Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1204 1576994 1499554 2026-06-27T11:37:09Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Alama za uhakifishi 1576994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Alt Telefon.jpg|thumbnail|Simu ya mezani]] [[Picha:Nokia1100 new.jpg|thumbnail|[[Simu za mikononi]]]] [[picha:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|thumbnail|[[Simujanja]]]] '''Simu''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] <big>سیم</big>, sim, inayomaanisha "[[waya]]") ni [[kifaa]] cha [[elektroniki]] kinachotumika kwa [[mawasiliano]] ya mbali kwa kutumia [[sauti]], [[ujumbe]] wa [[maandishi]], au njia nyingine za [[dijiti|kidijitali]]. Ina uwezo wa kupokea na kutuma taarifa sehemu mbalimbali kupitia [[Intaneti|mtandao]] wa mawasiliano, kama vile simu za mkononi au simu za mezani. Pia simu inaweza kuwa na huduma nyingine kama [[kamera]], kumbukumbu na uwezo wa kupata mtandao wa [[intaneti]] na hutumika kwa madhumuni mengi kama vile mawasiliano ya binafsi, kazi au burudani. Awali Simu ilihitaji iunganishwe na nyaya, lakini leo hii inaweza kutumia [[redio]]. Hiyo inaitwa [[nyayatupu]], [[siwaya]] au [[simu bila waya]]. ==Historia== Watu wengi wanaamini kuwa simu iligunduliwa mnamo [[1876]] na [[Alexander Graham Bell]],<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |title = Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1875-1876 |accessdate = 2013-07-23 |archive-date = 2015-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203003124/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Uskoti|Mskoti]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 29 aliyeishi nchini [[Marekani]]. Lakini [[Italia|Mwitalia]] [[Antonio Meucci]] alianzisha matumizi ya simu toka mwaka wa [[1871]] hukohuko Marekani. Tangu mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] kuna aina mpya ya simu iliyoenea ambayo ni [[simu za mikononi]]. Ingawa haistahili kweli kuitwa tena "simu" kwa maana asilia kwa sababu hakuna simu, ni aina ya [[mtambo]] wa [[mawasiliano]] uliosambaa haraka sana. Katika nchi nyingi za [[Afrika]] simu hizi zina faida ya pekee kwa sababu zinaruhusu [[mawasiliano]] hata pale ambako nyaya za [[Posta]] hazifiki. ==Namba za simu== Kila simu inapaswa kuwa na namba ya pekee ikiunganishwa katika mtandao wa simu. Isipokuwa ofisi au kampuni inaweza kuwa na namba moja kwa simu zake zote halafu maungio ya simu ya ndani ambako ama mtu au mtambo unaunganisha simu za ndani na mtandao wa nje. Kwa kawaida mtandao wa simu ndani ya nchi inagawiwa kwa maeneo. Maeneo haya yanaweza kugawiwa tena hadi ngazi ya mtandao wa mahali. Kila eneo linafikiwa kupitia namba ya eneo; ndani ya eneo inatosha kutumia namba ya simu yenyewe. '''Mfano:''' simu ya namba 556677 iko mjini Dar es Salaam. Namba ya eneo la Dar es Salaam ni 022. Kufikia simu hii ndani ya eneo la Dar es Salaam inatosha kupiga 556677. Mtu anayetaka kuipigia kutoka Dodoma au Arusha anatangulia namba ya eneo na kupiga 022-556677. Simu za mkononi huunganishwa katika mtandao mkubwa wa kitaifa kufuatana na kampuni inayotoa huduma kama vile Airtel, TIGO au TTC yenye mtandao wake wa pekee. Kwa teknolojia bila waya hakuna haja ya ugawaji wa kieneo. Lakini kwenye simu hizi ni lazima kutumia pia namba ya mtandao muda wote. Kwa kupiga simu ya kawaida kutoka simu ya mkononi ni lazima kutumia muda wote namba ya kieneo hata kama mwenye kupiga yuko mji uleule maana mitandao ni tofauti. ==Tazama pia== * [[Namba za simu Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.kodi-ya-simu.info/nambari-ya-simu.php Kikokotozi cha nambari ya simu kwa simu za kimataifa] {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Mawasiliano]] [[Jamii:Simu]] [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] 20nycik4s06m6kd2pez5swbffen9bx9 0 1752 1576988 1496845 2026-06-27T11:25:55Z The boss Akili 90538 Arrangement 1576988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox president | honorific-prefix = Mwalimu | name = Julius Nyerere | honorific-suffix = | image = Julius Nyerere cropped.jpg | alt = |imagesize = 150px | order = | office = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 26 Aprili 1964 | term_end = 5 Novemba 1985 | vicepresident = [[Abeid Karume]] <small>(1964–72)</small><br> [[Aboud Jumbe]] <small>(1972–84)</small><br> [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] <small>(1984–85)</small> | predecessor = | successor = [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] | primeminister = [[Rashidi Kawawa]] <small>(1972–77)</small><br/>[[Edward Sokoine]] <small>(1977–80)</small><br/>[[Cleopa Msuya]] <small>(1980–83)</small><br/>[[Edward Sokoine]] <small>(1983–84)</small> <br/>[[Salim Ahmed Salim|Salim A. Salim]] <small>(1984–85)</small> | order2 = | office2 = Rais wa Tanganyika | term_start2 = 9 Desemba 1962 | term_end2 = 25 Aprili 1964 | vicepresident2 = | primeminister2 = [[Rashidi Kawawa]] | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | order3 = | office3 = Waziri Mkuu wa Tanganyika | term_start3 = 1 Mei 1961 | term_end3 = 22 Januari 1962 | president3 = | monarch3 = [[Elizabeth II]] | Governor–General = [[Richard Turnbull (colonial governor)|Richard Turnbull)]] | predecessor3 = Ofisi iliundwa | successor3 = [[Rashidi Kawawa]] | order4 = | office4 = Waziri Kiongozi wa Tanganyika | term_start4 = 2 Septemba 1960 | term_end4 = 1 Mei 1961 | president4 = | monarch4 = [[Elizabeth II]] | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|4|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Butiama]], [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1999|10|14|1922|4|13|df=y}} | death_place = [[London]], [[Uingereza]] | restingplace = [[Butiama]], [[Tanzania]] | nationality = M[[tanzania]] | spouse = [[Maria Nyerere]] | party = [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | relations = | children = 7 | residence = | alma_mater = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] <br> Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh | occupation = | profession = [[Mwalimu]] | religion = [[Ukristo]] ([[Katoliki]]) | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|juliusnyerere.info}} | footnotes = }} {{History of Tanzania}} '''Julius Kambarage Nyerere''' ([[Butiama]], [[Mkoa wa Mara]], pembezoni mwa [[Ziwa Nyanza]], [[13 Aprili]] [[1922]] ,[[London]], [[Uingereza]], [[14 Oktoba]] [[1999]]) alikuwa [[rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Tanzania]], na mara nyingi anatajwa kama "Baba wa Taifa" kwa jinsi alivyoathiri nchi hiyo. Kwanza aliongoza [[Tanganyika]] toka mwaka [[1961]] hadi [[1964]] kama [[waziri mkuu]], halafu kama rais; baada ya [[muungano]] wa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar]], aliongoza Tanzania kuanzia mwaka [[1964]] hadi mwaka [[1985]] kama rais. Ndiye mwasisi wa [[itikadi]] ya [[ujamaa]] na kujitegemea iliyotangazwa hasa katika [[Azimio la Arusha]]. Mwalimu Nyerere ni kati ya viongozi wachache wa [[Afrika]] ambao wameacha [[madaraka]] kwa [[hiari]] baada ya kutawala kwa muda mrefu, akiwa bado anapendwa na wananchi walio wengi. Alipostaafu urais mwaka [[1985]] alirudi [[Kijiji|kijijini]] kwake Butiama ambako aliendesha shughuli za [[kilimo]]. Hata hivyo aliendelea kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. Kabla ya kuingia kwenye [[siasa]] alikuwa [[mwalimu]]. [[Kazi]] hiyo ndiyo iliyompatia jina ambalo lilimkaa maisha yake yote la "Mwalimu". Kwa ruhusa ya [[makao makuu]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] duniani, [[Jimbo Katoliki la Musoma]] lilianza kushughulikia [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza [[mwenye heri]] na hatimaye [[mtakatifu]]. Kwa sababu hiyo anaitwa pia "[[mtumishi wa Mungu]]". Baada ya hapo [[Baraza la Maaskofu Katoliki Tanzania]] limepokea [[jukumu]] la kuratibu mchakato huo pamoja na kesi kuhamishiwa [[Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam]] kutokana na Nyerere kuishi muda mrefu [[Jiji|jijini]] humo<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/kitaifa/Maaskofu-Katoliki-Tanzania-kuratibu-mchakato-/1597296-5310510-i48y5n/index.html</ref>. ==Maisha yake== Julius Kambarage Nyerere alizaliwa mwaka [[1922]] katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Butiama]], ambacho sasa ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[wilaya]] [[Wilaya ya Butiama|yenye jina hilohilo]], [[mkoa wa Mara]], Tanzania (wakati ule: [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]]). Alikuwa mmojawapo kati ya watoto 26 wa Nyerere Burito, [[chifu]] wa [[kabila]] la [[Wazanaki]]. Alipokuwa mtoto Nyerere alichunga mifugo ya [[baba]] yake; katika umri wa miaka 12 aliingia [[shule]] akitembea [[kilomita]] 30 hadi [[Musoma]]. Baada ya kumaliza [[shule ya msingi]] aliendelea kusomea shule ya [[wamisionari]] [[Wakatoliki]] huko [[Tabora]]. Katika [[umri]] wa miaka 20 [[ubatizo|alibatizwa]] akawa [[Mkristo]] Mkatoliki hadi mwisho wa maisha yake. Ma[[padri]] wakiona [[akili]] yake kubwa walimsaidia kusomea ualimu huko [[Makerere]], [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] kuanzia mwaka [[1943]] hadi [[1945]]. Akiwa Makerere alianzisha tawi la Umoja wa Wanafunzi Watanganyika, pia alijihusisha na tawi la Tanganyika African Association (TAA). Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya ualimu alirudi Tabora akifundisha shule ya St.Mary. Mwaka [[1949]] alipata skolashipu ya kwenda kusoma kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Edinburgh]], [[Uskoti]], [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], akapata M.A. ya [[historia]] na [[uchumi]] (alikuwa Mtanganyika wa kwanza kusoma katika chuo kikuu cha Uingereza na wa pili kupata [[shahada]] ya [[elimu ya juu]] nje ya Tanganyika). Aliporejea kutoka masomoni, alifundisha Historia, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]] katika shule ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi|St. Francis]] iliyo karibu na [[Dar es Salaam]]. Mwaka [[1953]] alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa chama cha Tanganyika African Association (TAA), chama ambacho alikisaidia kukijenga alipokuwa mwanafunzi katika chuo kikuu cha Makerere. Mwaka [[1954]] alibadilisha jina la chama cha TAA kwenda chama cha [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU), ambacho pia kilikuwa cha kisiasa zaidi kuliko TAA. Ndani ya mwaka mmoja chama cha TANU kikawa tayari chama cha siasa kinachoongoza nchini Tanganyika. Uwezo wa Nyerere uliwashtua viongozi wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] akalazimika kuchagua kati ya siasa na kazi ya ualimu. Nyerere alisikika akijisemea kuwa mwalimu kwa kuchagua na [[mwanasiasa]] kwa [[bahati]] mbaya. Alijiuzulu ualimu<ref>[[Barua ya kujiuzulu ualimu ya Julius Kambarage Nyerere]]</ref> na kuzunguka nchi nzima ya Tanganyika kuzungumza na watu wa kawaida na machifu ili kuleta [[umoja]] katika kupigania [[uhuru]]. Pia alizungumza kwa niaba ya TANU katika Trusteeship Council na Fourth Committee ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UN) huko [[New York]]. Uwezo wake wa kuongea na wa kuunganisha watu ulimwezesha kufanikisha Tanganyika kupata uhuru bila [[umwagaji wa damu]]. Ushirikiano mzuri aliouonyesha aliyekuwa [[gavana]] wa wakati huo, [[Richard Turnbull]], ulisaidia pia kuharakisha upatikanaji wa uhuru. Nyerere aliingia katika [[bunge]] la kikoloni mwaka [[1958]] na kuchaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu mwaka [[1960]]. Mwaka [[1961]] Tanganyika ilipata uhuru wake na tarehe [[9 Desemba]] 1961 Nyerere alichaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu wa [[Tanganyika]] huru; mwaka mmoja baadaye akawa rais wa kwanza wa [[Jamhuri]] ya Tanganyika. Nyerere alikuwa kiungo muhimu katika muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kutengeneza Tanzania mara baada ya [[mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]] mwaka [[1964]] yaliyomtoa madarakani [[sultani]] wa Zanzibar [[Jamshid bin Abdullah]]. [[Image:Julius Nyerere 1977.jpg|thumb|left|Julius Nyerere akiwa mzee mnamo mwaka [[1977]].]] Tarehe [[5 Februari]] 1977 aliongoza chama cha TANU kuungana na [[chama tawala]] cha Zanzibar [[Afro Shirazi Party]] na kuanzisha chama kipya cha CCM ([[Chama cha Mapinduzi]]) akiwa mwenyekiti wake wa kwanza. Nyerere aliendelea kuongoza [[taifa]] hadi 1985 alipomwachia nafasi rais wa pili, [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]]. Aliacha kuongoza Tanzania ikiwa ni mojawapo kati ya nchi maskini zaidi duniani, ingawa yenye huduma za elimu na afya zilizoenea kwa wananchi wengi. Hata hivyo aliendelea kuongoza CCM hadi mwaka [[1990]] na kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. Kwa mfano, inasadikika kuwa Nyerere alishawishi uteuzi wa [[Benjamin W. Mkapa]] kama [[mgombea wa urais]] mwaka [[1995]], ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye [[uchaguzi]]. Nyerere alikaa muda mwingi kwake Butiama akilima [[shamba]] lake. Pamoja na haya alianzisha [[taasisi]] yenye jina lake; mwaka [[1996]] alionekana akiwa [[mpatanishi]] wa pande mbalimbali za [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] huko [[Burundi]]. Tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 aliaga dunia katika [[hospitali]] ya [[St Thomas]] mjini [[London]] baada ya kupambana na [[kansa]] ya [[damu]]. ==Mafanikio== Kati ya mafanikio makubwa ya Nyerere kuna: kujenga umoja wa taifa kati ya watu wa makabila na dini tofauti, na hivyo kudumisha [[amani]] ya muda mrefu tofauti na hali ya [[nchi]] jirani, iliyofanya Tanzania iitwe "kisiwa cha amani". Pia kustawisha [[utamaduni]] wa [[Afrika|Kiafrika]] pamoja na [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]], kushinda [[ubaguzi wa rangi]], kutetea [[usalama wa taifa]] katika [[vita]] dhidi ya mvamizi [[Idi Amin]] wa Uganda. Kutoa mchango kwa vyama vya [[ukombozi]] vya nchi za [[Kusini mwa Afrika]] kama vile: [[Zimbabwe]] ([[ZANU]]), [[Afrika Kusini]] ([[ANC]] na [[PAC]]), [[Namibia]] ([[SWAPO]]), [[Angola]] ([[MPLA]]) na [[Msumbiji]] ([[Frelimo]]). ==Ukosoaji dhidi yake== Nyerere analaumiwa kwa siasa yake ya kiujamaa kuwa ilichelewesha [[maendeleo]] ya kiuchumi wa Tanzania. Siasa yake ya [[ujamaa]] ilishindikana kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya mwaka [[1976]] kwa sababu mbalimbali za nje na za ndani ya nchi. Baada ya kuona kuwa uchumi wa Tanzania hautaweza kusimama kwa siasa ya kijamaa na kuwa hataweza kuvumilia kuendesha nchi kwa siasa nyingine ambazo yeye hakuwa na imani nazo, Nyerere kwa hiari yake mwenyewe aliamua kustaafu nafasi ya urais kuanzia uchaguzi wa mwaka 1985 na kumwachia [[usukani]] Ali Hassan Mwinyi, aliyetawala kwa siasa ya uchumi wa [[soko huria]]. Katika hali ya kukubali [[ukweli]], Nyerere katika [[tafrija]] ya kumwaga alitamka juu ya siasa yake upande wa uchumi: “Nimefeli. Tukubali hivyo.” Kosa lingine ambalo wengine wanaona Nyerere alilifanya ni kumhadaa aliyekuwa [[Rais wa Zanzibar]] Mzee [[Abeid Amaan Karume]] kwa kuziunganisha Tanganyika na Zanzibar, na kuanza kupora [[mamlaka]] ya Zanzibar kidogokidogo. Kwa hivi sasa Wanzanzibari wengi wamechoka na Muungano huo, na wanataka uhuru wa nchi yao ili wapumue. Hata upande wa [[bara]] wananchi wengi wanalalamikia kutoweka kwa Tanganyika na serikali yake. Pia kuna makundi ya [[Waislamu]] wanaomtuhumu kwa kuendesha kwa siri vita dhidi ya dini yao na kupendelea Wakristo katika utoaji wa elimu na madaraka,japo wasomi wengi kwa kipindi cha utawala wake walikuwa Wakristo. ===Sifa zake=== Pamoja na hayo, Nyerere bado anakumbukwa na Watanzania hasa wa hali ya chini kutokana na [[sera]] zake za kujali [[utu]]. Pia ataendelea kukumbukwa na Waafrika barani kote hasa kwa mchango wake mkubwa wakati wa harakati za kupigania uhuru katika nchi mbali mbali barani Afrika. Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni mmoja wa viongozi wachache waadilifu waliokwepa kujilimbikizia [[mali]] pamoja na kutawala kwa miaka zaidi ya 24. Mwishoni mwa maisha yake Nyerere aliishi kama mkulima wa kawaida kijijini kwake Butiama. Alipatwa na [[kansa ya damu]] (leukemia) akafariki Uingereza wakati wa kutibiwa katika mji wa [[London]] tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999. Alizikwa mahali pa kuzaliwa kwake, kijiji cha Butiama. ==Heshima na Tuzo== ===Nishani=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |-- ! colspan=2 | Nishani ! Nchi ! Mwaka ! Ref |- | width="80px" | [[File:Ribbon jose marti.png|80px]] | Nishani ya José Marti | {{flag|Cuba}} | align="center" | 1975 | align="center" |<ref>[http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/granma/1974.html Condecorado Julius K. Nyerere por el Gobierno Revolucionario con la Orden Nacional Jose Marti] LANIC [Latin American Network Information Center] ([[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]]) {{es icon}}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Tai ya Kiazteki (Ukosi) | {{flag|Mexiko}} | align="center" | 1975 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards">[http://www.juliusnyerere.info/index.php/nyerere/about/category/honoraries_and_awards/ Awards / Prices] {{Wayback|url=http://www.juliusnyerere.info/index.php/nyerere/about/category/honoraries_and_awards/ |date=20130323143740 }} Juliusnyerere.info</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Medalha Amílcar Cabral.svg|80px]] | Nishani ya Amílcar Cabral | {{flag|Guinea Bissau}} | align="center" | 1976 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards"></ref> |- | width="80px" | | Nishani ya Eduardo Mondlane | {{flag|Msumbiji}} | align="center" | 1983 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards"></ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Ordem Agostinho Neto.svg|80px]] | Nishani ya Agostinho Neto | {{flag|Angola}} | align="center" | 1985 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards"></ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|80px]] | Nishani ya Masahaba wa O. R. Tambo (Dhahabu) | {{flag|Afrika Kusini}} | align="center" | 2004 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=59692 |title= Government Gazette |format= [[PDF]] |date= 11 June 2004 |publisher= info.gov.za |language= Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate= 2013-05-19 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927212958/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=59692 |archivedate= 2013-09-27 }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | | Nishani ya Kifalme cha Munhumutapa | {{flag|Zimbabwe}} | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nyerere awarded Zimbabwe’s highest medal|url=http://www.kafoi.com/news/article.php?id=781|author=Maura Mwingira|publisher=Kafoi.com ([[Daily News (Harare)]])|date=18 April 2005|accessdate=17 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041700/http://www.kafoi.com/news/article.php?id=781|archivedate=2013-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/view.asp?vol=251&pubno=v8n4 |title=The Royal Order of Munhumutapa |date=4 October 2005 |work=SADC Today |volume=8 |issue=4, |language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-19 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130413200542/http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/view.asp?vol=251&pubno=v8n4 |archivedate=2013-04-13 }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of the Pearl of Africa (Uganda) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]] | Nishani Ubora wa Lulu ya Afrika (Bwana tukufu) | {{flag|Uganda}} | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" |<ref name= "katonga">{{cite news |title=Museveni honours Nyerere |author= |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/575303 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |date=10 July 2007 |language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205155035/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/575303 |archivedate=2014-12-05 }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of Katonga (Uganda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Katonga | {{flag|Uganda}} | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" |<ref name= "katonga"/> |- | width="80px" | [[File:National Liberation Medal (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Medali ya Ukombozi wa Kitaifa | {{flag|Rwanda}} | align="center" | 2009 | align="center" |<ref name="RwandaNyerere">{{cite news|title=Museveni, Zenawi, Nyerere to receive national honours|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=17153&i=13945|author=Daniel R. Kasule|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|date=3 July 2009|language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013|accessdate=2013-05-19|archivedate=2013-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928010509/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=17153&i=13945}}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Campaign Medal Against Genocide (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Medali ya Kampeni Dhidi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari | {{flag|Rwanda}} | align="center" | 2009 | align="center" |<ref name="RwandaNyerere"/> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis (Namibia) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]] | Nishani ya Kikale cha Welwitschia Mirabilis | {{flag|Namibia}} | align="center" | 2010 | align="center" |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130516132742/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/feature/?n=25923 Tanganyika: Africa’s mecca for liberation movements]Archived from [http://www.dailynews.co.tz/feature/?n=25923 the original] on 16 May 2013</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere (Tanzania) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere | {{flag|Tanzania}} | align="center" | 2011 | align="center" | |- | width="80px" | [[File:National Order of the Republic (Burundi) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Kitaifa cha Burundi | {{flag|Burundi}} | align="center" | 2012 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/632623-museveni-gets-prestigious-burundi-award.html |title= Museveni gets prestigious Burundi award |date= 4 July 2012 |work= [[New Vision]] |language= Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate= 2013-05-19 |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928000119/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/632623-museveni-gets-prestigious-burundi-award.html }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of Jamaica.gif|80px]] | Nishani ya Jamaika | {{flag|Jamaika}} | align="center" | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opm.gov.jm/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |title=Members of the Order of Jamaica (Deceased) |date= |publisher=Government of Jamaica |accessdate=26 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720000525/http://opm.gov.jm/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |archivedate=2016-07-20 }}</ref> |} ===Tuzo=== *1973: [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html |title=List of the recipients of the Jawharlal Nehru Award |date= |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |accessdate=8 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FLP6fz4N?url=http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html |archivedate=2013-03-23 }}</ref> *1982: the Third World Prize *1983: [[Nansen Refugee Award]] *1986: Sir [[Seretse Khama]] [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] Medal *1987: [[Lenin Peace Prize]] *1988: [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Joliot-Curie]] [[World Peace Council prizes|Medal of Peace]] *1992: [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] *1995: [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] {{small|'''Kisha kufa'''}} *2000: Statesman of the 20^th century by the [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] *2009: World Hero of Social Justice by the 63^rd [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|President]] of [[United Nations General Assembly|UNGA]], [[Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342574&CategoryId=14919 |title=Morales Named “World Hero of Mother Earth” by UN General Assembly |date= |work=[[Latin American Herald Tribune]] |accessdate=8 February 2013 |archivedate=2021-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421032225/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342574&CategoryId=14919 }}</ref> *2011: Tanzania Professional Network Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=26101 |title=Kikwete urges local experts to embrace integrity |date=4 December 2011 |work=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]] |location=Tanzania |accessdate=9 February 2013 |archivedate=2013-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516114145/http://dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=26101 }}</ref> == Machapisho yake == *''Freedom and Unity'' (Uhuru na Umoja): Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1952–1965'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1967) *''Freedom and Socialism'' (Uhuru na Ujamaa). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1965-1967 (1968) **Ndamo zimo: "The Arusha Declaration"; "Education for self-reliance"; "The varied paths to socialism"; "The purpose is man"; and "Socialism and development". *''Freedom & Development'' (Uhuru na Maendeleo). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1968-73'' (Oxford University Press, 1974) **Ndani zimo mada za elimu kwa watu wazima; uhuru na maendeleo; kujitegemea; na miaka kumi ya uhuru. *''Ujamaa - Essays on Socialism''' (1977) *''Crusade for Liberation'' (1979) *''Julius Kaisari'', Tafsiri ya mchezo wa [[William Shakespeare]] unaoitwa ''[[Julius Caesar]]'' *''Mabepari wa Venisi'', Tafsiri ya mchezo mwingine wa William Shakespeare, ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Mathayo'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Mathayo]] *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Marko'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Marko]] *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Luka'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Luka]] *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Yohana'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Yohane]] *''Utenzi wa Matendo ya Mitume'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Matendo ya Mitume]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Makongoro Nyerere]] * [[Maria Nyerere]] * [[Rosemary Nyerere]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ Taasisi ya Mwalimu Nyerere] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ |date=20051105015719 }} *[http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/3226.html Contemporary Africa Database - People/ Nyerere] {{Wayback|url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/3226.html |date=20070930204447 }} * http://www.nathanielturner.com/juliuskambaragenyerere.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.nathanielturner.com/juliuskambaragenyerere.htm |date=20051227034651 }} *[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/479582/-/view/printVersion/-/bkst8sz/-/index.html Mohamed Said: Mwalimu in 1950s Dar (East African October 12 2008)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/479582/-/view/printVersion/-/bkst8sz/-/index.html |date=20110315021926 }} *[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/009.html Nyerere's remarks on Ali Hassan Mwinyi Corrupt practices] *[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/december96/nyerere_12-27.html PBS Interview with Nyerere on the Great Lakes crisis, December 26, 1996] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/december96/nyerere_12-27.html |date=20130923074557 }} *[http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm Infed.org article on Nyerere and his views on education in Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm |date=20070703091502 }} *[http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nyerere.html Jerry Atkin's Nyerere tribute, from InMotion Magazine] *[http://www.southcentre.org/mwalimu/ SouthCentre Nyerere Memorial Site] **[http://www.southcentre.org/mwalimu/speeches/written/written.htm Mwalimu Neyerere Speeches] *[http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/0304jnye.html A translation of Merchant of Venice into KiSwahili] *[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/nyerere/newsart.html Nyerere Obituary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/nyerere/newsart.html |date=20051120184754 }} from the [[African National Congress|ANC]] *[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1065366 NPR Weekend Edition reflection on Nyerere] *[http://www.africasummit.org/about/nyererefellowship.html Julius Nyerere Fellowship] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africasummit.org/about/nyererefellowship.html |date=20061019131749 }} *[http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz Nyererefoundation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ |date=20051105015719 }} *[http://www.mercatornet.