](http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3179/mohamed-al-beltagy) |title=Mohamed Al-Beltagy |website=Jadaliyya |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1963|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>7ghmzlj28snwo35bt5esj78qdl9hnb4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Maïmouna Dieye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538576</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:03:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maïmouna Dieye''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa Senegal. Yeye ni Waziri wa sasa wa Familia na Mshikamano wa Senegal, nafasi ambayo ameishikilia tangu alipoingia madarakani tarehe 5 Aprili 2024. Ni mwanachama mashuhuri wa chama cha PASTEF, na ndiye [[rais]] wa harakati za kitaifa za [[wanawake]] wa chama hicho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Passation de Services au Ministère de la Famille : Madame Maimouna DIEYE prend les rênes {{!}} Ministère de...'</comment>
      <origin>1538576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1242" sha1="0ygl5y1gizka9p8xj3u1ey60tbhyd1j" xml:space="preserve">'''Maïmouna Dieye''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa Senegal. Yeye ni Waziri wa sasa wa Familia na Mshikamano wa Senegal, nafasi ambayo ameishikilia tangu alipoingia madarakani tarehe 5 Aprili 2024. Ni mwanachama mashuhuri wa chama cha PASTEF, na ndiye [[rais]] wa harakati za kitaifa za [[wanawake]] wa chama hicho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Passation de Services au Ministère de la Famille : Madame Maimouna DIEYE prend les rênes {{!}} Ministère de la Famille et des Solidarité|url=https://devcommunautaire.gouv.sn/actualite/passation-de-services-au-ministere-de-la-famille-madame-maimouna-dieye-prend-les-renes|work=devcommunautaire.gouv.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ECOWAS officials exchange views with Senegal’s Minister for the Family on the project to build a sanitary napkin manufacturing unit in Senegal. – ECOWAS Gender Development Centre|url=https://ecowasgender.org/des-officiels-de-la-cedeao-echangent-avec-la-ministre-senegalaise-de-la-famille-sur-le-projet-de-construction-dune-unite-de-fabrication-de-serviettes-hygieniques-au-senegal/|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>0ygl5y1gizka9p8xj3u1ey60tbhyd1j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538577</id>
      <parentid>1538576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1246" sha1="gi8p5rambbyb124j6tcao8phj1zo026" xml:space="preserve">'''Maïmouna Dieye''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa Senegal. Yeye ni Waziri wa sasa wa Familia na Mshikamano wa Senegal, nafasi ambayo ameishikilia tangu alipoingia madarakani tarehe 5 [[Aprili]] 2024. Ni mwanachama mashuhuri wa chama cha PASTEF, na ndiye [[rais]] wa harakati za kitaifa za [[wanawake]] wa chama hicho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Passation de Services au Ministère de la Famille : Madame Maimouna DIEYE prend les rênes {{!}} Ministère de la Famille et des Solidarité|url=https://devcommunautaire.gouv.sn/actualite/passation-de-services-au-ministere-de-la-famille-madame-maimouna-dieye-prend-les-renes|work=devcommunautaire.gouv.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ECOWAS officials exchange views with Senegal’s Minister for the Family on the project to build a sanitary napkin manufacturing unit in Senegal. – ECOWAS Gender Development Centre|url=https://ecowasgender.org/des-officiels-de-la-cedeao-echangent-avec-la-ministre-senegalaise-de-la-famille-sur-le-projet-de-construction-dune-unite-de-fabrication-de-serviettes-hygieniques-au-senegal/|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>gi8p5rambbyb124j6tcao8phj1zo026</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538641</id>
      <parentid>1538577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1254" sha1="7cr9gw4puhlu3gh9yr11s50uw3k9qja" xml:space="preserve">'''Maïmouna Dieye''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa Senegal. Yeye ni Waziri wa sasa wa Familia na Mshikamano wa Senegal, nafasi ambayo ameishikilia tangu alipoingia madarakani tarehe 5 [[Aprili]] 2024. Ni mwanachama mashuhuri wa chama cha PASTEF, na ndiye [[rais]] wa harakati za kitaifa za [[wanawake]] wa chama hicho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Passation de Services au Ministère de la Famille : Madame Maimouna DIEYE prend les rênes {{!}} Ministère de la Famille et des Solidarité|url=https://devcommunautaire.gouv.sn/actualite/passation-de-services-au-ministere-de-la-famille-madame-maimouna-dieye-prend-les-renes|work=devcommunautaire.gouv.sn|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=ECOWAS officials exchange views with Senegal’s Minister for the Family on the project to build a sanitary napkin manufacturing unit in Senegal. – ECOWAS Gender Development Centre|url=https://ecowasgender.org/des-officiels-de-la-cedeao-echangent-avec-la-ministre-senegalaise-de-la-famille-sur-le-projet-de-construction-dune-unite-de-fabrication-de-serviettes-hygieniques-au-senegal/|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>7cr9gw4puhlu3gh9yr11s50uw3k9qja</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohammed Ali Beshr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538586</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohammed Ali Beshr''' (pia huandikwa '''Bishr''' {{IPA|arz|mæˈħæmmæd ˈʕæli beʃɾ, bɪʃɾ|lang}}; alizaliwa tarehe 14 Februari 1951) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia Maendeleo ya Serikali za Mitaa kuanzia tarehe 5 Januari hadi 4 Julai 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's cabinet reshuffle announced |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20933077](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-ea...'</comment>
      <origin>1538586</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1064" sha1="n5yta5mm0eikqxqzdgej5ipz59hcq26" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohammed Ali Beshr''' (pia huandikwa '''Bishr''' {{IPA|arz|mæˈħæmmæd ˈʕæli beʃɾ, bɪʃɾ|lang}}; alizaliwa tarehe 14 Februari 1951) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia Maendeleo ya Serikali za Mitaa kuanzia tarehe 5 Januari hadi 4 Julai 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's cabinet reshuffle announced |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20933077](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20933077) |website=BBC News |date=6 Januari 2013 |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mmoja wa viongozi mashuhuri wa [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]] nchini Misri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Muslim Brotherhood leaders in Egypt |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-brotherhood-idUSBRE90M0M520130123](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-brotherhood-idUSBRE90M0M520130123) |newspaper=Reuters |date=23 Januari 2013 |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1951|}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>n5yta5mm0eikqxqzdgej5ipz59hcq26</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William Elliott (mwandishi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538591</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:30:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Elliott''' (27 Aprili 1788 – 3 Februari 1863) alikuwa mwandishi wa maandishi yasiyo ya kubuni kutoka jimbo la [[South Carolina]], nchini [[Marekani]].  == Maisha == Elliott alizaliwa Beaufort, South Carolina]. Aliingia katika [[Harvard College|Chuo cha Harvard]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 na alifanya vizuri masomoni. Alirejea South Carolina kabla ya kumaliza masomo yake, lakini alipewa shahada mwaka 1810.  Wakati wa Nullification Crisis huko So...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1743" sha1="sjxsvs9rnn7gwk7k5cwlc8q7x6hlax2" xml:space="preserve">'''William Elliott''' (27 Aprili 1788 – 3 Februari 1863) alikuwa mwandishi wa maandishi yasiyo ya kubuni kutoka jimbo la [[South Carolina]], nchini [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ==
Elliott alizaliwa Beaufort, South Carolina]. Aliingia katika [[Harvard College|Chuo cha Harvard]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 na alifanya vizuri masomoni. Alirejea South Carolina kabla ya kumaliza masomo yake, lakini alipewa shahada mwaka 1810.

Wakati wa Nullification Crisis huko South Carolina mwaka 1832, alikuwa seneta katika bunge la jimbo hilo, lakini alijiuzulu baada ya wapiga kura wake kumwagiza apigie kura kufuta sheria ya ushuru. Hakuamini katika haki ya kufuta sheria za shirikisho, ingawa alipinga vikali sera za kulinda biashara za ndani.

Baadaye alijikita katika kusimamia mashamba yake na shughuli za vijijini. Mara kwa mara alichapisha insha kuhusu uchumi wa vijijini, makala za kisiasa na kiuchumi, maandishi kuhusu uwindaji na uvuvi yaliyosainiwa kwa majina ya “Venator” na “Piscator”, pamoja na mashairi. Pia alitoa hotuba nyingi mbele ya vyama vya kilimo.

Barua zake dhidi ya kujitoa kwa majimbo katika Muungano wa Marekani, zilizotiwa saini “Agricola” na kuchapishwa mwaka 1851, zilikuwa miongoni mwa maoni yake ya mwisho kuhusu siasa. Alifariki mjini Charleston mwaka 1863.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southern Life&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Fulton |first=Maurice Garland |title=Southern Life in Southern Literature |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=1917 |page=19 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3RlmT521QC](https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3RlmT521QC) |isbn=0-7661-4624-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Appletons'|wstitle=Elliott, Stephen|year=1900|inline=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1788|1863}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>sjxsvs9rnn7gwk7k5cwlc8q7x6hlax2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538916</id>
      <parentid>1538591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:36:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[William Elliott (writer)]] hadi [[William Elliott (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538591</origin>
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      <text bytes="1743" sha1="sjxsvs9rnn7gwk7k5cwlc8q7x6hlax2" xml:space="preserve">'''William Elliott''' (27 Aprili 1788 – 3 Februari 1863) alikuwa mwandishi wa maandishi yasiyo ya kubuni kutoka jimbo la [[South Carolina]], nchini [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ==
Elliott alizaliwa Beaufort, South Carolina]. Aliingia katika [[Harvard College|Chuo cha Harvard]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 na alifanya vizuri masomoni. Alirejea South Carolina kabla ya kumaliza masomo yake, lakini alipewa shahada mwaka 1810.

Wakati wa Nullification Crisis huko South Carolina mwaka 1832, alikuwa seneta katika bunge la jimbo hilo, lakini alijiuzulu baada ya wapiga kura wake kumwagiza apigie kura kufuta sheria ya ushuru. Hakuamini katika haki ya kufuta sheria za shirikisho, ingawa alipinga vikali sera za kulinda biashara za ndani.

Baadaye alijikita katika kusimamia mashamba yake na shughuli za vijijini. Mara kwa mara alichapisha insha kuhusu uchumi wa vijijini, makala za kisiasa na kiuchumi, maandishi kuhusu uwindaji na uvuvi yaliyosainiwa kwa majina ya “Venator” na “Piscator”, pamoja na mashairi. Pia alitoa hotuba nyingi mbele ya vyama vya kilimo.

Barua zake dhidi ya kujitoa kwa majimbo katika Muungano wa Marekani, zilizotiwa saini “Agricola” na kuchapishwa mwaka 1851, zilikuwa miongoni mwa maoni yake ya mwisho kuhusu siasa. Alifariki mjini Charleston mwaka 1863.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southern Life&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Fulton |first=Maurice Garland |title=Southern Life in Southern Literature |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=1917 |page=19 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3RlmT521QC](https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3RlmT521QC) |isbn=0-7661-4624-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Appletons'|wstitle=Elliott, Stephen|year=1900|inline=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1788|1863}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>sjxsvs9rnn7gwk7k5cwlc8q7x6hlax2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538918</id>
      <parentid>1538916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:37:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1684" sha1="hv8uxwc4y97q2qo2svnj0ki0o9wbzoo" xml:space="preserve">'''William Elliott''' (27 Aprili 1788 – 3 Februari 1863) alikuwa mwandishi wa maandishi yasiyo ya kubuni kutoka jimbo la [[South Carolina]], nchini [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ==
Elliott alizaliwa Beaufort, South Carolina]. Aliingia katika [[Harvard College|Chuo cha Harvard]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 na alifanya vizuri masomoni. Alirejea South Carolina kabla ya kumaliza masomo yake, lakini alipewa shahada mwaka 1810.

Wakati wa Nullification Crisis huko South Carolina mwaka 1832, alikuwa seneta katika bunge la jimbo hilo, lakini alijiuzulu baada ya wapiga kura wake kumwagiza apigie kura kufuta sheria ya ushuru. Hakuamini katika haki ya kufuta sheria za shirikisho, ingawa alipinga vikali sera za kulinda biashara za ndani.

Baadaye alijikita katika kusimamia mashamba yake na shughuli za vijijini. Mara kwa mara alichapisha insha kuhusu uchumi wa vijijini, makala za kisiasa na kiuchumi, maandishi kuhusu uwindaji na uvuvi yaliyosainiwa kwa majina ya “Venator” na “Piscator”, pamoja na mashairi. Pia alitoa hotuba nyingi mbele ya vyama vya kilimo.

Barua zake dhidi ya kujitoa kwa majimbo katika Muungano wa Marekani, zilizotiwa saini “Agricola” na kuchapishwa mwaka 1851, zilikuwa miongoni mwa maoni yake ya mwisho kuhusu siasa. Alifariki mjini Charleston mwaka 1863.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southern Life&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Fulton |first=Maurice Garland |title=Southern Life in Southern Literature |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=1917 |page=19 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3RlmT521QC](https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3RlmT521QC) |isbn=0-7661-4624-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1788|1863}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>hv8uxwc4y97q2qo2svnj0ki0o9wbzoo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nabil Fahmy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538592</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nabil Fahmy''' (Kiarabu: نبيل فهمي; alizaliwa tarehe 5 Januari 1951) ni mwanadiplomasia na mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kufanya kazi katika serikali ya [[Misri]] kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje kuanzia Juni 2013 hadi Julai 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nabil Fahmy appointed Egypt foreign minister |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23298098](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23298098) |website=BBC News |date=14 Julai 2013 |a...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="625" sha1="0rn2rqw1qgjnwdoi5g7cd0naro62g68" xml:space="preserve">'''Nabil Fahmy''' (Kiarabu: نبيل فهمي; alizaliwa tarehe 5 Januari 1951) ni mwanadiplomasia na mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kufanya kazi katika serikali ya [[Misri]] kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje kuanzia Juni 2013 hadi Julai 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nabil Fahmy appointed Egypt foreign minister |url=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23298098](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23298098) |website=BBC News |date=14 Julai 2013 |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1951|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]</text>
      <sha1>0rn2rqw1qgjnwdoi5g7cd0naro62g68</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohamed M. Farid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538593</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohamed Magdy Farid''' (Kiarabu: محمد مجدي فريد), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Mohamed Farid''', (alizaliwa tarehe 18 Agosti 1982 mjini Cairo) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] mwenye msimamo wa [[Classical liberalism|uhuru wa jadi]] na mbunge wa [[Bunge la Misri]] anayewakilisha [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Chama cha Reform and Development]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=فخري |first=كتبت نورا |date=2026-01-12 |title=النا...'</comment>
      <origin>1538593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1920" sha1="lbj9arkltoskvytutihn758y4bowtgx" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Magdy Farid''' (Kiarabu: محمد مجدي فريد), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Mohamed Farid''', (alizaliwa tarehe 18 Agosti 1982 mjini Cairo) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] mwenye msimamo wa [[Classical liberalism|uhuru wa jadi]] na mbunge wa [[Bunge la Misri]] anayewakilisha [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Chama cha Reform and Development]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=فخري |first=كتبت نورا |date=2026-01-12 |title=النائب محمد فريد يؤدي اليمين الدستورية في أولى جلسات النواب 2026 |url=[https://www.youm7.com/story/2026/1/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/7266423](https://www.youm7.com/story/2026/1/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/7266423) |website=اليوم السابع |language=ar |access-date=2026-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Katibu wa Kamati ya Haki za Binadamu katika [[Bunge la Misri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=مجلس النواب يعلن نتائج انتخابات تشكيل هيئات مكاتب اللجان النوعية - الأهرام اليومي |url=[https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/NewsPrint/1005536.aspx](https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/NewsPrint/1005536.aspx) |website=gate.ahram.org.eg |access-date=2026-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1982|}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538596</id>
      <parentid>1538593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:38:58Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1918" sha1="5ezknh7hezy795rno9vrb3lwq83s3o9" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Magdy Farid''' (Kiarabu: محمد مجدي فريد), anajulikana zaidi kama '''Mohamed Farid''', (alizaliwa tarehe 18 Agosti 1982 mjini Cairo) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] mwenye msimamo wa [[Classical liberalism|uhuru wa jadi]] na mbunge wa [[Bunge la Misri]] anayewakilisha [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Chama cha Reform and Development]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=فخري |first=كتبت نورا |date=2026-01-12 |title=النائب محمد فريد يؤدي اليمين الدستورية في أولى جلسات النواب 2026 |url=[https://www.youm7.com/story/2026/1/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/7266423](https://www.youm7.com/story/2026/1/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/7266423) |website=اليوم السابع |language=ar |access-date=2026-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Katibu wa Kamati ya Haki za Binadamu katika [[Bunge la Misri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=مجلس النواب يعلن نتائج انتخابات تشكيل هيئات مكاتب اللجان النوعية - الأهرام اليومي |url=[https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/NewsPrint/1005536.aspx](https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/NewsPrint/1005536.aspx) |website=gate.ahram.org.eg |access-date=2026-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1982|}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>5ezknh7hezy795rno9vrb3lwq83s3o9</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538654</id>
      <parentid>1538596</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1926" sha1="0jyzn0gf2x11pf0i90qu4l8i4i6x8kv" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Magdy Farid''' (Kiarabu: محمد مجدي فريد), anajulikana zaidi kama '''Mohamed Farid''', (alizaliwa tarehe 18 Agosti 1982 mjini Cairo) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] mwenye msimamo wa [[Classical liberalism|uhuru wa jadi]] na mbunge wa [[Bunge la Misri]] anayewakilisha [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|Chama cha Reform and Development]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=فخري |first=كتبت نورا |date=2026-01-12 |title=النائب محمد فريد يؤدي اليمين الدستورية في أولى جلسات النواب 2026 |url=[https://www.youm7.com/story/2026/1/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/7266423](https://www.youm7.com/story/2026/1/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8/7266423) |website=اليوم السابع |language=ar |access-date=2026-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Katibu wa Kamati ya Haki za Binadamu katika [[Bunge la Misri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=مجلس النواب يعلن نتائج انتخابات تشكيل هيئات مكاتب اللجان النوعية - الأهرام اليومي |url=[https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/NewsPrint/1005536.aspx](https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/NewsPrint/1005536.aspx) |website=gate.ahram.org.eg |access-date=2026-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1982|}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>0jyzn0gf2x11pf0i90qu4l8i4i6x8kv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>George F. Ellis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232854</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:40:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''George Forbes Ellis''' alikuwa mfugaji wa ng’ombe, mwanzilishi wa mbinu za kisasa katika uzalishaji wa ng'ombe wa nyama, na mwandishi aliyechapisha kazi mbalimbali. Alizaliwa tarehe 11 Mei 1903 huko Portales, katika eneo la [[New Mexico]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alisomea ufugaji wa wanyama katika Chuo cha Kilimo cha Jimbo la Kansas (sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Kansas) kilichopo Manhattan, Kansas.  == Ufugaji == George Forbes Ellis alikuwa meneja wa Bell...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1355" sha1="1qzuebbv92tsmomzlf3qeydcth9c9uq" xml:space="preserve">'''George Forbes Ellis''' alikuwa mfugaji wa ng’ombe, mwanzilishi wa mbinu za kisasa katika uzalishaji wa ng'ombe wa nyama, na mwandishi aliyechapisha kazi mbalimbali. Alizaliwa tarehe 11 Mei 1903 huko Portales, katika eneo la [[New Mexico]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alisomea ufugaji wa wanyama katika Chuo cha Kilimo cha Jimbo la Kansas (sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Kansas) kilichopo Manhattan, Kansas.

== Ufugaji ==
George Forbes Ellis alikuwa meneja wa Bell Ranch kuanzia mwaka 1947 hadi 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Baca |first=Robert C. De |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yabxAAAAMAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=yabxAAAAMAAJ) |title=Courageous Cattlemen |date=1990 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-8138-0618-1 |pages=11–17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hedgpeth |first1=Don |last2=Lougheed |first2=Robert |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=d5lLAQAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=d5lLAQAAIAAJ) |title=Robert Lougheed: Follow the Sun |date=2010 |publisher=Diamond Tail Press |isbn=978-0-578-03970-1 |pages=18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya kujiunga na shirika la Bell mwaka 1944 kama meneja msaidizi wa Albert K. Mitchell, alikuwa amefanya kazi kwa miaka 20 katika sekta ya ufugaji na huduma za ugani wa kilimo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1903|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1qzuebbv92tsmomzlf3qeydcth9c9uq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538726</id>
      <parentid>1538599</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:11:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1361" sha1="mvf2ytfjeaem8bhnjln0rtvwpoqjwkz" xml:space="preserve">'''George Forbes Ellis''' alikuwa mfugaji wa ng’ombe, mwanzilishi wa mbinu za kisasa katika uzalishaji wa ng'ombe wa nyama, na mwandishi aliyechapisha kazi mbalimbali. Alizaliwa tarehe 11 Mei 1903 huko Portales, katika eneo la [[New Mexico]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alisomea ufugaji wa wanyama katika Chuo cha Kilimo cha Jimbo la Kansas (sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Kansas) kilichopo Manhattan, Kansas.

== Ufugaji ==
George Forbes Ellis alikuwa meneja wa Bell Ranch kuanzia mwaka 1947 hadi 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu |last=Baca |first=Robert C. De |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yabxAAAAMAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=yabxAAAAMAAJ) |title=Courageous Cattlemen |date=1990 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-8138-0618-1 |pages=11–17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Hedgpeth |first1=Don |last2=Lougheed |first2=Robert |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=d5lLAQAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=d5lLAQAAIAAJ) |title=Robert Lougheed: Follow the Sun |date=2010 |publisher=Diamond Tail Press |isbn=978-0-578-03970-1 |pages=18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya kujiunga na shirika la Bell mwaka 1944 kama meneja msaidizi wa Albert K. Mitchell, alikuwa amefanya kazi kwa miaka 20 katika sekta ya ufugaji na huduma za ugani wa kilimo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1903|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>mvf2ytfjeaem8bhnjln0rtvwpoqjwkz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>El Amry Farouk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:44:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''El Amry Farouk''' (8 Novemba 1970 – 26 Januari 2024) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia Michezo katika Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Qandil Cabinet|Qandil]].&lt;ref name=monocle&gt;{{cite news |title=Qandil Cabinet sworn in |url=[http://egyptmonocle.com/EMonocle/qandil-cabinet-sworn-in-2/](http://egyptmonocle.com/EMonocle/qandil-cabinet-sworn-in-2/) |work=The Egypt Monocle |date=3 Agosti 2012 |access-date=14 De...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="645" sha1="j2kbgx7ggggoahiw3taqq5a6q0il1b6" xml:space="preserve">'''El Amry Farouk''' (8 Novemba 1970 – 26 Januari 2024) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia Michezo katika Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Qandil Cabinet|Qandil]].&lt;ref name=monocle&gt;{{cite news |title=Qandil Cabinet sworn in |url=[http://egyptmonocle.com/EMonocle/qandil-cabinet-sworn-in-2/](http://egyptmonocle.com/EMonocle/qandil-cabinet-sworn-in-2/) |work=The Egypt Monocle |date=3 Agosti 2012 |access-date=14 Desemba 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1970|2024}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]]</text>
      <sha1>j2kbgx7ggggoahiw3taqq5a6q0il1b6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lamis Gaber</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538606</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lamis Gaber''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]]. Yeye ni mbunge wa [[Bunge la Misri]]. Pia ni mwandishi wa masuala ya kisiasa na daktari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lamis Gaber profile |url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lamis-Gaber](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lamis-Gaber) |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt parliament members |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/](https://www.egypttoday.com/)...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="665" sha1="g6vshl6d449ca212oyc012ohjr0wy05" xml:space="preserve">'''Lamis Gaber''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]]. Yeye ni mbunge wa [[Bunge la Misri]]. Pia ni mwandishi wa masuala ya kisiasa na daktari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lamis Gaber profile |url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lamis-Gaber](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lamis-Gaber) |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt parliament members |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/](https://www.egypttoday.com/) |website=Egypt Today |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>g6vshl6d449ca212oyc012ohjr0wy05</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hiram Drache</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538607</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hiram M. Drache''' (18 Agosti 1924 – 17 Oktoba 2020) alikuwa profesa wa historia kutoka [[Marekani]] na mwanahistoria mkazi katika Chuo cha Concordia kilichopo Moorhead, [[Minnesota]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Edit entry Hiram Max Drache|url=[http://www.americanairmuseum.com/person/95615|website=americanairmuseum.com|access-date=26](http://www.americanairmuseum.com/person/95615|website=americanairmuseum.com|access-date=26) Januari 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="946" sha1="nv1c6pw7oawwprqans29x4p4pw2qtez" xml:space="preserve">'''Hiram M. Drache''' (18 Agosti 1924 – 17 Oktoba 2020) alikuwa profesa wa historia kutoka [[Marekani]] na mwanahistoria mkazi katika Chuo cha Concordia kilichopo Moorhead, [[Minnesota]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Edit entry Hiram Max Drache|url=[http://www.americanairmuseum.com/person/95615|website=americanairmuseum.com|access-date=26](http://www.americanairmuseum.com/person/95615|website=americanairmuseum.com|access-date=26) Januari 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.cord.edu/cnews/index.php?id=1225&amp;tab=2|title=Hiram](http://www.cord.edu/cnews/index.php?id=1225&amp;tab=2|title=Hiram) Drache to be Honored|publisher=Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota|access-date=1 Novemba 2010}}{{Dead link|date=Januari 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliandika vitabu kadhaa kuhusu [[kilimo]], historia ya [[North Dakota]], na historia ya [[Minnesota]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1924|2020}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>nv1c6pw7oawwprqans29x4p4pw2qtez</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Galal (mwanasiasa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538609</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ahmed Galal''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1948) ni mchumi na mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]], ambaye aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Fedha katika [[serikali ya mpito]] iliyoongozwa na [[Hazem Al Beblawi]] tarehe 16 Julai 2013.&lt;ref name=ao16july&gt;{{cite news |title=Egypt's interim president swears in first government |url=[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/76619/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-Egypts-interim-president-is-swearing-in-f.aspx](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsCo...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="759" sha1="o1q9kexddpi2k6huqwj519lv78qffd5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ahmed Galal''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1948) ni mchumi na mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]], ambaye aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Fedha katika [[serikali ya mpito]] iliyoongozwa na [[Hazem Al Beblawi]] tarehe 16 Julai 2013.&lt;ref name=ao16july&gt;{{cite news |title=Egypt's interim president swears in first government |url=[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/76619/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-Egypts-interim-president-is-swearing-in-f.aspx](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/76619/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-Egypts-interim-president-is-swearing-in-f.aspx) |work=Ahram Online |date=16 Julai 2013 |access-date=18 Julai 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1948|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>o1q9kexddpi2k6huqwj519lv78qffd5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538920</id>
      <parentid>1538609</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ahmed Galal (politician)]] hadi [[Ahmed Galal (mwanasiasa)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="759" sha1="o1q9kexddpi2k6huqwj519lv78qffd5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ahmed Galal''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1948) ni mchumi na mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]], ambaye aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Fedha katika [[serikali ya mpito]] iliyoongozwa na [[Hazem Al Beblawi]] tarehe 16 Julai 2013.&lt;ref name=ao16july&gt;{{cite news |title=Egypt's interim president swears in first government |url=[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/76619/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-Egypts-interim-president-is-swearing-in-f.aspx](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/76619/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-Egypts-interim-president-is-swearing-in-f.aspx) |work=Ahram Online |date=16 Julai 2013 |access-date=18 Julai 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1948|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>o1q9kexddpi2k6huqwj519lv78qffd5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scott Shleifer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Scott Louis Shleifer''' (alizaliwa [[1977]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa hazina ya uwekezaji, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa biashara ya uwekezaji wa kibinafsi ya ''Tiger Global Management''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scott Shleifer |url=https://grizzlybulls.com/billionaires/scott-shleifer |website=Grizzly Bulls |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia Machi [[2026]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola  bilioni 3.8. Alisomea katika ''Wharton School'' ya Chuo...'</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1040" sha1="mbtd31bobxoz5djhfdw7fgfutr2nxmn" xml:space="preserve">'''Scott Louis Shleifer''' (alizaliwa [[1977]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa hazina ya uwekezaji, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa biashara ya uwekezaji wa kibinafsi ya ''Tiger Global Management''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scott Shleifer |url=https://grizzlybulls.com/billionaires/scott-shleifer |website=Grizzly Bulls |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia Machi [[2026]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola  bilioni 3.8. Alisomea katika ''Wharton School'' ya Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Scott Shleifer |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/scott-shleifer/ |work=Forbes |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink=   |title= The World's Jewish Billionaires  |website=[[Forbes Israel]]|date=February 2, 2023 |url= https://forbes.co.il/e/rankings/2022-jewish-billionaires/ |accessdate=|archive-url=| archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>mbtd31bobxoz5djhfdw7fgfutr2nxmn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538698</id>
      <parentid>1538610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1044" sha1="oug3kxvo0bapo115wvvtf0he4f1hmrh" xml:space="preserve">'''Scott Louis Shleifer''' (alizaliwa [[1977]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa hazina ya uwekezaji, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa biashara ya uwekezaji wa kibinafsi ya ''Tiger Global Management''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scott Shleifer |url=https://grizzlybulls.com/billionaires/scott-shleifer |website=Grizzly Bulls |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia Machi [[2026]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola  bilioni 3.8. Alisomea katika ''Wharton School'' ya Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Scott Shleifer |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/scott-shleifer/ |work=Forbes |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|first= |last= |authorlink=   |title= The World's Jewish Billionaires  |website=[[Forbes Israel]]|date=February 2, 2023 |url= https://forbes.co.il/e/rankings/2022-jewish-billionaires/ |accessdate=|archive-url=| archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>oug3kxvo0bapo115wvvtf0he4f1hmrh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Assem el Gazzar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538613</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Assem el Gazzar''' (alizaliwa tarehe 20 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Nyumba, Huduma na Maendeleo ya Miji katika [[Misri]] ndani ya [[First Madbouly Cabinet|serikali iliyoongozwa na Mostafa Madbouly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's cabinet ministers profile: Assem El Gazzar |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/307991/Egypt/Politics-/Who-is-Assem-ElGazzar,-Egypts-new-housing-minister.aspx](https://english.a...'</comment>
      <origin>1538613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="791" sha1="erxcvxhj0e16ba71yzuw1j3s20471p0" xml:space="preserve">'''Assem el Gazzar''' (alizaliwa tarehe 20 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]] aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Nyumba, Huduma na Maendeleo ya Miji katika [[Misri]] ndani ya [[First Madbouly Cabinet|serikali iliyoongozwa na Mostafa Madbouly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt's cabinet ministers profile: Assem El Gazzar |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/307991/Egypt/Politics-/Who-is-Assem-ElGazzar,-Egypts-new-housing-minister.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/307991/Egypt/Politics-/Who-is-Assem-ElGazzar,-Egypts-new-housing-minister.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1967|}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Mawaziri wa nyumba wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]</text>
      <sha1>erxcvxhj0e16ba71yzuw1j3s20471p0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Allen Nono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538615</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:41:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Allen Dorian Nono''' (alizaliwa 15 Agosti 1992 huko Port-Gentil) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama mshambuliaji katika klabu ya AS Pélican.  Alicheza mechi sita kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Gabon kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Allen Dorian Nono (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/46225/Allen_Dorian_Nono.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|...'</comment>
      <origin>1538615</origin>
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      <text bytes="695" sha1="2bc6d31sr4e7rkipy2pn3mors3jrg2s" xml:space="preserve">'''Allen Dorian Nono''' (alizaliwa 15 Agosti 1992 huko Port-Gentil) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama mshambuliaji katika klabu ya AS Pélican.

Alicheza mechi sita kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Gabon kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Allen Dorian Nono (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/46225/Allen_Dorian_Nono.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na pia alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya 2012.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>2bc6d31sr4e7rkipy2pn3mors3jrg2s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Junior Noubi Fotso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538616</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Junior Noubi Fotso''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama kipa katika klabu ya US Fougères ya Championnat National 3 na pia anawakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Junior Noubi (Player)|url=https://www.nat...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1072" sha1="3t40j59ez28eh5ozb9pngl5eseqctix" xml:space="preserve">'''Junior Noubi Fotso''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama kipa katika klabu ya US Fougères ya Championnat National 3 na pia anawakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Junior Noubi (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/86026/Junior_Noubi.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noubi Fotso alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya kwanza kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon katika mchezo wa kirafiki uliomalizika kwa kipigo cha 3–0 dhidi ya Burkina Faso mnamo 2 Januari 2022. Alichaguliwa pia kushiriki katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2021 lililofanyika Cameroon kati ya Januari na Februari 2022.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>3t40j59ez28eh5ozb9pngl5eseqctix</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538736</id>
      <parentid>1538616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:52:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1080" sha1="074z0ph545m37sb200day1vzzfbm955" xml:space="preserve">'''Junior Noubi Fotso''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama kipa katika klabu ya US Fougères ya Championnat National 3 na pia anawakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Junior Noubi (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/86026/Junior_Noubi.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noubi Fotso alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya kwanza kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon katika mchezo wa kirafiki uliomalizika kwa kipigo cha 3–0 dhidi ya Burkina Faso mnamo 2 Januari 2022. Alichaguliwa pia kushiriki katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2021 lililofanyika Cameroon kati ya Januari na Februari 2022.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>074z0ph545m37sb200day1vzzfbm955</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romuald Ntsitsigui</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538617</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Romuald Ntsitsigui Ewouta''' (alizaliwa 8 Aprili 1991) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa Gabon anayocheza kama mshambuliaji katika klabu ya AS Mangasport na timu ya taifa ya [[Gabon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Romuald Ntsitsigui (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45031/R...'</comment>
      <origin>1538617</origin>
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      <text bytes="903" sha1="lkwtyyt30vf3l5f8v9jg9i7mbqp8dqb" xml:space="preserve">'''Romuald Ntsitsigui Ewouta''' (alizaliwa 8 Aprili 1991) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa Gabon anayocheza kama mshambuliaji katika klabu ya AS Mangasport na timu ya taifa ya [[Gabon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Romuald Ntsitsigui (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45031/Romuald_Ntsitsigui.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafanikio ==
AS Mangasport

* Bingwa wa Gabon Championnat National D1:
** 2013–14
** 2014–15
** 2018

KF Tirana

* Mshindi wa [[Kombe]] la Albania:
** 2016–17

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>lkwtyyt30vf3l5f8v9jg9i7mbqp8dqb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538693</id>
      <parentid>1538617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538693</origin>
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      <text bytes="911" sha1="5rjjrk94r2n39grgl15pn6thb8dzm5o" xml:space="preserve">'''Romuald Ntsitsigui Ewouta''' (alizaliwa 8 Aprili 1991) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa Gabon anayocheza kama mshambuliaji katika klabu ya AS Mangasport na timu ya taifa ya [[Gabon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Romuald Ntsitsigui (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45031/Romuald_Ntsitsigui.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafanikio ==
AS Mangasport

* Bingwa wa Gabon Championnat National D1:
** 2013–14
** 2014–15
** 2018

KF Tirana

* Mshindi wa [[Kombe]] la Albania:
** 2016–17

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>5rjjrk94r2n39grgl15pn6thb8dzm5o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Placide Nyangala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538618</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:51:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Placide Nyangala''' (alizaliwa 30 Desemba 1967) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa [[Gabon]].  Mbali na kucheza nchini Gabon, pia aliwahi kucheza soka nchini Ufaransa, Austria na Saudi Arabia.  Alicheza mechi mbili kwa timu ya taifa ya [[soka]] ya Gabon mwaka 1994. Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1994 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.o...'</comment>
      <origin>1538618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="670" sha1="jb97g5hswt2c2tx3ocs8cjghkampst2" xml:space="preserve">'''Placide Nyangala''' (alizaliwa 30 Desemba 1967) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa [[Gabon]].

Mbali na kucheza nchini Gabon, pia aliwahi kucheza soka nchini Ufaransa, Austria na Saudi Arabia.

Alicheza mechi mbili kwa timu ya taifa ya [[soka]] ya Gabon mwaka 1994. Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1994 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>jb97g5hswt2c2tx3ocs8cjghkampst2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538684</id>
      <parentid>1538618</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538684</origin>
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      <text bytes="674" sha1="e1fcpxla5m5u0wfamfu8iq55ofqnxc8" xml:space="preserve">'''Placide Nyangala''' (alizaliwa 30 Desemba 1967) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa [[Gabon]].

Mbali na kucheza nchini Gabon, pia aliwahi kucheza soka nchini Ufaransa, Austria na Saudi Arabia.

Alicheza mechi mbili kwa timu ya taifa ya [[soka]] ya Gabon mwaka 1994. Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Nations Cup 1994 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>e1fcpxla5m5u0wfamfu8iq55ofqnxc8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stévy Nzambé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232865</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538619</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Stévy Nzambé''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1991) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayocheza kama beki wa kushoto katika [[klabu]] ya Morocco ya Ittihad Tanger. Pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon.  Hapo awali aliwahi kucheza katika vilabu vya Gabon kama USM Libreville, US Bitam, AS Mangasport na AS Pélican.  Katika ngazi ya vijana, alipitia klabu za [[Ufaransa]] za ES Troyes AC na Olympique de Marseille.  Pia aliwahi kucheza katika vil...'</comment>
      <origin>1538619</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="733" sha1="q1novle83obrwv8evm1yji4nvph4rkh" xml:space="preserve">'''Stévy Nzambé''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1991) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayocheza kama beki wa kushoto katika [[klabu]] ya Morocco ya Ittihad Tanger. Pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon.

Hapo awali aliwahi kucheza katika vilabu vya Gabon kama USM Libreville, US Bitam, AS Mangasport na AS Pélican.

Katika ngazi ya vijana, alipitia klabu za [[Ufaransa]] za ES Troyes AC na Olympique de Marseille.

Pia aliwahi kucheza katika vilabu vya Afrika Kusini vya AmaZulu FC na Real Kings FC, klabu ya Eswatini ya Mbabane Swallows, pamoja na klabu ya Iraq ya Al-Zawraa SC.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>q1novle83obrwv8evm1yji4nvph4rkh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Albin Nbonga Nze</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538623</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:56:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Albin Nbonga Nze''' (alizaliwa 6 Septemba 1971) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa Gabon.  Alicheza mechi kumi kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya soka ya Gabon kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1996. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albin Mboungha Nze (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51207/Albin_Nbonga_Nze.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="829" sha1="lsuxgtkqfo9j2zvndfg2rdwrzr09leq" xml:space="preserve">'''Albin Nbonga Nze''' (alizaliwa 6 Septemba 1971) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa Gabon.

Alicheza mechi kumi kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya soka ya Gabon kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1996. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Albin Mboungha Nze (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51207/Albin_Nbonga_Nze.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1996 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/96a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>lsuxgtkqfo9j2zvndfg2rdwrzr09leq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donald Nzé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538624</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T18:59:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donald Nzé''' (alizaliwa 5 Mei 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa soka kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya AS Pélican kama kipa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Donald Nzé (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/68165/Donald_Nze.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Kazi yake == Amecheza soka la klabu akiwa na AS Pélican.  Alianza kuichezea timu ya ta...'</comment>
      <origin>1538624</origin>
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      <text bytes="623" sha1="cwbja9000745laqjc3q9jhzgxh8dmwp" xml:space="preserve">'''Donald Nzé''' (alizaliwa 5 Mei 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa soka kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya AS Pélican kama kipa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Donald Nzé (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/68165/Donald_Nze.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi yake ==
Amecheza soka la klabu akiwa na AS Pélican.

Alianza kuichezea timu ya taifa ya Gabon mwaka 2017.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>cwbja9000745laqjc3q9jhzgxh8dmwp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538716</id>
      <parentid>1538624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:46:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="627" sha1="cdeteuvx2klmajzwwh564faq0d29cgc" xml:space="preserve">'''Donald Nzé''' (alizaliwa 5 Mei 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa soka kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya AS Pélican kama kipa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Donald Nzé (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/68165/Donald_Nze.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi yake ==
Amecheza soka la klabu akiwa na AS Pélican.

Alianza kuichezea timu ya taifa ya Gabon mwaka 2017.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>cdeteuvx2klmajzwwh564faq0d29cgc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Selim Haroun Nzé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538626</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Selim Haroun Nzé''' (alizaliwa 4 Februari 1993) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka mwenye asili ya Algeria na Gabon anayekichezea klabu ya Vila Flor SC nchini Ureno.  == Maisha ya awali == Selim alizaliwa Boulogne-Billancourt, [[Ufaransa]], akiwa na baba raia wa Algeria na [[mama]] kutoka Gabon.  == Kazi ya kimataifa == Tarehe 31 Januari 2012, aliitwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya taifa ya vijana chini ya miaka 20 ya Algeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sélim Harou...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="806" sha1="mojeytw1fdtryuy11t9dgvac8lhefiq" xml:space="preserve">'''Selim Haroun Nzé''' (alizaliwa 4 Februari 1993) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka mwenye asili ya Algeria na Gabon anayekichezea klabu ya Vila Flor SC nchini Ureno.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Selim alizaliwa Boulogne-Billancourt, [[Ufaransa]], akiwa na baba raia wa Algeria na [[mama]] kutoka Gabon.

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Tarehe 31 Januari 2012, aliitwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya taifa ya vijana chini ya miaka 20 ya Algeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sélim Haroun Nzé (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/41948/Selim_Haroun_Nze.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>mojeytw1fdtryuy11t9dgvac8lhefiq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538699</id>
      <parentid>1538626</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="810" sha1="bd0vqm63zg6264x72fatllskzunmq7j" xml:space="preserve">'''Selim Haroun Nzé''' (alizaliwa 4 Februari 1993) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka mwenye asili ya Algeria na Gabon anayekichezea klabu ya Vila Flor SC nchini Ureno.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Selim alizaliwa Boulogne-Billancourt, [[Ufaransa]], akiwa na baba raia wa Algeria na [[mama]] kutoka Gabon.

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Tarehe 31 Januari 2012, aliitwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya taifa ya vijana chini ya miaka 20 ya Algeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sélim Haroun Nzé (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/41948/Selim_Haroun_Nze.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>bd0vqm63zg6264x72fatllskzunmq7j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guy-Roger Nzeng</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232869</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538628</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Guy-Roger Nzeng''' (alizaliwa 30 Mei 1970) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa zamani wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akiichezea nafasi ya kiwachezaji wa ulinzi (defender).  Nzeng alikuwa mwanachama wa kikosi cha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika (Africa Cup of Nations) ya mwaka 1996 na 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guy-Roger Nzeng (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/7821/Guy_Roger_Nzeng.html|work=www.national...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="861" sha1="gkz53dyzii2orpkn8ioltfr1xi0p3qa" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy-Roger Nzeng''' (alizaliwa 30 Mei 1970) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa zamani wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akiichezea nafasi ya kiwachezaji wa ulinzi (defender).

Nzeng alikuwa mwanachama wa kikosi cha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika (Africa Cup of Nations) ya mwaka 1996 na 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guy-Roger Nzeng (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/7821/Guy_Roger_Nzeng.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guy Nzeng » Profile|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe73773/guy-nzeng/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>gkz53dyzii2orpkn8ioltfr1xi0p3qa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538727</id>
      <parentid>1538628</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="869" sha1="0i6hu68k7b30p2zinaubv0kgle4j010" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy-Roger Nzeng''' (alizaliwa 30 Mei 1970) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa zamani wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akiichezea nafasi ya kiwachezaji wa ulinzi (defender).

Nzeng alikuwa mwanachama wa kikosi cha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika (Africa Cup of Nations) ya mwaka 1996 na 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guy-Roger Nzeng (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/7821/Guy_Roger_Nzeng.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guy Nzeng » Profile|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe73773/guy-nzeng/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>0i6hu68k7b30p2zinaubv0kgle4j010</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dimitri Edou Nzue</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538631</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:08:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dimitri Edou Nzue''' (alizaliwa 4 Aprili 1986) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa Gabon anayechukua nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya US Bitam.  == Kazi yake == Awali alikuwa mwanachama wa FC 105 Libreville kuanzia 1999 hadi 2004 na pia aliichezea Sogéa FC.  == Timu ya taifa == Nzue pia amewakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya [[Gabon]] katika michuano ya kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dimitri Édou Nzué (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="748" sha1="7ss3d53fznio4hig5px2m7az5vj8dzx" xml:space="preserve">'''Dimitri Edou Nzue''' (alizaliwa 4 Aprili 1986) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa Gabon anayechukua nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya US Bitam.

== Kazi yake ==
Awali alikuwa mwanachama wa FC 105 Libreville kuanzia 1999 hadi 2004 na pia aliichezea Sogéa FC.

== Timu ya taifa ==
Nzue pia amewakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya [[Gabon]] katika michuano ya kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dimitri Édou Nzué (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/11828/Dimitri_Edou_Nzue.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>7ss3d53fznio4hig5px2m7az5vj8dzx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538714</id>
      <parentid>1538631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:43:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="752" sha1="934r799cb4238feh0350zpwzrcpaay0" xml:space="preserve">'''Dimitri Edou Nzue''' (alizaliwa 4 Aprili 1986) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa Gabon anayechukua nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya US Bitam.

== Kazi yake ==
Awali alikuwa mwanachama wa FC 105 Libreville kuanzia 1999 hadi 2004 na pia aliichezea Sogéa FC.

== Timu ya taifa ==
Nzue pia amewakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya [[Gabon]] katika michuano ya kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dimitri Édou Nzué (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/11828/Dimitri_Edou_Nzue.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>934r799cb4238feh0350zpwzrcpaay0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franck Obambou</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538633</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:12:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Franck Obambou''' (alizaliwa 26 Juni 1995) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kitaalamu wa [[Gabon]].  == Kazi yake == Mnamo mwaka 2020, Obambou alijiunga na [[klabu]] ya Al-Yarmouk nchini Kuwait. Mkataba wake ulighairiwa mwezi Mei 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Contents|date=2020-12-31|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804771351-toc|work=Your Career Game|pages=vii–viii|publisher=Stanford University Press|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Franck Obamb...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="905" sha1="ay9hzamfygcbn25dkixnm4yx99pa8u2" xml:space="preserve">'''Franck Obambou''' (alizaliwa 26 Juni 1995) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kitaalamu wa [[Gabon]].

== Kazi yake ==
Mnamo mwaka 2020, Obambou alijiunga na [[klabu]] ya Al-Yarmouk nchini Kuwait. Mkataba wake ulighairiwa mwezi Mei 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Contents|date=2020-12-31|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804771351-toc|work=Your Career Game|pages=vii–viii|publisher=Stanford University Press|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Franck Obambou (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60488/Franck_Obambou.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timu ya taifa ==
Obambou pia amewakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya kimataifa.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>ay9hzamfygcbn25dkixnm4yx99pa8u2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538725</id>
      <parentid>1538633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="909" sha1="gf2v5wi4zdnsfa1jsawgscsb6od5oel" xml:space="preserve">'''Franck Obambou''' (alizaliwa 26 Juni 1995) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kitaalamu wa [[Gabon]].

== Kazi yake ==
Mnamo mwaka 2020, Obambou alijiunga na [[klabu]] ya Al-Yarmouk nchini Kuwait. Mkataba wake ulighairiwa mwezi Mei 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Contents|date=2020-12-31|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804771351-toc|work=Your Career Game|pages=vii–viii|publisher=Stanford University Press|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Franck Obambou (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60488/Franck_Obambou.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timu ya taifa ==
Obambou pia amewakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya kimataifa.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>gf2v5wi4zdnsfa1jsawgscsb6od5oel</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerry Obiang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538637</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jerry Obiang''' (alizaliwa 10 Juni 1992 huko Libreville) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye anaiwakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kama kiungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Men's Football - Olympic Football|url=http://www.london2012.com/football/event/men/|work=london2012.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == &lt;references /&gt; {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] Jamii:Wachezaj...'</comment>
      <origin>1538637</origin>
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      <text bytes="478" sha1="eudo7f0bfrj1xjttr09ybfj8kayz6ys" xml:space="preserve">'''Jerry Obiang''' (alizaliwa 10 Juni 1992 huko Libreville) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye anaiwakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kama kiungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Men's Football - Olympic Football|url=http://www.london2012.com/football/event/men/|work=london2012.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>eudo7f0bfrj1xjttr09ybfj8kayz6ys</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538732</id>
      <parentid>1538637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538732</origin>
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      <text bytes="482" sha1="le9kyekb1qet83ngze2qw8g6kmgc6ej" xml:space="preserve">'''Jerry Obiang''' (alizaliwa 10 Juni 1992 huko Libreville) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye anaiwakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kama kiungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Men's Football - Olympic Football|url=http://www.london2012.com/football/event/men/|work=london2012.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>le9kyekb1qet83ngze2qw8g6kmgc6ej</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sidney Obissa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538639</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sidney Evrard Viérin Obissa''' (alizaliwa 4 Mei 2000) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya US Orléans Loiret Football katika Championnat National na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon kama beki.  == Kazi ya klabu == Mnamo 7 Machi 2020 alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu na AC Ajaccio.  Tarehe 1 Septemba 2021 alihamia kwa mkopo katika klabu ya Ubelgiji ya [[ligi]] ya tatu ya Olympic Charleroi.  Baada...'</comment>
      <origin>1538639</origin>
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      <text bytes="1025" sha1="4iwgu6gyupx0ft60rwjkluq8quf0m12" xml:space="preserve">'''Sidney Evrard Viérin Obissa''' (alizaliwa 4 Mei 2000) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya US Orléans Loiret Football katika Championnat National na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon kama beki.

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Mnamo 7 Machi 2020 alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu na AC Ajaccio.

Tarehe 1 Septemba 2021 alihamia kwa mkopo katika klabu ya Ubelgiji ya [[ligi]] ya tatu ya Olympic Charleroi.

Baadaye, tarehe 11 Agosti 2022, alipelekwa kwa mkopo katika FC Villefranche Beaujolais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Actualités|url=https://www.fcvb.fr/actualites/actualites-du-club|work=FCVB|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2023-2024 {{!}} Obissa nous rejoint !|url=https://www.francsborains.be/mercato-sidney-obissa/|work=Royal Francs Borains|date=2023-08-03|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>4iwgu6gyupx0ft60rwjkluq8quf0m12</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538702</id>
      <parentid>1538639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:24:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1033" sha1="bahfi8tkzib4ljxs1chcv2vhhnjskxc" xml:space="preserve">'''Sidney Evrard Viérin Obissa''' (alizaliwa 4 Mei 2000) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya US Orléans Loiret Football katika Championnat National na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon kama beki.

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Mnamo 7 Machi 2020 alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu na AC Ajaccio.

Tarehe 1 Septemba 2021 alihamia kwa mkopo katika klabu ya Ubelgiji ya [[ligi]] ya tatu ya Olympic Charleroi.

Baadaye, tarehe 11 Agosti 2022, alipelekwa kwa mkopo katika FC Villefranche Beaujolais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Actualités|url=https://www.fcvb.fr/actualites/actualites-du-club|work=FCVB|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=2023-2024 {{!}} Obissa nous rejoint !|url=https://www.francsborains.be/mercato-sidney-obissa/|work=Royal Francs Borains|date=2023-08-03|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>bahfi8tkzib4ljxs1chcv2vhhnjskxc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jonas Ogandaga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538640</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:21:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jonas Ogandaga''' (alizaliwa 1 Agosti 1975) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo.  == Kazi ya vilabu == Ogandaga alicheza katika vilabu mbalimbali ikiwemo Petrosport FC, Sogara FC, Mbilinga FC, Raja CA, Olympique Kef, CO Médenine na Stade Mandji.  == Timu ya taifa == Alicheza kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya 1993 na 2000. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994, Kombe la Mataifa...'</comment>
      <origin>1538640</origin>
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      <text bytes="885" sha1="5z83v4ngtd7einrlaj9t71uty0pqmva" xml:space="preserve">'''Jonas Ogandaga''' (alizaliwa 1 Agosti 1975) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo.

== Kazi ya vilabu ==
Ogandaga alicheza katika vilabu mbalimbali ikiwemo Petrosport FC, Sogara FC, Mbilinga FC, Raja CA, Olympique Kef, CO Médenine na Stade Mandji.

== Timu ya taifa ==
Alicheza kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya 1993 na 2000. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994, Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1996 na Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jonas Ogandaga (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/13850/Jonas_Ogandaga.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>5z83v4ngtd7einrlaj9t71uty0pqmva</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538734</id>
      <parentid>1538640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:47:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="889" sha1="s28lw2hn5iezieq5a37dcgsaj8a41cp" xml:space="preserve">'''Jonas Ogandaga''' (alizaliwa 1 Agosti 1975) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo.

== Kazi ya vilabu ==
Ogandaga alicheza katika vilabu mbalimbali ikiwemo Petrosport FC, Sogara FC, Mbilinga FC, Raja CA, Olympique Kef, CO Médenine na Stade Mandji.

== Timu ya taifa ==
Alicheza kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya 1993 na 2000. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994, Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1996 na Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jonas Ogandaga (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/13850/Jonas_Ogandaga.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>s28lw2hn5iezieq5a37dcgsaj8a41cp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cédric Ondo Biyoghé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538643</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:25:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Cédric Ondo Biyoghé''' (alizaliwa 17 Agosti 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa Gabon anayechukua nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya Maghreb de Fès.  == Kazi yake == Ondo Biyoghé alianza [[soka]] lake la kulipwa katika klabu ya Cercle Mbéri Sportif kabla ya kujiunga na CF Mounana mwaka 2015.  Mnamo Januari 2019 alisaini na klabu ya DR Congo ya AS Vita Club. Baada ya mwaka mmoja, alirejea [[Morocco]] na kujiunga na Maghreb de Fès.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite w...'</comment>
      <origin>1538643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="817" sha1="fnne2pp8az9w73w5not599j8rw8et3z" xml:space="preserve">'''Cédric Ondo Biyoghé''' (alizaliwa 17 Agosti 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa Gabon anayechukua nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya Maghreb de Fès.

== Kazi yake ==
Ondo Biyoghé alianza [[soka]] lake la kulipwa katika klabu ya Cercle Mbéri Sportif kabla ya kujiunga na CF Mounana mwaka 2015.

Mnamo Januari 2019 alisaini na klabu ya DR Congo ya AS Vita Club. Baada ya mwaka mmoja, alirejea [[Morocco]] na kujiunga na Maghreb de Fès.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/fr-xl/afrique-centre-et-est/gabon-actualite/football-transfert-ondo-biyogh%C3%A9-sengage-avec-le-mas-de-f%C3%A8s/ar-BBZ5dtR?li=AAE8jiv|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>fnne2pp8az9w73w5not599j8rw8et3z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Valéry Ondo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538645</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:27:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Valéry Ondo''' (alizaliwa 14 Agosti 1967) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa Gabon.  Alicheza mechi 36 kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kuanzia mwaka [[1992]] hadi 2001. Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.  == Marejeo == &lt;references /&gt; {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]'</comment>
      <origin>1538645</origin>
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      <text bytes="419" sha1="mg056a93yav5iyz64z6ogtk6hdp03tz" xml:space="preserve">'''Valéry Ondo''' (alizaliwa 14 Agosti 1967) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa Gabon.

Alicheza mechi 36 kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kuanzia mwaka [[1992]] hadi 2001. Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>mg056a93yav5iyz64z6ogtk6hdp03tz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538646</id>
      <parentid>1538645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:28:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="816" sha1="6995gwycrvvs2u8fqasiyc76at6kqri" xml:space="preserve">'''Valéry Ondo''' (alizaliwa 14 Agosti 1967) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa Gabon.

Alicheza mechi 36 kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kuanzia mwaka [[1992]] hadi 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Valéry Ondo (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2486/Valery_Ondo.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1994 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>6995gwycrvvs2u8fqasiyc76at6kqri</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538722</id>
      <parentid>1538646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:00:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538722</origin>
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      <text bytes="824" sha1="axvh9mg529vktyn2mbj5ppykn5668tf" xml:space="preserve">'''Valéry Ondo''' (alizaliwa 14 Agosti 1967) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa Gabon.

Alicheza mechi 36 kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon kuanzia mwaka [[1992]] hadi 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Valéry Ondo (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2486/Valery_Ondo.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Gabon kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Nations Cup 1994 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>axvh9mg529vktyn2mbj5ppykn5668tf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Armand Ossey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538647</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:31:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Armand Ossey''' (alizaliwa 19 Oktoba 1978) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama mshambuliaji kati ya mwaka 1995 na 2008.  == Kazi ya vilabu == Alianza soka lake nchini Gabon na [[klabu]] ya CS Stade d’Akebe Libreville. Baadaye alicheza [[Ulaya]] katika vilabu mbalimbali, ikiwemo Grenoble Foot 38, AS Valence, US Créteil-Lusitanos, Moreirense FC, Pau FC, FC Rouen, FC Kuressaare na Paris FC.  == Timu ya taifa == Alichez...'</comment>
      <origin>1538647</origin>
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      <text bytes="1024" sha1="bojxzqhzr41h8hfvu0koqcpdrjt454j" xml:space="preserve">'''Armand Ossey''' (alizaliwa 19 Oktoba 1978) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama mshambuliaji kati ya mwaka 1995 na 2008.

== Kazi ya vilabu ==
Alianza soka lake nchini Gabon na [[klabu]] ya CS Stade d’Akebe Libreville. Baadaye alicheza [[Ulaya]] katika vilabu mbalimbali, ikiwemo Grenoble Foot 38, AS Valence, US Créteil-Lusitanos, Moreirense FC, Pau FC, FC Rouen, FC Kuressaare na Paris FC.

== Timu ya taifa ==
Alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya mwaka [[1998]] na 2000, na alishiriki katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 2000, ambapo Gabon ilimaliza nafasi ya mwisho ikiwa na pointi moja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Armand Ossey (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19773/Armand_Ossey.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>bojxzqhzr41h8hfvu0koqcpdrjt454j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Randal Oto'o</title>
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    <id>232878</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:34:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Randal Oto’o''' (alizaliwa 23 Mei 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama beki wa kulia  katika [[klabu]] ya GSI Pontivy inayoshiriki Championnat National 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CD TONDELA|url=https://cdtondela.pt/|work=cdtondela.pt|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == &lt;references /&gt; {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]'</comment>
      <origin>1538648</origin>
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      <text bytes="443" sha1="qsu8mdt6oaqx3sblmc2ohnil10z2h4k" xml:space="preserve">'''Randal Oto’o''' (alizaliwa 23 Mei 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama beki wa kulia  katika [[klabu]] ya GSI Pontivy inayoshiriki Championnat National 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CD TONDELA|url=https://cdtondela.pt/|work=cdtondela.pt|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>qsu8mdt6oaqx3sblmc2ohnil10z2h4k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538688</id>
      <parentid>1538648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:03:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="447" sha1="qhyzyx0owk63engw1azj7l818hgzo43" xml:space="preserve">'''Randal Oto’o''' (alizaliwa 23 Mei 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama beki wa kulia  katika [[klabu]] ya GSI Pontivy inayoshiriki Championnat National 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=CD TONDELA|url=https://cdtondela.pt/|work=cdtondela.pt|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>qhyzyx0owk63engw1azj7l818hgzo43</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eric Otogo-Castane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538649</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:38:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eric Otogo-Castane''' (alizaliwa 13 Aprili 1976) ni mwamuzi wa [[soka]] wa kimataifa kutoka [[Gabon]].  Amehudumu kama mmoja wa waamuzi katika [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2013, [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 2015, Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2017 na Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WorldReferee.com - referee - Eric Otogo-Castane - bio|url=http://worldreferee.com/site/copy.php?linkID=7444&amp;linkType=referee&amp;contextType=...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="703" sha1="khve2sfxlrzp4boef66jifi7ku2ibb0" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Otogo-Castane''' (alizaliwa 13 Aprili 1976) ni mwamuzi wa [[soka]] wa kimataifa kutoka [[Gabon]].

Amehudumu kama mmoja wa waamuzi katika [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2013, [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 2015, Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2017 na Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WorldReferee.com - referee - Eric Otogo-Castane - bio|url=http://worldreferee.com/site/copy.php?linkID=7444&amp;linkType=referee&amp;contextType=bio|work=worldreferee.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=WorldReferee - www.worldreferee.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>khve2sfxlrzp4boef66jifi7ku2ibb0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538720</id>
      <parentid>1538649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538720</origin>
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      <text bytes="707" sha1="1hy1sg9x7lej409186864xn764tlldp" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Otogo-Castane''' (alizaliwa 13 Aprili 1976) ni mwamuzi wa [[soka]] wa kimataifa kutoka [[Gabon]].

Amehudumu kama mmoja wa waamuzi katika [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2013, [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 2015, Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2017 na Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=WorldReferee.com - referee - Eric Otogo-Castane - bio|url=http://worldreferee.com/site/copy.php?linkID=7444&amp;linkType=referee&amp;contextType=bio|work=worldreferee.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=WorldReferee - www.worldreferee.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>1hy1sg9x7lej409186864xn764tlldp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Ovono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538650</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:42:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Emmanuel Romess Ovono Essogo''' (alizaliwa 26 Machi 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka Gabon anayekichezea klabu ya FC Vesoul katika Régional 1, akicheza kama mshambuliaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Football - Régional 1 (Groupe B). Vesoul tenu en échec à Fontaine-lès-Dijon|url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2025/05/18/vesoul-tenu-en-echec-a-fontaine-les-dijon|work=www.estrepublicain.fr|date=2025-05-18|accessdate=2026-05-08|languag...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1047" sha1="8w4rskunv9ljaggbx57kpr6gsmo3rbk" xml:space="preserve">'''Emmanuel Romess Ovono Essogo''' (alizaliwa 26 Machi 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka Gabon anayekichezea klabu ya FC Vesoul katika Régional 1, akicheza kama mshambuliaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Football - Régional 1 (Groupe B). Vesoul tenu en échec à Fontaine-lès-Dijon|url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2025/05/18/vesoul-tenu-en-echec-a-fontaine-les-dijon|work=www.estrepublicain.fr|date=2025-05-18|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=FR-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Amewahi kuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya [[Gabon]] ya vijana chini ya miaka 23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CAN U23: Gabon méné 2-1 à la mi-temps !|url=https://gabonmediatime.com/can-u23-gabon-mene-2-1-a-la-mi-temps/|work=Gabon Media Time|date=2023-06-25|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR|author=Lyonnel Mbeng Essone}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Alizaliwa Gabon lakini ana asili ya [[Guinea]] ya Ikweta pia.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>8w4rskunv9ljaggbx57kpr6gsmo3rbk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538676</id>
      <parentid>1538650</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:33:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Olimasy</username>
        <id>26935</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="1057" sha1="81dvi7ssjk0mx0s1k6xzurh8bz85iy9" xml:space="preserve">'''Emmanuel Romess Ovono Essogo''' (alizaliwa 26 Machi 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]]/mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka Gabon anae chezea klabu ya FC Vesoul katika Régional 1, akicheza kama mshambuliaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Football - Régional 1 (Groupe B). Vesoul tenu en échec à Fontaine-lès-Dijon|url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2025/05/18/vesoul-tenu-en-echec-a-fontaine-les-dijon|work=www.estrepublicain.fr|date=2025-05-18|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=FR-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Amewahi kuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya [[Gabon]] ya vijana chini ya miaka 23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CAN U23: Gabon méné 2-1 à la mi-temps !|url=https://gabonmediatime.com/can-u23-gabon-mene-2-1-a-la-mi-temps/|work=Gabon Media Time|date=2023-06-25|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR|author=Lyonnel Mbeng Essone}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Alizaliwa Gabon lakini ana asili ya [[Guinea]] ya Ikweta pia.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>81dvi7ssjk0mx0s1k6xzurh8bz85iy9</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538719</id>
      <parentid>1538676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1065" sha1="tscc27qncxr6s0qhbnsge7j7cr6lh5q" xml:space="preserve">'''Emmanuel Romess Ovono Essogo''' (alizaliwa 26 Machi 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]]/mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka Gabon anae chezea klabu ya FC Vesoul katika Régional 1, akicheza kama mshambuliaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football - Régional 1 (Groupe B). Vesoul tenu en échec à Fontaine-lès-Dijon|url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2025/05/18/vesoul-tenu-en-echec-a-fontaine-les-dijon|work=www.estrepublicain.fr|date=2025-05-18|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=FR-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Amewahi kuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya [[Gabon]] ya vijana chini ya miaka 23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=CAN U23: Gabon méné 2-1 à la mi-temps !|url=https://gabonmediatime.com/can-u23-gabon-mene-2-1-a-la-mi-temps/|work=Gabon Media Time|date=2023-06-25|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR|author=Lyonnel Mbeng Essone}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Alizaliwa Gabon lakini ana asili ya [[Guinea]] ya Ikweta pia.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>tscc27qncxr6s0qhbnsge7j7cr6lh5q</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anthony Oyono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538657</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:48:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anthony Henri Zué Oyono Omva Torque''' (alizaliwa 12 Aprili 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya Frosinone Calcio inayoshiriki Serie B, akicheza kama beki wa kulia. Pia anaiwakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/?&amp;|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Kazi ya klabu == Alijiu...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1115" sha1="fi117sd5cho7roo96n4w4e5cp85l2e0" xml:space="preserve">'''Anthony Henri Zué Oyono Omva Torque''' (alizaliwa 12 Aprili 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya Frosinone Calcio inayoshiriki Serie B, akicheza kama beki wa kulia. Pia anaiwakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/?&amp;|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Alijiunga na US Boulogne mwaka 2018 na alipandishwa kwenye timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2020. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu tarehe 21 Agosti 2020 katika ushindi wa 1–0 dhidi ya US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole.

Mnamo 30 [[Januari]] 2022, alisaini mkataba na Frosinone wa Italia hadi 30 Juni 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANTHONY OYONO È GIALLAZZURRO|url=https://www.frosinonecalcio.com/anthony-oyono-e-giallazzurro/|work=Frosinone Calcio|date=2022-01-30|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=it-IT|author=Massimiliano}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>fi117sd5cho7roo96n4w4e5cp85l2e0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538674</id>
      <parentid>1538657</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Olimasy</username>
        <id>26935</id>
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      <text bytes="1120" sha1="je0ydhrj8tl523q7kbemp6mbjthlsmh" xml:space="preserve">'''Anthony Henri Zué Oyono Omva Torque''' (alizaliwa 12 Aprili 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anae chezea klabu ya Frosinone Calcio inayoshiriki Serie B, akicheza kama beki wa kulia. Pia anaiwakilisha [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/?&amp;|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Alijiunga na US Boulogne mwaka 2018 na alipandishwa kwenye timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2020. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu tarehe 21 Agosti 2020 katika ushindi wa 1–0 dhidi ya US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole.

Mnamo 30 [[Januari]] 2022, alisaini mkataba na Frosinone wa Italia hadi 30 Juni 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANTHONY OYONO È GIALLAZZURRO|url=https://www.frosinonecalcio.com/anthony-oyono-e-giallazzurro/|work=Frosinone Calcio|date=2022-01-30|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=it-IT|author=Massimiliano}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>je0ydhrj8tl523q7kbemp6mbjthlsmh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lloyd Palun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538658</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T19:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lloyd Palun''' (alizaliwa 28 Novemba 1988) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa anayeshiriki kama beki wa kulia au kiungo wa ulinzi, na amewahi kucheza katika ngazi ya kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lloyd Palun au Red Star|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Lloyd-palun-au-red-star/577282|work=L'Équipe|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Kazi ya klabu == Alijiunga na OGC Nice baada ya kucheza katika kl...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1016" sha1="7ekojl1685xsdv34qtubn1yqm8hs4c3" xml:space="preserve">'''Lloyd Palun''' (alizaliwa 28 Novemba 1988) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa anayeshiriki kama beki wa kulia au kiungo wa ulinzi, na amewahi kucheza katika ngazi ya kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lloyd Palun au Red Star|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Lloyd-palun-au-red-star/577282|work=L'Équipe|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Alijiunga na OGC Nice baada ya kucheza katika klabu za vijana na za amateur kama FC Martigues na US Trinité Sport Football.

Baadaye alicheza pia katika [[klabu]] ya Ligue 2 ya SC Bastia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lloyd Palun, l'envol d'un Aiglon|url=http://www.foot-express.com/palun,-lenvol-dun-aiglon.html|work=www.foot-express.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|author=Boolkit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timu ya taifa ==
Anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya kimataifa.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>7ekojl1685xsdv34qtubn1yqm8hs4c3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538673</id>
      <parentid>1538658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Olimasy</username>
        <id>26935</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1538673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1029" sha1="lf1w343kbl47lks1b995hx13jbomh3c" xml:space="preserve">'''Lloyd Palun''' (alizaliwa 28 Novemba 1988) ni [[mchezaji]] wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa anae cheza nafasi ya beki au mlinzi wa kulia au kiungo wa ulinzi, amewahi kucheza katika ngazi ya kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lloyd Palun au Red Star|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Lloyd-palun-au-red-star/577282|work=L'Équipe|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Alijiunga na OGC Nice baada ya kucheza katika klabu za vijana na za amateur kama FC Martigues na US Trinité Sport Football.

Baadaye alicheza pia katika [[klabu]] ya Ligue 2 ya SC Bastia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lloyd Palun, l'envol d'un Aiglon|url=http://www.foot-express.com/palun,-lenvol-dun-aiglon.html|work=www.foot-express.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|author=Boolkit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timu ya taifa ==
Anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya kimataifa.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]]</text>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1037" sha1="t0mtutpl15556j3c3hxfil1xvmxpjx1" xml:space="preserve">'''Lloyd Palun''' (alizaliwa 28 Novemba 1988) ni [[mchezaji]] wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa anae cheza nafasi ya beki au mlinzi wa kulia au kiungo wa ulinzi, amewahi kucheza katika ngazi ya kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lloyd Palun au Red Star|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Lloyd-palun-au-red-star/577282|work=L'Équipe|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Alijiunga na OGC Nice baada ya kucheza katika klabu za vijana na za amateur kama FC Martigues na US Trinité Sport Football.

Baadaye alicheza pia katika [[klabu]] ya Ligue 2 ya SC Bastia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lloyd Palun, l'envol d'un Aiglon|url=http://www.foot-express.com/palun,-lenvol-dun-aiglon.html|work=www.foot-express.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|author=Boolkit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timu ya taifa ==
Anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Gabon katika mashindano ya kimataifa.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lorraine Broderick</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:03:40Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '  '''Lorraine Broderick''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa soap opera za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Marekani]].  Alianza kazi yake katika kipindi cha ''All My Children'' akiwa mwanafunzi na protégée wa muundaji wa kipindi hicho, Agnes Nixon. Baadaye alihudumu mara nne tofauti kama Head Writer wa kipindi hicho, na kushinda Tuzo nne za Daytime Emmy kutokana na kazi hiyo.  Kazi yake katika ''All My Children'' imepokea sifa kubwa kutoka kwa wakosoaji,...'</comment>
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'''Lorraine Broderick''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa soap opera za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Marekani]].

Alianza kazi yake katika kipindi cha ''All My Children'' akiwa mwanafunzi na protégée wa muundaji wa kipindi hicho, Agnes Nixon. Baadaye alihudumu mara nne tofauti kama Head Writer wa kipindi hicho, na kushinda Tuzo nne za Daytime Emmy kutokana na kazi hiyo.

Kazi yake katika ''All My Children'' imepokea sifa kubwa kutoka kwa wakosoaji, ambapo wengi humtaja kama mmoja wa waandishi bora zaidi wa kipindi hicho baada ya Agnes Nixon. Pia alikuwa Head Writer wa mwisho wa kipindi hicho katika kipindi chake cha miaka 40 kwenye ABC, akiandika hadi episode ya mwisho iliyorushwa tarehe 23 Septemba 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=It's Official: DAYS Names New Writing Team|url=http://soapoperadigest.com/content/its-official-days-names-new-writing-team|publisher=Soap Opera Digest|date=April 6, 2012|access-date=April 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>2h38asyz43fysgb787y1wvunsv3zzhl</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538671</id>
      <parentid>1538659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:22:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Olimasy</username>
        <id>26935</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>1538671</origin>
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      <text bytes="1057" sha1="4vb13y8x2gf3kw6upiap5lsmdcimji5" xml:space="preserve">{{muundo}}

'''Lorraine Broderick''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa soap opera za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Marekani]].

Alianza kazi yake katika kipindi cha ''All My Children'' akiwa mwanafunzi na protégée wa muundaji wa kipindi hicho, Agnes Nixon. Baadaye alihudumu mara nne tofauti kama Head Writer wa kipindi hicho, na kushinda Tuzo nne za Daytime Emmy kutokana na kazi hiyo.

Kazi yake katika ''All My Children'' imepokea sifa kubwa kutoka kwa wakosoaji, ambapo wengi humtaja kama mmoja wa waandishi bora zaidi wa kipindi hicho baada ya Agnes Nixon. Pia alikuwa Head Writer wa mwisho wa kipindi hicho katika kipindi chake cha miaka 40 kwenye ABC, akiandika hadi episode ya mwisho iliyorushwa tarehe 23 Septemba 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=It's Official: DAYS Names New Writing Team|url=http://soapoperadigest.com/content/its-official-days-names-new-writing-team|publisher=Soap Opera Digest|date=April 6, 2012|access-date=April 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>4vb13y8x2gf3kw6upiap5lsmdcimji5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Landry Poulangoye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538660</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:05:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jean Landry Poulangoye Mayelet''' (alizaliwa 9 Septemba 1976) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo (midfielder).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Landry Poulangoye (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/14262/Landry_Poulangoye.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Kazi yake ya klabu == Mwaka 2014 alijiunga na klabu ya Ube...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1404" sha1="fg53sg0b7qs5rbi1keewc3nir338tj4" xml:space="preserve">'''Jean Landry Poulangoye Mayelet''' (alizaliwa 9 Septemba 1976) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo (midfielder).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Landry Poulangoye (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/14262/Landry_Poulangoye.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi yake ya klabu ==
Mwaka 2014 alijiunga na klabu ya Ubelgiji ya R. Sprimont Comblain Sport akitokea FC Martigues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ligue des champions cette semaine En division 2 En division 3|url=https://www.lesoir.be/art/ligue-des-champions-cette-semaine-en-division-2-en-divi_t-20041206-Z0Q1RH.html|work=Le Soir|date=2004-12-06|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alihamia [[klabu]] ya ligi za chini ya Ufaransa ya FA Carcassonne Villalbe.

Msimu wa 2009–10 alicheza Indonesia akiwa na Arema FC, ambapo alicheza mechi 11. Klabu hiyo iliadhibiwa na [[FIFA]] kwa kuvunja mkataba wake bila kufuata taratibu.

Mwaka 2011 alichezea pia klabu ya Indonesia ya Aceh United FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabon : Actus, résultats et infos foot en direct - Afrik-Foot|url=https://www.afrik-foot.com/foot-gabon|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>fg53sg0b7qs5rbi1keewc3nir338tj4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538669</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:19:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1427" sha1="3dh5dtm83s5n8rrm8byz7h2tz5bfbpx" xml:space="preserve">'''Jean Landry Poulangoye Mayelet''' (alizaliwa 9 Septemba 1976) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya kiungo (''eng midfielder'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Landry Poulangoye (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/14262/Landry_Poulangoye.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi yake ya klabu ==
Mwaka 2014 alijiunga na klabu ya Ubelgiji ya R. Sprimont Comblain Sport akitokea FC Martigues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ligue des champions cette semaine En division 2 En division 3|url=https://www.lesoir.be/art/ligue-des-champions-cette-semaine-en-division-2-en-divi_t-20041206-Z0Q1RH.html|work=Le Soir|date=2004-12-06|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alihamia [[klabu]] ya ligi za chini ya Ufaransa ya FA Carcassonne Villalbe.

Msimu wa 2009–10 alicheza Indonesia akiwa na Arema FC, ambapo alicheza mechi 11. Klabu hiyo iliadhibiwa na [[FIFA]] kwa kuvunja mkataba wake bila kufuata taratibu.

Mwaka 2011 alichezea pia klabu ya Indonesia ya Aceh United FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabon : Actus, résultats et infos foot en direct - Afrik-Foot|url=https://www.afrik-foot.com/foot-gabon|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>3dh5dtm83s5n8rrm8byz7h2tz5bfbpx</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1439" sha1="lzz07dkuw1v3qkp2dzq72fljn27i21v" xml:space="preserve">'''Jean Landry Poulangoye Mayelet''' (alizaliwa 9 Septemba 1976) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya kiungo (''eng midfielder'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Landry Poulangoye (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/14262/Landry_Poulangoye.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi yake ya klabu ==
Mwaka 2014 alijiunga na klabu ya Ubelgiji ya R. Sprimont Comblain Sport akitokea FC Martigues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ligue des champions cette semaine En division 2 En division 3|url=https://www.lesoir.be/art/ligue-des-champions-cette-semaine-en-division-2-en-divi_t-20041206-Z0Q1RH.html|work=Le Soir|date=2004-12-06|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alihamia [[klabu]] ya ligi za chini ya Ufaransa ya FA Carcassonne Villalbe.

Msimu wa 2009–10 alicheza Indonesia akiwa na Arema FC, ambapo alicheza mechi 11. Klabu hiyo iliadhibiwa na [[FIFA]] kwa kuvunja mkataba wake bila kufuata taratibu.

Mwaka 2011 alichezea pia klabu ya Indonesia ya Aceh United FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gabon : Actus, résultats et infos foot en direct - Afrik-Foot|url=https://www.afrik-foot.com/foot-gabon|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>lzz07dkuw1v3qkp2dzq72fljn27i21v</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pam Long</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538661</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:06:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '  '''Pamela K. Long''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) kutoka [[Marekani]].  Alishinda Tuzo kadhaa za Emmy kwa kazi yake katika soap opera ya CBS ''Guiding Light'' kuanzia mwaka 1983 hadi 1990. Pia alikuwa mwandishi na mtayarishaji mkuu wa filamu ya NBC ''Dolly Parton’s Coat of Many Colors''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcumv.com/talent/pamela-k-long/|title=NBCUniversal Media Village|website=www.nbcumv.com|language=en-US|ac...'</comment>
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'''Pamela K. Long''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) kutoka [[Marekani]].

Alishinda Tuzo kadhaa za Emmy kwa kazi yake katika soap opera ya CBS ''Guiding Light'' kuanzia mwaka 1983 hadi 1990. Pia alikuwa mwandishi na mtayarishaji mkuu wa filamu ya NBC ''Dolly Parton’s Coat of Many Colors''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcumv.com/talent/pamela-k-long/|title=NBCUniversal Media Village|website=www.nbcumv.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>enzuwg0ak273hhes04n8jnxu65c6qtr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538679</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:48:27Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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'''Pamela K. Long''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) kutoka [[Marekani]].

Alishinda Tuzo kadhaa za Emmy kwa kazi yake katika soap opera ya CBS ''Guiding Light'' kuanzia mwaka 1983 hadi 1990. Pia alikuwa mwandishi na mtayarishaji mkuu wa filamu ya NBC ''Dolly Parton’s Coat of Many Colors''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nbcumv.com/talent/pamela-k-long/|title=NBCUniversal Media Village|website=www.nbcumv.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>5vkq9ku4rqsgoi9cbw2a4uvzngscwnf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Guy Reteno Elekana</title>
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    <id>232886</id>
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      <id>1538662</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:08:45Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Guy Reteno Elekana''' (alizaliwa 25 Septemba 1996) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama [[mshambuliaji]] (forward) katika klabu ya SK Líšeň nchini Czechia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guy Reteno Elekana, www.MSFL.cz|url=https://www.msfl.cz/hrac/guy-reteno-elekana|work=www.msfl.cz|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == &lt;references /&gt; {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="493" sha1="bpl1dimq95tpvoa2knggb1iwmtitzfk" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Reteno Elekana''' (alizaliwa 25 Septemba 1996) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama [[mshambuliaji]] (forward) katika klabu ya SK Líšeň nchini Czechia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guy Reteno Elekana, www.MSFL.cz|url=https://www.msfl.cz/hrac/guy-reteno-elekana|work=www.msfl.cz|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>bpl1dimq95tpvoa2knggb1iwmtitzfk</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538667</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:17:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="499" sha1="r913iokcmylv735fp6ewyrah9yi0mb2" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Reteno Elekana''' (alizaliwa 25 Septemba 1996) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama [[mshambuliaji]] (''King forward'') katika klabu ya SK Líšeň nchini Czechia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guy Reteno Elekana, www.MSFL.cz|url=https://www.msfl.cz/hrac/guy-reteno-elekana|work=www.msfl.cz|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>r913iokcmylv735fp6ewyrah9yi0mb2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538728</id>
      <parentid>1538667</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="503" sha1="1gnw8uhvxr6ft1551az1wd4yv999hfg" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Reteno Elekana''' (alizaliwa 25 Septemba 1996) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayeshiriki kama [[mshambuliaji]] (''King forward'') katika klabu ya SK Líšeň nchini Czechia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guy Reteno Elekana, www.MSFL.cz|url=https://www.msfl.cz/hrac/guy-reteno-elekana|work=www.msfl.cz|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>1gnw8uhvxr6ft1551az1wd4yv999hfg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Louise Ironside</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Louise Ironside''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za filamu na televisheni pamoja na mwigizaji kutoka Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Career Close-Up: Screenwriting with Louise Ironside|url=http://www.bafta.org/scotland/events-initiatives/photography/career-close-up-screenwriting-with-louise-ironside|website=www.bafta.org|date=22 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=TV.com|title=Brookside: A Hard Time|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/brookside/a-hard-time-1170213...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="996" sha1="18r06ogj8fnllhn1m87zb9ot72ldgfm" xml:space="preserve">'''Louise Ironside''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za filamu na televisheni pamoja na mwigizaji kutoka Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Career Close-Up: Screenwriting with Louise Ironside|url=http://www.bafta.org/scotland/events-initiatives/photography/career-close-up-screenwriting-with-louise-ironside|website=www.bafta.org|date=22 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=TV.com|title=Brookside: A Hard Time|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/brookside/a-hard-time-1170213/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=TV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 1990s {{!}} The Lyceum {{!}} Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh|url=https://lyceum.org.uk/about-the-lyceum/history/our-past-productions/the-1990s|access-date=2020-12-20|website=lyceum.org.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Europe - Playwright Encyclopedia|url=https://sites.google.com/site/playwrightencyclopedia/david-greig/europe|access-date=2020-12-20|website=sites.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>18r06ogj8fnllhn1m87zb9ot72ldgfm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538666</id>
      <parentid>1538663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:16:03Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Olimasy</username>
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      <text bytes="1030" sha1="9nqy16twajynlqfv8f3atqgfcv7dgaw" xml:space="preserve">'''Louise Ironside''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa maandiko au mwiongozo (''King Script'') ya filamu na televisheni pamoja na mwigizaji kutoka Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Career Close-Up: Screenwriting with Louise Ironside|url=http://www.bafta.org/scotland/events-initiatives/photography/career-close-up-screenwriting-with-louise-ironside|website=www.bafta.org|date=22 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=TV.com|title=Brookside: A Hard Time|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/brookside/a-hard-time-1170213/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=TV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 1990s {{!}} The Lyceum {{!}} Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh|url=https://lyceum.org.uk/about-the-lyceum/history/our-past-productions/the-1990s|access-date=2020-12-20|website=lyceum.org.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Europe - Playwright Encyclopedia|url=https://sites.google.com/site/playwrightencyclopedia/david-greig/europe|access-date=2020-12-20|website=sites.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>9nqy16twajynlqfv8f3atqgfcv7dgaw</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538739</id>
      <parentid>1538666</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T23:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1042" sha1="4p13gavc0c8waxmq1fh919cejxlpqsl" xml:space="preserve">'''Louise Ironside''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa maandiko au mwiongozo (''King Script'') ya filamu na televisheni pamoja na mwigizaji kutoka Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Career Close-Up: Screenwriting with Louise Ironside|url=http://www.bafta.org/scotland/events-initiatives/photography/career-close-up-screenwriting-with-louise-ironside|website=www.bafta.org|date=22 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=TV.com|title=Brookside: A Hard Time|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/brookside/a-hard-time-1170213/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=TV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The 1990s {{!}} The Lyceum {{!}} Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh|url=https://lyceum.org.uk/about-the-lyceum/history/our-past-productions/the-1990s|access-date=2020-12-20|website=lyceum.org.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Europe - Playwright Encyclopedia|url=https://sites.google.com/site/playwrightencyclopedia/david-greig/europe|access-date=2020-12-20|website=sites.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>4p13gavc0c8waxmq1fh919cejxlpqsl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Thierry Retoa</title>
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      <id>1538664</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:12:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thierry Retoa''' (alizaliwa 21 Novemba 1971) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa Gabon.  Alicheza mechi 8 kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya 1993 na 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thierry Rétoa (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51213/Thierry_Retoa.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha [[Gabon]] kilichoshiriki mashi...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="814" sha1="bfu9todw8oi242c3o3pifqrix7mpa5m" xml:space="preserve">'''Thierry Retoa''' (alizaliwa 21 Novemba 1971) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa Gabon.

Alicheza mechi 8 kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya 1993 na 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thierry Rétoa (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51213/Thierry_Retoa.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha [[Gabon]] kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1994 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:42:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="822" sha1="cccw2y1dvml9eocbqbs416xkmftr1w6" xml:space="preserve">'''Thierry Retoa''' (alizaliwa 21 Novemba 1971) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa Gabon.

Alicheza mechi 8 kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya 1993 na 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Thierry Rétoa (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51213/Thierry_Retoa.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha [[Gabon]] kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Nations Cup 1994 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>cccw2y1dvml9eocbqbs416xkmftr1w6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Liddy Holloway</title>
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    <id>232889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538665</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:14:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elizabeth Brenda “Liddy” Holloway''' (alizaliwa [[27 Machi]] [[1947]] – [[29 Desemba]] [[2004]]) alikuwa mwigizaji na [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]]..&lt;ref name=&quot;NZH&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Actress a stalwart of TV|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/actress-a-stalwart-of-tv/RHMKQQAW5C6XFZ3H7YXCDMNPCI/|work=[[NZ Herald]]|date=29 December 2004|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="514" sha1="k1ftt7ha6s13s9i0qksvzfs3v5tyqxr" xml:space="preserve">'''Elizabeth Brenda “Liddy” Holloway''' (alizaliwa [[27 Machi]] [[1947]] – [[29 Desemba]] [[2004]]) alikuwa mwigizaji na [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]]..&lt;ref name=&quot;NZH&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Actress a stalwart of TV|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/actress-a-stalwart-of-tv/RHMKQQAW5C6XFZ3H7YXCDMNPCI/|work=[[NZ Herald]]|date=29 December 2004|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538925</id>
      <parentid>1538665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:39:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538925</origin>
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      <text bytes="537" sha1="re8lt88qce3njtf53r5xsokk330nxg3" xml:space="preserve">'''Elizabeth Brenda “Liddy” Holloway''' ([[27 Machi]] [[1947]] – [[29 Desemba]] [[2004]]) alikuwa mwigizaji na [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Nyuzilandi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NZH&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Actress a stalwart of TV|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/actress-a-stalwart-of-tv/RHMKQQAW5C6XFZ3H7YXCDMNPCI/|work=[[NZ Herald]]|date=29 December 2004|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]]
[[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa New Zealand]]</text>
      <sha1>re8lt88qce3njtf53r5xsokk330nxg3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ellie Herman</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538668</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:18:01Z</timestamp>
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        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ellie Herman''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[televisheni]], mwalimu, na blogger kutoka [[Marekani]], anayeishi Los Angeles, California.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.randomhouse.com/anchor/ohenry/winners/past.html The O. Henry Prize Stories - Past Winners List], Received September 26, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="349" sha1="go6gsyjpjbu4ytfyaz2nnt324jcl07w" xml:space="preserve">'''Ellie Herman''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[televisheni]], mwalimu, na blogger kutoka [[Marekani]], anayeishi Los Angeles, California.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.randomhouse.com/anchor/ohenry/winners/past.html The O. Henry Prize Stories - Past Winners List], Received September 26, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>go6gsyjpjbu4ytfyaz2nnt324jcl07w</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jill Golick</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:21:08Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jill Golick''' (alizaliwa [[1956]] mjini Montreal, Quebec) ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za filamu na [[televisheni]], mhariri wa hadithi (story editor), mbunifu wa kidigitali, na blogger kutoka Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jillgolick.com/2008/04/spirit-raisers/|title=Running With My Eyes Closed › Spirit Raisers|website=www.jillgolick.com|date=30 April 2008|access-date=2016-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} Jamii:Wali...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="474" sha1="1e8arcrh0a030etx8m1scgscl1dq14s" xml:space="preserve">'''Jill Golick''' (alizaliwa [[1956]] mjini Montreal, Quebec) ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za filamu na [[televisheni]], mhariri wa hadithi (story editor), mbunifu wa kidigitali, na blogger kutoka Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jillgolick.com/2008/04/spirit-raisers/|title=Running With My Eyes Closed › Spirit Raisers|website=www.jillgolick.com|date=30 April 2008|access-date=2016-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>1e8arcrh0a030etx8m1scgscl1dq14s</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538733</id>
      <parentid>1538670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:43:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="478" sha1="eradhivlsnmkv84p8732q0zybpjqnyq" xml:space="preserve">'''Jill Golick''' (alizaliwa [[1956]] mjini Montreal, Quebec) ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za filamu na [[televisheni]], mhariri wa hadithi (story editor), mbunifu wa kidigitali, na blogger kutoka Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.jillgolick.com/2008/04/spirit-raisers/|title=Running With My Eyes Closed › Spirit Raisers|website=www.jillgolick.com|date=30 April 2008|access-date=2016-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>eradhivlsnmkv84p8732q0zybpjqnyq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>María Elena Gertner</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538672</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''María Elena Gertner''' ([[1926]] – [[25 Januari]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]], na [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JscuAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22Mar%C3%ADa+Elena+Gertner%22+%22Voto+m%C3%A1s+fusil%22|title=Películas chilenas|last=López Navarro|first=Julio|publisher=Editorial La Noria|year=1994|page=168|language=es|trans-title=Chilean Films|access-date=19 January 201...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="591" sha1="5k7xkc117l2hdnkbl99t0u5255q3ax1" xml:space="preserve">'''María Elena Gertner''' ([[1926]] – [[25 Januari]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]], na [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JscuAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22Mar%C3%ADa+Elena+Gertner%22+%22Voto+m%C3%A1s+fusil%22|title=Películas chilenas|last=López Navarro|first=Julio|publisher=Editorial La Noria|year=1994|page=168|language=es|trans-title=Chilean Films|access-date=19 January 2018|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2013]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:04:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="594" sha1="rhmhw1rxp4gdewtj98y9y3v9owcfpor" xml:space="preserve">'''María Elena Gertner''' ([[1926]] – [[25 Januari]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]], na [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JscuAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22Mar%C3%ADa+Elena+Gertner%22+%22Voto+m%C3%A1s+fusil%22|title=Películas chilenas|last=López Navarro|first=Julio|publisher=Editorial La Noria|year=1994|page=168|language=es|trans-title=Chilean Films|access-date=19 January 2018|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2013]]</text>
      <sha1>rhmhw1rxp4gdewtj98y9y3v9owcfpor</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marissa Garrido</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:31:00Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marissa Garrido Arozamena''' (alizaliwa [[30 Mei]] [[1926]] – [[8 Januari]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (telenovela playwright) kutoka [[Meksiko|Mexico]], aliyekuwa maarufu zaidi katika miaka ya 1960, 1970, na 1980.  Aliandika adapta 45 na hadithi asili 65 kwa ajili ya televisheni. Kazi yake iliyofanikiwa zaidi ilikuwa ''La leona'' mwaka 1961. Telenovela ya mwisho aliyoandika ilikuwa ''Besos prohibidos'' kwa TV Azte...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="894" sha1="flxsz8wf9tvjp9h1ori4h4kdrbb5d2v" xml:space="preserve">'''Marissa Garrido Arozamena''' (alizaliwa [[30 Mei]] [[1926]] – [[8 Januari]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (telenovela playwright) kutoka [[Meksiko|Mexico]], aliyekuwa maarufu zaidi katika miaka ya 1960, 1970, na 1980.

Aliandika adapta 45 na hadithi asili 65 kwa ajili ya televisheni. Kazi yake iliyofanikiwa zaidi ilikuwa ''La leona'' mwaka 1961. Telenovela ya mwisho aliyoandika ilikuwa ''Besos prohibidos'' kwa TV Azteca mwaka 1999.

Pia alikuwa dada wa mwigizaji wa Mexico Amparo Garrido..&lt;ref name=&quot;5-&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BgwDwAAQBAJ|title=Damas con antifaz: Mujeres en la radio 1920-1960|last1=Abreu|first1=Rita|date=2017|publisher=Editorial Ink|isbn=978-607-8535-18-7|language=es|access-date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538930</id>
      <parentid>1538675</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:41:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="907" sha1="cgsdq723klcpd7dx6xdl7skseljvrkl" xml:space="preserve">'''Marissa Garrido Arozamena''' ([[30 Mei]] [[1926]] – [[8 Januari]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (telenovela playwright) kutoka [[Meksiko]], aliyekuwa maarufu zaidi katika miaka ya 1960, 1970, na 1980.

Aliandika adapta 45 na hadithi asili 65 kwa ajili ya televisheni. Kazi yake iliyofanikiwa zaidi ilikuwa ''La leona'' mwaka 1961. Telenovela ya mwisho aliyoandika ilikuwa ''Besos prohibidos'' kwa TV Azteca mwaka 1999.

Pia alikuwa dada wa mwigizaji wa Mexico Amparo Garrido.&lt;ref name=&quot;5-&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BgwDwAAQBAJ|title=Damas con antifaz: Mujeres en la radio 1920-1960|last1=Abreu|first1=Rita|date=2017|publisher=Editorial Ink|isbn=978-607-8535-18-7|language=es|access-date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Meksiko]]</text>
      <sha1>cgsdq723klcpd7dx6xdl7skseljvrkl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Delia Fiallo</title>
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      <id>1538677</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Delia Fiallo''' (alizaliwa [[4 Julai]] [[1924]] – [[29 Juni]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na screenwriter kutoka Cuba aliyekuwa akiishi Miami, [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Havana, Cuba na kulelewa Pinar del Río, Cuba.  Alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri zaidi wa riwaya za mapenzi za kisasa (contemporary romance novels), na kazi zake zilihusisha aina mbalimbali za fasihi zilizojitokeza katika maandishi yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://el...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1395" sha1="lz98lacu2bezv7iunkmyphhfc8wvp8n" xml:space="preserve">'''Delia Fiallo''' (alizaliwa [[4 Julai]] [[1924]] – [[29 Juni]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na screenwriter kutoka Cuba aliyekuwa akiishi Miami, [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Havana, Cuba na kulelewa Pinar del Río, Cuba.

Alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri zaidi wa riwaya za mapenzi za kisasa (contemporary romance novels), na kazi zake zilihusisha aina mbalimbali za fasihi zilizojitokeza katika maandishi yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1994/07/28/television/725705.html|title=&quot;1.600 millones de personas ven 'culebrones'&quot;, afirma la cubana Delia Fiallo, autora de 'Cristal'|trans-title=&quot;1.6 million people watch telenovelas&quot;, says Cuban Delia Fiallo, author of &quot;Cristal&quot;|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|last=Yanel|first=Lydia S.|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308042815/http://elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1994/07/28/television/725705.html|archivedate=8 March 2009|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adiós, Cuba (por Delia Fiallo)|last=Correa Guatarasma|first=Andrés|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/blogs/latiendo–en–la–cueva/150816/adios–cuba–por–delia–fiallo|work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]|language=Spanish|date=16 August 2015|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>lz98lacu2bezv7iunkmyphhfc8wvp8n</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538709</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:41:35Z</timestamp>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1402" sha1="4ir5k2nmz6e2qw7k9qtnbklnku7sabh" xml:space="preserve">'''Delia Fiallo''' (alizaliwa [[4 Julai]] [[1924]] – [[29 Juni]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na screenwriter kutoka Cuba aliyekuwa akiishi Miami, [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Havana, Cuba na kulelewa Pinar del Río, Cuba.

Alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri zaidi wa riwaya za mapenzi za kisasa (contemporary romance novels), na kazi zake zilihusisha aina mbalimbali za fasihi zilizojitokeza katika maandishi yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=http://elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1994/07/28/television/725705.html|title=&quot;1.600 millones de personas ven 'culebrones'&quot;, afirma la cubana Delia Fiallo, autora de 'Cristal'|trans-title=&quot;1.6 million people watch telenovelas&quot;, says Cuban Delia Fiallo, author of &quot;Cristal&quot;|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|last=Yanel|first=Lydia S.|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308042815/http://elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1994/07/28/television/725705.html|archivedate=8 March 2009|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Adiós, Cuba (por Delia Fiallo)|last=Correa Guatarasma|first=Andrés|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/blogs/latiendo–en–la–cueva/150816/adios–cuba–por–delia–fiallo|work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]|language=Spanish|date=16 August 2015|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>4ir5k2nmz6e2qw7k9qtnbklnku7sabh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538970</id>
      <parentid>1538709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:42:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1420" sha1="iu45ivncec9szdjfnz40v39ay6lc6ji" xml:space="preserve">'''Delia Fiallo''' ([[4 Julai]] [[1924]] – [[29 Juni]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na screenwriter kutoka Kuba aliyekuwa akiishi Miami, [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Havana, Kuba na kulelewa Pinar del Río, Kuba.

Alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri zaidi wa riwaya za mapenzi za kisasa (contemporary romance novels), na kazi zake zilihusisha aina mbalimbali za fasihi zilizojitokeza katika maandishi yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=http://elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1994/07/28/television/725705.html|title=&quot;1.600 millones de personas ven 'culebrones'&quot;, afirma la cubana Delia Fiallo, autora de 'Cristal'|trans-title=&quot;1.6 million people watch telenovelas&quot;, says Cuban Delia Fiallo, author of &quot;Cristal&quot;|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|last=Yanel|first=Lydia S.|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308042815/http://elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1994/07/28/television/725705.html|archivedate=8 March 2009|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Adiós, Cuba (por Delia Fiallo)|last=Correa Guatarasma|first=Andrés|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/blogs/latiendo–en–la–cueva/150816/adios–cuba–por–delia–fiallo|work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]|language=Spanish|date=16 August 2015|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Kuba]]</text>
      <sha1>iu45ivncec9szdjfnz40v39ay6lc6ji</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nona Fernández</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538678</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:45:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Patricia Paola Fernández Silanes''' (alizaliwa [[23 Juni]] [[1971]]), anayejulikana zaidi kama Nona Fernández, ni mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]], na screenwriter kutoka Chile.  Ameshinda Tuzo ya Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz pamoja na Tuzo ya Altazor mara kadhaa kutokana na kazi zake za fasihi na sanaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://diario.latercera.com/2013/05/25/01/contenido/cultura-entretencion/30-137651-9-bestiario-una-historia-teatral-del-regimen-en-el-teatr...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1088" sha1="10mhcazi7vg3g7gxn4y5a7ebao58fax" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia Paola Fernández Silanes''' (alizaliwa [[23 Juni]] [[1971]]), anayejulikana zaidi kama Nona Fernández, ni mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]], na screenwriter kutoka Chile.

Ameshinda Tuzo ya Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz pamoja na Tuzo ya Altazor mara kadhaa kutokana na kazi zake za fasihi na sanaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://diario.latercera.com/2013/05/25/01/contenido/cultura-entretencion/30-137651-9-bestiario-una-historia-teatral-del-regimen-en-el-teatro-y-el-papel.shtml|title=Bestiario, una historia teatral del régimen en el teatro y el papel|trans-title=Bestiario, a Theatrical History of the Regime On Stage and On Paper|first=Estefanía|last=Etcheverría|work=[[La Tercera]]|language=es|date=25 May 2013|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002161157/http://diario.latercera.com/2013/05/25/01/contenido/cultura-entretencion/30-137651-9-bestiario-una-historia-teatral-del-regimen-en-el-teatro-y-el-papel.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]</text>
      <sha1>10mhcazi7vg3g7gxn4y5a7ebao58fax</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sarah Dollard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538680</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:50:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sarah Dollard''' (alizaliwa [[21 Januari]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Australia]], anayeishi na kufanya kazi nchini [[Uingereza]].  Alianza kazi yake ya uandishi wa televisheni katika soap opera ya Australia ''Neighbours'', kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza mwaka 2008. Baadaye aliunda na kuandika mfululizo wa vichekesho vya mapenzi wa Wales ''Cara Fi (Love Me)'', uliorushwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye S4C mwaka 2014.  Pia am...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="966" sha1="9iwgrje8wbca7956b9i6wyhlvud8swq" xml:space="preserve">'''Sarah Dollard''' (alizaliwa [[21 Januari]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Australia]], anayeishi na kufanya kazi nchini [[Uingereza]].

Alianza kazi yake ya uandishi wa televisheni katika soap opera ya Australia ''Neighbours'', kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza mwaka 2008. Baadaye aliunda na kuandika mfululizo wa vichekesho vya mapenzi wa Wales ''Cara Fi (Love Me)'', uliorushwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye S4C mwaka 2014.

Pia ameteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Emmy kutokana na kazi yake kama Producer katika mfululizo wa Netflix ''Bridgerton''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wales Online&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/sport-drama-documentaries-baking-heart-7713997|title=Sport, drama, documentaries and baking at the heart of S4C's autumn schedule|work=Wales Online|date=3 September 2014|access-date=3 December 2014|author=Owens, David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|2}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>9iwgrje8wbca7956b9i6wyhlvud8swq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Emilia di Girolamo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538681</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:53:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Emilia di Girolamo''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi]] wa vitabu kutoka [[Uingereza]].  Pia ameandika makala na blog posts kwa gazeti la ''The Guardian''. Ana binti aitwaye Raffiella, ambaye ni mwigizaji, aliye na baba yake ni muigizaji Dom Chapman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckEgAQAAIAAJ|title=Freaky|last=Di Girolamo|first=Emilia|date=September 1999|publisher=PULP Faction|isbn=9781901072150|locat...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="597" sha1="a8wwq70f0caabhgfitxo5p85813na6y" xml:space="preserve">'''Emilia di Girolamo''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi]] wa vitabu kutoka [[Uingereza]].

Pia ameandika makala na blog posts kwa gazeti la ''The Guardian''. Ana binti aitwaye Raffiella, ambaye ni mwigizaji, aliye na baba yake ni muigizaji Dom Chapman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckEgAQAAIAAJ|title=Freaky|last=Di Girolamo|first=Emilia|date=September 1999|publisher=PULP Faction|isbn=9781901072150|location=|language=en|access-date=16 April 2024}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>a8wwq70f0caabhgfitxo5p85813na6y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538972</id>
      <parentid>1538681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538972</origin>
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      <text bytes="631" sha1="84epp8ay89rfbni1h00kzx2i60ksl3v" xml:space="preserve">'''Emilia di Girolamo''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi]] wa vitabu kutoka [[Uingereza]].

Pia ameandika makala na blog posts kwa gazeti la ''The Guardian''. Ana binti aitwaye Raffiella, ambaye ni mwigizaji, aliye na baba yake ni muigizaji Dom Chapman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckEgAQAAIAAJ|title=Freaky|last=Di Girolamo|first=Emilia|date=September 1999|publisher=PULP Faction|isbn=9781901072150|location=|language=en|access-date=16 April 2024}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>84epp8ay89rfbni1h00kzx2i60ksl3v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fflur Dafydd</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538683</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T20:57:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Fflur Dafydd''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mwimbaji-mtunzi wa nyimbo, na [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka Wales. Ingawa mara nyingi huandika kwa lugha ya Kiwelsh, pia huandika kwa Kiingereza.  Pia huchangia mara kwa mara makala na maudhui ya lugha ya Kiwelsh kwenye Radio Cymru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.swan.ac.uk/staff/academic/Arts/dafyddf/|title=Swansea University staff page|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="670" sha1="0medzkcuipft60szgjzbjsqvq1mjuen" xml:space="preserve">'''Fflur Dafydd''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mwimbaji-mtunzi wa nyimbo, na [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka Wales. Ingawa mara nyingi huandika kwa lugha ya Kiwelsh, pia huandika kwa Kiingereza.

Pia huchangia mara kwa mara makala na maudhui ya lugha ya Kiwelsh kwenye Radio Cymru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.swan.ac.uk/staff/academic/Arts/dafyddf/|title=Swansea University staff page|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719225749/http://www.swan.ac.uk/staff/academic/Arts/dafyddf/|archive-date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>0medzkcuipft60szgjzbjsqvq1mjuen</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538723</id>
      <parentid>1538683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="674" sha1="qri1x455gn50tsszlmdy363b7vlk2ga" xml:space="preserve">'''Fflur Dafydd''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mwimbaji-mtunzi wa nyimbo, na [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka Wales. Ingawa mara nyingi huandika kwa lugha ya Kiwelsh, pia huandika kwa Kiingereza.

Pia huchangia mara kwa mara makala na maudhui ya lugha ya Kiwelsh kwenye Radio Cymru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.swan.ac.uk/staff/academic/Arts/dafyddf/|title=Swansea University staff page|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719225749/http://www.swan.ac.uk/staff/academic/Arts/dafyddf/|archive-date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>qri1x455gn50tsszlmdy363b7vlk2ga</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Janete Clair</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538685</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:01:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Janete Clair''' (aliyezaliwa Jenete Stocco Emmer; [[25 Aprili]] [[1925]] – [[16 Novemba]] [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa televisheni, redio, na riwaya kutoka Brazil.  Baada ya kifo chake kutokana na saratani mjini Rio de Janeiro mwaka 1983, vipindi vya televisheni nchini Brazil viliendelea kutegemea kazi zake kwa zaidi ya miaka 15. Alikuwa mke wa mwandishi Dias Gomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Janete Clair|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0163210/bio|acc...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1090" sha1="sdluy1kur2qiihynvxdbs7m3f3y1rbr" xml:space="preserve">'''Janete Clair''' (aliyezaliwa Jenete Stocco Emmer; [[25 Aprili]] [[1925]] – [[16 Novemba]] [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa televisheni, redio, na riwaya kutoka Brazil.

Baada ya kifo chake kutokana na saratani mjini Rio de Janeiro mwaka 1983, vipindi vya televisheni nchini Brazil viliendelea kutegemea kazi zake kwa zaidi ya miaka 15. Alikuwa mke wa mwandishi Dias Gomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Janete Clair|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0163210/bio|access-date=2021-03-02|website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/perfis/talentos/janete-clair.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175013/http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/perfis/talentos/janete-clair.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 11, 2013|title=Janete Clair - trajetória|work=Memória Globo|language=Portuguese|accessdate=2016-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alizaliwa Conquista, Minas Gerais, Brazil, akiwa mtoto wa Salim Emmer (mfanyabiashara) na Carolina Stocco (mshonaji). Kupitia baba yake, alikuwa na asili ya Lebanon.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]]</text>
      <sha1>sdluy1kur2qiihynvxdbs7m3f3y1rbr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538731</id>
      <parentid>1538685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1094" sha1="mv5c7776fc5q5n0t3ct4brjg2icrxwy" xml:space="preserve">'''Janete Clair''' (aliyezaliwa Jenete Stocco Emmer; [[25 Aprili]] [[1925]] – [[16 Novemba]] [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa televisheni, redio, na riwaya kutoka Brazil.

Baada ya kifo chake kutokana na saratani mjini Rio de Janeiro mwaka 1983, vipindi vya televisheni nchini Brazil viliendelea kutegemea kazi zake kwa zaidi ya miaka 15. Alikuwa mke wa mwandishi Dias Gomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Janete Clair|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0163210/bio|access-date=2021-03-02|website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/perfis/talentos/janete-clair.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175013/http://memoriaglobo.globo.com/perfis/talentos/janete-clair.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 11, 2013|title=Janete Clair - trajetória|work=Memória Globo|language=Portuguese|accessdate=2016-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alizaliwa Conquista, Minas Gerais, Brazil, akiwa mtoto wa Salim Emmer (mfanyabiashara) na Carolina Stocco (mshonaji). Kupitia baba yake, alikuwa na asili ya Lebanon.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Singa</title>
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    <redirect title="Sinja" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538687</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim Old</username>
        <id>19967</id>
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      <comment>Ibrahim Old alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Singa]] hadi [[Sinja]]</comment>
      <origin>1538687</origin>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="5qdjg4hs7l29s4ifm30sk7uhqw6rngy" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sinja]]</text>
      <sha1>5qdjg4hs7l29s4ifm30sk7uhqw6rngy</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nazrin Choudhury</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538690</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:07:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nazrin Choudhury''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script, mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji, na mwigizaji mwenye uraia wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Marekani]], mwenye asili ya Bangladesh.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kubwa katika televisheni ya Marekani, pamoja na filamu yake fupi ''Red, White and Blue'', ambayo iliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Academy (Oscar).&lt;ref name=&quot;variety&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Khatchatourian|first=Maane|url=https://www.variety.com/2014/tv/news/fox-selects-1...'</comment>
      <origin>1538690</origin>
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      <text bytes="715" sha1="byu1la7ph88awzijv2v6exyc5iyyu94" xml:space="preserve">'''Nazrin Choudhury''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script, mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji, na mwigizaji mwenye uraia wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Marekani]], mwenye asili ya Bangladesh.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kubwa katika televisheni ya Marekani, pamoja na filamu yake fupi ''Red, White and Blue'', ambayo iliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Academy (Oscar).&lt;ref name=&quot;variety&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Khatchatourian|first=Maane|url=https://www.variety.com/2014/tv/news/fox-selects-10-finalists-for-annual-writers-intensive-1201068108/|title=Fox Selects 10 Finalists for Annual Writers Intensive|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=23 January 2014|access-date=26 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>byu1la7ph88awzijv2v6exyc5iyyu94</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nené Cascallar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:13:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alicia Inés Botto''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kalamu Nené Cascallar (alizlaiwa [[11 Juni]] [[1914]] – [[16 Mei]] [[1982]]), alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Argentina]] wa michezo ya redio na telenovela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.urgente24.com/index.php?id=ver&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=120129&amp;cHash=4ae85f58a5|title=De Jorge Barreiro a Nené Cascallar: Aquellas tardes de Canal 13|work=urgente24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Aliandika script ya ''Fuego sagrado'' mw...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="621" sha1="m557ylgfhr42nkjdibl42t90r9z1e7v" xml:space="preserve">'''Alicia Inés Botto''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kalamu Nené Cascallar (alizlaiwa [[11 Juni]] [[1914]] – [[16 Mei]] [[1982]]), alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Argentina]] wa michezo ya redio na telenovela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.urgente24.com/index.php?id=ver&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=120129&amp;cHash=4ae85f58a5|title=De Jorge Barreiro a Nené Cascallar: Aquellas tardes de Canal 13|work=urgente24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliandika script ya ''Fuego sagrado'' mwaka 1950, na pia kitabu ''A Lo Largo Del Camino'' mwaka 1951.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538975</id>
      <parentid>1538694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:47:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="644" sha1="nws6abaatvdezuv2isbbx6vwmapgt5r" xml:space="preserve">'''Alicia Inés Botto''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kalamu Nené Cascallar ([[11 Juni]] [[1914]] – [[16 Mei]] [[1982]]), alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Argentina]] wa michezo ya redio na telenovela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.urgente24.com/index.php?id=ver&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=120129&amp;cHash=4ae85f58a5|title=De Jorge Barreiro a Nené Cascallar: Aquellas tardes de Canal 13|work=urgente24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliandika script ya ''Fuego sagrado'' mwaka 1950, na pia kitabu ''A Lo Largo Del Camino'' mwaka 1951.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Argentina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caridad Bravo Adams</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538696</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:15:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Caridad Bravo Adams''' (alizaliwa [[14 Januari]] [[1908]], Villahermosa, Tabasco – alifariki [[13 Agosti]] [[1990]], [[Mexico City]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] mashuhuri kutoka Mexico na anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waandishi maarufu zaidi wa telenovela duniani.  {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="336" sha1="auuxsi4arkhzgcmm3xhf7ty5qg44vpw" xml:space="preserve">'''Caridad Bravo Adams''' (alizaliwa [[14 Januari]] [[1908]], Villahermosa, Tabasco – alifariki [[13 Agosti]] [[1990]], [[Mexico City]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] mashuhuri kutoka Mexico na anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waandishi maarufu zaidi wa telenovela duniani.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538976</id>
      <parentid>1538696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:48:34Z</timestamp>
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        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="349" sha1="nzft9son9xk2v3j8vkefpa9ur49rqj5" xml:space="preserve">'''Caridad Bravo Adams''' ([[14 Januari]] [[1908]], Villahermosa, Tabasco –  [[13 Agosti]] [[1990]], [[Mexico City]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] mashuhuri kutoka Meksiko na anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waandishi maarufu zaidi wa telenovela duniani.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Meksiko]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mimí Bechelani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538700</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:19:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mimí Bechelani''' alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], na mwandishi wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Meksiko|Mexico]]. Alitumia kazi yake yote ya kitaaluma kuandika kwa ajili ya Televisa.  Pia alikuwa mtangazaji wa redio, na aliandika mashairi, riwaya, tamthilia, filamu, na scripts za jukwaa, redio, televisheni, na filamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Elena|first=Anna|date=2011-05-23|title=El Arte: Un Nuevo Motivo para Vivir..: Mimí Bechelani (in Spanish...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="617" sha1="irlrv8b7oh73ebyim9m3rid63vlmgo5" xml:space="preserve">'''Mimí Bechelani''' alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], na mwandishi wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Meksiko|Mexico]]. Alitumia kazi yake yote ya kitaaluma kuandika kwa ajili ya Televisa.

Pia alikuwa mtangazaji wa redio, na aliandika mashairi, riwaya, tamthilia, filamu, na scripts za jukwaa, redio, televisheni, na filamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Elena|first=Anna|date=2011-05-23|title=El Arte: Un Nuevo Motivo para Vivir..: Mimí Bechelani (in Spanish)|url=http://annaelenna.blogspot.com/2011/05/mimi-bechelani.html|access-date=2022-02-26|website=El Arte}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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      <sha1>irlrv8b7oh73ebyim9m3rid63vlmgo5</sha1>
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      <id>1538743</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:20:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="621" sha1="hien7040h0z9rge8gbtw3vafw2i0tfq" xml:space="preserve">'''Mimí Bechelani''' alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], na mwandishi wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Meksiko|Mexico]]. Alitumia kazi yake yote ya kitaaluma kuandika kwa ajili ya Televisa.

Pia alikuwa mtangazaji wa redio, na aliandika mashairi, riwaya, tamthilia, filamu, na scripts za jukwaa, redio, televisheni, na filamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Elena|first=Anna|date=2011-05-23|title=El Arte: Un Nuevo Motivo para Vivir..: Mimí Bechelani (in Spanish)|url=http://annaelenna.blogspot.com/2011/05/mimi-bechelani.html|access-date=2022-02-26|website=El Arte}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>hien7040h0z9rge8gbtw3vafw2i0tfq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Roanne Bardsley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538704</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Roanne Bardsley''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika soap opera ya muda mrefu ya Channel 4 ''Hollyoaks''.  Awali alitokea Lampeter, baadaye akahamia Liverpool.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z482382|title=How to become a screenwriter: Roanne Bardsley's story|website=BBC Bitesize|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://w...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="611" sha1="5mza9s8ztjimplpe9h3l92wyjyyn1am" xml:space="preserve">'''Roanne Bardsley''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika soap opera ya muda mrefu ya Channel 4 ''Hollyoaks''.

Awali alitokea Lampeter, baadaye akahamia Liverpool.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z482382|title=How to become a screenwriter: Roanne Bardsley's story|website=BBC Bitesize|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801225716/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z482382|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>5mza9s8ztjimplpe9h3l92wyjyyn1am</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>1538704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:52:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="615" sha1="q6o614y5hc03j23nn7d7ve88lclkhm1" xml:space="preserve">'''Roanne Bardsley''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika soap opera ya muda mrefu ya Channel 4 ''Hollyoaks''.

Awali alitokea Lampeter, baadaye akahamia Liverpool.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z482382|title=How to become a screenwriter: Roanne Bardsley's story|website=BBC Bitesize|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801225716/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z482382|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sally Abbott</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538706</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:38:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sally Abbott''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], [[mwandishi]] wa michezo ya kuigiza (playwright), na aliyewahi kuwa mtayarishaji wa theatre kutoka Uingereza.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuandika drama ya uhalifu ya BBC One ''The Coroner'', ambayo ilirushwa kwa misimu miwili..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dramaandtheatre.co.uk/review/article/i-think-we-are-alone-by-sally-abbott|title=I Think We Are Alone by Sally Abbott}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="856" sha1="ce9jpmxnyemri31fsqars88slo9haha" xml:space="preserve">'''Sally Abbott''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], [[mwandishi]] wa michezo ya kuigiza (playwright), na aliyewahi kuwa mtayarishaji wa theatre kutoka Uingereza.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuandika drama ya uhalifu ya BBC One ''The Coroner'', ambayo ilirushwa kwa misimu miwili..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dramaandtheatre.co.uk/review/article/i-think-we-are-alone-by-sally-abbott|title=I Think We Are Alone by Sally Abbott}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/feb/06/i-think-we-are-alone-review-frantic-assembly-kathy-burke|title=I Think We Are Alone review – Frantic Assembly's tender sweep of connection|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=6 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://deadline.com/2025/09/joanna-scanlan-casting-5-missed-call-global-briefs-1236553187/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="864" sha1="3o1kzxfhb2m1mkgk0nbcva0s9tt4ck4" xml:space="preserve">'''Sally Abbott''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], [[mwandishi]] wa michezo ya kuigiza (playwright), na aliyewahi kuwa mtayarishaji wa theatre kutoka Uingereza.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuandika drama ya uhalifu ya BBC One ''The Coroner'', ambayo ilirushwa kwa misimu miwili..&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dramaandtheatre.co.uk/review/article/i-think-we-are-alone-by-sally-abbott|title=I Think We Are Alone by Sally Abbott}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/feb/06/i-think-we-are-alone-review-frantic-assembly-kathy-burke|title=I Think We Are Alone review – Frantic Assembly's tender sweep of connection|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=6 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://deadline.com/2025/09/joanna-scanlan-casting-5-missed-call-global-briefs-1236553187/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Colet Abedi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:40:38Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Colet Abedi''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji kutoka Iran na [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://romanceradio.net/colet-abedi-interview-show-136/|title=Colet Abedi Interview – Show #136|date=16 May 2013|accessdate=1 April 2015|website=The Romance Radio Network|publisher=|last=Desmond|first=Haas|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175356/http://romanceradio.net/colet-abedi-interview-show-136/|url-status=usurp...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="516" sha1="kko3xbxcut2i2crta37kt8cov7meckp" xml:space="preserve">'''Colet Abedi''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji kutoka Iran na [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://romanceradio.net/colet-abedi-interview-show-136/|title=Colet Abedi Interview – Show #136|date=16 May 2013|accessdate=1 April 2015|website=The Romance Radio Network|publisher=|last=Desmond|first=Haas|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175356/http://romanceradio.net/colet-abedi-interview-show-136/|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Maxine Alderton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1538711</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:42:38Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maxine Alderton''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za televisheni kutoka [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika mfululizo wa sci-fi wa BBC ''Doctor Who''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WritersAnnounced&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cultbox.co.uk/news/headlines/doctor-who-series-12-writers-announced|title=Doctor Who Series 12: writers announced|date=13 November 2019|website=CultBox|access-date=13 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}'</comment>
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      <text bytes="455" sha1="fvtf3cpmhjyshmrszsr10in2udko2ke" xml:space="preserve">'''Maxine Alderton''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za televisheni kutoka [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika mfululizo wa sci-fi wa BBC ''Doctor Who''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WritersAnnounced&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cultbox.co.uk/news/headlines/doctor-who-series-12-writers-announced|title=Doctor Who Series 12: writers announced|date=13 November 2019|website=CultBox|access-date=13 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:07:45Z</timestamp>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="459" sha1="0ru6ejbihrfbf03gpzc22ntlbb8fatk" xml:space="preserve">'''Maxine Alderton''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za televisheni kutoka [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika mfululizo wa sci-fi wa BBC ''Doctor Who''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WritersAnnounced&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cultbox.co.uk/news/headlines/doctor-who-series-12-writers-announced|title=Doctor Who Series 12: writers announced|date=13 November 2019|website=CultBox|access-date=13 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Maria Adelaide Amaral</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maria Adelaide Amaral''' (alizaliwa [[1 Julai]] [[1942]], Alfena) ni [[mwandishi]] wa michezo ya kuigiza, [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], na mwandishi wa riwaya mwenye asili ya Ureno na [[Brazil]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=w0Lc79wP-40C&amp;pg=PA32 Tentative transgressions: homosexuality, AIDS, and the theater in Brazil by Severino João Medeiros Albuquerque, pg 32]&lt;/ref&gt;  Kazi nyingi za michezo yake ya kuigiza zinahusu wataalamu wa...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1041" sha1="rj63y50bups7mgtv7tvvkn3oyp362k9" xml:space="preserve">'''Maria Adelaide Amaral''' (alizaliwa [[1 Julai]] [[1942]], Alfena) ni [[mwandishi]] wa michezo ya kuigiza, [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], na mwandishi wa riwaya mwenye asili ya Ureno na [[Brazil]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=w0Lc79wP-40C&amp;pg=PA32 Tentative transgressions: homosexuality, AIDS, and the theater in Brazil by Severino João Medeiros Albuquerque, pg 32]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kazi nyingi za michezo yake ya kuigiza zinahusu wataalamu wa mijini walio na changamoto za kijamii na kisaikolojia. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waandishi wakuu wa kike wa michezo ya kuigiza nchini Brazil, akishirikiana katika hadhi hiyo na Leilah Assunção.

Mwaka 1994, aliandika wasifu wa mchekeshaji wa Brazil Dercy Gonçalves ulioitwa ''Dercy de Cabo a Rabo''. Baadaye, mwaka 2012, alibadilisha kitabu hicho kuwa miniseries ''Dercy de Verdade''.

Ingawa ni mwandishi wa riwaya na michezo ya kuigiza, anajulikana zaidi kwa uandishi wa telenovela, ikiwemo remake ya mwaka 2010 ya ''Ti Ti Ti''.

== Marejeo ==
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    <title>Joy Wilkinson</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T21:47:34Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joy Wilkinson''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza (playwright), mwandishi wa vitabu, na mkurugenzi kutoka Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/sweet-science-of-bruising-wiltons-music-hall_48285.html|title=The Sweet Science of Bruising to transfer to Wilton's Music Hall &amp;#124; WhatsOnStage|website=www.whatsonstage.com|date=10 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{refl...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="484" sha1="gyoc5dbkqruoz7b7em7dy1k6qr7328m" xml:space="preserve">'''Joy Wilkinson''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza (playwright), mwandishi wa vitabu, na mkurugenzi kutoka Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/sweet-science-of-bruising-wiltons-music-hall_48285.html|title=The Sweet Science of Bruising to transfer to Wilton's Music Hall &amp;#124; WhatsOnStage|website=www.whatsonstage.com|date=10 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T22:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="488" sha1="dxdzmfntrxq9k7izrhx67hy4qkyztiy" xml:space="preserve">'''Joy Wilkinson''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]], mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza (playwright), mwandishi wa vitabu, na mkurugenzi kutoka Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/sweet-science-of-bruising-wiltons-music-hall_48285.html|title=The Sweet Science of Bruising to transfer to Wilton's Music Hall &amp;#124; WhatsOnStage|website=www.whatsonstage.com|date=10 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dahvi Waller</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dahvi Walle'''r ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] na mtayarishaji kutoka [[Kanada|Canada]].  Ni mshindi wa Tuzo ya Primetime Emmy na ameshinda Tuzo tatu za Writers Guild of America. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika mfululizo wa televisheni ''Mad Men'' na miniseries ''Mrs. America''.&lt;ref name=&quot;VFTF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.viff.org/forum/speaker_dahviwaller.htm|work=The Greater Vancouver International Film Festival Society|title=Dahvi...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="768" sha1="smzgbt6cvpr6760yn7rpb8oeh5putmr" xml:space="preserve">'''Dahvi Walle'''r ni [[mwandishi]] wa script za [[televisheni]] na mtayarishaji kutoka [[Kanada|Canada]].

Ni mshindi wa Tuzo ya Primetime Emmy na ameshinda Tuzo tatu za Writers Guild of America. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika mfululizo wa televisheni ''Mad Men'' na miniseries ''Mrs. America''.&lt;ref name=&quot;VFTF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.viff.org/forum/speaker_dahviwaller.htm|work=The Greater Vancouver International Film Festival Society|title=Dahvi Waller|quote=The Montreal native earned her B.A. in History from Princeton University|access-date=2009-11-05|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405185057/http://www.viff.org/forum/speaker_dahviwaller.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Sally Wainwright</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538721</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sally Wainwright OBE''' (alizaliwa [[1963]]) ni [[mwandishi]], [[mtayarishaji]], na mkurugenzi wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Uingereza]].  Anajulikana kwa kuandika drama za televisheni mara nyingi zinazowekwa katika eneo lake la asili la West Yorkshire, na zinazojikita katika wahusika wanawake wenye nguvu. Kazi zake maarufu ni pamoja na ''Scott &amp; Bailey'' (2011–2016), ''Last Tango in Halifax'' (2012–2020), ''Happy Valley'' (2014–2023), na ''Riot Wom...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="926" sha1="45ed1ba0kr04iy6h9z4dh9n3w4wosib" xml:space="preserve">'''Sally Wainwright OBE''' (alizaliwa [[1963]]) ni [[mwandishi]], [[mtayarishaji]], na mkurugenzi wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Uingereza]].

Anajulikana kwa kuandika drama za televisheni mara nyingi zinazowekwa katika eneo lake la asili la West Yorkshire, na zinazojikita katika wahusika wanawake wenye nguvu. Kazi zake maarufu ni pamoja na ''Scott &amp; Bailey'' (2011–2016), ''Last Tango in Halifax'' (2012–2020), ''Happy Valley'' (2014–2023), na ''Riot Women'' (2025–).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ritman|first=Alex|date=April 15, 2021|title=Disney+ Unveils First U.K. Scripted Slate From 'Happy Valley' Creator, 'Killing Eve' Producers|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/disney-unveils-first-u-k-scripted-slate-from-happy-valley-creator-killing-eve-producers-4166968/|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="930" sha1="l15ulcxc61qh5g2fqy70kxxr7y5qks1" xml:space="preserve">'''Sally Wainwright OBE''' (alizaliwa [[1963]]) ni [[mwandishi]], [[mtayarishaji]], na mkurugenzi wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Uingereza]].

Anajulikana kwa kuandika drama za televisheni mara nyingi zinazowekwa katika eneo lake la asili la West Yorkshire, na zinazojikita katika wahusika wanawake wenye nguvu. Kazi zake maarufu ni pamoja na ''Scott &amp; Bailey'' (2011–2016), ''Last Tango in Halifax'' (2012–2020), ''Happy Valley'' (2014–2023), na ''Riot Women'' (2025–).&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ritman|first=Alex|date=April 15, 2021|title=Disney+ Unveils First U.K. Scripted Slate From 'Happy Valley' Creator, 'Killing Eve' Producers|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/disney-unveils-first-u-k-scripted-slate-from-happy-valley-creator-killing-eve-producers-4166968/|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Fernanda Villeli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '  '''María Ofelia Villenave Garza''', anayejulikana zaidi kama Fernanda Villeli ([[14 Mei]] [[1921]] – [[1 Februari]] [[2009]]), alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na mwanaharakati kutoka [[Meksiko|Mexico]], na mmoja wa waandishi wakuu wa telenovela nchini humo.  Aliandika kwa ajili ya mfululizo mbalimbali kama ''Aprendiendo a amar'' (1980), ''Extraños caminos del amor'' (1981), ''El maleficio'' (1983), ''La traición'' (1984) (pamoja na Carmen Daniels), ''Lo blanc...'</comment>
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'''María Ofelia Villenave Garza''', anayejulikana zaidi kama Fernanda Villeli ([[14 Mei]] [[1921]] – [[1 Februari]] [[2009]]), alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na mwanaharakati kutoka [[Meksiko|Mexico]], na mmoja wa waandishi wakuu wa telenovela nchini humo.

Aliandika kwa ajili ya mfululizo mbalimbali kama ''Aprendiendo a amar'' (1980), ''Extraños caminos del amor'' (1981), ''El maleficio'' (1983), ''La traición'' (1984) (pamoja na Carmen Daniels), ''Lo blanco y lo negro'' (1989), ''Al filo de la muerte'' (1991) (pamoja na Marcia Yance), na ''El diario de Daniela'' (1998–1999) (pamoja na Marcela Fuentes Beráin).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2009/02/01/fernanda-villeli-descanse-en-paz|title=Fernanda Villeli descanse en paz|publisher=Quien|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=30 May 2015|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Felix Gillet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232914</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Felix Gillet''' (25 Machi 1835 – 27 Januari 1908) alikuwa mkulima wa vitalu vya miche wa mwanzo huko [[California]], mtaalamu wa bustani, mfugaji wa [[hariri]], na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa kuanzisha aina bora za miti ya matunda na karanga kutoka [[Ulaya]] kwenda California na maeneo ya kaskazini-magharibi mwa Marekani.  Kuanzia mwaka 1869, katika kitalu chake cha Barren Hill Nursery huko Nevada City, Gillet alilima vipandikizi vy...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1388" sha1="d7purdmsh25rqc205534gwqpcmwg8pb" xml:space="preserve">'''Felix Gillet''' (25 Machi 1835 – 27 Januari 1908) alikuwa mkulima wa vitalu vya miche wa mwanzo huko [[California]], mtaalamu wa bustani, mfugaji wa [[hariri]], na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa kuanzisha aina bora za miti ya matunda na karanga kutoka [[Ulaya]] kwenda California na maeneo ya kaskazini-magharibi mwa Marekani.

Kuanzia mwaka 1869, katika kitalu chake cha Barren Hill Nursery huko Nevada City, Gillet alilima vipandikizi vya miti alivyoviagiza kutoka nje pamoja na miche aliyokuza mwenyewe. Pia alifanya majaribio ya kuunganisha mimea kwa njia ya kupandikiza, kuchanganya aina mbalimbali za mimea, na kuandika mara kwa mara makala kuhusu bustani na aina za mimea alizochagua, huku akiendelea kushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii za Nevada City.&lt;ref&gt;Grass Valley Morning Union, Januari 28, 1908, uk. 5&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa muda wa miaka 37 alichapisha katalogi yake mwenyewe ya vitalu vya miche na kutangaza biashara yake kwa upana. Aliuza [[walnut]]i, filberti (hazelnut), chestnuti, plumu za kukaushwa, tini, stroberi, [[zabibu]], pichi, cherry, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, pamoja na aina nyingine nyingi za matunda na karanga kote California na eneo la Pacific Northwest.

Aina ya biashara ya [[walnut]]i iliyoitwa “Felix Gillet” ilipewa jina lake kwa heshima yake.

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Griffith (writer)</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538744</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:21:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary Griffith''' (1772–1846) alikuwa mwandishi, mtaalamu wa bustani, na mwanasayansi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alichapisha matokeo ya tafiti zake katika majarida ya kisayansi na ya fasihi, pamoja na magazeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cox|first=Robt S.|title=A Spontaneous Flow: The Geological Contributions of Mary Griffith, 1772-1846|year=1993|journal=Earth Sciences History|volume=12|issue=2|pages=187–195|doi=10.17704/eshi.12.2.0110m7w273027w67|j...'</comment>
      <origin>1538744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1127" sha1="qv4wsiqa3ebjt83p8urs6ecbq1uhngi" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Griffith''' (1772–1846) alikuwa mwandishi, mtaalamu wa bustani, na mwanasayansi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alichapisha matokeo ya tafiti zake katika majarida ya kisayansi na ya fasihi, pamoja na magazeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cox|first=Robt S.|title=A Spontaneous Flow: The Geological Contributions of Mary Griffith, 1772-1846|year=1993|journal=Earth Sciences History|volume=12|issue=2|pages=187–195|doi=10.17704/eshi.12.2.0110m7w273027w67|jstor=24138608|bibcode=1993ESHis..12..187C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia alichapisha riwaya na hadithi kadhaa, zikiwemo ''Camperdown, or News from Our Neighborhood'' (1836), pamoja na ''Three Hundred Years Hence'', ambayo inachukuliwa kuwa [riwaya ya kwanza ya jamii bora iliyoandikwa na mwanamke kutoka Marekani inayojulikana hadi sasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|last=Suksang
|first=Duangrudi
|title=Mary Griffith's Pioneering Vision: Three Hundred Years Hence
|date=1 Januari 2000
|url=[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-66454600.html](http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-66454600.html)
|accessdate=15 Aprili 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>qv4wsiqa3ebjt83p8urs6ecbq1uhngi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wes Jackson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538745</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:25:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wes Jackson''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1936) ni mwanajenetiki kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alianzisha kwa pamoja Taasisi ya Land pamoja na Dana Jackson. Pia ni mwanachama wa World Future Council.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Jackson alizaliwa na kukulia katika shamba karibu na [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]], [[Kansas]]. Baada ya kupata shahada ya kwanza ya [[biolojia]] kutoka Kansas Wesleyan University, shahada ya uzamili ya [[botania]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kan...'</comment>
      <origin>1538745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1759" sha1="3kchhfiewpc4xwx63972v03vrxzi2g7" xml:space="preserve">'''Wes Jackson''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1936) ni mwanajenetiki kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alianzisha kwa pamoja Taasisi ya Land pamoja na Dana Jackson. Pia ni mwanachama wa World Future Council.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Jackson alizaliwa na kukulia katika shamba karibu na [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]], [[Kansas]]. Baada ya kupata shahada ya kwanza ya [[biolojia]] kutoka Kansas Wesleyan University, shahada ya uzamili ya [[botania]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas, na shahada ya uzamivu katika [[jenetiki]] kutoka North Carolina State University, Wes Jackson alianzisha na kuwa mwenyekiti wa mojawapo ya programu za kwanza za masomo ya mazingira nchini [[Marekani]] katika California State University, Sacramento.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Baadaye Jackson aliamua kuacha taaluma ya ualimu wa vyuo vikuu na kurejea katika jimbo lake la asili la [[Kansas]], ambako alianzisha shirika lisilo la kiserikali la The Land Institute mwaka 1976. Taasisi hiyo inafanya kazi ya kuendeleza nafaka za kudumu, mikunde, na mimea inayozalisha mbegu za mafuta ili ipandwe katika mifumo mbalimbali ya kilimo inayozingatia ikolojia kupitia programu yake ya Natural Systems Agriculture.

Sambamba na juhudi hizo za kilimo endelevu, programu ya Ecosphere Studies inalenga kubadilisha namna watu wanavyoufikiria ulimwengu na nafasi yao ndani yake kupitia miradi ya elimu na utamaduni yenye mtazamo wa muda mrefu wa mazingira. Jackson alijiuzulu kutoka urais wa The Land Institute mwaka 2016,&lt;ref&gt;[[https://landinstitute.org/about-us/staff](https://landinstitute.org/about-us/staff) Wes Jackson, Staff of The Land Institute]&lt;/ref&gt; lakini aliendelea kufanya kazi katika programu ya Ecosphere Studies.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1936|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>3kchhfiewpc4xwx63972v03vrxzi2g7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Orange Judd</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538746</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:28:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Orange Judd''' (26 Julai 1822 – 27 Desemba 1892) alikuwa mwanakemia wa kilimo, mhariri, na mchapishaji kutoka [[Marekani]].  == Historia na familia == Judd alizaliwa katika familia ya wakulima karibu na Maporomoko ya Niagara katika Niagara County, New York. Babu yake, ambaye pia aliitwa Orange Judd (1763–1844), alitoka Tyringham, Massachusetts na alihudumu kama askari wa kawaida katika wanamgambo wa Berkshire wakati wa kampeni za kijeshi za Kaskazin...'</comment>
      <origin>1538746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1145" sha1="79pec18sqpu07lhym6vci8bgoty2t5q" xml:space="preserve">'''Orange Judd''' (26 Julai 1822 – 27 Desemba 1892) alikuwa mwanakemia wa kilimo, mhariri, na mchapishaji kutoka [[Marekani]].

== Historia na familia ==
Judd alizaliwa katika familia ya wakulima karibu na Maporomoko ya Niagara katika Niagara County, New York. Babu yake, ambaye pia aliitwa Orange Judd (1763–1844), alitoka Tyringham, Massachusetts na alihudumu kama askari wa kawaida katika wanamgambo wa Berkshire wakati wa kampeni za kijeshi za Kaskazini.

Baba yake, Ozias Judd, alipigana katika Black Rock mwaka 1813.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Hall, Henry |year=1891 |title=Year Book of the Societies Composed of Descendants of the Men of the Revolution, 1890 |publisher=Republic Press |page=218}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mama yake Orange Judd alikuwa Rheuama Wright, binti wa David Wright ambaye alikuwa askari wa kawaida katika wanamgambo wa New York wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Cornish, Louis Henry |year=1902 |title=A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution |publisher=Press of A. H. Kellogg |page=264}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1822|1892}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>79pec18sqpu07lhym6vci8bgoty2t5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fred Kirschenmann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538747</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:31:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Frederick Ludwig Kirschenmann''' (4 Februari 1935 – 13 Septemba 2025) alikuwa mtaalamu wa kilimo kutoka [[Marekani]], mkulima wa kilimo hai, na mmoja wa viongozi wa harakati za kilimo endelevu. Alikuwa rais wa bodi ya Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture  na mkurugenzi wa zamani wa Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Shattuck |first=Kathryn |date=Januari 3, 2013 |title=Satisfying the Need for Dirty Fingernails |url...'</comment>
      <origin>1538747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1666" sha1="s93q02dsy9bssz5rgpqbp4vdgzczj09" xml:space="preserve">'''Frederick Ludwig Kirschenmann''' (4 Februari 1935 – 13 Septemba 2025) alikuwa mtaalamu wa kilimo kutoka [[Marekani]], mkulima wa kilimo hai, na mmoja wa viongozi wa harakati za kilimo endelevu. Alikuwa rais wa bodi ya Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture  na mkurugenzi wa zamani wa Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Shattuck |first=Kathryn |date=Januari 3, 2013 |title=Satisfying the Need for Dirty Fingernails |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/nyregion/young-farmers-conference-at-stone-barns-center.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/nyregion/young-farmers-conference-at-stone-barns-center.html) |work=The New York Times |access-date=Novemba 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Carmen |first=Tim |date=Mei 10, 2011 |title=The future of food is now |url=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-future-of-food-is-now/2011/05/05/AFIBZziG_story.html](https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-future-of-food-is-now/2011/05/05/AFIBZziG_story.html) |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=Novemba 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kirschenmann alitambuliwa kama “mmoja wa wasemaji mashuhuri zaidi wa harakati za kilimo endelevu.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Damrosch |first=Barbara |date=Januari 1, 2009 |title=A Cook's Garden – Young Farmers' Numbers Look Promising |url=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/31/AR2008123100836.html](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/31/AR2008123100836.html) |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=Novemba 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1935|2025}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>s93q02dsy9bssz5rgpqbp4vdgzczj09</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bradford Knapp</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538748</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:32:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bradford Knapp''' (24 Desemba 1870 – 11 Juni 1938) alikuwa rais wa Alabama Polytechnic Institute, ambayo sasa inajulikana kama Auburn University, kuanzia mwaka 1928 hadi 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;lib&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=AU Archives--Biography of Pres. Bradford Knapp (1870-1938) |url=[https://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/533/bk-bio.htm](https://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/533/bk-bio.htm) |website=[www.lib.auburn.edu](http://www.lib.auburn.edu) |acc...'</comment>
      <origin>1538748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="m0yp0aai66zv49c5ode9s4436tfx0bs" xml:space="preserve">'''Bradford Knapp''' (24 Desemba 1870 – 11 Juni 1938) alikuwa rais wa Alabama Polytechnic Institute, ambayo sasa inajulikana kama Auburn University, kuanzia mwaka 1928 hadi 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;lib&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=AU Archives--Biography of Pres. Bradford Knapp (1870-1938) |url=[https://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/533/bk-bio.htm](https://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/533/bk-bio.htm) |website=[www.lib.auburn.edu](http://www.lib.auburn.edu) |access-date=26 Aprili 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1870|1938}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>m0yp0aai66zv49c5ode9s4436tfx0bs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rodney Loehr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538749</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:37:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rodney Clement Loehr''' (16 Novemba 1907 – 15 Oktoba 2005) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]], profesa wa chuo kikuu, na mwanajeshi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Forest History Society na alistaafu jeshi akiwa na cheo cha meja. Loehr aliandika makala na kutoa mihadhara kuhusu tafiti mbalimbali za historia.  == Maisha binafsi na kazi == Loehr alizaliwa tarehe 16 Novemba 1907 katika Albert Lea, Minnesota, kwa wazazi Frank Elmer na Maude...'</comment>
      <origin>1538749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1800" sha1="1y2ye1nkb74aizfpc0t6a2fkfked1n8" xml:space="preserve">'''Rodney Clement Loehr''' (16 Novemba 1907 – 15 Oktoba 2005) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]], profesa wa chuo kikuu, na mwanajeshi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Forest History Society na alistaafu jeshi akiwa na cheo cha meja. Loehr aliandika makala na kutoa mihadhara kuhusu tafiti mbalimbali za historia.

== Maisha binafsi na kazi ==
Loehr alizaliwa tarehe 16 Novemba 1907 katika Albert Lea, Minnesota, kwa wazazi Frank Elmer na Maude (Silverly) Loehr.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date=1949 |title=Who's Who in the Midwest |publisher=The A. N. Marquis Company |page=765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, Loehr alidanganya kuhusu umri wake ili kujiunga na HQ Battery, 151st Field Artillery ndani ya Minnesota National Guard, ambako alihudumu kwa miaka saba.

Baadaye alisoma katika University of Minnesota, ambako alipata shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) kwa daraja la juu mwaka 1930, shahada ya uzamili (M.A.) mwaka 1931, na shahada ya uzamivu (PhD.) mwaka 1938. Shahada zote tatu zilikuwa katika historia.

Loehr alikuwa msaidizi wa kufundisha wa Theodore C. Blegen katika Idara ya Historia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Minnesota. Baada ya kumaliza shahada yake ya uzamivu, alifundisha katika chuo hicho kama mhadhiri na baadaye profesa kamili kuanzia mwaka 1938 hadi 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.startribune.com/obituaries/detail/6596295/#:~:text=Obituary%20%7C%20Star%20Tribune-,Rodney%20Loehr,Minnesota%20on%20November%2016%2C%201907](https://www.startribune.com/obituaries/detail/6596295/#:~:text=Obituary%20%7C%20Star%20Tribune-,Rodney%20Loehr,Minnesota%20on%20November%2016%2C%201907). |title=Rodney Loehr |date=16 Oktoba 2005 |website=Star Tribune |access-date=2 Agosti 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1907|2005}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1y2ye1nkb74aizfpc0t6a2fkfked1n8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gene Logsdon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538750</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gene Logsdon''' (5 Novemba 1931 – 31 Mei 2016) alikuwa mwandishi, mkosoaji wa utamaduni na uchumi, pamoja na mkulima kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwandishi mwenye kazi nyingi za [[insha]], riwaya, na vitabu visivyo vya kubuni vilivyohusu masuala, falsafa, na mbinu za kilimo cha kijadi na maisha ya wakulima.  Gene Logsdon alikuwa mkulima katika eneo la Upper Sandusky, [[Ohio]].&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.chelseagreen.com/authors/gene_logsdon](http://www.chelseag...'</comment>
      <origin>1538750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="856" sha1="983xy33fsdmgxbm6qgd25ifivkp3yn4" xml:space="preserve">'''Gene Logsdon''' (5 Novemba 1931 – 31 Mei 2016) alikuwa mwandishi, mkosoaji wa utamaduni na uchumi, pamoja na mkulima kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwandishi mwenye kazi nyingi za [[insha]], riwaya, na vitabu visivyo vya kubuni vilivyohusu masuala, falsafa, na mbinu za kilimo cha kijadi na maisha ya wakulima.

Gene Logsdon alikuwa mkulima katika eneo la Upper Sandusky, [[Ohio]].&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.chelseagreen.com/authors/gene_logsdon](http://www.chelseagreen.com/authors/gene_logsdon) Wasifu wa mwandishi katika Chelsea Green Publishers]&lt;/ref&gt; Aliandika vitabu vingi pamoja na mamia ya makala kwa machapisho mbalimbali yakiwemo ''New Farm'', ''Mother Jones'', ''Orion'', ''Utne Reader'', ''Organic Gardening'', ''Draft Horse Journal'', na ''Wall Street Journal''.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1931|2016}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>983xy33fsdmgxbm6qgd25ifivkp3yn4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joe Shoen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538751</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:42:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edward Joseph Shoen''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 28]], [[1949]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na [[wakili]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Luisa |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Inside U-Haul's Rollercoaster Ride From Nastiest Family Feud To Market Dominance |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2016/02/10/inside-u-hauls-rollercoaster-ride-from-nastiest-family-feud-to-market-dominance/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[...'</comment>
      <origin>1538751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1099" sha1="icrinb3j6v0zv2i61om8elcqkgv9u7g" xml:space="preserve">'''Edward Joseph Shoen''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 28]], [[1949]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na [[wakili]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Luisa |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Inside U-Haul's Rollercoaster Ride From Nastiest Family Feud To Market Dominance |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2016/02/10/inside-u-hauls-rollercoaster-ride-from-nastiest-family-feud-to-market-dominance/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni rais, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa ''U-Haul Holding Company'', kampuni mama ya ''U-Haul International''. Juhudi zake za kusimamia U-Haul zilihesabiwa kwa upanuzi wa kampuni katika biashara ya kujisogezea mwenyewe. Kufikia Agosti [[2023]], Shoen alikadiriwa kuwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 4.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=E. Joe Shoen |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/e-joe-shoen/ |accessdate=2008-08-08 |work=forbes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>icrinb3j6v0zv2i61om8elcqkgv9u7g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538885</id>
      <parentid>1538751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:35:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1103" sha1="ova9jdw801dx1kkoajloeswkansalb4" xml:space="preserve">'''Edward Joseph Shoen''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 28]], [[1949]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na [[wakili]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Kroll |first=Luisa |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Inside U-Haul's Rollercoaster Ride From Nastiest Family Feud To Market Dominance |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2016/02/10/inside-u-hauls-rollercoaster-ride-from-nastiest-family-feud-to-market-dominance/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni rais, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa ''U-Haul Holding Company'', kampuni mama ya ''U-Haul International''. Juhudi zake za kusimamia U-Haul zilihesabiwa kwa upanuzi wa kampuni katika biashara ya kujisogezea mwenyewe. Kufikia Agosti [[2023]], Shoen alikadiriwa kuwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 4.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=E. Joe Shoen |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/e-joe-shoen/ |accessdate=2008-08-08 |work=forbes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>ova9jdw801dx1kkoajloeswkansalb4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eliza Lucas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538752</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elizabeth &quot;Eliza&quot; Pinckney''' (alizaliwa Lucas; 28 Desemba 1722 – 27 Mei 1793)&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pinckney-eliza-lucas-1722-1793](https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pinckney-eliza-lucas-1722-1793) &quot;Pinckney, Eliza Lucas (1722–1779)&quot;], encyclopedia.com. Iliangaliwa tarehe 7 Februari 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mkulima kutoka [[Marekani]].  Pinckney a...'</comment>
      <origin>1538752</origin>
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      <text bytes="1262" sha1="tq3qb1n549xnowe0m3eo5vi4fa8egst" xml:space="preserve">'''Elizabeth &quot;Eliza&quot; Pinckney''' (alizaliwa Lucas; 28 Desemba 1722 – 27 Mei 1793)&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pinckney-eliza-lucas-1722-1793](https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pinckney-eliza-lucas-1722-1793) &quot;Pinckney, Eliza Lucas (1722–1779)&quot;], encyclopedia.com. Iliangaliwa tarehe 7 Februari 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mkulima kutoka [[Marekani]].

Pinckney alibadilisha mfumo wa kilimo katika koloni la [[South Carolina]], ambapo aliendeleza kilimo cha indigo kuwa moja ya [[zao la biashara|mazao muhimu ya biashara]]. Kilimo na uchakataji wa rangi ya indigo vilichangia takriban theluthi moja ya thamani yote ya bidhaa zilizokuwa zikisafirishwa nje ya koloni hilo kabla ya Vita vya Mapinduzi ya Marekani.

Akiwa msimamizi wa mashamba makubwa matatu ya kilimo,&lt;ref&gt;Pearson, Ellen Holmes. [[http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24098](http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24098) Colonial Teenagers], teachinghistory.org. Iliangaliwa tarehe 13 Julai 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Pinckney alikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika uchumi wa kikoloni.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1722|1793}}

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  <page>
    <title>Richard Manning</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538753</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:45:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Richard &quot;Dick&quot; Manning''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1951) ni mwandishi na mwanahabari wa mazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye huandika kuhusu muziki, sayansi ya neva, na kilimo.  == Kazi == Manning ni mwandishi wa vitabu 11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/richard-manning/](https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/richard-manning/) |title=Richard Manning |website=PM Press |access-date=2024-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; na amefany...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2367" sha1="7xozepqz4x8fqltde34q01bmzhkt3uy" xml:space="preserve">'''Richard &quot;Dick&quot; Manning''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1951) ni mwandishi na mwanahabari wa mazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye huandika kuhusu muziki, sayansi ya neva, na kilimo.

== Kazi ==
Manning ni mwandishi wa vitabu 11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/richard-manning/](https://blog.pmpress.org/authors-artists-comrades/richard-manning/) |title=Richard Manning |website=PM Press |access-date=2024-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; na amefanya kazi kama mwanahabari, mwandishi wa habari, na mhariri kwa zaidi ya miaka 40,&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.austincollege.edu/NewsDetail.asp?NewsID=345&amp;ItemID=3482](http://www.austincollege.edu/NewsDetail.asp?NewsID=345&amp;ItemID=3482) Austin College, Sherman, Texas] {{webarchive |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060914221440/http://www.austincollege.edu/NewsDetail.asp?NewsID=345&amp;ItemID=3482](https://web.archive.org/web/20060914221440/http://www.austincollege.edu/NewsDetail.asp?NewsID=345&amp;ItemID=3482) |date=2006-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ikiwa ni pamoja na miaka minne katika gazeti la ''Missoulian''.&lt;ref name=&quot;penguingroup&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Richard Manning|url=[http://www.penguin.com/author/richard-manning/243205|website=Penguin](http://www.penguin.com/author/richard-manning/243205|website=Penguin) Random House|access-date=2015-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 1995 alipokea ushirika wa John S. Knight kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]].&lt;ref name=&quot;stanford&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://knight.stanford.edu/fellows/1995/](http://knight.stanford.edu/fellows/1995/) |title=Meet the Fellows | JSK | Knight Fellowships Class of 1995 |publisher=knight.stanford.edu|access-date=2015-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manning ameshinda mara tatu tuzo ya ''Seattle Times'' C.B. Blethen Award for Investigative Journalism. Pia alishinda Tuzo ya Uandishi wa Habari ya Audubon Society pamoja na tuzo ya kwanza ya Richard J. Margolis Award mwaka 1992.&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.margolis.com/award/html/1992_-_richard_manning.html](http://www.margolis.com/award/html/1992_-_richard_manning.html) 1992 – Richard Manning] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070626081123/http://www.margolis.com/award/html/1992_-_richard_manning.html|date=2007-06-26}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20070626081123/http://www.margolis.com/award/html/1992_-_richard_manning.html|date=2007-06-26}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

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{{BD|1951|}}

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  <page>
    <title>José Marrero Torrado</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538754</id>
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        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''José Marrero Torrado''' (4 Machi 1910, Utuado, [[Puerto Rico]] – 13 Aprili 2007, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa kilimo cha kisayansi na mtafiti kutoka [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Frank H. |url=[https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2007_wadsworth001.pdf](https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2007_wadsworth001.pdf) |title=José Marrero Torrado, regalo puertorriqueño a los árboles |date=20...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="689" sha1="ma57ov12xlfi32o5yiecal9ux917c43" xml:space="preserve">'''José Marrero Torrado''' (4 Machi 1910, Utuado, [[Puerto Rico]] – 13 Aprili 2007, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa kilimo cha kisayansi na mtafiti kutoka [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Frank H. |url=[https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2007_wadsworth001.pdf](https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2007_wadsworth001.pdf) |title=José Marrero Torrado, regalo puertorriqueño a los árboles |date=2007 |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Forestry, U.S. Forest Service |language=es |id=Acta Cientifica. 21(1–3):29–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1910|2007}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Puerto Rico]]</text>
      <sha1>ma57ov12xlfi32o5yiecal9ux917c43</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:39:37Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="692" sha1="9a7a28od17z5r6r9k5assn6ghgh07e6" xml:space="preserve">'''José Marrero Torrado''' (4 Machi 1910, Utuado, [[Puerto Rico]] – 13 Aprili 2007, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa kilimo cha kisayansi na mtafiti kutoka [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu |last=Wadsworth |first=Frank H. |url=[https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2007_wadsworth001.pdf](https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/ja_iitf_2007_wadsworth001.pdf) |title=José Marrero Torrado, regalo puertorriqueño a los árboles |date=2007 |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Forestry, U.S. Forest Service |language=es |id=Acta Cientifica. 21(1–3):29–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1910|2007}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Puerto Rico]]</text>
      <sha1>9a7a28od17z5r6r9k5assn6ghgh07e6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mark Shoen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538755</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:48:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mark V. Shoen''' (alizaliwa [[1951]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] na makamu wa rais wa kampuni ya kukodisha vifaa vya kusogezea na kuhifadhi ''U-Haul'', iliyoanzishwa na baba yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Here are the 10 richest people in Arizona for 2025 |url=https://azbigmedia.com/business/here-are-the-10-richest-people-in-arizona-for-2025/ |website=AZ Big Media |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shoen pia ndiye muungamkono mkubwa za...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="967" sha1="p17quj71dij1wbiju9fhps5ojdv29o3" xml:space="preserve">'''Mark V. Shoen''' (alizaliwa [[1951]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] na makamu wa rais wa kampuni ya kukodisha vifaa vya kusogezea na kuhifadhi ''U-Haul'', iliyoanzishwa na baba yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Here are the 10 richest people in Arizona for 2025 |url=https://azbigmedia.com/business/here-are-the-10-richest-people-in-arizona-for-2025/ |website=AZ Big Media |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shoen pia ndiye muungamkono mkubwa zaidi katika kampuni ya mama yake, ''Amerco''. Kufikia [[2025]], Shoen ndiye mtu tajiri zaidi  [[Arizona]], akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 5.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Here are the 10 richest people in Arizona for 2025 |url=https://azbigmedia.com/business/here-are-the-10-richest-people-in-arizona-for-2025/ |website=AZ Big Media |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538756</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:50:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis''' (1857–1925) alikuwa mkulima na mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alihimiza mbinu za kuboresha hali ya wakulima wa Kusini mwa Marekani. Miongoni mwa mawazo yake muhimu yalikuwa ni mseto wa mazao, mzunguko wa kilimo, pamoja na kuboresha mifumo ya mikopo kwa wakulima wadogo. Anasifiwa kwa kusaidia kupunguza umaskini wa kilimo katika jimbo la [[Alabama]] na kupunguza utegemezi wa jimbo hilo kwa chakula kinachoagizwa...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1058" sha1="tk9ruu59qkn3vx8y9i0joek5ygiezx5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis''' (1857–1925) alikuwa mkulima na mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alihimiza mbinu za kuboresha hali ya wakulima wa Kusini mwa Marekani. Miongoni mwa mawazo yake muhimu yalikuwa ni mseto wa mazao, mzunguko wa kilimo, pamoja na kuboresha mifumo ya mikopo kwa wakulima wadogo. Anasifiwa kwa kusaidia kupunguza umaskini wa kilimo katika jimbo la [[Alabama]] na kupunguza utegemezi wa jimbo hilo kwa chakula kinachoagizwa kutoka nje.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Ida Elizabeth Brandon alizaliwa huko [[Florence, Alabama]] tarehe 16 Septemba 1857 kwa wazazi Mary Baldwin (Munn) Brandon na Washington McClure Brandon. Baba yake alikuwa mkulima, na yeye mwenyewe baadaye alifanikiwa kuwa mkulima pamoja na mfanyabiashara na mtetezi wa kitaifa wa masuala ya wakulima.