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=410 Called to greatness] [[MercatorNet]], 10 November 2006 *[http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=42139 Beatification inquiry for Tanzania's Nyerere (from ''Catholic World News'')] *[http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/guardian/2006/01/24/58455.html Is Nyerere's process to sainthood timely? (from IPP Media)] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/200906110873.html The Julius Nyerere Intellectual Festival Week] by Gacheke Gachihi, ''All Africa'', 11 June 2009 *[http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/student-funding/postgraduate/international/region/nyerere The Julius Nyerere Master's Scholarships (University of Edinburgh)] {{Marais wa Tanzania}} {{Pan-Africanism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyerere, Julius Kambarage}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Afrika|N]] [[Jamii:Watu wa historia ya Tanzania|N]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Tanzania|N]] [[Jamii:Julius Nyerere| ]] [[Jamii:washairi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Kiswahili]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] 6jf4z1c882pl6e0aai2kkpr44ql90ki 0 1989 1576996 1450821 2026-06-27T11:40:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Iconnativity.jpg|320px|thumbnail|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] inayoonyesha kuzaliwa kwake [[Kristo]]. [[Yesu]] anaonekana amevikwa [[sanda]] na kulazwa [[kaburi]]ni, kwa maana alizaliwa ili awakomboe watu kwa [[kifo]] chake.]] '''Krismasi''' (pia '''Noeli''') ni [[sikukuu]] ambayo [[Wakristo]] wengi husheherekea kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]] zaidi ya miaka 2000 iliyopita. Kwa kawaida husheherekewa [[tarehe]] [[25 Desemba]] katika [[Ukristo wa magharibi]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> na tarehe [[6 Januari]] katika [[Ukristo wa mashariki|ule wa mashariki]]. [[Martyrologium Romanum]] inatangaza sherehe hiyo kwa maneno haya ya fahari: "[[Karne]] nyingi baada ya [[uumbaji]] wa [[ulimwengu]], ambapo mwanzo [[Mungu]] aliumba [[mbingu]] na [[dunia]] akaunda [[mtu]] kwa [[sura]] yake mwenyewe; tena karne nyingi tangu [[Aliye Juu]], baada ya [[gharika kuu]], alipong'arisha [[upinde wa mvua]] [[wingu|mawinguni]] kama [[ishara]] ya [[agano]] na [[amani]]; karne 21 baada ya [[Abrahamu]], [[baba]] yetu katika [[imani]], kuhama nchi ya [[Ur]] wa [[Wakaldayo]]; karne 13 baada ya [[taifa]] la [[Israeli]] kutoka [[Misri]] chini ya [[Musa]]; miaka [[elfu]] hivi baada ya [[Daudi]] kupakwa [[mafuta]] awe [[mfalme]]; katika [[juma]] la 65 kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[Danieli (Biblia)|Danieli]]; wakati wa [[Olimpiki]] ya 194; katika [[mwaka]] 752 tangu [[Roma]] uundwe; katika mwaka wa 42 wa [[utawala]] wa [[Kaisari]] [[Augusto|Oktaviano Augusto]], huku amani ikitawala duniani kote, Yesu Kristo, Mungu wa [[milele]] na [[Mwana]] wa [[Baba]] wa milele, akitaka kutakasa [[ulimwengu]] kwa ujio wake mtakatifu sana, kisha kutungwa [[mimba]] kwa uwezo wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kupita miezi 9, alizaliwa na [[Bikira Maria]] huko [[Bethlehemu]] wa [[Yudea]] akawa [[binadamu]]: ndiyo Noeli, Kuzaliwa kwa [[Bwana]] wetu Yesu Kristo katika [[mwili]]"<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20650</ref>. == Jina == Kwa [[Kiswahili]] kuna [[jina|majina]] mawili ya kawaida kwa ajili ya sikukuu hii: * '''Krismasi''' kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] lenye maana ya "Christ`s Mass" yaani [[misa]] au [[ibada]] ya [[Kristo]]. * '''Noeli''' kutokana na neno la Kiingereza "Noel" (au "Nowell") ambalo limepokewa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kifaransa]] "Noël". Hilo ni [[ufupisho]] wa neno la [[Kilatini]] "Natalis (dies)", "(siku ya) kuzaliwa". == Historia ya sherehe ya Krismasi == {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} Hakuna hakika kamili ni lini Krismasi ilianza kusheherekewa. Ni sikukuu ya kale katika [[Ukristo]] lakini haikuwepo tangu mwanzo. [[Tarehe]] halisi ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu]] haijulikani kwa sababu [[utamaduni]] wa [[Wayahudi]] wa wakati ule haukuwa na [[sherehe]] au [[kumbukumbu]] ya [[siku ya kuzaliwa]]. Lakini baadaye Ukristo ulienea katika [[Dola la Roma]] kati ya [[taifa|mataifa]] yaliyokuwa na kawaida ya kuzingatia siku ya kuzaliwa. Hivyo ilijitokeza [[hamu]] ya kusheherekea pia sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya sikukuu ya Krismasi. Tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 3]] [[BK]] kuna kumbukumbu ya [[waandishi]] mbalimbali waliojadili tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]]. Habari za kwanza kabisa za makadirio ya tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu zinapatikana kutoka [[Misri]] mnamo [[mwaka]] [[200]] [[BK]]. [[Mwandishi]] Mkristo [[Klemens wa Alexandria]] <ref>''Stromateis'' I, xxi.</ref> alilalamikia [[udadisi]] wa [[wataalamu]] kadhaa wa Misri waliodai kwamba wamekadiria tarehe hiyo katika mwezi [[Mei]], wengine katika [[Aprili]]. Alisema pia kuwa kikundi cha Kikristo cha wafuasi wa [[Basilide]] huko Misri walisheherekea [[Epifania]] pamoja na kuzaliwa kwake Yesu tarehe [[6 Januari]]. Lakini kadirio <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011538/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/SettoreOvest/caritasovest/25_dicembre.htm</ref> la tarehe 25 Desemba lina asili katika Misri pia. Kuanzia mwaka 200 (kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[maandishi]] ya [[Sixtus Julius Africanus]]) wataalamu nchini Misri waliona tarehe 14 [[Nisan]] ya [[kalenda ya Kiyahudi]] ambayo ni sawa na [[25 Machi]] ilikuwa tarehe ya [[kufa]] kwake Kristo na pia siku ya [[utungaji mimba]] wake. Kwa kuongeza miezi [[tisa]] ya [[mimba]] inajitokeza 25 Desemba kama tarehe ya kuzaliwa. Inaonekana tarehe hiyo ilianza kutumika wakati huo. Kwa vyovyote, kuna [[taarifa]] ya mwaka [[204]] kutoka [[Hipoliti wa Roma]] kwamba tarehe 25 Desemba ilikuwa sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo. == Krismasi na sikukuu ya Sol Invictus == Mjini [[Roma ya Kale|Roma]] wakati wa [[karne ya 4]] tarehe ya Krismasi katika Desemba ilitokea pamoja na sikukuu ya [[Wapagani|Kipagani]] iliyoitwa "Siku ya Sol Invictus". Hii ilikuwa sherehe ya [[Jua]] kama [[mungu]] "Sol invictus" (yaani "Jua lisiloshindika"). Hiyo ibada iliingia Roma labda kutoka [[Uajemi]] ambako [[Mithra]] aliabudiwa kama mungu wa [[nuru]]. Waumini wa [[dini]] ya Jua waliona wakati wa Desemba kama kipindi cha pekee kutokana na [[solistasi]] ya mwezi huo; katika [[Nusutufe ya kaskazini|nusutufe ya kaskazini ya Dunia]] urefu wa mchana unapungua na usiku unakuwa mrefu tangu [[sikusare]] ya 21/22 Septemba hadi tarehe 21/22 Desemba; kuanzia siku za 21/22 Desemba [[mchana]] huwa mrefu na nuru inaongezeka. Mwendo huo ulitazamwa kama [[ushindi]] wa nuru = Jua juu ya [[giza]]. Kaisari [[Eliogabalus]] (ambaye alizaliwa [[Syria]] akatawala Roma [[218]] hadi [[222]]) alianzisha sherehe ya sikukuu ya "Kuzaliwa Jua" huko [[Roma]]. Baadaye [[Kaisari Aurelianus]] akaithibitisha rasmi mwaka [[273]]. Wakati wa Kaisari [[Licinius]] ([[308]]-[[324]]) sikukuu hiyo ilikuwa ikiadhimishwa bado tarehe 19 Desemba. <ref>Taz. maandishi yaliyotajwa na Allan S. Hoey katika ukurasa 480 (rejeo 128) wa Official Policy towards Oriental Cults in the Roman Army, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (70) 1939, pp 456-481)</ref>. Hatimaye ikahamishiwa tarehe 25 Desemba. Basi, [[wataalamu]] mbalimbali walidai kwamba [[Kanisa]] lilipachika sikukuu ya [[Kristo]] kwenye tarehe hiyo kwa nia ya kufanya ichukue nafasi ya sikukuu ya "Jua lisiloshindika". Kwa namna yoyote hata katika Ukristo Jua linatazamwa kama [[ishara]] ya Kristo; katika sehemu mbalimbali za [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]] Kristo alifananishwa tayari na Jua na maneno haya yaliandikwa [[muda]] mrefu kabla ya kutokea kwa siku ya Sol Invictus. Mifano ni [[Injili ya Luka]] 1,78 <ref>Nuru ya jua itatujia kutoka mbinguni na kuwaangazia wote </ref> [[Ufunuo wa Yohane|Ufunuo]] 21, 23 <ref>Mwanakondoo ataangaza Yerusalemu badala ya Jua</ref>, [[Malaki]] 4,2 <ref>"kwenu ninyi mnaolicha jina langu, jua la haki litawazukia", maneno yaliyosomwa na Wakristo kama [[utabiri]] wa kuja kwa Kristo</ref>, hivyo katika mashindano na [[dini]] ya kuabudu Jua Wakristo walitumia [[lugha]] ya [[Biblia]] kwa kudokeza Kristo ndiye Jua la kweli. Kutoka Roma, uliokuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Dola la Roma]], [[sherehe]] ya 25 Desemba ilienea kote katika Ukristo. Wakristo wengi husheherekea tarehe [[25 Desemba]] ([[Wakatoliki]] na baadhi ya [[Waprotestanti]] na [[Waorthodoksi]]). Kati ya Waorthodoksi kuna tarehe nyingine, hasa [[6 Januari]] kutokana na tofauti katika [[kalenda]]. == Habari za Krismasi katika Biblia == Habari za Krismasi kama sherehe hazipatikani katika [[Biblia]] kwa sababu zilizotajwa hapa juu na kwa sababu mwanzoni mwa [[Kanisa]] mkazo ulikuwa juu ya [[Kifo cha Yesu|kifo]] na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]], tunavyoona hasa katika [[Nyaraka za Paulo|barua]] za [[Mtume Paulo]]. Baadaye tu, Wakristo walichunguza zaidi asili ya huyo aliyesadikiwa nao kuwa alikufa na kufufuka. Hasa [[vitabu]] viwili vya [[Agano Jipya]] vina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu, yaani [[Injili]] za [[Injili ya Mathayo|Mathayo]] na [[Injili ya Luka|Luka]]. === Katika Injili ya Mathayo === [[Mtume Mathayo|Mathayo]] anasimulia habari hizo katika mlango wa kwanza kuanzia [[aya]] 18<ref>1:18Basi, hivi ndivyo Yesu Kristo alivyozaliwa: Maria, mama yake, alikuwa ameposwa na Yosefu. Lakini kabla hawajakaa pamoja kama mume na mke, alionekana kuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 19 Yosefu, mumewe, kwa vile alikuwa mwadilifu, hakutaka kumwaibisha hadharani; hivyo alikusudia kumwacha kwa siri. 20 Alipokuwa bado anawaza jambo hilo, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Yosefu, mwana wa Daudi, usiogope kumchukua Maria awe mke wako, maana amekuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 21 Atajifungua mtoto wa kiume, nawe utampa jina Yesu, kwa kuwa yeye atawaokoa watu wake kutoka katika dhambi zao." 22 Basi, haya yote yalitukia ili litimie lile neno Bwana alilosema kwa njia ya nabii: 23 "Bikira atachukua mimba, atamzaa mtoto wa kiume, naye ataitwa Emanueli" (maana yake, "Mungu yu pamoja nasi"). 24 Hivyo, Yosefu alipoamka usingizini alifanya kama malaika huyo alivyomwambia, akamchukua mke wake nyumbani. 25 Lakini hakumjua kamwe kimwili hata Maria alipojifungua mtoto wa kiume. Naye Yosefu akampa jina Yesu.</ref> na katika mlango wa pili<ref>2:1 Yesu alizaliwa mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea, wakati Herode alipokuwa mfalme. Punde tu baada ya kuzaliwa kwake, wataalamu wa nyota kutoka mashariki walifika Yerusalemu, 2 wakauliza, "Yuko wapi mtoto, Mfalme wa Wayahudi, aliyezaliwa? Tumeiona nyota yake ilipotokea mashariki, tukaja kumwabudu." 3 Mfalme Herode aliposikia hayo, alifadhaika, yeye pamoja na wakazi wote wa Yerusalemu. 4 Basi akawaita pamoja makuhani wakuu wote na walimu wa Sheria, akawauliza, "Kristo atazaliwa wapi?" 5 Nao wakamjibu, "Mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea. Ndivyo nabii alivyoandika: 6 `Ewe Bethlehemu katika nchi ya Yuda, kwa vyovyote wewe si mdogo kabisa kati ya viongozi wa Yuda; maana kwako atatokea kiongozi atakayewaongoza watu wangu, Israeli."` 7 Hapo, Herode aliwaita faraghani hao wataalamu wa nyota, akawauliza wakati hasa ile nyota ilipowatokea. 8 Kisha akawatuma Bethlehemu akisema, "Nendeni mkachunguze kwa makini habari za mtoto huyo. Mkisha mpata nileteeni habari ili nami niende nikamwabudu." 9 Baada ya kumsikiliza mfalme, hao wataalamu wa nyota wakaenda. Kumbe ile nyota waliyokuwa wameiona upande wa mashariki iliwatangulia hata ikaenda kusimama juu ya mahali pale alipokuwa mtoto. 10 Walipoiona hiyo nyota, walifurahi mno. 11 Basi, wakaingia nyumbani, wakamwona yule mtoto pamoja na Maria mama yake; wakapiga magoti, wakamsujudia. Kisha wakafungua hazina zao, wakampa zawadi: dhahabu, ubani na manemane. 12 Mungu aliwaonya katika ndoto wasimrudie Herode; hivyo wakarudi makwao kwa njia nyingine. 13 Baada ya wale wageni kuondoka, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, mkimbilie Misri. Kaeni huko mpaka nitakapokwambia, maana Herode anakusudia kumwua huyu mtoto." 14 Hivyo, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akaondoka usiku, akaenda Misri. 15 Akakaa huko mpaka Herode alipokufa. Jambo hilo lilifanyika ili neno alilosema Bwana kwa njia ya nabii litimie: "Nilimwita Mwanangu kutoka Misri." 16 Herode alipogundua kwamba wale wataalamu wa nyota walikuwa wamemhadaa, alikasirika sana. Akaamuru watoto wote wa kiume mjini Bethlehemu na kandokando yake wenye umri wa miaka miwili na chini yake wauawe. Alifanya hivyo kufuatana na muda aliopata kujua kutoka kwa wale wataalamu wa nyota. 17 Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyosemwa kwa njia ya nabii Yeremia: 18 "Sauti imesikika mjini Rama, kilio na maombolezo mengi. Raheli anawalilia watoto wake, wala hataki kutulizwa, maana wote wamefariki." 19 Baada ya kifo cha Herode, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto kule Misri, 20 akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, urudi tena katika nchi ya Israeli, maana wale waliotaka kumwua mtoto huyo wamekwisha kufa." 21 Basi, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akarejea katika nchi ya Israeli. 22 Lakini Yosefu aliposikia kwamba Arkelao mwanawe Herode alikuwa mfalme wa Yudea mahali pa baba yake, aliogopa kwenda huko. Naye baada ya kuonywa katika ndoto, alikwenda katika mkoa wa Galilaya, 23 akahamia katika mji uitwao Nazareti. Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyonenwa kwa njia ya manabii: "Ataitwa Mnazare."</ref>. [[Bikira Maria]], [[Mama]] wa Yesu, alipata [[mimba]] wakati alipokuwa [[mchumba]] wa [[Yosefu (mume wa Maria)|Yosefu]]. Yosefu alitaka kumwacha lakini aliambiwa na [[malaika]] aanze kuishi naye na kumkubali [[mtoto]] kama wake kwa kumpa jina "Yesu". [[Mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] waliwatembelea [[kijiji|kijijini]] [[Bethlehemu]] na kuwaletea [[zawadi]] kwa sababu waliona [[nyota]] ya pekee iliyokuwa kwao [[alama]] ya kuzaliwa kwa [[mfalme]] mpya katika [[Uyahudi]] ikawaongoza hadi [[Mji|mjini]] [[Yerusalemu]]. Lakini walipompitia mfalme [[Herode Mkuu]], huyo alikasirika akimwogopa mfalme mpya. Hata hivyo aliwaelekeza Bethlehemu kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[nabii]] [[Kitabu cha Mika|Mika]]. Yosefu alipata tena [[ujumbe]] kutoka kwa [[malaika]] akaondoka na [[mtoto]] na Maria kukimbilia Misri kabla ya [[askari]] wa Herode hawajaweza kumuua Yesu. Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Herode walirudi kutoka Misri lakini hawakuenda tena Bethlehemu bali walihamia [[Nazareti]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Galilaya]]. === Katika Injili ya Luka === Katika [[taarifa]] ya [[Luka mwinjili|Luka]] (mlango wa 1 na 2) Maria alipokea huko Nazareti ujumbe wa [[malaika mkuu]] [[Malaika Gabrieli|Gabrieli]] kwamba atapata mimba halafu [[mtoto]] wa pekee.<ref>1:26 Mnamo mwezi wa sita, malaika Gabrieli alitumwa na Mungu aende kwenye mji uitwao Nazareti huko Galilaya, 27 kwa msichana mmoja aitwaye Maria, mchumba wa mtu mmoja jina lake Yosefu, wa ukoo wa Daudi. 28 Malaika akamwendea, akamwambia, "Salamu Maria! Umejaliwa neema nyingi! Bwana yu pamoja nawe." 29 Maria aliposikia maneno hayo alifadhaika sana, akawaza: maneno haya yanamaanisha nini? 30 Malaika akamwambia, "Usiogope Maria, kwa maana Mungu amekujalia neema. 31 Utachukua mimba, utamzaa mtoto wa kiume na utampa jina Yesu. 32 Yeye atakuwa mkuu na ataitwa Mwana wa Mungu Mkuu. Bwana Mungu atampa kiti cha mfalme Daudi, babu yake. 33 Kwa hivyo atautawala ukoo wa Yakobo milele, na ufalme wake hautakuwa na mwisho." 34 Maria akamjibu, "Yatawezekanaje hayo, hali mimi ni bikira?" 35 Malaika akamjibu, "Roho Mtakatifu atakushukia, na uwezo wake Mungu Mkuu utakujia kama kivuli; kwa sababu hiyo, mtoto atakayezaliwa ataitwa Mtakatifu, Mwana wa Mungu. 36 Ujue pia kwamba hata Elisabeti, jamaa yako, naye amepata mimba ingawa ni mzee, na sasa ni mwezi wa sita kwake yeye ambaye watu walimfahamu kuwa tasa. 37 Kwa maana hakuna jambo lisilowezekana kwa Mungu." 38 Maria akasema, "Mimi ni mtumishi wa Bwana, nitendewe kama ulivyosema." Kisha yule malaika akaenda zake.</ref> Yosefu na Maria walikwenda Bethlehemu kwa sababu ya [[sensa]] iliyowataka kwenda katika mji asili wa [[ukoo]] wa Yosefu, [[mjukuu]] wa [[mfalme Daudi]]. Hapo Yesu alizaliwa katika [[hori]] la kulishia [[wanyama]]; [[wachungaji]] [[bonde|mabondeni]] walitangaziwa na [[malaika]] habari hiyo wakaja kumwona mtoto.<ref>2:1 Siku zile, tangazo rasmi lilitolewa na Kaisari Augusto kuwataka watu wote chini ya utawala wake wajiandikishe. 2 Kuandikishwa huku kulikuwa mara ya kwanza, wakati Kirenio alipokuwa mkuu wa mkoa wa Siria. 3 Basi, wote waliohusika walikwenda kujiandikisha, kila mtu katika mji wake. 4 Yosefu pia alifanya safari kutoka mjini Nazareti mkoani Galilaya. Kwa kuwa alikuwa wa jamaa na ukoo wa Daudi alikwenda mjini Bethlehemu mkoani Yuda alikozaliwa Mfalme Daudi. 5 Alikwenda kujiandikisha pamoja na mchumba wake Maria ambaye alikuwa mja mzito. 6 Walipokuwa huko, siku yake ya kujifungua ikawadia, 7 akajifungua mtoto wake wa kwanza wa kiume, akamvika nguo za kitoto, akamlaza horini kwa sababu hawakupata nafasi katika nyumba ya wageni. 8 Katika sehemu hizo, walikuwako wachungaji wakikesha usiku mbugani kulinda mifugo yao. 9 Malaika wa Bwana akawatokea ghafla, na utukufu wa Bwana ukawaangazia pande zote. Wakaogopa sana. 10 Malaika akawaambia, "Msiogope! Nimewaleteeni habari njema ya furaha kuu kwa watu wote. 11 Kwa maana, leo hii katika mji wa Daudi, amezaliwa Mwokozi kwa ajili yenu, ndiye Kristo Bwana. 12 Na hiki kitakuwa kitambulisho kwenu: mtamkuta mtoto mchanga amevikwa nguo za kitoto, amelazwa horini." 13 Mara kundi kubwa la jeshi la mbinguni likajiunga na huyo malaika, wakamsifu Mungu wakisema: 14 "Utukufu kwa Mungu juu mbinguni, na amani duniani kwa watu aliopendezwa nao!" 15 Baada ya hao malaika kuondoka na kurudi mbinguni, wachungaji wakaambiana: "Twendeni moja kwa moja mpaka Bethlehemu tukalione tukio hili Bwana alilotujulisha." 16 Basi, wakaenda mbio, wakamkuta Maria na Yosefu na yule mtoto mchanga amelazwa horini. 17 Hao wachungaji walipomwona mtoto huyo wakawajulisha wote habari waliyokuwa wamesikia juu yake. 18 Wote waliosikia hayo walishangaa juu ya habari walizoambiwa na wachungaji. 19 Lakini Maria aliyaweka na kuyatafakari mambo hayo yote moyoni mwake. 20 Wale wachungaji walirudi makwao huku wakimtukuza na kumsifu Mungu kwa yote waliyokuwa wamesikia na kuona; yote yalikuwa kama walivyokuwa wameambiwa. 21 Siku nane baadaye, wakati wa kumtahiri mtoto ulipofika, walimpa jina Yesu, jina ambalo alikuwa amepewa na malaika kabla hajachukuliwa mimba.</ref> Baada ya kuzaliwa [[wazazi]] walimpeleka Yesu Yerusalemu katika [[hekalu]] kufuatana na [[sheria]] ya [[Agano la Kale]] ([[Kitabu cha Kutoka]] 13,2; 13,15) halafu wakarudi kwao Nazareti.<ref>2:22 Siku zilipotimia za Yosefu na Maria kutakaswa kama walivyotakiwa na Sheria ya Mose, wazazi hao walimchukua mtoto, wakaenda naye Yerusalemu ili wamweke mbele ya Bwana. 23 Katika Sheria ya Bwana imeandikwa: "Kila mzaliwa wa kwanza wa kiume atawekwa wakfu kwa Bwana." 24 Pia walikwenda ili watoe sadaka: hua wawili au makinda wawili ya njiwa, kama ilivyotakiwa katika Sheria ya Bwana. 25 Wakati huo huko Yerusalemu kulikuwa na mtu mmoja, mwema na mcha Mungu, jina lake Simeoni. Yeye alikuwa akitazamia kwa hamu ukombozi wa Israeli. Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa pamoja naye. 26 Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa amemhakikishia kwamba hatakufa kabla ya kumwona Masiha wa Bwana. 27 Basi, akiongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu, Simeoni aliingia Hekaluni; na wazazi wa Yesu walipomleta Hekaluni mtoto wao ili wamfanyie kama ilivyotakiwa na Sheria, 28 Simeoni alimpokea mtoto Yesu mikononi mwake huku akimtukuza Mungu na kusema: 29 "Sasa Bwana, umetimiza ahadi yako, waweza kumruhusu mtumishi wako aende kwa amani. 30 Maana kwa macho yangu nimeuona wokovu utokao kwako, 31 ambao umeutayarisha mbele ya watu wote: 32 Mwanga utakaowaangazia watu wa mataifa, na utukufu kwa watu wako Israeli." 33 Baba na mama yake Yesu walikuwa wakistaajabia maneno aliyosema Simeoni juu ya mtoto. 34 Simeoni akawabariki, akamwambia Maria mama yake, "Mtoto huyu atakuwa sababu ya kupotea na kuokoka kwa watu wengi katika Israeli. Naye atakuwa ishara itakayopingwa na watu; 35 na hivyo mawazo ya watu wengi yataonekana wazi. Nawe mwenyewe, uchungu ulio kama upanga mkali utauchoma moyo wako." 36 Palikuwa na nabii mmoja mwanamke, mzee sana, jina lake Ana, binti Fanueli, wa kabila la Asheri. Alikuwa ameishi na mumewe kwa miaka saba tangu alipoolewa. 37 Halafu alibaki mjane hadi wakati huo akiwa mzee wa miaka themanini na minne. Wakati huo wote alikaa Hekaluni akifunga na kusali usiku na mchana. 38 Saa hiyohiyo alijitokeza mbele, akamshukuru Mungu, na akaeleza habari za huyo mtoto kwa watu wote waliokuwa wanatazamia ukombozi wa Yerusalemu. 39 Hao wazazi walipokwisha fanya yote yaliyoamriwa na Sheria ya Bwana, walirudi makwao Nazareti, mkoani Galilaya. 40 Mtoto akakua, akazidi kupata nguvu, akajaa hekima, na neema ya Mungu ilikuwa pamoja naye.</ref> == Habari za Krismasi katika Korani == [[Korani]] pia ina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ([[nabii Isa]]). [[Sura]] ya tatu (Al Imran, 42-47) ina habari za tangazo la malaika kwa [[Bikira Mariamu]] zinazofanana na Luka 1. Sura ya 19 (Mariamu, 16-34) inarudia tangazo la malaika kwa Mariamu na inasimulia kuzaliwa kwake Yesu chini ya [[mti]] wa [[mtende]], halafu [[majadiliano]] kati ya Mariamu na [[ndugu]] zake. [[Mtoto mchanga]] Yesu akaanza kusema wakati wa kuzaliwa akimtetea mama yake dhidi ya ndugu zake. == Krismasi katika liturujia == Kama kawaida, [[imani]] na [[liturujia]] ya Kikristo zinaitikia haja za [[binadamu]]. Mojawapo ni kukutana na watu wa kupendeza kwa [[wema]] wao. [[Kipindi cha Noeli]] kinatimiza haja hiyo, kwa kuwa kinaadhimisha kuzaliwa kwa mtu mpya kabisa ambaye anatuvutia kwa wema wake na ambaye tukimuona tumemuona [[Mungu]], tena tukimpokea tunazaliwa upya kama wana wa Mungu. “Leo amezaliwa kwa ajili yenu [[Mwokozi]], ndiye Kristo [[Bwana]]”. Tunapoadhimisha Noeli tangazo hilo la malaika kwa wachungaji linatufikia sisi. Si kujidanganya, kana kwamba Yesu angezaliwa leo, wala hatukumbuki tu tukio la zamani, bali [[fumbo]] la kuzaliwa Bwana linatufikia leo katika liturujia na kutuletea [[neema]] zake. Hivyo tunaweza tukazaliwa upya kwa kushiriki kuzaliwa kwa [[kichwa]] chetu. Liturujia inashangilia hivi, “Lo! Mabadilishano ya ajabu! [[Mwana wa Mungu]] anakuwa mtu kusudi mtu awe mwana wa Mungu!”. Tena si binadamu tu, bali [[viumbe]] vyote vinapata [[heshima]] mpya kwa [[Neno wa milele]] kujifanya [[kiumbe]]. == Desturi za Krismasi == Sherehe ya Krismasi imekuwa sikukuu muhimu sana katika tamaduni za mataifa yaliyoathiriwa na [[Ukristo]]. Kuna desturi nyingi zilizojitokeza katika [[karne]] zote za kusheherekea Krismasi. Sehemu ya desturi hizi zimeenea pia nje ya nchi za asili na hata kutumiwa na watu wasiofuata [[imani]] ya Kikristo. * '''[[Pango la Noeli]]''' lililoanzishwa na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] mwaka [[1223]] [[Kijiji|kijijini]] [[Greccio]] ([[Italia ya Kati]]) na kuenea kila mahali kama [[sanaa]] inayoonyesha kwa njia mbalimbali jinsi [[Yesu]] alivyozaliwa. * '''[[Mapambo ya Krismasi]]:''' ni hasa [[nuru]] na [[taa]] za pekee. Alama za nyota kwa kukumbuka nyota iliyopeleka [[mamajusi]] hadi [[Bethlehemu]] inawekwa ndani na nje ya [[nyumba]] na ma[[duka]]. * '''[[Mti wa Krismasi]]''' - ni ishara ya pekee ya Krismasi yenye asili katika [[Ujerumani]] kusini-magharibi ya [[karne ya 16]] hivi. Asili yake iko katika maigizo yaliyosimulia hadithi za Biblia na mti wa [[Paradiso]] unaohusiana na masimulizi ya [[dhambi]] la kwanza na ujumbe wa Kristo kama [[mwokozi]] anayekuja kuondoa dhambi hilo. Kutoka maigizo ya kanisani ishara ya mti uliopambwa ma[[tunda]] uliingia katika nyumba za Wakristo ambako ulipambwa zaidi kwa matunda, [[keki]] tamu na [[pipi]] kwa watoto. Umekuwa mapambo ya nyumbani kwa majira ya Krismasi. Tangu Krismasi kuwa nafasi muhimu kwa [[uchumi]] kuna pia maduka mengi yanayoweka miti hii na katika [[mazingira]] ya ki[[biashara]] uhusiano wake na mti wa Paradiso umesahauliwa mara nyingi. * '''[[Zawadi za Krismasi]]''' - [[Martin Luther]] alitaka kuongeza umuhimu wa Krismasi kwa Wakristo ambao wakati wake walikuwa na desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye siku ya [[Nikolasi wa Myra|Mtakatifu Nikolasi]] tarehe [[6 Desemba]], [[wiki]] 2 kabla ya sikukuu. Hapo Luther alipendekeza kuhamisha zawadi kwa watoto kwenda siku ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ili wamkumbuke zaidi Yesu kuliko [[mtakatifu]] huyo. Hapo alirejea zawadi zilizopelekwa kwa Yesu na [[mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] kufuatana na taarifa ya [[Injili ya Mathayo]] mlango 2. Desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye sikukuu hii ilienea hadi kuwa desturi ya kupeana zawadi kati ya watu wa kila [[umri]]. Katika [[karne ya 20]] desturi ilienea kiasi cha kuwa nafasi muhimu ya [[biashara]]. Katika nchi nyingi mwezi Desemba umekuwa mwezi wa mapato makubwa kushinda miezi mingine. Hata katika [[miji]] mikubwa ya nchi kama [[Dubai]] au [[Japani]] ambako Wakristo ni wachache desturi ya kupeana zawadi imeenea na mapambo ya Krismasi katika maduka yanataka kuwahamasisha wateja kununua zawadi za [[majira]]. * '''[[Baba Krismasi]]''' ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 474-476 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 464-465 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 401-402 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 95-96 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=Christmas in America: A History|first=Penne L.