Alisoma katika Florence Synodical Female College ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) mwaka 1874 kwa heshima, kisha akaendelea kupata shahada ya uzamili (M.A.).&lt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1857|1925}}

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  <page>
    <title>Walter Shorenstein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538757</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Walter H. Shorenstein''' ([[Februari 15]], [[1915]] – [[Juni 24]], [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa mali zisizohamishika na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shorenstein Realty Services |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/shorenstein-realty-services |website=Crunchbase |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kampuni yake ya [[Shorenstein Properties]], ilimiliki majengo 130 yenye angalau futi za mraba milioni 28 za n...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1236" sha1="ha1g6nh7brsmbb1gk7nlg5xduiif7a8" xml:space="preserve">'''Walter H. Shorenstein''' ([[Februari 15]], [[1915]] – [[Juni 24]], [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa mali zisizohamishika na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shorenstein Realty Services |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/shorenstein-realty-services |website=Crunchbase |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kampuni yake ya [[Shorenstein Properties]], ilimiliki majengo 130 yenye angalau futi za mraba milioni 28 za nafasi ya ofisi wakati wa kifo chake. Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa kampuni hiyo, ambayo ilianzishwa mwaka [[2006]]&lt;ref name=LATimesObit&gt;Dennis McLellan (June 26, 2010). [https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-walter-shorenstein-20100626-story.html &quot;Walter H. Shorenstein dies at 95; Democratic Party fundraiser and San Francisco real estate mogul&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;street&quot;&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |title=Street-smart developer shaped S.F. skyline |author=Robert Selna |date=2010-06-24 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Street-smart-developer-shaped-S-F-skyline-3183559.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1915]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]]</text>
      <sha1>ha1g6nh7brsmbb1gk7nlg5xduiif7a8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Pollan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538758</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:55:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Kevin Pollan''' (tamka ya sauti: /ˈpɒlən/; alizaliwa 6 Februari 1955)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://michaelpollan.com/about/](http://michaelpollan.com/about/) |title=About Michael Pollan |website=michaelpollan.com |date=11 Mei 2010 |access-date=10 Aprili 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mwandishi wa habari kutoka [[Marekani]] anayebobea katika uandishi kuhusu chakula (uandishi wa habari za chakula). Yeye ni profesa na mhadhiri wa kwanza wa Lewis K. Chan Arts ka...'</comment>
      <origin>1538758</origin>
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      <text bytes="1584" sha1="2ftb9wnth7ggabcvaderb733k0njfbz" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Kevin Pollan''' (tamka ya sauti: /ˈpɒlən/; alizaliwa 6 Februari 1955)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://michaelpollan.com/about/](http://michaelpollan.com/about/) |title=About Michael Pollan |website=michaelpollan.com |date=11 Mei 2010 |access-date=10 Aprili 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mwandishi wa habari kutoka [[Marekani]] anayebobea katika uandishi kuhusu chakula (uandishi wa habari za chakula). Yeye ni profesa na mhadhiri wa kwanza wa Lewis K. Chan Arts katika [[Harvard University]].

Kwa sasa pia ni Knight Professor wa uandishi wa habari za mazingira na sayansi na mkurugenzi wa programu ya Knight katika Chuo cha Uandishi wa Habari cha UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. Mwaka 2020 alisaidia kuanzisha Kituo cha UC Berkeley cha Sayansi ya Dawa za kisaikodeliki, ambapo anaongoza programu ya elimu kwa umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;UC Berkeley Faculty: Michael Pollan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://journalism.berkeley.edu/faculty/pollan](http://journalism.berkeley.edu/faculty/pollan) |title=Faculty: Michael Pollan |publisher=UC Berkeley |access-date=21 Septemba 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://michaelpollan.com/about/](https://michaelpollan.com/about/) |title=About Michael Pollan |website=MichaelPollan.com |access-date=24 Desemba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://psychedelics.berkeley.edu/leadership-staff/](https://psychedelics.berkeley.edu/leadership-staff/) |title=Leadership-Staff |website=UC Berkeley Center for the Science of Psychedelics |access-date=24 Desemba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>2ftb9wnth7ggabcvaderb733k0njfbz</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Steve Sarowitz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538759</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:55:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Steve Sarowitz''' (alizaliwa [[1965]] au [[1966]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na mwanzilishi wa [[Paylocity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Steven I Sarowitz Net Worth |url=https://www.gurufocus.com/insider/62776/steven-i-sarowitz |website=GuruFocus |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni mkurugenzi na mmiliki wa asilimia 10 wa Paylocity Holding Corp na anashikilia zaidi ya shares milioni 8.6 za kampuni hiyo. Amefanya kazi kama mkurugenzi w...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="808" sha1="o6a36mgdgv0ag6u44j6kkx2cgc4c5d1" xml:space="preserve">'''Steve Sarowitz''' (alizaliwa [[1965]] au [[1966]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na mwanzilishi wa [[Paylocity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Steven I Sarowitz Net Worth |url=https://www.gurufocus.com/insider/62776/steven-i-sarowitz |website=GuruFocus |access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni mkurugenzi na mmiliki wa asilimia 10 wa Paylocity Holding Corp na anashikilia zaidi ya shares milioni 8.6 za kampuni hiyo. Amefanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa ''Southport Acquisition Corp''&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Steven Sarowitz |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/steven-sarowitz/ |website=Forbes |accessdate=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
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[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Howard S. Russell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538760</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T00:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Howard Symmes Russell''' (1887–1980) alikuwa mwandishi, mtunza bustani, na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Marekani]].  [[File:1953 Howard Symmes Russell Massachusetts House of Representatives.png|thumb|Russell mwaka 1953]]  Howard Symmes Russell alizaliwa tarehe 28 Julai 1887, akiwa mtoto wa Ira Locke Russell na Louisa Symmes Locke.&lt;ref name=officers1951&gt;{{cite book |title=1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |location=Boston |url=[ht...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2436" sha1="hrj310vhbiqfa3eb7r0ygh20p1ywe88" xml:space="preserve">'''Howard Symmes Russell''' (1887–1980) alikuwa mwandishi, mtunza bustani, na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Marekani]].

[[File:1953 Howard Symmes Russell Massachusetts House of Representatives.png|thumb|Russell mwaka 1953]]

Howard Symmes Russell alizaliwa tarehe 28 Julai 1887, akiwa mtoto wa Ira Locke Russell na Louisa Symmes Locke.&lt;ref name=officers1951&gt;{{cite book |title=1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |location=Boston |url=[https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19511952bost](https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19511952bost) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimu katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Arlington, aliacha kuendelea na elimu ya juu ili kusimamia shamba la familia la kilimo cha mboga (market garden) baada ya baba yake kustaafu.

Alimuoa Mabel Coolidge mwaka 1913, na baadaye akahamia [[Wayland, Massachusetts|Wayland]] baada ya kuuza ardhi yake huko [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]]. Russell baadaye alifanya kazi kama wakala wa bima ya moto kwa mashamba na alijihusisha sana na utumishi wa umma. Alihudumu kama msimamizi wa bodi ya wadhamini wa Massachusetts Agricultural College, na pia alikuwa moderator wa mji wa Wayland kuanzia 1939 hadi 1959, pamoja na vipindi kadhaa akiwa mjumbe wa Massachusetts House of Representatives kati ya 1949 hadi 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;rduffy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Duffy |first1=Richard |title=History of Arlington Street names: Howard Street |url=[https://arlington.wickedlocal.com/article/20090730/News/307309809](https://arlington.wickedlocal.com/article/20090730/News/307309809) |access-date=May 29, 2020 |work=Arlington Advocate |date=June 30, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Cutter |first1=William Richard |title=Ira Locke Rusell |encyclopedia=Memorial Encyclopedia of the State of Massachusetts |date=1918 |volume=2 |pages=226–228 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VQc9AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA227}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=VQc9AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA227}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mwakilishi wa wilaya ya 10 ya Middlesex katika Bunge la Massachusetts akiwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Republican (Marekani) Republican.&lt;ref name=officers1951&gt;{{cite book |title=1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |location=Boston |url=[https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19511952bost](https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19511952bost) }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1887|1980}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fayez Sarofim</title>
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        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Fayez Shalaby Sarofim''' ([[Novemba 19]], [[1928]] – [[Mei 28]], [[2022]]) alikuwa mrithi wa utajiri wa familia ya Sarofim kutoka [[Misri]] na [[Marekani]] .Meneja wa hazina kwa ajili ya hazina tatu za hisa za familia ya Dreyfus. Sarofim alikuwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola  bilioni 1.6 mnamo Mei [[2022]]. Kampuni yake ya uwekezaji ilisimamia zaidi ya dola bilioni 30 katika mali&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fabrikant |first=Geraldine |date=1999-08-29 |t...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1318" sha1="14fby21szo8pfd9zuaeljiy7ew84kvd" xml:space="preserve">'''Fayez Shalaby Sarofim''' ([[Novemba 19]], [[1928]] – [[Mei 28]], [[2022]]) alikuwa mrithi wa utajiri wa familia ya Sarofim kutoka [[Misri]] na [[Marekani]] .Meneja wa hazina kwa ajili ya hazina tatu za hisa za familia ya Dreyfus. Sarofim alikuwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola  bilioni 1.6 mnamo Mei [[2022]]. Kampuni yake ya uwekezaji ilisimamia zaidi ya dola bilioni 30 katika mali&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fabrikant |first=Geraldine |date=1999-08-29 |title=Talking Money with Donald Sultan and Fayez Sarofim: A Portrait Of the Artist As an Investor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/29/business/talking-money-with-donald-sultan-fayez-sarofim-portrait-artist-investor.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The New York Times |page=C1 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/houston-texans/post/_/id/10396/houston-texans-ownership-at-a-glance |title=Houston Texans ownership at a glance |first=Tania |last=Ganguli |date=18 March 2015 |work=[[ESPN]] |access-date=28 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fayez Sarofim |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/fayez-sarofim/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]</text>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1321" sha1="qr94p80z8hzx68n1wih4mrzaes8h0on" xml:space="preserve">'''Fayez Shalaby Sarofim''' ([[Novemba 19]], [[1928]] – [[Mei 28]], [[2022]]) alikuwa mrithi wa utajiri wa familia ya Sarofim kutoka [[Misri]] na [[Marekani]] .Meneja wa hazina kwa ajili ya hazina tatu za hisa za familia ya Dreyfus. Sarofim alikuwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola  bilioni 1.6 mnamo Mei [[2022]]. Kampuni yake ya uwekezaji ilisimamia zaidi ya dola bilioni 30 katika mali&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Fabrikant |first=Geraldine |date=1999-08-29 |title=Talking Money with Donald Sultan and Fayez Sarofim: A Portrait Of the Artist As an Investor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/29/business/talking-money-with-donald-sultan-fayez-sarofim-portrait-artist-investor.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The New York Times |page=C1 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/houston-texans/post/_/id/10396/houston-texans-ownership-at-a-glance |title=Houston Texans ownership at a glance |first=Tania |last=Ganguli |date=18 March 2015 |work=[[ESPN]] |access-date=28 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fayez Sarofim |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/fayez-sarofim/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]</text>
      <sha1>qr94p80z8hzx68n1wih4mrzaes8h0on</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joel Salatin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538762</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:01:25Z</timestamp>
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        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joel F. Salatin''' (alizaliwa 24 Februari 1957) ni mkulima, mhadhiri, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].  Salatin hufuga mifugo katika shamba lake linalojulikana kama Polyface Farm lililopo Swoope, Virginia, katika eneo la Shenandoah Valley. Nyama kutoka shambani humo huuzwa moja kwa moja kwa watumiaji na mikahawa kupitia mfumo wa uuza moja kwa moja bila wapatanishi.&lt;ref name=&quot;query.nytimes.com&quot;&gt;https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DF1...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="710" sha1="9k66z3nt014jcny693v470xsdw8sbm2" xml:space="preserve">'''Joel F. Salatin''' (alizaliwa 24 Februari 1957) ni mkulima, mhadhiri, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].

Salatin hufuga mifugo katika shamba lake linalojulikana kama Polyface Farm lililopo Swoope, Virginia, katika eneo la Shenandoah Valley. Nyama kutoka shambani humo huuzwa moja kwa moja kwa watumiaji na mikahawa kupitia mfumo wa uuza moja kwa moja bila wapatanishi.&lt;ref name=&quot;query.nytimes.com&quot;&gt;[[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DF173EF932A35756C0A9639C8B63](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DF173EF932A35756C0A9639C8B63) &quot;High Priest of the Pasture,&quot; The New York Times, Mei 1, 2005].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>9k66z3nt014jcny693v470xsdw8sbm2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>David E. Shaw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538763</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:04:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Elliot Shaw''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 29]], [[1951]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] bilionea na meneja wa hazina ya uwekezaji wa zamani nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-shaw/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-05-08 |quote=The search results do not contain specific Wikipedia content for David E. Shaw, but his profile is listed in Forbes as a billionaire hedge fund manager and scientist.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1376" sha1="ldr106y9c14nyzsse7nbf25zki55rx5" xml:space="preserve">'''David Elliot Shaw''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 29]], [[1951]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] bilionea na meneja wa hazina ya uwekezaji wa zamani nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-shaw/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-05-08 |quote=The search results do not contain specific Wikipedia content for David E. Shaw, but his profile is listed in Forbes as a billionaire hedge fund manager and scientist.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianzisha ''D. E. Shaw &amp; Co.'', kampuni ya hazina ya uwekezaji ambayo mara moja ilielezewa na jarida la Fortune kama &quot;nguvu ya kuvutia zaidi na ya kutatanisha kwenye Wall Street.&quot; Profesa msaidizi wa zamani katika idara ya sayansi ya kompyuta katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]], Shaw alipata utajiri wake kwa kuchunguza na kufaidika kutokana na mapungufu katika masoko ya kifedha kwa msaada wa mitandao ya kompyuta ya kisasa ya kasi ya juu&lt;ref name=&quot;fortune&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm| title=Wall Street's King Quant David Shaw's Secret Formulas Pile Up Money. Now He Wants a Piece of the Net.|date=5 Feb 1996|last=Aley|first=James|work=Fortune|access-date=21 Aug 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mark Shepard (farmer)</title>
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        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mark Shepard''' ni mkulima na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Zac |date=2023-11-23 |title=Farmer Practices Restoration Agriculture |url=[https://wisconsinlife.org/story/farmer-practices-restoration-agriculture-2/](https://wisconsinlife.org/story/farmer-practices-restoration-agriculture-2/) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Wisconsin Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olzen |first=Jake |date=2012-12-10 |ti...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="3285" sha1="qldzbzvlf0mfzsdbh93cm3uxpsbjt9n" xml:space="preserve">'''Mark Shepard''' ni mkulima na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Zac |date=2023-11-23 |title=Farmer Practices Restoration Agriculture |url=[https://wisconsinlife.org/story/farmer-practices-restoration-agriculture-2/](https://wisconsinlife.org/story/farmer-practices-restoration-agriculture-2/) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Wisconsin Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olzen |first=Jake |date=2012-12-10 |title=The giving tree: Agroforests can heal food systems and fight climate change |url=[https://grist.org/food/put-a-tree-on-it-can-agroforestry-help-combat-climate-change/](https://grist.org/food/put-a-tree-on-it-can-agroforestry-help-combat-climate-change/) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Grist |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tortorello |first=Michael |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Chestnuts Worthy of Song |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/garden/chestnuts-worthy-of-song-in-your-backyard-in-the-garden.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/garden/chestnuts-worthy-of-song-in-your-backyard-in-the-garden.html) |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la Restoration Agriculture Development (RAD) na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Forest Agriculture Enterprises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRPP4Ilpxso](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRPP4Ilpxso) |title=Homestead Paradise: got barren land, boosted it at a profit |language=en |access-date=2024-03-28 |via=[www.youtube.com](http://www.youtube.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shepard ndiye aliyeanzisha neno “restoration agriculture”, ambalo ni aina ya agroforestry inayochanganya kilimo cha miti ya mazao na ufugaji wa wanyama katika mfumo mmoja wa ikolojia.

== Kilimo cha urejeshaji ==
Mark Shepard anafanya shughuli zake katika shamba lake linalojulikana kama New Forest Farm lililopo Viola, [[Wisconsin]]. Hili ni shamba lililobadilishwa kutoka kilimo cha kawaida cha mazao ya msimu (row crops) na kuwa mfumo wa kilimo cha kudumu cha mimea na miti kwa kiwango cha kibiashara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Vera L. |date=2016-03-16 |title=How Carbon Farming Could Reverse Climate Change |url=[https://civileats.com/2016/03/16/how-carbon-farming-reverse-climate-change-eric-toensmeier/](https://civileats.com/2016/03/16/how-carbon-farming-reverse-climate-change-eric-toensmeier/) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Civil Eats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Rob |date=2015-12-03 |title=Restoration agriculture as a path to land health |url=[https://will.illinois.edu/environmentalalmanac/program/restoration-agriculture-as-a-path-to-land-health](https://will.illinois.edu/environmentalalmanac/program/restoration-agriculture-as-a-path-to-land-health) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Illinois Public Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shepard ametetea kubadilishwa kwa mazao ya kila mwaka (annual crops) na kuhamia kwenye mazao ya miti yenye chakula kama vile kastani na hazelnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=[https://vimeo.com/753420195](https://vimeo.com/753420195) |title=DOC LA - Feeding Tomorrow |date=2022-09-24 |last=LA |first=DOC |access-date=2024-03-27 |via=Vimeo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1950s|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="3304" sha1="5yt2z3oaouajc2vchdjiopdoyq5v7x0" xml:space="preserve">'''Mark Shepard''' ni mkulima na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Schultz |first=Zac |date=2023-11-23 |title=Farmer Practices Restoration Agriculture |url=[https://wisconsinlife.org/story/farmer-practices-restoration-agriculture-2/](https://wisconsinlife.org/story/farmer-practices-restoration-agriculture-2/) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Wisconsin Life |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Olzen |first=Jake |date=2012-12-10 |title=The giving tree: Agroforests can heal food systems and fight climate change |url=[https://grist.org/food/put-a-tree-on-it-can-agroforestry-help-combat-climate-change/](https://grist.org/food/put-a-tree-on-it-can-agroforestry-help-combat-climate-change/) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Grist |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Tortorello |first=Michael |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Chestnuts Worthy of Song |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/garden/chestnuts-worthy-of-song-in-your-backyard-in-the-garden.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/24/garden/chestnuts-worthy-of-song-in-your-backyard-in-the-garden.html) |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la Restoration Agriculture Development (RAD) na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Forest Agriculture Enterprises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRPP4Ilpxso](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRPP4Ilpxso) |title=Homestead Paradise: got barren land, boosted it at a profit |language=en |access-date=2024-03-28 |via=[www.youtube.com](http://www.youtube.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shepard ndiye aliyeanzisha neno “restoration agriculture”, ambalo ni aina ya agroforestry inayochanganya kilimo cha miti ya mazao na ufugaji wa wanyama katika mfumo mmoja wa ikolojia.

== Kilimo cha urejeshaji ==
Mark Shepard anafanya shughuli zake katika shamba lake linalojulikana kama New Forest Farm lililopo Viola, [[Wisconsin]]. Hili ni shamba lililobadilishwa kutoka kilimo cha kawaida cha mazao ya msimu (row crops) na kuwa mfumo wa kilimo cha kudumu cha mimea na miti kwa kiwango cha kibiashara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Chang |first=Vera L. |date=2016-03-16 |title=How Carbon Farming Could Reverse Climate Change |url=[https://civileats.com/2016/03/16/how-carbon-farming-reverse-climate-change-eric-toensmeier/](https://civileats.com/2016/03/16/how-carbon-farming-reverse-climate-change-eric-toensmeier/) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Civil Eats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Kanter |first=Rob |date=2015-12-03 |title=Restoration agriculture as a path to land health |url=[https://will.illinois.edu/environmentalalmanac/program/restoration-agriculture-as-a-path-to-land-health](https://will.illinois.edu/environmentalalmanac/program/restoration-agriculture-as-a-path-to-land-health) |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Illinois Public Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shepard ametetea kubadilishwa kwa mazao ya kila mwaka (annual crops) na kuhamia kwenye mazao ya miti yenye chakula kama vile kastani na hazelnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=[https://vimeo.com/753420195](https://vimeo.com/753420195) |title=DOC LA - Feeding Tomorrow |date=2022-09-24 |last=LA |first=DOC |access-date=2024-03-27 |via=Vimeo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1950s|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>5yt2z3oaouajc2vchdjiopdoyq5v7x0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Brian Sheth</title>
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    <id>232936</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Brian N. Sheth''' (alizaliwa [[1975]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na rais wa zamani wa ''Vista Equity Partners'', hazina ya uwekezaji yenye makao yake [[Austin, Texas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antoine |title=Robert Smith Breakup Exclusive: Billionaire Brian Sheth Reveals Why He's Leaving Vista Following Tax Evasion Case |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2020/11/26/billionaire-breakup-robert-smiths-tax-fra...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1695" sha1="ch2ul27svnfr0ts4e61ymbavjn85mrj" xml:space="preserve">'''Brian N. Sheth''' (alizaliwa [[1975]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na rais wa zamani wa ''Vista Equity Partners'', hazina ya uwekezaji yenye makao yake [[Austin, Texas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antoine |title=Robert Smith Breakup Exclusive: Billionaire Brian Sheth Reveals Why He's Leaving Vista Following Tax Evasion Case |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2020/11/26/billionaire-breakup-robert-smiths-tax-fraud-and-a-bout-of-covid-send-vistas-brian-sheth-packing/ |website=Forbes |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en |date=29 November 2020 |quote=Sheth spoke with Forbes exclusively the night before Thanksgiving, and his 45th birthday}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sheth aliorodheshwa katika orodha ya [[Forbes]] [[2018]] ya mabilionea duniani akiwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/40-under-40/debbie-sterling-32/|title=Fortune's 2016 40 Under 40|date=22 September 2016|work=fortune.com|accessdate=15 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mel45hkhh/brian-sheth/#6bf079206275|title=Brian Sheth - pg.19|first=Luisa|last=Kroll|work=forbes.com|accessdate=15 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alijumuishwa katika orodha za Forbes na Fortune za &quot;40 under 40&quot; mwaka [[2015]]. Mwaka [[2020]], Forbes ilimweka nambari 359 katika orodha yao ya watu tajiri zaidi nchini Marekani&lt;ref name=forbes-profile&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/brian-sheth/?list=billionaires#1067053919d1|title=Brian Sheth|work=Forbes|access-date=2024-09-21|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
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{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
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  <page>
    <title>Evan Sharp</title>
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    <id>232937</id>
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      <id>1538766</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Evan Sharp''' (alizaliwa [[1982]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea wa mtandaoni nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://help.pinterest.com/en/guide/all-about-pinterest|title=All about Pinterest|website=Pinterest help|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na afisa mkuu wa muundo na ubunifu wa [[Pinterest]]. Alijiunga na bodi ya wakurugenzi ya kampuni mnamo Machi [[2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;adweek.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Cohen{...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1002" sha1="hw1q6corvpr1oyzn38q4jbvopntjp51" xml:space="preserve">'''Evan Sharp''' (alizaliwa [[1982]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea wa mtandaoni nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://help.pinterest.com/en/guide/all-about-pinterest|title=All about Pinterest|website=Pinterest help|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na afisa mkuu wa muundo na ubunifu wa [[Pinterest]]. Alijiunga na bodi ya wakurugenzi ya kampuni mnamo Machi [[2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;adweek.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Cohen{{!}}April 1 |first1=David |last2=2019 .st0{fill:#F7EC13}.st1{clip-path:url}.st2{clip-path:url;fill:#020100} |date=April 2019 |title=Pinterest Co-Founder Evan Sharp Joined Fellow Co-Founder Ben Silbermann on Its Board |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/pinterest-co-founder-evan-sharp-joined-fellow-co-founder-ben-silbermann-on-its-board/ |access-date=2019-07-01 |website=www.adweek.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
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{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1010" sha1="ome3jnb6lm01qfqawifxe21vup8v806" xml:space="preserve">'''Evan Sharp''' (alizaliwa [[1982]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea wa mtandaoni nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://help.pinterest.com/en/guide/all-about-pinterest|title=All about Pinterest|website=Pinterest help|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na afisa mkuu wa muundo na ubunifu wa [[Pinterest]]. Alijiunga na bodi ya wakurugenzi ya kampuni mnamo Machi [[2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;adweek.com&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Cohen{{!}}April 1 |first1=David |last2=2019 .st0{fill:#F7EC13}.st1{clip-path:url}.st2{clip-path:url;fill:#020100} |date=April 2019 |title=Pinterest Co-Founder Evan Sharp Joined Fellow Co-Founder Ben Silbermann on Its Board |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/pinterest-co-founder-evan-sharp-joined-fellow-co-founder-ben-silbermann-on-its-board/ |access-date=2019-07-01 |website=www.adweek.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cyril A. Stebbins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538767</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:13:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Cyril Adelbert Stebbins''' (1880–1953) alikuwa mwalimu wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusika katika elimu ya mazingira na elimu ya kilimo. Machapisho yake mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini yalikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuhamasisha elimu ya bustani kwa watoto shuleni,&lt;/ref&gt; na aliandika sehemu kubwa ya mtaala wa United States School Garden Army, mpango wa shirikisho wa bustani za ushindi wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]].  Pia alishirikiana na Ernest Brow...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2556" sha1="qa2ggsd2fsidn3v1x682k5hc8ks1svy" xml:space="preserve">'''Cyril Adelbert Stebbins''' (1880–1953) alikuwa mwalimu wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusika katika elimu ya mazingira na elimu ya kilimo. Machapisho yake mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini yalikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuhamasisha elimu ya bustani kwa watoto shuleni,&lt;/ref&gt; na aliandika sehemu kubwa ya mtaala wa United States School Garden Army, mpango wa shirikisho wa bustani za ushindi wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]].

Pia alishirikiana na Ernest Brown Babcock katika uandishi wa baadhi ya machapisho, na baadaye alichapisha miongozo kadhaa ya ndege pamoja na mwanawe Robert C. Stebbins.

== Wasifu ==
Stebbins alizaliwa katika Harrisville, Wisconsin tarehe 20 Juni 1880,&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe1906&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Graff F.|last=Wolfe|title=The story of Wall Ka-Zoo: Being a History of the North High School|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8qnha7ZWcAYC|year=1906|publisher=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=8qnha7ZWcAYC|year=1906|publisher=The) Iron Trail Publishing Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt; akiwa mwana wa A. O. Stebbins mwenye asili ya Kiingereza na Bessie Fuller. Familia yake ilihamia South Dakota na baadaye [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], ambako alisoma katika North Community High School, akicheza mpira wa miguu na besiboli, na kuhitimu mwaka 1898.

Baadaye alihamia Chico, California na kujiunga na Chico State Normal School (sasa California State University, Chico), ambako alihitimu mwaka 1900. Kwa zaidi ya muongo uliofuata, Stebbins alifundisha katika shule mbalimbali katika kaunti za Glenn, Colusa na Solano. Alianza kama mwalimu katika Glenn County, kisha akawa mkuu wa shule huko Arbuckle kwa miaka mitatu, baadaye mkuu wa shule za msingi Dixon kwa mwaka mmoja, na hatimaye mwalimu katika Chico State Normal kwa miaka mitatu.

Baadaye alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley, ambako alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi mwaka 1910 na kuteuliwa kuwa mwalimu katika Idara ya Elimu ya Kilimo ya chuo hicho. Alifundisha kwa miaka miwili na akapata shahada ya uzamili mwaka 1912.

Akiwa Berkeley, alianzisha mradi wa bustani za jamii ambapo watoto wa eneo hilo walilima matunda na mboga kwa ajili ya kuuza.{{sfn|Mulcahy|Mahoney|2006|p=563}} Mwaka 1913 alirejea Chico kuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Sayansi ya Biolojia katika State Normal School. Baada ya kuondoka Berkeley, maombi mawili yaliwasilishwa kwa Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Chuo Kikuu cha California—moja kutoka kwa wazazi na lingine kutoka kwa watoto—wakimtaka abaki ili kuendeleza miradi yake ya bustani za watoto.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>T. B. Terry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538768</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:15:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Theodore Brainard Terry''' (2 Januari 1843 – 1 Januari 1916) alikuwa mkulima, mwanahabari na mwandishi wa masuala ya kilimo kutoka [[Marekani]].  == Wasifu == Terry alizaliwa katika LaFayette, New York.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hc2unc&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=930](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hc2unc&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=930) ''American Blue-Book of Biography: Prominent Americans of 1914''], uk. 914&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 1870 alinunua shamba li...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1030" sha1="cqq6zbfnlq56hmso3ly69umqn8fspn8" xml:space="preserve">'''Theodore Brainard Terry''' (2 Januari 1843 – 1 Januari 1916) alikuwa mkulima, mwanahabari na mwandishi wa masuala ya kilimo kutoka [[Marekani]].

== Wasifu ==
Terry alizaliwa katika LaFayette, New York.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hc2unc&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=930](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hc2unc&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=930) ''American Blue-Book of Biography: Prominent Americans of 1914''], uk. 914&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 1870 alinunua shamba lililokuwa duni (poor farm) na kuligeuza kuwa shamba lenye mafanikio makubwa kupitia mbinu bora za kilimo.

Pia alitoa mihadhara katika Farmer’s Institutes, akifundisha wakulima mbinu za kisasa za kilimo na usimamizi wa mashamba.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010534280&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=1535](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010534280&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=1535) ''Who's Who in America, Volume 3 (1903–1905)''], Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, uk. 1467&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1843|1916}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wayne Winterrowd</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538769</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:19:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wayne Rudolf Winterrowd''' (29 Oktoba 1941 – 17 Septemba 2010) alikuwa mtaalamu wa bustani, mbunifu wa mandhari, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika masuala ya kilimo cha bustani. Bustani ya ukubwa wa takriban ekari 7 (ha {{convert|7|acres|ha}}) iliyopo nyumbani kwake katika jimbo la [[Vermont]] iligeuka kuwa kivutio cha utalii kilichotembelewa na watu kutoka sehemu mbalimbali duniani.  == Wasifu == Winterrowd alizaliwa tarehe 29 Oktoba...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1665" sha1="dtssitco2vbv133yrhzzmx1oz3v41ro" xml:space="preserve">'''Wayne Rudolf Winterrowd''' (29 Oktoba 1941 – 17 Septemba 2010) alikuwa mtaalamu wa bustani, mbunifu wa mandhari, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika masuala ya kilimo cha bustani. Bustani ya ukubwa wa takriban ekari 7 (ha {{convert|7|acres|ha}}) iliyopo nyumbani kwake katika jimbo la [[Vermont]] iligeuka kuwa kivutio cha utalii kilichotembelewa na watu kutoka sehemu mbalimbali duniani.

== Wasifu ==
Winterrowd alizaliwa tarehe 29 Oktoba 1941 huko [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]. Alianza kujihusisha na kilimo cha bustani akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu na alisoma kwa mapana kuhusu somo hilo alipokuwa akikua.&lt;ref name=NYTObit/&gt;

Alijifunza zaidi kuhusu bustani kupitia ziara kwa shangazi yake aliyeishi karibu na Lake Pontchartrain, na pia alikuza upendo wa mimea ya kitropiki kupitia safari za familia kwenda [[Florida]] na [[Cuba]].

Alisoma katika Louisiana State University, ambako alipata shahada ya kwanza na ya uzamili. Pia alikuwa amemaliza karibu kazi zote za shahada ya uzamivu katika fasihi ya Jacobean, isipokuwa tasnifu (dissertation).&lt;ref name=NYTObit&gt;{{cite news |last=Raver |first=Ann |title=Wayne Winterrowd, Gardening Expert, Dies at 68 |work=The New York Times |date=24 Septemba 2010 |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/24/us/24winterrowd.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/24/us/24winterrowd.html) |access-date=29 Septemba 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa mwalimu wa fasihi ya Jacobean katika Tufts University mwaka 1969, alikutana kwa mara ya kwanza na Joe Eck, na baadaye waliishi pamoja nchini [[Denmark]], ambapo Winterrowd alikuwa amepata ufadhili wa Fulbright.
== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Garth Youngberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538770</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ivan Garth Youngberg''' alikuwa mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Institute for Alternative Agriculture (Taasisi ya Kilimo Mbadala).&lt;ref&gt;[[https://books.google.com/books?id=hwcAAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA8](https://books.google.com/books?id=hwcAAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA8) &quot;Organic Agriculture Pioneer Receives 'Genius' Award&quot;], ''Vegetarian Times'', Oktoba 1988&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.today/20120714122838/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73622634.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FM...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="906" sha1="rzk2lxzs59ymkkjfswrfb6ahtf9d7yo" xml:space="preserve">'''Ivan Garth Youngberg''' alikuwa mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Institute for Alternative Agriculture (Taasisi ya Kilimo Mbadala).&lt;ref&gt;[[https://books.google.com/books?id=hwcAAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA8](https://books.google.com/books?id=hwcAAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA8) &quot;Organic Agriculture Pioneer Receives 'Genius' Award&quot;], ''Vegetarian Times'', Oktoba 1988&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[https://archive.today/20120714122838/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73622634.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS](https://archive.today/20120714122838/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73622634.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS):FT&amp;date=Aug+1,+1988&amp;author=Ward+Sinclair&amp;desc=Garth+Youngberg's+Fertile+Vision;+The+Natural-Farming+Expert+Reaps+a+Genius'+Award &quot;Garth Youngberg's Fertile Vision; The Natural-Farming Expert Reaps a 'Genius' Award&quot;], ''The Washington Post'', Ward Sinclair, Agosti 1, 1988&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
      <sha1>rzk2lxzs59ymkkjfswrfb6ahtf9d7yo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Martin Selig</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538771</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Martin Selig''' (alizaliwa [[1936]] au [[1937]]) ni mhandisi mwendelezaji majengo nchini [[Marekani]]  mwenye asili ya [[Ujerumani]].Anayejulikana kwa kazi yake huko [[Seattle]] ikiwemo jengo la ''Columbia Center'' jumba refu zaidi la jiji hilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWTorch&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Rick |title=Marty the Politician |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/2006-09-20/news/marty-the-politician/ |access-date=June 18, 2025 |work=Seattle Weekly |d...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1840" sha1="hxvrq910t2siaybnzm6f2qhawcsaikx" xml:space="preserve">'''Martin Selig''' (alizaliwa [[1936]] au [[1937]]) ni mhandisi mwendelezaji majengo nchini [[Marekani]]  mwenye asili ya [[Ujerumani]].Anayejulikana kwa kazi yake huko [[Seattle]] ikiwemo jengo la ''Columbia Center'' jumba refu zaidi la jiji hilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWTorch&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Rick |title=Marty the Politician |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/2006-09-20/news/marty-the-politician/ |access-date=June 18, 2025 |work=Seattle Weekly |date=February 12, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka [[2019]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 2.&lt;ref name=seattletimes&gt;{{cite news|last1=Guillen|first1=Tomas|title=Manfred Selig, 89; Fled Nazi Germany And Become Businessman, Art Collector|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19920727/1504295/manfred-selig-89-fled-nazi-germany-and-become-businessman-art-collector|access-date=December 4, 2015|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=July 27, 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kati ya Desemba [[2024]] na Juni [[2025]], mali nyingi za Selig huko Seattle zilikabidhiwa kwa wadai au wapokeaji, kutokana na mikopo isiyolipwa ya zaidi ya dola milioni 850.&lt;ref name=bizjournals&gt;{{cite news|last1=Parkhurst|first1=Emily|title=Forbes names Seattle developer Martin Selig a 'new billionaire'|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/2015/10/forbes-names-seattle-developer-martin-selig-a-new.html|accessdate=December 4, 2015|work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Katika miaka ya 1980 alimiliki karibu theluthi moja ya nafasi za ofisi za Seattle, na [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake wa mwaka [[1987]] kuwa dola milioni 270.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Duncan |first=Don |date=July 19, 1980 |title=Apartment tenants protest eviction plan |page=D16 |work=The Seattle Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Niraj Shah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538772</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:24:51Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Niraj S. Shah''' (alizaliwa [[1973]] au [[1974]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].Mwanzilishi mwenza, mwenyekiti mwenza, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa duka la rejareja mtandaoni la [[Wayfair]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/40-under-40/2013/niraj-shah-32/ |title=Niraj Shah |date=May 9, 2014 |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/201904070333...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1511" sha1="nf78klinp2ywr0y5gw7c6rzdh7ftpiz" xml:space="preserve">'''Niraj S. Shah''' (alizaliwa [[1973]] au [[1974]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].Mwanzilishi mwenza, mwenyekiti mwenza, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa duka la rejareja mtandaoni la [[Wayfair]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/40-under-40/2013/niraj-shah-32/ |title=Niraj Shah |date=May 9, 2014 |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407033349/http://fortune.com/40-under-40/2013/niraj-shah-32/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Alianzisha Wayfair pamoja na [[Steve Conine]] mwaka [[2002]] na walikuza biashara hiyo kuwa muuzaji mkubwa zaidi mtandaoni wa samani za nyumbani, bidhaa za nyumbani na bidhaa za uboreshaji wa nyumbani nchini Marekani, ikizalisha dola bilioni 12.5 kwa mwaka wa fedha [[2025]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Executive Profile: Niraj S. Shah |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=133593&amp;privcapId=30663855 |website=Bloomberg LP |access-date=June 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2017/08/08/wayfair-ceo-niraj-shah-weve-been-a-big-beneficiary-of-internet-disruption.html |title=Wayfair CEO Niraj Shah: We've been a big beneficiary of internet disruption |website=CNBC |date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=June 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edward Screven''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alikuwa makamu wa rais mtendaji na mbunifu mkuu wa shirika wa ''Oracle Corporation'' hadi alipostaafu Februari [[2025]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Edward Screven |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/edward-screven/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alisomea sayansi ya kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon. Mwaka [[1986]] Screven alijiunga Oracle na...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1358" sha1="c6zsuv1x4cnw72x2lhdwwi764viql7m" xml:space="preserve">'''Edward Screven''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alikuwa makamu wa rais mtendaji na mbunifu mkuu wa shirika wa ''Oracle Corporation'' hadi alipostaafu Februari [[2025]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Edward Screven |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/edward-screven/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alisomea sayansi ya kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon. Mwaka [[1986]] Screven alijiunga Oracle na aliongoza maamuzi ya teknolojia na usanifu wa kampuni, pamoja na mipango yake ya kimkakati. Kufikia Septemba 2025, [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 1.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Thomas |title=Oracle’s AI-Fueled Surge Mints Two New Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasgallagher/2025/09/23/oracles-ai-fueled-surge-mints-two-new-billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Radhika |date=2025-01-15 |title=Oracle’s Chief Corporate Architect Edward Screven to retire in February |url=https://erp.today/oracles-chief-corporate-architect-edward-screven-to-retire-in-february/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=ERP Today |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1370" sha1="0muxxjm1mlsk8h0tvj0xzzmijq4itbl" xml:space="preserve">'''Edward Screven''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alikuwa makamu wa rais mtendaji na mbunifu mkuu wa shirika wa ''Oracle Corporation'' hadi alipostaafu Februari [[2025]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Edward Screven |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/edward-screven/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alisomea sayansi ya kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon. Mwaka [[1986]] Screven alijiunga Oracle na aliongoza maamuzi ya teknolojia na usanifu wa kampuni, pamoja na mipango yake ya kimkakati. Kufikia Septemba 2025, [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 1.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Gallagher |first=Thomas |title=Oracle’s AI-Fueled Surge Mints Two New Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasgallagher/2025/09/23/oracles-ai-fueled-surge-mints-two-new-billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Ojha |first=Radhika |date=2025-01-15 |title=Oracle’s Chief Corporate Architect Edward Screven to retire in February |url=https://erp.today/oracles-chief-corporate-architect-edward-screven-to-retire-in-february/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=ERP Today |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]</text>
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    <title>MaVynee Betsch</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''MaVynee Betsch''', aliyezaliwa kama '''Marvyne Elisabeth Betsch''' (13 Januari 1935 – 5 Septemba 2005), alikuwa mwanamazingira na mwanaharakati kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008177935/](http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008177935/) Betsch, MaVynee]&quot;, WorldCat&lt;/ref&gt; Alijulikana zaidi kwa jina la utani '''The Beach Lady''' (Bibi wa Pwani), kwa sababu alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya utu uzima kuel...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1894" sha1="q5mogtsfgzkvqgr1uj0gtn8nvpg7shn" xml:space="preserve">'''MaVynee Betsch''', aliyezaliwa kama '''Marvyne Elisabeth Betsch''' (13 Januari 1935 – 5 Septemba 2005), alikuwa mwanamazingira na mwanaharakati kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008177935/](http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008177935/) Betsch, MaVynee]&quot;, WorldCat&lt;/ref&gt; Alijulikana zaidi kwa jina la utani '''The Beach Lady''' (Bibi wa Pwani), kwa sababu alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya utu uzima kuelimisha umma kuhusu historia ya [[Wamarekani weusi]] na umuhimu wa mazingira wa American Beach.

Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville]] mwaka 1935 na aliishi katika American Beach kwenye Amelia Island, Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://crdl.usg.edu/people/b/betsch_mavynee_1935_2005/?Welcome|title=Betsch](http://crdl.usg.edu/people/b/betsch_mavynee_1935_2005/?Welcome|title=Betsch), MaVynee, 1935–2005|website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eneo hilo lilijulikana kama mahali pa mapumziko kwa jamii ya Wamarekani weusi wakati wa enzi ya ubaguzi wa rangi (Jim Crow), na lilikuwa likifananishwa na “Hyannis Port ya Wamarekani weusi.”

MaVynee alikuwa mjukuu wa mamilionea wake Abraham Lincoln Lewis, aliyefanikisha kuanzisha American Beach. Alikulia katika familia ya tabaka la juu la Wamarekani weusi, lakini baadaye alitoa mali na utajiri wake wote kwa ajili ya shughuli za kuhifadhi mazingira. Baada ya hapo, aliishi maisha ya kujitolea katika American Beach, mara nyingi akilala eneo hilo katika kiti cha kupumzikia (chaise longue) hadi mwisho wa maisha yake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/betsch-mavynee-1935|title=Betsch](https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/betsch-mavynee-1935|title=Betsch), MaVynee 1935–2005|website=Encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1935|2005}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1902" sha1="fksi81du1tmi9yn7yzvlx82qt165mde" xml:space="preserve">'''MaVynee Betsch''', aliyezaliwa kama '''Marvyne Elisabeth Betsch''' (13 Januari 1935 – 5 Septemba 2005), alikuwa mwanamazingira na mwanaharakati kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008177935/](http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008177935/) Betsch, MaVynee]&quot;, WorldCat&lt;/ref&gt; Alijulikana zaidi kwa jina la utani '''The Beach Lady''' (Bibi wa Pwani), kwa sababu alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya utu uzima kuelimisha umma kuhusu historia ya [[Wamarekani weusi]] na umuhimu wa mazingira wa American Beach.

Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville]] mwaka 1935 na aliishi katika American Beach kwenye Amelia Island, Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://crdl.usg.edu/people/b/betsch_mavynee_1935_2005/?Welcome|title=Betsch](http://crdl.usg.edu/people/b/betsch_mavynee_1935_2005/?Welcome|title=Betsch), MaVynee, 1935–2005|website=crdl.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eneo hilo lilijulikana kama mahali pa mapumziko kwa jamii ya Wamarekani weusi wakati wa enzi ya ubaguzi wa rangi (Jim Crow), na lilikuwa likifananishwa na “Hyannis Port ya Wamarekani weusi.”

MaVynee alikuwa mjukuu wa mamilionea wake Abraham Lincoln Lewis, aliyefanikisha kuanzisha American Beach. Alikulia katika familia ya tabaka la juu la Wamarekani weusi, lakini baadaye alitoa mali na utajiri wake wote kwa ajili ya shughuli za kuhifadhi mazingira. Baada ya hapo, aliishi maisha ya kujitolea katika American Beach, mara nyingi akilala eneo hilo katika kiti cha kupumzikia (chaise longue) hadi mwisho wa maisha yake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/betsch-mavynee-1935|title=Betsch](https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/betsch-mavynee-1935|title=Betsch), MaVynee 1935–2005|website=Encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1935|2005}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
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  <page>
    <title>Majora Carter</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Majora Carter''' (aliyezaliwa 27 Oktoba 1966) ni mtaalamu wa mikakati ya kufufua na kuendeleza maeneo ya mijini kutoka [[Marekani]], pamoja na mtangazaji wa redio ya umma kutoka eneo la [[South Bronx]] katika [[Jiji la New York]].  Carter alianzisha na kuongoza shirika lisilo la kiserikali la suluhisho za uhifadhi wa mazingira na haki ya mazingira lijulikanalo kama Sustainable South Bronx, kuanzia mwaka 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable South Bron...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1448" sha1="giksryv7euhtj7iqrs9btglgc4spfzc" xml:space="preserve">'''Majora Carter''' (aliyezaliwa 27 Oktoba 1966) ni mtaalamu wa mikakati ya kufufua na kuendeleza maeneo ya mijini kutoka [[Marekani]], pamoja na mtangazaji wa redio ya umma kutoka eneo la [[South Bronx]] katika [[Jiji la New York]].

Carter alianzisha na kuongoza shirika lisilo la kiserikali la suluhisho za uhifadhi wa mazingira na haki ya mazingira lijulikanalo kama Sustainable South Bronx, kuanzia mwaka 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable South Bronx: Mission |url=[http://ssbx.org/mission.html](http://ssbx.org/mission.html) |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801075618/http://ssbx.org/mission.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20080801075618/http://ssbx.org/mission.html) |archive-date=August 1, 2008 |access-date=January 4, 2009 |publisher=Sustainable South Bronx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirika hilo lililenga kuboresha mazingira na hali ya maisha katika jamii za kipato cha chini kupitia miradi ya kijani na maendeleo endelevu.

Mwaka 2008, alihama kutoka sekta ya mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali na kuingia sekta binafsi. Pia ametambuliwa kama mshindi wa ufadhili wa MacArthur Foundation kutokana na mchango wake katika maendeleo ya jamii na mazingira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Majora Carter — MacArthur Foundation |url=[http://www.macfound.org/fellows/753/](http://www.macfound.org/fellows/753/) |access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1966|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[</text>
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      <text bytes="1444" sha1="531wfyr0i7duv4avic5oczjv4rx7orb" xml:space="preserve">'''Majora Carter''' (aliyezaliwa 27 Oktoba 1966) ni mtaalamu wa mikakati ya kufufua na kuendeleza maeneo ya mijini kutoka [[Marekani]], pamoja na mtangazaji wa redio ya umma kutoka eneo la South Bronx katika [[Jiji la New York]].

Carter alianzisha na kuongoza shirika lisilo la kiserikali la suluhisho za uhifadhi wa mazingira na haki ya mazingira lijulikanalo kama Sustainable South Bronx, kuanzia mwaka 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable South Bronx: Mission |url=[http://ssbx.org/mission.html](http://ssbx.org/mission.html) |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801075618/http://ssbx.org/mission.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20080801075618/http://ssbx.org/mission.html) |archive-date=August 1, 2008 |access-date=January 4, 2009 |publisher=Sustainable South Bronx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirika hilo lililenga kuboresha mazingira na hali ya maisha katika jamii za kipato cha chini kupitia miradi ya kijani na maendeleo endelevu.

Mwaka 2008, alihama kutoka sekta ya mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali na kuingia sekta binafsi. Pia ametambuliwa kama mshindi wa ufadhili wa MacArthur Foundation kutokana na mchango wake katika maendeleo ya jamii na mazingira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Majora Carter — MacArthur Foundation |url=[http://www.macfound.org/fellows/753/](http://www.macfound.org/fellows/753/) |access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1966|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thomas Secunda</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thomas Secunda''' (alizaliwa [[1954]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Aliyejulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wanne wa [[Bloomberg L.P.]] na makamu mwenyekiti wake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Binghampton Degree&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Department of Computer Science|url=http://www2.binghamton.edu/watson/programs/academic-departments/computer-science/about/testimonials.html|accessdate=20 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1298" sha1="em7vtx9lrgznhmzn0ri6jij3vo11046" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas Secunda''' (alizaliwa [[1954]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Aliyejulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wanne wa [[Bloomberg L.P.]] na makamu mwenyekiti wake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Binghampton Degree&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Department of Computer Science|url=http://www2.binghamton.edu/watson/programs/academic-departments/computer-science/about/testimonials.html|accessdate=20 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718062301/http://www2.binghamton.edu/watson/programs/academic-departments/computer-science/about/testimonials.html|archivedate=July 18, 2011|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alijenga biashara nyingi za kifedha za kampuni, haswa biashara yake yenye faida kubwa ya vituo vya Bloomberg. Ana asilimia 4 ya hisa katika Bloomberg L.P. na bado anahudumu kama makamu mwenyekiti. Kufikia Oktoba [[2025]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 5.7.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Thomas Secunda |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/thomas-secunda/ |work=Forbes |access-date=1 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihudumu katika juhudi za uokoaji katika Virgin Islands ya Marekani baada ya vimbunga vya [[2017]].

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Solomon G. Brown</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Solomon G. Brown''' (14 Februari 1829 – 26 Juni 1906) alikuwa mfanyakazi wa kwanza Mweusi wa Smithsonian Institution nchini [[Marekani]]. Pia alikuwa mshairi, mhadhiri, na fundi wa kisayansi. Alijiunga na Smithsonian mwaka 1852 na alifanya kazi huko kwa miaka 54 hadi alipoistaafu mwaka 1906. Alikuwa pia kiongozi wa kiraia wa eneo lake, akianzisha na kuongoza mashirika mengi ya elimu na jamii. Alihudumu katika Bunge la Washington D.C. kuanzia 1871 hadi...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2343" sha1="j4i2et93k4v83polrf0zuaiaxhqqzrm" xml:space="preserve">'''Solomon G. Brown''' (14 Februari 1829 – 26 Juni 1906) alikuwa mfanyakazi wa kwanza Mweusi wa Smithsonian Institution nchini [[Marekani]]. Pia alikuwa mshairi, mhadhiri, na fundi wa kisayansi. Alijiunga na Smithsonian mwaka 1852 na alifanya kazi huko kwa miaka 54 hadi alipoistaafu mwaka 1906. Alikuwa pia kiongozi wa kiraia wa eneo lake, akianzisha na kuongoza mashirika mengi ya elimu na jamii. Alihudumu katika Bunge la Washington D.C. kuanzia 1871 hadi 1874.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Solomon Galleon Brown alizaliwa 14 Februari 1829 huko [[Washington, D.C.]], akiwa mtoto wa nne kati ya sita wa Isaac na Rachel Brown. Wazazi wake walikuwa watumwa wa zamani, lakini yeye alizaliwa akiwa huru. Baba yake alifariki mwaka 1832 na familia ikaachwa bila makazi na ikiwa na madeni makubwa.

Kwa sababu ya hali ya umaskini, hakuweza kupata elimu rasmi na ilimbidi kufanya kazi kusaidia familia yake. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, alifanya kazi katika ofisi ya posta ya [[Washington, D.C.]] kama msaidizi wa postamasta, akiteuliwa na Lambert Tree aliyekuwa naibu postamasta wakati huo.

Katika miaka ya 1844 na 1845, alisaidia Joseph Henry, Samuel F. B. Morse,&lt;ref name=&quot;Simmons1887&quot;&gt;Simmons, William J., na Henry McNeal Turner. *Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising*. GM Rewell &amp; Company, 1887. uk. 291–295&lt;/ref&gt; na Alfred Vail. &lt;ref name=&quot;Renaissance&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Kind Regards of S.G. Brown: Selected Poems of Solomon G. Brown |publisher=Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution |author=Louise Daniel Hutchinson na Gail Sylvia Lowe |chapter=Solomon G. Brown: A Renaissance Man |year=1983 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=3–5 |url=[https://siarchives.si.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/Kind_Regards_Poetry_Book.pdf}}](https://siarchives.si.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/Kind_Regards_Poetry_Book.pdf}})&lt;/ref&gt; katika ufungaji wa mfumo wa kwanza wa telegraph ya Morse.

Baada ya kuanzishwa kwa Kampuni ya Telegraph ya Morse, Brown aliondoka katika ofisi ya posta na kwa miaka saba alifanya kazi kama mtunza betri kwa Samuel Morse. Baadaye alihamia katika kampuni ya Gillman &amp; Brothers kama msaidizi wa kufunga bidhaa katika maabara yao ya kemia. Pia alifanya kazi katika ofisi ya ardhi ya serikali na katika shughuli za kufunga na kutunza vitabu.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hattie Carthan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538779</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hattie Carthan''' (7 Septemba 1900 – 22 Aprili 1984) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa jamii na mwanamazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuboresha maisha ya jamii ya Bedford-Stuyvesant huko [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]].  == Wasifu == Awali Carthan alitoka [[Washington, DC]], na alihamia Brooklyn mwaka 1928. Baada ya kutengana na mume wake wa kwanza, alioa tena mwaka 1943. Baadaye alitengana na mume wake wa pili mwaka 1954, wakati ak...'</comment>
      <origin>1538779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="7q3udiwfis2d4m9jz0hgqh64qndll7w" xml:space="preserve">'''Hattie Carthan''' (7 Septemba 1900 – 22 Aprili 1984) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa jamii na mwanamazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuboresha maisha ya jamii ya Bedford-Stuyvesant huko [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]].

== Wasifu ==
Awali Carthan alitoka [[Washington, DC]], na alihamia Brooklyn mwaka 1928. Baada ya kutengana na mume wake wa kwanza, alioa tena mwaka 1943. Baadaye alitengana na mume wake wa pili mwaka 1954, wakati akiwa anafanya kazi kama mhoji (field interviewer) katika kampuni ya utafiti wa soko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Evans, Olive, &quot;For a 'Tree Lady,' A City's 'Thank you'&quot;, ''The New York Times'', Mei 20, 1975&lt;/ref&gt;

Carthan anajulikana pia kwa mchango wake katika harakati za kupanda miti na kuboresha mazingira ya mijini, hasa katika kuimarisha mazingira ya kijani na maisha ya wakazi wa Bedford-Stuyvesant.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1900|1984}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>7q3udiwfis2d4m9jz0hgqh64qndll7w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Barre Seid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538780</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Barre Seid''' (alizaliwa [[1932]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Chicago]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa ''Tripp Lite'', kampuni ya kutengeneza bidhaa za umeme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Vogel |first1=Kenneth P. |last2=Goldmacher |first2=Shane |date=August 22, 2022 |title=An Unusual $1.6 Billion Donation Bolsters Conservatives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/22/us/politics/republican-dark-money.html |access-date=August 22, 2022 |w...'</comment>
      <origin>1538780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1051" sha1="ipckhknyr0vx6nidcbnhe1wo1rzc0gi" xml:space="preserve">'''Barre Seid''' (alizaliwa [[1932]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Chicago]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa ''Tripp Lite'', kampuni ya kutengeneza bidhaa za umeme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Vogel |first1=Kenneth P. |last2=Goldmacher |first2=Shane |date=August 22, 2022 |title=An Unusual $1.6 Billion Donation Bolsters Conservatives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/22/us/politics/republican-dark-money.html |access-date=August 22, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tolan |first1=Casey |last2=Devine |first2=Curt |last3=Griffin |first3=Drew |date=August 22, 2022 |title=Massive dark money windfall: New conservative group got $1.6 billion from single donor |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/22/politics/dark-money-donation-conservative-group-invs/index.html |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=[[CNN]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>ipckhknyr0vx6nidcbnhe1wo1rzc0gi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dana Alston</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538781</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dana Alston''' (Desemba 1951 – 7 Agosti 1999) alikuwa mtetezi wa haki za mazingira kwa usawa kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa kuendeleza harakati za haki za mazingira kwa kuunganisha uanaharakati wa mabadiliko ya tabianchi na masuala ya uchafuzi wa mazingira unaoathiri jamii za watu wasio wazungu.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Dana Alston alizaliwa 18 Desemba 1951 katika eneo la Harlem, New York, kwa wazazi Garlen na Betty Alston.&lt;ref name=&quot;ajus...'</comment>
      <origin>1538781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1784" sha1="mts53e0bzfh8zirfm3fjxh9sfl13zda" xml:space="preserve">'''Dana Alston''' (Desemba 1951 – 7 Agosti 1999) alikuwa mtetezi wa haki za mazingira kwa usawa kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa kuendeleza harakati za haki za mazingira kwa kuunganisha uanaharakati wa mabadiliko ya tabianchi na masuala ya uchafuzi wa mazingira unaoathiri jamii za watu wasio wazungu.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Dana Alston alizaliwa 18 Desemba 1951 katika eneo la Harlem, New York, kwa wazazi Garlen na Betty Alston.&lt;ref name=&quot;ajustclimate.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Just Climate |url=[https://ajustclimate.org/](https://ajustclimate.org/) |access-date=16 Aprili 2023 |website=ajustclimate.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tangu akiwa shuleni, alionyesha nia ya kuwasaidia watu weusi na jamii zilizotengwa. Alisoma katika Wheelock College huko Boston, ambapo alikuwa rais wa Umoja wa Wanafunzi Weusi (Black Student Union). Akiwa hapo, alitetea kuongezwa kwa kozi za historia na masuala ya Waamerika Weusi pamoja na kuongezeka kwa walimu weusi katika chuo hicho.&lt;ref name=&quot;White-2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Rachel |last2=Scheuering |first2=Rachel White |title=Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32826-8 |pages=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alihitimu mwaka 1973 akiwa na shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi Shahada ya Sayansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Becher-2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Becher |first=Anne |title=American Environmental Leaders |publisher=Grey House Publishing |year=2018 |edition=3rd |location=Amenia, NY |page=15 |isbn=9781682177327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye alisoma shahada ya uzamili katika [[Columbia University]] katika Shule ya Afya ya Umma, akibobea katika afya ya kazi na mazingira.&lt;ref name=&quot;White-2004&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>mts53e0bzfh8zirfm3fjxh9sfl13zda</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jim Embry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538782</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jim Embry''' (aliyezaliwa kama '''James Gilbert Embry'''; 23 Aprili 1949) ni mwanaharakati wa haki za kiraia, mtetezi wa mazingira, na mwalimu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa huko Richmond, Kentucky.  Amejikita katika masuala ya haki za kijamii, kilimo endelevu, na mifumo ya chakula ya ndani kwa zaidi ya miaka 50 ya kazi yake. Pia ni mzungumzaji wa hadhara, mwandishi, mpiga picha, na mtaalamu wa kupiga mbizi (scuba diver).  Mwaka 2006 alianzisha shirika...'</comment>
      <origin>1538782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1766" sha1="658pkc74dfzurvz49jpk1hv7wik9kpo" xml:space="preserve">'''Jim Embry''' (aliyezaliwa kama '''James Gilbert Embry'''; 23 Aprili 1949) ni mwanaharakati wa haki za kiraia, mtetezi wa mazingira, na mwalimu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa huko Richmond, Kentucky.

Amejikita katika masuala ya haki za kijamii, kilimo endelevu, na mifumo ya chakula ya ndani kwa zaidi ya miaka 50 ya kazi yake. Pia ni mzungumzaji wa hadhara, mwandishi, mpiga picha, na mtaalamu wa kupiga mbizi (scuba diver).

Mwaka 2006 alianzisha shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Mtandao wa Jamii Endelevu, ambalo linajihusisha na kujenga jamii zenye ustahimilivu wa kiikolojia na kijamii. Ameendelea kuwa mkurugenzi wa shirika hilo tangu kuanzishwa kwake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=[https://www.news-graphic.com/news/sadieville-rosenwald-school-serves-as-guide-post/article_fedfbea6-b3c3-11ed-99b4-a783bf253ea2.html](https://www.news-graphic.com/news/sadieville-rosenwald-school-serves-as-guide-post/article_fedfbea6-b3c3-11ed-99b4-a783bf253ea2.html) | title=Sadieville Rosenwald School serves as guide post |newspaper=News-Graphic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=[https://slowfoodnations.org/participant/jim-embry/](https://slowfoodnations.org/participant/jim-embry/) | title=Jim Embry|website=Slow Food Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=[https://www.tnlocalfood.org/jim-embry](https://www.tnlocalfood.org/jim-embry) | title=Jim Embry |website=TN Local Food}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine| url=[https://www.acemagazinelex.com/2007/12/jim-embry-is-aces-this-years-model-2007/](https://www.acemagazinelex.com/2007/12/jim-embry-is-aces-this-years-model-2007/) | title=Jim Embry, Eco-Activist, and Ace Weekly's Model Citizen for 2007 |magazine=Ace Magazine | date=20 Desemba 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1949|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>658pkc74dfzurvz49jpk1hv7wik9kpo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerry Seinfeld</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538783</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:48:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jerome Allen Seinfeld''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 29]], [[1954]]) ni mcheshekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], mtengenezaji wa filamu, na mtayarishaji wa televisheni nchini [[Marekani]].Aliyebobea katika ucheshi wa uchunguzi wa maisha ya kila siku.Seinfeld alipata umaarufu akicheza toleo lake la kubuniwa katika sitcom ya NBC ''Seinfeld'' ([[1989]]–[[1998]]), ambayo alishiriki kuunda na kuandika pamoja na [[Larry David]]. Kufikia [[2026]], [[Forbes]] il...'</comment>
      <origin>1538783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1456" sha1="tpkpoa9p7x75vxjzt6pj6r6drxswoe6" xml:space="preserve">'''Jerome Allen Seinfeld''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 29]], [[1954]]) ni mcheshekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], mtengenezaji wa filamu, na mtayarishaji wa televisheni nchini [[Marekani]].Aliyebobea katika ucheshi wa uchunguzi wa maisha ya kila siku.Seinfeld alipata umaarufu akicheza toleo lake la kubuniwa katika sitcom ya NBC ''Seinfeld'' ([[1989]]–[[1998]]), ambayo alishiriki kuunda na kuandika pamoja na [[Larry David]]. Kufikia [[2026]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 1.1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/lists/greatest-tv-shows-of-all-time/seinfeld-4/|title= The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time|website= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date= December 20, 2023|accessdate= June 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/best-tv-shows-of-all-time-1234598313/seinfeld-6-1234599287/|title= The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time|website= [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]|date= September 26, 2022|accessdate= June 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.indiewire.com/feature/best-comedy-tv-shows-all-time-netflix-hbo-1202053555/7/|title= The 75 Best TV Comedies of All Time|website= [[IndieWire]]|date= February 25, 2023|accessdate= June 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>tpkpoa9p7x75vxjzt6pj6r6drxswoe6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolyn Finney (mwandishi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538784</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:50:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carolyn Finney''' (alizaliwa 1959)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Finney|first=Carolyn|date=2019-10-01|title=This Moment|url=[https://brooklynrail.org/special/River_Rail_Colby/river-rail/This-Moment|access-date=2021-04-28|website=The](https://brooklynrail.org/special/River_Rail_Colby/river-rail/This-Moment|access-date=2021-04-28|website=The) Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni msimuliaji wa hadithi, mwandishi, msanii, mwalimu, na msomi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Kwa...'</comment>
      <origin>1538784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1265" sha1="ixbehnztcfcbp9nik8qs8nqp9dq9eoz" xml:space="preserve">'''Carolyn Finney''' (alizaliwa 1959)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Finney|first=Carolyn|date=2019-10-01|title=This Moment|url=[https://brooklynrail.org/special/River_Rail_Colby/river-rail/This-Moment|access-date=2021-04-28|website=The](https://brooklynrail.org/special/River_Rail_Colby/river-rail/This-Moment|access-date=2021-04-28|website=The) Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni msimuliaji wa hadithi, mwandishi, msanii, mwalimu, na msomi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Kwa sasa ni msomi mkaazi (scholar-in-residence) katika Kituo cha Mazingira cha Franklin kilichopo Middlebury College.

Kazi ya Finney inachunguza jinsi asili na mazingira nchini Marekani yanavyohusishwa na masuala ya rangi na ubaguzi wa kijamii, akionesha namna uzoefu wa watu weusi katika mazingira unavyoundwa na historia na siasa za nchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Author to speak on African Americans' relationship with the outdoors |url=[https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/02/author-speak-african-americans-relationship-outdoors](https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/02/author-speak-african-americans-relationship-outdoors) |access-date=28 Septemba 2022 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ixbehnztcfcbp9nik8qs8nqp9dq9eoz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538981</id>
      <parentid>1538784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:51:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Carolyn Finney (author)]] hadi [[Carolyn Finney (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1265" sha1="ixbehnztcfcbp9nik8qs8nqp9dq9eoz" xml:space="preserve">'''Carolyn Finney''' (alizaliwa 1959)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Finney|first=Carolyn|date=2019-10-01|title=This Moment|url=[https://brooklynrail.org/special/River_Rail_Colby/river-rail/This-Moment|access-date=2021-04-28|website=The](https://brooklynrail.org/special/River_Rail_Colby/river-rail/This-Moment|access-date=2021-04-28|website=The) Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni msimuliaji wa hadithi, mwandishi, msanii, mwalimu, na msomi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Kwa sasa ni msomi mkaazi (scholar-in-residence) katika Kituo cha Mazingira cha Franklin kilichopo Middlebury College.

Kazi ya Finney inachunguza jinsi asili na mazingira nchini Marekani yanavyohusishwa na masuala ya rangi na ubaguzi wa kijamii, akionesha namna uzoefu wa watu weusi katika mazingira unavyoundwa na historia na siasa za nchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Author to speak on African Americans' relationship with the outdoors |url=[https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/02/author-speak-african-americans-relationship-outdoors](https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/02/author-speak-african-americans-relationship-outdoors) |access-date=28 Septemba 2022 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ixbehnztcfcbp9nik8qs8nqp9dq9eoz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yonnette Fleming</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538785</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:51:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yonnette Fleming''' (aliyezaliwa 1968) ni mkulima wa mijini (urban farmer) na mtunzaji wa mazingira wa jamii kutoka [[Marekani]], anayeishi katika eneo la Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. Fleming ni sehemu ya harakati za mazingira, na kazi yake inalenga zaidi bustani za kijamii za mijini (community gardens) na kuimarisha nafasi ya wakulima weusi nchini Marekani.  Amehusika katika kukuza kilimo cha mijini kama njia ya kuimarisha usalama wa chakula, afya y...'</comment>
      <origin>1538785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2018" sha1="7and27g5eld13zmltjhlmquzmv1i1k0" xml:space="preserve">'''Yonnette Fleming''' (aliyezaliwa 1968) ni mkulima wa mijini (urban farmer) na mtunzaji wa mazingira wa jamii kutoka [[Marekani]], anayeishi katika eneo la Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. Fleming ni sehemu ya harakati za mazingira, na kazi yake inalenga zaidi bustani za kijamii za mijini (community gardens) na kuimarisha nafasi ya wakulima weusi nchini Marekani.

Amehusika katika kukuza kilimo cha mijini kama njia ya kuimarisha usalama wa chakula, afya ya jamii, na uhifadhi wa mazingira katika maeneo ya miji mikubwa kama New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://www.bbnomics.com/top-five-black-farmers-black-farming-back-rise/|title=Top](https://www.bbnomics.com/top-five-black-farmers-black-farming-back-rise/|title=Top) Five Black Farmers, Black Farming is back on the rise!|date=6 Mei 2016|website=Bbnomics.com|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826010419/https://www.bbnomics.com/top-five-black-farmers-black-farming-back-rise/|archive-date=2016-08-26|url-status=usurped|access-date=2016-08-01}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20160826010419/https://www.bbnomics.com/top-five-black-farmers-black-farming-back-rise/|archive-date=2016-08-26|url-status=usurped|access-date=2016-08-01}})&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=[https://thenaturalfarmer.org/article/bed-stuys-hattie-carthan-community-garden/|title=Bed-Stuy's](https://thenaturalfarmer.org/article/bed-stuys-hattie-carthan-community-garden/|title=Bed-Stuy's) Hattie Carthan Community Garden · The Natural Farmer|magazine=The Natural Farmer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190427013850/https://thenaturalfarmer.org/article/bed-stuys-hattie-carthan-community-garden/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27](https://web.archive.org/web/20190427013850/https://thenaturalfarmer.org/article/bed-stuys-hattie-carthan-community-garden/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27) Aprili 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1968|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MacKenzie Scott</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232956</id>
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      <id>1538787</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''MacKenzie Scott''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 7]], [[1970]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mfadhili, na mchangiaji wa awali wa [[Amazon (kampuni)|Amazon]] nchini [[Marekani]].Aliolewa na [[Jeff Bezos]], mwanzilishi mwenza wa Amazon, kuanzia [[1993]] hadi 2019. Kufikia Desemba 2025, ana utajiri wa dola bilioni 33.8 kulingana na [[Forbes]], akimiliki asilimia takriban 1 ya hisa katika Amazon.Kufikia Desemba [[2025]], Scott ametoa zaidi ya dola bilioni 26 kwa kazi...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1725" sha1="ofplhh33vs22eg16qzbeqih2dfodqrf" xml:space="preserve">'''MacKenzie Scott''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 7]], [[1970]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mfadhili, na mchangiaji wa awali wa [[Amazon (kampuni)|Amazon]] nchini [[Marekani]].Aliolewa na [[Jeff Bezos]], mwanzilishi mwenza wa Amazon, kuanzia [[1993]] hadi 2019. Kufikia Desemba 2025, ana utajiri wa dola bilioni 33.8 kulingana na [[Forbes]], akimiliki asilimia takriban 1 ya hisa katika Amazon.Kufikia Desemba [[2025]], Scott ametoa zaidi ya dola bilioni 26 kwa kazi za hisani tangu talaka yake mwaka [[2019]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet MacKenzie Scott |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/meet-mackenzie-scott-who-has-revolutionized-philanthropy-and-donated-at-least/vcsbt4k |website=Business Insider Africa |access-date=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=What we know, and don't know, about Jeff Bezos' religious beliefs|url=https://www.insider.com/what-we-know-about-jeff-bezos-religious-beliefs-after-divorce-2019-1|first=J.K.|last=Trotter |date=January 22, 2019 |website=Business Insider|access-date=February 12, 2020 |quote=...marriage of Jeffrey Preston Bezos and MacKenzie Scott Tuttle.|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/vSiJY|archive-date=July 31, 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Verge 2020-07-28&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=July 28, 2020|title=MacKenzie Scott has already donated nearly $1.7 billion of her Amazon wealth since divorcing Jeff Bezos. |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/28/21345440/mackenzie-scott-jeff-bezos-amazon-wealth-donation-philanthropy|access-date=July 28, 2020|website=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1728" sha1="dgztnbe25hzdmg3zhx08ahw7shmwqhh" xml:space="preserve">'''MacKenzie Scott''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 7]], [[1970]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mfadhili, na mchangiaji wa awali wa [[Amazon (kampuni)|Amazon]] nchini [[Marekani]].Aliolewa na [[Jeff Bezos]], mwanzilishi mwenza wa Amazon, kuanzia [[1993]] hadi 2019. Kufikia Desemba 2025, ana utajiri wa dola bilioni 33.8 kulingana na [[Forbes]], akimiliki asilimia takriban 1 ya hisa katika Amazon.Kufikia Desemba [[2025]], Scott ametoa zaidi ya dola bilioni 26 kwa kazi za hisani tangu talaka yake mwaka [[2019]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet MacKenzie Scott |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/meet-mackenzie-scott-who-has-revolutionized-philanthropy-and-donated-at-least/vcsbt4k |website=Business Insider Africa |access-date=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=What we know, and don't know, about Jeff Bezos' religious beliefs|url=https://www.insider.com/what-we-know-about-jeff-bezos-religious-beliefs-after-divorce-2019-1|first=J.K.|last=Trotter |date=January 22, 2019 |website=Business Insider|access-date=February 12, 2020 |quote=...marriage of Jeffrey Preston Bezos and MacKenzie Scott Tuttle.|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/vSiJY|archive-date=July 31, 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Verge 2020-07-28&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=July 28, 2020|title=MacKenzie Scott has already donated nearly $1.7 billion of her Amazon wealth since divorcing Jeff Bezos. |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/28/21345440/mackenzie-scott-jeff-bezos-amazon-wealth-donation-philanthropy|access-date=July 28, 2020|website=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>John Francis (mwanamazingira)</title>
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    <id>232957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538788</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:56:07Z</timestamp>
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        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John H. Francis III''' (aliyezaliwa 1946) ni mwanamazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa lakabu ya '''The Planetwalker'''.  Alizaliwa [[Philadelphia]] akiwa mtoto wa mhamiaji kutoka [[West Indies]], na baadaye alihamia [[Marin County]], [[California]] akiwa kijana.  Baada ya kushuhudia uharibifu mkubwa uliosababishwa na 1971 San Francisco Bay oil spill, alifanya uamuzi wa kutosafiri kwa kutumia vyombo vyenye injini. Ahadi hiyo aliishikilia kwa...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1170" sha1="3oyooh7sina3v21st5t4yya0dqdq4wr" xml:space="preserve">'''John H. Francis III''' (aliyezaliwa 1946) ni mwanamazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa lakabu ya '''The Planetwalker'''.

Alizaliwa [[Philadelphia]] akiwa mtoto wa mhamiaji kutoka [[West Indies]], na baadaye alihamia [[Marin County]], [[California]] akiwa kijana.

Baada ya kushuhudia uharibifu mkubwa uliosababishwa na 1971 San Francisco Bay oil spill, alifanya uamuzi wa kutosafiri kwa kutumia vyombo vyenye injini. Ahadi hiyo aliishikilia kwa miaka 22, kuanzia 1972 hadi 1994. Pia, kuanzia 1973 hadi 1990, alichagua kuwa kimya kwa hiari kwa muda wa miaka 17.

Katika kipindi hicho, alisoma kwa ajili ya shahada ya uzamivu ([[PhD]]) katika usimamizi wa ardhi, na akasafiri sana kwa kutembea kwa miguu. Alivuka maeneo yote ya Marekani katika majimbo 48 ya chini kwa kutembea, na pia alitembea hadi [[Amerika Kusini]].

Baadaye alichapisha kumbukumbu zake katika kitabu ''Planetwalker: How To Change Your World One Step at a Time'', ambacho baadaye kilitolewa tena kama ''Planetwalker: 17 Years of Silence, 22 Years of Walking'', kikielezea safari na uzoefu wake wa maisha.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1946|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>3oyooh7sina3v21st5t4yya0dqdq4wr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538983</id>
      <parentid>1538788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[John Francis (environmentalist)]] hadi [[John Francis (mwanamazingira)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538788</origin>
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      <text bytes="1170" sha1="3oyooh7sina3v21st5t4yya0dqdq4wr" xml:space="preserve">'''John H. Francis III''' (aliyezaliwa 1946) ni mwanamazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa lakabu ya '''The Planetwalker'''.

Alizaliwa [[Philadelphia]] akiwa mtoto wa mhamiaji kutoka [[West Indies]], na baadaye alihamia [[Marin County]], [[California]] akiwa kijana.

Baada ya kushuhudia uharibifu mkubwa uliosababishwa na 1971 San Francisco Bay oil spill, alifanya uamuzi wa kutosafiri kwa kutumia vyombo vyenye injini. Ahadi hiyo aliishikilia kwa miaka 22, kuanzia 1972 hadi 1994. Pia, kuanzia 1973 hadi 1990, alichagua kuwa kimya kwa hiari kwa muda wa miaka 17.

Katika kipindi hicho, alisoma kwa ajili ya shahada ya uzamivu ([[PhD]]) katika usimamizi wa ardhi, na akasafiri sana kwa kutembea kwa miguu. Alivuka maeneo yote ya Marekani katika majimbo 48 ya chini kwa kutembea, na pia alitembea hadi [[Amerika Kusini]].

Baadaye alichapisha kumbukumbu zake katika kitabu ''Planetwalker: How To Change Your World One Step at a Time'', ambacho baadaye kilitolewa tena kama ''Planetwalker: 17 Years of Silence, 22 Years of Walking'', kikielezea safari na uzoefu wake wa maisha.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1946|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>3oyooh7sina3v21st5t4yya0dqdq4wr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538985</id>
      <parentid>1538983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:53:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1173" sha1="iqpmkqj76lhfh1588braxwb5a1nvfn5" xml:space="preserve">'''John H. Francis III''' (alizaliwa [[Philadelphia]], 1946) ni mwanamazingira kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa lakabu ya '''The Planetwalker'''.