|last=Restad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnJDKfYi3QC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20in%20America%3A%20A%20History&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-19-509300-3}} * ''The Battle for Christmas'', by Stephen Nissenbaum (1996; New York: Vintage Books, 1997). ISBN 0-679-74038-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The Origins of Christmas]'', by Joseph F. Kelly (August 2004: Liturgical Press) ISBN 978-0-8146-2984-0 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Christmas Customs and Traditions]'', by Clement A. Miles (1976: Dover Publications) ISBN 978-0-486-23354-3 * ''The World Encyclopedia of Christmas'', by Gerry Bowler (October 2004: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9 * ''Santa Claus: A Biography'', by Gerry Bowler (November 2007: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&lpg=PP1&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions]'', by William J. Federer (December 2002: Amerisearch) ISBN 978-0-9653557-4-2 * ''St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas'', by Jim Rosenthal (July 2006: Nelson Reference) ISBN 1-4185-0407-6 * ''Just say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties'', by David Comfort (November 1995: Fireside) ISBN 978-0-684-80057-8 * ''4000 Years of Christmas: A Gift from the Ages'', by Earl W. Count (November 1997: Ulysses Press) ISBN 978-1-56975-087-2 * {{cite book|title=The Birth of Christ|first=Peter|last=Sammons|date=May 2006|publisher=Glory to Glory Publications (UK)|isbn=0-9551790-1-7}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Sister project links|v=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|n=Category:Christmas|d=Q19809|b=Category:Christmas recipes}} * {{dmoz|Society/Holidays/Christmas/|Christmas}} * ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22042 Christmas: Its Origin and Associations]'', by William Francis Dawson, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]] {{Bikira Maria}} [[Jamii:Liturujia]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[jamii:Krismasi]] [[Jamii:Rozari]] 73balgqqtuc0pkyv9grl0xzb8u6ipq6 1577012 1576996 2026-06-27T11:57:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Iconnativity.jpg|320px|thumbnail|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] inayoonyesha kuzaliwa kwake [[Kristo]]. [[Yesu]] anaonekana amevikwa [[sanda]] na kulazwa [[kaburi]]ni, kwa maana alizaliwa ili awakomboe watu kwa [[kifo]] chake.]] '''Krismasi''' (pia '''Noeli''') ni [[sikukuu]] ambayo [[Wakristo]] wengi husheherekea kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]] zaidi ya miaka 2000 iliyopita. Kwa kawaida husheherekewa [[tarehe]] [[25 Desemba]] katika [[Ukristo wa magharibi]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> na tarehe [[6 Januari]] katika [[Ukristo wa mashariki|ule wa mashariki]]. [[Martyrologium Romanum]] inatangaza sherehe hiyo kwa maneno haya ya fahari: "[[Karne]] nyingi baada ya [[uumbaji]] wa [[ulimwengu]], ambapo mwanzo [[Mungu]] aliumba [[mbingu]] na [[dunia]] akaunda [[mtu]] kwa [[sura]] yake mwenyewe; tena karne nyingi tangu [[Aliye Juu]], baada ya [[gharika kuu]], alipong'arisha [[upinde wa mvua]] [[wingu|mawinguni]] kama [[ishara]] ya [[agano]] na [[amani]]; karne 21 baada ya [[Abrahamu]], [[baba]] yetu katika [[imani]], kuhama nchi ya [[Ur]] wa [[Wakaldayo]]; karne 13 baada ya [[taifa]] la [[Israeli]] kutoka [[Misri]] chini ya [[Musa]]; miaka [[elfu]] hivi baada ya [[Daudi]] kupakwa [[mafuta]] awe [[mfalme]]; katika [[juma]] la 65 kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[Danieli (Biblia)|Danieli]]; wakati wa [[Olimpiki]] ya 194; katika [[mwaka]] 752 tangu [[Roma]] uundwe; katika mwaka wa 42 wa [[utawala]] wa [[Kaisari]] [[Augusto|Oktaviano Augusto]], huku amani ikitawala duniani kote, Yesu Kristo, Mungu wa [[milele]] na [[Mwana]] wa [[Baba]] wa milele, akitaka kutakasa [[ulimwengu]] kwa ujio wake mtakatifu sana, kisha kutungwa [[mimba]] kwa uwezo wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kupita miezi 9, alizaliwa na [[Bikira Maria]] huko [[Bethlehemu]] wa [[Yudea]] akawa [[binadamu]]: ndiyo Noeli, Kuzaliwa kwa [[Bwana]] wetu Yesu Kristo katika [[mwili]]"<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20650</ref>. == Jina == Kwa [[Kiswahili]] kuna [[jina|majina]] mawili ya kawaida kwa ajili ya sikukuu hii: * '''Krismasi''' kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] lenye maana ya "Christ`s Mass" yaani [[misa]] au [[ibada]] ya [[Kristo]]. * '''Noeli''' kutokana na neno la Kiingereza "Noel" (au "Nowell") ambalo limepokewa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kifaransa]] "Noël". Hilo ni [[ufupisho]] wa neno la [[Kilatini]] "Natalis (dies)", "(siku ya) kuzaliwa". == Historia ya sherehe ya Krismasi == {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} Hakuna hakika kamili ni lini Krismasi ilianza kusheherekewa. Ni sikukuu ya kale katika [[Ukristo]] lakini haikuwepo tangu mwanzo. [[Tarehe]] halisi ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu]] haijulikani kwa sababu [[utamaduni]] wa [[Wayahudi]] wa wakati ule haukuwa na [[sherehe]] au [[kumbukumbu]] ya [[siku ya kuzaliwa]]. Lakini baadaye Ukristo ulienea katika [[Dola la Roma]] kati ya [[taifa|mataifa]] yaliyokuwa na kawaida ya kuzingatia siku ya kuzaliwa. Hivyo ilijitokeza [[hamu]] ya kusheherekea pia sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya sikukuu ya Krismasi. Tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 3]] [[BK]] kuna kumbukumbu ya [[waandishi]] mbalimbali waliojadili tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]]. Habari za kwanza kabisa za makadirio ya tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu zinapatikana kutoka [[Misri]] mnamo [[mwaka]] [[200]] [[BK]]. [[Mwandishi]] Mkristo [[Klemens wa Alexandria]] <ref>''Stromateis'' I, xxi.</ref> alilalamikia [[udadisi]] wa [[wataalamu]] kadhaa wa Misri waliodai kwamba wamekadiria tarehe hiyo katika mwezi [[Mei]], wengine katika [[Aprili]]. Alisema pia kuwa kikundi cha Kikristo cha wafuasi wa [[Basilide]] huko Misri walisheherekea [[Epifania]] pamoja na kuzaliwa kwake Yesu tarehe [[6 Januari]]. Lakini [[kadirio]] la tarehe 25 Desemba lina asili katika Misri pia. Kuanzia mwaka 200 (kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[maandishi]] ya [[Sixtus Julius Africanus]]) wataalamu nchini Misri waliona tarehe 14 [[Nisan]] ya [[kalenda ya Kiyahudi]] ambayo ni sawa na [[25 Machi]] ilikuwa tarehe ya [[kufa]] kwake Kristo na pia siku ya [[utungaji mimba]] wake. Kwa kuongeza miezi [[tisa]] ya [[mimba]] inajitokeza 25 Desemba kama tarehe ya kuzaliwa. Inaonekana tarehe hiyo ilianza kutumika wakati huo. Kwa vyovyote, kuna [[taarifa]] ya mwaka [[204]] kutoka [[Hipoliti wa Roma]] kwamba tarehe 25 Desemba ilikuwa sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo. == Krismasi na sikukuu ya Sol Invictus == Mjini [[Roma ya Kale|Roma]] wakati wa [[karne ya 4]] tarehe ya Krismasi katika Desemba ilitokea pamoja na sikukuu ya [[Wapagani|Kipagani]] iliyoitwa "Siku ya Sol Invictus". Hii ilikuwa sherehe ya [[Jua]] kama [[mungu]] "Sol invictus" (yaani "Jua lisiloshindika"). Hiyo ibada iliingia Roma labda kutoka [[Uajemi]] ambako [[Mithra]] aliabudiwa kama mungu wa [[nuru]]. Waumini wa [[dini]] ya Jua waliona wakati wa Desemba kama kipindi cha pekee kutokana na [[solistasi]] ya mwezi huo; katika [[Nusutufe ya kaskazini|nusutufe ya kaskazini ya Dunia]] urefu wa mchana unapungua na usiku unakuwa mrefu tangu [[sikusare]] ya 21/22 Septemba hadi tarehe 21/22 Desemba; kuanzia siku za 21/22 Desemba [[mchana]] huwa mrefu na nuru inaongezeka. Mwendo huo ulitazamwa kama [[ushindi]] wa nuru = Jua juu ya [[giza]]. Kaisari [[Eliogabalus]] (ambaye alizaliwa [[Syria]] akatawala Roma [[218]] hadi [[222]]) alianzisha sherehe ya sikukuu ya "Kuzaliwa Jua" huko [[Roma]]. Baadaye [[Kaisari Aurelianus]] akaithibitisha rasmi mwaka [[273]]. Wakati wa Kaisari [[Licinius]] ([[308]]-[[324]]) sikukuu hiyo ilikuwa ikiadhimishwa bado tarehe 19 Desemba. <ref>Taz. maandishi yaliyotajwa na Allan S. Hoey katika ukurasa 480 (rejeo 128) wa Official Policy towards Oriental Cults in the Roman Army, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (70) 1939, pp 456-481)</ref>. Hatimaye ikahamishiwa tarehe 25 Desemba. Basi, [[wataalamu]] mbalimbali walidai kwamba [[Kanisa]] lilipachika sikukuu ya [[Kristo]] kwenye tarehe hiyo kwa nia ya kufanya ichukue nafasi ya sikukuu ya "Jua lisiloshindika". Kwa namna yoyote hata katika Ukristo Jua linatazamwa kama [[ishara]] ya Kristo; katika sehemu mbalimbali za [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]] Kristo alifananishwa tayari na Jua na maneno haya yaliandikwa [[muda]] mrefu kabla ya kutokea kwa siku ya Sol Invictus. Mifano ni [[Injili ya Luka]] 1,78 <ref>Nuru ya jua itatujia kutoka mbinguni na kuwaangazia wote </ref> [[Ufunuo wa Yohane|Ufunuo]] 21, 23 <ref>Mwanakondoo ataangaza Yerusalemu badala ya Jua</ref>, [[Malaki]] 4,2 <ref>"kwenu ninyi mnaolicha jina langu, jua la haki litawazukia", maneno yaliyosomwa na Wakristo kama [[utabiri]] wa kuja kwa Kristo</ref>, hivyo katika mashindano na [[dini]] ya kuabudu Jua Wakristo walitumia [[lugha]] ya [[Biblia]] kwa kudokeza Kristo ndiye Jua la kweli. Kutoka Roma, uliokuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Dola la Roma]], [[sherehe]] ya 25 Desemba ilienea kote katika Ukristo. Wakristo wengi husheherekea tarehe [[25 Desemba]] ([[Wakatoliki]] na baadhi ya [[Waprotestanti]] na [[Waorthodoksi]]). Kati ya Waorthodoksi kuna tarehe nyingine, hasa [[6 Januari]] kutokana na tofauti katika [[kalenda]]. == Habari za Krismasi katika Biblia == Habari za Krismasi kama sherehe hazipatikani katika [[Biblia]] kwa sababu zilizotajwa hapa juu na kwa sababu mwanzoni mwa [[Kanisa]] mkazo ulikuwa juu ya [[Kifo cha Yesu|kifo]] na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]], tunavyoona hasa katika [[Nyaraka za Paulo|barua]] za [[Mtume Paulo]]. Baadaye tu, Wakristo walichunguza zaidi asili ya huyo aliyesadikiwa nao kuwa alikufa na kufufuka. Hasa [[vitabu]] viwili vya [[Agano Jipya]] vina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu, yaani [[Injili]] za [[Injili ya Mathayo|Mathayo]] na [[Injili ya Luka|Luka]]. === Katika Injili ya Mathayo === [[Mtume Mathayo|Mathayo]] anasimulia habari hizo katika mlango wa kwanza kuanzia [[aya]] 18<ref>1:18Basi, hivi ndivyo Yesu Kristo alivyozaliwa: Maria, mama yake, alikuwa ameposwa na Yosefu. Lakini kabla hawajakaa pamoja kama mume na mke, alionekana kuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 19 Yosefu, mumewe, kwa vile alikuwa mwadilifu, hakutaka kumwaibisha hadharani; hivyo alikusudia kumwacha kwa siri. 20 Alipokuwa bado anawaza jambo hilo, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Yosefu, mwana wa Daudi, usiogope kumchukua Maria awe mke wako, maana amekuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 21 Atajifungua mtoto wa kiume, nawe utampa jina Yesu, kwa kuwa yeye atawaokoa watu wake kutoka katika dhambi zao." 22 Basi, haya yote yalitukia ili litimie lile neno Bwana alilosema kwa njia ya nabii: 23 "Bikira atachukua mimba, atamzaa mtoto wa kiume, naye ataitwa Emanueli" (maana yake, "Mungu yu pamoja nasi"). 24 Hivyo, Yosefu alipoamka usingizini alifanya kama malaika huyo alivyomwambia, akamchukua mke wake nyumbani. 25 Lakini hakumjua kamwe kimwili hata Maria alipojifungua mtoto wa kiume. Naye Yosefu akampa jina Yesu.</ref> na katika mlango wa pili<ref>2:1 Yesu alizaliwa mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea, wakati Herode alipokuwa mfalme. Punde tu baada ya kuzaliwa kwake, wataalamu wa nyota kutoka mashariki walifika Yerusalemu, 2 wakauliza, "Yuko wapi mtoto, Mfalme wa Wayahudi, aliyezaliwa? Tumeiona nyota yake ilipotokea mashariki, tukaja kumwabudu." 3 Mfalme Herode aliposikia hayo, alifadhaika, yeye pamoja na wakazi wote wa Yerusalemu. 4 Basi akawaita pamoja makuhani wakuu wote na walimu wa Sheria, akawauliza, "Kristo atazaliwa wapi?" 5 Nao wakamjibu, "Mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea. Ndivyo nabii alivyoandika: 6 `Ewe Bethlehemu katika nchi ya Yuda, kwa vyovyote wewe si mdogo kabisa kati ya viongozi wa Yuda; maana kwako atatokea kiongozi atakayewaongoza watu wangu, Israeli."` 7 Hapo, Herode aliwaita faraghani hao wataalamu wa nyota, akawauliza wakati hasa ile nyota ilipowatokea. 8 Kisha akawatuma Bethlehemu akisema, "Nendeni mkachunguze kwa makini habari za mtoto huyo. Mkisha mpata nileteeni habari ili nami niende nikamwabudu." 9 Baada ya kumsikiliza mfalme, hao wataalamu wa nyota wakaenda. Kumbe ile nyota waliyokuwa wameiona upande wa mashariki iliwatangulia hata ikaenda kusimama juu ya mahali pale alipokuwa mtoto. 10 Walipoiona hiyo nyota, walifurahi mno. 11 Basi, wakaingia nyumbani, wakamwona yule mtoto pamoja na Maria mama yake; wakapiga magoti, wakamsujudia. Kisha wakafungua hazina zao, wakampa zawadi: dhahabu, ubani na manemane. 12 Mungu aliwaonya katika ndoto wasimrudie Herode; hivyo wakarudi makwao kwa njia nyingine. 13 Baada ya wale wageni kuondoka, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, mkimbilie Misri. Kaeni huko mpaka nitakapokwambia, maana Herode anakusudia kumwua huyu mtoto." 14 Hivyo, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akaondoka usiku, akaenda Misri. 15 Akakaa huko mpaka Herode alipokufa. Jambo hilo lilifanyika ili neno alilosema Bwana kwa njia ya nabii litimie: "Nilimwita Mwanangu kutoka Misri." 16 Herode alipogundua kwamba wale wataalamu wa nyota walikuwa wamemhadaa, alikasirika sana. Akaamuru watoto wote wa kiume mjini Bethlehemu na kandokando yake wenye umri wa miaka miwili na chini yake wauawe. Alifanya hivyo kufuatana na muda aliopata kujua kutoka kwa wale wataalamu wa nyota. 17 Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyosemwa kwa njia ya nabii Yeremia: 18 "Sauti imesikika mjini Rama, kilio na maombolezo mengi. Raheli anawalilia watoto wake, wala hataki kutulizwa, maana wote wamefariki." 19 Baada ya kifo cha Herode, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto kule Misri, 20 akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, urudi tena katika nchi ya Israeli, maana wale waliotaka kumwua mtoto huyo wamekwisha kufa." 21 Basi, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akarejea katika nchi ya Israeli. 22 Lakini Yosefu aliposikia kwamba Arkelao mwanawe Herode alikuwa mfalme wa Yudea mahali pa baba yake, aliogopa kwenda huko. Naye baada ya kuonywa katika ndoto, alikwenda katika mkoa wa Galilaya, 23 akahamia katika mji uitwao Nazareti. Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyonenwa kwa njia ya manabii: "Ataitwa Mnazare."</ref>. [[Bikira Maria]], [[Mama]] wa Yesu, alipata [[mimba]] wakati alipokuwa [[mchumba]] wa [[Yosefu (mume wa Maria)|Yosefu]]. Yosefu alitaka kumwacha lakini aliambiwa na [[malaika]] aanze kuishi naye na kumkubali [[mtoto]] kama wake kwa kumpa jina "Yesu". [[Mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] waliwatembelea [[kijiji|kijijini]] [[Bethlehemu]] na kuwaletea [[zawadi]] kwa sababu waliona [[nyota]] ya pekee iliyokuwa kwao [[alama]] ya kuzaliwa kwa [[mfalme]] mpya katika [[Uyahudi]] ikawaongoza hadi [[Mji|mjini]] [[Yerusalemu]]. Lakini walipompitia mfalme [[Herode Mkuu]], huyo alikasirika akimwogopa mfalme mpya. Hata hivyo aliwaelekeza Bethlehemu kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[nabii]] [[Kitabu cha Mika|Mika]]. Yosefu alipata tena [[ujumbe]] kutoka kwa [[malaika]] akaondoka na [[mtoto]] na Maria kukimbilia Misri kabla ya [[askari]] wa Herode hawajaweza kumuua Yesu. Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Herode walirudi kutoka Misri lakini hawakuenda tena Bethlehemu bali walihamia [[Nazareti]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Galilaya]]. === Katika Injili ya Luka === Katika [[taarifa]] ya [[Luka mwinjili|Luka]] (mlango wa 1 na 2) Maria alipokea huko Nazareti ujumbe wa [[malaika mkuu]] [[Malaika Gabrieli|Gabrieli]] kwamba atapata mimba halafu [[mtoto]] wa pekee.<ref>1:26 Mnamo mwezi wa sita, malaika Gabrieli alitumwa na Mungu aende kwenye mji uitwao Nazareti huko Galilaya, 27 kwa msichana mmoja aitwaye Maria, mchumba wa mtu mmoja jina lake Yosefu, wa ukoo wa Daudi. 28 Malaika akamwendea, akamwambia, "Salamu Maria! Umejaliwa neema nyingi! Bwana yu pamoja nawe." 29 Maria aliposikia maneno hayo alifadhaika sana, akawaza: maneno haya yanamaanisha nini? 30 Malaika akamwambia, "Usiogope Maria, kwa maana Mungu amekujalia neema. 31 Utachukua mimba, utamzaa mtoto wa kiume na utampa jina Yesu. 32 Yeye atakuwa mkuu na ataitwa Mwana wa Mungu Mkuu. Bwana Mungu atampa kiti cha mfalme Daudi, babu yake. 33 Kwa hivyo atautawala ukoo wa Yakobo milele, na ufalme wake hautakuwa na mwisho." 34 Maria akamjibu, "Yatawezekanaje hayo, hali mimi ni bikira?" 35 Malaika akamjibu, "Roho Mtakatifu atakushukia, na uwezo wake Mungu Mkuu utakujia kama kivuli; kwa sababu hiyo, mtoto atakayezaliwa ataitwa Mtakatifu, Mwana wa Mungu. 36 Ujue pia kwamba hata Elisabeti, jamaa yako, naye amepata mimba ingawa ni mzee, na sasa ni mwezi wa sita kwake yeye ambaye watu walimfahamu kuwa tasa. 37 Kwa maana hakuna jambo lisilowezekana kwa Mungu." 38 Maria akasema, "Mimi ni mtumishi wa Bwana, nitendewe kama ulivyosema." Kisha yule malaika akaenda zake.</ref> Yosefu na Maria walikwenda Bethlehemu kwa sababu ya [[sensa]] iliyowataka kwenda katika mji asili wa [[ukoo]] wa Yosefu, [[mjukuu]] wa [[mfalme Daudi]]. Hapo Yesu alizaliwa katika [[hori]] la kulishia [[wanyama]]; [[wachungaji]] [[bonde|mabondeni]] walitangaziwa na [[malaika]] habari hiyo wakaja kumwona mtoto.<ref>2:1 Siku zile, tangazo rasmi lilitolewa na Kaisari Augusto kuwataka watu wote chini ya utawala wake wajiandikishe. 2 Kuandikishwa huku kulikuwa mara ya kwanza, wakati Kirenio alipokuwa mkuu wa mkoa wa Siria. 3 Basi, wote waliohusika walikwenda kujiandikisha, kila mtu katika mji wake. 4 Yosefu pia alifanya safari kutoka mjini Nazareti mkoani Galilaya. Kwa kuwa alikuwa wa jamaa na ukoo wa Daudi alikwenda mjini Bethlehemu mkoani Yuda alikozaliwa Mfalme Daudi. 5 Alikwenda kujiandikisha pamoja na mchumba wake Maria ambaye alikuwa mja mzito. 6 Walipokuwa huko, siku yake ya kujifungua ikawadia, 7 akajifungua mtoto wake wa kwanza wa kiume, akamvika nguo za kitoto, akamlaza horini kwa sababu hawakupata nafasi katika nyumba ya wageni. 8 Katika sehemu hizo, walikuwako wachungaji wakikesha usiku mbugani kulinda mifugo yao. 9 Malaika wa Bwana akawatokea ghafla, na utukufu wa Bwana ukawaangazia pande zote. Wakaogopa sana. 10 Malaika akawaambia, "Msiogope! Nimewaleteeni habari njema ya furaha kuu kwa watu wote. 11 Kwa maana, leo hii katika mji wa Daudi, amezaliwa Mwokozi kwa ajili yenu, ndiye Kristo Bwana. 12 Na hiki kitakuwa kitambulisho kwenu: mtamkuta mtoto mchanga amevikwa nguo za kitoto, amelazwa horini." 13 Mara kundi kubwa la jeshi la mbinguni likajiunga na huyo malaika, wakamsifu Mungu wakisema: 14 "Utukufu kwa Mungu juu mbinguni, na amani duniani kwa watu aliopendezwa nao!" 15 Baada ya hao malaika kuondoka na kurudi mbinguni, wachungaji wakaambiana: "Twendeni moja kwa moja mpaka Bethlehemu tukalione tukio hili Bwana alilotujulisha." 16 Basi, wakaenda mbio, wakamkuta Maria na Yosefu na yule mtoto mchanga amelazwa horini. 17 Hao wachungaji walipomwona mtoto huyo wakawajulisha wote habari waliyokuwa wamesikia juu yake. 18 Wote waliosikia hayo walishangaa juu ya habari walizoambiwa na wachungaji. 19 Lakini Maria aliyaweka na kuyatafakari mambo hayo yote moyoni mwake. 20 Wale wachungaji walirudi makwao huku wakimtukuza na kumsifu Mungu kwa yote waliyokuwa wamesikia na kuona; yote yalikuwa kama walivyokuwa wameambiwa. 21 Siku nane baadaye, wakati wa kumtahiri mtoto ulipofika, walimpa jina Yesu, jina ambalo alikuwa amepewa na malaika kabla hajachukuliwa mimba.</ref> Baada ya kuzaliwa [[wazazi]] walimpeleka Yesu Yerusalemu katika [[hekalu]] kufuatana na [[sheria]] ya [[Agano la Kale]] ([[Kitabu cha Kutoka]] 13,2; 13,15) halafu wakarudi kwao Nazareti.<ref>2:22 Siku zilipotimia za Yosefu na Maria kutakaswa kama walivyotakiwa na Sheria ya Mose, wazazi hao walimchukua mtoto, wakaenda naye Yerusalemu ili wamweke mbele ya Bwana. 23 Katika Sheria ya Bwana imeandikwa: "Kila mzaliwa wa kwanza wa kiume atawekwa wakfu kwa Bwana." 24 Pia walikwenda ili watoe sadaka: hua wawili au makinda wawili ya njiwa, kama ilivyotakiwa katika Sheria ya Bwana. 25 Wakati huo huko Yerusalemu kulikuwa na mtu mmoja, mwema na mcha Mungu, jina lake Simeoni. Yeye alikuwa akitazamia kwa hamu ukombozi wa Israeli. Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa pamoja naye. 26 Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa amemhakikishia kwamba hatakufa kabla ya kumwona Masiha wa Bwana. 27 Basi, akiongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu, Simeoni aliingia Hekaluni; na wazazi wa Yesu walipomleta Hekaluni mtoto wao ili wamfanyie kama ilivyotakiwa na Sheria, 28 Simeoni alimpokea mtoto Yesu mikononi mwake huku akimtukuza Mungu na kusema: 29 "Sasa Bwana, umetimiza ahadi yako, waweza kumruhusu mtumishi wako aende kwa amani. 30 Maana kwa macho yangu nimeuona wokovu utokao kwako, 31 ambao umeutayarisha mbele ya watu wote: 32 Mwanga utakaowaangazia watu wa mataifa, na utukufu kwa watu wako Israeli." 33 Baba na mama yake Yesu walikuwa wakistaajabia maneno aliyosema Simeoni juu ya mtoto. 34 Simeoni akawabariki, akamwambia Maria mama yake, "Mtoto huyu atakuwa sababu ya kupotea na kuokoka kwa watu wengi katika Israeli. Naye atakuwa ishara itakayopingwa na watu; 35 na hivyo mawazo ya watu wengi yataonekana wazi. Nawe mwenyewe, uchungu ulio kama upanga mkali utauchoma moyo wako." 36 Palikuwa na nabii mmoja mwanamke, mzee sana, jina lake Ana, binti Fanueli, wa kabila la Asheri. Alikuwa ameishi na mumewe kwa miaka saba tangu alipoolewa. 37 Halafu alibaki mjane hadi wakati huo akiwa mzee wa miaka themanini na minne. Wakati huo wote alikaa Hekaluni akifunga na kusali usiku na mchana. 38 Saa hiyohiyo alijitokeza mbele, akamshukuru Mungu, na akaeleza habari za huyo mtoto kwa watu wote waliokuwa wanatazamia ukombozi wa Yerusalemu. 39 Hao wazazi walipokwisha fanya yote yaliyoamriwa na Sheria ya Bwana, walirudi makwao Nazareti, mkoani Galilaya. 40 Mtoto akakua, akazidi kupata nguvu, akajaa hekima, na neema ya Mungu ilikuwa pamoja naye.</ref> Kwa msingi wa habari zilizoandikwa na Luka, kadirio la [[karne ya 20]], lililofanywa na Annie Jaubert ("Le calendrier des Jubilées et de la secte de Qumran. Ses origines bibliques", in Vetus Testamentum, (1953) pp. 250-264) kwa kutegemea [[utafiti]] wa [[Myahudi]] Shemarjahu Talmon juu ya zamu za makuhani hekaluni ("The Calendar Reckoning of the sect from the Judean Desert. Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls", in Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. IV, Jerusalem 1958, pp 162-199), linathibitisha kuwa [[Zakaria (Injili)|Zakaria]] aliweza kupashwa habari ya kuwa atajaliwa [[mtoto]] Yohane alipokuwa hekaluni mwishoni mwa Septemba, hivyo Bikira Maria aliweza kupashwa habari yake mwenyewe mwishoni mwa Machi ya mwaka uliofuata na hatimaye kumzaa Yesu mwishoni mwa Desemba. <ref>Taz. https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011538/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/SettoreOvest/caritasovest/25_dicembre.htm</ref> == Habari za Krismasi katika Korani == [[Korani]] pia ina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ([[nabii Isa]]). [[Surah|Sura]] ya tatu (Al Imran, 42-47) ina habari za tangazo la malaika kwa [[Bikira Mariamu]] zinazofanana na Luka 1. Sura ya 19 (Mariamu, 16-34) inarudia tangazo la malaika kwa Mariamu na inasimulia kuzaliwa kwake Yesu chini ya [[mti]] wa [[mtende]], halafu [[majadiliano]] kati ya Mariamu na [[ndugu]] zake. [[Mtoto mchanga]] Yesu akaanza kusema wakati wa kuzaliwa akimtetea mama yake dhidi ya ndugu zake. == Krismasi katika liturujia == Kama kawaida, [[imani]] na [[liturujia]] ya Kikristo zinaitikia haja za [[binadamu]]. Mojawapo ni kukutana na watu wa kupendeza kwa [[wema]] wao. [[Kipindi cha Noeli]] kinatimiza haja hiyo, kwa kuwa kinaadhimisha kuzaliwa kwa mtu mpya kabisa ambaye anatuvutia kwa wema wake na ambaye tukimuona tumemuona [[Mungu]], tena tukimpokea tunazaliwa upya kama wana wa Mungu. “Leo amezaliwa kwa ajili yenu [[Mwokozi]], ndiye Kristo [[Bwana]]”. Tunapoadhimisha Noeli tangazo hilo la malaika kwa wachungaji linatufikia sisi. Si kujidanganya, kana kwamba Yesu angezaliwa leo, wala hatukumbuki tu tukio la zamani, bali [[fumbo]] la kuzaliwa Bwana linatufikia leo katika liturujia na kutuletea [[neema]] zake. Hivyo tunaweza tukazaliwa upya kwa kushiriki kuzaliwa kwa [[kichwa]] chetu. Liturujia inashangilia hivi, “Lo! Mabadilishano ya ajabu! [[Mwana wa Mungu]] anakuwa mtu kusudi mtu awe mwana wa Mungu!”. Tena si binadamu tu, bali [[viumbe]] vyote vinapata [[heshima]] mpya kwa [[Neno wa milele]] kujifanya [[kiumbe]]. == Desturi za Krismasi == Sherehe ya Krismasi imekuwa sikukuu muhimu sana katika tamaduni za mataifa yaliyoathiriwa na [[Ukristo]]. Kuna desturi nyingi zilizojitokeza katika [[karne]] zote za kusheherekea Krismasi. Sehemu ya desturi hizi zimeenea pia nje ya nchi za asili na hata kutumiwa na watu wasiofuata [[imani]] ya Kikristo. * '''[[Pango la Noeli]]''' lililoanzishwa na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] mwaka [[1223]] [[Kijiji|kijijini]] [[Greccio]] ([[Italia ya Kati]]) na kuenea kila mahali kama [[sanaa]] inayoonyesha kwa njia mbalimbali jinsi [[Yesu]] alivyozaliwa. * '''[[Mapambo ya Krismasi]]:''' ni hasa [[nuru]] na [[taa]] za pekee. Alama za nyota kwa kukumbuka nyota iliyopeleka [[mamajusi]] hadi [[Bethlehemu]] inawekwa ndani na nje ya [[nyumba]] na ma[[duka]]. * '''[[Mti wa Krismasi]]''' - ni ishara ya pekee ya Krismasi yenye asili katika [[Ujerumani]] kusini-magharibi ya [[karne ya 16]] hivi. Asili yake iko katika maigizo yaliyosimulia hadithi za Biblia na mti wa [[Paradiso]] unaohusiana na masimulizi ya [[dhambi]] la kwanza na ujumbe wa Kristo kama [[mwokozi]] anayekuja kuondoa dhambi hilo. Kutoka maigizo ya kanisani ishara ya mti uliopambwa ma[[tunda]] uliingia katika nyumba za Wakristo ambako ulipambwa zaidi kwa matunda, [[keki]] tamu na [[pipi]] kwa watoto. Umekuwa mapambo ya nyumbani kwa majira ya Krismasi. Tangu Krismasi kuwa nafasi muhimu kwa [[uchumi]] kuna pia maduka mengi yanayoweka miti hii na katika [[mazingira]] ya ki[[biashara]] uhusiano wake na mti wa Paradiso umesahauliwa mara nyingi. * '''[[Zawadi za Krismasi]]''' - [[Martin Luther]] alitaka kuongeza umuhimu wa Krismasi kwa Wakristo ambao wakati wake walikuwa na desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye siku ya [[Nikolasi wa Myra|Mtakatifu Nikolasi]] tarehe [[6 Desemba]], [[wiki]] 2 kabla ya sikukuu. Hapo Luther alipendekeza kuhamisha zawadi kwa watoto kwenda siku ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ili wamkumbuke zaidi Yesu kuliko [[mtakatifu]] huyo. Hapo alirejea zawadi zilizopelekwa kwa Yesu na [[mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] kufuatana na taarifa ya [[Injili ya Mathayo]] mlango 2. Desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye sikukuu hii ilienea hadi kuwa desturi ya kupeana zawadi kati ya watu wa kila [[umri]]. Katika [[karne ya 20]] desturi ilienea kiasi cha kuwa nafasi muhimu ya [[biashara]]. Katika nchi nyingi mwezi Desemba umekuwa mwezi wa mapato makubwa kushinda miezi mingine. Hata katika [[miji]] mikubwa ya nchi kama [[Dubai]] au [[Japani]] ambako Wakristo ni wachache desturi ya kupeana zawadi imeenea na mapambo ya Krismasi katika maduka yanataka kuwahamasisha wateja kununua zawadi za [[majira]]. * '''[[Baba Krismasi]]''' ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 474-476 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 464-465 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 401-402 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 95-96 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=Christmas in America: A History|first=Penne L.|last=Restad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnJDKfYi3QC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20in%20America%3A%20A%20History&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-19-509300-3}} * ''The Battle for Christmas'', by Stephen Nissenbaum (1996; New York: Vintage Books, 1997). ISBN 0-679-74038-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The Origins of Christmas]'', by Joseph F. Kelly (August 2004: Liturgical Press) ISBN 978-0-8146-2984-0 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Christmas Customs and Traditions]'', by Clement A. Miles (1976: Dover Publications) ISBN 978-0-486-23354-3 * ''The World Encyclopedia of Christmas'', by Gerry Bowler (October 2004: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9 * ''Santa Claus: A Biography'', by Gerry Bowler (November 2007: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&lpg=PP1&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions]'', by William J. Federer (December 2002: Amerisearch) ISBN 978-0-9653557-4-2 * ''St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas'', by Jim Rosenthal (July 2006: Nelson Reference) ISBN 1-4185-0407-6 * ''Just say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties'', by David Comfort (November 1995: Fireside) ISBN 978-0-684-80057-8 * ''4000 Years of Christmas: A Gift from the Ages'', by Earl W. Count (November 1997: Ulysses Press) ISBN 978-1-56975-087-2 * {{cite book|title=The Birth of Christ|first=Peter|last=Sammons|date=May 2006|publisher=Glory to Glory Publications (UK)|isbn=0-9551790-1-7}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Sister project links|v=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|n=Category:Christmas|d=Q19809|b=Category:Christmas recipes}} * {{dmoz|Society/Holidays/Christmas/|Christmas}} * ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22042 Christmas: Its Origin and Associations]'', by William Francis Dawson, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]] {{Bikira Maria}} [[Jamii:Liturujia]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[jamii:Krismasi]] [[Jamii:Rozari]] 3zf7l6m92pn4qexfqamwaobdmmthcol 0 3146 1576758 1576614 2026-06-26T12:53:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|3|35|N|36|7|E|display=title}} {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Turkana | picha = LakeTurkanaSouthIsland.