Alizaliwa akiwa mtoto wa mhamiaji kutoka [[Visiwa vya Karibi]], na baadaye alihamia [[Marin County]], [[California]] akiwa kijana.

Baada ya kushuhudia uharibifu mkubwa uliosababishwa na 1971 San Francisco Bay oil spill, alifanya uamuzi wa kutosafiri kwa kutumia vyombo vyenye injini. Ahadi hiyo aliishikilia kwa miaka 22, kuanzia 1972 hadi 1994. Pia, kuanzia 1973 hadi 1990, alichagua kuwa kimya kwa hiari kwa muda wa miaka 17.

Katika kipindi hicho, alisoma kwa ajili ya shahada ya uzamivu ([[PhD]]) katika usimamizi wa ardhi, na akasafiri sana kwa kutembea kwa miguu. Alivuka maeneo yote ya Marekani katika majimbo 48 ya chini kwa kutembea, na pia alitembea hadi [[Amerika Kusini]].

Baadaye alichapisha kumbukumbu zake katika kitabu ''Planetwalker: How To Change Your World One Step at a Time'', ambacho baadaye kilitolewa tena kama ''Planetwalker: 17 Years of Silence, 22 Years of Walking'', kikielezea safari na uzoefu wake wa maisha.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1946|}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>iqpmkqj76lhfh1588braxwb5a1nvfn5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Justin J. Pearson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538790</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T01:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Justin Jamal Pearson''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Januari 1995) ni mwanaharakati na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/456793/Justin_J_Pearson.html](https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/456793/Justin_J_Pearson.html) Former State Rep. Justin Pearson], Legistorm. Ilipatikana 8 Aprili 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;  Yeye ni mwanachama wa Bunge la Jimbo la Tennessee (Tennessee House of Representatives), akiwakilisha wilaya ya 86, eneo linalojumuis...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1541" sha1="dj50ugyxf8md95xztxnaaptow5n1aj4" xml:space="preserve">'''Justin Jamal Pearson''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Januari 1995) ni mwanaharakati na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/456793/Justin_J_Pearson.html](https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/456793/Justin_J_Pearson.html) Former State Rep. Justin Pearson], Legistorm. Ilipatikana 8 Aprili 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yeye ni mwanachama wa Bunge la Jimbo la Tennessee (Tennessee House of Representatives), akiwakilisha wilaya ya 86, eneo linalojumuisha sehemu za jiji la [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=Justin J. Pearson - Representatives - TN General Assembly |url=[https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86](https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86) |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405205700/https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86](https://web.archive.org/web/20230405205700/https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86) |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alichaguliwa kupitia uchaguzi mdogo (special election) uliofanyika Januari 2023 kuchukua nafasi ya Barbara Cooper, ambaye alifariki Oktoba 2022 lakini jina lake liliendelea kwenye kura na akachaguliwa tena baada ya kifo chake katika uchaguzi wa Novemba 2022. Alipoapishwa akiwa na umri wa miaka 28, Pearson alikua mmoja wa wabunge wadogo zaidi katika Bunge la Tennessee.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1995|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>dj50ugyxf8md95xztxnaaptow5n1aj4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538889</id>
      <parentid>1538790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:42:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1545" sha1="dzoxhn0wd9v0soki54akwb4nsi7o7o3" xml:space="preserve">'''Justin Jamal Pearson''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Januari 1995) ni mwanaharakati na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/456793/Justin_J_Pearson.html](https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/456793/Justin_J_Pearson.html) Former State Rep. Justin Pearson], Legistorm. Ilipatikana 8 Aprili 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yeye ni mwanachama wa Bunge la Jimbo la Tennessee (Tennessee House of Representatives), akiwakilisha wilaya ya 86, eneo linalojumuisha sehemu za jiji la [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-04-05 |title=Justin J. Pearson - Representatives - TN General Assembly |url=[https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86](https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86) |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405205700/https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86](https://web.archive.org/web/20230405205700/https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/legislatorinfo/member.aspx?district=H86) |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alichaguliwa kupitia uchaguzi mdogo (special election) uliofanyika Januari 2023 kuchukua nafasi ya Barbara Cooper, ambaye alifariki Oktoba 2022 lakini jina lake liliendelea kwenye kura na akachaguliwa tena baada ya kifo chake katika uchaguzi wa Novemba 2022. Alipoapishwa akiwa na umri wa miaka 28, Pearson alikua mmoja wa wabunge wadogo zaidi katika Bunge la Tennessee.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1995|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>dzoxhn0wd9v0soki54akwb4nsi7o7o3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Walter Scott Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538792</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:00:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Walter Scott Jr.''' ([[Mei 21]], [[1931]] – [[Septemba 25]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, [[mhandisi]] wa ujenzi, mfadhili, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa [[Kiewit Corporation]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://old.openworld.gov/about/scott.php?lang=1|title=Mr. Walter Scott, Jr.|publisher=[[Open World Leadership Center]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 4.2.&lt;...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1105" sha1="teas9x4zjilxcuc4f7ikvose8sgbc6z" xml:space="preserve">'''Walter Scott Jr.''' ([[Mei 21]], [[1931]] – [[Septemba 25]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, [[mhandisi]] wa ujenzi, mfadhili, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa [[Kiewit Corporation]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://old.openworld.gov/about/scott.php?lang=1|title=Mr. Walter Scott, Jr.|publisher=[[Open World Leadership Center]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 4.2.&lt;ref name=CSU&gt;{{cite web|title=Walter Scott Jr, Biography|url=http://www.news.colostate.edu/download/engr2-bio.pdf|publisher=Colorado State University|access-date=April 15, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alizaliwa [[Omaha, Nebraska]], na aliongoza Kiewit Corporation kuanzia [[1979]] hadi [[1998]]&lt;ref name=Forbes&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Walter Scott, Jr. |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/walter-scott-jr/ |website=Forbes |date=September 25, 2021 |access-date=September 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>teas9x4zjilxcuc4f7ikvose8sgbc6z</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jacqueline Patterson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538793</id>
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        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jacqueline (Jacqui) Patterson''' ni mwanzilishi wa ''The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project'' na pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa zamani wa Mpango wa NAACP wa Haki za Mazingira na Hali ya Hewa (Environmental and Climate Justice Program). Kazi yake inalenga kushughulikia masuala yanayoingiliana ya haki za mazingira na haki za kijamii, kwa lengo la kuwezesha jamii zilizotengwa—hasa wanawake Weusi—kupata rasilimali na kushinikiza mabadiliko ya mifumo kuelekea ma...'</comment>
      <origin>1538793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2283" sha1="bi3yy26bw7mkis0nwjcvayzp4owrpb2" xml:space="preserve">'''Jacqueline (Jacqui) Patterson''' ni mwanzilishi wa ''The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project'' na pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa zamani wa Mpango wa NAACP wa Haki za Mazingira na Hali ya Hewa (Environmental and Climate Justice Program). Kazi yake inalenga kushughulikia masuala yanayoingiliana ya haki za mazingira na haki za kijamii, kwa lengo la kuwezesha jamii zilizotengwa—hasa wanawake Weusi—kupata rasilimali na kushinikiza mabadiliko ya mifumo kuelekea maisha endelevu na yenye usawa.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Jacqui Patterson alikulia karibu na maeneo yenye mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme kwa makaa ya mawe katika upande wa kusini wa [[Chicago]]. Mama yake alihamia Chicago kupitia Uhamiaji Mkuu wa Waamerika Weusi, na baba yake alitoka [[Jamaica]].&lt;ref name=ClimateConversations&gt;{{cite podcast |url=[https://climate.mit.edu/podcasts/climate-conversations-s2e11-intersectionality-and-climate-justice](https://climate.mit.edu/podcasts/climate-conversations-s2e11-intersectionality-and-climate-justice) |title=Climate Conversations S2E11: Intersectionality and Climate Justice |date=7 Februari 2018 |publisher=Climate Portal |website=climate.mit.edu |access-date=16 Juni 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingawa alikua akiwajua watoto darasani waliokuwa na pumu, watu kanisani waliotumia vifaa vya kusaidia kupumua, na baba yake alifariki kutokana na fibrosi ya mapafu licha ya kutokuwa amewahi kuvuta sigara, mwanzoni hakuhusisha matatizo hayo ya afya na uchafuzi wa hewa wa eneo alilokulia.&lt;ref name=ClimateOne&gt;{{cite podcast |url=[https://www.climateone.org/audio/putting-it-all-line-rev-lennox-yearwood-jr-and-jacqueline-patterson](https://www.climateone.org/audio/putting-it-all-line-rev-lennox-yearwood-jr-and-jacqueline-patterson) |title=Putting It All on the Line with Rev. Lennox Yearwood, Jr. and Jacqueline Patterson |date=10 Novemba 2023 |publisher=Climate One |access-date=16 Juni 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye mama yake alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 73 kutokana na saratani ya utumbo mpana, kaka yake akiwa na miaka 56 kutokana na saratani ya njia ya nyongo, na marafiki wa utotoni pia walifariki mapema. Tukio hili lilimfanya Patterson kujitolea kufanya kazi ya kuondoa sumu na uchafuzi katika jamii kama alikokulia.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>bi3yy26bw7mkis0nwjcvayzp4owrpb2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernard Saul II</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538794</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:03:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bernard Francis Saul II''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 15]], [[1932]]) ni mrithi bilionea na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;goodreturns&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bernard Saul II &amp; family: Bernard Saul II &amp; family Net Worth, Biography, Age, Spouse, Children &amp; More |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/bernard-saul-ii-family-net-worth-and-biography-blnr806.html|accessdate=December 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yeye ni mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa ''Saul Cent...'</comment>
      <origin>1538794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="878" sha1="2dkp95lq0hcdkbn5v2zvtmdf2hyry9n" xml:space="preserve">'''Bernard Francis Saul II''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 15]], [[1932]]) ni mrithi bilionea na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;goodreturns&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bernard Saul II &amp; family: Bernard Saul II &amp; family Net Worth, Biography, Age, Spouse, Children &amp; More |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/bernard-saul-ii-family-net-worth-and-biography-blnr806.html|accessdate=December 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yeye ni mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa ''Saul Centers'' kampuni ya mali zisizohamishika ya kibinafsi yenye makao yake [[Bethesda, Maryland]], tangu 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Bernard Saul, II. |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bernard-saul-ii/ |website=Forbes|accessdate=February 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>2dkp95lq0hcdkbn5v2zvtmdf2hyry9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerome Ringo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538795</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:08:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jerome Claude Ringo''' (2 Machi 1955 – 30 Aprili 2025) alikuwa mtetezi wa [[haki ya mazingira]], nishati safi, na ajira bora kutoka [[Marekani]]. Pia alianzisha na alikuwa mwenyekiti wa kampuni ya maendeleo ya nishati jadidifu Zoetic Global.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Zoetic Global|url=[http://zoeticglobal.com/about/|access-date=2022-09-29|website=Zoetic](http://zoeticglobal.com/about/|access-date=2022-09-29|website=Zoetic) Global|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;...'</comment>
      <origin>1538795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="546" sha1="6f6ore1p0cxigahluctulo711elyfmq" xml:space="preserve">'''Jerome Claude Ringo''' (2 Machi 1955 – 30 Aprili 2025) alikuwa mtetezi wa [[haki ya mazingira]], nishati safi, na ajira bora kutoka [[Marekani]]. Pia alianzisha na alikuwa mwenyekiti wa kampuni ya maendeleo ya nishati jadidifu Zoetic Global.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Zoetic Global|url=[http://zoeticglobal.com/about/|access-date=2022-09-29|website=Zoetic](http://zoeticglobal.com/about/|access-date=2022-09-29|website=Zoetic) Global|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1955|2025}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>6f6ore1p0cxigahluctulo711elyfmq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538883</id>
      <parentid>1538795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="550" sha1="171yvot6npyf7dwa40iwsg0a2eb8hgl" xml:space="preserve">'''Jerome Claude Ringo''' (2 Machi 1955 – 30 Aprili 2025) alikuwa mtetezi wa [[haki ya mazingira]], nishati safi, na ajira bora kutoka [[Marekani]]. Pia alianzisha na alikuwa mwenyekiti wa kampuni ya maendeleo ya nishati jadidifu Zoetic Global.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=About Zoetic Global|url=[http://zoeticglobal.com/about/|access-date=2022-09-29|website=Zoetic](http://zoeticglobal.com/about/|access-date=2022-09-29|website=Zoetic) Global|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1955|2025}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>171yvot6npyf7dwa40iwsg0a2eb8hgl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carroll B. Williams Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538796</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:11:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carroll Burns Williams Jr.''' (24 Septemba 1929 – 1 Machi 2024) alikuwa mtaalamu wa misitu wa utafiti na mtaalamu wa wadudu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwanasayansi wa kwanza Mweusi kuajiriwa na United States Forest Service na pia Mmarekani Mweusi wa kwanza kupata Ph.D. katika misitu na entomolojia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 Aprili 2024 |title=Remembering Dr. Carroll Williams |url=[https://www.fs.usda.gov/inside-fs/memorial/remembering-dr-car...'</comment>
      <origin>1538796</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1375" sha1="sy0sulmj3w4xkea0dm187inl9xdz2zt" xml:space="preserve">'''Carroll Burns Williams Jr.''' (24 Septemba 1929 – 1 Machi 2024) alikuwa mtaalamu wa misitu wa utafiti na mtaalamu wa wadudu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwanasayansi wa kwanza Mweusi kuajiriwa na United States Forest Service na pia Mmarekani Mweusi wa kwanza kupata Ph.D. katika misitu na entomolojia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 Aprili 2024 |title=Remembering Dr. Carroll Williams |url=[https://www.fs.usda.gov/inside-fs/memorial/remembering-dr-carroll-williams](https://www.fs.usda.gov/inside-fs/memorial/remembering-dr-carroll-williams) |website=U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FSEEE |date=2 Agosti 2024 |title=In Memoriam: Carroll B. Williams Jr., Forest Service Pioneer |url=[https://nationalforestadvocates.org/in-memoriam-carroll-b-williams-jr-forest-service-pioneer/](https://nationalforestadvocates.org/in-memoriam-carroll-b-williams-jr-forest-service-pioneer/) |access-date=3 Januari 2025 |website=Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Williams alifanya utafiti wa msingi kuhusu matumizi ya viua wadudu katika misitu na uhusiano kati ya wadudu na mimea mwenyeji, akijumuisha tafiti kuhusu mende wa gome la miti, minyoo wa misonobari (spruce budworms) na spishi nyingine vamizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>sy0sulmj3w4xkea0dm187inl9xdz2zt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles Young (mwanajeshi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538797</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:14:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Young''' (12 Machi 1864 – 8 Januari 1922) alikuwa mwanajeshi wa [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mhitimu wa tatu Mwafrika-Mmarekani kutoka United States Military Academy, na alifanya historia kwa kuwa miongoni mwa viongozi wa kwanza Weusi katika Jeshi la Marekani.  Alikuwa:  * Mkuu wa kwanza Mweusi wa hifadhi ya taifa ya Marekani * Mwanajeshi wa kwanza Mweusi kuwa military attaché * Mtu wa kwanza Mweusi kufikia cheo cha kanali katika Jeshi la Marekani...'</comment>
      <origin>1538797</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1347" sha1="t2lqb51rinw7qz00vcxdulgxy685ani" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Young''' (12 Machi 1864 – 8 Januari 1922) alikuwa mwanajeshi wa [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mhitimu wa tatu Mwafrika-Mmarekani kutoka United States Military Academy, na alifanya historia kwa kuwa miongoni mwa viongozi wa kwanza Weusi katika Jeshi la Marekani.

Alikuwa:

* Mkuu wa kwanza Mweusi wa hifadhi ya taifa ya Marekani
* Mwanajeshi wa kwanza Mweusi kuwa military attaché
* Mtu wa kwanza Mweusi kufikia cheo cha kanali katika [[Jeshi la Marekani]]
* Afisa Mweusi mwenye cheo cha juu zaidi katika Jeshi la kawaida la Marekani hadi alipofariki mwaka 1922

Mwaka 2022, kutokana na huduma yake ya kipekee na vikwazo vya ubaguzi wa rangi alivyokumbana navyo, alipandishwa cheo kwa heshima baada ya kifo chake na kuwa brigedia jenerali. Sherehe ya kumtukuza ilifanyika katika United States Military Academy huko West Point.&lt;ref name=&quot;Promotion ceremony&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Duster |first=Chandelis |date=April 29, 2022 |title=A century after his death, the first Black US Army colonel is promoted to brigadier general |work=CNN |url=[https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/29/politics/charles-young-brigadier-general-us-army/index.html](https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/29/politics/charles-young-brigadier-general-us-army/index.html) |access-date=April 30, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1864|1922}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>t2lqb51rinw7qz00vcxdulgxy685ani</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538986</id>
      <parentid>1538797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Charles Young (United States Army officer)]] hadi [[Charles Young (mwanajeshi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538797</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1347" sha1="t2lqb51rinw7qz00vcxdulgxy685ani" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Young''' (12 Machi 1864 – 8 Januari 1922) alikuwa mwanajeshi wa [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mhitimu wa tatu Mwafrika-Mmarekani kutoka United States Military Academy, na alifanya historia kwa kuwa miongoni mwa viongozi wa kwanza Weusi katika Jeshi la Marekani.

Alikuwa:

* Mkuu wa kwanza Mweusi wa hifadhi ya taifa ya Marekani
* Mwanajeshi wa kwanza Mweusi kuwa military attaché
* Mtu wa kwanza Mweusi kufikia cheo cha kanali katika [[Jeshi la Marekani]]
* Afisa Mweusi mwenye cheo cha juu zaidi katika Jeshi la kawaida la Marekani hadi alipofariki mwaka 1922

Mwaka 2022, kutokana na huduma yake ya kipekee na vikwazo vya ubaguzi wa rangi alivyokumbana navyo, alipandishwa cheo kwa heshima baada ya kifo chake na kuwa brigedia jenerali. Sherehe ya kumtukuza ilifanyika katika United States Military Academy huko West Point.&lt;ref name=&quot;Promotion ceremony&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Duster |first=Chandelis |date=April 29, 2022 |title=A century after his death, the first Black US Army colonel is promoted to brigadier general |work=CNN |url=[https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/29/politics/charles-young-brigadier-general-us-army/index.html](https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/29/politics/charles-young-brigadier-general-us-army/index.html) |access-date=April 30, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1864|1922}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>t2lqb51rinw7qz00vcxdulgxy685ani</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Abel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538798</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:17:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary Abel''' (c. 1850–1938) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kazi zake katika elimu ya lishe na uchumi wa nyumbani (home economics), ambazo zilijikita zaidi katika kuchapisha vijitabu na kitabu chake ''Successful Family Life on the Moderate Income''.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Habari kuhusu maisha ya awali ya Abel kabla ya ndoa yake na John J. Abel mwaka 1883 ni chache. Baada ya ndoa, alihamia Ulaya pamoja na mume wake kufu...'</comment>
      <origin>1538798</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1339" sha1="3s2pyqwm7z0zc60ugvnndl6w6eihn7j" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Abel''' (c. 1850–1938) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kazi zake katika elimu ya lishe na uchumi wa nyumbani (home economics), ambazo zilijikita zaidi katika kuchapisha vijitabu na kitabu chake ''Successful Family Life on the Moderate Income''.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Habari kuhusu maisha ya awali ya Abel kabla ya ndoa yake na John J. Abel mwaka 1883 ni chache. Baada ya ndoa, alihamia Ulaya pamoja na mume wake kufuatia mwaka wake wa masomo ya uzamili katika Johns Hopkins University.

Mwaka 1891, Mary na John walirudi Marekani, ambapo Mary alianza kujihusisha na kazi ya elimu ya lishe na uchumi wa nyumbani. Awali alihamia eneo la Magharibi ya Kati ya Marekani (Midwest), lakini baadaye alihamia [[Baltimore]] mwaka 1893. Yeye na mumewe wote walifariki mwaka 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women in Sciences&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last=Ogilvie |editor-first=Marilyn |editor2-first=Joy |editor2-last=Harvey |editor3-first=Margaret |editor3-last=Rossiter |title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=0-415-92038-8 |pages=2–3 |url=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0) |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>3s2pyqwm7z0zc60ugvnndl6w6eihn7j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ida Bailey Allen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538799</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:19:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ida Cogswell Bailey Allen''' (30 Januari 1885 – 16 Julai 1973)&lt;ref&gt;''U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935–2014''&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mpishi na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alijulikana sana kwa jina la utani “The Nation’s Homemaker” (Mama wa Kaya wa Taifa).&lt;ref name=AC&gt;{{cite news|last=Pack|first=MM|title=A Brief History of Food Radio|url=[http://www.austinchronicle.com/food/2011-07-15/a-brief-history-of-food-radio/|access-date=5](http://w...'</comment>
      <origin>1538799</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1684" sha1="8ac8qy3iv5quctmir4nk6w7gpukhs2o" xml:space="preserve">'''Ida Cogswell Bailey Allen''' (30 Januari 1885 – 16 Julai 1973)&lt;ref&gt;''U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935–2014''&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mpishi na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alijulikana sana kwa jina la utani “The Nation’s Homemaker” (Mama wa Kaya wa Taifa).&lt;ref name=AC&gt;{{cite news|last=Pack|first=MM|title=A Brief History of Food Radio|url=[http://www.austinchronicle.com/food/2011-07-15/a-brief-history-of-food-radio/|access-date=5](http://www.austinchronicle.com/food/2011-07-15/a-brief-history-of-food-radio/|access-date=5) Novemba 2012|newspaper=The Austin Chronicle|date=15 Julai 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Allen aliandika zaidi ya vitabu 50 vya mapishi (cookbooks), akichangia sana katika utamaduni wa mapishi na usimamizi wa kaya nchini Marekani katika karne ya 20.&lt;ref name=LT&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.librarything.com/author/allenidabailey|publisher=LibraryThing|title=Ida](http://www.librarything.com/author/allenidabailey|publisher=LibraryThing|title=Ida) Bailey Allen |access-date=5 Novemba 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alielezewa pia kama “mungu wa kike wa maisha ya nyumbani wa kwanza” na wataalamu wa vitabu vya kale vya mapishi Patricia Edwards na Peter Peckham.&lt;ref name=AT&gt;{{cite web|last=Patricia Edwards and Peter Peckham|title=Collecting classic cookbooks: Repasts from the past|url=[http://www.antiquetrader.com/features/collecting_classic_vintage_cookbooks|work=excerpt](http://www.antiquetrader.com/features/collecting_classic_vintage_cookbooks|work=excerpt) from the Antique Trader® Collectible Cookbooks Price Guide|publisher=Antique Trader|access-date=5 Novemba 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1885|1973}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>8ac8qy3iv5quctmir4nk6w7gpukhs2o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romaric Rogombé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538800</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:22:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''Romaric Rogombé''' (alizaliwa 25 Novemba 1990) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayefanya kazi kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya AC Léopards katika Ligi Kuu ya Congo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Halikutwaa ==  * '''AS Vita Club''' ** Linafoot: Mshindi wa pili, 201...'</comment>
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'''Romaric Rogombé''' (alizaliwa 25 Novemba 1990) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayefanya kazi kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya AC Léopards katika Ligi Kuu ya Congo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halikutwaa ==

* '''AS Vita Club'''
** Linafoot: Mshindi wa pili, 2012
* '''1° de Agosto'''
** Girabola: 2016

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>6zpuaxkcf5g9nwwypyc705tb9wnode2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539039</id>
      <parentid>1538800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:50:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1539039</origin>
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'''Romaric Rogombé''' (alizaliwa 25 Novemba 1990) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] anayefanya kazi kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya AC Léopards katika Ligi Kuu ya Congo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halikutwaa ==

* '''AS Vita Club'''
** Linafoot: Mshindi wa pili, 2012
* '''1° de Agosto'''
** Girabola: 2016

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>jlvw9sgne6klsbyibg7ni6p9ypv5qds</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Regan Bailey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538801</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Regan Lucas Bailey''' ni mtaalamu wa epidemiolojia ya lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] na ni profesa katika Florida State University.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Bailey alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi (Bachelor of Science) na shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Pennsylvania State University. Pia alisoma katika Indiana University of Pennsylvania alipohitimu shahada ya uzamili ya sayansi (Master of Science).&lt;ref name=&quot;purdue bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Regan Bai...'</comment>
      <origin>1538801</origin>
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      <text bytes="733" sha1="3qfxvmemcu9buncqkv0autddn6575ba" xml:space="preserve">'''Regan Lucas Bailey''' ni mtaalamu wa epidemiolojia ya lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] na ni profesa katika Florida State University.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Bailey alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi (Bachelor of Science) na shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Pennsylvania State University. Pia alisoma katika Indiana University of Pennsylvania alipohitimu shahada ya uzamili ya sayansi (Master of Science).&lt;ref name=&quot;purdue bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Regan Bailey |url=[https://www.purdue.edu/hhs/nutr/directory/faculty/bailey_regan.html](https://www.purdue.edu/hhs/nutr/directory/faculty/bailey_regan.html) |website=purdue.edu |accessdate=17 Novemba 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>3qfxvmemcu9buncqkv0autddn6575ba</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phyllis A. Balch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538802</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Phyllis A. Balch''' (née Henning; 18 Septemba 1930 – 31 Desemba 2004) alikuwa mwandishi wa kitabu cha ''Prescription for Nutritional Healing''.  Phyllis A. Henning alizaliwa katika Logansport, Indiana nchini [[Marekani]]. Alithibitishwa na American Association of Nutritional Consultants katika miaka ya 1970, na alifanya kazi kama mshauri wa lishe (nutritional consultant) pamoja na kuwa mshauri mashuhuri wa lishe.  Baadaye alijulikana kama mmoja wa wa...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="951" sha1="6vvaggozdgfdavmhe2kmq8prcv8ai6z" xml:space="preserve">'''Phyllis A. Balch''' (née Henning; 18 Septemba 1930 – 31 Desemba 2004) alikuwa mwandishi wa kitabu cha ''Prescription for Nutritional Healing''.

Phyllis A. Henning alizaliwa katika Logansport, Indiana nchini [[Marekani]]. Alithibitishwa na American Association of Nutritional Consultants katika miaka ya 1970, na alifanya kazi kama mshauri wa lishe (nutritional consultant) pamoja na kuwa mshauri mashuhuri wa lishe.

Baadaye alijulikana kama mmoja wa waandishi wakubwa zaidi wa vitabu vya lishe na virutubisho vya afya. Vitabu vyake vimeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni nane duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phyllis A. Balch, CNC|url=[https://www.needs.com/prod_detail_list/bk_Phyllis_A_Balch_CNC|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.needs.com}}](https://www.needs.com/prod_detail_list/bk_Phyllis_A_Balch_CNC|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.needs.com}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1930|2004}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>6vvaggozdgfdavmhe2kmq8prcv8ai6z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539022</id>
      <parentid>1538802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1539022</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="955" sha1="2omi3zswuzutaonzp9ezg606o7ft2pd" xml:space="preserve">'''Phyllis A. Balch''' (née Henning; 18 Septemba 1930 – 31 Desemba 2004) alikuwa mwandishi wa kitabu cha ''Prescription for Nutritional Healing''.

Phyllis A. Henning alizaliwa katika Logansport, Indiana nchini [[Marekani]]. Alithibitishwa na American Association of Nutritional Consultants katika miaka ya 1970, na alifanya kazi kama mshauri wa lishe (nutritional consultant) pamoja na kuwa mshauri mashuhuri wa lishe.

Baadaye alijulikana kama mmoja wa waandishi wakubwa zaidi wa vitabu vya lishe na virutubisho vya afya. Vitabu vyake vimeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni nane duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Phyllis A. Balch, CNC|url=[https://www.needs.com/prod_detail_list/bk_Phyllis_A_Balch_CNC|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.needs.com}}](https://www.needs.com/prod_detail_list/bk_Phyllis_A_Balch_CNC|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.needs.com}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1930|2004}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>2omi3zswuzutaonzp9ezg606o7ft2pd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bonaventure Sokambi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538803</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:26:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bonaventure Sokambi''' (alizaliwa 1 Januari 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] kwa klabu ya Elite One, Aigle Royal Menoua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aigle recrute dans les Panthères du Gabon|url=https://www.camfoot.com/championnat/aigle-recrute-dans-les-pantheres-du-gabon27030,326276.html|work=Camfoot.com|date=2017-06-30|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=fr-FR|author=Gael Tadj}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ==...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="594" sha1="myivd7p8nnwannd8y2miv8ua06mpcxq" xml:space="preserve">'''Bonaventure Sokambi''' (alizaliwa 1 Januari 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] kwa klabu ya Elite One, Aigle Royal Menoua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aigle recrute dans les Panthères du Gabon|url=https://www.camfoot.com/championnat/aigle-recrute-dans-les-pantheres-du-gabon27030,326276.html|work=Camfoot.com|date=2017-06-30|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=fr-FR|author=Gael Tadj}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>myivd7p8nnwannd8y2miv8ua06mpcxq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joy Bauer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538804</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:27:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joy Bauer''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe (nutritionist) kutoka [[Marekani]] anayefanya kazi na shirika la habari la [[NBC]]. Anaonekana mara kwa mara katika kipindi cha ''TODAY show'' na pia katika ''NBC News Daily''. Aidha, ni mwandishi wa vitabu na makala nyingi zinazohusu lishe na maisha bora.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1538804</origin>
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      <text bytes="363" sha1="incyf0e2x1kfcnogn6qx1jjn824i8e2" xml:space="preserve">'''Joy Bauer''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe (nutritionist) kutoka [[Marekani]] anayefanya kazi na shirika la habari la [[NBC]]. Anaonekana mara kwa mara katika kipindi cha ''TODAY show'' na pia katika ''NBC News Daily''. Aidha, ni mwandishi wa vitabu na makala nyingi zinazohusu lishe na maisha bora.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>incyf0e2x1kfcnogn6qx1jjn824i8e2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michel Souamas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538805</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:29:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michel Souamas''' (alizaliwa 26 Februari 1975) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa zamani kutoka Gabon aliyekuwa [[golikipa]].  == Kazi yake ya klabu: ==  * Petrosport (1994–2002) * US Bitam (2002–2003) * Tout Puissant Akwembe (2003–2004) * FC 105 Libreville (2006–2007)  Alistaafu mwaka 2007.  == Kazi ya kimataifa: == Alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon mara tano kati ya 1997 na 2000, na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Gabon katika [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya [...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="859" sha1="5tjgp3buwxgwh0g7u8zw5sbjm6dauyy" xml:space="preserve">'''Michel Souamas''' (alizaliwa 26 Februari 1975) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa zamani kutoka Gabon aliyekuwa [[golikipa]].

== Kazi yake ya klabu: ==

* Petrosport (1994–2002)
* US Bitam (2002–2003)
* Tout Puissant Akwembe (2003–2004)
* FC 105 Libreville (2006–2007)

Alistaafu mwaka 2007.

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==
Alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon mara tano kati ya 1997 na 2000, na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Gabon katika [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] 2000 kama golikipa wa tatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Football, Soccer: African Cup Of Nations 2000 List of players - all 16 squads|url=http://www.the-shot.com/africa/african-nations-cup-2000/squads.html|work=www.the-shot.com|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>5tjgp3buwxgwh0g7u8zw5sbjm6dauyy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538960</id>
      <parentid>1538805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:11:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538960</origin>
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      <text bytes="863" sha1="khkz1khsb0h7kn74l02f8d1pl40fiy1" xml:space="preserve">'''Michel Souamas''' (alizaliwa 26 Februari 1975) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa zamani kutoka Gabon aliyekuwa [[golikipa]].

== Kazi yake ya klabu: ==

* Petrosport (1994–2002)
* US Bitam (2002–2003)
* Tout Puissant Akwembe (2003–2004)
* FC 105 Libreville (2006–2007)

Alistaafu mwaka 2007.

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==
Alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon mara tano kati ya 1997 na 2000, na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Gabon katika [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] 2000 kama golikipa wa tatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football, Soccer: African Cup Of Nations 2000 List of players - all 16 squads|url=http://www.the-shot.com/africa/african-nations-cup-2000/squads.html|work=www.the-shot.com|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>khkz1khsb0h7kn74l02f8d1pl40fiy1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diane F. Birt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538806</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:30:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Diane Feikert Birt''' (aliyezaliwa 12 Oktoba 1949) ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Baada ya kustaafu kwake Januari 2015, alitunukiwa heshima ya kuwa mtafiti mwandamizi (fellow) wa American Society for Nutrition pamoja na National Academy of Medicine.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Birt alizaliwa tarehe 12 Oktoba 1949 katika [[Petaluma, California]], akiwa mtoto wa Dorothy Beatrice Cunningham na Joseph Ernst Feickert.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cumo&quot;&gt;{{cite we...'</comment>
      <origin>1538806</origin>
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      <text bytes="2435" sha1="spkav1f6hz795lmn3tedrsrhg2veebq" xml:space="preserve">'''Diane Feikert Birt''' (aliyezaliwa 12 Oktoba 1949) ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Baada ya kustaafu kwake Januari 2015, alitunukiwa heshima ya kuwa mtafiti mwandamizi (fellow) wa American Society for Nutrition pamoja na National Academy of Medicine.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Birt alizaliwa tarehe 12 Oktoba 1949 katika [[Petaluma, California]], akiwa mtoto wa Dorothy Beatrice Cunningham na Joseph Ernst Feickert.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cumo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cumo |first1=Christopher |title=Birt, Diane Feickert |url=[https://isubios.pubpub.org/pub/r97xrmhr/release/1](https://isubios.pubpub.org/pub/r97xrmhr/release/1) |publisher=Iowa State University Biographical Dictionary |access-date=Septemba 21, 2021 |date=Julai 30, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alisoma katika El Molino High School ambapo alipata ufadhili wa masomo kujiunga na Whittier College kwa ajili ya shahada yake ya kwanza (Bachelor's degree).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Diane Feikert |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85723213/diane-feikert/](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85723213/diane-feikert/) |access-date=Septemba 21, 2021 |publisher=The Press Democrat |date=Juni 4, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Awards given to graduates |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85722950/awards-given-to-graduates/](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85722950/awards-given-to-graduates/) |access-date=Septemba 21, 2021 |publisher=Sonoma West Times and News |date=Juni 15, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya kuhitimu, alimuoa mhandisi Kenneth Allen Birt mwaka 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;wed&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Couple wed in Monte Rio |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85722624/couple-wed-in-monte-rio/](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85722624/couple-wed-in-monte-rio/) |access-date=Septemba 21, 2021 |publisher=Petaluma Argus-Courier |date=Juni 26, 1973}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika lishe kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Purdue mwaka 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cumo&quot;/&gt;

Mwaka 2005, Birt aliingizwa katika orodha ya heshima ya Idara ya Chakula na Lishe ya Chuo Kikuu cha Purdue (Hall of Fame) kama mmoja wa wanachama wa kwanza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hall of Fame, 2005 Inductees |url=[https://www.purdue.edu/hhs/nutr/events/hall_fame/hall_fame-2005.html](https://www.purdue.edu/hhs/nutr/events/hall_fame/hall_fame-2005.html) |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=Septemba 21, 2021 |date=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1949|}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>spkav1f6hz795lmn3tedrsrhg2veebq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dawn Jackson Blatner</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538807</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:31:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dawn Jackson Blatner''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe (registered dietitian) kutoka [[Marekani]], pia ni mtu anayejulikana kwenye televisheni na vyombo vya habari, na mwandishi wa vitabu vilivyochapishwa kama ''The Flexitarian Diet'' na ''The Superfood Swap''. Ameshawahi kusifiwa kama “mtaalamu bora wa lishe wa Chicago” na pia “mmoja wa wataalamu bora wa lishe nchini Marekani”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwa...'</comment>
      <origin>1538807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="omd7o1rn4ze4gf57cppruhxyojotmq1" xml:space="preserve">'''Dawn Jackson Blatner''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe (registered dietitian) kutoka [[Marekani]], pia ni mtu anayejulikana kwenye televisheni na vyombo vya habari, na mwandishi wa vitabu vilivyochapishwa kama ''The Flexitarian Diet'' na ''The Superfood Swap''. Ameshawahi kusifiwa kama “mtaalamu bora wa lishe wa Chicago” na pia “mmoja wa wataalamu bora wa lishe nchini Marekani”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|title=Fitness](http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|title=Fitness) Food Awards 2009|date=2009|access-date=14 Desemba 2015|website=dawnjacksonblatner.com|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101028080904/http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|archive-date=2010-10-28}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20101028080904/http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|archive-date=2010-10-28}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia ni mtangazaji wa kipindi cha maisha bora kinachoitwa SEE Chicago (Shopping, Entertainment, and Events) kinachorushwa na kituo cha televisheni cha WGN-TV.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>omd7o1rn4ze4gf57cppruhxyojotmq1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538869</id>
      <parentid>1538807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T07:28:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538869</origin>
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      <text bytes="1195" sha1="5l6mo0rz6mtglenf6p81b2kvm4m2h1t" xml:space="preserve">'''Dawn Jackson Blatner''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe (registered dietitian) kutoka [[Marekani]], pia ni mtu anayejulikana kwenye televisheni na vyombo vya habari, na mwandishi wa vitabu vilivyochapishwa kama ''The Flexitarian Diet'' na ''The Superfood Swap''. Ameshawahi kusifiwa kama “mtaalamu bora wa lishe wa Chicago” na pia “mmoja wa wataalamu bora wa lishe nchini Marekani”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|title=Fitness](http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|title=Fitness) Food Awards 2009|date=2009|access-date=14 Desemba 2015|website=dawnjacksonblatner.com|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101028080904/http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|archive-date=2010-10-28}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20101028080904/http://dawnjacksonblatner.com/media/images/fitnessFoodAwards_2009.pdf|archive-date=2010-10-28}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia ni mtangazaji wa kipindi cha maisha bora kinachoitwa SEE Chicago (Shopping, Entertainment, and Events) kinachorushwa na kituo cha televisheni cha WGN-TV.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>5l6mo0rz6mtglenf6p81b2kvm4m2h1t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Constant Tamboucha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538808</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''Constant Tamboucha''' (alizaliwa 3 Mei 1976) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa zamani kutoka [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa mshambuliaji wa kati (midfielder).  == Kazi yake ya klabu: ==  * FC 105 Libreville * Tout Puissant Akwembe  == Kazi ya kimataifa: ==  * Alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon kutoka 1995 hadi 2001 * Alicheza [[mechi]] 38 na kufunga goli 3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Constant Tamboucha (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2481/Constant_...'</comment>
      <origin>1538808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="970" sha1="6dlsgka7i8ldvkfxzy2i2e5s528cza7" xml:space="preserve">
'''Constant Tamboucha''' (alizaliwa 3 Mei 1976) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa zamani kutoka [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa mshambuliaji wa kati (midfielder).

== Kazi yake ya klabu: ==

* FC 105 Libreville
* Tout Puissant Akwembe

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==

* Alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon kutoka 1995 hadi 2001
* Alicheza [[mechi]] 38 na kufunga goli 3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Constant Tamboucha (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2481/Constant_Tamboucha.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Gabon katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1996&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1996 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/96a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>6dlsgka7i8ldvkfxzy2i2e5s528cza7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thibault Tchicaya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538809</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:39:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''Thibault Tchicaya''' (alizaliwa 17 Julai 1983) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa Kimataifa wa Gabon ambaye hucheza kama [[beki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://eswatiniobserver.com/|work=Eswatini Observer|date=2025-04-02|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Kazi yake ya klabu: ==  * Tout Puissant Akwembe (Gabon) * Delta Téléstar (Gabon) * Sogéa FC (Gabon) * Missile FC (Gabon) * Mbabane Swallows F.C. (Swaziland) – aliingia mkataba...'</comment>
      <origin>1538809</origin>
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      <text bytes="919" sha1="agujme2uj8cc0h7utlc9mwjn5tr73gm" xml:space="preserve">
'''Thibault Tchicaya''' (alizaliwa 17 Julai 1983) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa Kimataifa wa Gabon ambaye hucheza kama [[beki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://eswatiniobserver.com/|work=Eswatini Observer|date=2025-04-02|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi yake ya klabu: ==

* Tout Puissant Akwembe (Gabon)
* Delta Téléstar (Gabon)
* Sogéa FC (Gabon)
* Missile FC (Gabon)
* Mbabane Swallows F.C. (Swaziland) – aliingia mkataba wa miezi sita [[Januari]] 2009

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==

* Amecheza mechi kadhaa kwa timu ya taifa ya [[Gabon]]
* Alihudhuria CEMAC Cup 2005, ambapo Gabon ilimaliza nafasi ya tatu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coupe de la CEMAC 2005|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/cemac05.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>agujme2uj8cc0h7utlc9mwjn5tr73gm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guy Tchingoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232977</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538810</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:44:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Guy Tchingoma Ngoma''' (3 Januari 1986 – 9 Februari 2008) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[soka]] ambaye aliichezea FC 105 Libreville kama kiungo. Alizaliwa Pointe-Noire, Jamhuri ya Kongo, lakini alipewa uraia wa Gabon na kuichezea [[Gabon]] kimataifa.  == Kazi ya kimataifa: ==  * Alitokea Gabon baada ya kupata uraia * Alifanya debuti yake kwa Gabon katika African Nations Cup qualifier dhidi ya Côte d'Ivoire, Libreville, 8 Septemba 2007  == Kifo: ==  * Alifarik...'</comment>
      <origin>1538810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1164" sha1="emhc67533e3gg4mumv0j7pg4azhjtyq" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Tchingoma Ngoma''' (3 Januari 1986 – 9 Februari 2008) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[soka]] ambaye aliichezea FC 105 Libreville kama kiungo. Alizaliwa Pointe-Noire, Jamhuri ya Kongo, lakini alipewa uraia wa Gabon na kuichezea [[Gabon]] kimataifa.

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==

* Alitokea Gabon baada ya kupata uraia
* Alifanya debuti yake kwa Gabon katika African Nations Cup qualifier dhidi ya Côte d'Ivoire, Libreville, 8 Septemba 2007

== Kifo: ==

* Alifariki mnamo 9 Februari 2008 baada ya kuanguka kwenye [[mechi]] dhidi ya US Mbiliandzami kwenye Mondedang de Sibang Stadium, Libreville&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabon international collapses and dies during match {{!}}  Breaking News {{!}} guardian.co.uk Football|url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/breakingnews/feedstory/0,,-7300325,00.html|work=football.guardian.co.uk|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hakukuwa na madaktari wa kwanza wa matibabu kwenye mechi wakati wa ajali

Kisa hiki kilisisitiza umuhimu wa kuwa na huduma za dharura katika michezo ya soka.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>emhc67533e3gg4mumv0j7pg4azhjtyq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538875</id>
      <parentid>1538810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:07:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1168" sha1="0f04ku6miduhbdv7kil8zero2oseysw" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Tchingoma Ngoma''' (3 Januari 1986 – 9 Februari 2008) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[soka]] ambaye aliichezea FC 105 Libreville kama kiungo. Alizaliwa Pointe-Noire, Jamhuri ya Kongo, lakini alipewa uraia wa Gabon na kuichezea [[Gabon]] kimataifa.

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==

* Alitokea Gabon baada ya kupata uraia
* Alifanya debuti yake kwa Gabon katika African Nations Cup qualifier dhidi ya Côte d'Ivoire, Libreville, 8 Septemba 2007

== Kifo: ==

* Alifariki mnamo 9 Februari 2008 baada ya kuanguka kwenye [[mechi]] dhidi ya US Mbiliandzami kwenye Mondedang de Sibang Stadium, Libreville&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gabon international collapses and dies during match {{!}}  Breaking News {{!}} guardian.co.uk Football|url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/breakingnews/feedstory/0,,-7300325,00.html|work=football.guardian.co.uk|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hakukuwa na madaktari wa kwanza wa matibabu kwenye mechi wakati wa ajali

Kisa hiki kilisisitiza umuhimu wa kuwa na huduma za dharura katika michezo ya soka.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>0f04ku6miduhbdv7kil8zero2oseysw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yoann Wachter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538811</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yoann Wachter''' (alizaliwa 7 Aprili 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu anayesakata kama [[kiungo]] katikati kwa klabu ya St-Pryvé St-Hilaire inayoshiriki katika ligi ya Championnat National 2 ya Ufaransa. Alizaliwa Ufaransa, lakini anawakilisha taifa la Gabon kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ==...'</comment>
      <origin>1538811</origin>
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      <text bytes="1331" sha1="g3pxqckmtoi02x5pdrldi2uc4kwj1n3" xml:space="preserve">'''Yoann Wachter''' (alizaliwa 7 Aprili 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu anayesakata kama [[kiungo]] katikati kwa klabu ya St-Pryvé St-Hilaire inayoshiriki katika ligi ya Championnat National 2 ya Ufaransa. Alizaliwa Ufaransa, lakini anawakilisha taifa la Gabon kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya klabu: ==

* Wachter alitimiza mafunzo yake ya utoto katika [[klabu]] ya Lorient.
* Alifanya debuti yake ya Ligue 1 tarehe 10 Agosti 2014 dhidi ya AS Monaco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==

* Alizaliwa na baba mwenye asili ya [[Gabon]] na [[mama]] mwenye asili ya Guadeloupe, jambo lilimfanya awe na uwezo wa kucheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon.
* Alipigiwa simu ya kwanza ya kujiunga na timu ya taifa ya Gabon kwa mechi dhidi ya Mauritania tarehe 28 Mei 2016.
* Alifanya debuti yake ya kimataifa katika sare ya 1–1 dhidi ya Comoros tarehe 15 Novemba 2016.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>g3pxqckmtoi02x5pdrldi2uc4kwj1n3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538815</id>
      <parentid>1538811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T03:05:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1339" sha1="t1xc6rgjlxjfz2mt61tj5df1bi12xyf" xml:space="preserve">'''Yoann Wachter''' (alizaliwa 7 Aprili 1992) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kitaalamu anayesakata kama [[kiungo]] katikati kwa klabu ya St-Pryvé St-Hilaire inayoshiriki katika ligi ya Championnat National 2 ya Ufaransa. Alizaliwa Ufaransa, lakini anawakilisha taifa la Gabon kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya klabu: ==

* Wachter alitimiza mafunzo yake ya utoto katika [[klabu]] ya Lorient.
* Alifanya debuti yake ya Ligue 1 tarehe 10 Agosti 2014 dhidi ya AS Monaco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kimataifa: ==

* Alizaliwa na baba mwenye asili ya [[Gabon]] na [[mama]] mwenye asili ya Guadeloupe, jambo lilimfanya awe na uwezo wa kucheza kwa timu ya taifa ya Gabon.
* Alipigiwa simu ya kwanza ya kujiunga na timu ya taifa ya Gabon kwa mechi dhidi ya Mauritania tarehe 28 Mei 2016.
* Alifanya debuti yake ya kimataifa katika sare ya 1–1 dhidi ya Comoros tarehe 15 Novemba 2016.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>t1xc6rgjlxjfz2mt61tj5df1bi12xyf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anicet Yala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538812</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anicet Yala,''' aliyezaliwa tarehe 9 Agosti 1976, ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka kutoka Gabon aliyecheza kama [[kiungo]]. Yala alichukua nafasi muhimu katika timu ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya mwaka 1994 na 2001, akijumuisha jumla ya mechi 21 za kimataifa.  Miongoni mwa mafanikio yake makuu, Yala alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha [[Gabon]] kilichoshiriki katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika mwaka 1996 (AFCON 1996). Uwepo wake kwenye mashindano hayo ulionyesha mc...'</comment>
      <origin>1538812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1258" sha1="ejoscufdesdcsjaex3f4prbg2ddn4z7" xml:space="preserve">'''Anicet Yala,''' aliyezaliwa tarehe 9 Agosti 1976, ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka kutoka Gabon aliyecheza kama [[kiungo]]. Yala alichukua nafasi muhimu katika timu ya taifa ya Gabon kati ya mwaka 1994 na 2001, akijumuisha jumla ya mechi 21 za kimataifa.

Miongoni mwa mafanikio yake makuu, Yala alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha [[Gabon]] kilichoshiriki katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika mwaka 1996 (AFCON 1996). Uwepo wake kwenye mashindano hayo ulionyesha mchango wake katika kuimarisha safu ya kiungo ya timu ya taifa.

Ingawa amestaafu kutoka soka la kimataifa, mchango wa Anicet Yala bado unakumbukwa kwa wapenzi wa soka wa Gabon, hasa kwa namna alivyosaidia timu yake katika mashindano makubwa ya bara la [[Afrika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Nations Cup 1996 - Final Tournament Details|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/96a-det.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anicet Yala (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30061/Anicet_Yala.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>ejoscufdesdcsjaex3f4prbg2ddn4z7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arnold Yembi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538813</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T02:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arnold Yembi''' (alizaliwa 11 Novemba 1984) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Gabon]] aliyestaafu ambaye alicheza zaidi kama [[mshambuliaji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arnold Yembi (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/8095/Arnold_Yembi.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == &lt;references /&gt; {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] Jami...'</comment>
      <origin>1538813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="513" sha1="dizqriiy4cipt9cfmhdvo4qlailnrvh" xml:space="preserve">'''Arnold Yembi''' (alizaliwa 11 Novemba 1984) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Gabon]] aliyestaafu ambaye alicheza zaidi kama [[mshambuliaji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arnold Yembi (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/8095/Arnold_Yembi.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]</text>
      <sha1>dizqriiy4cipt9cfmhdvo4qlailnrvh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Benjamin Zé Ondo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232981</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538814</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T03:04:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Benjamin Zé Ondo''' (alizaliwa Juni 18, 1987) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kimataifa kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kwa Mosta F.C., yenye makao yake Mosta, Malta.  Kabla ya kujiunga na Mosta, aliicheza kwa mara ya mwisho klabu ya Wydad Casablanca kutoka [[Morocco]]. Pia amewahi kucheza katika Ligi Kuu ya [[Algeria]] (Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1) kwa klabu ya ES Sétif.  == Maisha ya Klabu == Baada ya kusaini na klabu ya Algeria, ES Sétif...'</comment>
      <origin>1538814</origin>
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      <text bytes="1355" sha1="6plavkmwxekuz7wf9dd9g1ggtrucrla" xml:space="preserve">'''Benjamin Zé Ondo''' (alizaliwa Juni 18, 1987) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kimataifa kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kwa Mosta F.C., yenye makao yake Mosta, Malta.

Kabla ya kujiunga na Mosta, aliicheza kwa mara ya mwisho klabu ya Wydad Casablanca kutoka [[Morocco]]. Pia amewahi kucheza katika Ligi Kuu ya [[Algeria]] (Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1) kwa klabu ya ES Sétif.

== Maisha ya Klabu ==
Baada ya kusaini na klabu ya Algeria, ES Sétif, katika majira ya joto ya 2013, Zé Ondo alipaswa kusubiri hadi [[Desemba]] ili kustaafu kucheza kwa klabu hiyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transferts : ES Sétif, Zé Ondo enfin qualifié, I. Sané engagé|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news-15280-transferts-es-setif-ze-ondo-enfin-qualifie-i-sane-engage.php|work=www.dzfoot.com|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mnamo Desemba 28, 2013, alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza kama mwanzilishi dhidi ya USM Alger katika raundi ya 15 ya Ligi Kuu ya Algeria 2013–14.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fiche de Match|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/fiches/fiche2.php?fiche_id=7184|work=www.dzfoot.com|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Heshima ==
ES Sétif

* Ligi ya Mabingwa wa CAF: 2014
* Kombe la Super CAF: 2015
* Ligi Kuu ya Algeria: 2014–15

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>6plavkmwxekuz7wf9dd9g1ggtrucrla</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jimmy Abson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538816</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T03:09:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Donald Abson''' (alizaliwa Septemba 30, 1920 – alikufa Novemba 21, 2008) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Canada]], akicheza nafasi ya defensive back na flying wing. Alicheza kwa timu ya Ottawa Rough Riders kutoka 1945 hadi 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Book sources - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983513667|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == &lt;re...'</comment>
      <origin>1538816</origin>
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      <text bytes="577" sha1="ckmslovoq7n5oghx1gb9y92s63n5zff" xml:space="preserve">'''James Donald Abson''' (alizaliwa Septemba 30, 1920 – alikufa Novemba 21, 2008) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Canada]], akicheza nafasi ya defensive back na flying wing. Alicheza kwa timu ya Ottawa Rough Riders kutoka 1945 hadi 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Book sources - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983513667|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]</text>
      <sha1>ckmslovoq7n5oghx1gb9y92s63n5zff</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538884</id>
      <parentid>1538816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:34:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538884</origin>
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      <text bytes="581" sha1="6fk7axmxa83f5a6dd3xaddemvw86avb" xml:space="preserve">'''James Donald Abson''' (alizaliwa Septemba 30, 1920 – alikufa Novemba 21, 2008) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Canada]], akicheza nafasi ya defensive back na flying wing. Alicheza kwa timu ya Ottawa Rough Riders kutoka 1945 hadi 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Book sources - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983513667|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]</text>
      <sha1>6fk7axmxa83f5a6dd3xaddemvw86avb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538988</id>
      <parentid>1538884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538988</origin>
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      <text bytes="569" sha1="cuytv11kzb9ebpxf08m0vmo301r351t" xml:space="preserve">'''James Donald Abson''' (Septemba 30, 1920 – Novemba 21, 2008) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Kanada]], akicheza nafasi ya defensive back na flying wing. Alicheza kwa timu ya Ottawa Rough Riders kutoka 1945 hadi 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Book sources - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983513667|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>cuytv11kzb9ebpxf08m0vmo301r351t</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Steve Ackroyd</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538817</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T03:13:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Steven Ackroyd''' (alizaliwa Juni 5, 1956) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Canada]], aliyekuwa [[mlinzi]] wa usalama (safety) na mpokeaji mpana (wide receiver) kwa timu za Toronto Argonauts na Hamilton Tiger-Cats katika Ligi ya Soka ya Canada (CFL). Mnamo 1983, alishinda Kombe la Grey la 71 akiwa na Argonauts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ackroyd, Steve - Toronto Argonauts Alumni Association|url=http://argoalumni.com/ackroyd-steve/,%...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="693" sha1="jkpoqe351a1cbg6o5k9l3pgiq4udts8" xml:space="preserve">'''Steven Ackroyd''' (alizaliwa Juni 5, 1956) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Canada]], aliyekuwa [[mlinzi]] wa usalama (safety) na mpokeaji mpana (wide receiver) kwa timu za Toronto Argonauts na Hamilton Tiger-Cats katika Ligi ya Soka ya Canada (CFL). Mnamo 1983, alishinda Kombe la Grey la 71 akiwa na Argonauts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ackroyd, Steve - Toronto Argonauts Alumni Association|url=http://argoalumni.com/ackroyd-steve/,%20http://argoalumni.com/ackroyd-steve/|date=2016-01-18|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>jkpoqe351a1cbg6o5k9l3pgiq4udts8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aïssata Coulibaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538818</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T03:19:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Aïssata Sankoun Coulibaly''' (alizaliwa Mei 12, 1983, huko Bamako, Mali) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka Mali anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mlinzi (defender) katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.  = Wasifu = Coulibaly alizaliwa Mei 12, 1983, katika jiji la Bamako, mji mkuu wa [[Mali]]. Anacheza nafasi ya mlinzi wa pembeni (lateral defender). Alianza kazi yake ya soka Mali akiwa na klabu ya AS Mandé. Mnamo 2004, Aïssata alihama kutoka Mali k...'</comment>
      <origin>1538818</origin>
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      <text bytes="1715" sha1="g5l34krnvvf5n5su9jshm11k5pe3wg9" xml:space="preserve">'''Aïssata Sankoun Coulibaly''' (alizaliwa Mei 12, 1983, huko Bamako, Mali) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka Mali anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mlinzi (defender) katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.

= Wasifu =
Coulibaly alizaliwa Mei 12, 1983, katika jiji la Bamako, mji mkuu wa [[Mali]]. Anacheza nafasi ya mlinzi wa pembeni (lateral defender). Alianza kazi yake ya soka Mali akiwa na klabu ya AS Mandé. Mnamo 2004, Aïssata alihama kutoka Mali kujiunga na kikosi cha akiba cha Association Sportive de Saint-Étienne Loire (RC Saint-Étienne) nchini Ufaransa.

Mnamo Januari 2006, alipandishwa hadi [[timu]] ya Division One Féminine ya RC Saint-Étienne, ambapo Mei 21 mwaka huo alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu dhidi ya Stade Briochin Football Féminin. Baada ya miaka minne akicheza kwa AS Saint-Étienne, alirudi bara la Afrika na tangu wakati huo amekuwa akicheza kwa Caïman AC de Lomé nchini Togo.

Tangu 2003, Coulibaly amekuwa akiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali, akifanya mashindano matatu ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA, ambapo timu yake ilitoka sare mara mbili na kupoteza mara moja dhidi ya Ghana mwaka 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Footofeminin.fr - Tournoi final de D2 2005-2006 - 1re journée - Saint-Étienne-Saint-Brieuc 1-2|url=http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/match.php?id=4536|work=www.statsfootofeminin.fr|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Footofeminin.fr - Aïssata Coulibaly - 2006-2007|url=http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/joueur.php?joueur=540&amp;saison=1|work=www.statsfootofeminin.fr|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>g5l34krnvvf5n5su9jshm11k5pe3wg9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sebe Coulibaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538819</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T03:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sebe Coulibaly''' (alizaliwa Februari 9, 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[kiungo]] (midfielder) kwa klabu ya RC Saint-Denis. Alizaliwa Ufaransa, lakini anawakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Mali]].  Alicheza kwa Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wanawake 2016 (Africa Women Cup of Nations), akifunga goli kwa Mali katika mchezo dhidi ya Kenya.  Amekuwa akicheza kwa RC Saint-Denis tangu 2017. Kabla ya hapo, al...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1248" sha1="i75l1euq1b2xrxar0694f1ahb2pu8si" xml:space="preserve">'''Sebe Coulibaly''' (alizaliwa Februari 9, 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[kiungo]] (midfielder) kwa klabu ya RC Saint-Denis. Alizaliwa Ufaransa, lakini anawakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Mali]].

Alicheza kwa Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wanawake 2016 (Africa Women Cup of Nations), akifunga goli kwa Mali katika mchezo dhidi ya Kenya.

Amekuwa akicheza kwa RC Saint-Denis tangu 2017. Kabla ya hapo, alicheza kwa Tremblay FC na AS Saint-Étienne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Footofeminin.fr - Sebe Coulibaly - Championnat de France de D2 2015-2016 - Groupe B|url=http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/joueur.php?joueur=4238&amp;id=408|work=www.statsfootofeminin.fr|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coup de projecteur sur… « Ladies Squad », l’application de Sébé Coulibaly qui réunit les amatrices de football|url=https://www.lequipiere.com/coup-de-projecteur-sur-ladies-squad-lapplication-de-sebe-coulibaly-qui-reunit-les-amatrices-de-football/|work=L'Équipière|date=2020-09-22|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=fr-FR|author=Mélanie Maudieu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>i75l1euq1b2xrxar0694f1ahb2pu8si</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agueicha Diarra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538820</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:00:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Agueissa Diarra''' (alizaliwa Julai 30, 1998) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] (forward) kwa klabu ya Première Ligue, Paris Saint-Germain, na pia kwa timu ya taifa ya Mali. Alishiriki na Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2018 (Africa Women Cup of Nations), akicheza katika michezo mitatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashsco...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="667" sha1="sn34cupmx0f1l7jb2lv54hv6g4vro22" xml:space="preserve">'''Agueissa Diarra''' (alizaliwa Julai 30, 1998) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] (forward) kwa klabu ya Première Ligue, Paris Saint-Germain, na pia kwa timu ya taifa ya Mali. Alishiriki na Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2018 (Africa Women Cup of Nations), akicheza katika michezo mitatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>sn34cupmx0f1l7jb2lv54hv6g4vro22</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538821</id>
      <parentid>1538820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:00:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538821</origin>
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      <text bytes="671" sha1="f22z4xupmiqhlwz9afcag0w6rlmx3pf" xml:space="preserve">'''Agueissa Diarra''' (alizaliwa Julai 30, 1998) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] (forward) kwa klabu ya Première Ligue, Paris Saint-Germain, na pia kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Mali. Alishiriki na Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2018 (Africa Women Cup of Nations), akicheza katika michezo mitatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>f22z4xupmiqhlwz9afcag0w6rlmx3pf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kadidia Diawara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538822</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kadidia Fofana Diawara''' (alizaliwa Mei 16, 1986, huko Bamako, [[Mali]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka Mali anayekuwa akicheza nchini Ufaransa kwa klabu ya FC Vendenheim.  == Wasifu == Diawara alianza kazi yake ya soka Mali akiwa na FC Amazones Boulkassoumbougou, kisha mnamo 2006 alihama kujiunga na klabu ya wanawake ya soka ya Ufaransa STAPS Strasbourg. Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya kitaalamu mwaka 2008 katika Alsace akiwa na FC Vendenheim. Mnamo...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1601" sha1="nkdq6itv90dwjrs15205idpr9w7d5z9" xml:space="preserve">'''Kadidia Fofana Diawara''' (alizaliwa Mei 16, 1986, huko Bamako, [[Mali]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka Mali anayekuwa akicheza nchini Ufaransa kwa klabu ya FC Vendenheim.

== Wasifu ==
Diawara alianza kazi yake ya soka Mali akiwa na FC Amazones Boulkassoumbougou, kisha mnamo 2006 alihama kujiunga na klabu ya wanawake ya soka ya Ufaransa STAPS Strasbourg. Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya kitaalamu mwaka 2008 katika Alsace akiwa na FC Vendenheim. Mnamo Februari 2012, aliitwa kama mchezaji bora kati ya wachezaji watano wa ulinzi katika ligi na Chama cha Soka cha Ufaransa.

Tangu 2003, Diawara amekuwa akiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali, na ameshiriki mara mbili katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake, mwaka 2006 na 2010.

Tangu Juni 2010, Diawara amekuwa akifanya kazi kama mkufunzi (trainer) wa vijana wa kike (E-Youth) katika FC Vendenheim. Mbali na [[soka]], alisoma fedha na uhasibu huko Bamako, ambapo alihitimu mwaka 2006 na diploma kutoka Universitaire de Technologie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Football L’avant-match: FC Vendenheim – AS Saint-Etienne en D1 fém. (dimanche 14h). Kadidia, le bien Malien|url=https://www.dna.fr/sports/2011/10/14/kadidia-le-bien-malien|work=www.dna.fr|date=2011-10-14|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=FR-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=You searched for Kadidia - Womens Soccer United|url=http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/?s=Kadidia|work=Womens Soccer United|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>nkdq6itv90dwjrs15205idpr9w7d5z9</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:43:48Z</timestamp>
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        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1609" sha1="diu6xu77bxw1e1au6zs5joxtl4qdt8o" xml:space="preserve">'''Kadidia Fofana Diawara''' (alizaliwa Mei 16, 1986, huko Bamako, [[Mali]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka Mali anayekuwa akicheza nchini Ufaransa kwa klabu ya FC Vendenheim.

== Wasifu ==
Diawara alianza kazi yake ya soka Mali akiwa na FC Amazones Boulkassoumbougou, kisha mnamo 2006 alihama kujiunga na klabu ya wanawake ya soka ya Ufaransa STAPS Strasbourg. Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya kitaalamu mwaka 2008 katika Alsace akiwa na FC Vendenheim. Mnamo Februari 2012, aliitwa kama mchezaji bora kati ya wachezaji watano wa ulinzi katika ligi na Chama cha Soka cha Ufaransa.

Tangu 2003, Diawara amekuwa akiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali, na ameshiriki mara mbili katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake, mwaka 2006 na 2010.

Tangu Juni 2010, Diawara amekuwa akifanya kazi kama mkufunzi (trainer) wa vijana wa kike (E-Youth) katika FC Vendenheim. Mbali na [[soka]], alisoma fedha na uhasibu huko Bamako, ambapo alihitimu mwaka 2006 na diploma kutoka Universitaire de Technologie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football L’avant-match: FC Vendenheim – AS Saint-Etienne en D1 fém. (dimanche 14h). Kadidia, le bien Malien|url=https://www.dna.fr/sports/2011/10/14/kadidia-le-bien-malien|work=www.dna.fr|date=2011-10-14|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=FR-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=You searched for Kadidia - Womens Soccer United|url=http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/?s=Kadidia|work=Womens Soccer United|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>diu6xu77bxw1e1au6zs5joxtl4qdt8o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bintou Koité</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538823</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bintou Koité''' (alizaliwa Novemba 20, 1995) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa [[soka]] kutoka Mali anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya kiungo (midfielder) katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali. Alishiriki na Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wanawake mwaka 2016 na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == M...'</comment>
      <origin>1538823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="586" sha1="k0h2osxokw92g7ghxb756oe1k8i02vd" xml:space="preserve">'''Bintou Koité''' (alizaliwa Novemba 20, 1995) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa [[soka]] kutoka Mali anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya kiungo (midfielder) katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali. Alishiriki na Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wanawake mwaka 2016 na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>k0h2osxokw92g7ghxb756oe1k8i02vd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adoudou Konaté</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538824</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:08:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adoudou Konaté''' (alizaliwa Aprili 14, 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa soka kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa mlinda mlango (goalkeeper) katika [[timu]] ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali. Alishiriki na Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wanawake 2018 (Africa Women Cup of Nations), akicheza katika michezo mitano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|access...'</comment>
      <origin>1538824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="627" sha1="9kk4tw0ktugqkhize885j01oevjj5dx" xml:space="preserve">'''Adoudou Konaté''' (alizaliwa Aprili 14, 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa soka kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa mlinda mlango (goalkeeper) katika [[timu]] ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali. Alishiriki na Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wanawake 2018 (Africa Women Cup of Nations), akicheza katika michezo mitano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>9kk4tw0ktugqkhize885j01oevjj5dx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aicha Konate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538825</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Aicha Konate''' (alizaliwa Agosti 12, 1984) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]]. Ameweka historia ya kuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/Comp/AWC2010/List_Players_AWC2010.pdf|work=www.cafonline.com|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Konate aliwakilisha Mali katika kiwango cha juu wakati wa Tuzo ya [[Afrika]] ya Wanawake 2006...'</comment>
      <origin>1538825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="841" sha1="lqzwto97guf0y00uxaya1wgh0j90j7b" xml:space="preserve">'''Aicha Konate''' (alizaliwa Agosti 12, 1984) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]]. Ameweka historia ya kuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/Comp/AWC2010/List_Players_AWC2010.pdf|work=www.cafonline.com|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya Kimataifa ==
Konate aliwakilisha Mali katika kiwango cha juu wakati wa Tuzo ya [[Afrika]] ya Wanawake 2006 (2006 African Women's Championship).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FIFA.com|url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55513/report.html|work=www.fifa.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en|author=FIFA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>lqzwto97guf0y00uxaya1wgh0j90j7b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oumou Kone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538826</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:15:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Oumou Kone''' (alizaliwa Desemba 20, 1999) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward) kwa klabu ya Super Lionnes na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.  == Maisha ya Awali == Oumou Kone alizaliwa [[Desemba]] 20, 1999.  == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Kone aliwakilisha Mali katika kiwango cha juu wakati wa kikomo cha kufuzu kwa [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2014 (2014 Africa Women Cup of Nations q...'</comment>
      <origin>1538826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="4ubi56g084xi3wbaa7tvqha0oxjz90t" xml:space="preserve">'''Oumou Kone''' (alizaliwa Desemba 20, 1999) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward) kwa klabu ya Super Lionnes na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.

== Maisha ya Awali ==
Oumou Kone alizaliwa [[Desemba]] 20, 1999.

== Kazi ya Kimataifa ==
Kone aliwakilisha Mali katika kiwango cha juu wakati wa kikomo cha kufuzu kwa [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2014 (2014 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification).

Mnamo Julai 2022, Kone alifunga mabao mawili na kutoa pasi ya goli la tatu, ili kuibuka na ushindi wa 3–1 dhidi ya Uholanzi katika Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake wa Jeshi la CISM 2022 (2022 CISM World Military Women's Soccer Championship) uliofanyika Spokane, Washington, [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=13th WMC Women's Football - Fairchild Air Force Base - Washington (USA) - Day 11|url=https://www.milsport.one/news/football/13th-wmc-women-s-football-fairchild-air-force-base-washington-usa-day-11|work=www.milsport.one|date=2022-07-21|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>4ubi56g084xi3wbaa7tvqha0oxjz90t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539016</id>
      <parentid>1538826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1539016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="t99emzidyg6x2wr7zbpdx5oxrud2a6c" xml:space="preserve">'''Oumou Kone''' (alizaliwa Desemba 20, 1999) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward) kwa klabu ya Super Lionnes na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.

== Maisha ya Awali ==
Oumou Kone alizaliwa [[Desemba]] 20, 1999.

== Kazi ya Kimataifa ==
Kone aliwakilisha Mali katika kiwango cha juu wakati wa kikomo cha kufuzu kwa [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2014 (2014 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification).

Mnamo Julai 2022, Kone alifunga mabao mawili na kutoa pasi ya goli la tatu, ili kuibuka na ushindi wa 3–1 dhidi ya Uholanzi katika Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake wa Jeshi la CISM 2022 (2022 CISM World Military Women's Soccer Championship) uliofanyika Spokane, Washington, [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=13th WMC Women's Football - Fairchild Air Force Base - Washington (USA) - Day 11|url=https://www.milsport.one/news/football/13th-wmc-women-s-football-fairchild-air-force-base-washington-usa-day-11|work=www.milsport.one|date=2022-07-21|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>t99emzidyg6x2wr7zbpdx5oxrud2a6c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coulouba Sogoré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538827</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Coulouba Sogoré''' (alizaliwa Juni 3, 1997) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa mlinzi (defender) katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.  == Maisha ya Klabu == Sogoré amewahi kucheza kwa AS Real nchini Mali na pia kwa Auxerre nchini [[Ufaransa]].  == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Sogoré aliwakilisha Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2018 (2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations), akicheza katika michezo mitano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite w...'</comment>
      <origin>1538827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="754" sha1="qml64qo5ri08lxdrf2s4bj8r0qe2ufa" xml:space="preserve">'''Coulouba Sogoré''' (alizaliwa Juni 3, 1997) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa mlinzi (defender) katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.

== Maisha ya Klabu ==
Sogoré amewahi kucheza kwa AS Real nchini Mali na pia kwa Auxerre nchini [[Ufaransa]].

== Kazi ya Kimataifa ==
Sogoré aliwakilisha Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2018 (2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations), akicheza katika michezo mitano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Footofeminin.fr - Coulouba Sogore|url=http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/joueur.php?joueur=11493|work=www.statsfootofeminin.fr|accessdate=2026-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>qml64qo5ri08lxdrf2s4bj8r0qe2ufa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bassira Touré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538828</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:20:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bassira Touré''' (alizaliwa Januari 6, 1990) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa mshambuliaji (forward) kwa klabu ya Fatih Karagümrük na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.  == Maisha ya Klabu == Touré alirudi tena nchini [[Uturuki]] na kujiunga na klabu mpya ya Istanbul Fatih Karagümrük kucheza katika Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Uturuki 2021–22 (Turkcell Women's Super League).  == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Alicheza kwa Mali katika K...'</comment>
      <origin>1538828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1217" sha1="9sb3wjczcelnj3xs85mf7h1e336vzl8" xml:space="preserve">'''Bassira Touré''' (alizaliwa Januari 6, 1990) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]] anayekuwa mshambuliaji (forward) kwa klabu ya Fatih Karagümrük na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.

== Maisha ya Klabu ==
Touré alirudi tena nchini [[Uturuki]] na kujiunga na klabu mpya ya Istanbul Fatih Karagümrük kucheza katika Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Uturuki 2021–22 (Turkcell Women's Super League).

== Kazi ya Kimataifa ==
Alicheza kwa Mali katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wanawake 2016 (2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations), akifunga mabao mawili dhidi ya Kenya.

Aidha, alifunga goli kwa Mali katika mchezo wa kufuzu Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake 2018 (2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification) dhidi ya Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CAN des Dames ‘’Ghana 2018’’: Éléphantes de Côte d’Ivoire et Aigles du Mali se neutralisent|url=https://www.fratmat.info/article/84217/Sports/can-des-dames-ghana-2018-elephantes-de-cote-divoire-et-aigles-du-mali-se-neutralisent|work=FratMat|date=2018-06-07|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]]</text>
      <sha1>9sb3wjczcelnj3xs85mf7h1e336vzl8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andréa Maltarolli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538830</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Andréa Maltarolli''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[28 Septemba]] [[1962]] mjini Rio de Janeiro – alifariki tarehe 22 Septemba 2009 mjini humo huo) alikuwa mwandishi wa skrini wa Brazil aliyebobea katika uandishi wa tamthilia za televisheni, hususan soap opera na telenovela.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bemparana.com.br/index.php?n=58016&amp;t=beleza-pura-marca-a-estreia-de-andrea-maltarolli-nas-novelas 2008 interview at Bem Paraná (in Portuguese)]&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{refli...'</comment>
      <origin>1538830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="510" sha1="cscs959b09tvpzy4e4xkb7vx3fqj8ol" xml:space="preserve">'''Andréa Maltarolli''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[28 Septemba]] [[1962]] mjini Rio de Janeiro – alifariki tarehe 22 Septemba 2009 mjini humo huo) alikuwa mwandishi wa skrini wa Brazil aliyebobea katika uandishi wa tamthilia za televisheni, hususan soap opera na telenovela.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bemparana.com.br/index.php?n=58016&amp;t=beleza-pura-marca-a-estreia-de-andrea-maltarolli-nas-novelas 2008 interview at Bem Paraná (in Portuguese)]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>cscs959b09tvpzy4e4xkb7vx3fqj8ol</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538990</id>
      <parentid>1538830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:00:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="529" sha1="ga808hzbz7ggse8ydi1749ry7fsd7bq" xml:space="preserve">'''Andréa Maltarolli''' (Rio de Janeiro, [[28 Septemba]] [[1962]] – Rio de Janeiro 22 Septemba 2009) alikuwa mwandishi wa skrini wa Brazil aliyebobea katika uandishi wa tamthilia za televisheni, hususan soap opera na telenovela.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bemparana.com.br/index.php?n=58016&amp;t=beleza-pura-marca-a-estreia-de-andrea-maltarolli-nas-novelas 2008 interview at Bem Paraná (in Portuguese)]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:waliofariki 2009]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Brazil]]</text>
      <sha1>ga808hzbz7ggse8ydi1749ry7fsd7bq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>María Antonieta Gutiérrez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538831</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''María Antonieta &quot;Calú&quot; Gutiérrez''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini wa Venezuela anayejihusisha na telenovela. Baada ya kuanza kazi yake katika nchi yake ya Venezuela, alihamia Mexico ambako alijihusisha na kurekebisha riwaya za kale—zinazojulikana pia kama “riwaya za mapenzi” (rose novels)—na kuzibadilisha kuwa matoleo ya kisasa kwa ajili ya Televisa. Anachukuliwa kuwa mfuasi wa Carlos Romero na Alberto Gómez.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=DESCUBRE POR...'</comment>
      <origin>1538831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="812" sha1="7fu0paqfu6sx51ofyd4jykp8vjy4ard" xml:space="preserve">'''María Antonieta &quot;Calú&quot; Gutiérrez''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini wa Venezuela anayejihusisha na telenovela. Baada ya kuanza kazi yake katika nchi yake ya Venezuela, alihamia Mexico ambako alijihusisha na kurekebisha riwaya za kale—zinazojulikana pia kama “riwaya za mapenzi” (rose novels)—na kuzibadilisha kuwa matoleo ya kisasa kwa ajili ya Televisa. Anachukuliwa kuwa mfuasi wa Carlos Romero na Alberto Gómez.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=DESCUBRE POR QUÉ NO TE PUEDES PERDER EL GRAN INICIO DE EL VUELO DE LA VICTORIA|url=http://www.lasestrellas.tv/telenovelas/el-vuelo-de-la-victoria/noticias/descubre-por-que-no-te-puedes-perder-el-gran-inicio-de-el-vuelo-de-la-victoria/|accessdate=27 November 2017|agency=Televisa|date=5 July 2017|language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Sarah Mayberry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538832</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sarah Mayberry''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya za mapenzi za kisasa na pia mwandishi wa skrini wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Australia]]. Ameandika riwaya kadhaa kwa ajili ya Harlequin Mills &amp; Boon, pamoja na kuandika miswada ya tamthilia ya televisheni ya Neighbours.  Pia alifanya kazi kama mpangaji wa hadithi (storyliner) kwa tamthilia ya kitabibu ya New Zealand iitwayo Shortland Street, na alishirikiana kuunda mfululizo wa vijana uitwao Karaoke High pamo...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="982" sha1="hjd012s8poxglubcj2u2fwzhy94a9ur" xml:space="preserve">'''Sarah Mayberry''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya za mapenzi za kisasa na pia mwandishi wa skrini wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Australia]]. Ameandika riwaya kadhaa kwa ajili ya Harlequin Mills &amp; Boon, pamoja na kuandika miswada ya tamthilia ya televisheni ya Neighbours.

Pia alifanya kazi kama mpangaji wa hadithi (storyliner) kwa tamthilia ya kitabibu ya New Zealand iitwayo Shortland Street, na alishirikiana kuunda mfululizo wa vijana uitwao Karaoke High pamoja na Kirsty McKenzie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2016/03/24/53457/australian-romance-readers-awards-2015-winners-announced/|title=Australian Romance Readers Awards 2015 winners announced|date=24 March 2016|work=[[Books+Publishing]]|access-date=15 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mayberry pamoja na kazi zake wamewahi kuteuliwa kwa tuzo mbalimbali, na mwaka 2015 alishinda tuzo ya ''Favourite Erotic Romance'' katika Australian Romance Readers Awards.

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Kay Mellor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538833</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T04:56:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kay Mellor OBE''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Daniel; alizaliwa tarehe [[11 Mei]] [[1951]] – alifariki tarehe [[15 Mei]] [[2022]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]] wa skrini, mtayarishaji na mkurugenzi kutoka England.  Alijulikana kwa kuunda vipindi vya televisheni kama vile Band of Gold (ITV, 1995–97), Fat Friends (ITV, 2000–05), na The Syndicate (BBC, 2012–21).  Pia alishirikiana kuunda tamthilia za watoto za CITV, zikiwemo Children's Ward (1989–2000...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="798" sha1="okfptpbgvho5kpka1mclpsobkqksv2j" xml:space="preserve">'''Kay Mellor OBE''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Daniel; alizaliwa tarehe [[11 Mei]] [[1951]] – alifariki tarehe [[15 Mei]] [[2022]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]] wa skrini, mtayarishaji na mkurugenzi kutoka England.

Alijulikana kwa kuunda vipindi vya televisheni kama vile Band of Gold (ITV, 1995–97), Fat Friends (ITV, 2000–05), na The Syndicate (BBC, 2012–21).

Pia alishirikiana kuunda tamthilia za watoto za CITV, zikiwemo Children's Ward (1989–2000) na Just Us (1992–94).&lt;ref name=&quot;rhlstp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://player.fm/series/richard-herrings-leicester-square-theatre-podcast|title=RHLSTP Special – Kay Mellor|website=player.fm|date=11 July 2019|access-date=14 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538991</id>
      <parentid>1538833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:01:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1538991</origin>
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      <text bytes="799" sha1="pr2eevdy779ld1yenz9ma93hcsz9qo3" xml:space="preserve">'''Kay Mellor OBE''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Daniel; [[11 Mei]] [[1951]] – [[15 Mei]] [[2022]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, [[mwandishi]] wa skrini, mtayarishaji na mkurugenzi kutoka Uingereza.

Alijulikana kwa kuunda vipindi vya televisheni kama vile Band of Gold (ITV, 1995–97), Fat Friends (ITV, 2000–05), na The Syndicate (BBC, 2012–21).

Pia alishirikiana kuunda tamthilia za watoto za CITV, zikiwemo Children's Ward (1989–2000) na Just Us (1992–94).&lt;ref name=&quot;rhlstp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://player.fm/series/richard-herrings-leicester-square-theatre-podcast|title=RHLSTP Special – Kay Mellor|website=player.fm|date=11 July 2019|access-date=14 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>pr2eevdy779ld1yenz9ma93hcsz9qo3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Leila Míccolis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538834</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Leila Míccolis''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1947]]) ni mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mwandishi wa hadithi fupi, mwandishi wa skrini, mtunzi wa tamthilia, na pia mhariri kutoka Brazil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Míccolis, Leila, 1947- - Archival Collections|url=https://atom.library.miami.edu/miccolis-leila-1947|access-date=2020-08-14|website=atom.library.miami.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == &lt;references /&gt; {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} Jamii:Wa...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="476" sha1="czg0bs0yrxjz79zrbyepk4gxwuqd9tv" xml:space="preserve">'''Leila Míccolis''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1947]]) ni mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mwandishi wa hadithi fupi, mwandishi wa skrini, mtunzi wa tamthilia, na pia mhariri kutoka Brazil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Míccolis, Leila, 1947- - Archival Collections|url=https://atom.library.miami.edu/miccolis-leila-1947|access-date=2020-08-14|website=atom.library.miami.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:34:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="480" sha1="fxcez3219b8973i5dvbxmisspas2paj" xml:space="preserve">'''Leila Míccolis''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1947]]) ni mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mwandishi wa hadithi fupi, mwandishi wa skrini, mtunzi wa tamthilia, na pia mhariri kutoka Brazil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Míccolis, Leila, 1947- - Archival Collections|url=https://atom.library.miami.edu/miccolis-leila-1947|access-date=2020-08-14|website=atom.library.miami.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>fxcez3219b8973i5dvbxmisspas2paj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marti Noxon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538835</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:01:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Martha Mills Noxon''' (amezaliwa tarehe [[25 Agosti]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwandishi]], mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu na televisheni kutoka United States.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kama mwandishi wa skrini na mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) wa tamthilia ya kisiri yenye mambo ya nguvu za ajabu, Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003).  Pia alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu, mwandishi na muundaji wa mfululizo wa vichekesho na drama Girlfriends' Guid...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1230" sha1="thywyx0wj70cphbn80k3mr03v10hysp" xml:space="preserve">'''Martha Mills Noxon''' (amezaliwa tarehe [[25 Agosti]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwandishi]], mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu na televisheni kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kama mwandishi wa skrini na mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) wa tamthilia ya kisiri yenye mambo ya nguvu za ajabu, Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003).

Pia alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu, mwandishi na muundaji wa mfululizo wa vichekesho na drama Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (2014–2018), pamoja na mfululizo wa drama UnREAL (2015–2018). Aidha, alihudumu kama mtayarishaji mkuu wa tamthilia ya kitabibu ya Code Black (2015–2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo-PaleyLive-UnREAL-2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Paley Center for Media|title=PaleyLive: An Evening with the Cast &amp; Creators of UnREAL|url=https://screen.yahoo.com/popular/paleylive-evening-cast-creators-unreal-160000845.html|access-date=1 August 2015|work=[[Yahoo!]]|date=30 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019104937/https://screen.yahoo.com/popular/paleylive-evening-cast-creators-unreal-160000845.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|author1-link=Paley Center for Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Janice Okoh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538836</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Janice Okoh''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia na mwandishi wa skrini kutoka United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/supporting-talent/elevate/janice-okoh|title=Janice Okoh|date=27 June 2018|website=Bafta.org|access-date=1 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independenttalent.com/writers/janice-okoh/|title=Janice Okoh|website=Independenttalent.com|access-date=1 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}'</comment>
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      <text bytes="460" sha1="35etzsmko8dz5wi3ecytemnd5xmucj1" xml:space="preserve">'''Janice Okoh''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia na mwandishi wa skrini kutoka United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/supporting-talent/elevate/janice-okoh|title=Janice Okoh|date=27 June 2018|website=Bafta.org|access-date=1 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independenttalent.com/writers/janice-okoh/|title=Janice Okoh|website=Independenttalent.com|access-date=1 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:29:25Z</timestamp>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="468" sha1="os6zwl821uedxi0foj7aik2m9ma3v2v" xml:space="preserve">'''Janice Okoh''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia na mwandishi wa skrini kutoka United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bafta.org/supporting-talent/elevate/janice-okoh|title=Janice Okoh|date=27 June 2018|website=Bafta.org|access-date=1 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.independenttalent.com/writers/janice-okoh/|title=Janice Okoh|website=Independenttalent.com|access-date=1 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Luci van Org</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538837</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:05:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Luci van Org''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Ina Lucia Hildebrand, alizaliwa tarehe [[1 Septemba]] [[1971]]) ni mwanamuziki na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Ujerumani|Germany]].  Anajulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji wa kundi la Lucilectric, ambalo wimbo wao Mädchen ulikuwa maarufu nchini Ujerumani mwaka 1994.  Baadaye, ameandika muziki kwa wasanii wengine pamoja na miradi yake binafsi kama Das Haus von Luci, Üebermutter, Meystersinger na Lucina Soteira, ambayo inajumuisha...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1341" sha1="stfe646ezjzwnv88721dj8j4dmo46kw" xml:space="preserve">'''Luci van Org''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Ina Lucia Hildebrand, alizaliwa tarehe [[1 Septemba]] [[1971]]) ni mwanamuziki na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Ujerumani|Germany]].

Anajulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji wa kundi la Lucilectric, ambalo wimbo wao Mädchen ulikuwa maarufu nchini Ujerumani mwaka 1994.

Baadaye, ameandika muziki kwa wasanii wengine pamoja na miradi yake binafsi kama Das Haus von Luci, Üebermutter, Meystersinger na Lucina Soteira, ambayo inajumuisha mitindo mbalimbali ya muziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;metalde&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Florian|date=8 April 2008|url=https://www.metal.de/interviews/ueebermutter-interview-mit-saengerin-luci-van-org-36761/|title=Üebermutter: Interview mit Sängerin Luci van Org|publisher=[[Metal.de]]|language=de|access-date=14 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fowler&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Fowler|first=Jessica|date=27 January 2022|url=https://www.musikexpress.de/lucilectric-maedchen-was-machen-luci-van-org-und-ralf-goldkind-heute-1554507/|title=28 Jahre nach 'Mädchen': Was wurde eigentlich aus… Lucilectric?|newspaper=[[Musikexpress]]|language=de|access-date=14 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia ameandika na kuigiza katika filamu na vipindi vya televisheni, na ni mwandishi wa riwaya kadhaa zilizochochewa na hadithi za kale za Germanic mythology.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Glória Perez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233002</id>
    <revision>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Glória Maria Rebelo Ferrante''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[25 Septemba]] [[1948]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini kutoka [[Brazil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite interview|title=Umas Palavras 2015 Ep. 10: Gloria Perez|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsimrWGqzro|accessdate=24 September 2023|date=2015|work=[[Canal Futura]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}'</comment>
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      <text bytes="355" sha1="6s4j1wzd7n1j60vcfmkviz60bveyalj" xml:space="preserve">'''Glória Maria Rebelo Ferrante''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[25 Septemba]] [[1948]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini kutoka [[Brazil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite interview|title=Umas Palavras 2015 Ep. 10: Gloria Perez|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsimrWGqzro|accessdate=24 September 2023|date=2015|work=[[Canal Futura]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Sarah Phelps</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:09:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sarah Phelps''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], [[mwandishi]] wa [[redio]], mtunzi wa tamthilia na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano|United Kingdom]].  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika EastEnders, pamoja na kuandika mfululizo wa marekebisho ya tamthilia za BBC, zikiwemo kazi za Agatha Christie kama The Witness for the Prosecution, And Then There Were None, Ordeal by Innocence, The ABC Murders na The Pale Ho...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="968" sha1="af532zuu2pwdiyuxn4j7adgy2kxbzaf" xml:space="preserve">'''Sarah Phelps''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], [[mwandishi]] wa [[redio]], mtunzi wa tamthilia na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano|United Kingdom]].

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika EastEnders, pamoja na kuandika mfululizo wa marekebisho ya tamthilia za BBC, zikiwemo kazi za Agatha Christie kama The Witness for the Prosecution, And Then There Were None, Ordeal by Innocence, The ABC Murders na The Pale Horse.

Pia amefanya marekebisho ya kazi za Charles Dickens kama Great Expectations na Oliver Twist, pamoja na kazi ya J. K. Rowling iitwayo The Casual Vacancy. Aidha, ameshirikiana na Royal Shakespeare Company katika kazi za uigizaji wa jukwaani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theartsdesk.com/tv/10-questions-screenwriter-sarah-phelps|title=10 Questions for Screenwriter Sarah Phelps|website=theartsdesk.com|date=4 April 2014|access-date=23 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1539044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="972" sha1="4vbov05nyx0j8sgyw3z4g0f95jv1xdt" xml:space="preserve">'''Sarah Phelps''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], [[mwandishi]] wa [[redio]], mtunzi wa tamthilia na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano|United Kingdom]].

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika EastEnders, pamoja na kuandika mfululizo wa marekebisho ya tamthilia za BBC, zikiwemo kazi za Agatha Christie kama The Witness for the Prosecution, And Then There Were None, Ordeal by Innocence, The ABC Murders na The Pale Horse.

Pia amefanya marekebisho ya kazi za Charles Dickens kama Great Expectations na Oliver Twist, pamoja na kazi ya J. K. Rowling iitwayo The Casual Vacancy. Aidha, ameshirikiana na Royal Shakespeare Company katika kazi za uigizaji wa jukwaani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.theartsdesk.com/tv/10-questions-screenwriter-sarah-phelps|title=10 Questions for Screenwriter Sarah Phelps|website=theartsdesk.com|date=4 April 2014|access-date=23 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>4vbov05nyx0j8sgyw3z4g0f95jv1xdt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yolanda Vargas Dulché</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538840</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '  '''Yolanda Vargas Dulché de la Parra''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[18 Julai]] [[1926]] mjini [[Mexico City]] – alifariki tarehe [[8 Agosti]] [[1999]] mjini humo) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] kutoka Mexico anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuunda mhusika wa katuni Memín Pinguín na kwa kuandika telenovela mbalimbali za televisheni ya Mexico.  Alianza kazi yake ya uandishi ili kuongeza kipato kupitia magazeti mbalimbali, na mwaka 1943 aliunda Memín Pinguín. Kufikia mwaka 19...'</comment>
      <origin>1538840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1924" sha1="7hr9o51xr4lmizeta39opzsyzzadwj8" xml:space="preserve">

'''Yolanda Vargas Dulché de la Parra''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[18 Julai]] [[1926]] mjini [[Mexico City]] – alifariki tarehe [[8 Agosti]] [[1999]] mjini humo) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] kutoka Mexico anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuunda mhusika wa katuni Memín Pinguín na kwa kuandika telenovela mbalimbali za televisheni ya Mexico.

Alianza kazi yake ya uandishi ili kuongeza kipato kupitia magazeti mbalimbali, na mwaka 1943 aliunda Memín Pinguín. Kufikia mwaka 1960, alikuwa tayari amechapisha vitabu vingi vya katuni, na alihamasisha mume wake Guillermo de la Parra pia kuanza kuandika.

Pamoja na mume wake, waliunda telenovela kadhaa zilizofanikiwa, ikiwemo Rubí, ambayo baadaye ilifanyiwa marekebisho tena kwa televisheni na filamu. Kwa jumla, Vargas Dulché alichapisha zaidi ya majina 60 ya kazi zake nchini Mexico na nje ya nchi. Rubí pia ilichapishwa kati ya 1963 na 1964 katika jarida la mapenzi la katuni Lágrimas, Risas y Amor.&lt;ref name=&quot;refritos&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=De Yolanda Vargas Dulché y los refritos de Televisa|author=Abundio Novello|url=http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/deyolandavargasdulcheylosrefritosdetelevisa-1425768-columna.html|newspaper=Vanguardia|location=Mexico City|date=November 25, 2012|access-date=November 26, 2012|language=es|trans-title=Of Yolanda Vargás Dulché and the reruns of Televisa}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lavida&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=La vida y trabajo de Yolanda Vargas Dulché en el MAP|trans-title=The life and work of Yolanda Vargas Dulché at the Museo de Arte Popular|language=es|date=November 20, 2012|publisher=[[CONACULTA]]|location=Mexico|url=http://www.conaculta.gob.mx/sala_prensa_detalle.php?id=24375|access-date=2012-11-26}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]</text>
      <sha1>7hr9o51xr4lmizeta39opzsyzzadwj8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538993</id>
      <parentid>1538840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:02:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1032" sha1="ofy0u9nks9myit03ifmuficlxggx99j" xml:space="preserve">'''Yolanda Vargas Dulché de la Parra''' ([[Mexico City]], [[18 Julai]] [[1926]] – Mexico City, [[8 Agosti]] [[1999]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] kutoka Meksiko anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuunda mhusika wa katuni Memín Pinguín na kwa kuandika telenovela mbalimbali za televisheni ya Meksiko.

Alianza kazi yake ya uandishi ili kuongeza kipato kupitia magazeti mbalimbali, na mwaka 1943 aliunda Memín Pinguín. Kufikia mwaka 1960, alikuwa tayari amechapisha vitabu vingi vya katuni, na alihamasisha mume wake Guillermo de la Parra pia kuanza kuandika.

Pamoja na mume wake, waliunda telenovela kadhaa zilizofanikiwa, ikiwemo Rubí, ambayo baadaye ilifanyiwa marekebisho tena kwa televisheni na filamu. Kwa jumla, Vargas Dulché alichapisha zaidi ya majina 60 ya kazi zake nchini Mexico na nje ya nchi. Rubí pia ilichapishwa kati ya 1963 na 1964 katika jarida la mapenzi la katuni Lágrimas, Risas y Amor.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Meksiko]]</text>
      <sha1>ofy0u9nks9myit03ifmuficlxggx99j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catherine Tregenna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538841</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:16:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Catherine Tregenna''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia, [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], na pia mwigizaji kutoka [[United Kingdom]].  Ameandika vipindi vya EastEnders na Casualty, pamoja na kuandika kwa misimu ya kwanza minne ya tamthilia ya uhalifu ya Law &amp; Order: UK inayorushwa na ITV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://discworldmonthly.co.uk/terrypratchett_thewatchseries.php|title=Terry Pratchett's Discworld the Watch TV Series|website=Discworldmonth...'</comment>
      <origin>1538841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="716" sha1="80085n41uaf7lbwjkoni13z6pdkuhgd" xml:space="preserve">'''Catherine Tregenna''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia, [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], na pia mwigizaji kutoka [[United Kingdom]].

Ameandika vipindi vya EastEnders na Casualty, pamoja na kuandika kwa misimu ya kwanza minne ya tamthilia ya uhalifu ya Law &amp; Order: UK inayorushwa na ITV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://discworldmonthly.co.uk/terrypratchett_thewatchseries.php|title=Terry Pratchett's Discworld the Watch TV Series|website=Discworldmonthly.co.uk|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116193640/https://discworldmonthly.co.uk/terrypratchett_thewatchseries.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>80085n41uaf7lbwjkoni13z6pdkuhgd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patrea Smallacombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538842</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:20:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Patrea Smallacombe''' (alizaliwa [[13 Oktoba]] [[1958]] mjini Adelaide, [[Australia]]) ni mwandishi na mhariri wa miswada ya mfululizo wa [[televisheni]] (series script editor).  Alitoa mchango wake katika tamthilia nyingi za “soap opera” nchini Australia katika miaka ya 1986 na 1987, zikiwemo The Young Doctors, Prisoner, Neighbours, na A Country Practice.  Baadaye, mwaka 1987 alihamia United Kingdom kuendelea na kazi yake ya uandishi wa televisheni...'</comment>
      <origin>1538842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="753" sha1="0kp9lfj1yust9vu5edo0q480rakn6ws" xml:space="preserve">'''Patrea Smallacombe''' (alizaliwa [[13 Oktoba]] [[1958]] mjini Adelaide, [[Australia]]) ni mwandishi na mhariri wa miswada ya mfululizo wa [[televisheni]] (series script editor).

Alitoa mchango wake katika tamthilia nyingi za “soap opera” nchini Australia katika miaka ya 1986 na 1987, zikiwemo The Young Doctors, Prisoner, Neighbours, na A Country Practice.

Baadaye, mwaka 1987 alihamia United Kingdom kuendelea na kazi yake ya uandishi wa televisheni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1186384785|title=Australian Film Commission Annual Report|date=1986–1987|publisher=Australian Government Public Service|location=Canberra|pages=338|issn=0816-9624}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>0kp9lfj1yust9vu5edo0q480rakn6ws</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539019</id>
      <parentid>1538842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1539019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="756" sha1="jnwsgq0t5rrbbsax5pko67nxxm94hfx" xml:space="preserve">'''Patrea Smallacombe''' (alizaliwa [[13 Oktoba]] [[1958]] mjini Adelaide, [[Australia]]) ni mwandishi na mhariri wa miswada ya mfululizo wa [[televisheni]] (series script editor).

Alitoa mchango wake katika tamthilia nyingi za “soap opera” nchini Australia katika miaka ya 1986 na 1987, zikiwemo The Young Doctors, Prisoner, Neighbours, na A Country Practice.

Baadaye, mwaka 1987 alihamia United Kingdom kuendelea na kazi yake ya uandishi wa televisheni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1186384785|title=Australian Film Commission Annual Report|date=1986–1987|publisher=Australian Government Public Service|location=Canberra|pages=338|issn=0816-9624}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>jnwsgq0t5rrbbsax5pko67nxxm94hfx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stephanie Savage</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538844</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '  '''Stephanie Savage''' (alizaliwa [[1969]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mtayarishaji wa televisheni kutoka Calgary, Alberta, [[Kanada|Canada]].  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuunda mfululizo wa tamthilia ya vijana wa Gossip Girl (2007) kwa ajili ya The CW, uliotokana na mfululizo wa vitabu vya riwaya.  Pia alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa The O.C. inayorushwa na Fox.  Mwaka 2010, pamoja na mshirika wake wa ubunifu Josh Schwartz, waliunda kampuni ya utayarishaji i...'</comment>
      <origin>1538844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1463" sha1="mmh8fplpbky07cp9ellskqbtyq8u6rl" xml:space="preserve">

'''Stephanie Savage''' (alizaliwa [[1969]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mtayarishaji wa televisheni kutoka Calgary, Alberta, [[Kanada|Canada]].

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuunda mfululizo wa tamthilia ya vijana wa Gossip Girl (2007) kwa ajili ya The CW, uliotokana na mfululizo wa vitabu vya riwaya.

Pia alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa The O.C. inayorushwa na Fox.

Mwaka 2010, pamoja na mshirika wake wa ubunifu Josh Schwartz, waliunda kampuni ya utayarishaji iitwayo Fake Empire, ambayo hutengeneza vipindi vya televisheni, filamu na pia miradi ya muziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;tvline.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/02/rachel-bilson-to-star-in-the-cws-dixie-pilot/|title=Rachel Bilson To Star In The CW's Hart of Dixie Pilot - TVLine|author=Nellie Andreeva|work=TVLine|date=8 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2011/02/the-cw-announces-four-pilot-pickups-including-new-josh-schwartz-and-stephanie-savage-project.html|title=The CW orders four pilots, including new Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage project - Zap2it - News &amp; Features|author=Tierney Bricker|date=1 February 2011|work=Zap2it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308070654/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2011/02/the-cw-announces-four-pilot-pickups-including-new-josh-schwartz-and-stephanie-savage-project.html|archive-date=8 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>mmh8fplpbky07cp9ellskqbtyq8u6rl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julie Rutterford</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538845</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:25:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Julie Rutterford''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa filamu na [[televisheni]] kutoka United Kingdom.  Mwaka 2001, alishinda pamoja na wengine tuzo ya BAFTA Awards kwa filamu fupi bora kupitia kazi yao ya About a Girl, akishirikiana na mtayarishaji Janey de Nordwall na mkurugenzi Brian Percival.  Kabla ya hapo, aliandika vipindi vya Brookside pamoja na kazi za redio.  Baadaye, aliandika vipindi vya tamthilia kadhaa maarufu za televisheni, zikiwemo Hustle, Life on Ma...'</comment>
      <origin>1538845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="614" sha1="dzghkcixa3tnqusroa760a54682hkb9" xml:space="preserve">'''Julie Rutterford''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa filamu na [[televisheni]] kutoka United Kingdom.

Mwaka 2001, alishinda pamoja na wengine tuzo ya BAFTA Awards kwa filamu fupi bora kupitia kazi yao ya About a Girl, akishirikiana na mtayarishaji Janey de Nordwall na mkurugenzi Brian Percival.

Kabla ya hapo, aliandika vipindi vya Brookside pamoja na kazi za redio.

Baadaye, aliandika vipindi vya tamthilia kadhaa maarufu za televisheni, zikiwemo Hustle, Life on Mars, na Ashes to Ashes zinazotengenezwa na kampuni ya Kudos.

Pia aliandika kwa mfululizo mwingine maarufu kama Teachers na Shameless.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>dzghkcixa3tnqusroa760a54682hkb9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adele Rose</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538846</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:27:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adele Rose''' (alizaliwa [[8 Desemba]] [[1933]] – alifariki [[28 Desemba]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]] kutoka England.  Alijulikana kama mwandishi aliyedumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika tamthilia ya Coronation Street, ambapo aliandika jumla ya vipindi 457 kwa kipindi cha miaka 37 kuanzia 1961. Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuandika kwa ajili ya kipindi hicho.  Aidha, alianzisha mfululizo wa vijana Byker Grove (1989–2...'</comment>
      <origin>1538846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="900" sha1="f6s8sb4d8wldt0962t7ncecc7kc3m38" xml:space="preserve">'''Adele Rose''' (alizaliwa [[8 Desemba]] [[1933]] – alifariki [[28 Desemba]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]] kutoka England.

Alijulikana kama mwandishi aliyedumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika tamthilia ya Coronation Street, ambapo aliandika jumla ya vipindi 457 kwa kipindi cha miaka 37 kuanzia 1961. Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuandika kwa ajili ya kipindi hicho.

Aidha, alianzisha mfululizo wa vijana Byker Grove (1989–2006), uliolenga hadhira ya vijana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraphobit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/03/10/adele-rose-scriptwriter-coronation-street-also-devised-byker/|title=Adele Rose, scriptwriter on Coronation Street who also devised Byker Grove – obituary|work=The Telegraph|date=|access-date=11 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]]</text>
      <sha1>f6s8sb4d8wldt0962t7ncecc7kc3m38</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538996</id>
      <parentid>1538846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:03:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="915" sha1="01wxyx289zqd4ef3zpllegplnp25wpo" xml:space="preserve">'''Adele Rose''' ([[8 Desemba]] [[1933]] – [[28 Desemba]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]] kutoka Uingereza.

Alijulikana kama mwandishi aliyedumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika tamthilia ya Coronation Street, ambapo aliandika jumla ya vipindi 457 kwa kipindi cha miaka 37 kuanzia 1961. Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuandika kwa ajili ya kipindi hicho.

Aidha, alianzisha mfululizo wa vijana Byker Grove (1989–2006), uliolenga hadhira ya vijana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraphobit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/03/10/adele-rose-scriptwriter-coronation-street-also-devised-byker/|title=Adele Rose, scriptwriter on Coronation Street who also devised Byker Grove – obituary|work=The Telegraph|date=|access-date=11 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>01wxyx289zqd4ef3zpllegplnp25wpo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Teresa Zimmerman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538847</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:29:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Teresa Zimmerman''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (soap opera) kutoka United States.  {{Mbegu-mwandishi}}'</comment>
      <origin>1538847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127" sha1="s8rm085pnznk95y990w6ry69j4fy0z1" xml:space="preserve">'''Teresa Zimmerman''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (soap opera) kutoka United States.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>s8rm085pnznk95y990w6ry69j4fy0z1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ellen Wheeler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538848</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:31:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ellen Jayne Wheeler''' (alizaliwa [[9 Oktoba]] [[1961]] mjini Glendale, California, United States) ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]].  Kazi yake, zote kama mwigizaji na pia katika utayarishaji, imejikita zaidi katika tamthilia za mchana za Marekani (American daytime drama).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/ellen-wheeler#|access-date=2015-02-14|title=Ellen Wheeler {{!}} Television Academy Intervi...'</comment>
      <origin>1538848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="567" sha1="sxcagprg8a8k92ss311ok8twtjocd3f" xml:space="preserve">'''Ellen Jayne Wheeler''' (alizaliwa [[9 Oktoba]] [[1961]] mjini Glendale, California, United States) ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]].

Kazi yake, zote kama mwigizaji na pia katika utayarishaji, imejikita zaidi katika tamthilia za mchana za Marekani (American daytime drama).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/ellen-wheeler#|access-date=2015-02-14|title=Ellen Wheeler {{!}} Television Academy Interviews|date=2012-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>sxcagprg8a8k92ss311ok8twtjocd3f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ellen Weston</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538849</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:38:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ellen Weston''' (jina la kuzaliwa linaripotiwa kuwa Ellen Weinstein) ni [[mwigizaji]], mtayarishaji, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Witbeck|first1=Charles|title=The Queen Mary is Queen for a day again|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22872587/the_daily_reporter/|work=The Daily Reporter|date=February 14, 1975|location=Ohio, Dover|page=29|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|accessdate=August 16, 2018}} {{Open access}}...'</comment>
      <origin>1538849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="515" sha1="m6d6w8c756iv456mdfvk02kamoo678o" xml:space="preserve">'''Ellen Weston''' (jina la kuzaliwa linaripotiwa kuwa Ellen Weinstein) ni [[mwigizaji]], mtayarishaji, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Witbeck|first1=Charles|title=The Queen Mary is Queen for a day again|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22872587/the_daily_reporter/|work=The Daily Reporter|date=February 14, 1975|location=Ohio, Dover|page=29|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|accessdate=August 16, 2018}} {{Open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>m6d6w8c756iv456mdfvk02kamoo678o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538850</id>
      <parentid>1538849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:38:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="498" sha1="od0zje8pudqhpck66as6acc1tvtukls" xml:space="preserve">'''Ellen Weston''' (jina la kuzaliwa linaripotiwa kuwa Ellen Weinstein) ni [[mwigizaji]], mtayarishaji, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka United States. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Witbeck|first1=Charles|title=The Queen Mary is Queen for a day again|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22872587/the_daily_reporter/|work=The Daily Reporter|date=February 14, 1975|location=Ohio, Dover|page=29|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|accessdate=August 16, 2018}} {{Open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>od0zje8pudqhpck66as6acc1tvtukls</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary K. Wells</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538851</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary K. Wells''' (alizaliwa [[1 Desemba|Desemba 1]], [[1920]] – [[14 Agosti|Agosti 14]], [[2000]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[televisheni]] na mwigizaji kutoka United States.  Alishiriki kama mwigizaji katika vipindi na maonyesho mbalimbali, ikiwemo Return to Peyton Place, The Secret Storm, The Brighter Day, As the World Turns, The Edge of Night, Big Town, na Love of Life.  Kama mwandishi, alifanya kazi kwa muda mrefu kwenye All My Children kuanzia 19...'</comment>
      <origin>1538851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="903" sha1="3rx40groejkugq9ln3bo80s7lf9brk3" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary K. Wells''' (alizaliwa [[1 Desemba|Desemba 1]], [[1920]] – [[14 Agosti|Agosti 14]], [[2000]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[televisheni]] na mwigizaji kutoka United States.

Alishiriki kama mwigizaji katika vipindi na maonyesho mbalimbali, ikiwemo Return to Peyton Place, The Secret Storm, The Brighter Day, As the World Turns, The Edge of Night, Big Town, na Love of Life.

Kama mwandishi, alifanya kazi kwa muda mrefu kwenye All My Children kuanzia 1973 hadi 1993.

Kwa mchango wake, aliteuliwa mara 14 kwenye tuzo za Daytime Emmy Awards na alishinda tuzo mara mbili (1985 na 1988).&lt;ref name=&quot;obituary&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E0D7163EF934A2575BC0A9669C8B63 Mary K. Wells, 79, Actress Known for Roles in the Soaps], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 17, 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>3rx40groejkugq9ln3bo80s7lf9brk3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538997</id>
      <parentid>1538851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1538997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="898" sha1="7uif6stft8gjz3w7m2nt54xbkxjf49s" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary K. Wells''' ([[1 Desemba]] [[1920]] – [[14 Agosti]] [[2000]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[televisheni]] na mwigizaji kutoka Marekani.

Alishiriki kama mwigizaji katika vipindi na maonyesho mbalimbali, ikiwemo Return to Peyton Place, The Secret Storm, The Brighter Day, As the World Turns, The Edge of Night, Big Town, na Love of Life.

Kama mwandishi, alifanya kazi kwa muda mrefu kwenye All My Children kuanzia 1973 hadi 1993.

Kwa mchango wake, aliteuliwa mara 14 kwenye tuzo za Daytime Emmy Awards na alishinda tuzo mara mbili (1985 na 1988).&lt;ref name=&quot;obituary&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E0D7163EF934A2575BC0A9669C8B63 Mary K. Wells, 79, Actress Known for Roles in the Soaps], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 17, 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>7uif6stft8gjz3w7m2nt54xbkxjf49s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joan Binder Weiss</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538852</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joan Binder Weiss''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka United States.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuandika vipindi kadhaa vya mfululizo wa Gilmore Girls na Everwood. Kazi zake nyingine za uandishi ni pamoja na vipindi vya Inconceivable, Journeyman, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Grace Under Fire, Summerland na Fractured Film Awards.  Pia amewahi kuwa mtayarishaji wa vipindi vya Everwood na Summerland, na pia alihudumu kama sto...'</comment>
      <origin>1538852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="606" sha1="nonwaf1de0t2o4kgzkaeqq1mb1qc93m" xml:space="preserve">'''Joan Binder Weiss''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuandika vipindi kadhaa vya mfululizo wa Gilmore Girls na Everwood. Kazi zake nyingine za uandishi ni pamoja na vipindi vya Inconceivable, Journeyman, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Grace Under Fire, Summerland na Fractured Film Awards.

Pia amewahi kuwa mtayarishaji wa vipindi vya Everwood na Summerland, na pia alihudumu kama story editor na executive story editor kwenye Gilmore Girls.

Yeye ameolewa na mwandishi mwenzake wa televisheni David S. Weiss.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>nonwaf1de0t2o4kgzkaeqq1mb1qc93m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sandra Weintraub</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538853</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:44:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sandra Weintraub Roland''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji wa tamthilia za “soap opera” kutoka United States.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye The Young and the Restless ya CBS, ambako amekuwa akihusika katika nafasi mbalimbali za uandishi tangu mwaka 1998.  Katika miaka ya 1970, alihusishwa pia na kazi za filamu kupitia ushirikiano wake na Martin Scorsese. Waliishi pamoja kwa takriban miaka minne, na katika kipindi hicho alifanya kazi kama...'</comment>
      <origin>1538853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1147" sha1="oqcduwgg1kyrbhz6wau02uj3xbg6wwx" xml:space="preserve">'''Sandra Weintraub Roland''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji wa tamthilia za “soap opera” kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye The Young and the Restless ya CBS, ambako amekuwa akihusika katika nafasi mbalimbali za uandishi tangu mwaka 1998.

Katika miaka ya 1970, alihusishwa pia na kazi za filamu kupitia ushirikiano wake na Martin Scorsese. Waliishi pamoja kwa takriban miaka minne, na katika kipindi hicho alifanya kazi kama associate producer kwenye filamu Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.

Pia alihudumu katika nafasi za uzalishaji kwenye filamu kama Taxi Driver na Mean Streets, na alionekana kwa muda mfupi bila kutajwa rasmi kwenye Mean Streets.

Alilelewa mjini New York City, na ni mmoja wa watoto wanne wa mtendaji wa zamani wa Warner Bros, Fred Weintraub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Writer|first=JAKE COYLE AP Entertainment|title=Scorsese, Robertson keep waltzing with ‘Shutter’|url=https://www.houmatoday.com/story/news/2010/02/21/scorsese-robertson-keep-waltzing-with-shutter/26896399007/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=The Courier|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>oqcduwgg1kyrbhz6wau02uj3xbg6wwx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539043</id>
      <parentid>1538853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:57:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1539043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1151" sha1="7nea4xaou5nbsy2d4d3zfuqaimhj56w" xml:space="preserve">'''Sandra Weintraub Roland''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji wa tamthilia za “soap opera” kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye The Young and the Restless ya CBS, ambako amekuwa akihusika katika nafasi mbalimbali za uandishi tangu mwaka 1998.

Katika miaka ya 1970, alihusishwa pia na kazi za filamu kupitia ushirikiano wake na Martin Scorsese. Waliishi pamoja kwa takriban miaka minne, na katika kipindi hicho alifanya kazi kama associate producer kwenye filamu Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.

Pia alihudumu katika nafasi za uzalishaji kwenye filamu kama Taxi Driver na Mean Streets, na alionekana kwa muda mfupi bila kutajwa rasmi kwenye Mean Streets.

Alilelewa mjini New York City, na ni mmoja wa watoto wanne wa mtendaji wa zamani wa Warner Bros, Fred Weintraub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Writer|first=JAKE COYLE AP Entertainment|title=Scorsese, Robertson keep waltzing with ‘Shutter’|url=https://www.houmatoday.com/story/news/2010/02/21/scorsese-robertson-keep-waltzing-with-shutter/26896399007/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=The Courier|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>7nea4xaou5nbsy2d4d3zfuqaimhj56w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nancy Williams Watt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538854</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:46:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nancy Williams Watt''' ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani|United States]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika tamthilia za “soap opera” za [[televisheni]].  Alizaliwa tarehe 9 Juni 1948 mjini Brooklyn, New York.  Ni binti wa Edward Williams, mhariri wa shirika la habari Associated Press, na Sheila O'Brien Williams Barnes, mwanahabari.  {{Mbegu-mwandishi}}'</comment>
      <origin>1538854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="363" sha1="3btv8t2bkmudqlvkrqh3w5c88ghvc0k" xml:space="preserve">'''Nancy Williams Watt''' ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani|United States]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika tamthilia za “soap opera” za [[televisheni]].

Alizaliwa tarehe 9 Juni 1948 mjini Brooklyn, New York.

Ni binti wa Edward Williams, mhariri wa shirika la habari Associated Press, na Sheila O'Brien Williams Barnes, mwanahabari.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>3btv8t2bkmudqlvkrqh3w5c88ghvc0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Addie Walsh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233017</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538855</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:49:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Addie Walsh''' (amezaliwa [[1953]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] kutoka United States.  Alijulikana kwa kazi yake kwenye All My Children, ambapo aliandika kabla ya kuacha kazi hiyo. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama mwandishi huru (independent writer).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 5th Annual United Solo Theatre Festival|url=https://unitedsolo.org/the-2014-united-solo-awards-have-been-announced/|access-date=2023-12-11|website=United Solo|langua...'</comment>
      <origin>1538855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="716" sha1="1m9qb7rkzsbzls2yuth1gj0iabahr5t" xml:space="preserve">'''Addie Walsh''' (amezaliwa [[1953]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] kutoka United States.

Alijulikana kwa kazi yake kwenye All My Children, ambapo aliandika kabla ya kuacha kazi hiyo. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama mwandishi huru (independent writer).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 5th Annual United Solo Theatre Festival|url=https://unitedsolo.org/the-2014-united-solo-awards-have-been-announced/|access-date=2023-12-11|website=United Solo|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327203743/https://unitedsolo.org/the-2014-united-solo-awards-have-been-announced/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]]</text>
      <sha1>1m9qb7rkzsbzls2yuth1gj0iabahr5t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maria Wagner</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538856</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:51:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maria Wagner''' ni mkurugenzi na [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (soap opera) kutoka United States.  {{Mbegu-mwandishi}}'</comment>
      <origin>1538856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="137" sha1="7dupbk2ck34mcp8src4lv73vmb7ag3j" xml:space="preserve">'''Maria Wagner''' ni mkurugenzi na [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (soap opera) kutoka United States.

{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>7dupbk2ck34mcp8src4lv73vmb7ag3j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Krista Vernoff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538857</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Krista Vernoff''' (amezaliwa [[24 Oktoba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) na mkurugenzi kutoka United States.  Anajulikana zaidi kama showrunner wa mfululizo wa matibabu Grey's Anatomy kuanzia 2007–2011 na tena 2017–2023, pamoja na spin-off yake Station 19 (2019–2023).  Pia amewahi kuwa mtayarishaji mkuu na mwandishi wa Shameless, na kushiriki katika utayarishaji wa Charmed na Wonder...'</comment>
      <origin>1538857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1297" sha1="djp81sbidqp84enxp61hfynhn3cfst2" xml:space="preserve">'''Krista Vernoff''' (amezaliwa [[24 Oktoba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) na mkurugenzi kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kama showrunner wa mfululizo wa matibabu Grey's Anatomy kuanzia 2007–2011 na tena 2017–2023, pamoja na spin-off yake Station 19 (2019–2023).

Pia amewahi kuwa mtayarishaji mkuu na mwandishi wa Shameless, na kushiriki katika utayarishaji wa Charmed na Wonderfalls.

Kwa kazi yake kwenye Grey's Anatomy, aliteuliwa mara tatu kwenye tuzo za Primetime Emmy Awards. Miongoni mwao ni uteuzi wa uandishi wa kipindi Into You Like a Train, ambacho kilipata sifa kubwa na kutajwa baadaye kama mojawapo ya vipindi bora zaidi vya mfululizo huo.

Mwaka 2017 alirejeshwa kwenye Grey’s Anatomy na kupewa udhibiti kamili wa ubunifu, na baadaye akawa showrunner wa Station 19. Mwaka 2019, alisaini mkataba na ABC Studios kupitia kampuni yake ya uzalishaji Trip the Light Productions ili kuendeleza miradi mipya ya televisheni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/sure-grey-s-anatomy-was-a-big-hit-but-was-it-good-tv-1798238881|title=Sure, Grey's Anatomy was a big hit, but was it good TV?|website=TV Club|date=24 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]</text>
      <sha1>djp81sbidqp84enxp61hfynhn3cfst2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538906</id>
      <parentid>1538857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1538906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1301" sha1="cr7gg8xhnqpjcapnbn88kbwu3msgcrl" xml:space="preserve">'''Krista Vernoff''' (amezaliwa [[24 Oktoba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini za [[televisheni]], mtayarishaji mkuu (executive producer) na mkurugenzi kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kama showrunner wa mfululizo wa matibabu Grey's Anatomy kuanzia 2007–2011 na tena 2017–2023, pamoja na spin-off yake Station 19 (2019–2023).

Pia amewahi kuwa mtayarishaji mkuu na mwandishi wa Shameless, na kushiriki katika utayarishaji wa Charmed na Wonderfalls.

Kwa kazi yake kwenye Grey's Anatomy, aliteuliwa mara tatu kwenye tuzo za Primetime Emmy Awards. Miongoni mwao ni uteuzi wa uandishi wa kipindi Into You Like a Train, ambacho kilipata sifa kubwa na kutajwa baadaye kama mojawapo ya vipindi bora zaidi vya mfululizo huo.

Mwaka 2017 alirejeshwa kwenye Grey’s Anatomy na kupewa udhibiti kamili wa ubunifu, na baadaye akawa showrunner wa Station 19. Mwaka 2019, alisaini mkataba na ABC Studios kupitia kampuni yake ya uzalishaji Trip the Light Productions ili kuendeleza miradi mipya ya televisheni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.avclub.com/sure-grey-s-anatomy-was-a-big-hit-but-was-it-good-tv-1798238881|title=Sure, Grey's Anatomy was a big hit, but was it good TV?|website=TV Club|date=24 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michele Val Jean</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538858</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:57:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michele Val Jean''' (amezaliwa [[Septemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka United States, anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye “daytime soap operas” (tamthilia za mchana).  Ameandika zaidi ya vipindi 2,000 vya tamthilia za aina hiyo, jambo linalomweka miongoni mwa waandishi wenye uzalishaji mkubwa katika sekta ya televisheni ya Marekani.  Kwa mchango wake, ameshinda tuzo saba za Daytime Emmy Awards na tuzo t...'</comment>
      <origin>1538858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1162" sha1="dza934zpfbtjfv5skgsrrljx7mermnf" xml:space="preserve">'''Michele Val Jean''' (amezaliwa [[Septemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka United States, anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye “daytime soap operas” (tamthilia za mchana).

Ameandika zaidi ya vipindi 2,000 vya tamthilia za aina hiyo, jambo linalomweka miongoni mwa waandishi wenye uzalishaji mkubwa katika sekta ya televisheni ya Marekani.

Kwa mchango wake, ameshinda tuzo saba za Daytime Emmy Awards na tuzo tano za Writers Guild of America Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/cbs-orders-the-gates-to-series-daytime-soap-premiering-january-2025-1235886082/|title=CBS Orders 'The Gates' To Series; Daytime Sudser That Centers On A Black Family To Debut In January|first=Lynette|last=Rice|date=April 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;soapc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.soapcentral.com/bold-and-beautiful/news/2024/0221-veteran-soap-scribe-michele-val-jean-exits-the-bold-and-the-beautiful-writing-team.php|title=Veteran soap scribe Michele Val Jean exits The Bold and the Beautiful's writing team|website=soapcentral.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]</text>
      <sha1>dza934zpfbtjfv5skgsrrljx7mermnf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538961</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1170" sha1="8ees6cqe0qjjlvsbuu6bqbih71d7bxd" xml:space="preserve">'''Michele Val Jean''' (amezaliwa [[Septemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka United States, anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye “daytime soap operas” (tamthilia za mchana).

Ameandika zaidi ya vipindi 2,000 vya tamthilia za aina hiyo, jambo linalomweka miongoni mwa waandishi wenye uzalishaji mkubwa katika sekta ya televisheni ya Marekani.

Kwa mchango wake, ameshinda tuzo saba za Daytime Emmy Awards na tuzo tano za Writers Guild of America Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/cbs-orders-the-gates-to-series-daytime-soap-premiering-january-2025-1235886082/|title=CBS Orders 'The Gates' To Series; Daytime Sudser That Centers On A Black Family To Debut In January|first=Lynette|last=Rice|date=April 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;soapc&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.soapcentral.com/bold-and-beautiful/news/2024/0221-veteran-soap-scribe-michele-val-jean-exits-the-bold-and-the-beautiful-writing-team.php|title=Veteran soap scribe Michele Val Jean exits The Bold and the Beautiful's writing team|website=soapcentral.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tracey Thomson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538859</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T05:59:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tracey Thomson''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (soap opera) kutoka [[Marekani|United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Disney gives green light to Sulphur Springs, helmed by soap opera writers Tracey Thomson and Charles Pratt|url=https://www.soapcentral.com/soapcentral/news/2019/1027-charles_pratt_sulphur_springs.php|access-date=2021-06-08|website=soapcentral.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anajulikana kwa kazi yake kwenye The Young and the...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="947" sha1="th1vwpjh1ypogfyel8sm52kt7vlemv9" xml:space="preserve">'''Tracey Thomson''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa tamthilia za [[televisheni]] (soap opera) kutoka [[Marekani|United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Disney gives green light to Sulphur Springs, helmed by soap opera writers Tracey Thomson and Charles Pratt|url=https://www.soapcentral.com/soapcentral/news/2019/1027-charles_pratt_sulphur_springs.php|access-date=2021-06-08|website=soapcentral.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anajulikana kwa kazi yake kwenye The Young and the Restless ya CBS, ambako anashirikiana katika majukumu ya uandishi mkuu pamoja na Charles Pratt Jr..

Awali aliajiriwa kama mwandishi wa skrini kwenye All My Children. Mwaka 2019, alianza pia kuandika kwa mfululizo wa Secrets of Sulphur Springs akiwa na Charles Pratt Jr.

Alisoma katika University of Georgia na alianza kazi yake katika shirika la habari CNN mjini Atlanta kabla ya kuhamia California kuingia kwenye uandishi wa televisheni.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vanessa Taylor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538860</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T06:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Vanessa Taylo'''r (amezaliwa [[24 Septemba]] [[1970]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mtayarishaji wa televisheni kutoka United States.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuandika screenplay za filamu kama Hope Springs, Divergent, na The Shape of Water.  Kwa kazi yake kwenye The Shape of Water, aliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Academy Awards katika kipengele cha Best Original Screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/the-shape-of-water-review-12025...'</comment>
      <origin>1538860</origin>
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      <text bytes="675" sha1="bk1nwcgpqzasxzsl5cznz4o4hy7bdgo" xml:space="preserve">'''Vanessa Taylo'''r (amezaliwa [[24 Septemba]] [[1970]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mtayarishaji wa televisheni kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuandika screenplay za filamu kama Hope Springs, Divergent, na The Shape of Water.

Kwa kazi yake kwenye The Shape of Water, aliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Academy Awards katika kipengele cha Best Original Screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/the-shape-of-water-review-1202543729/|title=Film Review: 'The Shape of Water'|last=Lodge|first=Guy|date=2017-08-31|work=Variety|access-date=2017-12-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gladys Block</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538861</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T06:02:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gladys Block''' ni mtafiti wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kufanya kazi katika National Cancer Institute.  == Elimu na kazi == Kuanzia Julai 1991, Block alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley kama profesa wa Afya ya Jamii na Maendeleo ya Binadamu katika Shule ya Afya ya Umma. Baadaye alipewa hadhi ya profesa emerita.&lt;ref name=sph&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://sph.berkeley.edu/gladys-block|title=Gladys](http://sph.berkeley.edu/glad...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1062" sha1="ti4a2rdt8r27v41p1putg3ov965yuh4" xml:space="preserve">'''Gladys Block''' ni mtafiti wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kufanya kazi katika National Cancer Institute.

== Elimu na kazi ==
Kuanzia Julai 1991, Block alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley kama profesa wa Afya ya Jamii na Maendeleo ya Binadamu katika Shule ya Afya ya Umma. Baadaye alipewa hadhi ya profesa emerita.&lt;ref name=sph&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://sph.berkeley.edu/gladys-block|title=Gladys](http://sph.berkeley.edu/gladys-block|title=Gladys) Block PhD|publisher=School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley|access-date=October 25, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=chj&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/resources/sources/gladys-block|title=Gladys](http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/resources/sources/gladys-block|title=Gladys) Block: Expert Profile|publisher=Center for Health Journalism|access-date=October 25, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utafiti wake umejikita katika lishe, afya ya jamii, na uhusiano kati ya chakula na magonjwa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ti4a2rdt8r27v41p1putg3ov965yuh4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lisa Bodnar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538862</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T06:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lisa Bodnar''' ni mtaalamu wa [[epidemiolojia]] ya lishe na afya ya uzazi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni makamu mwenyekiti wa utafiti na profesa mwenye ajira ya kudumu katika University of Pittsburgh. Utafiti wake unajikita katika athari za kuongezeka kwa uzito wakati wa [[pregnancy|ujauzito]], mifumo ya lishe, [[obesity|unene]] wa mama, na upungufu wa vitamin D kwa mama katika matokeo mabaya ya ujauzito na kujifungua.  == Elimu == Mwaka 1998, Lisa M. Bod...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1676" sha1="h6v3q2tu16oniu5j1bb5g9cfqiaqt0w" xml:space="preserve">'''Lisa Bodnar''' ni mtaalamu wa [[epidemiolojia]] ya lishe na afya ya uzazi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni makamu mwenyekiti wa utafiti na profesa mwenye ajira ya kudumu katika University of Pittsburgh. Utafiti wake unajikita katika athari za kuongezeka kwa uzito wakati wa [[pregnancy|ujauzito]], mifumo ya lishe, [[obesity|unene]] wa mama, na upungufu wa vitamin D kwa mama katika matokeo mabaya ya ujauzito na kujifungua.

== Elimu ==
Mwaka 1998, Lisa M. Bodnar alihitimu kwa kiwango cha juu kabisa (''summa cum laude'') akiwa na shahada ya kwanza ya Sayansi ya Afya ya Umma yenye mwelekeo wa ishe kutoka University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mwaka huo huo alikamilisha mafunzo ya taaluma ya lishe katika Hospitali za UNC.

Mwaka 1999 alipata shahada ya uzamili ya Afya ya Umma (MPH) katika Idara ya Lishe ya UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health katika University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Bodnar alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika lishe akiwa na somo dogo la [[epidemiolojia]] kutoka chuo hicho mwaka 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2004, alifanya utafiti wa baada ya udaktari kuhusu biolojia ya uzazi katika Magee-Womens Research Institute na University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/home/directory/lisa-m-bodnar|title=Graduate](https://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/home/directory/lisa-m-bodnar|title=Graduate) School of Public Health &gt; Home &gt; Directory &gt; Lisa M Bodnar|website=[www.publichealth.pitt.edu|access-date=2019-01-26](http://www.publichealth.pitt.edu|access-date=2019-01-26)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>h6v3q2tu16oniu5j1bb5g9cfqiaqt0w</sha1>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1680" sha1="802pmz2dkoqsfcduh5htid21i368aks" xml:space="preserve">'''Lisa Bodnar''' ni mtaalamu wa [[epidemiolojia]] ya lishe na afya ya uzazi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni makamu mwenyekiti wa utafiti na profesa mwenye ajira ya kudumu katika University of Pittsburgh. Utafiti wake unajikita katika athari za kuongezeka kwa uzito wakati wa [[pregnancy|ujauzito]], mifumo ya lishe, [[obesity|unene]] wa mama, na upungufu wa vitamin D kwa mama katika matokeo mabaya ya ujauzito na kujifungua.

== Elimu ==
Mwaka 1998, Lisa M. Bodnar alihitimu kwa kiwango cha juu kabisa (''summa cum laude'') akiwa na shahada ya kwanza ya Sayansi ya Afya ya Umma yenye mwelekeo wa ishe kutoka University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mwaka huo huo alikamilisha mafunzo ya taaluma ya lishe katika Hospitali za UNC.

Mwaka 1999 alipata shahada ya uzamili ya Afya ya Umma (MPH) katika Idara ya Lishe ya UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health katika University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Bodnar alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika lishe akiwa na somo dogo la [[epidemiolojia]] kutoka chuo hicho mwaka 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2004, alifanya utafiti wa baada ya udaktari kuhusu biolojia ya uzazi katika Magee-Womens Research Institute na University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/home/directory/lisa-m-bodnar|title=Graduate](https://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/home/directory/lisa-m-bodnar|title=Graduate) School of Public Health &gt; Home &gt; Directory &gt; Lisa M Bodnar|website=[www.publichealth.pitt.edu|access-date=2019-01-26](http://www.publichealth.pitt.edu|access-date=2019-01-26)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>802pmz2dkoqsfcduh5htid21i368aks</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rovenia M. Brock</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538863</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T06:29:16Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dkt. Rovenia M. Brock''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Dr. Ro''', ni mtaalamu wa lishe, mhadhiri, mwandishi wa habari za afya, mjasiriamali, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].  == Kazi == Brock alianza kuonekana kwenye televisheni kama mtangazaji wa kipindi cha BET kiitwacho ''Heart and Soul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=McDonald's Targets African Americans with Latest Public Health Awareness Push|url=[https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/mcdonalds-targets-african-am...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1629" sha1="oge310n0ck8hny5xiqx63i129myx3qi" xml:space="preserve">'''Dkt. Rovenia M. Brock''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Dr. Ro''', ni mtaalamu wa lishe, mhadhiri, mwandishi wa habari za afya, mjasiriamali, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].

== Kazi ==
Brock alianza kuonekana kwenye televisheni kama mtangazaji wa kipindi cha BET kiitwacho ''Heart and Soul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=McDonald's Targets African Americans with Latest Public Health Awareness Push|url=[https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/mcdonalds-targets-african-americans-latest-public-health-awareness-push|access-date=2021-04-15|website=QSR](https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/mcdonalds-targets-african-americans-latest-public-health-awareness-push|access-date=2021-04-15|website=QSR) magazine|date=10 Mei 2005 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia alifanya kazi kama mkufunzi wa lishe katika kipindi cha ''The View '', ambapo alimsaidia mtangazaji mwenza Sherri Shepherd kupunguza uzito wa pauni 41.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=[https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=8365469&amp;page=1|title=Sherri](https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=8365469&amp;page=1|title=Sherri) Shepherd on Her Bathing Suit Body: 'I Like the Results'|last1=Ahuja|first1=Gitika|date=2009-08-29|work=ABC News|access-date=2019-12-29|last2=Escherich|first2=Katie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa ni mshauri wa lishe katika kipindi cha ''The Dr. Oz Show''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-08-03|title=Rovenia Brock, PhD|url=[https://www.doctoroz.com/medadvisoryboard/rovenia-brock|access-date=2021-04-15|website=The](https://www.doctoroz.com/medadvisoryboard/rovenia-brock|access-date=2021-04-15|website=The) Dr. Oz Show|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>oge310n0ck8hny5xiqx63i129myx3qi</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1539041</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1637" sha1="tmix1hh88agfvg5a00ttc47gbex43gr" xml:space="preserve">'''Dkt. Rovenia M. Brock''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Dr. Ro''', ni mtaalamu wa lishe, mhadhiri, mwandishi wa habari za afya, mjasiriamali, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]].

== Kazi ==
Brock alianza kuonekana kwenye televisheni kama mtangazaji wa kipindi cha BET kiitwacho ''Heart and Soul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=McDonald's Targets African Americans with Latest Public Health Awareness Push|url=[https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/mcdonalds-targets-african-americans-latest-public-health-awareness-push|access-date=2021-04-15|website=QSR](https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/mcdonalds-targets-african-americans-latest-public-health-awareness-push|access-date=2021-04-15|website=QSR) magazine|date=10 Mei 2005 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia alifanya kazi kama mkufunzi wa lishe katika kipindi cha ''The View '', ambapo alimsaidia mtangazaji mwenza Sherri Shepherd kupunguza uzito wa pauni 41.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=[https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=8365469&amp;page=1|title=Sherri](https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=8365469&amp;page=1|title=Sherri) Shepherd on Her Bathing Suit Body: 'I Like the Results'|last1=Ahuja|first1=Gitika|date=2009-08-29|work=ABC News|access-date=2019-12-29|last2=Escherich|first2=Katie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa ni mshauri wa lishe katika kipindi cha ''The Dr. Oz Show''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012-08-03|title=Rovenia Brock, PhD|url=[https://www.doctoroz.com/medadvisoryboard/rovenia-brock|access-date=2021-04-15|website=The](https://www.doctoroz.com/medadvisoryboard/rovenia-brock|access-date=2021-04-15|website=The) Dr. Oz Show|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Susan E. Brown</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Susan E. Brown''' ni mwanaanthropolojia wa tiba kutoka [[Marekani]], mtaalamu wa lishe aliyethibitishwa, na mshindi wa ufadhili wa Fulbright mara mbili. Anatumia mbinu za matibabu ya jumla na tiba zisizotumia dawa katika matibabu ya dhaifu wa mifupa.  Yeye ni mwandishi wa vitabu kadhaa kuhusu afya ya mifupa kwa njia za asili,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.betterbones.com/bonehealthlibrary/scholarlyarticles.aspx|title=Bone](http://www.betterbones.com/bo...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="872" sha1="tj99e644ng6w3jddk3hwa278ubk5d4u" xml:space="preserve">'''Susan E. Brown''' ni mwanaanthropolojia wa tiba kutoka [[Marekani]], mtaalamu wa lishe aliyethibitishwa, na mshindi wa ufadhili wa Fulbright mara mbili. Anatumia mbinu za matibabu ya jumla na tiba zisizotumia dawa katika matibabu ya dhaifu wa mifupa.

Yeye ni mwandishi wa vitabu kadhaa kuhusu afya ya mifupa kwa njia za asili,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[http://www.betterbones.com/bonehealthlibrary/scholarlyarticles.aspx|title=Bone](http://www.betterbones.com/bonehealthlibrary/scholarlyarticles.aspx|title=Bone) Health Scholarly Articles and Research Reports|publisher=Betterbones.com|access-date=20 Novemba 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ikiwa ni pamoja na kitabu ''Better Bones, Better Body: Beyond Estrogen and Calcium'' kilichochapishwa na McGraw Hill mwaka 2000.

== Marejeo ==
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[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]

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    <title>Kay Stearns Bruening</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kay Stearns Bruening''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe na msimamizi wa masuala ya taaluma kutoka [[Marekani]]. Tangu mwaka 2023 amekuwa makamu mkuu mshiriki wa masuala ya taaluma katika Chuo cha David B. Falk cha Michezo na Maendeleo ya Binadamu cha Syracuse University. Kabla ya hapo alikuwa profesa mshiriki aliyebobea katika tiba ya lishe ya kitabibu na elimu ya dietetiki.  == Maisha == Bruening alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi (B.S.) katika biolojia kutoka...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1727" sha1="rqxrwwsy1d18wv8z3diomj93tv1qvge" xml:space="preserve">'''Kay Stearns Bruening''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe na msimamizi wa masuala ya taaluma kutoka [[Marekani]]. Tangu mwaka 2023 amekuwa makamu mkuu mshiriki wa masuala ya taaluma katika Chuo cha David B. Falk cha Michezo na Maendeleo ya Binadamu cha Syracuse University. Kabla ya hapo alikuwa profesa mshiriki aliyebobea katika tiba ya lishe ya kitabibu na elimu ya dietetiki.

== Maisha ==
Bruening alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi (B.S.) katika biolojia kutoka St. Lawrence University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Kay Stearns Bruening Appointed Associate Dean of Falk College Academic Affairs |url=[https://news.syr.edu/blog/2023/08/18/kay-stearns-bruening-appointed-associate-dean-of-falk-college-academic-affairs/](https://news.syr.edu/blog/2023/08/18/kay-stearns-bruening-appointed-associate-dean-of-falk-college-academic-affairs/) |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=news.syr.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili (M.S.) katika lishe kutoka Syracuse University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Alikamilisha shahada ya uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika lishe ya kitabibu katika New York University School of Education.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tasnifu yake ya mwaka 1998 ilikuwa na kichwa ''The Child and Adult Care Food Program: Dietary intake and three health outcomes in young urban children attending day care''. Msimamizi wake wa masomo ya uzamivu alikuwa Judith Gilbride.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Bruening |first=Kay Stearns |title=The Child and Adult Care Food Program: Dietary intake and three health outcomes in young urban children attending day care |date=1998 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=New York University |oclc=873968756}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1731" sha1="av878kn8gzcavqnxaiw334ty24avkec" xml:space="preserve">'''Kay Stearns Bruening''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe na msimamizi wa masuala ya taaluma kutoka [[Marekani]]. Tangu mwaka 2023 amekuwa makamu mkuu mshiriki wa masuala ya taaluma katika Chuo cha David B. Falk cha Michezo na Maendeleo ya Binadamu cha Syracuse University. Kabla ya hapo alikuwa profesa mshiriki aliyebobea katika tiba ya lishe ya kitabibu na elimu ya dietetiki.

== Maisha ==
Bruening alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi (B.S.) katika biolojia kutoka St. Lawrence University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-08-18 |title=Kay Stearns Bruening Appointed Associate Dean of Falk College Academic Affairs |url=[https://news.syr.edu/blog/2023/08/18/kay-stearns-bruening-appointed-associate-dean-of-falk-college-academic-affairs/](https://news.syr.edu/blog/2023/08/18/kay-stearns-bruening-appointed-associate-dean-of-falk-college-academic-affairs/) |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=news.syr.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili (M.S.) katika lishe kutoka Syracuse University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Alikamilisha shahada ya uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika lishe ya kitabibu katika New York University School of Education.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tasnifu yake ya mwaka 1998 ilikuwa na kichwa ''The Child and Adult Care Food Program: Dietary intake and three health outcomes in young urban children attending day care''. Msimamizi wake wa masomo ya uzamivu alikuwa Judith Gilbride.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Bruening |first=Kay Stearns |title=The Child and Adult Care Food Program: Dietary intake and three health outcomes in young urban children attending day care |date=1998 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=New York University |oclc=873968756}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Doris Calloway</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Doris Calloway''', née Howes (14 Februari 1923 – 31 Agosti 2001) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana kwa tafiti zake kuhusu [[metabolism|mfumo wa ubadilishaji wa chakula mwilini]] kwa binadamu, mchango wake katika afya ya umma, pamoja na uhifadhi na usalama wa chakula.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Doris Calloway Dies at 78; Helped Set Nutrition Standards|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/us/doris-calloway-dies-at-78-h...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="959" sha1="ap9p7zdby4uczpj167zt93372s0macn" xml:space="preserve">'''Doris Calloway''', née Howes (14 Februari 1923 – 31 Agosti 2001) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana kwa tafiti zake kuhusu [[metabolism|mfumo wa ubadilishaji wa chakula mwilini]] kwa binadamu, mchango wake katika afya ya umma, pamoja na uhifadhi na usalama wa chakula.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Doris Calloway Dies at 78; Helped Set Nutrition Standards|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/us/doris-calloway-dies-at-78-helped-set-nutrition-standards.html|newspaper=The](https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/us/doris-calloway-dies-at-78-helped-set-nutrition-standards.html|newspaper=The) New York Times|date=2001-09-09|access-date=2015-11-29|issn=0362-4331|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kupitia kazi yake ya kisayansi, Calloway alisaidia kuweka viwango vya lishe na kuboresha uelewa wa mahitaji ya lishe kwa afya ya binadamu.

== Marejeo ==
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="962" sha1="hkjnp9smsrr4tsc416gyyso2174g4o5" xml:space="preserve">'''Doris Calloway''', née Howes (14 Februari 1923 – 31 Agosti 2001) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana kwa tafiti zake kuhusu [[metabolism|mfumo wa ubadilishaji wa chakula mwilini]] kwa binadamu, mchango wake katika afya ya umma, pamoja na uhifadhi na usalama wa chakula.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari|title=Doris Calloway Dies at 78; Helped Set Nutrition Standards|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/us/doris-calloway-dies-at-78-helped-set-nutrition-standards.html|newspaper=The](https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/us/doris-calloway-dies-at-78-helped-set-nutrition-standards.html|newspaper=The) New York Times|date=2001-09-09|access-date=2015-11-29|issn=0362-4331|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kupitia kazi yake ya kisayansi, Calloway alisaidia kuweka viwango vya lishe na kuboresha uelewa wa mahitaji ya lishe kwa afya ya binadamu.

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  <page>
    <title>Adina Howard</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>379</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina            = Adina Howard | picha           = Adina Howard.webp | maelezo         = Adina mnamo 2025 | background      = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Adina Marie Howard | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1973|11|14}} | chimbuko        = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], Marekani | aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[soul music|soul]] | kazi yake       = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="10296" sha1="jekvsqeq71rabrx6xxtswn73zei7c43" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2
| jina            = Adina Howard
| picha           = Adina Howard.webp
| maelezo         = Adina mnamo 2025
| background      = solo_singer
| jina la kuzaliwa = Adina Marie Howard
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1973|11|14}}
| chimbuko        = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], Marekani
| aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[soul music|soul]]
| kazi yake       = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mpishi (chef)
| miaka ya kazi   = 1994–sasa
| studio          = Mecca Don, [[EastWest Records]], [[Elektra Records]], Rufftown, Arsenal, Monarchy, Sony Red
| ameshirikiana na = [[Warren G]], [[Jamie Foxx]], [[Raekwon]], [[Xzibit]], [[Play-N-Skillz]]
| wavuti          = [http://www.adinahoward.com/ AdinaHoward.com]
}}

'''Adina Marie Howard''' (alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BbgBU7qAjgZ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BbgBU7qAjgZ |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Adina Howard on Instagram: &quot;Thank you for the birthday love! #adinahoward №44 #resurrection #nasty #blasphemy&quot;|website=Instagram|access-date=September 11, 2018}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbanbridgez.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|title=UB Honors 2013: And The Winners Are… &amp;#124; UrbanBridgez.com &amp;#124; Urban E-Zine|website=UrbanBridgez.com|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004714/http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata umaarufu katikati ya miaka ya 1990 kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' na wimbo wake maarufu wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;. Baadhi ya vibao vyake vingine ni pamoja na &quot;What's Love Got to Do with It?&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Warren G]]), &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, &quot;Nasty Grind&quot;, &quot;Freaks&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Play-N-Skillz]] na [[Krayzie Bone]]) na &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Jamie Foxx]]).

== Maisha ya awali ==
Adina Howard alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973, na kulelewa mjini [[Grand Rapids]], [[Michigan]], na mama yake pamoja na wadogo zake wa kike watatu. Baadaye familia hiyo ilihamia [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Mmoja wa watu waliomvutia mapema alikuwa [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]], ambaye pia ni mzaliwa wa Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/05/the-body-of-her-work/1ffcaee2-a369-4af7-98e2-f61baacdd1c8/| title = THE BODY OF HER WORK - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, alielekea usikivu wa meneja na mtayarishaji Livio Harris, aliyemsaidia kurekodi baadhi ya nyimbo za majaribio na baadaye kupata mkataba na Max Gousse kupitia Mecca Don/EastWest Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.songwriteruniverse.com/maxgousse123.htm|title=Interview with Max Gousse, Senior Vice President of A&amp;R at Island Def Jam Records|date=December 4, 2013|website=SongwriterUniverse.com|access-date=March 1, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
=== 1993–1996: ''Do You Wanna Ride?'' na mafanikio ya &quot;Freak Like Me&quot; ===
Albamu yake ya kwanza ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'', iliyokuwa na wimbo uliopata tuzo ya Platinum wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;, ilitolewa mnamo 1995 na kutunukiwa hadhi ya Gold na RIAA. Nyimbo zake zilizofuata ni pamoja na &quot;My Up and Down&quot; (Nafasi ya 32 R&amp;B, Nafasi ya 68 Hot 100) na &quot;It's All About You&quot; (Nafasi ya 58 R&amp;B).

Mnamo 1996, alishirikiana na [[Warren G]] kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Police Story 3: Super Cop]]'' kupitia wimbo wa &quot;[[What's Love Got to Do with It (wimbo wa Warren G)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]&quot; ambao ulitumia kionjo kutoka kwa wimbo maarufu wa [[Tina Turner]]. Wimbo huo ulikuwa mkali mwingine kwa wawili hao, ukishika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Hot 100, nafasi ya 32 kwenye R&amp;B, na nafasi ya 2 kwenye chati za Uingereza. Video ya wimbo huo pia ilimwonesha [[Jackie Chan]] akitokea kwa ufupi. Pia mwaka huo, alishirikiana kwenye wimbo na kundi la [[Somethin' for the People]] uitwao &quot;Damned If I Do&quot; uliotokea kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[A Thin Line Between Love and Hate]]'' pamoja na albamu yao ya kwanza. Pia alirekodi wimbo wa &quot;For the Funk&quot; kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu ya [[Sunset Park (soundtrack)|''Sunset Park'']].

=== 1997: ''Welcome to Fantasy Island'' na uigizaji ===
Mnamo 1997, alijiandaa kwa ajili ya kutoa albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (awali ilipewa jina la ''Portrait of a Lady'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Takiff |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19970605/2542907/june-tunies----the-months-new-cds-include-en-vogue-kd-lang---and-more |title=Entertainment &amp; the Arts &amp;#124; June Tunies – The Month's New Cds Include En Vogue, K.D. Lang – And More |publisher=Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=adina+howard+portrait+of+a+lady&amp;pg=PA22 |title=Billboard – Google Books |date=May 3, 1997 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilipata sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wakosoaji na kibao kimoja cha wastani, &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, lakini iliwekwa kando na [[Elektra Records]] mnamo 1997. Albamu hiyo ilivuja kwenye mtandao miaka michache baadaye na nakala za matangazo ziliuzwa kwa mamia ya dola.

Moja ya nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu hiyo iliyowekwa kando, &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (ushirikiano na [[Jamie Foxx]]) iliishia kwenye kibwagizo mwaka uliofuata. Awali ulipangwa kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu yake ya ''[[Booty Call (filamu)|Booty Call]]'' lakini hatimaye ukaishia kwenye filamu ya mwaka 1998 ya ''[[Woo (filamu)|Woo]]''. Ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo, na remix yake iliwashirikisha [[Cam'ron]] na [[Charli Baltimore]].

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na Cydal kwenye wimbo uitwao &quot;Chocolate (Cuties &amp; Condoms)&quot; uliotolewa kama single kwa ajili ya ''[[Bulletproof (filamu ya 1996)|Bulletproof]]''. Wimbo huo pia ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza ''Cydalwayz'' mwaka uliofuata.

Katika kipindi hiki, alifanya uigizaji wake wa kwanza kwenye filamu huru ya ''[[High Freakquency]]'', akishirikiana na [[Deon Richmond]] na [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]].

Mnamo 2002, alirekodi nafasi yake ya pili ya filamu, kwenye filamu ambayo bado haijatolewa ya ''Casanova's Demise'' ya mwongozaji [[Tigre Hill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/columnists/dan_gross/20070124_Dan_Gross____Judge_Alex__takes_case_.html |title=Dan Gross &amp;#124; 'Judge Alex' takes case |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=January 24, 2007 |access-date=April 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na kundi la Hip-Hop la PYG'z na Yuck Mouth kwenye wimbo &quot;Been Around the World&quot; kwa ajili ya albamu ya kwanza ya kundi hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/B00006JOFO/ref=tmm_fbs_acd_title_0?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1588613059&amp;amp;sr=8-1|title = It's a Beautiful Thang|website = Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya Adina Howard}}

;Albamu za studio
* ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' (1995)
* ''[[The Second Coming (albamu ya Adina Howard)|The Second Coming]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Private Show (albamu)|Private Show]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Resurrection (albamu ya Adina Howard)|Resurrection]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (2021)

== Filamu ==

=== Filamu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1998
| ''[[High Freakquency]]''
| Mtumbuizaji
| 
|-
| 2008
| ''Poke the Sleeping Bear''
| Rolanda
| 
|-
| 2018
| ''Relaxer''
| Arin
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''False Profits''
| D'borah Byrd-Harvis
| 
|}

=== Televisheni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;Episode 32.18&quot; 
|-
| 1999
| ''Ultra Sound'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;One Hit Wonders&quot; 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
| ''Life After''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard: Life After Freak Like Me&quot; 
|-
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;CeCe Peniston&quot; 
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard&quot; 
|}

=== Video ya muziki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Msanii
! Wahusika
|-
| 1995
| &quot;[[Temptations (wimbo)|Temptations]]&quot;
| [[2Pac]]
| Ice Girl 
|}

=== Filamu za nyaraka (Documentary) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Maelezo
|-
| 2013
| ''Bone Thugs-n-Harmony: From Cleveland to the World''
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''Adina Howard 20: A Story of Sexual Liberation''
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/116270263 |title=ADINA HOWARD 20: A STORY OF SEXUAL LIBERATION (FULL DOCUMENTARY) on Vimeo |via=Vimeo |date=January 8, 2015 |access-date=July 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| 2019
| ''A Fatherless America'' 
| 
|}

=== Michezo ya jukwaani (Stage) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 2004
| ''A Man of God''
| Sarah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |date=March 20, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY |title=A Man of God (Gospel Stageplay) |publisher=Inkwell Pictures |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902013327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Onyesho la kwanza jukwaani
|-
| 2014
| ''Do You Trust Your Best Friend''
| Olivia&lt;ref name=&quot;twitter.com&quot;/&gt;
| Awali ilipangwa acheze kama April&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/#!adina-howard/c931 |title=Do You Trust Your Best Friend? |access-date=September 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223212/http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/ |archive-date=September 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2016
| ''For All My Girls''
| Candice&lt;ref name=&quot;twitter.com&quot;/&gt;
| Tamasha la muziki (Musical)&lt;ref name=&quot;twitter1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2020
| ''Miss Dee's Kitchen''
| TBA
| Ilichelewa kutokana na COVID-19
|}
==Marejeo==
{{Reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1683787|name=Adina Howard}}
{{Adina Howard|state=expanded}}
{{BD|1973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Adina}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>jekvsqeq71rabrx6xxtswn73zei7c43</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538878</id>
      <parentid>1538877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1538878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10224" sha1="li9m4o500l2sv14n1mf1utmua8086bg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2
| jina            = Adina Howard
| picha           = Adina Howard.webp
| maelezo         = Adina mnamo 2025
| background      = solo_singer
| jina la kuzaliwa = Adina Marie Howard
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1973|11|14}}
| chimbuko        = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], Marekani
| aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[soul music|soul]]
| kazi yake       = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mpishi (chef)
| miaka ya kazi   = 1994–sasa
| studio          = Mecca Don, [[EastWest Records]], [[Elektra Records]], Rufftown, Arsenal, Monarchy, Sony Red
| ameshirikiana na = [[Warren G]], [[Jamie Foxx]], [[Raekwon]], [[Xzibit]], [[Play-N-Skillz]]
| wavuti          = [http://www.adinahoward.com/ AdinaHoward.com]
}}

'''Adina Marie Howard''' (alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BbgBU7qAjgZ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BbgBU7qAjgZ |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Adina Howard on Instagram: &quot;Thank you for the birthday love! #adinahoward №44 #resurrection #nasty #blasphemy&quot;|website=Instagram|access-date=September 11, 2018}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbanbridgez.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|title=UB Honors 2013: And The Winners Are… &amp;#124; UrbanBridgez.com &amp;#124; Urban E-Zine|website=UrbanBridgez.com|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004714/http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata umaarufu katikati ya miaka ya 1990 kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' na wimbo wake maarufu wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;. Baadhi ya vibao vyake vingine ni pamoja na &quot;What's Love Got to Do with It?&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Warren G]]), &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, &quot;Nasty Grind&quot;, &quot;Freaks&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Play-N-Skillz]] na [[Krayzie Bone]]) na &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Jamie Foxx]]).

== Maisha ya awali ==
Adina Howard alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973, na kulelewa mjini [[Grand Rapids]], [[Michigan]], na mama yake pamoja na wadogo zake wa kike watatu. Baadaye familia hiyo ilihamia [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Mmoja wa watu waliomvutia mapema alikuwa [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]], ambaye pia ni mzaliwa wa Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/05/the-body-of-her-work/1ffcaee2-a369-4af7-98e2-f61baacdd1c8/| title = THE BODY OF HER WORK - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, alielekea usikivu wa meneja na mtayarishaji Livio Harris, aliyemsaidia kurekodi baadhi ya nyimbo za majaribio na baadaye kupata mkataba na Max Gousse kupitia Mecca Don/EastWest Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.songwriteruniverse.com/maxgousse123.htm|title=Interview with Max Gousse, Senior Vice President of A&amp;R at Island Def Jam Records|date=December 4, 2013|website=SongwriterUniverse.com|access-date=March 1, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
=== 1993–1996: ''Do You Wanna Ride?'' na mafanikio ya &quot;Freak Like Me&quot; ===
Albamu yake ya kwanza ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'', iliyokuwa na wimbo uliopata tuzo ya Platinum wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;, ilitolewa mnamo 1995 na kutunukiwa hadhi ya Gold na RIAA. Nyimbo zake zilizofuata ni pamoja na &quot;My Up and Down&quot; (Nafasi ya 32 R&amp;B, Nafasi ya 68 Hot 100) na &quot;It's All About You&quot; (Nafasi ya 58 R&amp;B).