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Turkana | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Kenya]] ([[Ethiopia]] ina pembe ya kaskazini kabisa) | eneo = km² 6.405 | kina = m 73 | mito inayoingia = [[mto Omo|Omo]], [[Turkwel (mto)|Turkwel]], [[mto Kerio|Kerio]] na mingine mingi | mito inayotoka = -- | kimo = 375 m | miji = (vijiji vichache tu) }} '''Ziwa Turkana''' ni [[ziwa]] kubwa lililopo katika [[kaskazini]] [[yabisi]] ya [[Kenya]]. Halina [[mto]] unaotoka, hivyo [[maji]] yanayoingia yanapotea kwa njia ya [[uvukizaji]]. Kwa jumla ni ziwa la Kenya lakini [[ncha]] yake ya kaskazini ipo ndani ya [[Ethiopia]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413if_/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf</ref> Na pia ni ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Eneo na tabia za ziwa== [[Umbo]] la ziwa ni kama kanda ndefu inayoelea kutoka kaskazini kwenda [[kusini]]. [[Urefu]] wa ziwa ni [[kilomita]] 290, [[upana]] wake hadi kilomita 32. Eneo la maji ni [[km²]] 6,405. Ndani ya ziwa kuna [[visiwa]] vitatu vidogo vinavyoitwa, Kisiwa cha kusini, kiswa cha kati na kisiwa cha kaskazini. Turkana ni [[ziwa la magadi]] lakini maji yake hunywewa na [[watu]] na [[wanyama]] na yanawezesha [[viumbehai|viumbe hai]] wengi kuishi ndani yake. Hifadhi za wanyama kwenye ziwa Turkana zimeorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[Urithi wa Dunia]], zikiwemo [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Sibiloi]] ([[mashariki]] kwa ziwa), [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kisiwa cha Kati]] na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kisiwa cha Kusini]] (visiwani). [[Mazingira]] hayo yote yanahatarishwa sasa na [[ujenzi]] wa [[lambo]] la [[Gilgel Gibe III]] kwenye [[mto Omo]] unaochangia ziwa kwa kiasi kikubwa. == Jina == [[Picha:Lake turkana satellite.jpg|thumb|left|Ziwa Turkana linavyoonekana kutoka [[Anga|angani]].]] Wenyeji wametumia [[Jina|majina]] mbalimbali kufuatana na [[lugha]] zao. [[Waturkana]] hutumia "anam Ka'alakol" yaani "ziwa la samaki wengi". [[Wapelelezi]] [[Wazungu]] wa [[karne ya 19]] walisikia jina la "Basso Narok" ingawa haieleweki hii ilikuwa lugha gani. Kimataifa ziwa lilijulikana zamani kwa jina la "Ziwa Rudolph" (Rudolfsee, Lake Rudolph) lililotolewa na mpelelezi [[Mhungaria]] [[Sámuel Teleki]] kwa heshima ya [[mtemi]] Rudolph, [[mtoto]] wa [[mfalme]] wa [[Austria-Hungaria]]. ==Jiolojia== Ziwa Turkana ni kipengele cha Ufa cha Afrika Mashariki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regions of Kenya .: Kenya Travel Guide - VisitKeny|url=http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?contID=17&mID=1|work=www.visitkenya.com|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Ufa ni sehemu dhaifu katika ukoko wa Dunia kwa sababu ya mgawanyiko wa sahani mbili za tectonic, mara nyingi huambatana na graben, au kupitia nyimbo, ambayo maji ya ziwa yanaweza kukusanya.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article-abstract/47/6/1221/1438426?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false</ref> Mpasuko ulianza wakati Afrika Mashariki, ikisukumwa na mikondo kwenye vazi, ilianza kujitenga na Afrika nzima, ikihamia kaskazini-mashariki. Kwa sasa, graben ina upana wa kilomita 320 kaskazini mwa ziwa, kilomita 170 kusini. Ufa huu ni mmoja kati ya miwili, na unaitwa Ufa Mkuu au Mashariki. Kuna mwingine upande wa magharibi, Ufa wa Magharibi. Ziwa Turkana ni sifa ya kipekee ya mandhari ya Afrika Mashariki. Kando na kuwa ziwa la kudumu la jangwa, ndilo ziwa pekee ambalo huhifadhi maji yanayotoka sehemu mbili tofauti za vyanzo vya Mto Nile. Bonde la mifereji ya maji ya Ziwa Turkana huchota maji yake hasa kutoka Nyanda za Juu za Kenya na Nyanda za Juu za Ethiopia [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|Miamba]] ya chini ya ardhi ya eneo hilo imetajwa na maamuzi mawili ya uchambuzi hadi miaka milioni 522 na 510 iliyopita (mya). Hakuna mpasuko uliokuwa ukitokea wakati huo. Ufa unaonyeshwa na shughuli za volkeno kupitia ukoko dhaifu. Shughuli ya zamani zaidi ya volkeno katika eneo hili ilitokea katika Milima ya Nabwal kaskazini-mashariki mwa Turkana na ina tarehe ya 34.8 mya mwishoni mwa Eocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDOUGALL |first=I. a. N. |last2=Watkins |first2=Ronald T. |date=2006-01 |title=Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills: a record of earliest magmatism in the northern Kenyan Rift Valley |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/geochronology-of-the-nabwal-hills-a-record-of-earliest-magmatism-in-the-northern-kenyan-rift-valley/B5BC8346805C488318C51197D2AA2B00 |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1017/S0016756805001184 |issn=1469-5081}}</ref> Vipengele vya kitektoni vinavyoonekana katika eneo hili hutokana na mipasuko mingi ya basalt juu ya bonde la Turkana-Omo kwenye dirisha 4.18–3.99 mya. Hawa wanaitwa Gombe Group Basalts. Wamegawanywa katika Mursi Basalts na Gombi Basalts. Basalts mbili za mwisho zinatambuliwa kama sehemu za nje zinazounda milima ya mawe na maeneo mabaya karibu na ziwa. Katika sehemu ya Omo ya bonde, ya Basalt ya Mursi, Malezi ya Mursi iko upande wa magharibi wa Omo, Nkalabong kwenye Omo, na Usno na Shungura mashariki mwa Omo. Huenda miundo inayojulikana zaidi ni Koobi Fora upande wa mashariki wa Turkana na Nachukui upande wa magharibi. Mabadiliko ya muda mfupi katika usawa wa ziwa pamoja na kumwagika kwa majivu ya volkeno ya mara kwa mara katika eneo hilo yamesababisha kuwekwa kwa tabaka kwa bahati ya ardhi juu ya miamba ya msingi. Upeo huu unaweza kuhesabiwa kwa usahihi zaidi kwa uchanganuzi wa kemikali wa tuff.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDougall |first=Ian |last2=Brown |first2=Francis H. |date=2006-01 |title=Precise ⁴⁰ Ar/ ³⁹ Ar geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya |url=https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2F0016-764904-166 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |language=en |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1144/0016-764904-166 |issn=0016-7649 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260507210204/https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2F0016-764904-166 |archive-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> Kwa vile eneo hili linaaminika kuwa kiota cha mageuzi cha hominini, tarehe ni muhimu kwa kuzalisha safu ya kidakroniki ya visukuku, hominoid na nonhominoid—yaani, sokwe (pamoja na hominini) na wasio-nyani. Maelfu mengi yamechimbwa. Matuta yanayowakilisha mwambao wa kale yanaonekana katika Bonde la Turkana. Ya juu zaidi ni mita 100 juu ya uso wa ziwa (takriban tu, jinsi kiwango cha ziwa kinavyobadilika-badilika), ambayo ilitokea kama miaka 9500 iliyopita, mwishoni mwa Pleistocene kama sehemu ya kipindi cha unyevu wa Afrika. Inaaminika kwa ujumla kuwa Turkana ilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa juu wa Nile wakati huo, ikiunganisha na Ziwa Baringo mwisho wa kusini na White Nile kaskazini, na kwamba marekebisho ya ardhi ya volkeno yalikata uhusiano huo. Dhana kama hiyo inaelezea aina ya Nile katika ziwa, kama vile mamba na sangara wa Nile. Viwango vya juu vya maji pia vilitokea takriban miaka 9000, 6000 na 5000 iliyopita, ambayo kila moja ilifuatiwa na matone katika usawa wa ziwa zaidi ya 40m katika chini ya miaka 200.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818115001265?via%3Dihub</ref> Inafikiriwa kuwa mabadiliko katika nafasi ya Mpaka wa Anga wa Kongo yaliathiri uwezo wa unyevu kutoka Bahari ya Atlantiki kufikia Afrika mashariki,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QSRv...83...58C|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QSRv...30..798T/abstract|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> ambao ulikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya kiwango cha Ziwa Turkana na vyanzo vya maji vilivyo karibu. Eneo la kiakiolojia la Namoratunga, ambalo liliwekwa tarehe 300 KK, liko karibu na Ziwa Turkana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PPP...396....1J/abstract|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> ==Visiwa vinavyopatikana katika ziwa hilo== * [[Kisiwa cha Kaskazini (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kaskazini]] ([[kaunti ya Turkana]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Kati (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kati]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ekinyang]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Enwoiti]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Kusini (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kusini]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Nan]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Nanet]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) ==Mito inayochangia ziwa== ===Kutoka Ethiopia=== Mto wa kwanza kabisa katika kuchangia ziwa Turkana (90% hivi) uko upande wa Ethiopia: ni [[mto Omo]] (na [[Tawimto|matawimto]] yake na ya mito midogo zaidi inayoyachangia, kama [[Mto Usno]], [[Mto Mago]], [[Mto Neri]], [[Mto Mui]], [[Mto Mantsa]], [[Mto Zigina]], [[Mto Denchya]], [[Mto Gojeb]], [[Mto Gibe]], [[Mto Gilgel Gibe]], [[Mto Amara (Ethiopia)|mto Amara]], [[mto Alanga]], [[Mto Maze]] na [[Mto Wabe (Ethiopia)|Mto Wabe]]. Miaka mingine [[Mto Kibish]] pia unafikia ziwa hilo. ===Kutoka Kenya=== Mito mingine mingi inachangia pia ziwa Turkana upande wa Kenya, ingawa si kwa kiasi kile cha mto Omto; ni hii ifuatayo: • [[Mto Abelibel]] • [[Mto Aberit]] • [[Mto Aguli]] • [[Mto Ainabkoi (ziwa Turkana)]] • [[Mto Aino]] • [[Mto Aiye Nai-Anginyang-Kiporr]] • [[Mto Akaderte]] • [[Mto Akatelyan]] • [[Mto Akatwan]] • [[Mto Akeriemet]] • [[Mto Akhurya]] • [[Mto Akiriamet]] • [[Mto Akope]] • [[Mto Akores]] • [[Mto Akouaekori]] • [[Mto Akukuth]] • [[Mto Alale]] • [[Mto Alamonges]] • [[Mto Alelalokeya]] • [[Mto Alongolomoi]] • [[Mto Amelaromuryankol]] • [[Mto Amunyai]] • [[Mto Anam]] • [[Mto Anamuton]] • [[Mto Ananoi]] • [[Mto Angamojak]] • [[Mto Angaro]] • [[Mto Angmatia]] • [[Mto Angorangora]] • [[Mto Anomat]] • [[Mto Anyagalim]] • [[Mto Apaigiron]] • [[Mto Apow]] • [[Mto Arau]] • [[Mto Arionomur]] • [[Mto Aroga]] • [[Mto Arorr]] • [[Mto Arorr (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Asasum]] • [[Mto Atead]] • [[Mto Aterr]] • [[Mto Atir]] • [[Mto Atot]] • [[Mto Auanaparan]] • [[Mto Ayonai Aterr]] • [[Mto Ayonaialopakalumong]] • [[Mto Barawa]] • [[Mto Barua]] • [[Mto Buleth]] • [[Mto Cheberen]] • [[Mto Cheberkeriungo]] • [[Mto Cheborgo]] • [[Mto Chekolatom]] • [[Mto Chemeri]] • [[Mto Chemeroi]] • [[Mto Chemonges]] • [[Mto Chemosusu]] • [[Mto Chemwapit]] • [[Mto Chepareria]] • [[Mto Chepkobeh]] • [[Mto Chepkondol]] • [[Mto Chepkuloi]] • [[Mto Chepolol]] • [[Mto Chepropoi]] • [[Mto Cheptak]] • [[Mto Cheptandan]] • [[Mto Cheptilon]] • [[Mto Cherial]] • [[Mto Chesabet]] • [[Mto Chesera]] • [[Mto Chesoi]] • [[Mto Chiapan]] • [[Mto Chukulukong]] • [[Mto Didinga]] • [[Mto Dupas]] • [[Mto Ekebekebyeke]] • [[Mto Ekwapalopyot]] • [[Mto Emaniman]] • [[Mto Emanit]] • [[Mto Embamachukwa]] • [[Mto Embamon]] • [[Mto Embasos]] • [[Mto Embobit]] • [[Mto Embogh]] • [[Mto Embomoruk]] • [[Mto Embong']] • [[Mto Empungung]] • [[Mto Emsea]] • [[Mto Emso]] • [[Mto Enbenye]] • [[Mto Endo]] • [[Mto Endogh]] • [[Mto Enopogh]] • [[Mto Enumpapa]] • [[Mto Epuryamudang]] • [[Mto Eron]] • [[Mto Erron]] • [[Mto Etebusait]] • [[Mto Etionin]] • [[Mto Gachiengur]] • [[Mto Ganathawaole]] • [[Mto Gateruk]] • [[Mto Gochobolok]] • [[Mto Goisoi]] • [[Mto Gurgur]] • [[Mto Habokok]] • [[Mto Iang]] • [[Mto Ikalotonyang]] • [[Mto Ineletum]] • [[Mto Iryionomoch]] • [[Mto Jaban]] • [[Mto Kaabilikeret]] • [[Mto Kaabole]] • [[Mto Kaakwor]] • [[Mto Kaaling]] • [[Mto Kaangole]] • [[Mto Kaapus]] • [[Mto Kaaronikagiete]] • [[Mto Kaawat]] • [[Mto Kabanyet]] • [[Mto Kabarait]] • [[Mto Kabelangole]] • [[Mto Kabokuli]] • [[Mto Kabwangederr]] • [[Mto Kabyen]] • [[Mto Kachakarimoch]] • [[Mto Kachalakin]] • [[Mto Kachar]] • [[Mto Kachoda]] • [[Mto Kachoke]] • [[Mto Kachuro Mongin]] • [[Mto Kadingetom]] • [[Mto Kadoupokimak]] • [[Mto Kaekalkiryon]] • [[Mto Kaekudokol]] • [[Mto Kaemasekin]] • [[Mto Kaeri Akak]] • [[Mto Kaetako]] • [[Mto Kagiro]] • [[Mto Kai-Ekongo]] • [[Mto Kaiboni]] • [[Mto Kaichom]] • [[Mto Kaiechech]] • [[Mto Kaiegilai]] • [[Mto Kaiekoropus]] • [[Mto Kaiekunyang]] • [[Mto Kaiekunyuk]] • [[Mto Kaiemute]] • [[Mto Kaikirr]] • [[Mto Kaikoba]] • [[Mto Kaikor]] • [[Mto Kaimo]] • [[Mto Kainyangakok]] • [[Mto Kainyangalok]] • [[Mto Kaiothin]] • [[Mto Kaitakalchwel]] • [[Mto Kaitio]] • [[Mto Kajukujuk]] • [[Mto Kakalel]] • [[Mto Kakedmosing]] • [[Mto Kakelai]] • [[Mto Kakiporomwoi]] • [[Mto Kakore]] • [[Mto Kakumio]] • [[Mto Kakurio]] • [[Mto Kakuroetom]] • [[Mto Kakwe]] • [[Kalabata (mto)|Mto Kalabata]] • [[Mto Kalabata (korongo la Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kalachir]] • [[Mto Kalain]] • [[Mto Kalakol]] • [[Mto Kalatum]] • [[Mto Kalempus]] • [[Mto Kalewa]] • [[Mto Kalimarok]] • [[Mto Kalimhaun]] • [[Mto Kalochoro]] • [[Mto Kalokerith]] • [[Mto Kalokhole]] • [[Mto Kalokodo]] • [[Mto Kalokoel]] • [[Mto Kalokopirr]] • [[Mto Kalonyangkori]] • [[Mto Kalopeto]] • [[Mto Kaloponogole]] • [[Mto Kalorith]] • [[Mto Kalorukongole]] • [[Mto Kalosia]] • [[Mto Kalotiman]] • [[Mto Kalotumokoi]] • [[Mto Kaloyapamugie]] • [[Mto Kamarethi]] • [[Mto Kamarlei]] • [[Mto Kamila (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Kamodo]] • [[Mto Kamogoro]] • [[Mto Kamuma]] • [[Mto Kanaiki]] • [[Mto Kanaki]] • [[Mto Kanamukuin]] • [[Mto Kanangor]] • [[Mto Kanaodon]] • [[Mto Kanaro]] • [[Mto Kanathuwat]] • [[Mto Kang'wak]] • [[Mto Kangachin]] • [[Mto Kangaki]] • [[Mto Kangakurio]] • [[Mto Kangalemo]] • [[Mto Kangebet]] • [[Mto Kangetet (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kangibenyoi]] • [[Mto Kangimedr]] • [[Mto Kangisirite]] • [[Mto Kangoli]] • [[Mto Kanguwapeta]] • [[Mto Kanigiyum]] • [[Mto Kanugurumeri]] • [[Mto Kanyangareng]] • [[Mto Kao (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kapchebu]] • [[Mto Kapchepgero]] • [[Mto Kapelikori]] • [[Mto Kaperarengam]] • [[Mto Kapeta]] • [[Mto Kapim]] • [[Mto Kapkobe]] • [[Mto Kapleel]] • [[Mto Kapsang]] • [[Mto Kaptarit]] • [[Mto Kapua]] • [[Mto Karamuroi]] • [[Mto Kare-Kapakalem]] • [[Mto Kareburr]] • [[Mto Karkal]] • [[Mto Karubangorok]] • [[Mto Karunkyukuri]] • [[Mto Kasaguru]] • [[Mto Kataboi]] • [[Mto Kateruk]] • [[Mto Kathunguru]] • [[Mto Katik]] • [[Mto Katikithikiria]] • [[Mto Katiko]] • [[Mto Katirikiki]] • [[Mto Katirr]] • [[Mto Katmerit]] • [[Mto Katupe]] • [[Mto Kaupa]] • [[Mto Kauriong']] • [[Mto Kauriung]] • [[Mto Kawala (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kawalathe]] • [[Mto Kawalathi]] • [[Mto Kawianguli]] • [[Mto Kayekongai]] • [[Mto Keesigiria]] • [[Mto Kemaguriat]] • [[Kerio (korongo)|Mto Kerio (korongo)]] • [[Kerio (mto)|Mto Kerio]] • [[Mto Keris]] • [[Mto Keritunet]] • [[Mto Keryemeryeme]] • [[Mto Kesok]] • [[Mto Kianantuing]] • [[Mto Kibaas]] • [[Mto Kibaino]] • [[Mto Kibereget]] • [[Mto Kibiemit]] • [[Mto Kiblabot]] • [[Mto Kiken]] • [[Mto Kimaguhir]] • [[Mto Kinoinoi]] • [[Mto Kipkanyilat]] • [[Mto Kipsang]] • [[Mto Kipsiwara]] • [[Mto Kiptalyung]] • [[Mto Kiptunol]] • [[Mto Kirumbopso]] • [[Mto Kobothan]] • [[Mto Kochar]] • [[Mto Kochodin]] • [[Mto Kochokio]] • [[Mto Kochuch]] • [[Mto Koduaran]] • [[Mto Kogene]] • [[Mto Kokiselei]] • [[Mto Kokithelei]] • [[Mto Kokolopit]] • [[Mto Kokoten]] • [[Mto Kokothelei]] • [[Mto Kokothowa]] • [[Mto Kokure]] • [[Mto Kolok]] • [[Mto Kolomokori]] • [[Mto Kolonyadarsh]] • [[Mto Komakatae]] • [[Mto Komen Angalio]] • [[Mto Komocheri]] • [[Mto Kopatia]] • [[Mto Kopedo]] • [[Mto Kopeto]] • [[Mto Kopuai]] • [[Mto Kordei]] • [[Mto Korinyang]] • [[Mto Kortokoil]] • [[Mto Kosibirr]] • [[Mto Kotaruk]] • [[Mto Kothiai]] • [[Mto Kotome]] • [[Mto Kunyao]] • [[Mto Kurumboni]] • [[Mto Lachoa Achila]] • [[Mto Laga Sapari]] • [[Mto Laga Tulu-Bor]] • [[Mto Laisamis]] • [[Mto Laminkwais]] • [[Mto Lawawet]] • [[Mto Lazuli]] • [[Mto Lelean]] • [[Mto Lenchukuti]] • [[Mto Let]] • [[Mto Loarengak]] • [[Mto Lobokat]] • [[Mto Loborio]] • [[Mto Loburet]] • [[Mto Lochan]] • [[Mto Locharakhiang]] • [[Mto Locheremoit]] • [[Mto Lochil]] • [[Mto Lochore-Angdapala]] • [[Mto Lochoro]] • [[Mto Lochurututu]] • [[Mto Lochwai]] • [[Mto Loge]] • [[Mto Logogo]] • [[Mto Logum]] • [[Mto Loitan]] • [[Mto Loiya]] • [[Mto Lokalale]] • [[Mto Lokapetemoi]] • [[Mto Lokedule]] • [[Mto Loketi]] • [[Mto Lokhosinyakhori]] • [[Mto Lokichar]] • [[Mto Lokidongo]] • [[Mto Lokimyel]] • [[Mto Lokiporrangithikiria]] • [[Mto Lokirikipi]] • [[Mto Lokitoinyala]] • [[Mto Lokomoru]] • [[Mto Lokoparaparai]] • [[Mto Lokopel]] • [[Mto Lokore]] • [[Mto Lokorikipi]] • [[Mto Lokosima-ekori]] • [[Mto Lokucho]] • [[Mto Lokuso]] • [[Mto Lokwakipi]] • [[Mto Lokwamur]] • [[Mto Lokwanamoru]] • [[Mto Lokwathinyon]] • [[Mto Lokwatubwa]] • [[Mto Lolii]] • [[Mto Lolim]] • [[Mto Lolmorton]] • [[Mto Lomeiyen]] • [[Mto Lomekwi]] • [[Mto Lomelo]] • [[Mto Lomunyan-Akirichok]] • [[Mto Lomunyenakwan]] • [[Mto Lomuryamuge]] • [[Mto Long'enya]] • [[Mto Longeleiya]] • [[Mto Longinya]] • [[Mto Loochuk]] • [[Mto Loolimo]] • [[Mto Loolung]] • [[Mto Loparokowayen]] • [[Mto Loperichich]] • [[Mto Lopiripira]] • [[Mto Lopotwa]] • [[Mto Lopuroto]] • [[Mto Loreng]] • [[Mto Lorengaloup]] • [[Mto Lorugumu]] • [[Mto Lotepakiru]] • [[Mto Lothajait]] • [[Mto Lotiman]] • [[Mto Lotirai]] • [[Mto Lotongot]] • [[Mto Lotukales]] • [[Mto Lowotha]] • [[Mto Lowoyegweli]] • [[Mto Loya]] • [[Mto Loyai Engole]] • [[Mto Lukwakore]] • [[Mto Luturut]] • [[Mto Macheremowe]] • [[Mto Makurinya]] • [[Mto Malmalte]] • [[Mto Mamchor]] • [[Mto Mamponich]] • [[Mto Marchaui]] • [[Mto Maricha]] • [[Mto Marie Mokale]] • [[Mto Marin]] • [[Mto Marso]] • [[Mto Marun]] • [[Mto Masei]] • [[Mto Mboo Sangarao]] • [[Mto Mindi]] • [[Mto Mkorwa]] • [[Mto Mogorua]] • [[Mto Moinoi]] • [[Mto Monti]] • [[Mto Morok]] • [[Mto Mortorth]] • [[Mto Mugurr]] • [[Mto Munyen]] • [[Mto Munyen (korongo)]] • [[Mto Murua Nyaap]] • [[Mto Murukirion]] • [[Mto Musgut]] • [[Mto Naalimatumak]] • [[Mto Nabar]] • [[Mto Nabelete Akoit]] • [[Mto Nabergoit]] • [[Mto Nabukut]] • [[Mto Nabwalekorot]] • [[Mto Nachalal]] • [[Mto Nachedet]] • [[Mto Nachoo]] • [[Mto Nachukui]] • [[Mto Nachurokaali]] • [[Mto Nadopua]] • [[Mto Naedakal]] • [[Mto Naekitoenyala]] • [[Mto Naeyepunetebu]] • [[Mto Nagaramoroi]] • [[Mto Nagitokonok]] • [[Mto Nagola]] • [[Mto Nagomolkipik]] • [[Mto Nagum Napala]] • [[Mto Naichetarukoin]] • [[Mto Naijokore]] • [[Mto Nairepon]] • [[Mto Naitangro]] • [[Mto Naithilum]] • [[Mto Naiyena]] • [[Mto Naiyena Angilimo]] • [[Mto Naiyena Aregae]] • [[Mto Naiyena Ekalale]] • [[Mto Naiyena Enyathanait]] • [[Mto Naiyena Kabaran]] • [[Mto Naiyenaelim]] • [[Mto Naiyenai Atulela]] • [[Mto Naiyenai Kororon]] • [[Mto Nakabothan]] • [[Mto Nakadongot]] • [[Mto Nakalalai]] • [[Mto Nakalale (korongo)]] • [[Mto Nakapeliowoi]] • [[Mto Nakaterretai]] • [[Mto Nakaton]] • [[Mto Nakatoni]] • [[Mto Nakauron]] • [[Mto Nakayot]] • [[Mto Nakejuamothing]] • [[Mto Nakeridan]] • [[Mto Nakerikan]] • [[Mto Nakeroman]] • [[Mto Nakilima]] • [[Mto Nakilowonok]] • [[Mto Nakipomye]] • [[Mto Nakito-Konon]] • [[Mto Nakitonguro]] • [[Mto Nakoret]] • [[Mto Nakuijit]] • [[Mto Nakurio]] • [[Mto Nakuwotom]] • [[Mto Nakwakal]] • [[Mto Nakwamosing]] • [[Mto Nakwee]] • [[Mto Nakwehe]] • [[Mto Nakwei]] • [[Mto Nalepet]] • [[Mto Nalibamun]] • [[Mto Namaniko]] • [[Mto Namejanit]] • [[Mto Nameturan]] • [[Mto Namuroi]] • [[Mto Nanamakali]] • [[Mto Nangamanat]] • [[Mto Nanukor]] • [[Mto Naoiatuba]] • [[Mto Naoiyapie]] • [[Mto Naon]] • [[Mto Napas]] • [[Mto Napaton]] • [[Mto Napeichom]] • [[Mto Napeitanit]] • [[Mto Napeitau]] • [[Mto Napiot]] • [[Mto Naporoto]] • [[Mto Napow]] • [[Mto Narengmor]] • [[Mto Nariokotome]] • [[Mto Narodi]] • [[Mto Narototin]] • [[Mto Narubu]] • [[Mto Nasorr]] • [[Mto Natapara]] • [[Mto Nathagait]] • [[Mto Nathekuna]] • [[Mto Nathura]] • [[Mto Nathuruken]] • [[Mto Natieket]] • [[Mto Natir]] • [[Mto Natira (Kenya)]] • [[Mto Natome]] • [[Mto Natoo]] • [[Mto Natudau]] • [[Mto Natumamong]] • [[Mto Nauruto]] • [[Mto Nawakiring]] • [[Mto Nawaton]] • [[Mto Nawoiaekalale]] • [[Mto Nayanae Koorin]] • [[Mto Nderemon]] • [[Mto Ngakile]] • [[Mto Ngatagoin]] • [[Mto Ngilimo]] • [[Mto Ngipurryo]] • [[Mto Ngiputire]] • [[Mto Ngirengo]] • [[Mto Ngombei]] • [[Mto Ngrombwe]] • [[Mto Nguapet]] • [[Mto Nguruthio]] • [[Mto Ninyit]] • [[Mto Nitelejor]] • [[Mto Niteleyo]] • [[Mto Nyaparei]] • [[Mto Nyikim]] • [[Mto Okilim]] • [[Mto Oleyapare]] • [[Mto Orengaloup]] • [[Mto Oropoi]] • [[Mto Pechipet]] • [[Mto Perekon]] • [[Mto Pesik]] • [[Mto Pongung]] • [[Mto Pulichon]] • [[Mto Reberwa]] • [[Mto Riritian]] • [[Mto Rogoch]] • [[Mto Sagat]] • [[Mto Samakitok]] • [[Mto Samuke]] • [[Mto Sasame]] • [[Mto Sebit]] • [[Mto Sergoi (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Sergothwa]] • [[Mto Seruach]] • [[Mto Siga (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Sikawa]] • [[Mto Sinjo]] • [[Mto Siwa]] • [[Mto Sostin]] • [[Mto Sowayan]] • [[Mto Suam]] • [[Mto Suguta (Kenya)]] • [[Mto Tamabero]] • [[Mto Tamass]] • [[Mto Tamogh]] • [[Mto Tangasia]] • [[Mto Terik]] • [[Mto Thapet]] • [[Mto Thoro]] • [[Mto Tindarr]] • [[Mto Tirken]] • [[Mto Tiya]] • [[Mto Toperrnawi]] • [[Mto Torok]] • [[Mto Tugha]] • [[Mto Turkwel]] • [[Mto Tusa (ziwa Turkana)]] • [[Mto Tutuwei]] • [[Mto Uluguthe]] • [[Mto Wei Wei]] • [[Mto Yemenin]] • [[Mto Yeptos]] ===Kutoka Uganda=== Mito ifuatayo kutoka [[Uganda]] inachangia pia ziwa Turkana kupitia Kenya: [[Mto Arionomunyen]], [[Mto Chosan]], [[Mto Ekiringura]], [[Mto Kacholese]], [[Mto Kalodurr]], [[Mto Kalopomongole]], [[Mto Kanyagareng]], [[Mto Komongim]], [[Mto Koromoich]], [[Mto Laburin]], [[mto Lobuloyin]], [[Mto Lochorakwangen]], [[Mto Lodias]], [[Mto Loitabela]], [[Mto Lomapus]], [[Mto Lopedot]], [[Mto Naakot]], [[Mto Nabunei]], [[Mto Nakakerikeri]], [[Mto Nakalale]], [[Mto Nakatuman]], [[Mto Namusio]], [[Mto Nangolipia]], [[Mto Natire]], [[Mto Naunyet]], [[Mto Nauyagum]], [[Mto Onogin]] na [[Mto Otiko]]. ===Kutoka Sudan Kusini=== Mito mingine inayochangia ziwa hilo inaanzia [[Sudan Kusini]], hasa [[mto Kibish]]. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Ethiopia|Turkana]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya|Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana| ]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya chumvi]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Marsabit]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] naalocmgy5qrsvfwn07ifg439x2df7o 1576860 1576758 2026-06-26T23:13:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1576860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|3|35|N|36|7|E|display=title}} {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Turkana | picha = LakeTurkanaSouthIsland.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Turkana | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Kenya]] ([[Ethiopia]] ina pembe ya kaskazini kabisa) | eneo = km² 6.405 | kina = m 73 | mito inayoingia = [[mto Omo|Omo]], [[Turkwel (mto)|Turkwel]], [[mto Kerio|Kerio]] na mingine mingi | mito inayotoka = -- | kimo = 375 m | miji = (vijiji vichache tu) }} '''Ziwa Turkana''' ni [[ziwa]] kubwa lililopo katika [[kaskazini]] [[yabisi]] ya [[Kenya]]. Halina [[mto]] unaotoka, hivyo [[maji]] yanayoingia yanapotea kwa njia ya [[uvukizaji]]. Kwa jumla ni ziwa la Kenya lakini [[ncha]] yake ya kaskazini ipo ndani ya [[Ethiopia]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413if_/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf</ref> Na pia ni ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Eneo na tabia za ziwa== [[Umbo]] la ziwa ni kama kanda ndefu inayoelea kutoka kaskazini kwenda [[kusini]]. [[Urefu]] wa ziwa ni [[kilomita]] 290, [[upana]] wake hadi kilomita 32. Eneo la maji ni [[km²]] 6,405. Ndani ya ziwa kuna [[visiwa]] vitatu vidogo vinavyoitwa, Kisiwa cha kusini, kiswa cha kati na kisiwa cha kaskazini. Turkana ni [[ziwa la magadi]] lakini maji yake hunywewa na [[watu]] na [[wanyama]] na yanawezesha [[viumbehai|viumbe hai]] wengi kuishi ndani yake. Hifadhi za wanyama kwenye ziwa Turkana zimeorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[Urithi wa Dunia]], zikiwemo [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Sibiloi]] ([[mashariki]] kwa ziwa), [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kisiwa cha Kati]] na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kisiwa cha Kusini]] (visiwani). [[Mazingira]] hayo yote yanahatarishwa sasa na [[ujenzi]] wa [[lambo]] la [[Gilgel Gibe III]] kwenye [[mto Omo]] unaochangia ziwa kwa kiasi kikubwa. == Jina == [[Picha:Lake turkana satellite.jpg|thumb|left|Ziwa Turkana linavyoonekana kutoka [[Anga|angani]].]] Wenyeji wametumia [[Jina|majina]] mbalimbali kufuatana na [[lugha]] zao. [[Waturkana]] hutumia "anam Ka'alakol" yaani "ziwa la samaki wengi". [[Wapelelezi]] [[Wazungu]] wa [[karne ya 19]] walisikia jina la "Basso Narok" ingawa haieleweki hii ilikuwa lugha gani. Kimataifa ziwa lilijulikana zamani kwa jina la "Ziwa Rudolph" (Rudolfsee, Lake Rudolph) lililotolewa na mpelelezi [[Mhungaria]] [[Sámuel Teleki]] kwa heshima ya [[mtemi]] Rudolph, [[mtoto]] wa [[mfalme]] wa [[Austria-Hungaria]]. ==Jiolojia== Ziwa Turkana ni kipengele cha Ufa cha Afrika Mashariki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Regions of Kenya .: Kenya Travel Guide - VisitKeny|url=http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?contID=17&mID=1|work=www.visitkenya.com|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Ufa ni sehemu dhaifu katika ukoko wa Dunia kwa sababu ya mgawanyiko wa sahani mbili za tectonic, mara nyingi huambatana na graben, au kupitia nyimbo, ambayo maji ya ziwa yanaweza kukusanya.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article-abstract/47/6/1221/1438426?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false</ref> Mpasuko ulianza wakati Afrika Mashariki, ikisukumwa na mikondo kwenye vazi, ilianza kujitenga na Afrika nzima, ikihamia kaskazini-mashariki. Kwa sasa, graben ina upana wa kilomita 320 kaskazini mwa ziwa, kilomita 170 kusini. Ufa huu ni mmoja kati ya miwili, na unaitwa Ufa Mkuu au Mashariki. Kuna mwingine upande wa magharibi, Ufa wa Magharibi. Ziwa Turkana ni sifa ya kipekee ya mandhari ya Afrika Mashariki. Kando na kuwa ziwa la kudumu la jangwa, ndilo ziwa pekee ambalo huhifadhi maji yanayotoka sehemu mbili tofauti za vyanzo vya Mto Nile. Bonde la mifereji ya maji ya Ziwa Turkana huchota maji yake hasa kutoka Nyanda za Juu za Kenya na Nyanda za Juu za Ethiopia [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|Miamba]] ya chini ya ardhi ya eneo hilo imetajwa na maamuzi mawili ya uchambuzi hadi miaka milioni 522 na 510 iliyopita (mya). Hakuna mpasuko uliokuwa ukitokea wakati huo. Ufa unaonyeshwa na shughuli za volkeno kupitia ukoko dhaifu. Shughuli ya zamani zaidi ya volkeno katika eneo hili ilitokea katika Milima ya Nabwal kaskazini-mashariki mwa Turkana na ina tarehe ya 34.8 mya mwishoni mwa Eocene.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=McDOUGALL |first=I. a. N. |last2=Watkins |first2=Ronald T. |date=2006-01 |title=Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills: a record of earliest magmatism in the northern Kenyan Rift Valley |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/geochronology-of-the-nabwal-hills-a-record-of-earliest-magmatism-in-the-northern-kenyan-rift-valley/B5BC8346805C488318C51197D2AA2B00 |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1017/S0016756805001184 |issn=1469-5081}}</ref> Vipengele vya kitektoni vinavyoonekana katika eneo hili hutokana na mipasuko mingi ya basalt juu ya bonde la Turkana-Omo kwenye dirisha 4.18–3.99 mya. Hawa wanaitwa Gombe Group Basalts. Wamegawanywa katika Mursi Basalts na Gombi Basalts. Basalts mbili za mwisho zinatambuliwa kama sehemu za nje zinazounda milima ya mawe na maeneo mabaya karibu na ziwa. Katika sehemu ya Omo ya bonde, ya Basalt ya Mursi, Malezi ya Mursi iko upande wa magharibi wa Omo, Nkalabong kwenye Omo, na Usno na Shungura mashariki mwa Omo. Huenda miundo inayojulikana zaidi ni Koobi Fora upande wa mashariki wa Turkana na Nachukui upande wa magharibi. Mabadiliko ya muda mfupi katika usawa wa ziwa pamoja na kumwagika kwa majivu ya volkeno ya mara kwa mara katika eneo hilo yamesababisha kuwekwa kwa tabaka kwa bahati ya ardhi juu ya miamba ya msingi. Upeo huu unaweza kuhesabiwa kwa usahihi zaidi kwa uchanganuzi wa kemikali wa tuff.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=McDougall |first=Ian |last2=Brown |first2=Francis H. |date=2006-01 |title=Precise ⁴⁰ Ar/ ³⁹ Ar geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya |url=https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2F0016-764904-166 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |language=en |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1144/0016-764904-166 |issn=0016-7649 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260507210204/https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2F0016-764904-166 |archive-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> Kwa vile eneo hili linaaminika kuwa kiota cha mageuzi cha hominini, tarehe ni muhimu kwa kuzalisha safu ya kidakroniki ya visukuku, hominoid na nonhominoid—yaani, sokwe (pamoja na hominini) na wasio-nyani. Maelfu mengi yamechimbwa. Matuta yanayowakilisha mwambao wa kale yanaonekana katika Bonde la Turkana. Ya juu zaidi ni mita 100 juu ya uso wa ziwa (takriban tu, jinsi kiwango cha ziwa kinavyobadilika-badilika), ambayo ilitokea kama miaka 9500 iliyopita, mwishoni mwa Pleistocene kama sehemu ya kipindi cha unyevu wa Afrika. Inaaminika kwa ujumla kuwa Turkana ilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa juu wa Nile wakati huo, ikiunganisha na Ziwa Baringo mwisho wa kusini na White Nile kaskazini, na kwamba marekebisho ya ardhi ya volkeno yalikata uhusiano huo. Dhana kama hiyo inaelezea aina ya Nile katika ziwa, kama vile mamba na sangara wa Nile. Viwango vya juu vya maji pia vilitokea takriban miaka 9000, 6000 na 5000 iliyopita, ambayo kila moja ilifuatiwa na matone katika usawa wa ziwa zaidi ya 40m katika chini ya miaka 200.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818115001265?via%3Dihub</ref> Inafikiriwa kuwa mabadiliko katika nafasi ya Mpaka wa Anga wa Kongo yaliathiri uwezo wa unyevu kutoka Bahari ya Atlantiki kufikia Afrika mashariki,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QSRv...83...58C|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QSRv...30..798T/abstract|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> ambao ulikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya kiwango cha Ziwa Turkana na vyanzo vya maji vilivyo karibu. Eneo la kiakiolojia la Namoratunga, ambalo liliwekwa tarehe 300 KK, liko karibu na Ziwa Turkana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PPP...396....1J/abstract|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> ==Visiwa vinavyopatikana katika ziwa hilo== * [[Kisiwa cha Kaskazini (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kaskazini]] ([[kaunti ya Turkana]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Kati (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kati]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ekinyang]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Enwoiti]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Kusini (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kusini]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Nan]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Nanet]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) ==Mito inayochangia ziwa== ===Kutoka Ethiopia=== Mto wa kwanza kabisa katika kuchangia ziwa Turkana (90% hivi) uko upande wa Ethiopia: ni [[mto Omo]] (na [[Tawimto|matawimto]] yake na ya mito midogo zaidi inayoyachangia, kama [[Mto Usno]], [[Mto Mago]], [[Mto Neri]], [[Mto Mui]], [[Mto Mantsa]], [[Mto Zigina]], [[Mto Denchya]], [[Mto Gojeb]], [[Mto Gibe]], [[Mto Gilgel Gibe]], [[Mto Amara (Ethiopia)|mto Amara]], [[mto Alanga]], [[Mto Maze]] na [[Mto Wabe (Ethiopia)|Mto Wabe]]. Miaka mingine [[Mto Kibish]] pia unafikia ziwa hilo. ===Kutoka Kenya=== Mito mingine mingi inachangia pia ziwa Turkana upande wa Kenya, ingawa si kwa kiasi kile cha mto Omto; ni hii ifuatayo: • [[Mto Abelibel]] • [[Mto Aberit]] • [[Mto Aguli]] • [[Mto Ainabkoi (ziwa Turkana)]] • [[Mto Aino]] • [[Mto Aiye Nai-Anginyang-Kiporr]] • [[Mto Akaderte]] • [[Mto Akatelyan]] • [[Mto Akatwan]] • [[Mto Akeriemet]] • [[Mto Akhurya]] • [[Mto Akiriamet]] • [[Mto Akope]] • [[Mto Akores]] • [[Mto Akouaekori]] • [[Mto Akukuth]] • [[Mto Alale]] • [[Mto Alamonges]] • [[Mto Alelalokeya]] • [[Mto Alongolomoi]] • [[Mto Amelaromuryankol]] • [[Mto Amunyai]] • [[Mto Anam]] • [[Mto Anamuton]] • [[Mto Ananoi]] • [[Mto Angamojak]] • [[Mto Angaro]] • [[Mto Angmatia]] • [[Mto Angorangora]] • [[Mto Anomat]] • [[Mto Anyagalim]] • [[Mto Apaigiron]] • [[Mto Apow]] • [[Mto Arau]] • [[Mto Arionomur]] • [[Mto Aroga]] • [[Mto Arorr]] • [[Mto Arorr (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Asasum]] • [[Mto Atead]] • [[Mto Aterr]] • [[Mto Atir]] • [[Mto Atot]] • [[Mto Auanaparan]] • [[Mto Ayonai Aterr]] • [[Mto Ayonaialopakalumong]] • [[Mto Barawa]] • [[Mto Barua]] • [[Mto Buleth]] • [[Mto Cheberen]] • [[Mto Cheberkeriungo]] • [[Mto Cheborgo]] • [[Mto Chekolatom]] • [[Mto Chemeri]] • [[Mto Chemeroi]] • [[Mto Chemonges]] • [[Mto Chemosusu]] • [[Mto Chemwapit]] • [[Mto Chepareria]] • [[Mto Chepkobeh]] • [[Mto Chepkondol]] • [[Mto Chepkuloi]] • [[Mto Chepolol]] • [[Mto Chepropoi]] • [[Mto Cheptak]] • [[Mto Cheptandan]] • [[Mto Cheptilon]] • [[Mto Cherial]] • [[Mto Chesabet]] • [[Mto Chesera]] • [[Mto Chesoi]] • [[Mto Chiapan]] • [[Mto Chukulukong]] • [[Mto Didinga]] • [[Mto Dupas]] • [[Mto Ekebekebyeke]] • [[Mto Ekwapalopyot]] • [[Mto Emaniman]] • [[Mto Emanit]] • [[Mto Embamachukwa]] • [[Mto Embamon]] • [[Mto Embasos]] • [[Mto Embobit]] • [[Mto Embogh]] • [[Mto Embomoruk]] • [[Mto Embong']] • [[Mto Empungung]] • [[Mto Emsea]] • [[Mto Emso]] • [[Mto Enbenye]] • [[Mto Endo]] • [[Mto Endogh]] • [[Mto Enopogh]] • [[Mto Enumpapa]] • [[Mto Epuryamudang]] • [[Mto Eron]] • [[Mto Erron]] • [[Mto Etebusait]] • [[Mto Etionin]] • [[Mto Gachiengur]] • [[Mto Ganathawaole]] • [[Mto Gateruk]] • [[Mto Gochobolok]] • [[Mto Goisoi]] • [[Mto Gurgur]] • [[Mto Habokok]] • [[Mto Iang]] • [[Mto Ikalotonyang]] • [[Mto Ineletum]] • [[Mto Iryionomoch]] • [[Mto Jaban]] • [[Mto Kaabilikeret]] • [[Mto Kaabole]] • [[Mto Kaakwor]] • [[Mto Kaaling]] • [[Mto Kaangole]] • [[Mto Kaapus]] • [[Mto Kaaronikagiete]] • [[Mto Kaawat]] • [[Mto Kabanyet]] • [[Mto Kabarait]] • [[Mto Kabelangole]] • [[Mto Kabokuli]] • [[Mto Kabwangederr]] • [[Mto Kabyen]] • [[Mto Kachakarimoch]] • [[Mto Kachalakin]] • [[Mto Kachar]] • [[Mto Kachoda]] • [[Mto Kachoke]] • [[Mto Kachuro Mongin]] • [[Mto Kadingetom]] • [[Mto Kadoupokimak]] • [[Mto Kaekalkiryon]] • [[Mto Kaekudokol]] • [[Mto Kaemasekin]] • [[Mto Kaeri Akak]] • [[Mto Kaetako]] • [[Mto Kagiro]] • [[Mto Kai-Ekongo]] • [[Mto Kaiboni]] • [[Mto Kaichom]] • [[Mto Kaiechech]] • [[Mto Kaiegilai]] • [[Mto Kaiekoropus]] • [[Mto Kaiekunyang]] • [[Mto Kaiekunyuk]] • [[Mto Kaiemute]] • [[Mto Kaikirr]] • [[Mto Kaikoba]] • [[Mto Kaikor]] • [[Mto Kaimo]] • [[Mto Kainyangakok]] • [[Mto Kainyangalok]] • [[Mto Kaiothin]] • [[Mto Kaitakalchwel]] • [[Mto Kaitio]] • [[Mto Kajukujuk]] • [[Mto Kakalel]] • [[Mto Kakedmosing]] • [[Mto Kakelai]] • [[Mto Kakiporomwoi]] • [[Mto Kakore]] • [[Mto Kakumio]] • [[Mto Kakurio]] • [[Mto Kakuroetom]] • [[Mto Kakwe]] • [[Kalabata (mto)|Mto Kalabata]] • [[Mto Kalabata (korongo la Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kalachir]] • [[Mto Kalain]] • [[Mto Kalakol]] • [[Mto Kalatum]] • [[Mto Kalempus]] • [[Mto Kalewa]] • [[Mto Kalimarok]] • [[Mto Kalimhaun]] • [[Mto Kalochoro]] • [[Mto Kalokerith]] • [[Mto Kalokhole]] • [[Mto Kalokodo]] • [[Mto Kalokoel]] • [[Mto Kalokopirr]] • [[Mto Kalonyangkori]] • [[Mto Kalopeto]] • [[Mto Kaloponogole]] • [[Mto Kalorith]] • [[Mto Kalorukongole]] • [[Mto Kalosia]] • [[Mto Kalotiman]] • [[Mto Kalotumokoi]] • [[Mto Kaloyapamugie]] • [[Mto Kamarethi]] • [[Mto Kamarlei]] • [[Mto Kamila (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Kamodo]] • [[Mto Kamogoro]] • [[Mto Kamuma]] • [[Mto Kanaiki]] • [[Mto Kanaki]] • [[Mto Kanamukuin]] • [[Mto Kanangor]] • [[Mto Kanaodon]] • [[Mto Kanaro]] • [[Mto Kanathuwat]] • [[Mto Kang'wak]] • [[Mto Kangachin]] • [[Mto Kangaki]] • [[Mto Kangakurio]] • [[Mto Kangalemo]] • [[Mto Kangebet]] • [[Mto Kangetet (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kangibenyoi]] • [[Mto Kangimedr]] • [[Mto Kangisirite]] • [[Mto Kangoli]] • [[Mto Kanguwapeta]] • [[Mto Kanigiyum]] • [[Mto Kanugurumeri]] • [[Mto Kanyangareng]] • [[Mto Kao (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kapchebu]] • [[Mto Kapchepgero]] • [[Mto Kapelikori]] • [[Mto Kaperarengam]] • [[Mto Kapeta]] • [[Mto Kapim]] • [[Mto Kapkobe]] • [[Mto Kapleel]] • [[Mto Kapsang]] • [[Mto Kaptarit]] • [[Mto Kapua]] • [[Mto Karamuroi]] • [[Mto Kare-Kapakalem]] • [[Mto Kareburr]] • [[Mto Karkal]] • [[Mto Karubangorok]] • [[Mto Karunkyukuri]] • [[Mto Kasaguru]] • [[Mto Kataboi]] • [[Mto Kateruk]] • [[Mto Kathunguru]] • [[Mto Katik]] • [[Mto Katikithikiria]] • [[Mto Katiko]] • [[Mto Katirikiki]] • [[Mto Katirr]] • [[Mto Katmerit]] • [[Mto Katupe]] • [[Mto Kaupa]] • [[Mto Kauriong']] • [[Mto Kauriung]] • [[Mto Kawala (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kawalathe]] • [[Mto Kawalathi]] • [[Mto Kawianguli]] • [[Mto Kayekongai]] • [[Mto Keesigiria]] • [[Mto Kemaguriat]] • [[Kerio (korongo)|Mto Kerio (korongo)]] • [[Kerio (mto)|Mto Kerio]] • [[Mto Keris]] • [[Mto Keritunet]] • [[Mto Keryemeryeme]] • [[Mto Kesok]] • [[Mto Kianantuing]] • [[Mto Kibaas]] • [[Mto Kibaino]] • [[Mto Kibereget]] • [[Mto Kibiemit]] • [[Mto Kiblabot]] • [[Mto Kiken]] • [[Mto Kimaguhir]] • [[Mto Kinoinoi]] • [[Mto Kipkanyilat]] • [[Mto Kipsang]] • [[Mto Kipsiwara]] • [[Mto Kiptalyung]] • [[Mto Kiptunol]] • [[Mto Kirumbopso]] • [[Mto Kobothan]] • [[Mto Kochar]] • [[Mto Kochodin]] • [[Mto Kochokio]] • [[Mto Kochuch]] • [[Mto Koduaran]] • [[Mto Kogene]] • [[Mto Kokiselei]] • [[Mto Kokithelei]] • [[Mto Kokolopit]] • [[Mto Kokoten]] • [[Mto Kokothelei]] • [[Mto Kokothowa]] • [[Mto Kokure]] • [[Mto Kolok]] • [[Mto Kolomokori]] • [[Mto Kolonyadarsh]] • [[Mto Komakatae]] • [[Mto Komen Angalio]] • [[Mto Komocheri]] • [[Mto Kopatia]] • [[Mto Kopedo]] • [[Mto Kopeto]] • [[Mto Kopuai]] • [[Mto Kordei]] • [[Mto Korinyang]] • [[Mto Kortokoil]] • [[Mto Kosibirr]] • [[Mto Kotaruk]] • [[Mto Kothiai]] • [[Mto Kotome]] • [[Mto Kunyao]] • [[Mto Kurumboni]] • [[Mto Lachoa Achila]] • [[Mto Laga Sapari]] • [[Mto Laga Tulu-Bor]] • [[Mto Laisamis]] • [[Mto Laminkwais]] • [[Mto Lawawet]] • [[Mto Lazuli]] • [[Mto Lelean]] • [[Mto Lenchukuti]] • [[Mto Let]] • [[Mto Loarengak]] • [[Mto Lobokat]] • [[Mto Loborio]] • [[Mto Loburet]] • [[Mto Lochan]] • [[Mto Locharakhiang]] • [[Mto Locheremoit]] • [[Mto Lochil]] • [[Mto Lochore-Angdapala]] • [[Mto Lochoro]] • [[Mto Lochurututu]] • [[Mto Lochwai]] • [[Mto Loge]] • [[Mto Logogo]] • [[Mto Logum]] • [[Mto Loitan]] • [[Mto Loiya]] • [[Mto Lokalale]] • [[Mto Lokapetemoi]] • [[Mto Lokedule]] • [[Mto Loketi]] • [[Mto Lokhosinyakhori]] • [[Mto Lokichar]] • [[Mto Lokidongo]] • [[Mto Lokimyel]] • [[Mto Lokiporrangithikiria]] • [[Mto Lokirikipi]] • [[Mto Lokitoinyala]] • [[Mto Lokomoru]] • [[Mto Lokoparaparai]] • [[Mto Lokopel]] • [[Mto Lokore]] • [[Mto Lokorikipi]] • [[Mto Lokosima-ekori]] • [[Mto Lokucho]] • [[Mto Lokuso]] • [[Mto Lokwakipi]] • [[Mto Lokwamur]] • [[Mto Lokwanamoru]] • [[Mto Lokwathinyon]] • [[Mto Lokwatubwa]] • [[Mto Lolii]] • [[Mto Lolim]] • [[Mto Lolmorton]] • [[Mto Lomeiyen]] • [[Mto Lomekwi]] • [[Mto Lomelo]] • [[Mto Lomunyan-Akirichok]] • [[Mto Lomunyenakwan]] • [[Mto Lomuryamuge]] • [[Mto Long'enya]] • [[Mto Longeleiya]] • [[Mto Longinya]] • [[Mto Loochuk]] • [[Mto Loolimo]] • [[Mto Loolung]] • [[Mto Loparokowayen]] • [[Mto Loperichich]] • [[Mto Lopiripira]] • [[Mto Lopotwa]] • [[Mto Lopuroto]] • [[Mto Loreng]] • [[Mto Lorengaloup]] • [[Mto Lorugumu]] • [[Mto Lotepakiru]] • [[Mto Lothajait]] • [[Mto Lotiman]] • [[Mto Lotirai]] • [[Mto Lotongot]] • [[Mto Lotukales]] • [[Mto Lowotha]] • [[Mto Lowoyegweli]] • [[Mto Loya]] • [[Mto Loyai Engole]] • [[Mto Lukwakore]] • [[Mto Luturut]] • [[Mto Macheremowe]] • [[Mto Makurinya]] • [[Mto Malmalte]] • [[Mto Mamchor]] • [[Mto Mamponich]] • [[Mto Marchaui]] • [[Mto Maricha]] • [[Mto Marie Mokale]] • [[Mto Marin]] • [[Mto Marso]] • [[Mto Marun]] • [[Mto Masei]] • [[Mto Mboo Sangarao]] • [[Mto Mindi]] • [[Mto Mkorwa]] • [[Mto Mogorua]] • [[Mto Moinoi]] • [[Mto Monti]] • [[Mto Morok]] • [[Mto Mortorth]] • [[Mto Mugurr]] • [[Mto Munyen]] • [[Mto Munyen (korongo)]] • [[Mto Murua Nyaap]] • [[Mto Murukirion]] • [[Mto Musgut]] • [[Mto Naalimatumak]] • [[Mto Nabar]] • [[Mto Nabelete Akoit]] • [[Mto Nabergoit]] • [[Mto Nabukut]] • [[Mto Nabwalekorot]] • [[Mto Nachalal]] • [[Mto Nachedet]] • [[Mto Nachoo]] • [[Mto Nachukui]] • [[Mto Nachurokaali]] • [[Mto Nadopua]] • [[Mto Naedakal]] • [[Mto Naekitoenyala]] • [[Mto Naeyepunetebu]] • [[Mto Nagaramoroi]] • [[Mto Nagitokonok]] • [[Mto Nagola]] • [[Mto Nagomolkipik]] • [[Mto Nagum Napala]] • [[Mto Naichetarukoin]] • [[Mto Naijokore]] • [[Mto Nairepon]] • [[Mto Naitangro]] • [[Mto Naithilum]] • [[Mto Naiyena]] • [[Mto Naiyena Angilimo]] • [[Mto Naiyena Aregae]] • [[Mto Naiyena Ekalale]] • [[Mto Naiyena Enyathanait]] • [[Mto Naiyena Kabaran]] • [[Mto Naiyenaelim]] • [[Mto Naiyenai Atulela]] • [[Mto Naiyenai Kororon]] • [[Mto Nakabothan]] • [[Mto Nakadongot]] • [[Mto Nakalalai]] • [[Mto Nakalale (korongo)]] • [[Mto Nakapeliowoi]] • [[Mto Nakaterretai]] • [[Mto Nakaton]] • [[Mto Nakatoni]] • [[Mto Nakauron]] • [[Mto Nakayot]] • [[Mto Nakejuamothing]] • [[Mto Nakeridan]] • [[Mto Nakerikan]] • [[Mto Nakeroman]] • [[Mto Nakilima]] • [[Mto Nakilowonok]] • [[Mto Nakipomye]] • [[Mto Nakito-Konon]] • [[Mto Nakitonguro]] • [[Mto Nakoret]] • [[Mto Nakuijit]] • [[Mto Nakurio]] • [[Mto Nakuwotom]] • [[Mto Nakwakal]] • [[Mto Nakwamosing]] • [[Mto Nakwee]] • [[Mto Nakwehe]] • [[Mto Nakwei]] • [[Mto Nalepet]] • [[Mto Nalibamun]] • [[Mto Namaniko]] • [[Mto Namejanit]] • [[Mto Nameturan]] • [[Mto Namuroi]] • [[Mto Nanamakali]] • [[Mto Nangamanat]] • [[Mto Nanukor]] • [[Mto Naoiatuba]] • [[Mto Naoiyapie]] • [[Mto Naon]] • [[Mto Napas]] • [[Mto Napaton]] • [[Mto Napeichom]] • [[Mto Napeitanit]] • [[Mto Napeitau]] • [[Mto Napiot]] • [[Mto Naporoto]] • [[Mto Napow]] • [[Mto Narengmor]] • [[Mto Nariokotome]] • [[Mto Narodi]] • [[Mto Narototin]] • [[Mto Narubu]] • [[Mto Nasorr]] • [[Mto Natapara]] • [[Mto Nathagait]] • [[Mto Nathekuna]] • [[Mto Nathura]] • [[Mto Nathuruken]] • [[Mto Natieket]] • [[Mto Natir]] • [[Mto Natira (Kenya)]] • [[Mto Natome]] • [[Mto Natoo]] • [[Mto Natudau]] • [[Mto Natumamong]] • [[Mto Nauruto]] • [[Mto Nawakiring]] • [[Mto Nawaton]] • [[Mto Nawoiaekalale]] • [[Mto Nayanae Koorin]] • [[Mto Nderemon]] • [[Mto Ngakile]] • [[Mto Ngatagoin]] • [[Mto Ngilimo]] • [[Mto Ngipurryo]] • [[Mto Ngiputire]] • [[Mto Ngirengo]] • [[Mto Ngombei]] • [[Mto Ngrombwe]] • [[Mto Nguapet]] • [[Mto Nguruthio]] • [[Mto Ninyit]] • [[Mto Nitelejor]] • [[Mto Niteleyo]] • [[Mto Nyaparei]] • [[Mto Nyikim]] • [[Mto Okilim]] • [[Mto Oleyapare]] • [[Mto Orengaloup]] • [[Mto Oropoi]] • [[Mto Pechipet]] • [[Mto Perekon]] • [[Mto Pesik]] • [[Mto Pongung]] • [[Mto Pulichon]] • [[Mto Reberwa]] • [[Mto Riritian]] • [[Mto Rogoch]] • [[Mto Sagat]] • [[Mto Samakitok]] • [[Mto Samuke]] • [[Mto Sasame]] • [[Mto Sebit]] • [[Mto Sergoi (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Sergothwa]] • [[Mto Seruach]] • [[Mto Siga (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Sikawa]] • [[Mto Sinjo]] • [[Mto Siwa]] • [[Mto Sostin]] • [[Mto Sowayan]] • [[Mto Suam]] • [[Mto Suguta (Kenya)]] • [[Mto Tamabero]] • [[Mto Tamass]] • [[Mto Tamogh]] • [[Mto Tangasia]] • [[Mto Terik]] • [[Mto Thapet]] • [[Mto Thoro]] • [[Mto Tindarr]] • [[Mto Tirken]] • [[Mto Tiya]] • [[Mto Toperrnawi]] • [[Mto Torok]] • [[Mto Tugha]] • [[Mto Turkwel]] • [[Mto Tusa (ziwa Turkana)]] • [[Mto Tutuwei]] • [[Mto Uluguthe]] • [[Mto Wei Wei]] • [[Mto Yemenin]] • [[Mto Yeptos]] ===Kutoka Uganda=== Mito ifuatayo kutoka [[Uganda]] inachangia pia ziwa Turkana kupitia Kenya: [[Mto Arionomunyen]], [[Mto Chosan]], [[Mto Ekiringura]], [[Mto Kacholese]], [[Mto Kalodurr]], [[Mto Kalopomongole]], [[Mto Kanyagareng]], [[Mto Komongim]], [[Mto Koromoich]], [[Mto Laburin]], [[mto Lobuloyin]], [[Mto Lochorakwangen]], [[Mto Lodias]], [[Mto Loitabela]], [[Mto Lomapus]], [[Mto Lopedot]], [[Mto Naakot]], [[Mto Nabunei]], [[Mto Nakakerikeri]], [[Mto Nakalale]], [[Mto Nakatuman]], [[Mto Namusio]], [[Mto Nangolipia]], [[Mto Natire]], [[Mto Naunyet]], [[Mto Nauyagum]], [[Mto Onogin]] na [[Mto Otiko]]. ===Kutoka Sudan Kusini=== Mito mingine inayochangia ziwa hilo inaanzia [[Sudan Kusini]], hasa [[mto Kibish]]. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Ethiopia|Turkana]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya|Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana| ]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya chumvi]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Marsabit]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] t9wt7h63o570xoavjzn8jzx6mqbtq1q 0 8725 1576965 1328622 2026-06-27T09:56:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = Antigua and Barbuda |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Antigua na Barbuda |image_flag = Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg |image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg |symbol_type = Nembo |image_map = LocationAntiguaAndBarbuda.png |national_motto = ''Each Endeavouring, All Achieving'' [[(Jaribu kila kitu, Faulu kila kitu)]] |national_anthem = ''[[Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee]]'' ''(Antigua mzuri twakusalimu)''<br />[[Wimbo wa kifalme]]: ''[[God Save the Queen]]''¹ |official_languages = [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]] |capital = [[St. John's (Antigua na Barbuda)|Saint John's]] |latd=17 |latm=7 |latNS=N |longd=61 |longm=51 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[St. John's (Antigua na Barbuda)|Saint John's]] |government_type = [[Ufalme wa Kikatiba]] |leader_titles = [[Mfalme]]<br /> [[Gavana Mkuu]] <br /> [[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Charles III wa Uingereza]]<br />[[Rodney Williams]] <br /> [[Gaston Browne]] |area_rank = ya 182 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area = 440 |areami² = 171 |percent_water = -- |population_estimate = 106,365 |population_estimate_rank = ya 182 |population_estimate_year = 2026 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 186 |population_densitymi² = 481,7 |population_density_rank = 57 |GDP_PPP = [[US$]] 750 million |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 170 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = [[US$]] 11,523 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 59 |sovereignty_type = Uhuru |sovereignty_note = |established_events = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates = <br />[[1 Novemba]] [[1981]] |HDI = + 0.808 |HDI_rank = ya 59 |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090">high</span> |currency = [[East Caribbean dollar]] |currency_code = XCD |country_code = |time_zone = AST |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = ADT |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = -3 |cctld = [[.ag]] |calling_code = 268|1-268 |ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = |ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = |ISO_3166-1_numeric = |sport_code = |vehicle_code = |footnotes = ¹ ''God Save The Queen'' ni kama wimbo la taifa lakini hutumiwa tu kwenye nafasi za kifalme. }} [[Picha:Antigua and Barbuda map.png|thumb|left|250px|Ramani ya Antigua na Barbuda]] [[Picha:English Harbour and Falmouth Harbour on Antigua.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bandari ya maboti Antigua]] '''Antigua na Barbuda''' ni [[nchi ya visiwani]] ya [[Amerika]] kwenye [[bahari ya Karibi]]. Ni nchi mwanachama wa [[Jumuiya ya Madola]]. Inaundwa na [[visiwa]] viwili vya [[Antigua]] na [[Barbuda]] vinavyokaliwa na watu pamoja na [[visiwa]] vingine vidogo kama cha [[Redonda]] visivyo na wakazi. Antigua na Barbuda ni sehemu ya [[funguvisiwa]] la [[Antili Ndogo]] pamoja na [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]], [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent na Grenadini]], [[Barbados]], [[Grenada]], [[Trinidad na Tobago]] upande wa [[kusini]] halafu [[Montserrat]], [[Saint Kitts na Nevis]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin]] na [[Anguilla]] upande wa [[magharibi]]. ==Watu== [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ni watu 106,365 ([[2026]]). Wengi wao hukaa Antigua. Barbuda ina watu 1,638 tu. Walio wengi sana (87.27 %) wametokana na [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]] waliopelekwa huko wakati wa [[ukoloni]], lakini kuna mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[damu]]. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wengi kwa kawaida wanazungumza [[Krioli]] yake maalumu yenye [[lahaja]] 7 tofauti, na [[Kihispania]], inayotumiwa na wakazi 10,000 hivi, hasa [[wahamiaji]] ambao ni wengi (30%) kuliko nchi nyingine zote za [[Amerika]]. Upande wa [[dini]], 92.4% ni [[Wakristo]], hasa [[Waanglikana]] (17.6%), wakifuatwa na [[Wapentekoste]] (16.3%), [[Waadventista Wasabato]] (12.4%),[[Wamethodisti]] (10.1%), [[Wamoravian]] (8.3%), [[Wakatoliki]] (7.91%), [[Wabaptisti]] (3.6%) n.k. Wengine ni [[Rastafari]] (3.6%), [[Baha'i]] (1.1%) n.k. ==Utawala== Nchi hufuata utaratibu wa [[ufalme wa Kikatiba]]. Mkuu wa [[dola]] ni [[mfalme]] [[Charles III wa Uingereza]] anayewakilishwa na [[Gavana Mkuu]]. [[Serikali]] imo [[mikono|mikononi]] mwa [[waziri mkuu]] anayetegemea [[kura]] za [[bunge]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] {{Amerika Kaskazini}} {{mbegu-jio-Karibi}} [[Jamii:Antigua na Barbuda| ]] [[Jamii:nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]] qwei18lgp3qarf51an6s76pegg52wxl 1576979 1576965 2026-06-27T10:29:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = Antigua and Barbuda |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Antigua na Barbuda |image_flag = Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg |image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg |symbol_type = Nembo |image_map = LocationAntiguaAndBarbuda.png |national_motto = ''Each Endeavouring, All Achieving'' [[(Jaribu kila kitu, Faulu kila kitu)]] |national_anthem = ''[[Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee]]'' ''(Antigua mzuri twakusalimu)''<br />[[Wimbo wa kifalme]]: ''[[God Save the Queen]]''¹ |official_languages = [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]] |capital = [[St. John's (Antigua na Barbuda)|Saint John's]] |latd=17 |latm=7 |latNS=N |longd=61 |longm=51 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[St. John's (Antigua na Barbuda)|Saint John's]] |government_type = [[Ufalme wa Kikatiba]] |leader_titles = [[Mfalme]]<br /> [[Gavana Mkuu]] <br /> [[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Charles III wa Uingereza]]<br />[[Rodney Williams]] <br /> [[Gaston Browne]] |area_rank = ya 182 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area = 440 |areami² = 171 |percent_water = -- |population_estimate = 106,365 |population_estimate_rank = ya 182 |population_estimate_year = 2026 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 186 |population_densitymi² = 481,7 |population_density_rank = 57 |GDP_PPP = [[US$]] 750 million |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 170 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = [[US$]] 11,523 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 59 |sovereignty_type = Uhuru |sovereignty_note = |established_events = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates = <br />[[1 Novemba]] [[1981]] |HDI = + 0.808 |HDI_rank = ya 59 |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090">high</span> |currency = [[East Caribbean dollar]] |currency_code = XCD |country_code = |time_zone = AST |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = ADT |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = -3 |cctld = [[.ag]] |calling_code = 268|1-268 |ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = |ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = |ISO_3166-1_numeric = |sport_code = |vehicle_code = |footnotes = ¹ ''God Save The Queen'' ni kama wimbo la taifa lakini hutumiwa tu kwenye nafasi za kifalme. }} [[Picha:Antigua and Barbuda map.png|thumb|left|250px|Ramani ya Antigua na Barbuda]] [[Picha:English Harbour and Falmouth Harbour on Antigua.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bandari ya maboti Antigua]] '''Antigua na Barbuda''' ni [[nchi ya visiwani]] ya [[Amerika]] kwenye [[bahari ya Karibi]]. Ni nchi mwanachama wa [[Jumuiya ya Madola]]. Inaundwa na [[visiwa]] viwili vya [[Antigua]] na [[Barbuda]] vinavyokaliwa na watu pamoja na [[visiwa]] vingine vidogo visivyo na wakazi: [[Redonda]], [[Green Island|Green]], [[Kisiwa cha Guiana|Guiana]] na [[Long Island (Antigua na Barbuda)|Long]]. Visiwa hivyo ni sehemu ya [[funguvisiwa]] la [[Antili Ndogo]] pamoja na vile vya [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominika]], [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent na Grenadini]], [[Barbados]], [[Grenada]], [[Trinidad na Tobago]] upande wa [[kusini]] halafu vile vya [[Montserrat]], [[Saint Kitts na Nevis]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin]] na [[Anguilla]] upande wa [[magharibi]]. ==Watu== [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ni watu 106,365 ([[2026]]). Wengi wao hukaa Antigua. Barbuda ina watu 1,638 tu. Walio wengi sana (87.27 %) wametokana na [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]] waliopelekwa huko wakati wa [[ukoloni]], lakini wakazi wengi na asili mchanganyiko kubwa. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiingereza]], ingawa wengi kwa kawaida wanazungumza [[Krioli]] yake maalumu yenye [[lahaja]] 7 tofauti, na [[Kihispania]], inayotumiwa na wakazi 10,000 hivi, hasa [[wahamiaji]] ambao ni wengi (30%) kuliko nchi nyingine zote za [[Amerika]]. Upande wa [[dini]], 92.4% ni [[Wakristo]], hasa [[Waanglikana]] (17.6%), wakifuatwa na [[Wapentekoste]] (16.3%), [[Waadventista Wasabato]] (12.4%),[[Wamethodisti]] (10.1%), [[Wamoravian]] (8.3%), [[Wakatoliki]] (7.91%), [[Wabaptisti]] (3.6%) n.k. Wengine ni [[Rastafari]] (3.6%), [[Baha'i]] (1.1%) n.k. ==Utawala== Nchi hufuata utaratibu wa [[ufalme wa Kikatiba]]. Mkuu wa [[dola]] ni [[mfalme]] [[Charles III wa Uingereza]] anayewakilishwa na [[Gavana Mkuu]]. [[Serikali]] imo [[mikono|mikononi]] mwa [[waziri mkuu]] anayetegemea [[kura]] za [[bunge]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] {{Amerika Kaskazini}} {{mbegu-jio-Karibi}} [[Jamii:Antigua na Barbuda| ]] [[Jamii:nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]] maq9cmewmkre21unoxnt2hy2jan5cmv 0 12727 1576990 1573514 2026-06-27T11:28:29Z The boss Akili 90538 Format 1576990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:George H W Bush and Pope John Paul II (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Mtakatifu Yohane Paulo II.]] '''Papa Yohane Paulo II''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: Ioannes Paulus PP. II; kwa [[Kiitalia]]: Giovanni Paolo II; kwa [[Kipolandi]]: Jan Paweł II; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: John Paul II; [[18 Mei]] [[1920]] - [[2 Aprili]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] wa 264 kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] [[1978]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> akidumu katika [[huduma]] hiyo kirefu kuliko Mapapa wengine wote, isipokuwa [[Mtume Petro]] na [[Papa Pius IX]]. Alitokea [[Wadowice]], [[Krakow]], [[Polandi]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> Alimfuata [[Papa Yohane Paulo I]] akiwa Papa wa kwanza asiye [[Italia|Mwitalia]], tangu miaka 455 iliyopita, wakati wa [[Uholanzi|Mholanzi]] [[Papa Adrian VI]] ([[1522]] - [[1523]]), tena Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Polandi]] (na ma[[kabila]] yoyote ya [[Waslavi]]) katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Alifuatwa na [[Papa Benedikto XVI]]. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa '''Karol Józef Wojtyła''' (matamshi: ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔiˈtɨwa). Wengi wanamhesabu kati ya watu walioathiri zaidi [[karne ya 20]], hasa kwa sababu tangu mwanzo wa Upapa wake alipambana na [[Ukomunisti]] uliotesa nchi yake asili na nyinginezo, akachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kikomo chake na kusambaratika kwa [[Urusi]].