Mnamo 1996, alishirikiana na [[Warren G]] kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Police Story 3: Super Cop]]'' kupitia wimbo wa &quot;[[What's Love Got to Do with It (wimbo wa Warren G)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]&quot; ambao ulitumia kionjo kutoka kwa wimbo maarufu wa [[Tina Turner]]. Wimbo huo ulikuwa mkali mwingine kwa wawili hao, ukishika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Hot 100, nafasi ya 32 kwenye R&amp;B, na nafasi ya 2 kwenye chati za Uingereza. Video ya wimbo huo pia ilimwonesha [[Jackie Chan]] akitokea kwa ufupi. Pia mwaka huo, alishirikiana kwenye wimbo na kundi la [[Somethin' for the People]] uitwao &quot;Damned If I Do&quot; uliotokea kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[A Thin Line Between Love and Hate]]'' pamoja na albamu yao ya kwanza. Pia alirekodi wimbo wa &quot;For the Funk&quot; kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu ya [[Sunset Park (soundtrack)|''Sunset Park'']].

=== 1997: ''Welcome to Fantasy Island'' na uigizaji ===
Mnamo 1997, alijiandaa kwa ajili ya kutoa albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (awali ilipewa jina la ''Portrait of a Lady'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Takiff |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19970605/2542907/june-tunies----the-months-new-cds-include-en-vogue-kd-lang---and-more |title=Entertainment &amp; the Arts &amp;#124; June Tunies – The Month's New Cds Include En Vogue, K.D. Lang – And More |publisher=Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=adina+howard+portrait+of+a+lady&amp;pg=PA22 |title=Billboard – Google Books |date=May 3, 1997 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilipata sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wakosoaji na kibao kimoja cha wastani, &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, lakini iliwekwa kando na [[Elektra Records]] mnamo 1997. Albamu hiyo ilivuja kwenye mtandao miaka michache baadaye na nakala za matangazo ziliuzwa kwa mamia ya dola.

Moja ya nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu hiyo iliyowekwa kando, &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (ushirikiano na [[Jamie Foxx]]) iliishia kwenye kibwagizo mwaka uliofuata. Awali ulipangwa kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu yake ya ''[[Booty Call (filamu)|Booty Call]]'' lakini hatimaye ukaishia kwenye filamu ya mwaka 1998 ya ''[[Woo (filamu)|Woo]]''. Ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo, na remix yake iliwashirikisha [[Cam'ron]] na [[Charli Baltimore]].

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na Cydal kwenye wimbo uitwao &quot;Chocolate (Cuties &amp; Condoms)&quot; uliotolewa kama single kwa ajili ya ''[[Bulletproof (filamu ya 1996)|Bulletproof]]''. Wimbo huo pia ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza ''Cydalwayz'' mwaka uliofuata.

Katika kipindi hiki, alifanya uigizaji wake wa kwanza kwenye filamu huru ya ''[[High Freakquency]]'', akishirikiana na [[Deon Richmond]] na [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]].

Mnamo 2002, alirekodi nafasi yake ya pili ya filamu, kwenye filamu ambayo bado haijatolewa ya ''Casanova's Demise'' ya mwongozaji [[Tigre Hill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/columnists/dan_gross/20070124_Dan_Gross____Judge_Alex__takes_case_.html |title=Dan Gross &amp;#124; 'Judge Alex' takes case |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=January 24, 2007 |access-date=April 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na kundi la Hip-Hop la PYG'z na Yuck Mouth kwenye wimbo &quot;Been Around the World&quot; kwa ajili ya albamu ya kwanza ya kundi hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/B00006JOFO/ref=tmm_fbs_acd_title_0?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1588613059&amp;amp;sr=8-1|title = It's a Beautiful Thang|website = Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya Adina Howard}}

;Albamu za studio
* ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' (1995)
* ''[[The Second Coming (albamu ya Adina Howard)|The Second Coming]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Private Show (albamu)|Private Show]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Resurrection (albamu ya Adina Howard)|Resurrection]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (2021)

== Filamu ==

=== Filamu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1998
| ''[[High Freakquency]]''
| Mtumbuizaji
| 
|-
| 2008
| ''Poke the Sleeping Bear''
| Rolanda
| 
|-
| 2018
| ''Relaxer''
| Arin
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''False Profits''
| D'borah Byrd-Harvis
| 
|}

=== Televisheni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;Episode 32.18&quot; 
|-
| 1999
| ''Ultra Sound'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;One Hit Wonders&quot; 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
| ''Life After''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard: Life After Freak Like Me&quot; 
|-
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;CeCe Peniston&quot; 
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard&quot; 
|}

=== Video ya muziki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Msanii
! Wahusika
|-
| 1995
| &quot;[[Temptations (wimbo)|Temptations]]&quot;
| [[2Pac]]
| Ice Girl 
|}

=== Filamu za nyaraka (Documentary) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Maelezo
|-
| 2013
| ''Bone Thugs-n-Harmony: From Cleveland to the World''
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''Adina Howard 20: A Story of Sexual Liberation''
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/116270263 |title=ADINA HOWARD 20: A STORY OF SEXUAL LIBERATION (FULL DOCUMENTARY) on Vimeo |via=Vimeo |date=January 8, 2015 |access-date=July 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| 2019
| ''A Fatherless America'' 
| 
|}

=== Michezo ya jukwaani (Stage) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 2004
| ''A Man of God''
| Sarah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |date=March 20, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY |title=A Man of God (Gospel Stageplay) |publisher=Inkwell Pictures |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902013327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Onyesho la kwanza jukwaani
|-
| 2014
| ''Do You Trust Your Best Friend''
| Olivia
| Awali ilipangwa acheze kama April&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/#!adina-howard/c931 |title=Do You Trust Your Best Friend? |access-date=September 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223212/http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/ |archive-date=September 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2016
| ''For All My Girls''
| Candice
| Tamasha la muziki (Musical)
|-
| 2020
| ''Miss Dee's Kitchen''
| TBA
| Ilichelewa kutokana na COVID-19
|}
==Marejeo==
{{Reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1683787|name=Adina Howard}}
{{Adina Howard|state=expanded}}
{{BD|1973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Adina}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>li9m4o500l2sv14n1mf1utmua8086bg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538880</id>
      <parentid>1538878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:26:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Filamu za nyaraka (Documentary) */</comment>
      <origin>1538880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10223" sha1="n9mgta665h8e5iu1nxlusme3b3zw399" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2
| jina            = Adina Howard
| picha           = Adina Howard.webp
| maelezo         = Adina mnamo 2025
| background      = solo_singer
| jina la kuzaliwa = Adina Marie Howard
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1973|11|14}}
| chimbuko        = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], Marekani
| aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[soul music|soul]]
| kazi yake       = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mpishi (chef)
| miaka ya kazi   = 1994–sasa
| studio          = Mecca Don, [[EastWest Records]], [[Elektra Records]], Rufftown, Arsenal, Monarchy, Sony Red
| ameshirikiana na = [[Warren G]], [[Jamie Foxx]], [[Raekwon]], [[Xzibit]], [[Play-N-Skillz]]
| wavuti          = [http://www.adinahoward.com/ AdinaHoward.com]
}}

'''Adina Marie Howard''' (alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BbgBU7qAjgZ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BbgBU7qAjgZ |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Adina Howard on Instagram: &quot;Thank you for the birthday love! #adinahoward №44 #resurrection #nasty #blasphemy&quot;|website=Instagram|access-date=September 11, 2018}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbanbridgez.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|title=UB Honors 2013: And The Winners Are… &amp;#124; UrbanBridgez.com &amp;#124; Urban E-Zine|website=UrbanBridgez.com|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004714/http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata umaarufu katikati ya miaka ya 1990 kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' na wimbo wake maarufu wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;. Baadhi ya vibao vyake vingine ni pamoja na &quot;What's Love Got to Do with It?&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Warren G]]), &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, &quot;Nasty Grind&quot;, &quot;Freaks&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Play-N-Skillz]] na [[Krayzie Bone]]) na &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Jamie Foxx]]).

== Maisha ya awali ==
Adina Howard alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973, na kulelewa mjini [[Grand Rapids]], [[Michigan]], na mama yake pamoja na wadogo zake wa kike watatu. Baadaye familia hiyo ilihamia [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Mmoja wa watu waliomvutia mapema alikuwa [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]], ambaye pia ni mzaliwa wa Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/05/the-body-of-her-work/1ffcaee2-a369-4af7-98e2-f61baacdd1c8/| title = THE BODY OF HER WORK - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, alielekea usikivu wa meneja na mtayarishaji Livio Harris, aliyemsaidia kurekodi baadhi ya nyimbo za majaribio na baadaye kupata mkataba na Max Gousse kupitia Mecca Don/EastWest Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.songwriteruniverse.com/maxgousse123.htm|title=Interview with Max Gousse, Senior Vice President of A&amp;R at Island Def Jam Records|date=December 4, 2013|website=SongwriterUniverse.com|access-date=March 1, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
=== 1993–1996: ''Do You Wanna Ride?'' na mafanikio ya &quot;Freak Like Me&quot; ===
Albamu yake ya kwanza ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'', iliyokuwa na wimbo uliopata tuzo ya Platinum wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;, ilitolewa mnamo 1995 na kutunukiwa hadhi ya Gold na RIAA. Nyimbo zake zilizofuata ni pamoja na &quot;My Up and Down&quot; (Nafasi ya 32 R&amp;B, Nafasi ya 68 Hot 100) na &quot;It's All About You&quot; (Nafasi ya 58 R&amp;B).

Mnamo 1996, alishirikiana na [[Warren G]] kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Police Story 3: Super Cop]]'' kupitia wimbo wa &quot;[[What's Love Got to Do with It (wimbo wa Warren G)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]&quot; ambao ulitumia kionjo kutoka kwa wimbo maarufu wa [[Tina Turner]]. Wimbo huo ulikuwa mkali mwingine kwa wawili hao, ukishika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Hot 100, nafasi ya 32 kwenye R&amp;B, na nafasi ya 2 kwenye chati za Uingereza. Video ya wimbo huo pia ilimwonesha [[Jackie Chan]] akitokea kwa ufupi. Pia mwaka huo, alishirikiana kwenye wimbo na kundi la [[Somethin' for the People]] uitwao &quot;Damned If I Do&quot; uliotokea kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[A Thin Line Between Love and Hate]]'' pamoja na albamu yao ya kwanza. Pia alirekodi wimbo wa &quot;For the Funk&quot; kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu ya [[Sunset Park (soundtrack)|''Sunset Park'']].

=== 1997: ''Welcome to Fantasy Island'' na uigizaji ===
Mnamo 1997, alijiandaa kwa ajili ya kutoa albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (awali ilipewa jina la ''Portrait of a Lady'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Takiff |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19970605/2542907/june-tunies----the-months-new-cds-include-en-vogue-kd-lang---and-more |title=Entertainment &amp; the Arts &amp;#124; June Tunies – The Month's New Cds Include En Vogue, K.D. Lang – And More |publisher=Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=adina+howard+portrait+of+a+lady&amp;pg=PA22 |title=Billboard – Google Books |date=May 3, 1997 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilipata sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wakosoaji na kibao kimoja cha wastani, &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, lakini iliwekwa kando na [[Elektra Records]] mnamo 1997. Albamu hiyo ilivuja kwenye mtandao miaka michache baadaye na nakala za matangazo ziliuzwa kwa mamia ya dola.

Moja ya nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu hiyo iliyowekwa kando, &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (ushirikiano na [[Jamie Foxx]]) iliishia kwenye kibwagizo mwaka uliofuata. Awali ulipangwa kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu yake ya ''[[Booty Call (filamu)|Booty Call]]'' lakini hatimaye ukaishia kwenye filamu ya mwaka 1998 ya ''[[Woo (filamu)|Woo]]''. Ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo, na remix yake iliwashirikisha [[Cam'ron]] na [[Charli Baltimore]].

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na Cydal kwenye wimbo uitwao &quot;Chocolate (Cuties &amp; Condoms)&quot; uliotolewa kama single kwa ajili ya ''[[Bulletproof (filamu ya 1996)|Bulletproof]]''. Wimbo huo pia ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza ''Cydalwayz'' mwaka uliofuata.

Katika kipindi hiki, alifanya uigizaji wake wa kwanza kwenye filamu huru ya ''[[High Freakquency]]'', akishirikiana na [[Deon Richmond]] na [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]].

Mnamo 2002, alirekodi nafasi yake ya pili ya filamu, kwenye filamu ambayo bado haijatolewa ya ''Casanova's Demise'' ya mwongozaji [[Tigre Hill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/columnists/dan_gross/20070124_Dan_Gross____Judge_Alex__takes_case_.html |title=Dan Gross &amp;#124; 'Judge Alex' takes case |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=January 24, 2007 |access-date=April 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na kundi la Hip-Hop la PYG'z na Yuck Mouth kwenye wimbo &quot;Been Around the World&quot; kwa ajili ya albamu ya kwanza ya kundi hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/B00006JOFO/ref=tmm_fbs_acd_title_0?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1588613059&amp;amp;sr=8-1|title = It's a Beautiful Thang|website = Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya Adina Howard}}

;Albamu za studio
* ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' (1995)
* ''[[The Second Coming (albamu ya Adina Howard)|The Second Coming]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Private Show (albamu)|Private Show]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Resurrection (albamu ya Adina Howard)|Resurrection]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (2021)

== Filamu ==

=== Filamu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1998
| ''[[High Freakquency]]''
| Mtumbuizaji
| 
|-
| 2008
| ''Poke the Sleeping Bear''
| Rolanda
| 
|-
| 2018
| ''Relaxer''
| Arin
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''False Profits''
| D'borah Byrd-Harvis
| 
|}

=== Televisheni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;Episode 32.18&quot; 
|-
| 1999
| ''Ultra Sound'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;One Hit Wonders&quot; 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
| ''Life After''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard: Life After Freak Like Me&quot; 
|-
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;CeCe Peniston&quot; 
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard&quot; 
|}

=== Video ya muziki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Msanii
! Wahusika
|-
| 1995
| &quot;[[Temptations (wimbo)|Temptations]]&quot;
| [[2Pac]]
| Ice Girl 
|}

=== Makala ya filamu (Documentary) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Maelezo
|-
| 2013
| ''Bone Thugs-n-Harmony: From Cleveland to the World''
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''Adina Howard 20: A Story of Sexual Liberation''
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/116270263 |title=ADINA HOWARD 20: A STORY OF SEXUAL LIBERATION (FULL DOCUMENTARY) on Vimeo |via=Vimeo |date=January 8, 2015 |access-date=July 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| 2019
| ''A Fatherless America'' 
| 
|}

=== Michezo ya jukwaani (Stage) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 2004
| ''A Man of God''
| Sarah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |date=March 20, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY |title=A Man of God (Gospel Stageplay) |publisher=Inkwell Pictures |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902013327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Onyesho la kwanza jukwaani
|-
| 2014
| ''Do You Trust Your Best Friend''
| Olivia
| Awali ilipangwa acheze kama April&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/#!adina-howard/c931 |title=Do You Trust Your Best Friend? |access-date=September 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223212/http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/ |archive-date=September 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2016
| ''For All My Girls''
| Candice
| Tamasha la muziki (Musical)
|-
| 2020
| ''Miss Dee's Kitchen''
| TBA
| Ilichelewa kutokana na COVID-19
|}
==Marejeo==
{{Reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1683787|name=Adina Howard}}
{{Adina Howard|state=expanded}}
{{BD|1973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Adina}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1538881</id>
      <parentid>1538880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:26:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Makala ya filamu (Documentary) */</comment>
      <origin>1538881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10221" sha1="pzvv4tfqcqo37vh1ip9vvqq1u5yf9fl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2
| jina            = Adina Howard
| picha           = Adina Howard.webp
| maelezo         = Adina mnamo 2025
| background      = solo_singer
| jina la kuzaliwa = Adina Marie Howard
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1973|11|14}}
| chimbuko        = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], Marekani
| aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[soul music|soul]]
| kazi yake       = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mpishi (chef)
| miaka ya kazi   = 1994–sasa
| studio          = Mecca Don, [[EastWest Records]], [[Elektra Records]], Rufftown, Arsenal, Monarchy, Sony Red
| ameshirikiana na = [[Warren G]], [[Jamie Foxx]], [[Raekwon]], [[Xzibit]], [[Play-N-Skillz]]
| wavuti          = [http://www.adinahoward.com/ AdinaHoward.com]
}}

'''Adina Marie Howard''' (alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BbgBU7qAjgZ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BbgBU7qAjgZ |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Adina Howard on Instagram: &quot;Thank you for the birthday love! #adinahoward №44 #resurrection #nasty #blasphemy&quot;|website=Instagram|access-date=September 11, 2018}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbanbridgez.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|title=UB Honors 2013: And The Winners Are… &amp;#124; UrbanBridgez.com &amp;#124; Urban E-Zine|website=UrbanBridgez.com|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004714/http://urbanbridgez.com/ubgblog/2013/12/18/ub-honors-2013-and-the-winners-are/|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata umaarufu katikati ya miaka ya 1990 kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' na wimbo wake maarufu wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;. Baadhi ya vibao vyake vingine ni pamoja na &quot;What's Love Got to Do with It?&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Warren G]]), &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, &quot;Nasty Grind&quot;, &quot;Freaks&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Play-N-Skillz]] na [[Krayzie Bone]]) na &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (akimshirikisha [[Jamie Foxx]]).

== Maisha ya awali ==
Adina Howard alizaliwa Novemba 14, 1973, na kulelewa mjini [[Grand Rapids]], [[Michigan]], na mama yake pamoja na wadogo zake wa kike watatu. Baadaye familia hiyo ilihamia [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Mmoja wa watu waliomvutia mapema alikuwa [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]], ambaye pia ni mzaliwa wa Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/05/the-body-of-her-work/1ffcaee2-a369-4af7-98e2-f61baacdd1c8/| title = THE BODY OF HER WORK - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, alielekea usikivu wa meneja na mtayarishaji Livio Harris, aliyemsaidia kurekodi baadhi ya nyimbo za majaribio na baadaye kupata mkataba na Max Gousse kupitia Mecca Don/EastWest Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.songwriteruniverse.com/maxgousse123.htm|title=Interview with Max Gousse, Senior Vice President of A&amp;R at Island Def Jam Records|date=December 4, 2013|website=SongwriterUniverse.com|access-date=March 1, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
=== 1993–1996: ''Do You Wanna Ride?'' na mafanikio ya &quot;Freak Like Me&quot; ===
Albamu yake ya kwanza ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'', iliyokuwa na wimbo uliopata tuzo ya Platinum wa &quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;, ilitolewa mnamo 1995 na kutunukiwa hadhi ya Gold na RIAA. Nyimbo zake zilizofuata ni pamoja na &quot;My Up and Down&quot; (Nafasi ya 32 R&amp;B, Nafasi ya 68 Hot 100) na &quot;It's All About You&quot; (Nafasi ya 58 R&amp;B).

Mnamo 1996, alishirikiana na [[Warren G]] kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Police Story 3: Super Cop]]'' kupitia wimbo wa &quot;[[What's Love Got to Do with It (wimbo wa Warren G)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]&quot; ambao ulitumia kionjo kutoka kwa wimbo maarufu wa [[Tina Turner]]. Wimbo huo ulikuwa mkali mwingine kwa wawili hao, ukishika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Hot 100, nafasi ya 32 kwenye R&amp;B, na nafasi ya 2 kwenye chati za Uingereza. Video ya wimbo huo pia ilimwonesha [[Jackie Chan]] akitokea kwa ufupi. Pia mwaka huo, alishirikiana kwenye wimbo na kundi la [[Somethin' for the People]] uitwao &quot;Damned If I Do&quot; uliotokea kwenye kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[A Thin Line Between Love and Hate]]'' pamoja na albamu yao ya kwanza. Pia alirekodi wimbo wa &quot;For the Funk&quot; kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu ya [[Sunset Park (soundtrack)|''Sunset Park'']].

=== 1997: ''Welcome to Fantasy Island'' na uigizaji ===
Mnamo 1997, alijiandaa kwa ajili ya kutoa albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (awali ilipewa jina la ''Portrait of a Lady'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Takiff |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19970605/2542907/june-tunies----the-months-new-cds-include-en-vogue-kd-lang---and-more |title=Entertainment &amp; the Arts &amp;#124; June Tunies – The Month's New Cds Include En Vogue, K.D. Lang – And More |publisher=Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=adina+howard+portrait+of+a+lady&amp;pg=PA22 |title=Billboard – Google Books |date=May 3, 1997 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilipata sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wakosoaji na kibao kimoja cha wastani, &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;, lakini iliwekwa kando na [[Elektra Records]] mnamo 1997. Albamu hiyo ilivuja kwenye mtandao miaka michache baadaye na nakala za matangazo ziliuzwa kwa mamia ya dola.

Moja ya nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu hiyo iliyowekwa kando, &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; (ushirikiano na [[Jamie Foxx]]) iliishia kwenye kibwagizo mwaka uliofuata. Awali ulipangwa kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu yake ya ''[[Booty Call (filamu)|Booty Call]]'' lakini hatimaye ukaishia kwenye filamu ya mwaka 1998 ya ''[[Woo (filamu)|Woo]]''. Ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo, na remix yake iliwashirikisha [[Cam'ron]] na [[Charli Baltimore]].

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na Cydal kwenye wimbo uitwao &quot;Chocolate (Cuties &amp; Condoms)&quot; uliotolewa kama single kwa ajili ya ''[[Bulletproof (filamu ya 1996)|Bulletproof]]''. Wimbo huo pia ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza ''Cydalwayz'' mwaka uliofuata.

Katika kipindi hiki, alifanya uigizaji wake wa kwanza kwenye filamu huru ya ''[[High Freakquency]]'', akishirikiana na [[Deon Richmond]] na [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]].

Mnamo 2002, alirekodi nafasi yake ya pili ya filamu, kwenye filamu ambayo bado haijatolewa ya ''Casanova's Demise'' ya mwongozaji [[Tigre Hill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/columnists/dan_gross/20070124_Dan_Gross____Judge_Alex__takes_case_.html |title=Dan Gross &amp;#124; 'Judge Alex' takes case |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=January 24, 2007 |access-date=April 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia mwaka huu, alishirikiana na kundi la Hip-Hop la PYG'z na Yuck Mouth kwenye wimbo &quot;Been Around the World&quot; kwa ajili ya albamu ya kwanza ya kundi hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/B00006JOFO/ref=tmm_fbs_acd_title_0?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1588613059&amp;amp;sr=8-1|title = It's a Beautiful Thang|website = Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya Adina Howard}}

;Albamu za studio
* ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' (1995)
* ''[[The Second Coming (albamu ya Adina Howard)|The Second Coming]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Private Show (albamu)|Private Show]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Resurrection (albamu ya Adina Howard)|Resurrection]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (2021)

== Filamu ==

=== Filamu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1998
| ''[[High Freakquency]]''
| Mtumbuizaji
| 
|-
| 2008
| ''Poke the Sleeping Bear''
| Rolanda
| 
|-
| 2018
| ''Relaxer''
| Arin
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''False Profits''
| D'borah Byrd-Harvis
| 
|}

=== Televisheni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;Episode 32.18&quot; 
|-
| 1999
| ''Ultra Sound'' 
| Mwenyewe
| Sehemu: &quot;One Hit Wonders&quot; 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013
| ''Life After''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard: Life After Freak Like Me&quot; 
|-
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;CeCe Peniston&quot; 
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Unsung (mfululizo wa TV)|Unsung]]''
| Mwenyewe 
| Sehemu: &quot;Adina Howard&quot; 
|}

=== Video ya muziki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Msanii
! Wahusika
|-
| 1995
| &quot;[[Temptations (wimbo)|Temptations]]&quot;
| [[2Pac]]
| Ice Girl 
|}

=== Makala mjongeo (Documentary) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Maelezo
|-
| 2013
| ''Bone Thugs-n-Harmony: From Cleveland to the World''
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''Adina Howard 20: A Story of Sexual Liberation''
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/116270263 |title=ADINA HOWARD 20: A STORY OF SEXUAL LIBERATION (FULL DOCUMENTARY) on Vimeo |via=Vimeo |date=January 8, 2015 |access-date=July 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| 2019
| ''A Fatherless America'' 
| 
|}

=== Michezo ya jukwaani (Stage) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka
! Jina
! Wahusika
! Maelezo
|-
| 2004
| ''A Man of God''
| Sarah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |date=March 20, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY |title=A Man of God (Gospel Stageplay) |publisher=Inkwell Pictures |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902013327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwG2_0gfcY&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Onyesho la kwanza jukwaani
|-
| 2014
| ''Do You Trust Your Best Friend''
| Olivia
| Awali ilipangwa acheze kama April&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/#!adina-howard/c931 |title=Do You Trust Your Best Friend? |access-date=September 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223212/http://www.doyoutrustyourbestfriend.com/ |archive-date=September 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2016
| ''For All My Girls''
| Candice
| Tamasha la muziki (Musical)
|-
| 2020
| ''Miss Dee's Kitchen''
| TBA
| Ilichelewa kutokana na COVID-19
|}
==Marejeo==
{{Reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1683787|name=Adina Howard}}
{{Adina Howard|state=expanded}}
{{BD|1973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Adina}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>pzvv4tfqcqo37vh1ip9vvqq1u5yf9fl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kigezo:Adina Howard</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>233030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538879</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:21:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Navbox musical artist |name = Adina Howard |title = [[Adina Howard]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |background = solo_singer |bodyclass = hlist  |group1 = Albamu za studio |list1 = * ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' (1995) * ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (1997) * ''[[The Second Coming (albamu ya Adina Howard)|The Second Coming]]'' (2004) * ''[[Private Show (albamu)|Private Show]]'' (2007) * ''[[Resurrection (albamu ya Adina Howard)|Resurrection]]'' (20...'</comment>
      <origin>1538879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="853" sha1="fxxw661o38xujv6n8tb13u11ymwxsaj" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox musical artist
|name = Adina Howard
|title = [[Adina Howard]]
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|background = solo_singer
|bodyclass = hlist

|group1 = Albamu za studio
|list1 =
* ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]'' (1997)
* ''[[The Second Coming (albamu ya Adina Howard)|The Second Coming]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Private Show (albamu)|Private Show]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Resurrection (albamu ya Adina Howard)|Resurrection]]'' (2017)

|group10 = Single
|list10 =
* &quot;[[Freak like Me|Freak Like Me]]&quot;
* &quot;[[(Freak) And U Know It]]&quot;
* &quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot;

|group19 = Husika
|list19 =
* [[Diskografia ya Adina Howard|Diskografia]]
|below =
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{collapsible option}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Adina}}
[[Jamii:Vigezo vya wanamuziki wa hip-hop wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Vigezo vya waimbaji wa Rhythm and blues]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fxxw661o38xujv6n8tb13u11ymwxsaj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diskografia ya Adina Howard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233031</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538886</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:37:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Adina Howard.webp|thumb|Adina mnamo 2025.]] Mwimbaji wa R&amp;B wa Marekani [[Adina Howard]] ametoa [[albamu ya studio|albamu za studio]] tano, [[Single (muziki)|single]] kumi na nne na [[Muziki wa video|video za muziki]] kumi.  == Albamu za studio == {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |- ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| Jina ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Maelezo ya albamu ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspa...'</comment>
      <origin>1538886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11110" sha1="199jl4gyorkypbt0h8yink7vwyeuv8y" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Adina Howard.webp|thumb|Adina mnamo 2025.]]
Mwimbaji wa R&amp;B wa Marekani [[Adina Howard]] ametoa [[albamu ya studio|albamu za studio]] tano, [[Single (muziki)|single]] kumi na nne na [[Muziki wa video|video za muziki]] kumi.

== Albamu za studio ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| Jina
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Maelezo ya albamu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| [[Tuzo za mauzo ya muziki|Tuzo]]
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Billboard 200|US]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Top R&amp;B/Hip Hop Albums|US R&amp;B]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Do You Wanna Ride?]]''
|
* Imetolewa: Februari 28, 1995
* Lebo: Mecca Don/EastWest Records
* Mfumo: CD, [[kaseti]], upakuaji wa kidijitali
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|39
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|7
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&amp;se=adina+howard#search_section|title=Gold &amp; Platinum – RIAA|website=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Welcome to Fantasy Island]]''
|
* Imetolewa: Julai 29, 1997 (Iliwekwa kando)&lt;br /&gt;Februari 19, 2021 (Kidijitali)
* Lebo: Elektra Records/Rhino Records
* Mfumo: CD, upakuaji wa kidijitali
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; {{N/A|TBR}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[The Second Coming (albamu ya Adina Howard)|The Second Coming]]''
|
* Imetolewa: Aprili 6, 2004
* Lebo: Rufftown Records
* Mfumo: CD, upakuaji wa kidijitali
| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|61
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Private Show (albamu)|Private Show]]''
|
* Imetolewa: Juni 26, 2007
* Lebo: Arsenal Records
* Mfumo: CD, upakuaji wa kidijitali
| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Resurrection (albamu ya Adina Howard)|Resurrection]]''
|
* Imetolewa: Aprili 14, 2017&lt;br /&gt;Machi 9, 2018 (Toleo la marudio)
* Lebo: Indelible Enterprises
* Mfumo: CD, upakuaji wa kidijitali
| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|}

=== EP ===
* 2017: ''Freaky''

=== Mixtape ===
* 2005: ''Let You Hit''
* 2013: ''Welcome to Fantasy Island''
* 2016: ''The Official &quot;Resurrection&quot; Mixtape Starring Adina Howard''

== Single ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Mwaka
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Jina
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Hot R&amp;B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&amp;B]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]&lt;ref name=&quot;British Hit Singles &amp; Albums&quot;&gt;{{cite book| first= David| last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles &amp; Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 261}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Albamu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| Tuzo
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1995
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;[[Freak like Me]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 33
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Do You Wanna Ride?''
|RIAA: Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gold &amp; Platinum: Adina Howard|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&amp;ar=ADINA+HOWARD&amp;ti=FREAK+LIKE+Me&amp;lab=&amp;genre=&amp;format=&amp;date_option=release&amp;from=&amp;to=&amp;award=&amp;type=&amp;category=&amp;adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot;|&quot;My Up and Down&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 68
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 32
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot;|&quot;It's All About You&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 58
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1997
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;[[(Freak) And U Know It]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 70
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 32
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|  ''Welcome to Fantasy Island''
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;[[T-Shirt &amp; Panties]]&quot; &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na [[Jamie Foxx]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|  Soundtrack ya ''Woo''
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2003
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Nasty Grind&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 95
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''The Second Coming''
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;L.O.V.A.&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Private Show''
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot;|&quot;Hips&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2013
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Switch&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{N/A|Single zisizo za albamu}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2015
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Bad 4 Me&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2017
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Blasphemy&quot; &lt;small&gt;(akimshirikisha King Gas)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Resurrection''
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Nasty&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Mind Reader&quot; &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na Opolopo)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{N/A|Single zisizo za albamu}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Keep Lookin&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;Time Will Tell&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2025
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|&quot;I Overstand&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —
|
|}

=== Kama msanii aliyeshirikishwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Orodha ya single kama msanii mkuu, zikionyesha chati na tuzo, mwaka uliotolewa na jina la albamu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:20em;&quot;| Jina
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Mwaka
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| Tuzo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Albamu
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Hot R&amp;B/Hip-Hop Songs|US&lt;br /&gt;R&amp;B]]&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Hot Rap Songs|US&lt;br /&gt;Rap]]&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FRA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Warren+G |title=Discografie Warren G |work=lescharts.com |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=September 22, 2012 |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GERsin&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=Warren+G&amp;x=0&amp;y=0&amp;country=de&amp;kategorie=single | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141018162139/http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=Warren+G&amp;x=0&amp;y=0&amp;country=de&amp;kategorie=single | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 18, 2014 | title=Warren G (Single) | work=charts.de | publisher=[[Media Control Charts]] | access-date=September 22, 2012 | language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Warren+G | title=Discography Warren G | work=swedishcharts.com | publisher=Hung Medien | access-date=September 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Warren+G | title=Discographie Warren G | work=hitparade.ch | publisher=Hung Medien | access-date=September 22, 2012 | language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot;| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[What's Love Got to Do with It (wimbo wa Warren G)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(pamoja na [[Warren G]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 1996
| 32 || 36 || 5 || 2 || 9 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 6 || 2
|
* ARIA: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;kentreport&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Australian Chart Book 1993–2005 | last=Kent | first=David | author-link=David Kent (historian) | publisher=Australian Chart Book | location=[[St Ives, New South Wales|St Ives]], N.S.W. | year=2006 | isbn=0-646-45889-2| title-link=Kent Music Report }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* BPI: Gold
* BVMI: Gold
| [[Supercop (soundtrack)|Soundtrack ya ''Supercop'']]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Chocolate (Cuties &amp; Condoms)&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(pamoja na Cydal)&lt;/span&gt;
| 1997
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| Soundtrack ya ''Bulletproof''/''Cydalwayz''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Freaks&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(pamoja na [[Play-n-Skillz]] akimshirikisha [[Krayzie Bone]])&lt;/span&gt;
| 2004
| 69 || 52 || 24 || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| ''[[The Process (albamu ya Play-N-Skillz)|The Process]]''
|}

=== Filamu za video ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Mwaka
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Jina
! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Mwongozaji
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 1995
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Freak Like Me&quot;
| Hype Williams
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Freak Like Me (Slow Wind Remix)&quot;
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;My Up and Down&quot;
| Marty Callner
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;It's All About You&quot;
| ABoyNamedFuture
|-
| 1996
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;What's Love Got to Do with It?&quot;&lt;small&gt; (pamoja na [[Warren G]])&lt;/small&gt;
| Joseph Kahn
|-
| 1997
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;(Freak) And U Know It&quot;
| Francis Lawrence
|-
| 2003
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Nasty Grind&quot;
|
|-
| 2017
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Blasphemy&quot;
| Nikki Allen
|-
| 2020
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Mind Reader (Video ya mashairi)&quot;
| 
|-
| 2022
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Keep Lookin'&quot;
| Dre Paiid
|-
| 2025
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Time Will Tell&quot;
| Jamezz Hampton
|}

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Adina Howard}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Adina}}
[[Jamii:Diskografia|Adina Howard]]</text>
      <sha1>199jl4gyorkypbt0h8yink7vwyeuv8y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mtumiaji:Simon nashon</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>233032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538888</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:41:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Simon nashon</username>
        <id>89204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pata habari za michezo na burudani pia utajipatia kila habari zote</comment>
      <origin>1538888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="is3wk152gdz6yb0lt0hx5wesavyr3ug" xml:space="preserve">Simonaytz</text>
      <sha1>is3wk152gdz6yb0lt0hx5wesavyr3ug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>TLC (kundi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538892</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:05:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina            = TLC | picha           = TLCgroup.jpg | maelezo         = TLC mwaka 1999: (kushoto kwenda kulia) Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas, Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins, na Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes. | background      = kundi | jina la kuzaliwa =  | tarehe ya kuzaliwa =  | chimbuko        = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Marekani | aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[Hip hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]], New jack swing...'</comment>
      <origin>1538892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36705" sha1="hmcvst7r9j5wa831k0ma1j373g8rhjv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2
| jina            = TLC
| picha           = TLCgroup.jpg
| maelezo         = TLC mwaka 1999: (kushoto kwenda kulia) Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas, Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins, na Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes.
| background      = kundi
| jina la kuzaliwa = 
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 
| chimbuko        = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Marekani
| aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[Hip hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[New jack swing]]
| kazi yake       = Wanamuziki
| miaka ya kazi   = 1990–sasa
| studio          = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], 852
| ameshirikiana na = [[Dallas Austin]], [[Babyface]], [[L.A. Reid]], [[Jermaine Dupri]]
| wavuti          = {{URL|officialtlc.com}}
}}

'''TLC''' ni kundi la wasichana la Marekani lililoundwa mwaka 1990 huko [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]]. Safu ya kundi hilo inayojulikana zaidi ilikuwa na [[Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins]], [[Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes]], na [[Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas]]. Kundi hili lilipata mafanikio makubwa katika miaka ya 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;AMBio&quot;/&gt; likiwa na nyimbo tisa zilizofika kumi bora kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]], zikiwemo nyimbo nne zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza: &quot;[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]&quot;, &quot;[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]&quot;, &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/tlc/chart-history/hsi/|title=TLC Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; TLC pia walirekodi albamu nne zilizopata mauzo ya platinum-mpandano, ikiwemo ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994), ambayo ilitunukiwa cheti cha almasi na Chama cha Tasnia ya Kurekodi ya Marekani (RIAA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;action=&amp;title=&amp;artist=TLC&amp;format=&amp;debutLP=&amp;category=&amp;sex=&amp;releaseDate=&amp;requestNo=&amp;type=&amp;level=&amp;label=&amp;company=&amp;certificationDate=&amp;awardDescription=&amp;catalogNo=&amp;aSex=&amp;rec_id=&amp;charField=&amp;gold=&amp;platinum=&amp;multiPlat=&amp;level2=&amp;certDate=&amp;album=&amp;id=&amp;after=&amp;before=&amp;startMonth=1&amp;endMonth=1&amp;startYear=1958&amp;endYear=2009&amp;sort=Artist&amp;perPage=25 |title=Gold &amp; Platinum Searchable Database – June 04, 2014 |publisher=RIAA |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154351/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;action=&amp;title=&amp;artist=TLC&amp;format=&amp;debutLP=&amp;category=&amp;sex=&amp;releaseDate=&amp;requestNo=&amp;type=&amp;level=&amp;label=&amp;company=&amp;certificationDate=&amp;awardDescription=&amp;catalogNo=&amp;aSex=&amp;rec_id=&amp;charField=&amp;gold=&amp;platinum=&amp;multiPlat=&amp;level2=&amp;certDate=&amp;album=&amp;id=&amp;after=&amp;before=&amp;startMonth=1&amp;endMonth=1&amp;startYear=1958&amp;endYear=2009&amp;sort=Artist&amp;perPage=25 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Walikuwa kundi la kwanza la R&amp;B katika historia kupokea cheti cha mauzo ya milioni kutoka Chama cha Tasnia cha Rekodi cha Japani (RIAJ) kwa ajili ya albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' (1999).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|title=RIAJ Certified Million Seller Albums|website=www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp|access-date=February 12, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427142833/http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakiwa wameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 60 ulimwenguni kote, TLC ni miongoni mwa makundi matano ya wasichana ya Marekani yaliyozidisha mauzo wakati wote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|title=TLC Plans First Album in 12 Years|first=Gerrick|last=Kennedy|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109072609/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|title=TLC's Left Eye Remembered: 10 Years Later|first=Rebecca|last=Thomas|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=April 25, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2012|archive-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622004738/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[VH1]] iliorodhesha TLC kama kundi bora zaidi la kike, ikiwaweka katika nafasi ya 12 kati ya Wanawake 100 Bora katika Muziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |title=The 100 Greatest Women In Music &amp;#124; VH1 Tuner |publisher=Vh1.com |date=February 13, 2012 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201858/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarida la ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' liliiorodhesha TLC kama moja ya bendi bora zaidi za muziki,&lt;ref name=&quot;BillboardTrio&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Billboard Greatest Trios of All Time |url=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430084126/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = April 30, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; pamoja na kuwa wasanii wa saba waliofanikiwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1990. Tuzo za kundi hilo ni pamoja na [[Tuzo za Grammy]] tano, Tuzo tano za [[MTV Video Music Awards]], na Tuzo tano za [[Soul Train Music Awards]].

Miaka ishirini baada ya kuanza kwao, TLC ilipokea tuzo ya Mchango Bora katika Muziki kwenye tuzo za 17 za [[MOBO Awards]] na Tuzo ya Legend kwenye [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan]]. Baada ya kifo cha Lopes mwaka 2002, badala ya kumleta mtu mwingine, wanachama waliobaki walichagua kuendelea kama kundi la watu wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/09/12/and-then-there-were-two-tlc-carries-on-without-left-eye/|title=And then there were two: TLC carries on without Left Eye|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=September 9, 2017|accessdate=May 3, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2017, walitoa albamu yao ya tano iliyoitwa ''[[TLC (albamu)|TLC]]''. Mwaka 2022, kundi hili liliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa [[Black Music &amp; Entertainment Walk of Fame]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Nazareno|first=Mia|date=December 17, 2021|title=Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, Jr. &amp; More to Be Inducted at 2022 Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/smokey-robinson-black-music-entertainment-walk-of-fame-2022-1235012202/|access-date=December 17, 2021|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

=== 1990–1991: Kuundwa na miaka ya awali ===
Mtayarishaji wa rekodi Ian Burke, aliyekuwa Atlanta, na mmoja wa wateja wake, kijana Crystal Jones, walikuja na wazo la kuunda kundi la wasichana lenye muonekano wa kiume (matom-boy) na muziki wa [[hip-hop]], sawa na mchanganyiko wa [[contemporary R&amp;B]] na hip-hop wa kundi la [[new jack swing]] la [[Bell Biv DeVoe]] mwaka 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot; /&gt; Jones alitoa wito kwa wasichana wengine wawili kujiunga naye, na hatimaye akapatikana [[Tionne Watkins]], mwenyeji wa [[Des Moines, Iowa]] ambaye alikuwa amehamia Atlanta na familia yake akiwa mdogo, na [[Lisa Lopes]], [[rapa]] ambaye alikuwa ndio kwanza amehamia mjini hapo akitokea kwao [[Philadelphia]] akiwa na kinanda kidogo na dola 750 (sawa na takriban dola {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|750|1990|r=0}}}} ya leo). Kundi hilo, lililoitwa &quot;2nd Nature&quot;, liliundwa na Jones, Watkins, na Lopes, ambao walianza kufanya kazi na watayarishaji [[Jermaine Dupri]] na [[Rico Wade]] kwenye nyimbo za majaribio.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |last=Hood |first=Danni (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC's CrazySexyStory According To The Original &quot;C&quot; (Crystal Jones) And Ian Burke |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |date=October 22, 2013 |work=The Ryan Cameron Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta, GA. |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115809/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{multiple image
| footer            = Wanachama wa TLC [[Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas]] (kushoto), [[Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins]] (kulia) wakitumbuiza huko Toronto, Septemba 2016
| image1            = Rozonda Thomas.jpg
| alt1              = 
| width1            = 150
| image2            = Tionne Watkins 2016.jpg
| alt2              = 
| width2            = 165
}}

Kupitia kujuana kwenye saluni ya kike ambapo Watkins alikuwa akifanya kazi,&lt;ref name=&quot;TLCinterviewmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |last=Campbell |first=Patricia (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC Details What's Been Crazy, Questioned And Cool Since Their Hit Biopic Aired |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |date=October 23, 2013 |work=The [[Big Tigger]] Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024154757/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; kundi hilo hatimaye lilifanikiwa kupanga usaili na mwimbaji [[Perri &quot;Pebbles&quot; Reid]], ambaye alikuwa ameanza kampuni yake ya usimamizi na uzalishaji, Pebbitone. Akivutiwa na wasichana hao, Reid alilibadilisha jina la kundi kuwa TLC, ambalo ni kifupisho cha majina ya Tionne, Lisa, na Crystal. Reid aliwapangia usaili na lebo ya rekodi ya mtaani ya [[LaFace Records]], inayoendeshwa na [[Babyface|Kenneth &quot;Babyface&quot; Edmonds]] na aliyekuwa mume wa Reid wakati huo, [[Antonio &quot;L.A.&quot; Reid]].

Antonio Reid aliona uwezo mkubwa kwa Watkins na Lopes kama wasanii, lakini alihisi kuwa Jones anapaswa kubadilishwa. Kwa mujibu wa Jones, mambo yalianza kwenda mrama kwake baada ya Pebbles kukataa kuwaruhusu wasichana hao kwenda na mikataba kienyeji ambayo Pebbitone ilikuwa imeiandaa. Jones hakutaka kusaini kabla ya mkataba huo kupitiwa na watu wengine na pengine mwanasheria.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot;/&gt; Kinyume chake, kumbukumbu ya Watkins kuhusu kuondoka kwa Jones ni kwamba yeye na Lopes walimwomba Jones aondoke kwenye kundi kabla ya mikataba yao ya kwanza kujadiliwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TLCinterviewmovie&quot;/&gt;

Mnamo Februari 28, 1991, Watkins na Lopes walisaini mikataba ya uzalishaji, usimamizi, na uchapishaji na Pebbitone,&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;&gt;[http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ Tionne WATKINS (T'Boz), Lisa Lopes (Left Eye), Rozonda Thomas (Chilli), Debtors. v. LaFace Records, Pebbitone, Inc., Peri Reid d/b/a Pebbitone Music, Movants (In re Watkins)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106071058/http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ |date=November 6, 2013 }}, 390 210 BR 394 (Bankr. Court, ND Georgia, 1997) (Cotten, S.) Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; huku Perri Reid akiwa meneja wao mkuu. Walipokuwa wakitafuta mbadala wa Jones, kundi la TLC la watu wawili lilifanya muonekano wao wa kwanza wa kurekodiwa kwenye wimbo wa msanii wa LaFace, [[Damian Dame]], katika albamu yake ya mwaka 1991.&lt;ref&gt;Cass, Giles, Heyliger (Juni 7, 2013). [http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ 'Face Time: Damian Dame, &quot;Right Down to It&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103062026/http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ |date=November 3, 2013 }}. ''Popdose''. Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Pebbles alimpata mwanachama wa tatu, [[Rozonda Thomas]], mmoja wa wanenguaji wa Damian Dame.

Thomas alisainiwa kwenye kundi mnamo Aprili 1991, na ili kudumisha jina la TLC kama kifupisho cha majina ya wasichana, Watkins akawa &quot;T-Boz&quot;, Lopes akawa &quot;Left-Eye&quot;, na Thomas akawa &quot;Chilli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;/&gt; Wasichana hao kisha walisainiwa na LaFace mnamo Mei kupitia mkataba wa uzalishaji na Pebbitone;&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;/&gt; rekodi zao zingesambazwa na [[Arista Records|Arista Records/BMG]]. TLC waliwekwa mara moja kuanza kazi studio na Reid, Edmonds, [[Dallas Austin]], [[Jermaine Dupri]], na [[Marley Marl]] wakitayarisha albamu yao ya kwanza. Utatu huo mpya ulianza kama waimbaji wa nyuma kwenye wimbo wa &quot;Rebel (With a Cause)&quot;, wimbo katika albamu pekee ya [[Jermaine Jackson]] chini ya LaFace, ''[[You Said (albamu)|You Said]]'' (1991).

=== 1991–1994: ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'' na mafanikio ya mwanzo ===
Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'', ilitolewa mnamo Februari 25, 1992, na [[LaFace]]/[[Arista Records]]. Nyimbo katika albamu hiyo ni mchanganyiko wa funk (Watkins), hip-hop (Lopes), na R&amp;B (Thomas), sawa na mtindo wa new jack-swing uliopata umaarufu kupitia mtayarishaji [[Teddy Riley]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;simmonds&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Simmonds|first=Jeremy |title=The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2008|page=473|isbn=978-1-55652-754-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hiyo ilikuwa mafanikio makubwa kimauzo na kwa wakosoaji, ikitunukiwa platinum-nne kwa kusambaza nakala milioni nne nchini Marekani. Ilishika nafasi kumi bora na nyimbo tatu kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100: &quot;[[Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg]]&quot;, &quot;[[Baby-Baby-Baby]]&quot; (iliyoshika nafasi ya pili), na &quot;[[What About Your Friends]]&quot;, pamoja na wimbo wa &quot;[[Hat 2 da Back]]&quot; uliofika 30 bora. Waangalizi walibuni neno &quot;new jill swing&quot; kuelezea albamu hiyo na kundi hilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT518 |page=518 |last=Stanley |first=Bob |date=2014 |title=Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!: The Story of Pop Music from Bill Haley to Beyoncé |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Co. |isbn=9780393242706 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720214740/https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT518 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye, sauti ya TLC ilibadilika kutoka kwenye aina hiyo ya muziki,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA198 |page=198 |title=Big Timers |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=September 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; lakini si kabla ya kufungua mlango kwa makundi kama [[SWV]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[702 (group)|702]], [[Jade (R&amp;B group)|Jade]], na kundi lililotayarishwa na Lopes, [[Blaque]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=What's Up: Life After Death |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=July 2002 |page=26 |first=Emil |last=Wilbekin |author-link=Emil Wilbekin}} Toleo Maalum la Kumbukumbu: Lisa Left-Eye Lopes (1971–2002)&lt;/ref&gt;

Albamu ya kwanza ya TLC, iliyoandikwa hasa na Dallas Austin na Lisa Lopes, ilikuwa na mashairi ya kuchekesha na nyimbo za ukombozi wa mwanamke. Ilitofautishwa na sauti ya Watkins (contralto), sauti ya Thomas (mezzo-soprano), na rapu za Lopes (soprano). Mfumo huo wa muziki ulikuzwa na video zenye rangi angavu na mavazi ya kipekee: kila msichana alivaa kondomu zilizofungwa kwenye nguo zao (Lopes pia alivaa moja juu ya jicho lake la kushoto kwenye miwani).

Katika kipindi hicho, TLC walirekodi wimbo unaitwa &quot;Sleigh Ride&quot;, ambao ulitokea kwanza kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ''[[Home Alone 2: Lost in New York]]'' mwaka 1992. Mwaka mmoja baadaye, wimbo huo ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo na video ya muziki kwa msimu wa sikukuu wa 1993. Pia mwaka 1993, TLC walitoa toleo la wimbo wa [[The Time (band)|The Time]] wa mwaka 1981 &quot;[[Get It Up]]&quot; kama single kutoka kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ya ''[[Poetic Justice (soundtrack)|Poetic Justice]]''. Katika ziara ya kwanza ya kitaifa ya TLC, kama wasanii wa ufunguzi wa [[MC Hammer]], Lopes na Thomas waligundua kuwa Watkins alikuwa na [[sickle-cell anemia]] (selimundu), ugonjwa wa damu ambao aliufanya kuwa siri kubwa hadi alipougua sana wakati wa ziara huko kusini magharibi mwa Marekani, na kuishia kulazwa hospitalini, hali iliyopelekea kufutwa kwa baadhi ya matamasha. Watkins aliendelea kupambana na ugonjwa huo na hatimaye akawa msemaji wa Chama cha Ugonjwa wa Selimundu cha Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|title=T-Boz: Singer|date=May 8, 2000|publisher=People|access-date=October 26, 2008|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001641/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, TLC, ambao walikuwa wamepokea malipo kidogo sana hadi kufikia hapo, waliamua kuwa hawataki tena kumtumia Pebbles Reid kama meneja wao, ili wawe na udhibiti zaidi wa kazi zao. Reid aliwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wa usimamizi, lakini walibaki saini chini ya Pebbitone, na Reid aliendelea kupokea sehemu ya mapato yao.

Lopes alianza kutoka na mchezaji wa [[American football]] [[Andre Rison]] muda mfupi baada ya kutolewa kwa ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'', na kufikia mwaka 1994 wawili hao walikuwa wakiishi pamoja kwenye nyumba ya kifahari ya Rison. Uhusiano wao ulidaiwa kuwa na vurugu nyakati fulani, na Lopes alimfungulia Rison mashtaka ya shambulio mnamo Septemba 2, 1993, ambayo Rison aliyakataa. Lopes alikuwa akipambana na ulevi wa pombe wakati huo, akiwa mnywaji mkubwa tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Baada ya ugomvi mwingine kati ya wapenzi hao asubuhi ya Juni 9, 1994, Lopes alitupa rundo la viatu vipya vya Rison kwenye bafu, akamwagia mafuta ya taa na kuvichoma moto. Bafu ya [[fiberglass]] iliyeyuka haraka na kusababisha nyumba nzima kushika moto. Lopes alikamatwa na kushtakiwa kwa kosa la uchomaji moto; alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya [[probation]] na faini ya dola 10,000. Hatimaye Rison alipatana na Lopes na waliendelea kuwa wapenzi kwa vipindi tofauti kwa miaka saba.
=== 1993–1996: ''CrazySexyCool'', kilele cha mafanikio na kufilisika ===

Albamu ya pili ya studio ya TLC, ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'', iliunganisha kundi hilo tena na watayarishaji Dallas Austin, Babyface, na Jermaine Dupri, pamoja na washiriki wapya [[Organized Noize]], [[Chucky Thompson]], na [[Sean Combs|Sean &quot;Puffy&quot; Combs]]. Lopes aliruhusiwa kutoka kituo cha urekebishaji tabia (rehab) ili kuhudhuria vipindi vya kurekodi, lakini albamu iliyokamilika ilionyesha upungufu mkubwa wa rapu na sauti yake. Ikiwa ni albamu ya R&amp;B na hip hop soul, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilijumuisha midundo ya hip-hop, funk, miguno mizito (deep grooves), na utayarishaji mwororo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSCallmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|title=CrazySexyCool – TLC – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809093539/https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilitolewa mnamo Novemba 15, 1994, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilisifiwa sana na wakosoaji, huku jarida la ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' liiweka miongoni mwa [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|Albamu 500 Bora za Nyakati Zote]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/tlc-crazysexycool-20120524|title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=May 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''CrazySexyCool'' ilianza katika nafasi ya 15. Hatimaye, ilishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya ''Billboard'' 200 na kukaa kwenye chati hiyo kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili. Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 7.7 nchini Marekani pekee na kupokea [[RIAA certification#Diamond sales|cheti cha almasi]] kutoka RIAA.&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard2017&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/media/lists/100-greatest-girl-group-songs-7857816/ |title=100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks |magazine=Billboard|date=July 10, 2017 |access-date=May 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Epic Records&quot;/&gt; Duniani kote albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW sales&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA119 |title=LaFace Congratulates the Century's Finest: TLC |magazine=Billboard |volume=111 |issue=40 |date=October 2, 1999 |page=119 |issn=0006-2510 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{listen|pos = right|filename = TLC - Waterfalls.ogg|title = &quot;Waterfalls&quot;|description = Iliyoandikwa na [[Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes]] pamoja na Marqueze Etheridge na [[Organized Noize]], &quot;Waterfalls&quot; ikawa wimbo mkubwa zaidi wa TLC na inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya nyimbo za asili za R&amp;B.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSCallmusic&quot;/&gt;|format = [[Ogg]]}}
Single zote nne kutoka ''CrazySexyCool'' zilifika tano bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100—&quot;[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]&quot; na &quot;[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]&quot; zilishika nafasi ya kwanza, &quot;[[Red Light Special]]&quot; ilifika nafasi ya pili, na &quot;[[Diggin' on You]]&quot; ilishika nafasi ya tano. &quot;Waterfalls&quot;, wimbo uliotayarishwa na Organized Noize ukiwa na mpangilio wa muziki wa [[soul music|soul]] ya kizamani, mashairi yenye ufahamu wa kijamii yakikosoa biashara ya dawa za kulevya na ngono isiyo salama, na rapu ya kutafakari kutoka kwa Lopes, ukawa wimbo uliofanikiwa zaidi katika kazi ya TLC. Video yake ya muziki iliyogharimu dola milioni moja ilikuwa kivutio kikubwa kwenye [[MTV]] kwa miezi mingi na kuifanya TLC kuwa wasanii wa kwanza weusi kushinda tuzo ya [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|title=The VMAs Have Historically Been Biased Against Black Artists|first=Aimee|last=Cliff|work=[[The Fader]]|date=July 22, 2015|access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804100536/http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[38th Annual Grammy Awards]], TLC walishinda [[Best R&amp;B Album]] na [[Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group]] kwa wimbo wa &quot;Creep&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;grammy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Past Winners Search: '''TLC''' |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&amp;field_nominee_work_value=&amp;year=All&amp;genre=All |publisher=[[grammy.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034331/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&amp;field_nominee_work_value=&amp;year=All&amp;genre=All |archive-date=November 10, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Billboard'' pia iliwatawaza TLC kama Wasanii wa Mwaka katika tuzo za 1996 za [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]].

Katikati ya mafanikio yao dhahiri, wanachama wa TLC walifungua shauri la kufilisika la [[Chapter 11]] mnamo Julai 3, 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |title=Does Going 'Broke' Mean Artist Really Doesn't Have Any Money? |author1=Henriques, Diana B. |author2=Samuels, Anita M. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 5, 1996 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041010081842/http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |archive-date = October 10, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; TLC walisema kuwa walikuwa na madeni ya jumla ya dola milioni 3.5, baadhi yake yakitokana na malipo ya bima ya Lopes kutokana na tukio la uchomaji moto na gharama za matibabu za Watkins, lakini sababu kuu ikiwa ni kwamba kundi lilipata kile walichokiita mkataba usio na tija kutoka Pebbitone. Baada ya Arista Records, LaFace, na Pebbitone kurudisha uwekezaji wao wa gharama za urekodi, uzalishaji na usambazaji (gharama za kawaida katika mikataba mingi ya rekodi), Pebbitone na LaFace Records waliendelea kutoza gharama za usafiri wa ndege, hoteli, matangazo, video za muziki, chakula, mavazi, na gharama nyinginezo. Kulingana na wanachama wa TLC, jambo la kushangaza ni kwamba kadiri albamu ilivyozidi kupata mafanikio, ndivyo walivyozidi kuwa na madeni. Pamoja na hayo, mameneja, wanasheria, watayarishaji, na kodi ilibidi vilipwe, jambo lililomwacha kila mwanachama wa kundi na chini ya dola 50,000 kwa mwaka baada ya kuuza mamilioni ya albamu.

TLC walitaka kufanya mazungumzo upya ya mkataba wao wa 1991 na LaFace, ambapo walipokea senti 56 tu (zilizogawanywa kwa watu watatu) kwa kila albamu iliyouzwa—kiwango kidogo sana ikilinganishwa na mikataba mingi ya lebo kubwa za rekodi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |title=The dark tale of TLC going bankrupt in the '90s |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=Beat.com.au |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230602/http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;—na walipokea pungufu zaidi ya hapo kwa kila single iliyouzwa; TLC pia walitaka kuvunja ushirika wao na Pebbitone. LaFace Records walikataa kujadili upya mkataba wao katikati ya kipindi cha mkataba, na hivyo kuwafanya TLC kuwasilisha ombi la kufilisika mahakamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. |url=http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |title=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. (2000). Should a Record Company Be Alarmed When an Artist Files for Bankruptcy? MEIEA Journal Vol 1 No 1, 84–117 |publisher=Meiea.org |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=May 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504213141/http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wote wawili, Pebbitone na LaFace, walidai kuwa TLC &quot;walitaka tu&quot; pesa zaidi na hawakuwa katika hatari yoyote ya kweli ya kifedha, jambo lililopelekea mijadala ya kisheria kwa miaka miwili kabla ya kesi hizo hatimaye [[Settlement (litigation)|kumalizika]] mwishoni mwa mwaka 1996. Mkataba wa TLC ulifanyiwa mazungumzo upya na LaFace, na Pebbitone walikubali kuwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wao wa uzalishaji/usimamizi badala ya Pebbitone kupokea asilimia ya mirabaha (royalties) kwenye baadhi ya kazi zijazo. Kufikia wakati huu, Pebbles alikuwa ameachana na mumewe. TLC pia walinunua haki za jina lao, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa likimilikiwa na Pebbles.

TLC walirekodi wimbo wa utambulisho wa kipindi maarufu cha vichekesho cha [[Nickelodeon]] kiitwacho ''[[All That]]'', kilichotayarishwa na kuandikwa kwa pamoja na Arnold Hennings. Kipindi hicho kilidumu kwa misimu kumi kuanzia 1994 hadi 2005, na baadaye kilifufuliwa mnamo 2019. Kundi hilo lilionekana kwenye [[Waiting to Exhale (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya [[Forest Whitaker]] ya mwaka 1995 ya ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' na wimbo &quot;This Is How It Works&quot; (wimbo ulioandikwa na Babyface na Lopes) na walikuwa tayari kurudi studio mwaka uliofuata baada ya kusaini mkataba mpya na LaFace. Watkins alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza wa peke yake, &quot;[[Touch Myself]]&quot;, single kutoka kwenye [[Fled (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya mwaka 1996 ya ''[[Fled]]''; ilifika 40 bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Lopes pia alishirikiana na rapa wenzake wa kike [[Missy &quot;Misdemeanor&quot; Elliott]], [[Da Brat]], na [[Angie Martinez]] kwenye single ya [[Lil' Kim]] ya &quot;[[Not Tonight (wimbo)|Not Tonight]]&quot;. Ilishika nafasi ya sita kwenye Hot 100 na kuteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group]] katika tuzo za [[40th Grammy Awards]].```
=== 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani ===
Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]].

Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wimbo wa &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot; ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot; ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;FanMail20&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tlc-fanmail-interview-20th-anniversary-dallas-austin-8499567/|title=TLC's 'FanMail' Turns 20: A Track-By-Track Retrospective With the Girl Group and Behind-the-Scenes Collaborators|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B.

Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV.

=== 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' ===
Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa &quot;[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]&quot; ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi.

Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now &amp; Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&amp;フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany &quot;O'so Krispie&quot; Baker alirekodi wimbo &quot;I Bet&quot; na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes.

=== 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani ===
Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]].

Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wimbo wa &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot; ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot; ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;FanMail20&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tlc-fanmail-interview-20th-anniversary-dallas-austin-8499567/|title=TLC's 'FanMail' Turns 20: A Track-By-Track Retrospective With the Girl Group and Behind-the-Scenes Collaborators|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B.

Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV.

=== 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' ===
Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa &quot;[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]&quot; ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi.

Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now &amp; Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&amp;フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany &quot;O'so Krispie&quot; Baker alirekodi wimbo &quot;I Bet&quot; na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes.

== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya TLC}}

;Albamu za studio
*''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'' (1992)
*''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994)
*''[[FanMail]]'' (1999)
*''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'' (2002)
*''[[TLC (album)|TLC]]'' (2017)

== Ziara ==
'''Ziara kuu'''
* [[FanMail Tour]] (1999–2000)
* [[TLC 2016 Tour|2016 Tour]] (2016)
* [[I Love the 90s: The Party Continues Tour]] (2017)
* [[CrazySexyCool#Celebration of CrazySexyCool|CeleBraTion of CrazySexyCool]] (2021–2022)

'''Ziara za pamoja'''
* [[The Main Event (2015 concert tour)|The Main Event]] (2015)
* Whole Lotta Hits Tour (2019) {{small|(pamoja na [[Nelly]])}}
* Hot Summer Nights Tour (2023) {{small|(pamoja na [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]])}}

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://archive.today/20121209065042/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/tlc/artist.jhtml TLC] kwenye [[MTV|MTV.com]]
*[https://imusic.am/ar/7mQ4uo TLC discography] kwenye imusic.am
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26086|label=TLC}}
* {{discogs artist|artist=TLC|name=TLC}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1352040|name=TLC}}
* [http://www.last.fm/music/TLC TLC] kwenye [[Last.fm]]

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <id>1538899</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
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      <comment>Muddyb moved page [[TLC]] to [[TLC (kundi)]] without leaving a redirect</comment>
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      <text bytes="36705" sha1="hmcvst7r9j5wa831k0ma1j373g8rhjv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2
| jina            = TLC
| picha           = TLCgroup.jpg
| maelezo         = TLC mwaka 1999: (kushoto kwenda kulia) Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas, Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins, na Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes.
| background      = kundi
| jina la kuzaliwa = 
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 
| chimbuko        = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Marekani
| aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[Hip hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[New jack swing]]
| kazi yake       = Wanamuziki
| miaka ya kazi   = 1990–sasa
| studio          = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], 852
| ameshirikiana na = [[Dallas Austin]], [[Babyface]], [[L.A. Reid]], [[Jermaine Dupri]]
| wavuti          = {{URL|officialtlc.com}}
}}

'''TLC''' ni kundi la wasichana la Marekani lililoundwa mwaka 1990 huko [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]]. Safu ya kundi hilo inayojulikana zaidi ilikuwa na [[Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins]], [[Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes]], na [[Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas]]. Kundi hili lilipata mafanikio makubwa katika miaka ya 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;AMBio&quot;/&gt; likiwa na nyimbo tisa zilizofika kumi bora kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]], zikiwemo nyimbo nne zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza: &quot;[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]&quot;, &quot;[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]&quot;, &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/tlc/chart-history/hsi/|title=TLC Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; TLC pia walirekodi albamu nne zilizopata mauzo ya platinum-mpandano, ikiwemo ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994), ambayo ilitunukiwa cheti cha almasi na Chama cha Tasnia ya Kurekodi ya Marekani (RIAA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;action=&amp;title=&amp;artist=TLC&amp;format=&amp;debutLP=&amp;category=&amp;sex=&amp;releaseDate=&amp;requestNo=&amp;type=&amp;level=&amp;label=&amp;company=&amp;certificationDate=&amp;awardDescription=&amp;catalogNo=&amp;aSex=&amp;rec_id=&amp;charField=&amp;gold=&amp;platinum=&amp;multiPlat=&amp;level2=&amp;certDate=&amp;album=&amp;id=&amp;after=&amp;before=&amp;startMonth=1&amp;endMonth=1&amp;startYear=1958&amp;endYear=2009&amp;sort=Artist&amp;perPage=25 |title=Gold &amp; Platinum Searchable Database – June 04, 2014 |publisher=RIAA |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154351/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;action=&amp;title=&amp;artist=TLC&amp;format=&amp;debutLP=&amp;category=&amp;sex=&amp;releaseDate=&amp;requestNo=&amp;type=&amp;level=&amp;label=&amp;company=&amp;certificationDate=&amp;awardDescription=&amp;catalogNo=&amp;aSex=&amp;rec_id=&amp;charField=&amp;gold=&amp;platinum=&amp;multiPlat=&amp;level2=&amp;certDate=&amp;album=&amp;id=&amp;after=&amp;before=&amp;startMonth=1&amp;endMonth=1&amp;startYear=1958&amp;endYear=2009&amp;sort=Artist&amp;perPage=25 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Walikuwa kundi la kwanza la R&amp;B katika historia kupokea cheti cha mauzo ya milioni kutoka Chama cha Tasnia cha Rekodi cha Japani (RIAJ) kwa ajili ya albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' (1999).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|title=RIAJ Certified Million Seller Albums|website=www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp|access-date=February 12, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427142833/http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakiwa wameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 60 ulimwenguni kote, TLC ni miongoni mwa makundi matano ya wasichana ya Marekani yaliyozidisha mauzo wakati wote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|title=TLC Plans First Album in 12 Years|first=Gerrick|last=Kennedy|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109072609/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|title=TLC's Left Eye Remembered: 10 Years Later|first=Rebecca|last=Thomas|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=April 25, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2012|archive-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622004738/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[VH1]] iliorodhesha TLC kama kundi bora zaidi la kike, ikiwaweka katika nafasi ya 12 kati ya Wanawake 100 Bora katika Muziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |title=The 100 Greatest Women In Music &amp;#124; VH1 Tuner |publisher=Vh1.com |date=February 13, 2012 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201858/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarida la ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' liliiorodhesha TLC kama moja ya bendi bora zaidi za muziki,&lt;ref name=&quot;BillboardTrio&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Billboard Greatest Trios of All Time |url=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430084126/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = April 30, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; pamoja na kuwa wasanii wa saba waliofanikiwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1990. Tuzo za kundi hilo ni pamoja na [[Tuzo za Grammy]] tano, Tuzo tano za [[MTV Video Music Awards]], na Tuzo tano za [[Soul Train Music Awards]].

Miaka ishirini baada ya kuanza kwao, TLC ilipokea tuzo ya Mchango Bora katika Muziki kwenye tuzo za 17 za [[MOBO Awards]] na Tuzo ya Legend kwenye [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan]]. Baada ya kifo cha Lopes mwaka 2002, badala ya kumleta mtu mwingine, wanachama waliobaki walichagua kuendelea kama kundi la watu wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/09/12/and-then-there-were-two-tlc-carries-on-without-left-eye/|title=And then there were two: TLC carries on without Left Eye|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=September 9, 2017|accessdate=May 3, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2017, walitoa albamu yao ya tano iliyoitwa ''[[TLC (albamu)|TLC]]''. Mwaka 2022, kundi hili liliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa [[Black Music &amp; Entertainment Walk of Fame]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Nazareno|first=Mia|date=December 17, 2021|title=Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, Jr. &amp; More to Be Inducted at 2022 Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/smokey-robinson-black-music-entertainment-walk-of-fame-2022-1235012202/|access-date=December 17, 2021|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

=== 1990–1991: Kuundwa na miaka ya awali ===
Mtayarishaji wa rekodi Ian Burke, aliyekuwa Atlanta, na mmoja wa wateja wake, kijana Crystal Jones, walikuja na wazo la kuunda kundi la wasichana lenye muonekano wa kiume (matom-boy) na muziki wa [[hip-hop]], sawa na mchanganyiko wa [[contemporary R&amp;B]] na hip-hop wa kundi la [[new jack swing]] la [[Bell Biv DeVoe]] mwaka 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot; /&gt; Jones alitoa wito kwa wasichana wengine wawili kujiunga naye, na hatimaye akapatikana [[Tionne Watkins]], mwenyeji wa [[Des Moines, Iowa]] ambaye alikuwa amehamia Atlanta na familia yake akiwa mdogo, na [[Lisa Lopes]], [[rapa]] ambaye alikuwa ndio kwanza amehamia mjini hapo akitokea kwao [[Philadelphia]] akiwa na kinanda kidogo na dola 750 (sawa na takriban dola {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|750|1990|r=0}}}} ya leo). Kundi hilo, lililoitwa &quot;2nd Nature&quot;, liliundwa na Jones, Watkins, na Lopes, ambao walianza kufanya kazi na watayarishaji [[Jermaine Dupri]] na [[Rico Wade]] kwenye nyimbo za majaribio.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |last=Hood |first=Danni (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC's CrazySexyStory According To The Original &quot;C&quot; (Crystal Jones) And Ian Burke |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |date=October 22, 2013 |work=The Ryan Cameron Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta, GA. |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115809/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{multiple image
| footer            = Wanachama wa TLC [[Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas]] (kushoto), [[Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins]] (kulia) wakitumbuiza huko Toronto, Septemba 2016
| image1            = Rozonda Thomas.jpg
| alt1              = 
| width1            = 150
| image2            = Tionne Watkins 2016.jpg
| alt2              = 
| width2            = 165
}}

Kupitia kujuana kwenye saluni ya kike ambapo Watkins alikuwa akifanya kazi,&lt;ref name=&quot;TLCinterviewmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |last=Campbell |first=Patricia (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC Details What's Been Crazy, Questioned And Cool Since Their Hit Biopic Aired |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |date=October 23, 2013 |work=The [[Big Tigger]] Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024154757/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; kundi hilo hatimaye lilifanikiwa kupanga usaili na mwimbaji [[Perri &quot;Pebbles&quot; Reid]], ambaye alikuwa ameanza kampuni yake ya usimamizi na uzalishaji, Pebbitone. Akivutiwa na wasichana hao, Reid alilibadilisha jina la kundi kuwa TLC, ambalo ni kifupisho cha majina ya Tionne, Lisa, na Crystal. Reid aliwapangia usaili na lebo ya rekodi ya mtaani ya [[LaFace Records]], inayoendeshwa na [[Babyface|Kenneth &quot;Babyface&quot; Edmonds]] na aliyekuwa mume wa Reid wakati huo, [[Antonio &quot;L.A.&quot; Reid]].

Antonio Reid aliona uwezo mkubwa kwa Watkins na Lopes kama wasanii, lakini alihisi kuwa Jones anapaswa kubadilishwa. Kwa mujibu wa Jones, mambo yalianza kwenda mrama kwake baada ya Pebbles kukataa kuwaruhusu wasichana hao kwenda na mikataba kienyeji ambayo Pebbitone ilikuwa imeiandaa. Jones hakutaka kusaini kabla ya mkataba huo kupitiwa na watu wengine na pengine mwanasheria.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot;/&gt; Kinyume chake, kumbukumbu ya Watkins kuhusu kuondoka kwa Jones ni kwamba yeye na Lopes walimwomba Jones aondoke kwenye kundi kabla ya mikataba yao ya kwanza kujadiliwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TLCinterviewmovie&quot;/&gt;

Mnamo Februari 28, 1991, Watkins na Lopes walisaini mikataba ya uzalishaji, usimamizi, na uchapishaji na Pebbitone,&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;&gt;[http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ Tionne WATKINS (T'Boz), Lisa Lopes (Left Eye), Rozonda Thomas (Chilli), Debtors. v. LaFace Records, Pebbitone, Inc., Peri Reid d/b/a Pebbitone Music, Movants (In re Watkins)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106071058/http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ |date=November 6, 2013 }}, 390 210 BR 394 (Bankr. Court, ND Georgia, 1997) (Cotten, S.) Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; huku Perri Reid akiwa meneja wao mkuu. Walipokuwa wakitafuta mbadala wa Jones, kundi la TLC la watu wawili lilifanya muonekano wao wa kwanza wa kurekodiwa kwenye wimbo wa msanii wa LaFace, [[Damian Dame]], katika albamu yake ya mwaka 1991.&lt;ref&gt;Cass, Giles, Heyliger (Juni 7, 2013). [http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ 'Face Time: Damian Dame, &quot;Right Down to It&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103062026/http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ |date=November 3, 2013 }}. ''Popdose''. Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Pebbles alimpata mwanachama wa tatu, [[Rozonda Thomas]], mmoja wa wanenguaji wa Damian Dame.

Thomas alisainiwa kwenye kundi mnamo Aprili 1991, na ili kudumisha jina la TLC kama kifupisho cha majina ya wasichana, Watkins akawa &quot;T-Boz&quot;, Lopes akawa &quot;Left-Eye&quot;, na Thomas akawa &quot;Chilli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;/&gt; Wasichana hao kisha walisainiwa na LaFace mnamo Mei kupitia mkataba wa uzalishaji na Pebbitone;&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;/&gt; rekodi zao zingesambazwa na [[Arista Records|Arista Records/BMG]]. TLC waliwekwa mara moja kuanza kazi studio na Reid, Edmonds, [[Dallas Austin]], [[Jermaine Dupri]], na [[Marley Marl]] wakitayarisha albamu yao ya kwanza. Utatu huo mpya ulianza kama waimbaji wa nyuma kwenye wimbo wa &quot;Rebel (With a Cause)&quot;, wimbo katika albamu pekee ya [[Jermaine Jackson]] chini ya LaFace, ''[[You Said (albamu)|You Said]]'' (1991).

=== 1991–1994: ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'' na mafanikio ya mwanzo ===
Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'', ilitolewa mnamo Februari 25, 1992, na [[LaFace]]/[[Arista Records]]. Nyimbo katika albamu hiyo ni mchanganyiko wa funk (Watkins), hip-hop (Lopes), na R&amp;B (Thomas), sawa na mtindo wa new jack-swing uliopata umaarufu kupitia mtayarishaji [[Teddy Riley]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;simmonds&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Simmonds|first=Jeremy |title=The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2008|page=473|isbn=978-1-55652-754-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hiyo ilikuwa mafanikio makubwa kimauzo na kwa wakosoaji, ikitunukiwa platinum-nne kwa kusambaza nakala milioni nne nchini Marekani. Ilishika nafasi kumi bora na nyimbo tatu kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100: &quot;[[Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg]]&quot;, &quot;[[Baby-Baby-Baby]]&quot; (iliyoshika nafasi ya pili), na &quot;[[What About Your Friends]]&quot;, pamoja na wimbo wa &quot;[[Hat 2 da Back]]&quot; uliofika 30 bora. Waangalizi walibuni neno &quot;new jill swing&quot; kuelezea albamu hiyo na kundi hilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT518 |page=518 |last=Stanley |first=Bob |date=2014 |title=Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!: The Story of Pop Music from Bill Haley to Beyoncé |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Co. |isbn=9780393242706 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720214740/https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT518 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye, sauti ya TLC ilibadilika kutoka kwenye aina hiyo ya muziki,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA198 |page=198 |title=Big Timers |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=September 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; lakini si kabla ya kufungua mlango kwa makundi kama [[SWV]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[702 (group)|702]], [[Jade (R&amp;B group)|Jade]], na kundi lililotayarishwa na Lopes, [[Blaque]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=What's Up: Life After Death |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=July 2002 |page=26 |first=Emil |last=Wilbekin |author-link=Emil Wilbekin}} Toleo Maalum la Kumbukumbu: Lisa Left-Eye Lopes (1971–2002)&lt;/ref&gt;

Albamu ya kwanza ya TLC, iliyoandikwa hasa na Dallas Austin na Lisa Lopes, ilikuwa na mashairi ya kuchekesha na nyimbo za ukombozi wa mwanamke. Ilitofautishwa na sauti ya Watkins (contralto), sauti ya Thomas (mezzo-soprano), na rapu za Lopes (soprano). Mfumo huo wa muziki ulikuzwa na video zenye rangi angavu na mavazi ya kipekee: kila msichana alivaa kondomu zilizofungwa kwenye nguo zao (Lopes pia alivaa moja juu ya jicho lake la kushoto kwenye miwani).