<ref name="CBCNews">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|title=Pope stared down Communism in homeland - and won|date=Aprili 2005|author=CBC News Online|publisher=Religion News Service|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406174046/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archivedate=2005-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Berlin Wall">{{cite web |url=http://www.writespirit.net/authors/pope_john_paul_ii/pope_john_paul_fall_berlin_wall|title=Pope John Paul II and the Fall of the Berlin Wall|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2008 Tejvan Pettinger, Oxford, UK}}</ref><ref name="Bottum">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp|title=John Paul the Great|last=Bottum|first=Joseph|date=18 Aprili 2005|work=Weekly Standard|pages=1–2|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2009-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706015929/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp}}</ref><ref name="Chronicle2">{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=[[London]]|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw/page/234 234]|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Gorbachev">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/03/pope.gorbachev/index.html|title=Gorbachev: Pope was ‘example to all of us’|date=4 Aprili 2005|work=[[CNN]] |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Memory">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/legacy/index.html|title=John Paul II: A strong moral vision|date=11 Februari 2005|publisher=CNN |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Vilevile alilaumu [[ubepari]] wa nchi za [[magharibi]]<ref>Hastings, Adrian; Alistair Mason; Hugh S. Pyper ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'' Oxford University Press 2000 p. 95 [http://books.google.com/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=Pope+John+Paul+II+criticism+of+capitalism&source=bl&ots=WZvlD5z3nN&sig=5uwyFimxfwqpl-8r_-4UNLBTrQg&hl=en&ei=iZ2rTYeBJMXLgQe98bXzBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCTgy#v=onepage&q=Pope%20John%20Paul%20II%20criticism%20of%20capitalism&f=false Online version] available at [[Google Books]]</ref><ref>Magister, Sandro [http://www.simplysharing.com/pope.htm "Fighting the Faithless West"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.simplysharing.com/pope.htm |date=20110811051240 }} ''The Sunday Oregonian'' 3 Aprili 2005 Retrieved 17 Aprili 2011</ref> na kudai [[haki]] katika jamii zote, akitetea hasa [[uhai]] wa [[binadamu]] na [[uhuru wa dini]]. Upande wa [[dini]], aliboresha uhusiano kati ya Kanisa Katoliki na [[madhehebu]] mengine ya [[Ukristo]]<ref name="Anglican1">{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/news.cfm/2005/4/8/ACNS3967|title=Anglican tributes to Pope John Paul II|work=[http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ Anglican Communion Office]|publisher= Anglican Consultative Council|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> pamoja na ule na dini mbalimbali, kuanzia [[Uyahudi]], [[Ubuddha|Ubudha]], [[Uislamu]]<ref name="AIJAC">{{cite web|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/?id=articles&_action=showArticleDetails&articleID=526|title=AIJAC expresses sorrow at Pope's passing|date=4 Aprili 2005|publisher=[[Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>. Ziara zake 104 kati nchi 129 ulimwenguni kote, mbali na 146 nchini [[Italia]] na 317 katika [[parokia]] za [[Roma]], zilikusanya mara nyingi umati mkubwa (hadi zaidi ya milioni 4 huko [[Manila]], [[Ufilipino]], mwishoni mwa [[siku ya kimataifa ya vijana]]), na kumfanya asafiri kuliko jumla ya mapapa wote waliomtangulia, akiwa mmojawapo kati ya [[viongozi]] wa dunia waliosafiri zaidi. Papa Wojtyła alitangaza [[wenye heri]] 1,340 na [[watakatifu]] 483, ili kuwapa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa leo vielelezo mbalimbali kwa maisha yao ili walenge [[utakatifu]] walioitiwa na [[Mungu]].<ref name="USCCB_Bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml |title=Pope John Paul II: A Light for the World |accessdate=2009-01-01 |publisher=United States Council of Catholic Bishops |year=2003 |archivedate=2011-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624073359/http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml }}</ref><ref name="Moore1">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html|title=Pope John Paul II on course to become Saint in record time|last=Moore|first=Malcolm|date=22 Mei 2008|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref> Idadi hiyo ni kubwa kuliko ile ya waliotangazwa na jumla ya Mapapa wote waliomtangulia walau katika karne tano za mwisho.<ref name="Hollingshead">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/01/catholicism.religion|title=Whatever happened to ... canonising John Paul II?|last=Hollingshead |first=Iain |authorlink=Iain Hollingshead |date=1 Aprili 2006|work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="Gertz">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/octoberweb-only/10-20-52.0.html|title=Christian History Corner: John Paul II's Canonisation Cannon|last=Gertz|first=Steven|date=10 Januari 2003|work=[[Christianity Today]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Beatifications">{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/pope/beatify.htm#10|title=Beatifications During Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate, 1988|last=Walsh|first=Sister Mary Ann|work=From: ‘John Paul II: A Light for the World’, [http://www.popebook.com/ Popebook.com]|publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2008-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211002153/http://www.usccb.org/pope/beatify.htm#10}}</ref><ref name="Vatican1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/index_saints_en.html|title=Table of the Canonisations during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II|publisher=[[The Holy See]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>''Whether John Paul II canonised more saints than all previous popes put together is difficult to prove, as the records of many early canonisations are incomplete, missing, or inaccurate.''</ref> Alikuwa anaongea lugha mbalimbali, zikiwemo za Kipolandi, Kiitalia, [[Kifaransa]], [[Kijerumani]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]], [[Kireno]], [[Kiukraina]], [[Kirusi]], [[Kiserbokroatia]], [[Kiesperanto]], [[Kilatini]] na [[Kigiriki cha kale]].<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web|url=http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm|title=Pope John Paul II|date=20 Oktoba 2008|publisher=The Robinson Library|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135430/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm|=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135430/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm}}</ref> Yohane Paulo II alitangazwa na [[mwandamizi]] wake [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] kuwa [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[1 Mei]] [[2011]],<ref name="CC1">{{cite web|url= http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4969|title=Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : SPECIAL: Popes Pius XII, John Paul II declared 'venerable'|work=catholicculture.org|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="CathLife">{{cite web|url= http://acatholiclife.blogspot.com/2009/12/pope-pius-xii-john-paul-ii-declared.html|title=A Catholic Life: Pope Pius XII, John Paul II Declared Venerable|work=acatholiclife.blogspot.com|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="VenJP">{{cite web|url= http://www.piercedhearts.org/jpii/venerable_jpii.htm|title=Venerable John Paul II|date=19 December 2009work=piercedhearts.org|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="CNA2">{{cite web|url= http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood/|title=John Paul II declared [[Venerable]], moves one step closer to sainthood :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)|work=catholicnewsagency.com|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="BBC-beatify">{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423|title=Pope paves way to beatification of John Paul II|work=bbc.news.co.uk|accessdate=2011-01-14}} </ref> halafu [[Papa Fransisko]] akamtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[27 Aprili]] [[2014]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[22 Oktoba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90026</ref>, kulingana na siku ya kuanza rasmi huduma yake ya Kipapa kwa Misa iliyofanyika katika uwanja mbele ya [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]], [[Vatikani]]. == Maisha == === Miaka ya kwanza === [[Picha:Emilia and Karol Wojtyla wedding portrait.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Picha ya [[ndoa]] ya wazazi wake Emilia na Karol Wojtyla Sr.]] [[Picha:Geb-Haus Papst.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya [[familia]] yake huko [[Wadowice]].]] [[Picha:Dom Rodzinny Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II w Wadowicach1.JPG|thumb|upright|Ua wa nyumba yake.]] Karol Józef Wojtyła alizaliwa [[Wadowice]]<ref name="ShortBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html|title= His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography |date=30 Juni 2005|work=Vatican Press Office|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> nchini [[Polandi]] akiwa mtoto wa tatu na wa mwisho wa Karol Wojtyła,<ref name="CNN6">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html|title=Pope John Paul II 1920-2005|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-01-01|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116090409/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Emilia Kaczorowska, ambaye alikuwa na asili ya [[Lithuania|Kilithuania]], akafariki tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1929]],<ref name="CBN">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/KarolWojtylaPopeJohnPaulTimeline.aspx| title= Karol Wojtyła (Pope John Paul II) Timeline|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]]}}</ref>. Dada yake Olga alikufa kabla Karol hajazaliwa; hivyo, alihusiana sana na kaka yake Edmund, mpaka huyo alipokufa kwa [[tetekuwanga]] kutokana na kazi yake ya [[udaktari]]. Akiwa kijana, Karol alipenda sana [[spoti]] akacheza mara nyingi [[kandanda]] kama [[kipa]].<ref name="CNNBio">{{cite web |url=http://popejohnpaul.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=1 |title=Pope John Paul the most revered human being on earth popejohnpaul.com |publisher=popejohnpaul.com |accessdate=2009-01-01 |archivedate=2021-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505021045/http://popejohnpaul.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=1 }}</ref> Miaka ya malezi yake iliathiriwa na uhusiano mkubwa na [[Wayahudi]] wengi wa Wadowice. Mara nyingi kulikuwa na [[mechi]] kati ya Wakatoliki na Wayahudi, naye alijitolea kuwa kipa wa Wayahudi timu yao ilipopungukiwa wachezaji. Katikati ya mwaka [[1938]], Karol na baba yake walihamia [[Kraków]], alipojiunga na [[chuo kikuu]] maarufu cha "[[Jagiellonian University]]". Huko akisoma [[filolojia]] na lugha 12 tofauti, alijitolea kusaidia kama [[mkutubi]]. Alipolazimishwa kujiunga na [[jeshi]] (36th Infantry Regiment (Polandi)|Academic Legion), alikataa kufyatua risasi. Pia aliigiza na kutunga mwenyewe [[tamthilia]]. Mwaka [[1939]] [[Ujerumani]] wa [[Hitler]] ulivamia Polandi ukafunga chuo kikuu hicho, huku [[wanaume]] wote wakidaiwa kufanya kazi. Hivyo, tangu mwaka [[1940]] hadi [[1944]], Karol alifanya kazi mbalimbali za mikono asije akahamishiwa katika [[makambi ya KZ]].<ref name="ShortBio"/> Baba yake alifariki kwa mpasuko wa moyo mwaka [[1941]], akimuacha peke yake.<ref name="CNN6"/><ref name="CBN"/><ref name = "Stourton5">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/60 60] |year=2006}}</ref> Miaka 40 baadaye alisema,''"Sikuwepo mama alipofariki, sikuwepo kaka alipofariki, sikuwepo baba alipofariki. Kufikia umri wa miaka 20 nilikuwa nimeshapoteza wapenzi wangu wote"''.<ref name = "Stourton5"/> Ndipo alipoanza kufikiria sana [[wito]] wa [[upadri]], ambao polepole ukawa ''‘jambo la ndani lenye hakika ya hali ya juu’''.<ref name = "Stourton6">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/63 63] |year=2006}}</ref> Kwa sababu hiyo, mnamo Oktoba [[1942]], alipiga hodi kwenye nyumba ya [[askofu mkuu] wa [[Kraków]], [[kardinali]] [[Adam Stefan Sapieha]], akaomba asomee upadri.<ref name = "Stourton6"/> Mapema akawa anasoma kwa siri katika [[seminari]] iliyoendeshwa huko kwa maficho. Tarehe [[29 Februari]] [[1944]], Karol aligongwa na [[lori]] la Kijerumani. Tofauti na kawaida, alipelekwa [[hospitali]]ni alipotibiwa wiki mbili. Kunusurika ajali hiyo kulimthibitisha katika wito wake. Tarehe [[6 Agosti]] [[1944]], ‘Black Sunday’, [[askari]] wa [[Gestapo]] walijaribu kukamata wavulana wote wa Kraków wasije wakaanza mapambano dhidi yao<ref name="George Weigel 2001, page 71">[[#Weigel02|George Weigel, "Witness to Hope" - HarperCollins Publishers 2001, page 71]]</ref> kama ilivyotokea [[Warsaw]].<ref name="Norman">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw |url=https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm|publisher=[[Viking Penguin]] |location=80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm/page/253 253]–254|isbn=0-670-03284-0|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="George Weigel 2001, pages 71-21">[[#Weigel02|George Weigel, "Witness to Hope" - HarperCollins Publishers 2001, pages 71-21]]</ref> Karol alifaulu kufichama katika andaki la nyumba iliyokaguliwa na askari, wakati vijana zaidi ya elfu nane walikamatwa siku hiyo.<ref name = "Stourton6"/><ref name="George Weigel 2001, page 71"/><ref name="Norman"/> Halafu akafichama nyumbani kwa askofu mkuu hadi Wajerumani walipofukuzwa tarehe [[17 Januari]] [[1945]].<ref name="Davies72">[[#Davies72|Norman Davies, Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw - Viking Penguin 2004, pages 253-254]]</ref> Hapo wanafunzi waliteka [[seminari]], naye akajitolea kusafisha vyoo vilivyojaa mavi ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Weigel">''Witness to Hope'', [[George Weigel]], [[HarperCollins]] (1999, 2001) ISBN 0-06-018793-X.</ref> Mwezi huohuo, alimuokoa Edith Zierer, binti Myahudi wa miaka 14 ambaye alikuwa amekimbia kambi la [[Częstochowa]] lakini akazimia kwenye [[reli]].<ref name="EdithZ">{{cite web|url=http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html|title=Profile of Edith Zierier (1946)|work=Voices of the Holocaust|publisher=2000 Paul V. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419140949/http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html|archivedate=2008-04-19}}</ref> Karol akampandisha juu ya treni na kumfikisha salama mjini Kraków.<ref name="CNNLive">{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/08/se.01.html|title=CNN Live event transcript|date= 8 Aprili 2005 |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>Roberts, Genevieve., [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215035053/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050403/ai_n13509294 "The death of Pope John Paul II: `He saved my life - with tea, bread'"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 3 Aprili 2005, Retrieved on 2007-06-17.</ref><ref>Cohen, Roger., [http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm " The Polish Seminary Student and the Jewish Girl He Saved"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm |date=20140209190231 }}, ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', 6 Aprili 2005, Retrieved on 2007-06-17.</ref> [[B'nai B'rith]] na makundi mengine ya Kiyahudi yamethibitisha kuwa Karol aliokoa wengine vilevile dhidi ya [[dhuluma]] ya [[Wanazi]]. === Upadri === [[Picha:Karol Wojtyla-wikary w Niegowici.jpg|thumb|Karol Wojtyła akiwa padri huko [[Niegowić]], Polandi, mwaka [[1948]].]] Kisha kumaliza masomo yake seminarini, tarehe [[1 Novemba]] [[1946]] Karol alipewa [[upadirisho]] na kardinali Adam Stefan Sapieha.<ref name = "Stourton7">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London|isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/71 71] |year=2006}}</ref><ref name = "Vatican2">{{cite web| url =http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1946 | title =His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate| publisher =Holy See | accessdate =1 Januari 2008}}</ref> Baada ya hapo alitumwa [[Roma]] akasome [[teolojia]] kwenye [[chuo kikuu cha Kipapa]] ''[[Angelicum]]'',<ref name = "Stourton7"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/> alipojipatia [[digrii]] ya pili na ya tatu katika teolojia. Udaktari huo, ambao ulifuatwa na mwingine, ulipatikana kwa kuchambua ''Fundisho la [[Imani]] kadiri ya Mt. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]]''. Akirudi Polandi katikati ya mwaka 1948 alipangiwa kazi yake ya kichungaji ya kwanza katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Niegowić]], maili 15 kutoka Kraków. Alipofika huko tu, alipiga magoti na kubusu ardhi kama atakapofanya mara nyingi katika safari zake za kimataifa akifika kwenye nchi fulani.<ref name="Chronicle">{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw/page/233 233]|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6}}</ref> Tendo hilo liliiga lile la mtakatifu [[Jean Marie Baptiste Vianney]].<ref name="Chronicle"/> [[Picha:Facade of the main entrance of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) (19May07).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Chuo kikuu cha ''Angelicum'' mjini Roma.]] Mnamo Machi [[1949]] alihamishiwa [[parokia]] ya [[Mtakatifu Florian]] mjini Kraków, akaanza kufundisha [[maadili]] katika [[Jagiellonian University]] halafu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki cha Lublin]]. Wakati huo alikusanya vijana 20 hivi walioanza kujiita ''Rodzinka'', "familia ndogo". Walikuwa wakikutana kwa [[sala|kusali]], kujadili [[falsafa]], na kusaidia [[vipofu]] na [[wagonjwa]]. Polepole kundi hilo lilifikia washiriki 200 hivi, nao wakajiongezea michezo na spoti. Mwaka [[1954]] alipata udaktari wa pili katika falsafa,<ref>[[#Stourton03|Edward Stourton, "John Paul II: Man of History" - Hodder & Stoughton 2006, page 97]]</ref> kwa kutathmini uwezekano wa kufundisha maadili ya Kikatoliki kwa kutumia [[fenomenolojia]] ya [[Max Scheler]]. Lakini serikali ya Kikomunisti ilimzuia asipewe digri hiyo mpaka mwaka 1957.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Wakati huo, Wojtyła aliandika mfululizo wa makala kuhusu mada za Kikanisa katika [[gazeti]] la kila wiki la [[dayosisi|jimbo]] ''[[Tygodnik Powszechny]]''.<ref name="Zenit5">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english|title=John Paul II to Publish First Poetic Work as Pope|date=7 Januari 2003|publisher=ZENIT Innovative Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180119/http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english|archivedate=2014-01-16}}</ref> Katika miaka 12 ya kwanza ya upadri wake alitunga pia [[fasihi]] mpya mbalimbali kuhusu [[vita]], hali ya maisha chini ya Ukomunisti, majukumu ya kichungaji n.k. Lakini alichapisha maandishi hayo kwa kutumia [[jina la bandia]] Andrzej Jawień au Stanisław Andrzej Gruda<ref name="Zenit5"/><ref name="Landry">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicity.com/commentary/landry/00452.html|title=God, the Pope and Michelangelo|last=Landry|first=Fr. Roger J. |date=22 Aprili 2005|publisher=CatholiCity.com |author=The Mary Foundation |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> – tofauti na maandishi yake ya kidini yaliyotolewa kwa jina lake halisi.<ref name="Zenit5"/><ref name="Landry"/> Mwaka [[1960]], Wojtyła alitoa kitabu muhimu cha [[maadilidini]] ''[[Love and Responsibility]]'', akitetea mafundisho ya Kanisa Katoliki kuhusu ndoa kwa kutumia mtazamo wa kifalsafa.<ref name="Wojtyła">[[#Wojtyła69|Wojtyła, Karol. ''Love and Responsibility'']]: 1981</ref> === Askofu na kardinali === [[Picha:Karol Wojtyła - wizytacja zakonu oo. Karmelitów na Piasku w Krakowie 1967.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Juni 1967, akiwa [[askofu]] lakini si kardinali bado.]] Tarehe [[4 Julai]] [[1958]],<ref name = "Vatican2"/> alipokuwa likizo, [[Papa Pius XII]] alimteua [[askofu msaidizi]] wa Kraków. Aliitwa [[Warsaw]] akutane na [[Mkuu wa Maaskofu]] wa Polandi, kardinali [[Stefan Wyszyński]], aliyemuarifu kuhusu uteuzi huo.<ref name = "Rise">{{cite book |first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II |title=Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way |url=https://archive.org/details/riseletusbeonour00john |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2004 Warner Books |isbn=0-446-57781-2 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name = "Stourton8">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/103 103] |year=2006}}</ref> Kisha kukubali kuwa msaidizi wa [[askofu mkuu]] [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], alipewa [[daraja]] ya [[uaskofu]] (akitumia jina la jimbo la zamani la [[Ombi]]) tarehe [[28 Septemba]] 1958.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Akiwa na miaka 38 tu, alikuwa kijana kuliko maaskofu wote wa Polandi. Baada ya kifo cha Baziak mnamo Juni [[1962]], tarehe [[16 Julai]], Karol Wojtyła alichaguliwa asimamie jimbo kama ''Vicar Capitular''.<ref name="ShortBio"/> Wojtyła alishiriki toka mwanzo hadi mwisho [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano]] (1962–[[1965]]),<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/> akichangia hasa hati ''[[Dignitatis Humanae]]'' na ''[[Gaudium et Spes]]''.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Baadaye Wojtyła alishiriki pia vikao vyote vya [[Sinodi ya Maaskofu]].<ref name="ShortBio"/> Tarehe [[13 Januari]] [[1964]], [[Papa Paulo VI]] alimteua [[askofu mkuu]] wa [[Kraków]].<ref name="VaticanNewsService">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html |title= Short biography |publisher=www.vatican.va |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> Halafu, tarehe [[26 Juni]] [[1967]], Paulo VI alimteua kardinali<ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="VaticanNewsService"/> akapewa [[kanisa]] la [[San Cesareo in Palatio]].<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.com/churches/cardinal/130.htm Cardinal Deaconry S. Cesareo in Palatio] Giga Catholic Information</ref> Mwaka 1967 alichangia pia hati ''[[Humanae Vitae]]'' iliyokataza tena [[utoaji mimba]] na [[teknolojia]] ya [[uzazi wa mpango]].<ref name="Memory"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="HV">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html |title=Humanae Vitae |accessdate=2009-01-01|date=25 Julai 1968}}</ref> === Papa === [[Picha:Coat of arms of Ioannes Paulus II.svg|thumb|130|[[Lebo]] yake yenye [[msalaba]] na chini yake herufi M kumaanisha [[Bikira Maria]], mama wa [[Yesu]] aliyemheshimu sana.]] Mnamo Agosti [[1978]], Wojtyła alishiriki uchaguzi wa [[Papa Yohane Paulo I]], aliyefariki baada ya siku 33 tu.<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="Time1978">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html|title=A "Foreign" Pope|date=30 Oktoba 1978|work=Time magazine|page=1|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104001709/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html}}</ref> Uchaguzi wa pili wa mwaka huo 1978 ulianza tarehe [[14 Oktoba]]<ref name="Time1978b">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html|title=A "Foreign" Pope|date=30 Oktoba 1978|work=Time magazine|page=4|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815090521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html}}</ref><ref name="Time1978b"/> na Wojtyła akashinda walipopiga kura mara ya nane. Hapo alijichaguliwa jina la Yohane Paulo II<ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="Time1978b"/> kwa heshima ya watangulizi wake wa mwisho.<ref name="Time1978"/><ref name = "Stourton10">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/171 171] |year=2006}}</ref><ref name="NewPope">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm|title=New Pope Announced|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name = "Stourton10"/><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/The-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II/12309251197005-5/ 1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II]</ref> Akiwa na miaka 58 tu, alikuwa kijana kuliko Mapapa wote waliochaguliwa baada ya [[Papa Pius IX]] mwaka 1846, aliyekuwa na miaka 54.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> [[Ibada]] ya kuanzia rasmi Upapa wake ilifanyika tarehe [[22 Oktoba]] 1978.<ref name="Vatican-bio-en">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |title=Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II |accessdate=2009-01-01|date=30 Juni 2005}}</ref> === Mafundisho === [[Picha:Pope John Paul II.jpg|thumb|left|Papa Yohane Paulo II mwaka 1985.]] Kama papa, moja kati ya kazi zake muhimu ilikuwa kufundisha imani na maadili. Hakuna Papa aliyewahi kuwahubiria watu wengi zaidi. Katika kupokea watu siku 1160 za [[Jumatano]], alifikia watu 17,600,000. Kati ya [[katekesi]] zake alizowapa, maarufu zaidi ni zile juu ya "Teolojia ya [[Mwili]]". Mbali ya vitabu 5, aliandika hati 85. Katika ''[[Novo Millennio Ineunte]]'' alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuanza upya na [[Kristo]] mwanzoni mwa [[milenia ya tatu]]: "Hatutaokolewa na tamko, bali na Nafsi hai." Katika ''[[Veritatis Splendor]]'' alisisitiza umuhimu wa kujua [[ukweli]] ili kufikia [[uhuru]], badala ya kukubali [[dhana]] ya kuwa [[binadamu]] anaweza kuwa na rai tu. Katika ''[[Fides et Ratio]]'' alionyesha haja ya imani na akili kushirikiana ili kujua ukweli. Yohane Paulo II alitoa mafundisho mengi kuhusu [[jamii]] pia, akitetea heshima ya watu wote, kuanzia [[wanawake]], na umuhimu wa familia: ''Jinsi familia inavyokwenda, ndivyo taifa linavyokwenda na ndivyo ulimwengu tunamoishi unavyokwenda''.<ref name="Memory"/>. Hati nyingine zinahusu ''Injili ya Uhai'' (''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'') na ''Ekumeni'' (''Ut Unum Sint''). === Ziara === {| style="width:100%; background: none;" |- | style="width:20%" | | style="width:21%; vertical-align: top; text-align:justify; padding-left: 10px;" | <ref name="Holy See">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/index.htm|title=The Holy See: ''Jubilee Pilgrimages of the Holy Father'' |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Holy See}}</ref> | style="width:1%" | | style="width:58%; vertical-align: top;" |[[Picha:JPIITravelsMap.svg|400px|thumb|left|Ramani inayoonyesha nchi alizotembelea.<!-- (bad info, John Paul II was in Slovakia three times) -->]] |} [[Picha:John Paul II Polish Parliament 1999 5.jpg|thumb|Ziara kwa [[bunge]] la Polandi tarehe [[11 Juni]] [[1999]].]] Wakati wa upapa wake, Yohane Paulo II alisafiri zaidi ya kilometa milioni 1.1<ref name="Chronicle2"/>, akivutia umati mkubwa sana.<ref name="AsiaNews"/><ref>{{cite web| title=Manila World Youth Day |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref><ref name="AsiaNews">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A|title=The Philippines, 1995: Pope dreams of "the Third Millennium of Asia"|date=4 Aprili 2005|publisher=AsiaNews |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="AsiaNews"/> Safari zake nchini Polandi ziliwatia moyo wananchi kuungana dhidi ya dhuluma za Ukomunisti.<ref name="OnThisDay">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_3972000/3972361.stm|title=1979: Millions cheer as the Pope comes home|work=from "On This Day, 2 Juni 1979,"|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01 | date=2 Juni 1979}}</ref><ref name="Memory"/> On later trips to Polandi, he gave tacit support to the organization.<ref name="Memory"/><ref name="CBCNews"/><ref name="Berlin Wall"/><ref name="Bottum"/><ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Gorbachev"/><ref name="OnThisDay"/> Pia alitembelea nchi nyingi ambazo zilikuwa hazijawahi kufikiwa na Papa yeyote, kama vile [[Tanzania]] mwaka [[1990]]. While <ref name="Mexico">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3D91038F933A05754C0A9649C8B63|title=Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings |last=Thompson|first=Ginger|date=30 Julai 2002|work= The New York Times |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Ireland">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4229807.stm|title=Irish remember 1979 Papal visit |date=2 Aprili 2005|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CatholicIreland">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=206&art=569|title=The Pope’s visit to Ireland|publisher=CatholicIreland.net|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2012-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307123117/http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=206&art=569}}</ref><ref name="UK Visit">{{cite web |url=http://www.popejohnpaulii.org.uk/|title=28 May 1982: Pope John Paul II becomes first pontiff to visit Britain|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=[http://www.catholic-ew.org.uk/ Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales]}}</ref><ref name="UK Visit"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Abbott|first=Elizabeth|title=Haiti: The Duvalier Years|url=https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo|publisher=McGraw Hill Book Company|year=1988|pages = [https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo/page/260 260]–262|isbn=0-07-046029-9}}</ref><ref name="PopeEgypt">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm|title=Pope pleads for harmony between faiths |date=24 Februari 2000|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="PopeEgypt"/><ref name="PopeEgypt"/><ref name="Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://www.coptic.net/public/news/2000-10-27.txt|title=Reception of His Holiness Catholicos Karekin II|date=27 Oktoba 2000|publisher=The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2012-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414211255/http://www.coptic.net/public/news/2000-10-27.txt}}</ref><ref name="NewYorkTimes3">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DA113BF932A1575AC0A9679C8B63|title=Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend |last=Henneberger|first=Melinda|date=21 Septemba 2001|work= The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1986]] alikuwa Papa wa kwanza kutembelea [[sinagogi]] (mjini Roma)<ref name="OneAnother">{{cite web|url=http://www.blessingexhibit.org/|title=A Blessing to One Another - Pope John Paul II & The Jewish People|publisher=2007,2009 A Blessing to One Another |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="AIJAC"/><ref name="Sacred">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-great-synagogue.htm |title=''"Great Synagogue, Rome"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2009 Sacred Destinations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm|title=Boston College: ''"Address at the Great Synagogue of Rome"''|date=13 Aprili 1986|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2009 The Trustees of Boston College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611181904/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm|archivedate=2008-06-11}}</ref> [[Picha:-Western Wall.jpg|thumb|[[Ukuta wa Maombolezo]] huko [[Yerusalemu]].]] Mnamo Machi [[2000]], alipotembelea [[Yerusalemu]], akawa Papa wa kwanza kuhiji kwenye [[Ukuta wa Maombolezo]] alipoingiza ujumbe wake ndani ya ufa na kuomba msamaha kwa makosa dhidi ya Wayahudi.<ref name="BBCIsrael"/><ref name="ADL2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf|title=Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation|last=Klenicki|first=Rabbi Leon|date=13 Aprili 2006|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929184402/http://archive.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-29}}</ref><ref name="ADL2006"/><ref name="AIJAC"/><ref name="BBCIsrael">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/26/newsid_4168000/4168803.stm|title=2000: Pope prays for Holocaust forgiveness|date=26 Machi 2000|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="ADL2006"/><ref name="LOT">{{cite web|url=http://www.polishculture-nyc.org/pope_exhibition.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021191718/http://www.polishculture-nyc.org/pope_exhibition.htm|archivedate=2007-10-21|title=A Blessing to One Another: Pope John Paul II and the Jewish People|publisher=2007,2009 A Blessing to One Another|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="LOT"/><ref name="Online News">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html|title=Online News Hour - A Papal Apology|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=©1996-2009 MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.|archive-date=2013-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232251/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ADL2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/updates/Apr-05/040405.html#Article%202|title=Pope John Paul II: ‘An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered’|last=Jacobson|first=Kenneth|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904155150/http://aijac.org.au/updates/Apr-05/040405.html#Article%202|archivedate=2007-09-04}}</ref> Alikuwa pia Papa wa kwanza kuingia [[mskiti]]ni, ([[Damasko]], [[Syria]], mwaka [[2001]]).<ref name="Mosque">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm|title=Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour|last=Plett|first=Barbara|date= 7 Mei 2001|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Mosque"/><ref name="Damascus">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0264qr.htm|title=Pope John Paul II - Address at Omayyad Mosque of Damascus - 6 May 2001|publisher=The Catholic Community Forum and Liturgical Publications of St. Louis, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630103927/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0264qr.htm|archivedate=2006-06-30}}</ref> [[Picha:Wydrome2000.jpg|thumb|[[World Youth Day]] ni adhimisho la kimataifa kwa ajili ya vijana lililoanzishwa na Yohane Paulo II.]] Tangu alipokuwa padri, Yohane Paulo II alikuwa na kipaji cha pekee cha kuvuta vijana<ref name="Bonacci">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0127.html|title=The Pope of the Youth|last=Bonacci|first=Mary Beth|date=5 Mei 2005|work=Crisis Magazine|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2014-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011806/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0127.html}}</ref><ref name="Bauman">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column.php?n=56|title=John Paul II: Pope of the Youth|last=Bauman|first=Michelle|date=2 Aprili 2006|publisher=Catholic News Agency|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412155020/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column.php?n=56}}</ref> <ref name="Bonacci"/> Kwa ajili yao mwaka [[1984]] alianzisha [[World Youth Day]] ili kuwakusanya kwa wiki moja kutoka duniani kote katika kuadhimisha imani kwa furaha.<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="Bonacci"/><ref name="Bauman"/><ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="Bauman"/> Wakati wa Upapa wake aliadhimisha mara 19 siku kama hizo, mara jimboni Roma, mara kwingine kimataifa akikusanya hata vijana milioni kadhaa. Baadaye alianzisha pia mkutano wa kimataifa wa familia (1994).<ref name="ShortBio"/> Katika safari zake, Yohane Paulo II alikutana kwa makusudi mazima na viongozi wa dini na madhehebu</ref><ref name="Teoctist">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/obituaries/02teoctist.html|title=Patriarch Teoctist, 92, Romanian Who Held Out Hand to John Paul II, Dies|last=Brunwasser|first=Matthew|date=2 Agosti 2007|work= The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>ref name="Macedonian">{{cite news|url=http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html|title=Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 2001-05-04b|date=4 Mei 2001|publisher=The Macedonian Press Agency (Hellenic Resources Network)|accessdate=2009-01-01|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116081353/http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Associated">{{cite web|url=http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html|title=Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens|last=Stephanopoulos|first=Nikki|date=28 Januari 2008|publisher=2008,2009 [[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305152451/http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html|archivedate=2008-03-05}}</ref><ref name="Kirby">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4423095.stm|title=John Paul II and the Anglicans |last=Kirby |first=Alex|date=8 Aprili 2005|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Atonement">{{cite web|url=http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php|title=An Introduction to the Parish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church|publisher=2006,2009 Our Lady of the Atonement|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204083407/http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php|archivedate=2009-02-04}}</ref></ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1989/trav_nord-europa_en.htm apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden 1-10 June 1989]</ref> mbalimbali ili kujenga ushirikiano. Tarehe [[27 Oktoba]] [[1986]] alikusanya [[Assisi]] zaidi ya wawakilishi 120 wa dini na madhehebu kutoka dunia nzima kwa siku moja ya kufunga chakula na kusali kwa ajili ya amani.<ref name="Pace preventiva">[[Andrea Riccardi]]. ''La pace preventiva.'' [[Milan]]: San Paolo 2004.</ref> [[Picha:Dalai Lama.jpg|left|thumb|140px|[[Dalai Lama]] wa dini ya [[Buddha]] alikutana mara nane na Papa Yohane Paulo II.]] === Jaribio la kumuua === [[Picha:JohannesPaulII.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Yohane Paulo II.]] Tarehe [[13 Mei]] [[1981]], [[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] alimfyatulia risasi<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75">[[#Dziwisz75|Dziwisz, Bishop Stanisław]]: Conference 13 Mei 2001</ref><ref name="SanFrancisco">{{cite news|title=The 1981 Assassination Attempt of Pope John Paul II, The Grey Wolves, and Turkish & U.S. Government Intelligence Agencies|last=Lee|first=Martin A.|date=14 Mei 2001|publisher=2001, 2009 [http://www.sfbg.com/ San Francisco Bay Guardian]|pages=23, 25|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/ 1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination Attempt]</ref>. Ingawa alilenga vizuri na kumsababisha Papa apotewe na robo tatu za [[damu]] yake, baada ya saa tano za [[operesheni]] Yohane Paulo II alinusurika.<ref name="TimeMag76">[[#TimeMag76|Time Magazine: Pope Half Alive]]: 1982, Page 1</ref><ref name="TimeMag76"/><ref>''Lo Scapolare del Carmelo'' Published by Shalom, 2005 ISBN 88-8404-081-7 page 6</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helpfellowship.org/Pope_John_Paul_II.htm |title=HelpFellowship |publisher=HelpFellowship |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217065951/http://www.helpfellowship.org/Pope_John_Paul_II.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baadaye Papa alisema aliokolewa na [[Bikira Maria]] wa [[Fatima]].<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75"/><ref name="Bertone">[[#Bertone69|Bertone, Tarcisio]]: 2009</ref> Mwaka [[1983]] alimtembelea Mehmet Ali Ağca gerezani na kumsamehe. Nyuma yake dalili mbalimbali zilionyesha uwepo wa [[Urusi]] uliochukia siasa yake nchini Polandi dhidi ya Ukomunisti.<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75"/><ref name="Retire2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6288165.stm|title=Late Pope 'thought of retiring' |date=22 Januari 2007|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Mwaka [[2000]], akiadhimisha [[Jubilei]] kuu, alipigania msamaha wa madeni ya nchi maskini. Mwaka [[2003]] akawa pia mmojawapo kati ya watu waliopinga zaidi vita dhidi ya [[Iraq]]<ref name="Memory"/><ref>John Paul II, "[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/january/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20030113_diplomatic-corps_en.html Address to the Diplomatic Corps]," Vatican, 13 Januari 2003. 2007-02-07.</ref> [[Picha:PapstJPII20040922.jpg|thumb|Papa akiwa mgonjwa sana aliendelea na utume wake ([[22 Septemba]] [[2004]]).]] Baada ya kuugua miaka [[ugonjwa wa Parkinson]] bila ya kuacha [[utume]] wake, mwaka [[2005]] alilazwa mara kadhaa katika [[Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic]] ambapo hatimaye alifariki tarehe [[2 Aprili]]. Maneno yake ya mwisho yalikuwa, ''"pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca"'', ''("Acheni nirudi nyumbani mwa Baba")''.<ref>[[#BBC71|BBC World News Channel]]: 2005, 'Cured' Pope returns to Vatican</ref><ref name="RadioCanada">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2005/04/01/pope-new050401.html|title=John Paul II near death: Vatican|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=CBC Radio Canada |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4399189.stm Frail Pope suffers heart failure]," ''BBC News'', 1 Aprili 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-11.</ref><ref name="BBCLastWords">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257994.stm|title=John Paul's last words revealed|date=18 Aprili 2005|publisher=2005-2009 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/ BBC News]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="BBCLastWords"/><ref>[[#Vatican05|Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2 Aprili 2005) - ''The Holy See'' 2005]]</ref> === Kifo na mazishi === [[Picha:Crowd at Pope's Funeral.jpg|thumb|Umati ulioshiriki [[mazishi]] yake tarehe [[8 Aprili]] [[2005]].]] [[Picha:Funeral St Peters.jpg|thumb|Picha nyingine ya mazishi.]] [[Misa]] ya mazishi yake tarehe [[8 Aprili]] ilivunja rekodi ya washiriki na ya viongozi wa nchi waliohudhuria.<ref name="MsnbcNews2">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12083308/|title=Perhaps ‘Saint John Paul the Great?'|last=Weeke|first=Stephen|date=31 Machi 2006|publisher=2006-2009 [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ msnbc World News]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html|title=''"Pope John Paul II buried in Vatican crypt-Millions around the world watch funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 CNN.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613162604/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html|archivedate=2008-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html|title=The Independent: ''"Millions mourn Pope at history's largest funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 Independent News and Media Limited|location=London|date=8 Aprili 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121502/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html|archivedate=2008-12-01}}</ref><ref name="BBCMiracle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4428149.stm|title=City of Rome celebrates ‘miracle’|last=Holmes|first=Stephanie|date=9 Aprili 2005|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Independent"/><ref name="BBCMiracle"/><ref name="Beltway">{{cite web |url=http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/pope_john_paul_ii_funeral/|title=''"Pope John Paul II Funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 Outside the Beltway}}</ref><ref name="BBCMiracle"/> Kutokana na shangilio la ''"Santo Subito!''" (''"Mtakatifu mara moja!"'') lililotolewa na umati wakati wa mazishi,<ref name="Moore1"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Hollingshead "/><ref name="Hooper1">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/29/catholicism.religion|title=Mystery nun the key to Pope John Paul II's case for Sainthood|last=Hooper|first=John|date=29 Machi 2007 |publisher=2007-2009 [[Guardian News and Media Limited]]|accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="BBC2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4545585.stm|title=BBC News: ''‘On the fast track to Sainthood’'' |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=MMVIII BBC | date=13 Mei 2005 | first=Peter | last=Gould}}</ref><ref name="Hope">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece |title=Hopes raised for Pope John Paul II's beatification -Times Online |publisher=timesonline.co.uk |accessdate=2009-01-01 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Owen |archivedate=2010-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601012524/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece }}</ref> [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] aliruhusu kesi ya kumtangaza mtakatifu iwahi kuanza.<ref name="Hollingshead "/><ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="Canonisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html|title=Response of His Holiness Benedict XVI for the examination of the cause for beatification and canonisation of the servant of God John Paul II|date=9 Mei 2005|work=Vatican News|publisher=2005-2009 ‘Libreria Editrice Vaticana’|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984 |title=John Paul II on fast track for canonisation - Framingham, MA - The MetroWest Daily News |publisher=www.metrowestdailynews.com |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Zenit3">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english|title=John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens in Vatican City|date=28 Juni 2005|work=ZENIT|publisher=Innovative Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607233645/http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english|archivedate=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref name="Kavanaugh">{{cite web|url=http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984|title=John Paul II on 'fast track' for Canonisation|last=Kavanaugh|first=Jennifer|date=3 Aprili 2007|publisher=GateHouse Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Homily-Blonie-Park">{{cite web|title=900,000 gather for Mass with Pope Benedict|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php|date=28 Mei 2006|accessdate=2009-01-01|work=International Herald Tribune|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107042727/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php|archivedate=2013-11-07}}</ref> Baada ya utafiti juu ya ushujaa wa maadili yake,<ref name="abcNews">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html |title=Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track - The World Newser |publisher=blogs.abcnews.com |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref><ref name="Catholic Culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4630 |title=Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Beatification looms closer for John Paul II |publisher=www.catholicculture.org |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref> juu ya maandishi yake na juu ya [[muujiza]] uliomtokea [[sista]] Marie Simon-Pierre wa [[Ufaransa]] kwa maombezi ya Papa,<ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="Vicariato">[[#Vicariato70|Vicariato di Roma]]:A nun tells her story…. 2009</ref> was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".<ref name="Moore1"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="ABC">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm|title=Vatican may have found Pope John Paul's ‘miracle’|date=31 Januari 2006|work=includes material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN and the BBC World Service|publisher=2007 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC (Australia)]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211082939/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm|archivedate=2007-12-11}}</ref><ref name="Trinity">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=42131|title=Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease|date=30 Januari 2006|work=Catholic World News (CWN)|publisher=2009 Trinity Communications|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/world/europe/30vatican.html?_r=2&oref=slogin|title=Nun Who Claims Cure by John Paul II Emerges to Make Her Case|date=30 Machi 2007|agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Metro"/><ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Miracle">{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp|title=''French nun says life has changed since she was healed thanks to JPII''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2007,2009 Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops|archivedate=2009-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407012845/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp}}</ref><ref name="Willan">{{cite web|url=http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php|title=No more shortcuts on Pope John Paul’s road to Sainthood|last=Willan|first=Philip|work=Sunday Herald|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420220822/http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php|archivedate=2007-04-20}}</ref>Sista huyo alimuambia mwandishi Gerry Shaw: "Nilikuwa mgonjwa, sasa nimepona. Nimepona, lakini ni juu ya Kanisa kusema kama umetokea muujiza au la"."<ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Miracle"/> ==Sala yake== Ee Kristo, kichwa na mwokozi pekee, uvute kwako viungo vyako vyote. Uwaunganishe na kuwageuza katika upendo wako, ili Kanisa ling’ae kwa ule uzuri upitao maumbile unaodhihirishwa katika watakatifu wa kila wakati na taifa, katika wafiadini, waungamadini, mabikira na mashahidi wasiohesabika wa Injili! Ee Yesu mtamu, Yesu mwema, Yesu, mwana wa Maria! Amina! ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] == Tanbihi == <div class="references-small"> {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} </div> ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 325-329 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{Refbegin}} <div class="references-small"> * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Berry|first=Jason|authorlink=Jason Berry|coauthors=Gerald Renner|title=Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II|url=https://archive.org/details/vowsofsilenceabu00berr|publisher=Free Press|location=New York, London, Toronto, Sydney|year=2004|isbn=0-7432-4441-9}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw|url=https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm|publisher=Viking Penguin|location=80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL|year=2004|isbn=0-670-03284-0|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Davies72}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=[[Louis de Montfort|de Montfort]]|first=St. Louis-Marie Grignion|coauthors=Mark L. Jacobson (Translator)|title=True Devotion to Mary|publisher=[http://www.avetinepress.com/ Avetine Press] 1023 4th Avenue 204 San Diego, CA 92101|date=2007-2009|isbn=1-59330-470-6|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=de Montfort73}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Duffy|first=Eamon|authorlink=Eamon Duffy|title=Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669|publisher=[http://www.yale.edu/ Yale University Press]|year=2006|edition=Third|isbn=0-300-11597-0|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Yale06}} * {{Rejea kitabu |first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II|title=[[Memory and Identity|''Memory & Identity'' - Personal Reflections]] |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=029785075X |year=2005|ref=Memory77}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=1997, 2006 Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm|title=John Paul II Election Surprises|last=Menachery|first=Prof. George|date=11 Novemba 1978|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Meissen|first=Randall|title=Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great|url=http://www.amazon.com/Living-Miracles-Spiritual-Sons-Great/dp/1933271272|publisher=Mission Network|location=Alpharetta, Ga.|year=2011|isbn=978-1933271279}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.vatican.va/gpII/bulletin/B0183-XX.01.pdf|title=Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato|accessdate=2009-01-01|author=Navarro-Valls, Joaquin|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=''‘The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment.’'' 2005-2009 [http://www.vatican.va/ The Holy See]|language=Italian|ref=Vatican05}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=O'Connor|first=Garry|title=Universal Father: A Life of Pope John Paul II|publisher=2005 [http://www.bloomsbury.com/ Bloomsbury Publishing]|location=36 Soho Square, London|isbn=0747582416|url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor|accessdate=2009-01-01|year=2006|archive-date=2012-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214121842/http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor|dead-url=yes}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last1=Renehan|first1=Edward|authorlink1=Edward Renehan|last2=Schlesinger|first2=Arthur Meier (INT)|title=Pope John Paul II|url=http://books.google.com/?id=OT1oHAAACAAJ|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|date=Novemba 2006|publisher=Chelsea House|isbn=9780791092279|ref=Renehan69}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Stanley|first=George E|title=Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SD1OPgAACAAJ|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|date=Januari 2007|publisher=Fitzgerald Books|isbn=9781424217328|ref=Stanley69}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist) |title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |accessdate=2009-01-01 |ref=Stourton03 |year=2006 }} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Szulc|first=Tadeusz|authorlink=Tad Szulc |title=Pope John Paul II: The Biography|publisher=2007 Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=9781416588863|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{Rejea kitabu|author=The Poynter Institute|authorlink=Poynter Institute|title=Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 - 2 April 2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pXGMNrE015IC|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|edition=First|date=1 Mei 2005|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida]]|isbn=9780740751103|ref=Poynter69}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Weigel|first=George|authorlink=George Weigel|title=Witness to Hope|publisher=[http://www.harpercollins.com/ HarperCollins Publishers]|location=10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY|year=2001|isbn=0-06-018793-X|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Weigel02}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Wojtyła|first=Karol|title=Love and Responsibility|publisher=[[William Collins (publisher)|William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.]]|location=London|isbn=0-89870-445-6|url=http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Wojtyła69|archive-date=2009-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000919/http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&|dead-url=yes}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Yallop|first=David|title=The Power and the Glory|publisher=Constable & Robinson Ltd|location=162 Fulham Palace Road, London|isbn=978-1-84529-673-5|url=http://www.constablerobinson.com/|accessdate=2009-01-01|year=2007}} {{Refend}} </div> == Viungo vya nje == <div class="references-small"> {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * [http://www.vatican.va/ Vatican: the Holy See] * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/index.htm The Holy See - The Holy Father - John Paul II] * [http://www.johnpaulii.va/en/ A tribute to John Paul II in the occasion of his beatification] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johnpaulii.va/en/ |date=20120306205748 }} * [http://www.hramiechoffman.com/preview/ 'Lolek, The Boy Who Became Pope John Paul II'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hramiechoffman.com/preview/ |date=20110712224650 }} * [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/JPII/tributes.html Link to collected tributes, writings and commentary on John Paul II] * [http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books%207.htm Electing a new Pope: The Conclave and all that] * [http://www.papiez-pl.com/ John Paul II Karol Wojtyła Papiez z Polski] {{Wayback|url=http://www.papiez-pl.com/ |date=20170616163756 }} * [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=203665 Pope John Paul II to achieve sainthood] * [http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=40 John Paul II's Visit to Detroit, Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121206044952/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=40 |date=2012-12-06 }} || * [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19781030,00.html Pope John Paul II, ''Time'' Magazine, 30 October 1978] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19781030,00.html |date=20110120225335 }} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT197.HTM John Paul II: text, concordances and frequency list] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1978-2005-_Ioannes_Paulus_II.html John Paul II's Multilingual Opera Omnia] * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Grottoes/JPII/Tomb%20of%20John%20Paul%20II.htm Tomb of John Paul II] * [http://www.watykan.ovh.org/ Pope John Paul II Karol Wojtyła and Benedict XVI] {{Wayback|url=http://www.watykan.ovh.org/ |date=20110419005851 }} * [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=203851 Pope is joyous about beatifying John Paul II] * [http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm Cause for the Beatification and Canonisation of John Paul II] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm |date=20091230032224 }} * {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Popes/J/John_Paul_II/}} * [https://trzeciapielgrzymka.ipn.gov.pl/jp2/introduction/676,Introduction.html Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Polandi], Institute of National Remembrance |}</div> {{Mapapa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yohane Paulo II}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Papa Yohane Paulo II]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Polandi]] [[Jamii:Mapapa wa Karne ya 21]] kcji9ojrsjknkgkq1ltdrrxpxha08h2 0 14897 1576981 1456653 2026-06-27T10:38:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Maandishi asili kuhusu Fransisko */ 1576981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Francesco.