Katika kipindi hicho, TLC walirekodi wimbo unaitwa &quot;Sleigh Ride&quot;, ambao ulitokea kwanza kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ''[[Home Alone 2: Lost in New York]]'' mwaka 1992. Mwaka mmoja baadaye, wimbo huo ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo na video ya muziki kwa msimu wa sikukuu wa 1993. Pia mwaka 1993, TLC walitoa toleo la wimbo wa [[The Time (band)|The Time]] wa mwaka 1981 &quot;[[Get It Up]]&quot; kama single kutoka kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ya ''[[Poetic Justice (soundtrack)|Poetic Justice]]''. Katika ziara ya kwanza ya kitaifa ya TLC, kama wasanii wa ufunguzi wa [[MC Hammer]], Lopes na Thomas waligundua kuwa Watkins alikuwa na [[sickle-cell anemia]] (selimundu), ugonjwa wa damu ambao aliufanya kuwa siri kubwa hadi alipougua sana wakati wa ziara huko kusini magharibi mwa Marekani, na kuishia kulazwa hospitalini, hali iliyopelekea kufutwa kwa baadhi ya matamasha. Watkins aliendelea kupambana na ugonjwa huo na hatimaye akawa msemaji wa Chama cha Ugonjwa wa Selimundu cha Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|title=T-Boz: Singer|date=May 8, 2000|publisher=People|access-date=October 26, 2008|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001641/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, TLC, ambao walikuwa wamepokea malipo kidogo sana hadi kufikia hapo, waliamua kuwa hawataki tena kumtumia Pebbles Reid kama meneja wao, ili wawe na udhibiti zaidi wa kazi zao. Reid aliwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wa usimamizi, lakini walibaki saini chini ya Pebbitone, na Reid aliendelea kupokea sehemu ya mapato yao.

Lopes alianza kutoka na mchezaji wa [[American football]] [[Andre Rison]] muda mfupi baada ya kutolewa kwa ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'', na kufikia mwaka 1994 wawili hao walikuwa wakiishi pamoja kwenye nyumba ya kifahari ya Rison. Uhusiano wao ulidaiwa kuwa na vurugu nyakati fulani, na Lopes alimfungulia Rison mashtaka ya shambulio mnamo Septemba 2, 1993, ambayo Rison aliyakataa. Lopes alikuwa akipambana na ulevi wa pombe wakati huo, akiwa mnywaji mkubwa tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Baada ya ugomvi mwingine kati ya wapenzi hao asubuhi ya Juni 9, 1994, Lopes alitupa rundo la viatu vipya vya Rison kwenye bafu, akamwagia mafuta ya taa na kuvichoma moto. Bafu ya [[fiberglass]] iliyeyuka haraka na kusababisha nyumba nzima kushika moto. Lopes alikamatwa na kushtakiwa kwa kosa la uchomaji moto; alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya [[probation]] na faini ya dola 10,000. Hatimaye Rison alipatana na Lopes na waliendelea kuwa wapenzi kwa vipindi tofauti kwa miaka saba.
=== 1993–1996: ''CrazySexyCool'', kilele cha mafanikio na kufilisika ===

Albamu ya pili ya studio ya TLC, ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'', iliunganisha kundi hilo tena na watayarishaji Dallas Austin, Babyface, na Jermaine Dupri, pamoja na washiriki wapya [[Organized Noize]], [[Chucky Thompson]], na [[Sean Combs|Sean &quot;Puffy&quot; Combs]]. Lopes aliruhusiwa kutoka kituo cha urekebishaji tabia (rehab) ili kuhudhuria vipindi vya kurekodi, lakini albamu iliyokamilika ilionyesha upungufu mkubwa wa rapu na sauti yake. Ikiwa ni albamu ya R&amp;B na hip hop soul, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilijumuisha midundo ya hip-hop, funk, miguno mizito (deep grooves), na utayarishaji mwororo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSCallmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|title=CrazySexyCool – TLC – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809093539/https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilitolewa mnamo Novemba 15, 1994, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilisifiwa sana na wakosoaji, huku jarida la ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' liiweka miongoni mwa [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|Albamu 500 Bora za Nyakati Zote]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/tlc-crazysexycool-20120524|title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=May 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''CrazySexyCool'' ilianza katika nafasi ya 15. Hatimaye, ilishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya ''Billboard'' 200 na kukaa kwenye chati hiyo kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili. Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 7.7 nchini Marekani pekee na kupokea [[RIAA certification#Diamond sales|cheti cha almasi]] kutoka RIAA.&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard2017&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/media/lists/100-greatest-girl-group-songs-7857816/ |title=100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks |magazine=Billboard|date=July 10, 2017 |access-date=May 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Epic Records&quot;/&gt; Duniani kote albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW sales&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA119 |title=LaFace Congratulates the Century's Finest: TLC |magazine=Billboard |volume=111 |issue=40 |date=October 2, 1999 |page=119 |issn=0006-2510 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{listen|pos = right|filename = TLC - Waterfalls.ogg|title = &quot;Waterfalls&quot;|description = Iliyoandikwa na [[Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes]] pamoja na Marqueze Etheridge na [[Organized Noize]], &quot;Waterfalls&quot; ikawa wimbo mkubwa zaidi wa TLC na inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya nyimbo za asili za R&amp;B.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSCallmusic&quot;/&gt;|format = [[Ogg]]}}
Single zote nne kutoka ''CrazySexyCool'' zilifika tano bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100—&quot;[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]&quot; na &quot;[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]&quot; zilishika nafasi ya kwanza, &quot;[[Red Light Special]]&quot; ilifika nafasi ya pili, na &quot;[[Diggin' on You]]&quot; ilishika nafasi ya tano. &quot;Waterfalls&quot;, wimbo uliotayarishwa na Organized Noize ukiwa na mpangilio wa muziki wa [[soul music|soul]] ya kizamani, mashairi yenye ufahamu wa kijamii yakikosoa biashara ya dawa za kulevya na ngono isiyo salama, na rapu ya kutafakari kutoka kwa Lopes, ukawa wimbo uliofanikiwa zaidi katika kazi ya TLC. Video yake ya muziki iliyogharimu dola milioni moja ilikuwa kivutio kikubwa kwenye [[MTV]] kwa miezi mingi na kuifanya TLC kuwa wasanii wa kwanza weusi kushinda tuzo ya [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|title=The VMAs Have Historically Been Biased Against Black Artists|first=Aimee|last=Cliff|work=[[The Fader]]|date=July 22, 2015|access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804100536/http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[38th Annual Grammy Awards]], TLC walishinda [[Best R&amp;B Album]] na [[Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group]] kwa wimbo wa &quot;Creep&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;grammy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Past Winners Search: '''TLC''' |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&amp;field_nominee_work_value=&amp;year=All&amp;genre=All |publisher=[[grammy.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034331/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&amp;field_nominee_work_value=&amp;year=All&amp;genre=All |archive-date=November 10, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Billboard'' pia iliwatawaza TLC kama Wasanii wa Mwaka katika tuzo za 1996 za [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]].

Katikati ya mafanikio yao dhahiri, wanachama wa TLC walifungua shauri la kufilisika la [[Chapter 11]] mnamo Julai 3, 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |title=Does Going 'Broke' Mean Artist Really Doesn't Have Any Money? |author1=Henriques, Diana B. |author2=Samuels, Anita M. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 5, 1996 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041010081842/http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |archive-date = October 10, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; TLC walisema kuwa walikuwa na madeni ya jumla ya dola milioni 3.5, baadhi yake yakitokana na malipo ya bima ya Lopes kutokana na tukio la uchomaji moto na gharama za matibabu za Watkins, lakini sababu kuu ikiwa ni kwamba kundi lilipata kile walichokiita mkataba usio na tija kutoka Pebbitone. Baada ya Arista Records, LaFace, na Pebbitone kurudisha uwekezaji wao wa gharama za urekodi, uzalishaji na usambazaji (gharama za kawaida katika mikataba mingi ya rekodi), Pebbitone na LaFace Records waliendelea kutoza gharama za usafiri wa ndege, hoteli, matangazo, video za muziki, chakula, mavazi, na gharama nyinginezo. Kulingana na wanachama wa TLC, jambo la kushangaza ni kwamba kadiri albamu ilivyozidi kupata mafanikio, ndivyo walivyozidi kuwa na madeni. Pamoja na hayo, mameneja, wanasheria, watayarishaji, na kodi ilibidi vilipwe, jambo lililomwacha kila mwanachama wa kundi na chini ya dola 50,000 kwa mwaka baada ya kuuza mamilioni ya albamu.

TLC walitaka kufanya mazungumzo upya ya mkataba wao wa 1991 na LaFace, ambapo walipokea senti 56 tu (zilizogawanywa kwa watu watatu) kwa kila albamu iliyouzwa—kiwango kidogo sana ikilinganishwa na mikataba mingi ya lebo kubwa za rekodi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |title=The dark tale of TLC going bankrupt in the '90s |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=Beat.com.au |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230602/http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;—na walipokea pungufu zaidi ya hapo kwa kila single iliyouzwa; TLC pia walitaka kuvunja ushirika wao na Pebbitone. LaFace Records walikataa kujadili upya mkataba wao katikati ya kipindi cha mkataba, na hivyo kuwafanya TLC kuwasilisha ombi la kufilisika mahakamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. |url=http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |title=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. (2000). Should a Record Company Be Alarmed When an Artist Files for Bankruptcy? MEIEA Journal Vol 1 No 1, 84–117 |publisher=Meiea.org |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=May 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504213141/http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wote wawili, Pebbitone na LaFace, walidai kuwa TLC &quot;walitaka tu&quot; pesa zaidi na hawakuwa katika hatari yoyote ya kweli ya kifedha, jambo lililopelekea mijadala ya kisheria kwa miaka miwili kabla ya kesi hizo hatimaye [[Settlement (litigation)|kumalizika]] mwishoni mwa mwaka 1996. Mkataba wa TLC ulifanyiwa mazungumzo upya na LaFace, na Pebbitone walikubali kuwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wao wa uzalishaji/usimamizi badala ya Pebbitone kupokea asilimia ya mirabaha (royalties) kwenye baadhi ya kazi zijazo. Kufikia wakati huu, Pebbles alikuwa ameachana na mumewe. TLC pia walinunua haki za jina lao, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa likimilikiwa na Pebbles.

TLC walirekodi wimbo wa utambulisho wa kipindi maarufu cha vichekesho cha [[Nickelodeon]] kiitwacho ''[[All That]]'', kilichotayarishwa na kuandikwa kwa pamoja na Arnold Hennings. Kipindi hicho kilidumu kwa misimu kumi kuanzia 1994 hadi 2005, na baadaye kilifufuliwa mnamo 2019. Kundi hilo lilionekana kwenye [[Waiting to Exhale (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya [[Forest Whitaker]] ya mwaka 1995 ya ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' na wimbo &quot;This Is How It Works&quot; (wimbo ulioandikwa na Babyface na Lopes) na walikuwa tayari kurudi studio mwaka uliofuata baada ya kusaini mkataba mpya na LaFace. Watkins alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza wa peke yake, &quot;[[Touch Myself]]&quot;, single kutoka kwenye [[Fled (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya mwaka 1996 ya ''[[Fled]]''; ilifika 40 bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Lopes pia alishirikiana na rapa wenzake wa kike [[Missy &quot;Misdemeanor&quot; Elliott]], [[Da Brat]], na [[Angie Martinez]] kwenye single ya [[Lil' Kim]] ya &quot;[[Not Tonight (wimbo)|Not Tonight]]&quot;. Ilishika nafasi ya sita kwenye Hot 100 na kuteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group]] katika tuzo za [[40th Grammy Awards]].```
=== 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani ===
Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]].

Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wimbo wa &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot; ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot; ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;FanMail20&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tlc-fanmail-interview-20th-anniversary-dallas-austin-8499567/|title=TLC's 'FanMail' Turns 20: A Track-By-Track Retrospective With the Girl Group and Behind-the-Scenes Collaborators|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B.

Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV.

=== 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' ===
Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa &quot;[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]&quot; ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi.

Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now &amp; Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&amp;フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany &quot;O'so Krispie&quot; Baker alirekodi wimbo &quot;I Bet&quot; na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes.

=== 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani ===
Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]].

Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wimbo wa &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot; ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot; ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;FanMail20&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tlc-fanmail-interview-20th-anniversary-dallas-austin-8499567/|title=TLC's 'FanMail' Turns 20: A Track-By-Track Retrospective With the Girl Group and Behind-the-Scenes Collaborators|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B.

Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV.

=== 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' ===
Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa &quot;[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]&quot; ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi.

Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now &amp; Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&amp;フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany &quot;O'so Krispie&quot; Baker alirekodi wimbo &quot;I Bet&quot; na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes.

== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya TLC}}

;Albamu za studio
*''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'' (1992)
*''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994)
*''[[FanMail]]'' (1999)
*''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'' (2002)
*''[[TLC (album)|TLC]]'' (2017)

== Ziara ==
'''Ziara kuu'''
* [[FanMail Tour]] (1999–2000)
* [[TLC 2016 Tour|2016 Tour]] (2016)
* [[I Love the 90s: The Party Continues Tour]] (2017)
* [[CrazySexyCool#Celebration of CrazySexyCool|CeleBraTion of CrazySexyCool]] (2021–2022)

'''Ziara za pamoja'''
* [[The Main Event (2015 concert tour)|The Main Event]] (2015)
* Whole Lotta Hits Tour (2019) {{small|(pamoja na [[Nelly]])}}
* Hot Summer Nights Tour (2023) {{small|(pamoja na [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]])}}

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://archive.today/20121209065042/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/tlc/artist.jhtml TLC] kwenye [[MTV|MTV.com]]
*[https://imusic.am/ar/7mQ4uo TLC discography] kwenye imusic.am
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26086|label=TLC}}
* {{discogs artist|artist=TLC|name=TLC}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1352040|name=TLC}}
* [http://www.last.fm/music/TLC TLC] kwenye [[Last.fm]]

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <text bytes="36713" sha1="tdrhfhefc92mlpytwdys71y3wm3iwqm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2
| jina            = TLC
| picha           = TLCgroup.jpg
| maelezo         = TLC mwaka 1999: (kushoto kwenda kulia) Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas, Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins, na Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes.
| background      = group_or_band
| jina la kuzaliwa = 
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 
| chimbuko        = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Marekani
| aina ya muziki  = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[Hip hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[New jack swing]]
| kazi yake       = Wanamuziki
| miaka ya kazi   = 1990–sasa
| studio          = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], 852
| ameshirikiana na = [[Dallas Austin]], [[Babyface]], [[L.A. Reid]], [[Jermaine Dupri]]
| wavuti          = {{URL|officialtlc.com}}
}}

'''TLC''' ni kundi la wasichana la Marekani lililoundwa mwaka 1990 huko [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]]. Safu ya kundi hilo inayojulikana zaidi ilikuwa na [[Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins]], [[Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes]], na [[Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas]]. Kundi hili lilipata mafanikio makubwa katika miaka ya 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;AMBio&quot;/&gt; likiwa na nyimbo tisa zilizofika kumi bora kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]], zikiwemo nyimbo nne zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza: &quot;[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]&quot;, &quot;[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]&quot;, &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/tlc/chart-history/hsi/|title=TLC Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; TLC pia walirekodi albamu nne zilizopata mauzo ya platinum-mpandano, ikiwemo ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994), ambayo ilitunukiwa cheti cha almasi na Chama cha Tasnia ya Kurekodi ya Marekani (RIAA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;action=&amp;title=&amp;artist=TLC&amp;format=&amp;debutLP=&amp;category=&amp;sex=&amp;releaseDate=&amp;requestNo=&amp;type=&amp;level=&amp;label=&amp;company=&amp;certificationDate=&amp;awardDescription=&amp;catalogNo=&amp;aSex=&amp;rec_id=&amp;charField=&amp;gold=&amp;platinum=&amp;multiPlat=&amp;level2=&amp;certDate=&amp;album=&amp;id=&amp;after=&amp;before=&amp;startMonth=1&amp;endMonth=1&amp;startYear=1958&amp;endYear=2009&amp;sort=Artist&amp;perPage=25 |title=Gold &amp; Platinum Searchable Database – June 04, 2014 |publisher=RIAA |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154351/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;action=&amp;title=&amp;artist=TLC&amp;format=&amp;debutLP=&amp;category=&amp;sex=&amp;releaseDate=&amp;requestNo=&amp;type=&amp;level=&amp;label=&amp;company=&amp;certificationDate=&amp;awardDescription=&amp;catalogNo=&amp;aSex=&amp;rec_id=&amp;charField=&amp;gold=&amp;platinum=&amp;multiPlat=&amp;level2=&amp;certDate=&amp;album=&amp;id=&amp;after=&amp;before=&amp;startMonth=1&amp;endMonth=1&amp;startYear=1958&amp;endYear=2009&amp;sort=Artist&amp;perPage=25 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Walikuwa kundi la kwanza la R&amp;B katika historia kupokea cheti cha mauzo ya milioni kutoka Chama cha Tasnia cha Rekodi cha Japani (RIAJ) kwa ajili ya albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' (1999).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|title=RIAJ Certified Million Seller Albums|website=www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp|access-date=February 12, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427142833/http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakiwa wameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 60 ulimwenguni kote, TLC ni miongoni mwa makundi matano ya wasichana ya Marekani yaliyozidisha mauzo wakati wote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|title=TLC Plans First Album in 12 Years|first=Gerrick|last=Kennedy|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109072609/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|title=TLC's Left Eye Remembered: 10 Years Later|first=Rebecca|last=Thomas|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=April 25, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2012|archive-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622004738/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[VH1]] iliorodhesha TLC kama kundi bora zaidi la kike, ikiwaweka katika nafasi ya 12 kati ya Wanawake 100 Bora katika Muziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |title=The 100 Greatest Women In Music &amp;#124; VH1 Tuner |publisher=Vh1.com |date=February 13, 2012 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201858/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarida la ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' liliiorodhesha TLC kama moja ya bendi bora zaidi za muziki,&lt;ref name=&quot;BillboardTrio&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Billboard Greatest Trios of All Time |url=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430084126/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = April 30, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; pamoja na kuwa wasanii wa saba waliofanikiwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1990. Tuzo za kundi hilo ni pamoja na [[Tuzo za Grammy]] tano, Tuzo tano za [[MTV Video Music Awards]], na Tuzo tano za [[Soul Train Music Awards]].

Miaka ishirini baada ya kuanza kwao, TLC ilipokea tuzo ya Mchango Bora katika Muziki kwenye tuzo za 17 za [[MOBO Awards]] na Tuzo ya Legend kwenye [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan]]. Baada ya kifo cha Lopes mwaka 2002, badala ya kumleta mtu mwingine, wanachama waliobaki walichagua kuendelea kama kundi la watu wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/09/12/and-then-there-were-two-tlc-carries-on-without-left-eye/|title=And then there were two: TLC carries on without Left Eye|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=September 9, 2017|accessdate=May 3, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2017, walitoa albamu yao ya tano iliyoitwa ''[[TLC (albamu)|TLC]]''. Mwaka 2022, kundi hili liliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa [[Black Music &amp; Entertainment Walk of Fame]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Nazareno|first=Mia|date=December 17, 2021|title=Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, Jr. &amp; More to Be Inducted at 2022 Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/smokey-robinson-black-music-entertainment-walk-of-fame-2022-1235012202/|access-date=December 17, 2021|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

=== 1990–1991: Kuundwa na miaka ya awali ===
Mtayarishaji wa rekodi Ian Burke, aliyekuwa Atlanta, na mmoja wa wateja wake, kijana Crystal Jones, walikuja na wazo la kuunda kundi la wasichana lenye muonekano wa kiume (matom-boy) na muziki wa [[hip-hop]], sawa na mchanganyiko wa [[contemporary R&amp;B]] na hip-hop wa kundi la [[new jack swing]] la [[Bell Biv DeVoe]] mwaka 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot; /&gt; Jones alitoa wito kwa wasichana wengine wawili kujiunga naye, na hatimaye akapatikana [[Tionne Watkins]], mwenyeji wa [[Des Moines, Iowa]] ambaye alikuwa amehamia Atlanta na familia yake akiwa mdogo, na [[Lisa Lopes]], [[rapa]] ambaye alikuwa ndio kwanza amehamia mjini hapo akitokea kwao [[Philadelphia]] akiwa na kinanda kidogo na dola 750 (sawa na takriban dola {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|750|1990|r=0}}}} ya leo). Kundi hilo, lililoitwa &quot;2nd Nature&quot;, liliundwa na Jones, Watkins, na Lopes, ambao walianza kufanya kazi na watayarishaji [[Jermaine Dupri]] na [[Rico Wade]] kwenye nyimbo za majaribio.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |last=Hood |first=Danni (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC's CrazySexyStory According To The Original &quot;C&quot; (Crystal Jones) And Ian Burke |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |date=October 22, 2013 |work=The Ryan Cameron Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta, GA. |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115809/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{multiple image
| footer            = Wanachama wa TLC [[Rozonda &quot;Chilli&quot; Thomas]] (kushoto), [[Tionne &quot;T-Boz&quot; Watkins]] (kulia) wakitumbuiza huko Toronto, Septemba 2016
| image1            = Rozonda Thomas.jpg
| alt1              = 
| width1            = 150
| image2            = Tionne Watkins 2016.jpg
| alt2              = 
| width2            = 165
}}

Kupitia kujuana kwenye saluni ya kike ambapo Watkins alikuwa akifanya kazi,&lt;ref name=&quot;TLCinterviewmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |last=Campbell |first=Patricia (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC Details What's Been Crazy, Questioned And Cool Since Their Hit Biopic Aired |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |date=October 23, 2013 |work=The [[Big Tigger]] Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024154757/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; kundi hilo hatimaye lilifanikiwa kupanga usaili na mwimbaji [[Perri &quot;Pebbles&quot; Reid]], ambaye alikuwa ameanza kampuni yake ya usimamizi na uzalishaji, Pebbitone. Akivutiwa na wasichana hao, Reid alilibadilisha jina la kundi kuwa TLC, ambalo ni kifupisho cha majina ya Tionne, Lisa, na Crystal. Reid aliwapangia usaili na lebo ya rekodi ya mtaani ya [[LaFace Records]], inayoendeshwa na [[Babyface|Kenneth &quot;Babyface&quot; Edmonds]] na aliyekuwa mume wa Reid wakati huo, [[Antonio &quot;L.A.&quot; Reid]].

Antonio Reid aliona uwezo mkubwa kwa Watkins na Lopes kama wasanii, lakini alihisi kuwa Jones anapaswa kubadilishwa. Kwa mujibu wa Jones, mambo yalianza kwenda mrama kwake baada ya Pebbles kukataa kuwaruhusu wasichana hao kwenda na mikataba kienyeji ambayo Pebbitone ilikuwa imeiandaa. Jones hakutaka kusaini kabla ya mkataba huo kupitiwa na watu wengine na pengine mwanasheria.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesBurkeinterviewmovie&quot;/&gt; Kinyume chake, kumbukumbu ya Watkins kuhusu kuondoka kwa Jones ni kwamba yeye na Lopes walimwomba Jones aondoke kwenye kundi kabla ya mikataba yao ya kwanza kujadiliwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TLCinterviewmovie&quot;/&gt;

Mnamo Februari 28, 1991, Watkins na Lopes walisaini mikataba ya uzalishaji, usimamizi, na uchapishaji na Pebbitone,&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;&gt;[http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ Tionne WATKINS (T'Boz), Lisa Lopes (Left Eye), Rozonda Thomas (Chilli), Debtors. v. LaFace Records, Pebbitone, Inc., Peri Reid d/b/a Pebbitone Music, Movants (In re Watkins)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106071058/http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ |date=November 6, 2013 }}, 390 210 BR 394 (Bankr. Court, ND Georgia, 1997) (Cotten, S.) Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; huku Perri Reid akiwa meneja wao mkuu. Walipokuwa wakitafuta mbadala wa Jones, kundi la TLC la watu wawili lilifanya muonekano wao wa kwanza wa kurekodiwa kwenye wimbo wa msanii wa LaFace, [[Damian Dame]], katika albamu yake ya mwaka 1991.&lt;ref&gt;Cass, Giles, Heyliger (Juni 7, 2013). [http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ 'Face Time: Damian Dame, &quot;Right Down to It&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103062026/http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ |date=November 3, 2013 }}. ''Popdose''. Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Pebbles alimpata mwanachama wa tatu, [[Rozonda Thomas]], mmoja wa wanenguaji wa Damian Dame.

Thomas alisainiwa kwenye kundi mnamo Aprili 1991, na ili kudumisha jina la TLC kama kifupisho cha majina ya wasichana, Watkins akawa &quot;T-Boz&quot;, Lopes akawa &quot;Left-Eye&quot;, na Thomas akawa &quot;Chilli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;/&gt; Wasichana hao kisha walisainiwa na LaFace mnamo Mei kupitia mkataba wa uzalishaji na Pebbitone;&lt;ref name=&quot;tlcbankruptcycase&quot;/&gt; rekodi zao zingesambazwa na [[Arista Records|Arista Records/BMG]]. TLC waliwekwa mara moja kuanza kazi studio na Reid, Edmonds, [[Dallas Austin]], [[Jermaine Dupri]], na [[Marley Marl]] wakitayarisha albamu yao ya kwanza. Utatu huo mpya ulianza kama waimbaji wa nyuma kwenye wimbo wa &quot;Rebel (With a Cause)&quot;, wimbo katika albamu pekee ya [[Jermaine Jackson]] chini ya LaFace, ''[[You Said (albamu)|You Said]]'' (1991).

=== 1991–1994: ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'' na mafanikio ya mwanzo ===
Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'', ilitolewa mnamo Februari 25, 1992, na [[LaFace]]/[[Arista Records]]. Nyimbo katika albamu hiyo ni mchanganyiko wa funk (Watkins), hip-hop (Lopes), na R&amp;B (Thomas), sawa na mtindo wa new jack-swing uliopata umaarufu kupitia mtayarishaji [[Teddy Riley]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;simmonds&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Simmonds|first=Jeremy |title=The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2008|page=473|isbn=978-1-55652-754-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hiyo ilikuwa mafanikio makubwa kimauzo na kwa wakosoaji, ikitunukiwa platinum-nne kwa kusambaza nakala milioni nne nchini Marekani. Ilishika nafasi kumi bora na nyimbo tatu kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100: &quot;[[Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg]]&quot;, &quot;[[Baby-Baby-Baby]]&quot; (iliyoshika nafasi ya pili), na &quot;[[What About Your Friends]]&quot;, pamoja na wimbo wa &quot;[[Hat 2 da Back]]&quot; uliofika 30 bora. Waangalizi walibuni neno &quot;new jill swing&quot; kuelezea albamu hiyo na kundi hilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT518 |page=518 |last=Stanley |first=Bob |date=2014 |title=Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!: The Story of Pop Music from Bill Haley to Beyoncé |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Co. |isbn=9780393242706 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720214740/https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT518 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye, sauti ya TLC ilibadilika kutoka kwenye aina hiyo ya muziki,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA198 |page=198 |title=Big Timers |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=September 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; lakini si kabla ya kufungua mlango kwa makundi kama [[SWV]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[702 (group)|702]], [[Jade (R&amp;B group)|Jade]], na kundi lililotayarishwa na Lopes, [[Blaque]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=What's Up: Life After Death |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=July 2002 |page=26 |first=Emil |last=Wilbekin |author-link=Emil Wilbekin}} Toleo Maalum la Kumbukumbu: Lisa Left-Eye Lopes (1971–2002)&lt;/ref&gt;

Albamu ya kwanza ya TLC, iliyoandikwa hasa na Dallas Austin na Lisa Lopes, ilikuwa na mashairi ya kuchekesha na nyimbo za ukombozi wa mwanamke. Ilitofautishwa na sauti ya Watkins (contralto), sauti ya Thomas (mezzo-soprano), na rapu za Lopes (soprano). Mfumo huo wa muziki ulikuzwa na video zenye rangi angavu na mavazi ya kipekee: kila msichana alivaa kondomu zilizofungwa kwenye nguo zao (Lopes pia alivaa moja juu ya jicho lake la kushoto kwenye miwani).

Katika kipindi hicho, TLC walirekodi wimbo unaitwa &quot;Sleigh Ride&quot;, ambao ulitokea kwanza kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ''[[Home Alone 2: Lost in New York]]'' mwaka 1992. Mwaka mmoja baadaye, wimbo huo ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo na video ya muziki kwa msimu wa sikukuu wa 1993. Pia mwaka 1993, TLC walitoa toleo la wimbo wa [[The Time (band)|The Time]] wa mwaka 1981 &quot;[[Get It Up]]&quot; kama single kutoka kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ya ''[[Poetic Justice (soundtrack)|Poetic Justice]]''. Katika ziara ya kwanza ya kitaifa ya TLC, kama wasanii wa ufunguzi wa [[MC Hammer]], Lopes na Thomas waligundua kuwa Watkins alikuwa na [[sickle-cell anemia]] (selimundu), ugonjwa wa damu ambao aliufanya kuwa siri kubwa hadi alipougua sana wakati wa ziara huko kusini magharibi mwa Marekani, na kuishia kulazwa hospitalini, hali iliyopelekea kufutwa kwa baadhi ya matamasha. Watkins aliendelea kupambana na ugonjwa huo na hatimaye akawa msemaji wa Chama cha Ugonjwa wa Selimundu cha Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|title=T-Boz: Singer|date=May 8, 2000|publisher=People|access-date=October 26, 2008|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001641/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, TLC, ambao walikuwa wamepokea malipo kidogo sana hadi kufikia hapo, waliamua kuwa hawataki tena kumtumia Pebbles Reid kama meneja wao, ili wawe na udhibiti zaidi wa kazi zao. Reid aliwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wa usimamizi, lakini walibaki saini chini ya Pebbitone, na Reid aliendelea kupokea sehemu ya mapato yao.

Lopes alianza kutoka na mchezaji wa [[American football]] [[Andre Rison]] muda mfupi baada ya kutolewa kwa ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'', na kufikia mwaka 1994 wawili hao walikuwa wakiishi pamoja kwenye nyumba ya kifahari ya Rison. Uhusiano wao ulidaiwa kuwa na vurugu nyakati fulani, na Lopes alimfungulia Rison mashtaka ya shambulio mnamo Septemba 2, 1993, ambayo Rison aliyakataa. Lopes alikuwa akipambana na ulevi wa pombe wakati huo, akiwa mnywaji mkubwa tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Baada ya ugomvi mwingine kati ya wapenzi hao asubuhi ya Juni 9, 1994, Lopes alitupa rundo la viatu vipya vya Rison kwenye bafu, akamwagia mafuta ya taa na kuvichoma moto. Bafu ya [[fiberglass]] iliyeyuka haraka na kusababisha nyumba nzima kushika moto. Lopes alikamatwa na kushtakiwa kwa kosa la uchomaji moto; alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya [[probation]] na faini ya dola 10,000. Hatimaye Rison alipatana na Lopes na waliendelea kuwa wapenzi kwa vipindi tofauti kwa miaka saba.
=== 1993–1996: ''CrazySexyCool'', kilele cha mafanikio na kufilisika ===

Albamu ya pili ya studio ya TLC, ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'', iliunganisha kundi hilo tena na watayarishaji Dallas Austin, Babyface, na Jermaine Dupri, pamoja na washiriki wapya [[Organized Noize]], [[Chucky Thompson]], na [[Sean Combs|Sean &quot;Puffy&quot; Combs]]. Lopes aliruhusiwa kutoka kituo cha urekebishaji tabia (rehab) ili kuhudhuria vipindi vya kurekodi, lakini albamu iliyokamilika ilionyesha upungufu mkubwa wa rapu na sauti yake. Ikiwa ni albamu ya R&amp;B na hip hop soul, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilijumuisha midundo ya hip-hop, funk, miguno mizito (deep grooves), na utayarishaji mwororo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSCallmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|title=CrazySexyCool – TLC – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809093539/https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilitolewa mnamo Novemba 15, 1994, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilisifiwa sana na wakosoaji, huku jarida la ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' liiweka miongoni mwa [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|Albamu 500 Bora za Nyakati Zote]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/tlc-crazysexycool-20120524|title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=May 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''CrazySexyCool'' ilianza katika nafasi ya 15. Hatimaye, ilishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya ''Billboard'' 200 na kukaa kwenye chati hiyo kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili. Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 7.7 nchini Marekani pekee na kupokea [[RIAA certification#Diamond sales|cheti cha almasi]] kutoka RIAA.&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard2017&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/media/lists/100-greatest-girl-group-songs-7857816/ |title=100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks |magazine=Billboard|date=July 10, 2017 |access-date=May 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Epic Records&quot;/&gt; Duniani kote albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW sales&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cggEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA119 |title=LaFace Congratulates the Century's Finest: TLC |magazine=Billboard |volume=111 |issue=40 |date=October 2, 1999 |page=119 |issn=0006-2510 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{listen|pos = right|filename = TLC - Waterfalls.ogg|title = &quot;Waterfalls&quot;|description = Iliyoandikwa na [[Lisa &quot;Left Eye&quot; Lopes]] pamoja na Marqueze Etheridge na [[Organized Noize]], &quot;Waterfalls&quot; ikawa wimbo mkubwa zaidi wa TLC na inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya nyimbo za asili za R&amp;B.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSCallmusic&quot;/&gt;|format = [[Ogg]]}}
Single zote nne kutoka ''CrazySexyCool'' zilifika tano bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100—&quot;[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]&quot; na &quot;[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]&quot; zilishika nafasi ya kwanza, &quot;[[Red Light Special]]&quot; ilifika nafasi ya pili, na &quot;[[Diggin' on You]]&quot; ilishika nafasi ya tano. &quot;Waterfalls&quot;, wimbo uliotayarishwa na Organized Noize ukiwa na mpangilio wa muziki wa [[soul music|soul]] ya kizamani, mashairi yenye ufahamu wa kijamii yakikosoa biashara ya dawa za kulevya na ngono isiyo salama, na rapu ya kutafakari kutoka kwa Lopes, ukawa wimbo uliofanikiwa zaidi katika kazi ya TLC. Video yake ya muziki iliyogharimu dola milioni moja ilikuwa kivutio kikubwa kwenye [[MTV]] kwa miezi mingi na kuifanya TLC kuwa wasanii wa kwanza weusi kushinda tuzo ya [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|title=The VMAs Have Historically Been Biased Against Black Artists|first=Aimee|last=Cliff|work=[[The Fader]]|date=July 22, 2015|access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804100536/http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[38th Annual Grammy Awards]], TLC walishinda [[Best R&amp;B Album]] na [[Best R&amp;B Performance by a Duo or Group]] kwa wimbo wa &quot;Creep&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;grammy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Past Winners Search: '''TLC''' |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&amp;field_nominee_work_value=&amp;year=All&amp;genre=All |publisher=[[grammy.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034331/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&amp;field_nominee_work_value=&amp;year=All&amp;genre=All |archive-date=November 10, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Billboard'' pia iliwatawaza TLC kama Wasanii wa Mwaka katika tuzo za 1996 za [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]].

Katikati ya mafanikio yao dhahiri, wanachama wa TLC walifungua shauri la kufilisika la [[Chapter 11]] mnamo Julai 3, 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |title=Does Going 'Broke' Mean Artist Really Doesn't Have Any Money? |author1=Henriques, Diana B. |author2=Samuels, Anita M. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 5, 1996 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041010081842/http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |archive-date = October 10, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; TLC walisema kuwa walikuwa na madeni ya jumla ya dola milioni 3.5, baadhi yake yakitokana na malipo ya bima ya Lopes kutokana na tukio la uchomaji moto na gharama za matibabu za Watkins, lakini sababu kuu ikiwa ni kwamba kundi lilipata kile walichokiita mkataba usio na tija kutoka Pebbitone. Baada ya Arista Records, LaFace, na Pebbitone kurudisha uwekezaji wao wa gharama za urekodi, uzalishaji na usambazaji (gharama za kawaida katika mikataba mingi ya rekodi), Pebbitone na LaFace Records waliendelea kutoza gharama za usafiri wa ndege, hoteli, matangazo, video za muziki, chakula, mavazi, na gharama nyinginezo. Kulingana na wanachama wa TLC, jambo la kushangaza ni kwamba kadiri albamu ilivyozidi kupata mafanikio, ndivyo walivyozidi kuwa na madeni. Pamoja na hayo, mameneja, wanasheria, watayarishaji, na kodi ilibidi vilipwe, jambo lililomwacha kila mwanachama wa kundi na chini ya dola 50,000 kwa mwaka baada ya kuuza mamilioni ya albamu.

TLC walitaka kufanya mazungumzo upya ya mkataba wao wa 1991 na LaFace, ambapo walipokea senti 56 tu (zilizogawanywa kwa watu watatu) kwa kila albamu iliyouzwa—kiwango kidogo sana ikilinganishwa na mikataba mingi ya lebo kubwa za rekodi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |title=The dark tale of TLC going bankrupt in the '90s |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=Beat.com.au |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230602/http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;—na walipokea pungufu zaidi ya hapo kwa kila single iliyouzwa; TLC pia walitaka kuvunja ushirika wao na Pebbitone. LaFace Records walikataa kujadili upya mkataba wao katikati ya kipindi cha mkataba, na hivyo kuwafanya TLC kuwasilisha ombi la kufilisika mahakamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. |url=http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |title=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. (2000). Should a Record Company Be Alarmed When an Artist Files for Bankruptcy? MEIEA Journal Vol 1 No 1, 84–117 |publisher=Meiea.org |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=May 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504213141/http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wote wawili, Pebbitone na LaFace, walidai kuwa TLC &quot;walitaka tu&quot; pesa zaidi na hawakuwa katika hatari yoyote ya kweli ya kifedha, jambo lililopelekea mijadala ya kisheria kwa miaka miwili kabla ya kesi hizo hatimaye [[Settlement (litigation)|kumalizika]] mwishoni mwa mwaka 1996. Mkataba wa TLC ulifanyiwa mazungumzo upya na LaFace, na Pebbitone walikubali kuwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wao wa uzalishaji/usimamizi badala ya Pebbitone kupokea asilimia ya mirabaha (royalties) kwenye baadhi ya kazi zijazo. Kufikia wakati huu, Pebbles alikuwa ameachana na mumewe. TLC pia walinunua haki za jina lao, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa likimilikiwa na Pebbles.

TLC walirekodi wimbo wa utambulisho wa kipindi maarufu cha vichekesho cha [[Nickelodeon]] kiitwacho ''[[All That]]'', kilichotayarishwa na kuandikwa kwa pamoja na Arnold Hennings. Kipindi hicho kilidumu kwa misimu kumi kuanzia 1994 hadi 2005, na baadaye kilifufuliwa mnamo 2019. Kundi hilo lilionekana kwenye [[Waiting to Exhale (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya [[Forest Whitaker]] ya mwaka 1995 ya ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' na wimbo &quot;This Is How It Works&quot; (wimbo ulioandikwa na Babyface na Lopes) na walikuwa tayari kurudi studio mwaka uliofuata baada ya kusaini mkataba mpya na LaFace. Watkins alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza wa peke yake, &quot;[[Touch Myself]]&quot;, single kutoka kwenye [[Fled (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya mwaka 1996 ya ''[[Fled]]''; ilifika 40 bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Lopes pia alishirikiana na rapa wenzake wa kike [[Missy &quot;Misdemeanor&quot; Elliott]], [[Da Brat]], na [[Angie Martinez]] kwenye single ya [[Lil' Kim]] ya &quot;[[Not Tonight (wimbo)|Not Tonight]]&quot;. Ilishika nafasi ya sita kwenye Hot 100 na kuteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group]] katika tuzo za [[40th Grammy Awards]].```
=== 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani ===
Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]].

Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wimbo wa &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot; ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot; ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;FanMail20&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tlc-fanmail-interview-20th-anniversary-dallas-austin-8499567/|title=TLC's 'FanMail' Turns 20: A Track-By-Track Retrospective With the Girl Group and Behind-the-Scenes Collaborators|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B.

Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV.

=== 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' ===
Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa &quot;[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]&quot; ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi.

Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now &amp; Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&amp;フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany &quot;O'so Krispie&quot; Baker alirekodi wimbo &quot;I Bet&quot; na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes.

=== 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani ===
Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]].

Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wimbo wa &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot; ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na &quot;[[Unpretty]]&quot; ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;FanMail20&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tlc-fanmail-interview-20th-anniversary-dallas-austin-8499567/|title=TLC's 'FanMail' Turns 20: A Track-By-Track Retrospective With the Girl Group and Behind-the-Scenes Collaborators|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B.

Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV.

=== 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' ===
Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa &quot;[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]&quot; ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi.

Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now &amp; Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&amp;フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany &quot;O'so Krispie&quot; Baker alirekodi wimbo &quot;I Bet&quot; na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes.

== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya TLC}}

;Albamu za studio
*''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'' (1992)
*''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994)
*''[[FanMail]]'' (1999)
*''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'' (2002)
*''[[TLC (album)|TLC]]'' (2017)

== Ziara ==
'''Ziara kuu'''
* [[FanMail Tour]] (1999–2000)
* [[TLC 2016 Tour|2016 Tour]] (2016)
* [[I Love the 90s: The Party Continues Tour]] (2017)
* [[CrazySexyCool#Celebration of CrazySexyCool|CeleBraTion of CrazySexyCool]] (2021–2022)

'''Ziara za pamoja'''
* [[The Main Event (2015 concert tour)|The Main Event]] (2015)
* Whole Lotta Hits Tour (2019) {{small|(pamoja na [[Nelly]])}}
* Hot Summer Nights Tour (2023) {{small|(pamoja na [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]])}}

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://archive.today/20121209065042/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/tlc/artist.jhtml TLC] kwenye [[MTV|MTV.com]]
*[https://imusic.am/ar/7mQ4uo TLC discography] kwenye imusic.am
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26086|label=TLC}}
* {{discogs artist|artist=TLC|name=TLC}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1352040|name=TLC}}
* [http://www.last.fm/music/TLC TLC] kwenye [[Last.fm]]

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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        <id>87699</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lenna Frances Cooper''' (25 Februari 1875 – 23 Februari 1961) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Barber, M. I.|year=1961|title=Lenna Frances Cooper, February 25, 1875 February 23, 1961|journal=J Am Diet Assoc|volume=38|issue=5|pages=458|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(21)23228-8 |pmid=13686780|s2cid=30402000 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ametajwa kama “mwanzilishi wa lishe ya mbo...'</comment>
      <origin>1538894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="7iqck0fc29tipojipg9pg04g2hykgdf" xml:space="preserve">'''Lenna Frances Cooper''' (25 Februari 1875 – 23 Februari 1961) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Barber, M. I.|year=1961|title=Lenna Frances Cooper, February 25, 1875 February 23, 1961|journal=J Am Diet Assoc|volume=38|issue=5|pages=458|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(21)23228-8 |pmid=13686780|s2cid=30402000 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ametajwa kama “mwanzilishi wa lishe ya mboga na taaluma ya dietetiki.”&lt;ref name=&quot;VN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Academy Co-Founder Lenna Frances Cooper: A Pioneer in Vegetarian Nutrition and Dietetics |url=[https://www.vndpg.org/vn/about/academy-co-founder-lenna-frances-cooper-a-pioneer-in-vegetarian-nutrition-and-dietetics](https://www.vndpg.org/vn/about/academy-co-founder-lenna-frances-cooper-a-pioneer-in-vegetarian-nutrition-and-dietetics) |website=Vegetarian Nutrition |publisher=Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics |access-date=24 Julai 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kupitia kazi yake, Cooper alichangia sana maendeleo ya taaluma ya lishe na kuhamasisha matumizi ya lishe ya mboga kwa afya bora.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1875|1961}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>7iqck0fc29tipojipg9pg04g2hykgdf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amy Louise Daniels</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538896</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Amy Louise Daniels''' (26 Julai 1875 – 31 Januari 1965) alikuwa mtafiti wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] katika University of Iowa, aliyejulikana kwa kazi zake kuhusu lishe na afya, hasa kwa watoto.  == Elimu na kazi == Daniels alizaliwa katika jimbo la Massachusetts tarehe 26 Julai 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Who Made a Difference |url=[https://historicexhibits.lib.iastate.edu/Seeds/women.htm](https://historicexhibits.lib.iastate.edu/Seed...'</comment>
      <origin>1538896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2097" sha1="dnehzd5rdae7088xaoo82a32i85nmq9" xml:space="preserve">'''Amy Louise Daniels''' (26 Julai 1875 – 31 Januari 1965) alikuwa mtafiti wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] katika University of Iowa, aliyejulikana kwa kazi zake kuhusu lishe na afya, hasa kwa watoto.

== Elimu na kazi ==
Daniels alizaliwa katika jimbo la Massachusetts tarehe 26 Julai 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Who Made a Difference |url=[https://historicexhibits.lib.iastate.edu/Seeds/women.htm](https://historicexhibits.lib.iastate.edu/Seeds/women.htm) |access-date=1 Juni 2025 |website=Iowa State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alipata shahada yake ya kwanza kutoka [[Columbia University]] mwaka 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://dn790004.ca.archive.org/0/items/alumngraduates00yalerich/alumngraduates00yalerich.pdf](https://dn790004.ca.archive.org/0/items/alumngraduates00yalerich/alumngraduates00yalerich.pdf) |title=Alumnæ, Graduate School, Yale University, 1894–1920 |date=1920 |publisher=Yale University |pages=64–65 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 1912 alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika biokemia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Yale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1912 |title=Doctorates Conferred by American Universities |journal=Science |volume=36 |issue=918 |pages=129–139 |doi=10.1126/science.36.918.129 |jstor=1638758 |pmid=17774453 |bibcode=1912Sci....36..129. |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia alisoma katika Massachusetts Institute of Technology&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; na [[Harvard University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1966 |title=Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Nutrition |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=101–114 |doi=10.1093/jn/90.1.101 |issn=0022-3166}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 Januari 1959 |title=Women's Who's Who Lists Residents |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/iowa-city-press-citizen-womens-whos-wh/173588382/](https://www.newspapers.com/article/iowa-city-press-citizen-womens-whos-wh/173588382/) |access-date=1 Juni 2025 |work=Iowa City Press-Citizen |pages=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1875|1965}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>dnehzd5rdae7088xaoo82a32i85nmq9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adelle Davis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538898</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:17:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adelle Davis''' (25 Februari 1904 – 31 Mei 1974) alikuwa mwandishi na mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]], anayechukuliwa kuwa “mtaalamu wa lishe maarufu zaidi mwanzoni hadi katikati ya karne ya 20”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ0dBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=It%E2%80%99s%20All%20about%20Nutrition%3A%20Saving%20the%20Health%20of%20Americans&amp;pg=PA150|title=It's](https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ0dBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=It%E2%80%99s%20A...'</comment>
      <origin>1538898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1241" sha1="5jd9w8f5v5x8hpp3hn01qrpjnsc6f69" xml:space="preserve">'''Adelle Davis''' (25 Februari 1904 – 31 Mei 1974) alikuwa mwandishi na mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]], anayechukuliwa kuwa “mtaalamu wa lishe maarufu zaidi mwanzoni hadi katikati ya karne ya 20”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ0dBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=It%E2%80%99s%20All%20about%20Nutrition%3A%20Saving%20the%20Health%20of%20Americans&amp;pg=PA150|title=It's](https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ0dBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=It%E2%80%99s%20All%20about%20Nutrition%3A%20Saving%20the%20Health%20of%20Americans&amp;pg=PA150|title=It's) All about Nutrition: Saving the Health of Americans|last=Bissonnette|first=David|publisher=University Press of America|year=2014|isbn=9780761863809|page=150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alitetea kuboreshwa kwa afya kupitia lishe bora. Mwaka 1942 aliandika kitabu cha awali cha kitaaluma kuhusu lishe, na baadaye akachapisha vitabu vinne vilivyokuwa maarufu sana kwa wasomaji wa kawaida. Vitabu hivyo vilisisitiza umuhimu wa vyakula vya asili na kukosoa mfumo wa lishe wa wastani wa Wamarekani.

Vitabu vyake viliuzwa zaidi ya nakala milioni 10 na vilikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kubadilisha tabia za ulaji nchini Marekani.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1904|1974}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>5jd9w8f5v5x8hpp3hn01qrpjnsc6f69</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kathryn Dewey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538900</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:20:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kathryn Gertrude Dewey''' (aliyezaliwa 9 Machi 1952) ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Profesa Mstaafu Mashuhuri (Distinguished Professor Emerita) katika Idara ya Lishe ya Chuo Kikuu cha California, Davis.  Utafiti wake katika lishe umechangia marekebisho ya mapendekezo ya [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) kuhusu lishe ya watoto wachanga.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Dewey alizaliwa 9 Machi 1952 katika [[New York, New York]], nchini M...'</comment>
      <origin>1538900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1087" sha1="lkkfjzk4t3bkw1q60bkf55tvcmgemef" xml:space="preserve">'''Kathryn Gertrude Dewey''' (aliyezaliwa 9 Machi 1952) ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Profesa Mstaafu Mashuhuri (Distinguished Professor Emerita) katika Idara ya Lishe ya Chuo Kikuu cha California, Davis.

Utafiti wake katika lishe umechangia marekebisho ya mapendekezo ya [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) kuhusu lishe ya watoto wachanga.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Dewey alizaliwa 9 Machi 1952 katika [[New York, New York]], nchini Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dewey, Kathryn Gertrude |url=[https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no99061115.html](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no99061115.html) |website=id.loc.gov |access-date=Novemba 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika Sayansi ya Biolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kathryn Dewey, Ph.D. |url=[https://nutrition.ucdavis.edu/people/kathryn-dewey](https://nutrition.ucdavis.edu/people/kathryn-dewey) |website=nutrition.ucdavis.edu |access-date=Novemba 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1952|}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>lkkfjzk4t3bkw1q60bkf55tvcmgemef</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johanna T. Dwyer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538904</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:23:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Johanna T. Dwyer''' ni mwanasayansi wa lishe na mtaalamu wa (dietitian) kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanasayansi mkuu katika Ofisi ya Virutubisho vya Chakula ya National Institutes of Health (NIH) na mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Lishe cha Frances Stern katika Tufts Medical Center. Pia ni profesa wa lishe katika Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy.  == Elimu == Dwyer alihitimu shahada ya kwanza kwa heshima kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell. Baadaye a...'</comment>
      <origin>1538904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1293" sha1="dnuawn0pet5uhzrnvpisd56o2bh89kr" xml:space="preserve">'''Johanna T. Dwyer''' ni mwanasayansi wa lishe na mtaalamu wa (dietitian) kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanasayansi mkuu katika Ofisi ya Virutubisho vya Chakula ya National Institutes of Health (NIH) na mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Lishe cha Frances Stern katika Tufts Medical Center. Pia ni profesa wa lishe katika Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy.

== Elimu ==
Dwyer alihitimu shahada ya kwanza kwa heshima kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu wa sayansi (D.Sc.) na shahada ya uzamili (M.Sc.) kutoka Harvard School of Public Health, pamoja na shahada nyingine ya uzamili (M.S.) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Senior Nutrition Scientist - Johanna T. Dwyer, D.Sc., R.D.|url=[https://ods.od.nih.gov/About/Johanna_T_Dwyer.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108174213/http://ods.od.nih.gov/About/Johanna_T_Dwyer.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=Novemba](https://ods.od.nih.gov/About/Johanna_T_Dwyer.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108174213/http://ods.od.nih.gov/About/Johanna_T_Dwyer.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=Novemba) 8, 2005|access-date=2021-08-20|website=ods.od.nih.gov|language=en}}{{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>dnuawn0pet5uhzrnvpisd56o2bh89kr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Susanna Way Dodds</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538905</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:25:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Susanna Way Dodds''' (10 Novemba 1830 – 20 Januari 1911) alikuwa daktari kutoka [[Marekani]], mtaalamu wa matibabu ya maji na mtetezi wa falsafa ya usafi wa asili wa afya (natural hygiene).  == Wasifu == Dodds alizaliwa katika Kaunti ya Randolph, karibu na Richmond, Indiana.&lt;ref&gt;Willard, Frances E; Livermore, Mary A. (1893). ''A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women In A...'</comment>
      <origin>1538905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1303" sha1="rdw16yrybnqgu86qiei7j8ti200me9z" xml:space="preserve">'''Susanna Way Dodds''' (10 Novemba 1830 – 20 Januari 1911) alikuwa daktari kutoka [[Marekani]], mtaalamu wa matibabu ya maji na mtetezi wa falsafa ya usafi wa asili wa afya (natural hygiene).

== Wasifu ==
Dodds alizaliwa katika Kaunti ya Randolph, karibu na Richmond, Indiana.&lt;ref&gt;Willard, Frances E; Livermore, Mary A. (1893). ''A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women In All Walks of Life''. Buffalo. p. 247&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mlaji mboga ([[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]]) na pia mtetezi wa haki za wanawake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iacobbo 2004&quot;&gt;Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). ''Vegetarian America: A History''. Praeger Publishing. p. 118. {{ISBN|978-0275975197}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dodds alikuwa mwanamke wa nne nchini Marekani kuwa daktari wa tiba.

Mwaka 1864 alihitimu kutoka New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College chini ya Russell T. Trall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iacobbo 2004&quot;/&gt; Alifanya kazi ya tiba katika jiji la St. Louis kuanzia 1886 hadi 1909.&lt;ref&gt;Hoolihan, Christopher. (2008). ''An Annotated Catalogue of the Edward C. Atwater Collection of American Popular Medicine and Health Reform, Volume 3''. University of Rochester Press. p. 199. {{ISBN|978-1-58046-284-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>rdw16yrybnqgu86qiei7j8ti200me9z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cecile Hoover Edwards</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538907</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:28:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Cecile Hoover Edwards''' (26 Oktoba 1926 – 17 Septemba 2005) alikuwa mtafiti wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye kazi yake ilijikita katika kuboresha lishe na ustawi wa watu wasiojiweza na wenye kipato cha chini.  Utafiti wake wa kisayansi ulilenga kutafuta vyakula vya gharama nafuu vyenye uwiano bora wa asidi amino, akiwa na mkazo maalum kwenye metaboli ya Methionini.  Pia alikuwa msimamizi wa chuo kikuu, akihudumu kama mkuu wa shule kadhaa ndani ya...'</comment>
      <origin>1538907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1301" sha1="ajquxy540p6id7qa4ud2us9hsk5y775" xml:space="preserve">'''Cecile Hoover Edwards''' (26 Oktoba 1926 – 17 Septemba 2005) alikuwa mtafiti wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye kazi yake ilijikita katika kuboresha lishe na ustawi wa watu wasiojiweza na wenye kipato cha chini.

Utafiti wake wa kisayansi ulilenga kutafuta vyakula vya gharama nafuu vyenye uwiano bora wa asidi amino, akiwa na mkazo maalum kwenye metaboli ya Methionini.

Pia alikuwa msimamizi wa chuo kikuu, akihudumu kama mkuu wa shule kadhaa ndani ya Howard University kati ya 1974 na 1990.

Alitambuliwa na National Council of Negro Women kwa mchango wake bora katika sayansi. Aidha alipokea pongezi tatu kutoka Bunge la Jimbo la Illinois kwa kujitolea kwake katika kupambana na umaskini. Mwaka 1984, Jimbo la Illinois lilimtunuku heshima kwa kutangaza tarehe 5 Aprili kuwa “Siku ya Dkt. Cecile Hoover Edwards.”&lt;ref name=&quot;wp&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Schudel|first1=Matt|title=Cecile H. Edwards Dies at Age 78; Howard Professor, Nutrition Expert|url=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/23/AR2005092301919.html|access-date=5](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/23/AR2005092301919.html|access-date=5) Oktoba 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=24 Septemba 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ajquxy540p6id7qa4ud2us9hsk5y775</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>TLC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538908</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:29:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{wiktionary|TLC}} '''TLC''' inaweza kurejelea: {{TOC right}}  == Sanaa na burudani == === Televisheni === * [[TLC (fululizo wa televisheni)|''TLC'']], tamthilia ya ucheshi ya Uingereza ya mwaka 2002 iliyorushwa na BBC2 * [[TLC (mtandao wa televisheni)]], mtandao wa televisheni wa kebo wa Marekani, zamani ulijulikana kama ''The Learning Channel'' * [[TLC (Asia)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Asia * [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Australia)|TLC]], idhaa ya...'</comment>
      <origin>1538908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3782" sha1="7lxu6rv6a7lygktpjvn1iripddvfdf5" xml:space="preserve">{{wiktionary|TLC}}
'''TLC''' inaweza kurejelea:
{{TOC right}}

== Sanaa na burudani ==
=== Televisheni ===
* [[TLC (fululizo wa televisheni)|''TLC'']], tamthilia ya ucheshi ya Uingereza ya mwaka 2002 iliyorushwa na BBC2
* [[TLC (mtandao wa televisheni)]], mtandao wa televisheni wa kebo wa Marekani, zamani ulijulikana kama ''The Learning Channel''
* [[TLC (Asia)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Asia
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Australia)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Australia na New Zealand iliyokuwa ikijulikana kama ''Travel and Living Channel''
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kifaransa)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kifaransa
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kijerumani)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kijerumani
* [[TLC (India)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya India
* [[TLC (Amerika ya Kusini)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Amerika ya Kusini
* [[TLC (Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiholanzi)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiholanzi ya mitindo ya maisha
* [[TLC (Poland)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Poland
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiswidi)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiswidi
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kituruki)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kituruki
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Uingereza na Ireland)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Uingereza na Ireland
* [[Discovery Real Time]], idhaa ya zamani ya Uingereza iliyokuwa ikiitwa awali ''The Learning Channel''

=== Muziki ===
* [[TLC (kundi)|TLC]], kundi la muziki wa R&amp;B na pop la Marekani
* [[TLC (albamu)|''TLC'']], albamu ya mwaka 2017 ya kundi la TLC
* &quot;T.L.C.&quot;, wimbo kutoka albamu ya ''[[Show Your Hand (albamu)|Show Your Hand]]'' ya bendi ya funk na R&amp;B ya Scotland, Average White Band

=== Michezo ===
* [[Pambano la meza, ngazi na viti]], aina ya pambano la mieleka ya kulipwa linalotumia meza, ngazi na viti
* [[WWE TLC: Tables, Ladders &amp; Chairs]], tukio la mieleka ya kulipwa lenye mapambano ya meza, ngazi na viti

== Mashirika ==
* [[Tume ya Taksi na Limuzini ya Jiji la New York]], wakala wa serikali ya Jiji la New York unaosimamia taksi na limozini
* [[Kanisa la Kilutheri la Taiwan]]
* [[Tasmanian Land Conservancy]], shirika lisilo la kifaida la uhifadhi wa mazingira huko Tasmania, Australia
* [[The Land Conservancy]], asasi ya kuhifadhi ardhi yenye makao yake British Columbia, Kanada
* [[The Learning Company]], kampuni ya Marekani ya programu za elimu
* [[SoftKey]], kampuni ya Kanada iliyonunua ''The Learning Company'' na kutumia jina hilo kati ya 1995 na 1999
* [[TLC Camp]], kambi ya majira ya joto ya Marekani kwa watoto wenye saratani
* [[Shirikisho la Wafanyakazi la Kanada]], shirikisho kuu la wafanyakazi nchini Kanada (1883–1956)
* [[Transitional Learning Center]], kituo cha matibabu ya kurejesha hali ya kawaida baada ya majeraha ya ubongo huko Galveston, Texas
* [[Transgender Law Center]], shirika la haki za kiraia la Marekani linalotoa msaada wa kisheria kwa watu waliobadili jinsia
* [[True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days]], tawi lililojitenga na Kanisa la Yesu Kristo la Watakatifu wa Siku za Mwisho
* [[The Literary Consultancy]], huduma ya ushauri wa uhariri nchini Uingereza

=== Shule ===
* [[Thayer Learning Center]], kambi ya mafunzo na malezi kwa vijana huko Missouri, Marekani
* [[The Learning Center for the Deaf]], shule ya viziwi na wenye matatizo ya kusikia huko Massachusetts, Marekani
* [[The Lakes College]], shule binafsi huko Brisbane, Australia

== Matumizi mengine ==
* [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Toluca]] (msimbo wa IATA: TLC), Mexico
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser]], aina ya gari la Toyota

== Tazama pia ==
* {{intitle}}
* [[Tender Loving Care (maana)]]
* [[TLS (maana)]]

{{maana}}</text>
      <sha1>7lxu6rv6a7lygktpjvn1iripddvfdf5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538911</id>
      <parentid>1538908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{databox}}</comment>
      <origin>1538911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3794" sha1="0u9mx0zl2754l73ramkjr10ibrsfj7c" xml:space="preserve">{{wiktionary|TLC}}
{{databox}}
'''TLC''' inaweza kurejelea:
{{TOC right}}

== Sanaa na burudani ==
=== Televisheni ===
* [[TLC (fululizo wa televisheni)|''TLC'']], tamthilia ya ucheshi ya Uingereza ya mwaka 2002 iliyorushwa na BBC2
* [[TLC (mtandao wa televisheni)]], mtandao wa televisheni wa kebo wa Marekani, zamani ulijulikana kama ''The Learning Channel''
* [[TLC (Asia)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Asia
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Australia)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Australia na New Zealand iliyokuwa ikijulikana kama ''Travel and Living Channel''
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kifaransa)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kifaransa
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kijerumani)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kijerumani
* [[TLC (India)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya India
* [[TLC (Amerika ya Kusini)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Amerika ya Kusini
* [[TLC (Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiholanzi)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiholanzi ya mitindo ya maisha
* [[TLC (Poland)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Poland
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiswidi)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kiswidi
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Kituruki)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Kituruki
* [[TLC (idhaa ya televisheni ya Uingereza na Ireland)|TLC]], idhaa ya televisheni ya Uingereza na Ireland
* [[Discovery Real Time]], idhaa ya zamani ya Uingereza iliyokuwa ikiitwa awali ''The Learning Channel''

=== Muziki ===
* [[TLC (kundi)|TLC]], kundi la muziki wa R&amp;B na pop la Marekani
* [[TLC (albamu)|''TLC'']], albamu ya mwaka 2017 ya kundi la TLC
* &quot;T.L.C.&quot;, wimbo kutoka albamu ya ''[[Show Your Hand (albamu)|Show Your Hand]]'' ya bendi ya funk na R&amp;B ya Scotland, Average White Band

=== Michezo ===
* [[Pambano la meza, ngazi na viti]], aina ya pambano la mieleka ya kulipwa linalotumia meza, ngazi na viti
* [[WWE TLC: Tables, Ladders &amp; Chairs]], tukio la mieleka ya kulipwa lenye mapambano ya meza, ngazi na viti

== Mashirika ==
* [[Tume ya Taksi na Limuzini ya Jiji la New York]], wakala wa serikali ya Jiji la New York unaosimamia taksi na limozini
* [[Kanisa la Kilutheri la Taiwan]]
* [[Tasmanian Land Conservancy]], shirika lisilo la kifaida la uhifadhi wa mazingira huko Tasmania, Australia
* [[The Land Conservancy]], asasi ya kuhifadhi ardhi yenye makao yake British Columbia, Kanada
* [[The Learning Company]], kampuni ya Marekani ya programu za elimu
* [[SoftKey]], kampuni ya Kanada iliyonunua ''The Learning Company'' na kutumia jina hilo kati ya 1995 na 1999
* [[TLC Camp]], kambi ya majira ya joto ya Marekani kwa watoto wenye saratani
* [[Shirikisho la Wafanyakazi la Kanada]], shirikisho kuu la wafanyakazi nchini Kanada (1883–1956)
* [[Transitional Learning Center]], kituo cha matibabu ya kurejesha hali ya kawaida baada ya majeraha ya ubongo huko Galveston, Texas
* [[Transgender Law Center]], shirika la haki za kiraia la Marekani linalotoa msaada wa kisheria kwa watu waliobadili jinsia
* [[True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days]], tawi lililojitenga na Kanisa la Yesu Kristo la Watakatifu wa Siku za Mwisho
* [[The Literary Consultancy]], huduma ya ushauri wa uhariri nchini Uingereza

=== Shule ===
* [[Thayer Learning Center]], kambi ya mafunzo na malezi kwa vijana huko Missouri, Marekani
* [[The Learning Center for the Deaf]], shule ya viziwi na wenye matatizo ya kusikia huko Massachusetts, Marekani
* [[The Lakes College]], shule binafsi huko Brisbane, Australia

== Matumizi mengine ==
* [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Toluca]] (msimbo wa IATA: TLC), Mexico
* [[Toyota Land Cruiser]], aina ya gari la Toyota

== Tazama pia ==
* {{intitle}}
* [[Tender Loving Care (maana)]]
* [[TLS (maana)]]

{{maana}}</text>
      <sha1>0u9mx0zl2754l73ramkjr10ibrsfj7c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gladys Anderson Emerson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538909</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:31:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gladys Ludwina Anderson Emerson''' (1 Julai 1903 – 18 Januari 1984) alikuwa mwanahistoria, [[biokemia|mtaalamu wa biokemia]], na mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyefanya utafiti kuhusu athari za vitamini mwilini. Alikuwa mtu wa kwanza kutenga na kusafisha kabisa Vitamini E katika umbo lake safi, na mwaka 1952 alitunukiwa tuzo ya Garvan–Olin Medal.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Gladys Anderson alizaliwa 1 Julai 1903 huko Caldwell, Kansas ak...'</comment>
      <origin>1538909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1000" sha1="atae9rjeov3v3mz0my1r1rfobd525gh" xml:space="preserve">'''Gladys Ludwina Anderson Emerson''' (1 Julai 1903 – 18 Januari 1984) alikuwa mwanahistoria, [[biokemia|mtaalamu wa biokemia]], na mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyefanya utafiti kuhusu athari za vitamini mwilini. Alikuwa mtu wa kwanza kutenga na kusafisha kabisa Vitamini E katika umbo lake safi, na mwaka 1952 alitunukiwa tuzo ya Garvan–Olin Medal.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Gladys Anderson alizaliwa 1 Julai 1903 huko Caldwell, Kansas akiwa mtoto wa pekee wa Otis na Louise (Williams) Anderson. Alisoma shule ya msingi huko [[Fort Worth, Texas]] na baadaye shule ya sekondari huko El Reno, Oklahoma.&lt;ref name=Windsor&gt;{{cite book|last1=Windsor|first1=Laura Lynn|title=Women in medicine: an encyclopedia|date=2002|publisher=ABC-Clio|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1576073926|pages=71–72|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QtZtkf35CF0C&amp;pg=PA71}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=QtZtkf35CF0C&amp;pg=PA71}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>atae9rjeov3v3mz0my1r1rfobd525gh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William Elliott (writer)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233044</id>
    <redirect title="William Elliott (mwandishi)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538917</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:36:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[William Elliott (writer)]] hadi [[William Elliott (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="k0xpzp3cx8qs72hna606zyxgxzv5jtd" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[William Elliott (mwandishi)]]</text>
      <sha1>k0xpzp3cx8qs72hna606zyxgxzv5jtd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Galal (politician)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233045</id>
    <redirect title="Ahmed Galal (mwanasiasa)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538921</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ahmed Galal (politician)]] hadi [[Ahmed Galal (mwanasiasa)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="5n8326qgp2pazd6a32tll9frkttmvrt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ahmed Galal (mwanasiasa)]]</text>
      <sha1>5n8326qgp2pazd6a32tll9frkttmvrt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abby Ershow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538922</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:38:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abby Gwen Ershow''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika lishe ya iodine, mabadiliko ya mafuta mwilini, uundaji wa mishipa iliyoziba, na lishe ya moyo na mishipa ya damu.  Alifanya kazi kama msimamizi wa sayansi ya afya katika National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute kuanzia 1982 hadi 1989, na baadaye kama mtaalamu mwandamizi wa lishe katika Ofisi ya Virutubisho vya Lishe ya National Institutes of Health (NIH) kuanzia 2014 hadi 20...'</comment>
      <origin>1538922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1720" sha1="6ri8jdl4ryliiwh112xajc18qmyftwu" xml:space="preserve">'''Abby Gwen Ershow''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika lishe ya iodine, mabadiliko ya mafuta mwilini, uundaji wa mishipa iliyoziba, na lishe ya moyo na mishipa ya damu.

Alifanya kazi kama msimamizi wa sayansi ya afya katika National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute kuanzia 1982 hadi 1989, na baadaye kama mtaalamu mwandamizi wa lishe katika Ofisi ya Virutubisho vya Lishe ya National Institutes of Health (NIH) kuanzia 2014 hadi 2021.

== Maisha ==
Ershow alipata shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) katika sayansi za baiolojia (fiziolojia) kutoka Cornell University mwaka 1973. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu ya Sc.D. katika lishe, fiziolojia na biostatistiki kutoka Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health mwaka 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jamison |first=Ann |date=2022-03-04 |title=Senior Nutrition Scientist Ershow Retires After 39 Years at NIH |url=[https://nihrecord.nih.gov/2022/03/04/senior-nutrition-scientist-ershow-retires-after-39-years-nih](https://nihrecord.nih.gov/2022/03/04/senior-nutrition-scientist-ershow-retires-after-39-years-nih) |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=NIH Record |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tasnifu yake ya uzamivu ilikuwa na kichwa: ''Dietary effects of plasma lipoproteins and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Ershow |first=Abby Gwen |title=Dietary effects of plasma lipoproteins and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) |date=1979 |degree=Sc.D. |publisher=Harvard School of Public Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yeye ni mtaalamu aliyesajiliwa wa lishe (registered dietitian).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>6ri8jdl4ryliiwh112xajc18qmyftwu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jamii:Articles with empty listen template</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>233047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538927</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:40:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '__HIDDENCAT__'</comment>
      <origin>1538927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13" sha1="2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__</text>
      <sha1>2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hossam Ghaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538928</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:40:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hossam Mohamed El Sayed Metwalli Abdel Sattar Ghaly''' (alizaliwa tarehe 21 Oktoba 1981) ni mwanachama wa [[Bunge la Misri]] na mjumbe wa bodi ya [[Al Ahly SC]]. Ghaly ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Misri]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo wa kati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hossam Ghaly profile |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=183650/index.html](https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=18...'</comment>
      <origin>1538928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1219" sha1="sl9wcexrroz5zlmg1f5xyrxht96kidc" xml:space="preserve">'''Hossam Mohamed El Sayed Metwalli Abdel Sattar Ghaly''' (alizaliwa tarehe 21 Oktoba 1981) ni mwanachama wa [[Bunge la Misri]] na mjumbe wa bodi ya [[Al Ahly SC]]. Ghaly ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Misri]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo wa kati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hossam Ghaly profile |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=183650/index.html](https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=183650/index.html) |website=FIFA |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mchezo wake wa mwisho kabla ya kustaafu ulikuwa tarehe 11 Mei 2018 kati ya [[Al Ahly SC]] na [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] katika [[Falme za Kiarabu]], ambapo Al Ahly ilishinda. Baada ya hapo, Ghaly aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa soka wa klabu ya [[El Gouna FC]] nchini Misri. Baadaye alikuja kuwa mbunge wa [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hossam Ghaly retires after Ajax friendly |url=[https://www.kingfut.com/2018/05/11/hossam-ghaly-retires-ahly-ajax/](https://www.kingfut.com/2018/05/11/hossam-ghaly-retires-ahly-ajax/) |website=KingFut |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1981|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wabunge wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>sl9wcexrroz5zlmg1f5xyrxht96kidc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539000</id>
      <parentid>1538928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:07:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1539000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="6yph7ekauv0ss0n3nzcifn00edsd4nm" xml:space="preserve">'''Hossam Mohamed El Sayed Metwalli Abdel Sattar Ghaly''' (alizaliwa 21 Oktoba 1981) ni mwanachama wa [[Bunge la Misri]] na mjumbe wa bodi ya [[Al Ahly SC]]. Ghaly ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Misri]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo wa kati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hossam Ghaly profile |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=183650/index.html](https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=183650/index.html) |website=FIFA |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mchezo wake wa mwisho kabla ya kustaafu ulikuwa tarehe 11 Mei 2018 kati ya [[Al Ahly SC]] na [[AFC Ajax]] katika [[Falme za Kiarabu]], ambapo Al Ahly ilishinda. Baada ya hapo, Ghaly aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa soka wa klabu ya [[El Gouna FC]] nchini Misri. Baadaye alikuja kuwa mbunge wa [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hossam Ghaly retires after Ajax friendly |url=[https://www.kingfut.com/2018/05/11/hossam-ghaly-retires-ahly-ajax/](https://www.kingfut.com/2018/05/11/hossam-ghaly-retires-ahly-ajax/) |website=KingFut |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1981|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>6yph7ekauv0ss0n3nzcifn00edsd4nm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary G. Enig</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538929</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:41:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary Gertrude Enig''' (née Dracon; 13 Julai 1931 – 8 Septemba 2014) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na mtafiti kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa mitazamo yake isiyo ya kawaida kuhusu nafasi ya mafuta yaliyoshiba katika lishe na afya.  Alipinga mtazamo wa kawaida wa kitabibu unaosema kuwa lishe yenye kiwango kikubwa cha mafuta yaliyoshiba huchangia magonjwa ya moyo, na badala yake alitetea matumizi ya lishe yenye mafuta mengi na wanga kidogo (low-carb d...'</comment>
      <origin>1538929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1788" sha1="4dfwhaypt36wxbt22xsm96v60yvkqcg" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Gertrude Enig''' (née Dracon; 13 Julai 1931 – 8 Septemba 2014) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na mtafiti kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa mitazamo yake isiyo ya kawaida kuhusu nafasi ya mafuta yaliyoshiba katika lishe na afya.

Alipinga mtazamo wa kawaida wa kitabibu unaosema kuwa lishe yenye kiwango kikubwa cha mafuta yaliyoshiba huchangia magonjwa ya moyo, na badala yake alitetea matumizi ya lishe yenye mafuta mengi na wanga kidogo (low-carb diet), ikiwa na msisitizo kwenye mafuta ya wanyama na mafuta ya nazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Maloof|first=Rich|title=Coconut Oil|url=[http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/coconut-oil|publisher=MSN](http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/coconut-oil|publisher=MSN) Health|access-date=June 9, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110518143744/http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/coconut-oil|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20110518143744/http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/coconut-oil|archive-date=May) 18, 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Black&gt;{{cite news|last=Black|first=Jane|title=The Great Divide|url=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/05/AR2008080501000_pf.html|access-date=June](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/05/AR2008080501000_pf.html|access-date=June) 9, 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=August 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;[[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/05/opinion/l-before-you-take-the-vegetarian-vow-380571.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/05/opinion/l-before-you-take-the-vegetarian-vow-380571.html) &quot;Before You Take the Vegetarian Vow&quot;], The New York Times. Ilipatikana 24 Januari 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>4dfwhaypt36wxbt22xsm96v60yvkqcg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zonya Foco</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538931</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:42:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Zonya Foco, RD, CHFI, CSP''' (alizaliwa kama '''Zonya Edwards''' tarehe 21 Machi 1963)&lt;ref name=&quot;BirthRef&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&amp;query=%2Bgivenname%3AZonya~%20%2Bsurname%3AFoco~|title=Birth](https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&amp;query=%2Bgivenname%3AZonya~%20%2Bsurname%3AFoco~|title=Birth) reference results for Zonya Edwards Foco|work=FamilySearch.org|access-date=October 27, 201...'</comment>
      <origin>1538931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="849" sha1="lm4zwh7hyx9y07bjaerzyhkalgwknbh" xml:space="preserve">'''Zonya Foco, RD, CHFI, CSP''' (alizaliwa kama '''Zonya Edwards''' tarehe 21 Machi 1963)&lt;ref name=&quot;BirthRef&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&amp;query=%2Bgivenname%3AZonya~%20%2Bsurname%3AFoco~|title=Birth](https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&amp;query=%2Bgivenname%3AZonya~%20%2Bsurname%3AFoco~|title=Birth) reference results for Zonya Edwards Foco|work=FamilySearch.org|access-date=October 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mzungumzaji wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]], mpishi wa televisheni, na mwandishi. Yeye pia ni mtaalamu wa lishe aliyeandikishwa (registered dietitian).

Anajulikana kwa kuhamasisha watu kuhusu ulaji bora wa kila siku, akisisitiza kujenga tabia nzuri za kula badala ya kufuata mlo mkali wa kupunguza uzito.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>lm4zwh7hyx9y07bjaerzyhkalgwknbh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jeanne H. Freeland-Graves</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538934</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:44:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeanne H. Freeland-Graves''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]], kwa sasa akiwa Profesa wa Bess Heflin Centennial katika Chuo Kikuu cha Texas at Austin.  Mwaka 2007 alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Charles E. Ragus kutoka American Nutrition Association kwa mchango wake katika utafiti wa lishe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[https://theana.org/personalizednutrition/pastconferenceawards](https://theana.org/personalizednutrition/pastconferenceawards) |title=Past Award Reci...'</comment>
      <origin>1538934</origin>
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      <text bytes="905" sha1="81wuu31fetwmnonf5b9uaznvmtgt4v3" xml:space="preserve">'''Jeanne H. Freeland-Graves''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]], kwa sasa akiwa Profesa wa Bess Heflin Centennial katika Chuo Kikuu cha Texas at Austin.

Mwaka 2007 alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Charles E. Ragus kutoka American Nutrition Association kwa mchango wake katika utafiti wa lishe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[https://theana.org/personalizednutrition/pastconferenceawards](https://theana.org/personalizednutrition/pastconferenceawards) |title=Past Award Recipients: Charles E. Ragus Award, American Nutrition Association |access-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221202094447/https://theana.org/personalizednutrition/pastconferenceawards](https://web.archive.org/web/20221202094447/https://theana.org/personalizednutrition/pastconferenceawards) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>81wuu31fetwmnonf5b9uaznvmtgt4v3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Ghoneim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538935</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ibrahim Ahmed Ghoneim Deif''' (alizaliwa tarehe 29 Oktoba 1962) ni mwanataaluma kutoka [[Misri]] na aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu katika Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Qandil Cabinet|Qandil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kortam |first=Hend |date=2012-09-22 |title=Protest in solidarity with released student |url=[https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/09/22/protest-in-solidarity-with-released-student/](https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/09/22/protest-in-solidarity-with-r...'</comment>
      <origin>1538935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="686" sha1="2cbjlnje2sls9vyppplbwkeu73puezm" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibrahim Ahmed Ghoneim Deif''' (alizaliwa tarehe 29 Oktoba 1962) ni mwanataaluma kutoka [[Misri]] na aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu katika Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Qandil Cabinet|Qandil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kortam |first=Hend |date=2012-09-22 |title=Protest in solidarity with released student |url=[https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/09/22/protest-in-solidarity-with-released-student/](https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/09/22/protest-in-solidarity-with-released-student/) |website=Daily News Egypt |language=en-US |access-date=2025-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1962|}}

[[Jamii:Watu w Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>2cbjlnje2sls9vyppplbwkeu73puezm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Missa BYAENE</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538936</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3459" sha1="gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Simon nashon</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538937</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:48:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3459" sha1="gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naomi Fukagawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538938</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:48:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Naomi Kay Fukagawa''' ni mtaalamu wa sayansi ya lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni profesa wa tiba katika University of Vermont (UVM), na pia mkurugenzi wa kituo cha utafiti cha lishe ya binadamu cha United States Department of Agriculture kilichopo Beltsville, Maryland.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]'</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="344" sha1="k7nsfszw6jtmtevtg15n7jyihv99po7" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Kay Fukagawa''' ni mtaalamu wa sayansi ya lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni profesa wa tiba katika University of Vermont (UVM), na pia mkurugenzi wa kituo cha utafiti cha lishe ya binadamu cha United States Department of Agriculture kilichopo Beltsville, Maryland.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>k7nsfszw6jtmtevtg15n7jyihv99po7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Momoshark</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538939</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:48:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3459" sha1="gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bonface murithi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538940</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3459" sha1="gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bagous</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538941</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3459" sha1="gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gzd7pex8eefdkjsere562do06ozj8ub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Capivara0505</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538942</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3459" sha1="jbu0ht0g2xzlt1dwow9rwuyoy4yxjcn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jbu0ht0g2xzlt1dwow9rwuyoy4yxjcn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ebrahim Keyhan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538943</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3459" sha1="jbu0ht0g2xzlt1dwow9rwuyoy4yxjcn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jbu0ht0g2xzlt1dwow9rwuyoy4yxjcn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Thepugloer</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538944</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1538944</origin>
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      <text bytes="3459" sha1="jbu0ht0g2xzlt1dwow9rwuyoy4yxjcn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
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      <text bytes="3459" sha1="jbu0ht0g2xzlt1dwow9rwuyoy4yxjcn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nasser al-Hafi</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nasser al-Hafi''' (alifariki tarehe 1 Julai 2015) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Death of Egyptian politician Nasser al-Hafi |url=[https://www.aljazeera.com/](https://www.aljazeera.com/) |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|||2015}}  [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="427" sha1="nrak43hkkja1ph8s288ji4tonj39z0s" xml:space="preserve">'''Nasser al-Hafi''' (alifariki tarehe 1 Julai 2015) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Death of Egyptian politician Nasser al-Hafi |url=[https://www.aljazeera.com/](https://www.aljazeera.com/) |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|||2015}}

[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1539002</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="408" sha1="a6misvc51ylhye7rh9pwq4ty3hkw8n2" xml:space="preserve">'''Nasser al-Hafi''' (alifariki 1 Julai 2015) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Death of Egyptian politician Nasser al-Hafi |url=[https://www.aljazeera.com/](https://www.aljazeera.com/) |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|karne ya 20|2015}}
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alvenia Fulton</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alvenia Moody Fulton''' (17 Mei 1906 – 5 Machi 1999) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na mtaalamu wa tiba asilia (naturopathy) kutoka [[Marekani]].  == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Fulton alizaliwa 17 Mei 1906 katika Pulaski, Tennessee, kwenye shamba la familia lenye ukubwa wa ekari 156.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weisse |first=Travis A. |date=2019 |title=&quot;Alone in a Sea of Rib-Tips&quot;: Alvenia Fulton, Natural Health, and the Politics of Soul Food |url=[...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2418" sha1="17gaw7dyc4r31e3gzjis3fuapqm251h" xml:space="preserve">'''Alvenia Moody Fulton''' (17 Mei 1906 – 5 Machi 1999) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na mtaalamu wa tiba asilia (naturopathy) kutoka [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ya awali na kazi ==
Fulton alizaliwa 17 Mei 1906 katika Pulaski, Tennessee, kwenye shamba la familia lenye ukubwa wa ekari 156.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weisse |first=Travis A. |date=2019 |title=&quot;Alone in a Sea of Rib-Tips&quot;: Alvenia Fulton, Natural Health, and the Politics of Soul Food |url=[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/729598](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/729598) |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=292–315 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrz028 |pmid=31215994 |issn=1468-4373|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wazazi wake, Richard na Mahala Moody,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=22 Machi 1999 |title=Dr. Alvenia Fulton, 92, Famed Nutritionist, Dies In Chicago |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA18](https://books.google.com/books?id=SjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA18) |magazine=Jet |page=18 |access-date=8 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; walihusisha pia matumizi ya tiba za asili kwa kutumia mizizi na mimea ya porini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Struzzi |first=Diane |date=20 Machi 1999 |title=Natural healer Alvenia Fulton |pages=25 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110952072/alvenia-fulton/](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110952072/alvenia-fulton/) |access-date=8 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika maisha yake ya awali, alifanya kazi kama muuguzi wa vitendo, mwalimu wa shule, na mkunga. Baadaye alisoma katika Tennessee State Normal College na akaamua kuwa mhubiri. Alisoma pia katika Greater Payne Theological Seminary huko [[Birmingham, Alabama]], na akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kuingia na kuhitimu katika taasisi hiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Strausberg |first=Chinta |date=8 Machi 1999 |title=Dr. Alvenia Fulton, queen of nutrition, dead at 92 |pages=22 |work=Chicago Defender |url=[https://www.proquest.com/docview/2577337833](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2577337833) |access-date=8 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fulton pia alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza katika Northern Alabama Conference ya [[A.M.E. Church]] na alihudumu kama mchungaji katika makanisa matatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1950 alihamia [[Chicago, Illinois]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2414" sha1="eqby9xtlnjmcnwkbhd9qxgsi9epkpr5" xml:space="preserve">'''Alvenia Moody Fulton''' (17 Mei 1906 – 5 Machi 1999) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na mtaalamu wa tiba asilia (naturopathy) kutoka [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ya awali na kazi ==
Fulton alizaliwa 17 Mei 1906 katika Pulaski, Tennessee, kwenye shamba la familia lenye ukubwa wa ekari 156.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weisse |first=Travis A. |date=2019 |title=&quot;Alone in a Sea of Rib-Tips&quot;: Alvenia Fulton, Natural Health, and the Politics of Soul Food |url=[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/729598](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/729598) |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=292–315 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrz028 |pmid=31215994 |issn=1468-4373|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wazazi wake, Richard na Mahala Moody,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=22 Machi 1999 |title=Dr. Alvenia Fulton, 92, Famed Nutritionist, Dies In Chicago |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA18](https://books.google.com/books?id=SjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA18) |magazine=Jet |page=18 |access-date=8 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; walihusisha pia matumizi ya tiba za asili kwa kutumia mizizi na mimea ya porini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Struzzi |first=Diane |date=20 Machi 1999 |title=Natural healer Alvenia Fulton |pages=25 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110952072/alvenia-fulton/](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110952072/alvenia-fulton/) |access-date=8 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika maisha yake ya awali, alifanya kazi kama muuguzi wa vitendo, mwalimu wa shule, na mkunga. Baadaye alisoma katika Tennessee State Normal College na akaamua kuwa mhubiri. Alisoma pia katika Greater Payne Theological Seminary huko [[Birmingham, Alabama]], na akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kuingia na kuhitimu katika taasisi hiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Strausberg |first=Chinta |date=8 Machi 1999 |title=Dr. Alvenia Fulton, queen of nutrition, dead at 92 |pages=22 |work=Chicago Defender |url=[https://www.proquest.com/docview/2577337833](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2577337833) |access-date=8 Oktoba 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fulton pia alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza katika Northern Alabama Conference ya A.M.E. Church na alihudumu kama mchungaji katika makanisa matatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1950 alihamia [[Chicago, Illinois]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hamdi Hassan</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hamdi Hassan''' (12 Agosti 1956 – 25 Novemba 2021) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 Novemba 2021 |title=وفاة البرلماني المصري السابق حمدي حسن داخل سجن العقرب |url=[https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/وفاة-البرلماني-المصري-السابق-حمدي-حسن-داخل-سجن-العقرب](https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/وفاة-البرلماني-المصري-السابق...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1291" sha1="5hlnxjm1c9nxgzfibmlzx0r1ojfm67z" xml:space="preserve">'''Hamdi Hassan''' (12 Agosti 1956 – 25 Novemba 2021) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 Novemba 2021 |title=وفاة البرلماني المصري السابق حمدي حسن داخل سجن العقرب |url=[https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/وفاة-البرلماني-المصري-السابق-حمدي-حسن-داخل-سجن-العقرب](https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/وفاة-البرلماني-المصري-السابق-حمدي-حسن-داخل-سجن-العقرب) |language=Arabic |work=Al Araby |access-date=28 Novemba 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiwa mwanachama wa [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood]], alihudumu katika [[Bunge la Misri]] kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 Novemba 2021 |title=قيادي بالإخوان المسلمين وبرلماني سابق.. وفاة حمدي حسن في سجن العقرب بمصر |url=[https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2021/11/26/مصر-حمدي-حسن](https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2021/11/26/مصر-حمدي-حسن) |language=Arabic |work=Al Jazeera Arabic |access-date=28 Novemba 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1956|2021}}

[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
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    <title>Meta Given</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Meta Hortense Given''' (25 Januari 1888 – 17 Novemba 1981)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Meta Given,&quot; ''Ancient Faces'', Internet website [[http://www.ancientfaces.com/person/meta-given/47147144](http://www.ancientfaces.com/person/meta-given/47147144)], accessed August 1, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mjasiriamali kutoka [[Marekani]], mtaalamu wa lishe, mtaalamu wa uchumi wa nyumbani (home economist), mpiga picha, na mwandishi maarufu wa vitabu vya mapishi vilivyouzwa sana (cookbook au...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="536" sha1="al1ro40b7pvffm4tll0sumqomeefd3c" xml:space="preserve">'''Meta Hortense Given''' (25 Januari 1888 – 17 Novemba 1981)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Meta Given,&quot; ''Ancient Faces'', Internet website [[http://www.ancientfaces.com/person/meta-given/47147144](http://www.ancientfaces.com/person/meta-given/47147144)], accessed August 1, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mjasiriamali kutoka [[Marekani]], mtaalamu wa lishe, mtaalamu wa uchumi wa nyumbani (home economist), mpiga picha, na mwandishi maarufu wa vitabu vya mapishi vilivyouzwa sana (cookbook author).

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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    <title>Milicent Hathaway</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Milicent Louise Hathaway''' (1898–1974) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na kemia ya fiziolojia kutoka [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa utafiti wake kuhusu [[metabolism|ubadilishaji wa chakula mwilini]] kwa binadamu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Marilyn|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-92038-8|location=New York|pages=565–566|url=[https://archive.org...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="988" sha1="sf7dysuly4aps2s9ayzk3rzfoonmtop" xml:space="preserve">'''Milicent Louise Hathaway''' (1898–1974) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na kemia ya fiziolojia kutoka [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa utafiti wake kuhusu [[metabolism|ubadilishaji wa chakula mwilini]] kwa binadamu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Marilyn|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-92038-8|location=New York|pages=565–566|url=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0|url-access=registration}}](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0|url-access=registration}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifundisha katika vyuo mbalimbali kuanzia mwaka 1930 hadi 1966, na baadaye alifanya kazi katika U.S. Department of Agriculture (Idara ya Kilimo ya Marekani) katika kipindi cha baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.

Pia alihusishwa na tuzo ya Borden Award, ambayo ilitolewa kwa mafanikio katika utafiti wa lishe.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="991" sha1="oirmff3xwhiq6xx1zc1t0xtn1stkfv0" xml:space="preserve">'''Milicent Louise Hathaway''' (1898–1974) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe na kemia ya fiziolojia kutoka [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa utafiti wake kuhusu [[metabolism|ubadilishaji wa chakula mwilini]] kwa binadamu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Marilyn|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-92038-8|location=New York|pages=565–566|url=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0|url-access=registration}}](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0|url-access=registration}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifundisha katika vyuo mbalimbali kuanzia mwaka 1930 hadi 1966, na baadaye alifanya kazi katika U.S. Department of Agriculture (Idara ya Kilimo ya Marekani) katika kipindi cha baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.

Pia alihusishwa na tuzo ya Borden Award, ambayo ilitolewa kwa mafanikio katika utafiti wa lishe.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>oirmff3xwhiq6xx1zc1t0xtn1stkfv0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sherif Hatata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538953</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sharif Hatata''' ({{|ar|شريف حتاتة}}; 13 Septemba 1923 – 22 Mei 2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2017/5/22/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9](http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2017/5/22/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA...'</comment>
      <origin>1538953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1115" sha1="0aflavd8rhxerg6ljjph0gx2t42s4kb" xml:space="preserve">'''Sharif Hatata''' ({{|ar|شريف حتاتة}}; 13 Septemba 1923 – 22 Mei 2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=[http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2017/5/22/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9](http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2017/5/22/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9) |title=رحيل الكاتب والسياسي المصري شريف حتاتة |language=ar |access-date=18 Machi 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa daktari, mwandishi na mwanaharakati wa kikomunisti kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gikandi |first=Simon |title=Encyclopedia of African Literature |page=308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1923|2017}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>0aflavd8rhxerg6ljjph0gx2t42s4kb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1538968</id>
      <parentid>1538953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Olimasy</username>
        <id>26935</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1538968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="462" sha1="skm9sd34abg7hpto44o0u5kdmbg224h" xml:space="preserve">'''Sharif Hatata''' ({{|ar|شريف حتاتة}}; 13 Septemba 1923 – 22 Mei 2017) alikuwa daktari, mwandishi na mwanaharakati wa kikomunisti kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gikandi |first=Simon |title=Encyclopedia of African Literature |page=308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1923|2017}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]]</text>
      <sha1>skm9sd34abg7hpto44o0u5kdmbg224h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julieanna Hever</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538954</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:00:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Julieanna Hever''' (anayejulikana pia kama '''Plant-Based Dietician''') ni mtaalamu wa lishe aliyesajiliwa (registered dietitian) kutoka [[Marekani]] na mtetezi wa lishe inayotokana na mimea.  == Wasifu == Hever alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), na baadaye akapata Shahada ya Uzamili (M.Sc.) katika lishe kutoka California State University, Northridge, ambapo pia alikamilisha mafunzo yake ya kitaaluma ya li...'</comment>
      <origin>1538954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1667" sha1="jgu5uinxoj6tswsqi6f5b41v3r5i6tw" xml:space="preserve">'''Julieanna Hever''' (anayejulikana pia kama '''Plant-Based Dietician''') ni mtaalamu wa lishe aliyesajiliwa (registered dietitian) kutoka [[Marekani]] na mtetezi wa lishe inayotokana na mimea.

== Wasifu ==
Hever alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), na baadaye akapata Shahada ya Uzamili (M.Sc.) katika lishe kutoka California State University, Northridge, ambapo pia alikamilisha mafunzo yake ya kitaaluma ya lishe (Dietetic Internship).&lt;ref name=&quot;rouxbe&quot;&gt;[[https://web.archive.org/web/20221201130814/https://rouxbe.com/live-events/Plants-Nutrition-02](https://web.archive.org/web/20221201130814/https://rouxbe.com/live-events/Plants-Nutrition-02) &quot;Julieanna Hever - Plant-Based Dietician Q&amp;A&quot;]. rouxbe.com. Retrieved 2 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifanya kazi kama mtaalamu wa lishe wa hospitali (clinical dietitian) katika Century City Doctors Hospital.&lt;ref name=&quot;rouxbe&quot;/&gt; Tangu 2005, amekuwa akifanya kazi kama mtaalamu wa lishe huko Los Angeles.&lt;ref name=&quot;truehealthinitiative&quot;&gt;[[https://www.truehealthinitiative.org/council_member/julieanna-hever/](https://www.truehealthinitiative.org/council_member/julieanna-hever/) &quot;Julieanna Hever&quot;]. truehealthinitiative.org. Retrieved 2 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia ni mshauri wa shirika la Forks Over Knives na mwandishi wa makala za lishe katika jarida la ''VegNews''.&lt;ref name=&quot;truehealthinitiative&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.forksoverknives.com/contributors/julieanna-hever/](https://www.forksoverknives.com/contributors/julieanna-hever/) &quot;Julieanna Hever&quot;]. forksoverknives.com. Retrieved 2 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>jgu5uinxoj6tswsqi6f5b41v3r5i6tw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Hegazi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538955</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ibrahim Hegazi''' (Aprili 1944 – 3 Januari 2022) alikuwa mwanahabari mashuhuri wa michezo na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Veteran Egyptian sports journalist Ibrahim Hegazi dies at 77 |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/6/51/455220/Sports/Egyptian-Football/Veteran-Egyptian-sports-journalist-Ibrahim-Hegazi-.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/6/51/455220/Sports/Egyptian-Football/Veteran-Egyptian-sports-journal...'</comment>
      <origin>1538955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="727" sha1="4oa28q943n6t49hi4dlupic6w0cc1xt" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibrahim Hegazi''' (Aprili 1944 – 3 Januari 2022) alikuwa mwanahabari mashuhuri wa michezo na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Misri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Veteran Egyptian sports journalist Ibrahim Hegazi dies at 77 |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/6/51/455220/Sports/Egyptian-Football/Veteran-Egyptian-sports-journalist-Ibrahim-Hegazi-.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/6/51/455220/Sports/Egyptian-Football/Veteran-Egyptian-sports-journalist-Ibrahim-Hegazi-.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |date=3 Januari 2022 |access-date=8 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1944|2022}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]</text>
      <sha1>4oa28q943n6t49hi4dlupic6w0cc1xt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agnes C. Higgins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538956</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:03:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Agnes C. Higgins''' (née Quamme; 1911 – 27 Agosti 1985) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Canada]] na mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Montreal Diet Dispensary, nafasi aliyoshika kuanzia 1959 hadi 1981.&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.dispensaire.ca/en/about-us/history/](http://www.dispensaire.ca/en/about-us/history/)], Montreal Diet Dispensary history.&lt;/ref&gt;  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuendeleza “Higgins Method,” mbinu ya kusaidia wajawazito kuboresha lishe yao ili kupungu...'</comment>
      <origin>1538956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2634" sha1="o5fvhyes1kj40w39xpfg7nximpp636j" xml:space="preserve">'''Agnes C. Higgins''' (née Quamme; 1911 – 27 Agosti 1985) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Canada]] na mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Montreal Diet Dispensary, nafasi aliyoshika kuanzia 1959 hadi 1981.&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.dispensaire.ca/en/about-us/history/](http://www.dispensaire.ca/en/about-us/history/)], Montreal Diet Dispensary history.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuendeleza “Higgins Method,” mbinu ya kusaidia wajawazito kuboresha lishe yao ili kupunguza hatari ya watoto kuzaliwa na uzito mdogo, na hivyo kuongeza uwezekano wa watoto kukua wakiwa na afya bora.&lt;ref&gt;[[http://www.centraide-mtl.org/en/agencies/the-solidaires-awards/who-were-they/](http://www.centraide-mtl.org/en/agencies/the-solidaires-awards/who-were-they/)], Centraide: Who were they? Agnes C. Higgins&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[https://books.google.com/books?id=oJYrAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=agnes+higgins](https://books.google.com/books?id=oJYrAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=agnes+higgins)], Nutritional Supplementation and the Outcome of Pregnancy (Montreal Diet Dispensary Study, p. 93)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[http://library.med.utah.edu/nmw/Tutorial4/higgins.html](http://library.med.utah.edu/nmw/Tutorial4/higgins.html)], University of Utah: The Higgins Method of Nutritional Rehabilitation During Pregnancy&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirika la United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) liliathiriwa na kazi yake na lilichunguza mbinu zake katika Dispensary, jambo lililochangia kuundwa kwa mpango wa WIC program.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://s3.amazonaws.com/aws.upl/nwica.org/2014evolutionfoodpackages_batholomew_mitchell.pdf](https://s3.amazonaws.com/aws.upl/nwica.org/2014evolutionfoodpackages_batholomew_mitchell.pdf)], History and Changes in the WIC program&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabla ya kufanya kazi katika Montreal Diet Dispensary, Higgins alifanya kazi katika kampuni ya Betty Crocker na alikuwa miongoni mwa wanawake waliokuwa wakijibu barua zilizotumwa kwa jina la Miss Betty Crocker.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://books.google.com/books?id=867QCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=agnes+higgins+betty+crocker&amp;pg=PA116](https://books.google.com/books?id=867QCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=agnes+higgins+betty+crocker&amp;pg=PA116)], How Canadians Communicate VI: Food Promotion, Consumption, and Controversy, p. 116&lt;/ref&gt;

Jina lake limejumuishwa katika orodha ya Typonym’Elles, inayotambua wanawake wenye mchango wa kihistoria ambao majina yao hutumika katika kutaja maeneo na alama za jiji la Montreal.&lt;ref&gt;[[http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=1560,11245605&amp;_dad=portal&amp;_schema=PORTAL](http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=1560,11245605&amp;_dad=portal&amp;_schema=PORTAL)], Typonym’Elles: Montréal au féminin&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>o5fvhyes1kj40w39xpfg7nximpp636j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruby Hooper</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538957</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:05:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ruby T. Hooper''' (5 Oktoba 1924 – 12 Oktoba 2007) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe (dietitian), mkurugenzi wa huduma za chakula hospitalini, na mwanasiasa kutoka jimbo la [[North Carolina]] nchini [[Marekani]].  Mwaka 1984, Hooper aliweka historia kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kugombea nafasi ya Gavana wa North Carolina kama mgombea wa chama kikuu cha kisiasa.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1538957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="429" sha1="he9h54ft8vz00hmtze8taptcb981c2u" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruby T. Hooper''' (5 Oktoba 1924 – 12 Oktoba 2007) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe (dietitian), mkurugenzi wa huduma za chakula hospitalini, na mwanasiasa kutoka jimbo la [[North Carolina]] nchini [[Marekani]].

Mwaka 1984, Hooper aliweka historia kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kugombea nafasi ya Gavana wa North Carolina kama mgombea wa chama kikuu cha kisiasa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>he9h54ft8vz00hmtze8taptcb981c2u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruth Huenemann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538958</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ruth Lois Huenemann''' (5 Februari 1910 – 19 Agosti 2005) alikuwa mtaalamu wa afya ya umma na lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa utafiti kuhusu unenepaji wa utotoni. Alikuwa pia profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley na mwenyekiti wa Idara ya Sayansi za Afya ya Jamii na Usimamizi katika Shule ya Afya ya Umma.  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Huenemann alizaliwa 5 Februari 1910 huko Waukon, Iowa, Marekani.  A...'</comment>
      <origin>1538958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1272" sha1="1w6v1o2nkcdl845t9btb8h6ud1141em" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruth Lois Huenemann''' (5 Februari 1910 – 19 Agosti 2005) alikuwa mtaalamu wa afya ya umma na lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa utafiti kuhusu unenepaji wa utotoni. Alikuwa pia profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley na mwenyekiti wa Idara ya Sayansi za Afya ya Jamii na Usimamizi katika Shule ya Afya ya Umma.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Huenemann alizaliwa 5 Februari 1910 huko Waukon, Iowa, Marekani.  Alikulia katika majimbo ya [[Wisconsin]] na [[South Dakota]], akiwa mtoto wa pili kati ya watoto 14 katika familia ya wakulima. Yeye na ndugu zake walijulikana kuwa warefu na wembamba.

Alimaliza shule ya sekondari mwaka 1928. Wakati wa Mdororo Mkubwa wa Kiuchumi (Great Depression) alifanya kazi ya ualimu. Baadaye alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin na kuhitimu mwaka 1938 na shahada ya kwanza katika lishe. Mwaka 1941 alipata shahada ya uzamili katika lishe kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]].

Baadaye alifundisha kwa takribani muongo mmoja katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tennessee kama profesa msaidizi (associate professor). Alipata ufadhili wa masomo kujiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]], ambapo mwaka 1954 alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD).

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1w6v1o2nkcdl845t9btb8h6ud1141em</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Morsi El Sayed Hegazy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538959</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:09:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Morsi El Sayed Hegazy''' ni mwanataaluma na mchumi kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Fedha kwa kipindi kifupi kuanzia tarehe 6 Januari hadi 7 Mei 2013. Alikuwa Waziri wa tano wa Fedha wa Misri tangu mwaka 2011.&lt;ref name=wsj613&gt;{{cite news |title=Egypt Shakes Up Cabinet |url=[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323482504578225260985496222](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323482504578225260985496222) |newspaper=The Wall...'</comment>
      <origin>1538959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="692" sha1="0sol0ykdschxjf5yphkalxlv2b6zdxh" xml:space="preserve">'''Morsi El Sayed Hegazy''' ni mwanataaluma na mchumi kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Fedha kwa kipindi kifupi kuanzia tarehe 6 Januari hadi 7 Mei 2013. Alikuwa Waziri wa tano wa Fedha wa Misri tangu mwaka 2011.&lt;ref name=wsj613&gt;{{cite news |title=Egypt Shakes Up Cabinet |url=[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323482504578225260985496222](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323482504578225260985496222) |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |author=Matt Bradley |date=6 Januari 2013 |access-date=4 Februari 2013 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|2011|2013}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>0sol0ykdschxjf5yphkalxlv2b6zdxh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539003</id>
      <parentid>1538959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:09:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1539003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="686" sha1="0rutley4b8mq2gkdlnw9pxt7pc6fpw0" xml:space="preserve">'''Morsi El Sayed Hegazy''' ni mwanataaluma na mchumi kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Fedha kwa kipindi kifupi kuanzia tarehe 6 Januari hadi 7 Mei 2013. Alikuwa Waziri wa tano wa Fedha wa Misri tangu mwaka 2011.&lt;ref name=wsj613&gt;{{cite news |title=Egypt Shakes Up Cabinet |url=[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323482504578225260985496222](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323482504578225260985496222) |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |author=Matt Bradley |date=6 Januari 2013 |access-date=4 Februari 2013 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>0rutley4b8mq2gkdlnw9pxt7pc6fpw0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gina Keatley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538963</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:13:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gina Keatley''' (alizaliwa 9 Machi 1980) ni msanii, msimamizi wa sanaa (curator), na mtu wa vyombo vya habari kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Bushwick Gallery huko Brooklyn, New York, jumba la sanaa linalofanya kazi kwa miadi maalum na ambalo huangazia kazi zake za sanaa za mtindo wa abstract expressionism pamoja na kazi za wasanii wa kisasa kutoka sehemu mbalimbali duniani. Mtazamo wake wa kisanii unasisitiza ubunifu hatarishi...'</comment>
      <origin>1538963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1962" sha1="bkh1ht05mxblaud4n5lrfv49hyttwud" xml:space="preserve">'''Gina Keatley''' (alizaliwa 9 Machi 1980) ni msanii, msimamizi wa sanaa (curator), na mtu wa vyombo vya habari kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Bushwick Gallery huko Brooklyn, New York, jumba la sanaa linalofanya kazi kwa miadi maalum na ambalo huangazia kazi zake za sanaa za mtindo wa abstract expressionism pamoja na kazi za wasanii wa kisasa kutoka sehemu mbalimbali duniani. Mtazamo wake wa kisanii unasisitiza ubunifu hatarishi, maudhui yanayoongozwa na mawazo (concept-driven), na kutoa nafasi kwa wasanii kufanya kazi nje ya mipaka ya kawaida.

Pia Keatley anajulikana kwa kazi yake ya awali kama mtaalamu wa lishe na mtangazaji wa televisheni, ambapo alijipatia sifa kwa programu zinazohusu chakula na mbinu bunifu za mawasiliano kuhusu afya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Interview: Gina Keatley|url=[https://www.artistcloseup.com/blog/interview-gina-keatleyutm|website=Artist](https://www.artistcloseup.com/blog/interview-gina-keatleyutm|website=Artist) CloseUp|date=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2013, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Community Leadership Award kutoka President's Council on Sports, Fitness &amp; Nutrition kwa mchango wake katika afya ya umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=President’s Council on Sports |first1=Fitness &amp; Nutrition |title=PCSFN Community Leadership Award |url=[https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/programs-and-awards/council-awards/pcsfn-community-leadership-award/index.html](https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/programs-and-awards/council-awards/pcsfn-community-leadership-award/index.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181030014926/https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/programs-and-awards/council-awards/pcsfn-community-leadership-award/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20181030014926/https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/programs-and-awards/council-awards/pcsfn-community-leadership-award/index.html) |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |accessdate=27 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>bkh1ht05mxblaud4n5lrfv49hyttwud</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucille Shapson Hurley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538964</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:17:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lucille Hurley''' (8 Mei 1922 – 28 Julai 1988) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alitunukiwa Guggenheim Fellowship mara mbili (1962 na 1969) kutokana na utafiti wake kuhusu biokemia ya lishe ya mama na mtoto wakati wa ujauzito na kipindi cha karibu na kuzaliwa (maternal and perinatal nutrition).  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lucille Shapson Hurley alizaliwa Riga, [[Latvia]]. Alihamia [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] na familia yake mwaka 1925....'</comment>
      <origin>1538964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1827" sha1="cak3k0c0xalrwg85nrap53udzigyu78" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucille Hurley''' (8 Mei 1922 – 28 Julai 1988) alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alitunukiwa Guggenheim Fellowship mara mbili (1962 na 1969) kutokana na utafiti wake kuhusu biokemia ya lishe ya mama na mtoto wakati wa ujauzito na kipindi cha karibu na kuzaliwa (maternal and perinatal nutrition).

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Lucille Shapson Hurley alizaliwa Riga, [[Latvia]]. Alihamia [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] na familia yake mwaka 1925. Baba yake, Carl Shapson, alifanya kazi katika kiwanda cha viatu alipokuwa mtoto.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3066977/carl_shapson_obituary_1968/](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3066977/carl_shapson_obituary_1968/) &quot;Carl Shapson&quot;] ''Wisconsin Jewish Journal'' (Novemba 29, 1968): 7. via Newspapers.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Alisoma katika Wauwatosa High School na baadaye Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin, ambako alipata shahada ya lishe mwaka 1943. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika lishe kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley mwaka 1950. Tasnifu yake ya udaktari ilikuwa “The relationship between pantothenic acid deficiency and adrenal cortical function.”&lt;ref&gt;University of California, Berkeley, [[https://books.google.com/books?id=owE5AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA105](https://books.google.com/books?id=owE5AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA105) ''The Eighty-Seventh Commencement''] (Juni 16, 1950): 105.&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya hapo alifanya mafunzo ya baada ya udaktari kwa miaka minne katika University of Colorado School of Medicine, akijikita kwenye biokemia na embriolojia.&lt;ref&gt;Carl L. Keen and D’Ann Finley, [[http://jn.nutrition.org/content/119/12/1875.full.pdf](http://jn.nutrition.org/content/119/12/1875.full.pdf) &quot;Lucille Shapson Hurley, 1922–1988&quot;] ''Journal of Nutrition'' 119 (1989): 1875–1879.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>cak3k0c0xalrwg85nrap53udzigyu78</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reda Hegazy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538965</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:32:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Reda Hegazy''' ({{|ar|رِضا حجازي}}; alizaliwa tarehe 4 Desemba 1959) ni mwanasiasa na mwanataaluma wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu na Elimu ya Ufundi katika serikali iliyoongozwa na [[Mostafa Madbouly]], akimrithi [[Tarek Shawki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=رضا حجازى وزيرًا للتربية والتعليم (بروفايل) |url=[https://www.dostor.org/4151909](https://www.dostor.org/4151909) |website=جري...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1666" sha1="g1y05l3im8k462w2bjkg07oojtzlumh" xml:space="preserve">'''Reda Hegazy''' ({{|ar|رِضا حجازي}}; alizaliwa tarehe 4 Desemba 1959) ni mwanasiasa na mwanataaluma wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu na Elimu ya Ufundi katika serikali iliyoongozwa na [[Mostafa Madbouly]], akimrithi [[Tarek Shawki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=رضا حجازى وزيرًا للتربية والتعليم (بروفايل) |url=[https://www.dostor.org/4151909](https://www.dostor.org/4151909) |website=جريدة الدستور |language=ar-eg |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's who: Meet Egypt's 13 new ministers - Politics - Egypt |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/473106.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/473106.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=Cabinet Reshuffle: New minister announced for Education portfolio |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118354/Cabinet-Reshuffle-New-minister-announced-for-Education-portfolio](https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118354/Cabinet-Reshuffle-New-minister-announced-for-Education-portfolio) |website=EgyptToday |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Egypt to continue implementing the new educational system: Minister |url=[https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-to-continue-implementing-the-new-educational-system-minister/](https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-to-continue-implementing-the-new-educational-system-minister/) |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1959|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>g1y05l3im8k462w2bjkg07oojtzlumh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539036</id>
      <parentid>1538965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1539036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="3kr5bswlw1140atrqapt7hsuhhscawa" xml:space="preserve">'''Reda Hegazy''' ({{|ar|رِضا حجازي}}; alizaliwa tarehe 4 Desemba 1959) ni mwanasiasa na mwanataaluma wa [[Misri]] aliyewahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu na Elimu ya Ufundi katika serikali iliyoongozwa na [[Mostafa Madbouly]], akimrithi [[Tarek Shawki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-13 |title=رضا حجازى وزيرًا للتربية والتعليم (بروفايل) |url=[https://www.dostor.org/4151909](https://www.dostor.org/4151909) |website=جريدة الدستور |language=ar-eg |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Who's who: Meet Egypt's 13 new ministers - Politics - Egypt |url=[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/473106.aspx](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/473106.aspx) |website=Ahram Online |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-13 |title=Cabinet Reshuffle: New minister announced for Education portfolio |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118354/Cabinet-Reshuffle-New-minister-announced-for-Education-portfolio](https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/118354/Cabinet-Reshuffle-New-minister-announced-for-Education-portfolio) |website=EgyptToday |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-15 |title=Egypt to continue implementing the new educational system: Minister |url=[https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-to-continue-implementing-the-new-educational-system-minister/](https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-to-continue-implementing-the-new-educational-system-minister/) |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US |access-date=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1959|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>3kr5bswlw1140atrqapt7hsuhhscawa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Millee Taggart</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538969</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:41:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Millee Taggart''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[2 Septemba]] [[1940]] mjini Ottawa, Illinois) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji kutoka United States.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake ya Janet Bergman Collins katika Search for Tomorrow, ambapo alicheza mhusika huyo kuanzia mwaka 1971 hadi 1982.  Majukumu yake mengine katika tamthilia za “soap opera” ni pamoja na Gerry McGrath Pollock #3 katika The Edge of Night na Millie Parks katika One Life t...'</comment>
      <origin>1538969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="785" sha1="lac8jxafj5t7nbucnvpbcnhgei6cdi1" xml:space="preserve">'''Millee Taggart''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[2 Septemba]] [[1940]] mjini Ottawa, Illinois) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] na mtayarishaji kutoka United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake ya Janet Bergman Collins katika Search for Tomorrow, ambapo alicheza mhusika huyo kuanzia mwaka 1971 hadi 1982.

Majukumu yake mengine katika tamthilia za “soap opera” ni pamoja na Gerry McGrath Pollock #3 katika The Edge of Night na Millie Parks katika One Life to Live.]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2005/scene/awards/reading-inspires-emmys-1117922891/|title='Reading' inspires Emmys|last=Learmonth|first=Michael|date=2005-05-16|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>lac8jxafj5t7nbucnvpbcnhgei6cdi1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donna Swajeski</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233079</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538971</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:43:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donna Swajeski''' ni [[Mwandishi|mwandis]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;hi kutoka United States anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika tamthilia za televisheni za mchana (soap opera).  Amefanya kazi kama mwandishi mkuu (head writer), mwandishi mwenza (co-head writer) na pia “breakdown writer” katika tamthilia zilizoshinda tuzo mbalimbali zinazorushwa na NBC, ABC na CBS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jessee|first=Karen|date=2018-02-14|title=Meet the Grand Dame of Delaware Avenue|url=h...'</comment>
      <origin>1538971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="805" sha1="g5pk6xho90579jsvu1i8pbeq17nn100" xml:space="preserve">'''Donna Swajeski''' ni [[Mwandishi|mwandis]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;hi kutoka United States anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika tamthilia za televisheni za mchana (soap opera).

Amefanya kazi kama mwandishi mkuu (head writer), mwandishi mwenza (co-head writer) na pia “breakdown writer” katika tamthilia zilizoshinda tuzo mbalimbali zinazorushwa na NBC, ABC na CBS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jessee|first=Karen|date=2018-02-14|title=Meet the Grand Dame of Delaware Avenue|url=https://delawaretoday.com/life-style/meet-the-grand-dame-of-delaware-avenue/|access-date=2020-04-25|website=Delaware Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabla ya kuanza kazi yake ya uandishi katika tamthilia za mchana, aliwahi kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Programu za Mchana (East Coast Daytime Programs) katika NBC.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>g5pk6xho90579jsvu1i8pbeq17nn100</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1539005</id>
      <parentid>1538971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:11:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1539005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="814" sha1="o2jg2njjgpltvyy8tu2ekqojmb1bp6n" xml:space="preserve">'''Donna Swajeski''' ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka Marekani anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika tamthilia za televisheni za mchana (soap opera).

Amefanya kazi kama mwandishi mkuu (head writer), mwandishi mwenza (co-head writer) na pia “breakdown writer” katika tamthilia zilizoshinda tuzo mbalimbali zinazorushwa na NBC, ABC na CBS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jessee|first=Karen|date=2018-02-14|title=Meet the Grand Dame of Delaware Avenue|url=https://delawaretoday.com/life-style/meet-the-grand-dame-of-delaware-avenue/|access-date=2020-04-25|website=Delaware Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabla ya kuanza kazi yake ya uandishi katika tamthilia za mchana, aliwahi kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Programu za Mchana (East Coast Daytime Programs) katika NBC.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>o2jg2njjgpltvyy8tu2ekqojmb1bp6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Betty Quin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538973</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Betty Quin''' (takribani 1922/1923 – [[28 Agosti]] [[1993]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa tamthilia, [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mhariri wa miswada ya mfululizo kutoka Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Betty Quin|url=https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/resource/38614|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110124946/https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/resource/38614|archive-date=2020-11-10|access-date=2020-11-09|website=AusStage}...'</comment>
      <origin>1538973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="683" sha1="d0yxar8ach1jl6ff1f1upd6e12p84ck" xml:space="preserve">'''Betty Quin''' (takribani 1922/1923 – [[28 Agosti]] [[1993]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa tamthilia, [[mwandishi]] wa skrini na mhariri wa miswada ya mfululizo kutoka Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Betty Quin|url=https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/resource/38614|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110124946/https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/resource/38614|archive-date=2020-11-10|access-date=2020-11-09|website=AusStage}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alitoa mchango katika tamthilia nyingi za “soap opera” nchini Australia, zikiwemo The Young Doctors, Sons and Daughters, A Country Practice, Prisoner na Neighbours.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}</text>
      <sha1>d0yxar8ach1jl6ff1f1upd6e12p84ck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>An Tae-hyun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538977</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '  '''An Tae-hyun''' (Kikorea: 안태현; alizaliwa tarehe [[1 Machi]] [[1993]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]] anayocheza nafasi ya kiungo.  Anachezea klabu ya Jeju SK katika ligi kuu ya K League 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110562031|script-title=ko:부천, 미드필더 안태현 영입|publisher={{ill|Osen (newspaper)|ko|OSEN|lt=OSEN}}|date=3 January 2017|access-date=3 January 2017|language=ko}}...'</comment>
      <origin>1538977</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="608" sha1="s84gulixms4g6zz13hwvhgddacsqa8t" xml:space="preserve">

'''An Tae-hyun''' (Kikorea: 안태현; alizaliwa tarehe [[1 Machi]] [[1993]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]] anayocheza nafasi ya kiungo.

Anachezea klabu ya Jeju SK katika ligi kuu ya K League 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110562031|script-title=ko:부천, 미드필더 안태현 영입|publisher={{ill|Osen (newspaper)|ko|OSEN|lt=OSEN}}|date=3 January 2017|access-date=3 January 2017|language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Korea Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>s84gulixms4g6zz13hwvhgddacsqa8t</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolyn Finney (author)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233082</id>
    <redirect title="Carolyn Finney (mwandishi)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538982</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:51:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Carolyn Finney (author)]] hadi [[Carolyn Finney (mwandishi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="40" sha1="fr0qubariyhsfa3lssfe5a7hzl68u1c" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Carolyn Finney (mwandishi)]]</text>
      <sha1>fr0qubariyhsfa3lssfe5a7hzl68u1c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Francis (environmentalist)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233083</id>
    <redirect title="John Francis (mwanamazingira)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538984</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[John Francis (environmentalist)]] hadi [[John Francis (mwanamazingira)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="43" sha1="1isqe94p8tpw1ozy1c13jdsetavclz5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[John Francis (mwanamazingira)]]</text>
      <sha1>1isqe94p8tpw1ozy1c13jdsetavclz5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles Young (United States Army officer)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233084</id>
    <redirect title="Charles Young (mwanajeshi)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1538987</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Charles Young (United States Army officer)]] hadi [[Charles Young (mwanajeshi)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1538987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="dv98mpbl5hxxry87ahc99iu4icd3p5k" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Charles Young (mwanajeshi)]]</text>
      <sha1>dv98mpbl5hxxry87ahc99iu4icd3p5k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bae Bien-u</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538989</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:00:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bae Bien-u''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[22 Mei]] [[1950]]) ni mpiga picha kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://media.daum.net/culture/art/newsview?newsid=20091002144506284 소나무 작가 배병우, 다음 사진은 '남해안'] Pine tree professional photographer, Bae Bien-U. The next photograph is the 'Southern Coast of Korea'&lt;/ref&gt;  Pia ni profesa katika Seoul Institute of the Arts.  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1...'</comment>
      <origin>1538989</origin>
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      <text bytes="465" sha1="m15rz9kw7z50x6llhlcpry2gxakqufl" xml:space="preserve">'''Bae Bien-u''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[22 Mei]] [[1950]]) ni mpiga picha kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://media.daum.net/culture/art/newsview?newsid=20091002144506284 소나무 작가 배병우, 다음 사진은 '남해안'] Pine tree professional photographer, Bae Bien-U. The next photograph is the 'Southern Coast of Korea'&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia ni profesa katika Seoul Institute of the Arts.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]]</text>
      <sha1>m15rz9kw7z50x6llhlcpry2gxakqufl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bae Se-hwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538992</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:02:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '  '''Bae Se-hwa''' (Kikorea: 배세화; alizaliwa mwaka [[1980]] mjini Seoul, [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]]) ni msanii kutoka Korea Kusini.  Anajulikana kwa kazi yake ya kutumia mbao za walnut zilizopindishwa kwa mvuke (steam bent) ili kuunda mikunjo laini na yenye mvuto wa kipekee katika sanaa zake.  Msukumo wake unatokana na mtazamo wa jadi wa Wakor ea kuhusu uzuri na uwiano wa asili. Alisoma katika Hongik University huko Seoul, ambapo alipata shahada ya...'</comment>
      <origin>1538992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="915" sha1="m6tq02gippi6e5f9j10uftec3vsb0ug" xml:space="preserve">

'''Bae Se-hwa''' (Kikorea: 배세화; alizaliwa mwaka [[1980]] mjini Seoul, [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]]) ni msanii kutoka Korea Kusini.

Anajulikana kwa kazi yake ya kutumia mbao za walnut zilizopindishwa kwa mvuke (steam bent) ili kuunda mikunjo laini na yenye mvuto wa kipekee katika sanaa zake.

Msukumo wake unatokana na mtazamo wa jadi wa Wakor ea kuhusu uzuri na uwiano wa asili. Alisoma katika Hongik University huko Seoul, ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza (BFA) katika Woodworking na Ubunifu wa Samani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maisonkorea.com/TREND/trand_view.aspx?bd_no=04030000&amp;seq=5899|title=Maison|publisher=Maisonkorea.com|date=|accessdate=2015-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100235/http://www.maisonkorea.com/TREND/trand_view.aspx?bd_no=04030000&amp;seq=5899|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>m6tq02gippi6e5f9j10uftec3vsb0ug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bahc Yiso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1538999</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:05:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bahc Yiso''' (Kikorea: 박이소; Hanja: 朴異素; [[23 Juni]] [[1957]] – [[26 Aprili]] [[2004]]), anayejulikana pia kama Mo Bahc, alikuwa msanii wa sanaa za kuona, mratibu wa shughuli za kitamaduni, mkusanyaji wa maonyesho (curator), mwanafalsafa wa sanaa (theorist), na mwalimu kutoka South Korea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&quot;Artist's Bio.&quot; In ''Pak I-so: kirok kwa kiŏk'' [Bahc Yiso: Memos and Memories], edited by Tae-gun Im and National Museum of Modern and Con...'</comment>
      <origin>1538999</origin>
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      <text bytes="698" sha1="o5h77xwtg047pt94kjor255o6bxvi85" xml:space="preserve">'''Bahc Yiso''' (Kikorea: 박이소; Hanja: 朴異素; [[23 Juni]] [[1957]] – [[26 Aprili]] [[2004]]), anayejulikana pia kama Mo Bahc, alikuwa msanii wa sanaa za kuona, mratibu wa shughuli za kitamaduni, mkusanyaji wa maonyesho (curator), mwanafalsafa wa sanaa (theorist), na mwalimu kutoka South Korea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&quot;Artist's Bio.&quot; In ''Pak I-so: kirok kwa kiŏk'' [Bahc Yiso: Memos and Memories], edited by Tae-gun Im and National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea, 22-29. Kyŏnggi-do Kwach'ŏn-si: Kungnip Hyŏndae Misulgwan, 2020. {{ISBN|9791196777135}},  {{OCLC|1184673082}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]]</text>
      <sha1>o5h77xwtg047pt94kjor255o6bxvi85</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Choi Jeong Hwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539001</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Choi Jeonghwa''' (Kikorea: 최정화; alizaliwa mwaka [[1961]]) ni msanii na mbunifu kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Kazi zake zinajumuisha usanifu wa maonyesho makubwa (large-scale installations) na sanaa ya umma, ambapo mara nyingi hutumia vifaa vya kawaida vya kila siku, bidhaa za matumizi ya watu, pamoja na vitu vilivyotumika tena (recycled objects).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://happy.designhouse.co.kr/magazine/magazine_view/00010005/4870|script...'</comment>
      <origin>1539001</origin>
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      <text bytes="846" sha1="qq9n1ulej0w3kk26935lrizkkl2ju6d" xml:space="preserve">'''Choi Jeonghwa''' (Kikorea: 최정화; alizaliwa mwaka [[1961]]) ni msanii na mbunifu kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Kazi zake zinajumuisha usanifu wa maonyesho makubwa (large-scale installations) na sanaa ya umma, ambapo mara nyingi hutumia vifaa vya kawaida vya kila siku, bidhaa za matumizi ya watu, pamoja na vitu vilivyotumika tena (recycled objects).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://happy.designhouse.co.kr/magazine/magazine_view/00010005/4870|script-title=ko:최정화 작가 당신 마음이 유일무이한 답이다|publisher=happy design house magazine|access-date=31 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amefanya kazi katika nyanja mbalimbali ikiwemo sanaa za kuona, ubunifu wa michoro (graphic design), ubunifu wa viwanda (industrial design), na usanifu majengo (architecture).

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>qq9n1ulej0w3kk26935lrizkkl2ju6d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Choi Min-ho (mpira wa voliboli)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539004</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Choi Min-ho''' (Kikorea: 최민호; alizaliwa tarehe [[28 Aprili]] [[1988]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa wavu kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya taifa ya wanaume ya Korea Kusini katika mashindano ya FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship 2014 yaliyofanyika nchini Poland.  Alichezea klabu ya Hyundai Capital Skywalkers..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Team Roster 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship – South Korea|url=http://pol...'</comment>
      <origin>1539004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="660" sha1="ljzrf4irqyax0jj8omft298iod7jpij" xml:space="preserve">'''Choi Min-ho''' (Kikorea: 최민호; alizaliwa tarehe [[28 Aprili]] [[1988]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa wavu kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya taifa ya wanaume ya Korea Kusini katika mashindano ya FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship 2014 yaliyofanyika nchini Poland.

Alichezea klabu ya Hyundai Capital Skywalkers..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Team Roster 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship – South Korea|url=http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/KOR-United_States/team_roster|work=poland2014.fivb.org|date=|accessdate=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>ljzrf4irqyax0jj8omft298iod7jpij</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Choi Myoung Young</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539007</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:13:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Choi Myoung Young''' (Kikorea: 최명영; alizaliwa tarehe [[23 Septemba]] [[1941]]) ni mchoraji kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Katika maisha yake ya sanaa, amefanya kazi kwa mtindo wa Dansaekhwa (uchoraji wa rangi moja).&lt;ref&gt;Kwon Dong-cheol, an art reporter, &quot;Plane Conditions&quot; of Chusa Kim Jung-hee( 一橫) and traces, The Page Gallery-Choi Myung-young Exhibition, Economic Review, April 26, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} J...'</comment>
      <origin>1539007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="483" sha1="jkegvl4p8tjofb1hr3upbtob6em0w8x" xml:space="preserve">'''Choi Myoung Young''' (Kikorea: 최명영; alizaliwa tarehe [[23 Septemba]] [[1941]]) ni mchoraji kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Katika maisha yake ya sanaa, amefanya kazi kwa mtindo wa Dansaekhwa (uchoraji wa rangi moja).&lt;ref&gt;Kwon Dong-cheol, an art reporter, &quot;Plane Conditions&quot; of Chusa Kim Jung-hee( 一橫) and traces, The Page Gallery-Choi Myung-young Exhibition, Economic Review, April 26, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]</text>
      <sha1>jkegvl4p8tjofb1hr3upbtob6em0w8x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sung-ho Choi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233091</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539009</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sung Ho Choi''' (Kikorea: 최성호; alizaliwa mwaka [[1954]] mjini Seoul, [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]]) ni msanii wa sanaa mchanganyiko (mixed media artist) mwenye makazi yake katika Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.  Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sanaa nzuri (BFA) kutoka Hongik University mwaka 1980, kisha akahamia [[Marekani]] mwaka uliofuata. Mwaka 1984 alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa (MFA) kutoka Pratt Institute.  Mwaka 1990 alianzisha S...'</comment>
      <origin>1539009</origin>
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      <text bytes="1394" sha1="0hrrw4i60zhx6ksxe3agwtm5q3bt74g" xml:space="preserve">'''Sung Ho Choi''' (Kikorea: 최성호; alizaliwa mwaka [[1954]] mjini Seoul, [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]]) ni msanii wa sanaa mchanganyiko (mixed media artist) mwenye makazi yake katika Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.

Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sanaa nzuri (BFA) kutoka Hongik University mwaka 1980, kisha akahamia [[Marekani]] mwaka uliofuata. Mwaka 1984 alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa (MFA) kutoka Pratt Institute.

Mwaka 1990 alianzisha SEORO Korean Cultural Network, kikundi cha wasanii wa Kikorea-Amerika, na mwaka 1996 aliteuliwa na Percent for Art kutengeneza kazi ya sanaa ya uwekaji (installation art).

Amefanya maonyesho ya mtu mmoja (solo exhibitions) katika taasisi mbalimbali ikiwemo University of Massachusetts Amherst, Queens Museum of Art na Kumho Museum of Art.

Kazi zake za sanaa zinaakisi uzoefu wake kama Mmarekani mwenye asili ya Asia, hasa changamoto za uhamiaji na “ndoto ya Marekani”. Ameunda mfululizo wa kazi kama We the People na American Dream zinazoonyesha mtazamo wake kuhusu utamaduni wa Marekani na mwingiliano wa tamaduni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archive of Korean Artists in America : Individual : Sung Ho Choi 최 성호 [AKAA_SHC]|url=https://www.ahlfoundation-akaa.org/index.php/Detail/entities/25|access-date=2022-04-24|website=www.ahlfoundation-akaa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]</text>
      <sha1>0hrrw4i60zhx6ksxe3agwtm5q3bt74g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chan-Jin Chung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539010</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Chan-Jin Chung''' (Kikorea: 정찬진; pia anajulikana kama CJ Chung; alizaliwa [[4 Januari|Januari 4]], [[1959]]) ni [[profesa]] wa [[sayansi]] ya kompyuta kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]], anayefundisha katika Lawrence Technological University.  Pia ni mwanzilishi wa Robofest, mashindano ya kimataifa ya roboti zinazojitegemea (autonomous robotics competition) yaliyoanzishwa mwaka wa masomo 1999–2000.  Amechangia katika maendeleo ya programu za el...'</comment>
      <origin>1539010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="924" sha1="6wsjkqbv8bnl2fupjrsrsdcpdatrfol" xml:space="preserve">'''Chan-Jin Chung''' (Kikorea: 정찬진; pia anajulikana kama CJ Chung; alizaliwa [[4 Januari|Januari 4]], [[1959]]) ni [[profesa]] wa [[sayansi]] ya kompyuta kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]], anayefundisha katika Lawrence Technological University.

Pia ni mwanzilishi wa Robofest, mashindano ya kimataifa ya roboti zinazojitegemea (autonomous robotics competition) yaliyoanzishwa mwaka wa masomo 1999–2000.

Amechangia katika maendeleo ya programu za elimu zinazounganisha sayansi, teknolojia, uhandisi na hisabati (STEM), pamoja na sanaa, roboti na sayansi ya kompyuta, kwa lengo la kukuza ubunifu na elimu ya vitendo kwa wanafunzi.&lt;ref&gt;Bill King (Feb 16, 2000). [https://www.robofest.net/resc/TechNews021600.pdf Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan backs Lawrence Tech Robofest; University trains teachers in robots] LTU Tech News, page 1 and 8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>6wsjkqbv8bnl2fupjrsrsdcpdatrfol</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chung Chan-seung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539012</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:21:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Chung Chan-seung''' (Kikorea: 정찬승; Hanja: 鄭燦勝; [[1942]]–[[1994]]) alikuwa msanii wa sanaa za kuona kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Alijulikana pia kwa jina la Chan S. Chung alipokuwa akiishi na kufanya kazi mjini New York City..&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Non Col.&quot; Multilingual Dictionary of Korean Art Terms (MDKAT).https://www.gokams.or.kr:442/visual-art/art-terms/glossary/group_view.asp?idx=125&amp;page=1&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == &lt;references /&gt; {{Mbegu-mtu}} ...'</comment>
      <origin>1539012</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="511" sha1="jw0a6ogngu5k5i1ez79vg9054u77eqf" xml:space="preserve">'''Chung Chan-seung''' (Kikorea: 정찬승; Hanja: 鄭燦勝; [[1942]]–[[1994]]) alikuwa msanii wa sanaa za kuona kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Alijulikana pia kwa jina la Chan S. Chung alipokuwa akiishi na kufanya kazi mjini New York City..&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Non Col.&quot; Multilingual Dictionary of Korean Art Terms (MDKAT).https://www.gokams.or.kr:442/visual-art/art-terms/glossary/group_view.asp?idx=125&amp;page=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>jw0a6ogngu5k5i1ez79vg9054u77eqf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaeko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539014</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gaeko''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Kim Yoon-sung; Kikorea: 김윤성; alizaliwa [[14 Januari|Januari 14]], [[1981]]) ni msanii wa hip hop kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Yeye pamoja na Choiza wanaunda kundi la hip hop linaloitwa Dynamic Duo, ambalo lilipata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza Taxi Driver mwaka 2004.  Mwaka 2015, Gaeko alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya solo iitwayo Redingray.at number 86 on the component Circle Download Char...'</comment>
      <origin>1539014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="990" sha1="20bnxe6jy14ruw5fcbzq5x4hr50mbhy" xml:space="preserve">'''Gaeko''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Kim Yoon-sung; Kikorea: 김윤성; alizaliwa [[14 Januari|Januari 14]], [[1981]]) ni msanii wa hip hop kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Yeye pamoja na Choiza wanaunda kundi la hip hop linaloitwa Dynamic Duo, ambalo lilipata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza Taxi Driver mwaka 2004.

Mwaka 2015, Gaeko alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya solo iitwayo Redingray.at number 86 on the component Circle Download Chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=41&amp;hitYear=2017&amp;termGbn=week|title=&quot;I Wander&quot; on Gaon Download Chart (see #86)|access-date=October 29, 2017|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163336/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;serviceGbn=S1020&amp;targetTime=41&amp;hitYear=2017&amp;termGbn=week|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]]</text>
      <sha1>20bnxe6jy14ruw5fcbzq5x4hr50mbhy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kim Poong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539015</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kim Jeong-hwan''' (Kikorea: 김정환; alizaliwa [[12 Desemba]] [[1978]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii Kim Poong (김풍), ni msanii wa webcomic na mtu wa televisheni kutoka South Korea.  Anajulikana kwa kazi zake za uchoraji wa vibonzo (webcomics) pamoja na kuonekana katika vipindi mbalimbali vya televisheni, hasa vipindi vinavyohusu mapishi (cooking programs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Han|first1=Jin|title=Star chefs make meals from leftovers f...'</comment>
      <origin>1539015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="703" sha1="42i6968fe3p8mvyqlgppbgz8hkwk4be" xml:space="preserve">'''Kim Jeong-hwan''' (Kikorea: 김정환; alizaliwa [[12 Desemba]] [[1978]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii Kim Poong (김풍), ni msanii wa webcomic na mtu wa televisheni kutoka South Korea.

Anajulikana kwa kazi zake za uchoraji wa vibonzo (webcomics) pamoja na kuonekana katika vipindi mbalimbali vya televisheni, hasa vipindi vinavyohusu mapishi (cooking programs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Han|first1=Jin|title=Star chefs make meals from leftovers for show|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2997226|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=March 31, 2015|date=November 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>42i6968fe3p8mvyqlgppbgz8hkwk4be</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kim Ou-joon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539020</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kim Ou-joon''' (Kikorea: 김어준; alizaliwa [[6 Desemba]] [[1968]]) ni mwanahabari kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Anajulikana sana kwa kuendesha podcast za kisiasa na maudhui ya uchambuzi wa siasa. Yeye ndiye muanzilishi wa kipindi cha Naneun Ggomsuda.  Kwa sasa anaendesha maudhui kupitia Ddanzi Ilbo, ikiwa ni pamoja na kipindi DAS Boeida, pamoja na Traffic Broadcasting System kupitia kipindi cha News Factory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=신|first=용...'</comment>
      <origin>1539020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="765" sha1="mkxhw3ggamkq9npmwpxlc1xysuike95" xml:space="preserve">'''Kim Ou-joon''' (Kikorea: 김어준; alizaliwa [[6 Desemba]] [[1968]]) ni mwanahabari kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Anajulikana sana kwa kuendesha podcast za kisiasa na maudhui ya uchambuzi wa siasa. Yeye ndiye muanzilishi wa kipindi cha Naneun Ggomsuda.

Kwa sasa anaendesha maudhui kupitia Ddanzi Ilbo, ikiwa ni pamoja na kipindi DAS Boeida, pamoja na Traffic Broadcasting System kupitia kipindi cha News Factory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=신|first=용식|date=2024-12-13|title='암살조 제보' 말한 김어준…정치권 '시끌'|url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007911674&amp;plink=TOPVIDEO&amp;cooper=SBSNEWSMAIN|access-date=2024-12-13|website=SBS NEWS|language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]]</text>
      <sha1>mkxhw3ggamkq9npmwpxlc1xysuike95</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kim Kyu-young</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539024</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:37:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kim Kyu-young''' (Kikorea: 김규영; [[1937]] – [[25 Novemba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa harakati za Skauti kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Korea Scout Association kuanzia 1982 hadi 1991.  Baadaye, aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kanda ya Asia-Pasifiki wa World Scout Bureau, nafasi aliyohudumu nayo kuanzia 1990 hadi 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/list|title=List of recipients of the...'</comment>
      <origin>1539024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="775" sha1="96sjlfxwrd43f6q5zwy6t2ziu0raayc" xml:space="preserve">'''Kim Kyu-young''' (Kikorea: 김규영; [[1937]] – [[25 Novemba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa harakati za Skauti kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Korea Scout Association kuanzia 1982 hadi 1991.

Baadaye, aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kanda ya Asia-Pasifiki wa World Scout Bureau, nafasi aliyohudumu nayo kuanzia 1990 hadi 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/list|title=List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award|website=www.scout.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053624/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/List|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]</text>
      <sha1>96sjlfxwrd43f6q5zwy6t2ziu0raayc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caroline Maher</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539027</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:39:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Caroline Maher''' ({{|ar|كارولين ماهر}}) ni mbunge wa [[Misri]]. Pia ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa taekwondo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/164/179843/Egypt/Egypt-Elections-/-MPs-appointed-by-Egypts-Sisi-to-new-parliament-Wh.aspx](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/164/179843/Egypt/Egypt-Elections-/-MPs-appointed-by-Egypts-Sisi-to-new-parliament-Wh.aspx) | title=28 MPs appointed by Egypt's Sisi to new parli...'</comment>
      <origin>1539027</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1503" sha1="sr2jij3jdmu3763m16w9lqulce6yexu" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline Maher''' ({{|ar|كارولين ماهر}}) ni mbunge wa [[Misri]]. Pia ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa taekwondo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/164/179843/Egypt/Egypt-Elections-/-MPs-appointed-by-Egypts-Sisi-to-new-parliament-Wh.aspx](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/164/179843/Egypt/Egypt-Elections-/-MPs-appointed-by-Egypts-Sisi-to-new-parliament-Wh.aspx) | title=28 MPs appointed by Egypt's Sisi to new parliament: Who's who | publisher=Ahram Org | date=31 Desemba 2015 | access-date=11 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=[https://dailynewsegypt.com/2018/10/08/meet-caroline-maher-first-arab-woman-mp-inducted-into-taekwondo-hall-of-fame/](https://dailynewsegypt.com/2018/10/08/meet-caroline-maher-first-arab-woman-mp-inducted-into-taekwondo-hall-of-fame/) | title=Meet Caroline Maher: first Arab woman MP inducted into Taekwondo Hall of Fame | publisher=Daily News Egypt | work=Tamer Farhat | date=8 Oktoba 2018 | access-date=11 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=[https://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2018/02/06/From-a-world-champion-to-youngest-member-of-Egyptian-Parliament.html](https://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2018/02/06/From-a-world-champion-to-youngest-member-of-Egyptian-Parliament.html) | title=Caroline Maher: From Taekwondo champion to youngest Egyptian MP | publisher=Al Arabiya English | date=6 Februari 2018 | access-date=11 Novemba 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>sr2jij3jdmu3763m16w9lqulce6yexu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kim Hong-hee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539028</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kim Hong-hee''' (Kikorea: 김홍희) ni mtaalamu wa historia ya sanaa, mkurugenzi wa maonyesho (curator) na mkosoaji wa sanaa kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].  Eneo lake kuu la utafiti na kazi ni sanaa ya video na sanaa ya kifeministi (feminist art).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=[Culture&amp;Life] 김홍희 서울시립미술관장|url=http://economy.hankooki.com/lpage/entv/201405/e20140530170341118220.htm|accessdate=2015-09-20|language=ko|url-status=dead|archi...'</comment>
      <origin>1539028</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="771" sha1="lax0p7kck1sqp6qi75leiipqfj89vnr" xml:space="preserve">'''Kim Hong-hee''' (Kikorea: 김홍희) ni mtaalamu wa historia ya sanaa, mkurugenzi wa maonyesho (curator) na mkosoaji wa sanaa kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]].

Eneo lake kuu la utafiti na kazi ni sanaa ya video na sanaa ya kifeministi (feminist art).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=[Culture&amp;Life] 김홍희 서울시립미술관장|url=http://economy.hankooki.com/lpage/entv/201405/e20140530170341118220.htm|accessdate=2015-09-20|language=ko|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414082705/http://economy.hankooki.com/lpage/entv/201405/e20140530170341118220.htm|archivedate=2015-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa, ni mkurugenzi wa Seoul Museum of Art (SeMA), ambapo anasimamia shughuli za sanaa na maonyesho ya kisasa.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
      <sha1>lax0p7kck1sqp6qi75leiipqfj89vnr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Young Man Kang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539029</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:42:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Young Man Kang''' (alizaliwa [[6 Aprili]] [[1966]] katika Mkoa wa South Chungcheong, South Korea) ni mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka [[Korea Kusini]] anayefanya kazi akiwa nchini United States, hasa Los Angeles, California.  Ameongoza na kutayarisha filamu kadhaa zikiwemo The Last Eve, Soap Girl, Cupid's Mistake na Kimchi Warrior.  Pia ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Seoul Webfest, tamasha linalohusu filamu na maudhui ya mtandaoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http...'</comment>
      <origin>1539029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="688" sha1="juqy102rc6cf5bvm74fn0krxr3nf1fr" xml:space="preserve">'''Young Man Kang''' (alizaliwa [[6 Aprili]] [[1966]] katika Mkoa wa South Chungcheong, South Korea) ni mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka [[Korea Kusini]] anayefanya kazi akiwa nchini United States, hasa Los Angeles, California.

Ameongoza na kutayarisha filamu kadhaa zikiwemo The Last Eve, Soap Girl, Cupid's Mistake na Kimchi Warrior.

Pia ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Seoul Webfest, tamasha linalohusu filamu na maudhui ya mtandaoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20160819005100315|title=(Yonhap Interview) Web series gain ground in media industry: KWweb Fest founder|date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]</text>
      <sha1>juqy102rc6cf5bvm74fn0krxr3nf1fr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hany Mahmoud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539032</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:43:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hany Mahmoud''' ({{|ar|هاني محمود}}) ni mhandisi wa [[Misri]] na aliyekuwa waziri wa mawasiliano na teknolojia ya habari wa Misri ambaye alihudumu kwa muda mfupi katika [[Baraza la Mawaziri la Qandil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18675490](https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18675490) |title=Hany Mahmoud |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=9 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/A...'</comment>
      <origin>1539032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="886" sha1="spljtjw0yi6b5kitorn4us1yjejl286" xml:space="preserve">'''Hany Mahmoud''' ({{|ar|هاني محمود}}) ni mhandisi wa [[Misri]] na aliyekuwa waziri wa mawasiliano na teknolojia ya habari wa Misri ambaye alihudumu kwa muda mfupi katika [[Baraza la Mawaziri la Qandil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18675490](https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18675490) |title=Hany Mahmoud |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=9 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/3163/Former-ICT-minister-Hany-Mahmoud-appointed-CEO-of-ValU](https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/3163/Former-ICT-minister-Hany-Mahmoud-appointed-CEO-of-ValU) |title=Former ICT minister Hany Mahmoud appointed CEO of ValU |publisher=Egypt Today |date=30 Mei 2017 |access-date=9 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>spljtjw0yi6b5kitorn4us1yjejl286</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kang Jin-a</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539034</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:45:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Young Man Kang''' (alizaliwa [[6 Aprili]] [[1966]] katika Mkoa wa South Chungcheong, [[Korea Kusini|South Kore]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a) ni mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Korea Kusini anayefanya kazi akiwa nchini United States, hasa Los Angeles, California.  Ameongoza na kutayarisha filamu kadhaa zikiwemo The Last Eve, Soap Girl, Cupid's Mistake na Kimchi Warrior.  Pia ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Seoul Webfest, tamasha linalohusu filamu na maudhui ya mtandaoni.&lt;r...'</comment>
      <origin>1539034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="901" sha1="rra2fn31mdmjbg5yi5cx0mpauhi0gw1" xml:space="preserve">'''Young Man Kang''' (alizaliwa [[6 Aprili]] [[1966]] katika Mkoa wa South Chungcheong, [[Korea Kusini|South Kore]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a) ni mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Korea Kusini anayefanya kazi akiwa nchini United States, hasa Los Angeles, California.

Ameongoza na kutayarisha filamu kadhaa zikiwemo The Last Eve, Soap Girl, Cupid's Mistake na Kimchi Warrior.

Pia ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Seoul Webfest, tamasha linalohusu filamu na maudhui ya mtandaoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jungculture.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=5651|author=구하나 [Gu Hana]|script-title=ko:이미연, 강진아 감독의 단편영화 '그게 아니고'에서 바로와 호흡|trans-title=Lee Mi-yeon and Baro in director Kang Jin-a's short film 'That's Not True'|work=Jung Culture|date=25 February 2015|accessdate=15 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|2}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]</text>
      <sha1>rra2fn31mdmjbg5yi5cx0mpauhi0gw1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dwight Schar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539035</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:45:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dwight Schar''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dwight C Schar |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/1457313 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=February 2, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa ''NVR, Inc.'', kampuni ya ''Fortune 500'' ambayo ni mjenzi wa tatu kwa ukubwa wa nyumba (kwa mapato) nchini Marekani. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama mwenyekiti mtendaji wa kampuni na mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Mtendaji....'</comment>
      <origin>1539035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1225" sha1="tfo4za7xdddkkynzhjc0sgw0760epmo" xml:space="preserve">'''Dwight Schar''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dwight C Schar |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/1457313 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=February 2, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa ''NVR, Inc.'', kampuni ya ''Fortune 500'' ambayo ni mjenzi wa tatu kwa ukubwa wa nyumba (kwa mapato) nchini Marekani. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama mwenyekiti mtendaji wa kampuni na mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Mtendaji. Schar pia alikuwa mmiliki  wa ''Washington Commanders'' ya ''National Football League'' kuanzia [[2003]] hadi [[2021]], pamoja na mwenyekiti wa zamani wa fedha wa ''Republican National Committee''. Alianzisha ''NVHomes'' mwaka [[1980]] na akakopa pesa nyingi kumnunua mwajiri wake wa zamani na mshindani, ''Ryan Homes'', mwaka [[1987]]. Kampuni iliyounganishwa iliitwa NVR.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hart |first1=Kim |title=Executives Cashing In Shares At NVR |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/05/AR2007060502599.html |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=February 2, 2022 |date=June 6, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>tfo4za7xdddkkynzhjc0sgw0760epmo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tarek El-Molla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539037</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:47:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Egipa</username>
        <id>87700</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tarek El-Molla''' ({{|ar|طارق الملا}}) (amezaliwa Juni 1962) ni mhandisi wa [[Misri]] na aliyekuwa Waziri wa Petroli na Rasilimali Madini wa Misri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tarek-El-Molla](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tarek-El-Molla) |title=Tarek El-Molla |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.egypoil-gas.com/tarek-el-molla/](https://www.egypo...'</comment>
      <origin>1539037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="719" sha1="ozjmof1z1jyczy8ebokn0d9971nnkv8" xml:space="preserve">'''Tarek El-Molla''' ({{|ar|طارق الملا}}) (amezaliwa Juni 1962) ni mhandisi wa [[Misri]] na aliyekuwa Waziri wa Petroli na Rasilimali Madini wa Misri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tarek-El-Molla](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tarek-El-Molla) |title=Tarek El-Molla |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[https://www.egypoil-gas.com/tarek-el-molla/](https://www.egypoil-gas.com/tarek-el-molla/) |title=Tarek El Molla |publisher=Egypt Oil &amp; Gas |access-date=9 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>ozjmof1z1jyczy8ebokn0d9971nnkv8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ik-Joong Kang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539038</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:47:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ik-Joong Kang''' (Kikorea: 강익중; alizaliwa [[11 Septemba]] [[1960]]) ni msanii wa sanaa za kuona kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]] na pia United States.  Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi zake za sanaa zinazotumia turubai ndogo sana zenye ukubwa wa inchi 3 kwa 3 (takriban 7.6 cm × 7.6 cm), ambazo huunda kazi kubwa za pamoja za sanaa.  Amefanya maonyesho katika taasisi kubwa za sanaa kama Whitney Museum of American Art na National Museum of Modern and C...'</comment>
      <origin>1539038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="917" sha1="dmh2uamyqtswa3ql2xy9g1tz2tufhyn" xml:space="preserve">'''Ik-Joong Kang''' (Kikorea: 강익중; alizaliwa [[11 Septemba]] [[1960]]) ni msanii wa sanaa za kuona kutoka [[Korea Kusini|South Korea]] na pia United States.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi zake za sanaa zinazotumia turubai ndogo sana zenye ukubwa wa inchi 3 kwa 3 (takriban 7.6 cm × 7.6 cm), ambazo huunda kazi kubwa za pamoja za sanaa.

Amefanya maonyesho katika taasisi kubwa za sanaa kama Whitney Museum of American Art na National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea.

Mwaka 1997, alikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii waliowakilisha South Korea katika Venice Biennale, ambapo alipata pongezi maalum (honorable mention).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Lee, Christine. &quot;Korean artist Ik-Joong Kang on the art of being Zen – interview.&quot; ''Art Radar'', 2 May 2014. https://artradarjournal.com/korean-artist-ik-joong-kang-on-the-art-of-being-zen-interview/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]</text>
      <sha1>dmh2uamyqtswa3ql2xy9g1tz2tufhyn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Richard Mellon Scaife</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539040</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Richard Mellon Scaife''' ([[Julai 3]], [[1932]] – [[Julai 4]], [[2014]]) alikuwa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mrithi  wa  wa benki, mafuta, na aluminium katika familia ya Mellon, na mmiliki na mchapishaji wa ''Pittsburgh Tribune-Review''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Gross |first=Michael Joseph |author-link=Michael Joseph Gross |date=February 2008 |title=A Vast Right-Wing Hypocrisy |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/02/scaife200802 |magazine=Vani...'</comment>
      <origin>1539040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1591" sha1="630xmkcywwisooa3k1w2u7nx5gewgb5" xml:space="preserve">'''Richard Mellon Scaife''' ([[Julai 3]], [[1932]] – [[Julai 4]], [[2014]]) alikuwa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mrithi  wa  wa benki, mafuta, na aluminium katika familia ya Mellon, na mmiliki na mchapishaji wa ''Pittsburgh Tribune-Review''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Gross |first=Michael Joseph |author-link=Michael Joseph Gross |date=February 2008 |title=A Vast Right-Wing Hypocrisy |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/02/scaife200802 |magazine=Vanity Fair |access-date=3 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka [[2005]], Scaife alikuwa nambari 238 kwenye Forbes 400, akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 1.2. Kufikia [[2013]], Scaife alikuwa ameshuka hadi nambari 371 kwenye orodha hiyo, akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 1.4. Alikuwa mjukuu wa [[Richard Beatty Mellon]], mwanzilishi wa T. Mellon &amp; Sons, mtangulizi wa [[Mellon Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=September 16, 2007 |title=Scaife's Wife Gets Giant Settlement after Messy Divorce – Claims Newspaper Is 'Hobby' |url= https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/scaifes-wife-gets-giant-settlement-after-messy-divorce-claims-newspaper-is-hobby,44740?/ |work=Editor &amp; Publisher |access-date=4 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 July 2014 |title=Billionaire Conservative Activist Richard Mellon Scaife Dies at 82 |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-richard-mellon-scaife-dires-20140704-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=Associated Press |access-date=3 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]]</text>
      <sha1>630xmkcywwisooa3k1w2u7nx5gewgb5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naguib Sawiris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1539042</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:55:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 15]], [[1954]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Misri]] na [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 February 2020|title=Naguib Sawiris eyes 51% of state-owned gold mining company|url=https://egyptindependent.com/naguib-sawiris-eyes-51-of-state-owned-gold-mining-company/|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa ''Orascom Investment Holding'' na alikuwa mwenyek...'</comment>
      <origin>1539042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1729" sha1="qki2ay86vc5fep0ptn6n21fujrnvdox" xml:space="preserve">'''Naguib Onsi Sawiris''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 15]], [[1954]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Misri]] na [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 February 2020|title=Naguib Sawiris eyes 51% of state-owned gold mining company|url=https://egyptindependent.com/naguib-sawiris-eyes-51-of-state-owned-gold-mining-company/|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa ''Orascom Investment Holding'' na alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa zamani wa ''Orascom Telecom Holding''. Ni ndugu wa [[Samih Sawiris]] na baba yake ni  [[Onsi Sawiris]]. Alianza kazi yake katika kampuni ya familia ya ''Orascom'' na alichukua uongozi wa Orascom Telecom mwaka [[1995]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financeuncovered.org/stories/the-north-korean-connection|title=The North Korean Connection |first=George |last=Turner |date=3 February 2016 |quote=His business empire is controlled from a luxurious tower on the banks of the Nile, yet according to Companies House filings he is usually resident in the UK, where amongst other things, he runs a hedge fund. As Sawiris confirmed during a recent case before the UK supreme court, he has US citizenship. |website=Finance Uncovered}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/north-korea-witness-transformation/jim-rogers-meet-naguib-sawiris |title=Jim Rogers, Meet Naguib Sawiris: A tale of two US citizens |first=Marcus |last=Noland |date=March 9, 2017 |quote=As documented by British financial reporter George Turner, Egyptian-born billionaire Naguib Sawiris has US citizenship. |website=PIIE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>qki2ay86vc5fep0ptn6n21fujrnvdox</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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