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Mchoro wa zamani wa Fransisko wa Asizi unaoaminiwa kufanana naye kuliko yote]] '''Fransisko wa Asizi''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]] '''Francesco d'Assisi'''; tangu [[Mtoto|utotoni]] [[jina]] la [[ubatizo]] '''Giovanni''', yaani Yohane (Mbatizaji), liliachwa kutumika; pia [[ubini]] '''mwana wa Petro Bernardone''' ulikuja kuachwa baada ya wao kushindana; [[Assisi]], [[Italia]], [[1181]] au [[1182]] - Assisi, [[3 Oktoba]] [[1226]]) alikuwa [[mtawa]] [[shemasi]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Baada ya kuishi [[ujana]] wenye raha, [[Uongofu|aliongokea]] maisha ya [[Injili|Kiinjili]] ili kumtumikia [[Yesu]] [[Kristo]] aliyekutana naye hasa katika watu [[maskini]] na walalahoi, akijifanya [[Ufukara wa hiari|fukara]] vilevile, na hatimaye alitaka kufa uchi ardhini. Akizungukazunguka huko na huko, hadi [[Nchi takatifu]], aliwahubiria watu wa kila aina [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu]] akilenga kuiga kikamilifu kila [[siku]] mfano wa Yesu kwa maneno na matendo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/21750</ref>. Alianzisha jumuiya ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] yenye [[tawi|matawi]] mbalimbali ambayo leo ni [[utawa]] wenye wafuasi wengi kuliko yote wakikadiriwa kukaribia [[milioni]] moja [[Dunia|duniani]] kote. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Gregori IX]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[16 Julai]] [[1228]]. Anaheshimiwa na wengi hata nje ya [[Kanisa]] lake, ambalo limemtangaza [[msimamizi]] wa wanaoshughulikia [[hifadhi ya mazingira]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa tarehe [[4 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha na [[karama]] yake == === Ulaya na Kanisa mwishoni mwa karne XII === Fransisko alipozaliwa, [[Ulaya]] na [[Kanisa]] vilikuwa na hali ya kutatanisha kuliko kawaida, kutokana na mvutano kati ya mapya na ya kale. Mambo ya kale ni yale ya utawala wa ngazi mbalimbali ulioenea kutoka [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia [[karne IX]]: kila mtawala aliweza kugawa eneo lake na kuwakabidhi watawala wa chini akiwadai sehemu ya mapato na hasa msaada wakati wa vita, kufuatana na ahadi yao ya kuwa waaminifu kwake moja kwa moja. Utawala huo ulikuwa ukirithiwa na watoto ambao waliheshimiwa kama masharifu yaani watu wa ukoo bora na kutakiwa wawe hodari vitani. Ili watawale vizuri na kulinda maeneo yao walikuwa wakiishi katika [[ngome]] pamoja na watumishi wao. Watu wa kawaida waliishi mashambani katika hali ngumu sana hata wakaitwa watumwa wa ardhi. Hivyo Ulaya ilikuwa na [[askari]] na [[wakulima]] tu, mbali ya viongozi wa Kanisa na [[watawa]]. Kwa hali ya maisha watawa, ambao walikuwa aina ya [[wamonaki]] tu, na [[makleri]] wa juu walilingana na masharifu, ila makleri wa chini hawakuwa na [[elimu]] wala [[mali]] nyingi. Utajiri wa Kanisa, ambalo lilifikia kumiliki karibu nusu ya ardhi ya Ulaya nzima, uliwapotosha wengi na kuvuta miito ya bandia. Wengi walitambua haja ya [[urekebisho]] ndani ya Kanisa, na juhudi za pekee zilifanywa na wamonaki kama vile Hildebrando (ambaye akawa [[Papa Gregori VII]]) na Mt. [[Petro Damiani]] katika [[karne XI]], halafu na Mt. [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]] katika [[karne XII]] akihimiza kupambana na maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa hata kwa kutohudhuria [[ibada]] za wale wanaoishi vibaya. Jitihada hizo zilifanikiwa kidogo tu, kwa sababu ni vigumu kurekebisha mitindo mibaya iliyoenea, hasa katika mazingira ya [[dini]]. Hali hiyo ilichangia uenezi wa [[Waislamu]] na hasa wa [[Wakatari]] (maana yake Watu Safi); wazushi hao, baada ya kupata wafuasi kwa kushambulia maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa, walikuwa wakifundisha njia ya roho zao kukombolewa. Kwa kuwa eti, ulimwengu huu ni mbaya, si kazi ya [[Mungu]] wetu, ni lazima kujitenga nao kwa kukataa vitendo na vyakula vinavyohusika na [[uzazi]]. Viongozi wa Kanisa walichelewa kuona hatari hizo, mpaka zilipokwishaenea mno: ndipo walipoanza kuzikabili hata kwa [[silaha]] wakishirikiana na baadhi ya watawala. Hata hivyo [[uzushi]] ukaendelea kustawi, kwa kuwa wengi walipenda maisha magumu ya watu hao kuliko yale ya viongozi wa Kanisa; hivyo waliwasaidia wasikamatwe. Uzushi wa aina nyingine ulianza muda mfupi baadaye (karne XI hiyohiyo) huko [[Lyon]] (Ufaransa Kusini). Mchochezi wake ni [[Valdo]], ambaye alikuwa mfanyabiashara, akaguswa na [[Injili]], akawapeleka mabinti wake kuishi [[monasteri]]ni, akauza mali zake, akawagawia [[maskini]], akaanza kuhubiri huko na huko kama walivyofanya wengine kabla yake wakisisitiza [[ufukara]] kama njia bora ya [[wokovu]]. Wengi waliguswa wakajitahidi kushika masharti ya Injili, hata baadhi yao wakaanza kuwashambulia makleri wabaya, kususia ibada zao na kuwapiga pia. Msimamo huo ulipingwa vikali kama [[kiburi]] na [[unafiki]]. Basi Valdo na wengine walipokatazwa na maaskofu wasihubiri tena wakafikia hatua ya kuwakataa. Huko Italia Kaskazini walitokea wengine wakisisitiza kazi kuliko ufukara ([[Mafukara wa Lombardia]] na [[Wahumiliati]], maana yake Walionyenyekea) ambao walikuwa wote watengenezaji wa vitambaa duni vya [[sufu]] kwa ajili ya maskini na ambao walichanga mali na mapato wakiishi kishirika. Mifumo hiyo yote ilionyesha uhai wa dini, na juhudi za [[walei]] wengi kwa urekebisho wa Kanisa. Jambo hilo jipya lilitokana na udhaifu wa makleri, pia na umbali wa wamonaki na maisha ya [[umati]]. Wamonaki pia walianza kushambuliwa kwa kufuata ufukara bandia na kula [[jasho]] la wengine, tena kwa kutoshughulikia [[uchungaji]]. Hivyo walei wakaaanza kujiongoza hata katika mambo ya kiroho. Msingi wa matukio hayo ni miji kupanuka haraka sana. Baada ya [[mwaka 1000]], kitovu cha Ulaya si tena vijijini na mashambani. Waliomiminika mijini walianza kukataa utawala wa ngazi wa zamani na kujichagulia viongozi ambao wadumu muda fulani tu, [[demokrasi]] ikaenea. Miji hiyo huru ikaanza kuvamia maeneo ya jirani ili kuyatawala, ukaweka watawala wa zamani chini yake. Mijini utengano wa [[matabaka]] matatu ya zamani ukawa unapungua: watu wadogo waliojiimarisha ki[[uchumi]] (hasa waliofanya [[biashara]] ya [[bidhaa]] kutoka nchi za mbali) wakazidi kupata nguvu hata kulingana na ma[[sharifu]]. Pamoja na utajiri watu hao walipaswa kujipatia elimu walau kidogo (ndio mwanzo wa kazi ya walimu wa watoto), hata wakatamani walingane kabisa na masharifu kwa kuiga mitindo yao ya Cortesia (maana yake [[Ustaarabu]]) ambayo ilidai kumheshimu [[mwanamke]] fulani kama mtawala wa binafsi, na kwa ajili ya huyo kujifanya wakarimu, wapendevu, wachangamfu, na kutunga nyimbo na mashairi. Mitindo hiyo ilienea kutoka ngome za masharifu hadi [[barabara]] na vichochoro vya mijini, ambapo vikosi vya wavulana vilikuwa vikiwaimbia wasichana. [[Picha:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg|thumb|Makazi ya Fransisko alipokuwa mdogo.]] === Asizi katika karne XII === Kwa asili Asizi ni [[mji]] wa Kirumi ambao ulipata umuhimu kwa sababu unatawala barabara kuu ya mkoa wa Umbria kutoka [[Spoleto]] (makao ya mfalme mdogo aliyekuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu wa [[Ujerumani]]) hadi Perugia mji uliokuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Papa]]. Wakati huo kulikuwa na ushindani mkubwa kati ya Asizi uliokuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu na jirani yake Perugia uliosimama upande wa Papa. Mbali ya hayo ndani ya mji wenyewe yalianza mapigano kati ya mayores (wakubwa, yaani masharifu) na minores (wadogo) yaliyosababisha masharifu wengi kukimbilia Perugia na hivyo kuzidisha [[chuki]] kati ya miji hiyo. Matokeo yake ni mapambano ya mwaka [[1202]] ambayo Fransisko pia aliyashiriki akashikwa mateka kwa mwaka mzima. Mbali ya hao watu wadogo waliotajirika (hasa kwa biashara), Asizi ulikuwa na mafukara, lakini tofauti na wale wa zamani ([[watumwa wa ardhi]]) ambao pamoja na kuwa na maisha magumu hawakukosa [[chakula]] (pia kutokana na [[mshikamano]] wao). Kumbe ufukara wa mijini haukuwa na dawa, uwe umetokana na kukosa [[kazi]] au kulipwa kidogo au kuugua. Ngazi ya mwisho ilikuwa ya watu waliotengwa na jamaa kama vile wakoma. Ili tuelewe mazingira hayo ni lazima tukumbuke kwamba “sifa ya kijamii” (yaani jinsi mtu au neno wanavyotazamwa na [[jamii]] yote) ilikuwa na nguvu sana hata kuwabana wote waseme na kutenda ilivyotarajiwa. Hata hivyo mtu aliweza pia kuchangia au kubadilisha mitazamo ya umati, na Fransisko anajulikana kwa kipawa cha kuelewa, kugusa na kujivutia jamii nzima. === Mfanyabiashara === Maandishi yote yanayomhusu yanasisitiza utajiri mkubwa aliozaliwa nao. Hatuwezi kumuelewa tusipozingatia sana jambo hilo lililomfanya alelewe namna ambayo inatokana na utajiri, inasisitiza umuhimu wa utajiri na kulenga ongezeko la utajiri. Baba yake hakuwa na [[kiwanda]], ila aliweza kutajirika ajabu kwa kusafirisha vitambaa vya thamani kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Ingawa hatuna habari nyingi za hakika kuhusu wazazi na [[malezi]] yake, hiyo inaweza kutosha. Mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa umehesabiwa kuanzia tarehe ya kufa, kwa kupunguza miaka iliyosemekana aliishi. Habari nyingine kuhusu kuzaliwa kwake ziliweza zikatungwa ili kumfananisha na Kristo. Jina lake la [[ubatizo]] Yohane lilibadilishwa na baba yake ili kukumbusha moja kwa moja nchi ya Ufaransa, asili ya utajiri wake (Fransisko = Mfaransa). [[Elimu]] yake ilikuwa ya wastani: alijua kidogo [[Kilatini]], [[Kifaransa]], mashairi na [[Biblia]]. Malezi yake yalimfanya hodari hasa katika [[biashara]] ili aweze kuendesha shughuli zote za baba yake. Na kweli kabla hajaongoka aliiweza sana kazi hiyo. Kama kawaida ya zamani zile, akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 alianza kuhesabiwa mtu mzima na kujihusisha na [[siasa]] na [[vita]] pia ili kushika nafasi ya juu zaidi kama [[sharifu]]. Ndicho kipeo alichojiwekea. Unakumbukwa [[ukarimu]] wake kwa [[maskini]], lakini hata ukarimu huo aliuzingatia ili kutimiza wajibu wa [[ustaarabu]] kuliko kwa kumpendeza [[Mungu]]. Kwa lengo hilohilo la kujitafutia usharifu akawa [[askari]], na akiwa kifungoni Perugia akazidi kuwachangamkia wote, hata sharifu fulani mkorofi. Kuhusu hali iliyotangulia [[uongofu]] wake hatujui zaidi, ila mwenyewe aliona kwamba kuishi kwa kufuata mitindo ya [[ulimwengu]] kunamchukiza Mungu. === Uongofu === [[Picha:Giotto - Legend of St Francis - -05- - Renunciation of Wordly Goods.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giotto]], [[Fransisko anavua hadharani]], Basilika la juu la Asizi]] Jinsi gani [[neema]] ya Mungu ilileta ndani ya mtu huyo mapinduzi yanayotushangaza hata leo? Hatujui vizuri mabadiliko hayo yalichukua muda gani, wala asili yake ni nini, ila kwamba Fransisko alianza kuguswa na [[huruma]] halisi kwa maskini. Mwenyewe alipousimulia uongofu wake katika [[wasia]] alisisitiza hatua ya kushinda [[hofu]] ya wakoma aliyokuwa nayo sana. Basi baada ya kumbusu mmojawao, alichagua kuwa nao badala ya kuwa sharifu, yaani ashuke badala ya kupanda [[daraja]] katika jamii. Baada ya uteuzi huo akasita bado kidogo kabla hajaacha ulimwengu na kujitoa kwa Mungu. Kutokana na hatua hiyo muhimu alianza kufurahia machungu badala ya matamu: ndiyo maisha ya [[toba]] ([[utawa]]). Alipotambua kwamba [[ukoma]] wa roho yake ulitisha kuliko ule wa ngozi ya wagonjwa alianza kuwakaribia kwa [[upendo]] si tu kwa kuwagawia [[mali]], bali hata kwa kuhatarisha [[afya]] yake: akiwa tayari kuambukizwa nao alikuwa pia tayari kutengwa na jamii moja kwa moja kama vile hao. Hivyo kwake neno kuu halikuwa ufukara kama juhudi za kujinyima, bali kama kushiriki kabisa hali ya watu wa mwisho, kwa kuwa hao ni wenzetu kwelikweli na kielelezo cha Kristo. Baadaye, [[Utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo]] ulipoimarika kwa kupata miundo ya [[shirika]], ulisisitizwa ufukara wenyewe, kiasi kwamba kanuni ya kudumu haitaji wakoma wala [[huduma]] kwa maskini. Basi, kwa wasia wake Mt. Fransisko kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena [[karama]] halisi ya uongofu wake pamoja na mengine yaliyoanza kusahaulika, kama vile [[kazi za mikono]]. Jambo la kwanza linaloonyesha wazi neema ya Mungu ikimfanyia kazi ni ile [[ndoto]] iliyomrudisha nyumbani wakati wa kwenda vitani akiwa na miaka 23. Tangu hapo hakuweza kuridhika tena na maisha ya zamani, akawa anafuata mawazo yake mapya badala ya kupiga kelele na wenzake baada ya kuwagharimia [[karamu]] kama mfalme wao. Alijaribu kuishi pangoni na kusali tu, akishinda vishawishi vikali vya kiroho. Siku moja katika kanisa la Mt. Damiano akasikia sauti ya Msulubiwa ikimuagiza arekebishe [[Kanisa]] lake. Ingawa alielewa maneno hayo kama kwamba yanahusu jengo, muhimu ni kwamba akawa amekutana na Msulubiwa ambaye [[mateso]] yake yanajumlisha na kuyatia maana mateso yote ya [[binadamu]]. Kuanzia hapo akaambatana na [[Yesu]] moja kwa moja katika ukweli wa maisha yake duniani: ndivyo unavyoeleweka ugumu wote wa maisha ya Fransisko. Matendo yake yakazidi kumchukiza baba yake aliyeweza kuvumilia [[ubadhirifu]] wake ulipolenga usharifu, lakini si uliposaidia maskini tu. Hivyo baba akamshtaki [[mahakama]]ni, akimpatia hatimaye nafasi ya kujitambulisha mbele ya wote kama askari wa Kristo moja kwa moja: ni kwa sababu alikataa kuhukumiwa na serikali kwa kujidai ni mtumishi wa Mungu, na hivyo ni mtu anayeweza kuhukumiwa na [[Askofu]] tu. Baba alipodai mali zake mbele ya huyo, Fransisko akakubali mara moja akimrudishia pamoja na [[pesa]], [[nguo]] zote na hata jina, akitamka [[hadhara]] ya watu kwamba kuanzia hapo atamuita Baba Mungu tu, si [[Petro Bernardone]] tena. Uamuzi huo wa kishujaa uliowagusa sana wote ulimfanya asiweze kurudi nyuma: amejitoa kwa Mungu moja kwa moja na kuacha hakika ya [[riziki]]. Kubaki [[uchi]] mbele ya wote kulikuwa na maana nyingine pia, kwa sababu kulikuwa ni [[malipizi]] ya hadharani yaliyoweza kutolewa na Kanisa kadiri ya [[sheria]]. Hivyo Fransisko alionyesha nia yake ya kuanza na moja, akitubu [[anasa]] za zamani alizozifuata kwa nguo maridadi. Tena wakati huo lilizingatiwa sana neno la Mt. [[Jeromu]] la “kumfuata uchi Kristo uchi” kuwa ndiyo namna bora ya toba. Basi, kuanzia hapo alishiriki kabisa hali ya wasio na kitu, akisikitikia tu kutozaliwa katika hali hiyo, maana yake ufukara wake ulikuwa wa [[hiari]] na wenye kustahili, hivyo ni utajiri fulani kwa Mungu. === Kufuata mtindo wa Injili === [[Picha:Portiuncula on the Feast of the Pardon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Porsyunkula]] huko Asizi]] Baada ya Fransisko kujitangaza [[mtawa]] ilimbidi atambue atakuwa wa namna gani. Alikataa [[upadri]], lakini si kwa sababu ya kuudharau kama walivyofanya wazushi; kinyume chake, toka mwanzo alijaliwa [[imani]] ya pekee kwa [[ekaristi]] na kwa wanaohusika nayo. Aliuona upadri kuwa ni cheo kikubwa mbele ya Mungu na hata mbele ya watu, naye hakupenda kuheshimiwa wala kuwa na hakika kuhusu riziki. Kwa sababu hiyohiyo hakupenda kuwa [[mmonaki]], ingawa aliwaheshimu [[Wabenedikto]] na kushirikiana nao vizuri. Tena akitaka kuwa kweli mtu wa mwisho na kuwaheshimu wote, hakukubali kushambulia mapadri na wamonaki kwa maovu yao. Baada ya kukataa hali hizo mbili ndani ya Kanisa, alianza kujitafutia maisha asiyoyajua bado na asiyoweza kuelekezwa na mtu yeyote. Basi, akavaa [[kanzu]] ya [[mkaapweke]], lakini alikuwa akirudi mjini kila siku ili kuombaomba mawe ya kutengenezea makanisa na chakula pia. Kwa hiyo hakusogea mbali na watu, bali alizidi kuhusika na maisha ya Asizi, ingawa kwa namna yake, akipokea hasa [[dharau]] alivyokusudia. Maisha yake yote hakuvunja uhusiano na jamii kama walivyofanya watawa wengi, bali akaendelea kuwa [[ndugu]] wa wote na kushiriki maisha yao ya kila siku. Miaka miwili aliyotumia kuyarekebisha makanisa ilikuwa migumu sana kimwili na kiroho tukizingatia pia mahangaiko yake kuhusu [[wito]]. Lakini Mungu akapokea malipizi na [[sala]] yake akamuangazia sehemu ya [[Injili]] aliyoisikia wakati wa [[Misa]]. Enzi hizo [[walei]] wengi walivutiwa na maneno ya Injili ambayo waliyaelewa namna yao, bila ya ufafanuzi wa kitaalamu. Fransisko alifanya vilevile, ndiyo maana maisha yake yakaja kuwapendeza wengi na kuenea kasi ajabu. Dondoo ambalo lilimgusa na kumuangaza hasa ni lile la Yesu kuwatuma [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] wake kwa mara ya kwanza. Tangu hapo alikusudia kufuata Injili hiyo, hata ufukara wake ukapata sura nyingine, yenye kulenga utume. Kutokana na mwanga huo akabadili kanzu yake na kutupa [[viatu]] vyake na kujifungia [[kamba]], ambayo ilikuwa [[ishara]] ya toba, tena haikuweza kuficha pesa (tofauti na [[mshipi]] wa ngozi). Halafu akaanza kuhubiri toba kwa [[unyofu]] uliowagusa wengi. Ndipo Waasizi walipoanza kumuelewa si [[kichaa]], na ndipo alipoanza kupata wafuasi. Wa kwanza alikuwa [[Bernardo wa Quintavalle]], mtu maarufu tena tajiri, wa pili [[Petro Cattani]], padri. Ndio mwanzo wa jamaa iliyokuja kumhangaisha sana, kwa sababu hakuwa na wazo la kuanzisha chochote wala hakupata mtu wa kumuelekeza. Tena wakati huo haikuwa rahisi kukubali padri aongozwe na [[mlei]]. Katika wasia wake Fransisko akikumbuka hatua hiyo muhimu alisisitiza kuwa ndipo Mungu mwenyewe alipomfunulia afuate mtindo wa Injili takatifu, yaani hasa madondoo yale aliyoyakuta katika kufungua mara tatu kitabu cha Misa kilichokuwa juu ya altare: 1) “Ukitaka kuwa mkamilifu, nenda ukauze…” 2) “Msichukue chochote kwa safari…” 3) “Anayetaka kunifuata, ajikane…” Baada ya kusoma hayo, aliwaambia wenzake ndiyo kanuni na maisha ya wale wote watakaowafuata. Ufukara wa Kifransisko ukifuata madondoo hayo ya Injili ni wa moja kwa moja kwa mtawa binafsi na kwa shirika zima. Kwa kuchagua mtindo huo wa Injili takatifu alitofautiana na watawa wale waliofuata tangu karne nyingi mtindo wa Kanisa la mwanzoni wa kuwa na mali zote shirika. Ndivyo walivyofanya wamonaki ambao hawakuwa na chochote chao binafsi, lakini [[monasteri]] zao zilikuwa tajiri, kiasi kwamba wakaanza kushambuliwa kama wanafiki wanaokula [[jasho]] la wengine na kukosa ufukara halisi. Waamini wengi kama Bernardo na padri Petro walitamani mtindo mwingine, pamoja na [[uadilifu]] wa makleri, [[uchungaji]] wenye bidii na ujirani na watu, hasa wenye shida. Mungu aliwachagua watakatifu Fransisko na [[Dominiko Guzman]] ili kuridhisha Wakristo hao. Wote wawili walishika ufukara wa kijumuia pia, ingawa Mt. Fransisko aliusisitiza zaidi akiudai pia kama msimamo katika jamii ili kupigania [[ujamaa]] na [[usawa]] wa binadamu. Hata baada ya wengine kujiunga naye hakushughulikia suala la [[nyumba]]: waliishi kwenye [[pagale]] za makanisa, huku wakizungumziwa sana mjini kwao. Halafu wakaanza kusafiri wakihubiri huko na huko, si kama kawaida ya mapadri, bali kwa kutoa mfano wa ufukara na [[unyenyekevu]], halafu kwa kujibu maswali ya watu waliowashangaa. Polepole waliweza pia kuhimiza toba na [[msamaha]] ili kueneza [[amani]]: muhtasari wa [[mawaidha]] yao ni [[salamu]] ile ambayo Fransisko alidai kufunuliwa na Mungu, “Bwana akujalie amani”. Baada ya jaribio la kwanza la namna hiyo wakaongezeka, naye akawatuma tena wawiliwawili sehemu mbalimbali kisha kuwashirikisha [[mang’amuzi]] yake, kwamba wasikate tamaa kwa kuona ugumu wa baadhi ya watu, wamtegemee Mungu, wahubiri toba kwa nguvu ili kuokoa watu, wadumu watulivu katika [[dharau]]. Walipoulizwa waitwaje walijibu tu kuwa ni watu wa toba kutoka Asizi, yaani hawakujiona kuwa shirika maalumu, bali kundi mojawapo la wale wengi ambao toka zamani walijifunga kufanya toba kwa namna maalumu hadharani. Mwaka huo [[1209]] walipofikia idadi ya 12 walichukua hatua ya kuelekea [[Roma]] ili kuthibitishwa na Papa katika maisha yao na kuruhusiwa naye katika [[utume]] wao, ili kushinda [[upinzani]] uliojitokeza na hasa kujihakikishia njia yao ni njema. Kwa ajili hiyo walipaswa kupanga kikamilifu zaidi wanataka kufanya nini. === Kanuni ya awali === [[File:Habito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kanzu]] iliyotumiwa na Fransisko mwaka [[1215]] hivi.]] Kanuni hiyo ilihitajika ili kujipendekeza kwa Papa na kupata kibali chake. Fransisko katika [[wasia]] akashuhudia kwamba aliandikisha “kwa maneno machache na kwa unyofu, naye bwana Papa akaniimarisha”. Leo hatuna tena kanuni hiyo kwa sababu iliendelea kurekebishwarekebishwa mpaka mwaka [[1221]] ilipotolewa kanuni ndefu ambayo tunayo, tena mpaka mwaka [[1223]] Papa alipothibitisha kwa maandishi toleo la kudumu linalofuatwa na Utawa wa Kwanza mpaka leo. Ni kwamba miaka yote Fransisko alizidi kung’ang’ania azimio lake la kushika kikamilifu mtindo wa [[Injili]] takatifu, lakini pia maisha yalimlazimisha kung’amua haja ya kuulinganisha na hali halisi mbalimbali. Ugumu mwingine wa kazi hiyo kwake ulitokana na kukosa utaalamu wa [[sheria]] uliolitawala Kanisa la zamani zake kwa namna ya pekee. Hivyo hata alipomuachia mwingine uongozi akazidi kudai ndugu wamtii ingawa hana tena [[mamlaka]] juu yao. Alitamani kuwa daima mtu wa mwisho hata shirikani, lakini hakuweza kuachana na wajibu wake kwa shirika lililoanza kwa njia yake. Hata katika safari ya kwenda Roma alimteua Bernardo kuwa kiongozi, lakini mbele ya Inosenti III aliyejitokeza ni Fransisko. Papa huyo alikuwa anakabiliana na matatizo mengi ya Kikanisa na ya kisiasa, lakini yeye, kwa kupitia ngazi mbalimbali (hasa [[Askofu]] [[Guido wa Asizi]] na Kardinali [[Yohane wa Mt. Paulo]]), alifaulu kuongea naye na kukubaliwa. Viongozi hao walijitahidi kwanza kuelekeza mifumo mipya ya kiroho kwenye [[umonaki]], na pili iliposhindikana wakairuhusu mradi isifuate [[uzushi]] bali ikubali kuongozwa na makleri kusudi isivuruge maisha ya Kanisa. Hivyo Mt. Fransisko na wenzake walipokataa kanuni za kitawa zilizokwishakubaliwa, wakaruhusiwa kwa sauti tu wafuate azimio lake na kuhubiri [[toba]]. === Maisha ya Ndugu Wadogo huko Asizi === Kisha kurudi kwa furaha Asizi walibanana katika kibanda fulani huko [[Rivotorto]], halafu wakahamia Porsyunkula. Mahali penyewe panatusaidia sana kuelewa karama ya Kifransisko: si maisha ya kimonaki yanayohitaji kujitegemea kwa mashamba makubwa na [[mifugo]], wala ya [[wakaapweke]] wanaohitaji kuishi mbali na watu, bali ni utawa unaohitaji [[utulivu]] na upweke kwa ajili ya [[sala]], lakini pia unadai uhusiano mkubwa na watu wa nje ili kupata [[riziki]] na hasa kuwajenga kwa mifano na maneno. Hivyo si kati ya watu, wala si mbali nao. [[Mchana]] ndugu walikuwa wakienda mjini kufanya [[kazi]] mbalimbali ndogondogo na kuwahimiza watu waishi kwa [[uadilifu]]. Muda uliobaki, hasa [[usiku]], ulikuwa kwa ajili ya sala upwekeni. Maelezo mengine kuhusu maisha ya wakati huo tunayapata tena katika [[wasia]] ambamo Fransisko ametuachia ukumbusho wa kudumu. Jambo la kwanza ni [[ufukara mkuu]] ambao uliwadai ndugu wote wawaachie [[maskini]] [[mali]] zao. Hivyo jumuia haikuwa na kitu, ikaishi kwa shidashida pembeni mwa [[jamii]] kama watu waliotupwa, wakiridhika na [[kanzu]] moja tu, tena duni sana, wakiiongezea sanasana viraka ndani na nje ili kupunguza [[baridi]], halafu [[kamba]] na [[kaptura]]. Mavazi ya namna hiyo yalikusudiwa kudhihirisha hali ya chini ya ndugu wadogo katika Kanisa na jamii kwa hiyo yalitakiwa kusababisha [[dharau]], si [[heshima]]. Jambo la pili ni maisha ya sala, ambayo yalikuwa tofauti kwa ndugu [[wakleri]] na kwa ma[[bradha]] kutokana na [[elimu]] yao: wa kwanza walijua [[Kilatini]], [[lugha ya liturujia]]; wa pili kwa kawaida hawakujua hata kusoma. Hivyo Fransisko na wakleri wengine walitumia [[Sala ya Kanisa]], wakati mabradha walipangiwa kurudiarudia [[Sala ya Bwana]] mara kadhaa. Kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] Fransisko akazidi kupata [[ujuzi]] wa kidini, ila aliendelea kuchukia jambo moja la elimu ya wakleri, yaani kwamba mara nyingi ujuzi wao waliutumia kuipotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya [[sheria]] na hata ya ujumbe wa Mungu. Aliona kwamba elimu hiyo haitoshi kuwafanya watu watambue na kushika kama yeye uhusiano uliopo kati ya mateso ya walio wengi na yale ya Yesu. Ukweli huo unajulikana na watu wenye [[upendo]], si wenye elimu tu. Ndiyo sababu Fransisko katika [[malezi]] hakusisitiza mafundisho na ujuzi kwa jumla, bali [[mang’amuzi]] na mifano inayogusa mioyo. Upande wao mabradha, kama vile katika mifumo mingine ya wakati huo, walitumia Sala ya Bwana ambayo kwao ilikuwa na uzito wa pekee, kutokana na jinsi Fransisko alivyoongoka kwa kumkataa mzazi wake na kumchagua Mungu tu kuwa baba yake: ndiye tegemeo pekee na ndiye anayewafanya watu wote kuwa ndugu. Juu ya msingi huo wa [[udugu]], tofauti ya sala haikuleta [[ubaguzi]] kazi ya wakleri na mabradha: wote walikuwa wakijiona wajinga na kujiweka chini ya yeyote, unavyosisitiza wasia baada ya kukumbuka namna yao ya kusali. Alipouandikisha ameshamruhusu Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]] awafundishe wanashirika mambo ya [[dini]], lakini anaendelea kuogopa elimu hiyo pia itawavimbisha na kuwasogeza mbali na [[wito]] wao wa [[udogo]], kumbe [[ujinga]] unaleta dharau aliyotamani daima. Hivyo tena katika wasia akataja mara [[kazi ya mikono]], akieleza inavyowapasa wote, hata yeye mwenye [[madonda ya Yesu]]! Katika kusisitiza kazi ndogondogo kama za mwanzoni alitoa sababu mbili: moja ni kufukuza [[uvivu]], kama ilivyofundishwa na [[wamonaki]] toka zamani; lakini inayotajwa kwanza ni maalumu kwa kazi hizo za watu wadogo, yaani kutoa mfano mzuri kwa wanaowaona. [[Wafransisko]] wa kwanza walifanya kazi hivyo, pasipo kulenga [[malipo]] moja kwa moja. Ndiyo sababu mara nyingine hawakulipwa chochote kwa kazi waliyoifanya. Hapo wakaikimbilia “meza ya Bwana” kwa kuombaomba nyumbani kwa watu. Zamani hizo katika Kanisa ilieleweka wazi kuwa [[fukara]] ana haki ya kuishi na kuwa Mungu anamkaribisha [[chakula]] kwa njia ya watu wakarimu. Hata hivyo daima kuombaomba kuna ugumu wake, hasa [[aibu]] na dharau za watu. Lakini hizo zinachangia [[ustawi]] wa [[unyenyekevu]] na udogo kwa kuweka kweli katika ngazi ya mwisho ya jamii. Pamoja na malengo hayo, ni wazi kwamba kwa Fransisko njia ya kawaida ya kujipatia riziki ni kufanya kazi wenyewe, si kutegemea tu kazi ya wengine kama walivyotafsiri baadaye shirikani. Jambo lingine la pekee ambalo Fransisko alilikumbuka katika wasia ni salamu ya [[amani]] aliyofunuliwa na Bwana. Amani hiyo ilihitajika sana, hasa wakati huo wa vitavita, lakini yeye alilenga pia amani ya rohoni, yaani amani ya Kimungu inayoondoa [[dhambi]]. Hivyo salamu yake ya Kiinjili ilikuwa kama [[muhtasari]] wa mahubiri yake. Baada ya kukumbusha hayo yote, wasia unasisitiza ufukara wa majengo (nyumba na vikanisa) ya wafuasi wake, pamoja na msimamo ambao wawe nao, yaani wa kuishi huko kama wageni na wasafiri tu, tayari kuondoka siku yoyote kama walivyofanya huko Rivotorto walipomuachia nafasi [[punda]] wa [[mkulima]] mkorofi. Kwa msingi huohuo wa udogo wasia unaongeza katazo la kwamba watawa wasimkimbilie [[Papa]] wala [[ofisi zake]] ili kupewa [[fadhili]], yaani [[idhini]] ya kutenda tofauti na watu wengine. Katazo hilo kali lilikusudiwa tena kulinda udogo wa jamaa yake. Fransisko toka mwanzo alijichagulia nafasi ya mwisho asipende kushindana wala kujilinda na mtu yeyote. Katika kufafanua katazo hilo alitamka wazi kuwa ndugu wadogo wasiombe fadhili hata kama ni kwa ajili ya kuhubiri. Aliutaka [[utume]], lakini hakupenda uharibu udogo: aliona ni afadhali kuacha utume sehemu fulani kuliko kuacha udogo. Hivyo ni wazi tofauti iliyopo kati yake na [[Dominiko Guzman|Mt. Dominiko]]. [[Mwanzilishi]] huyo wa [[Utawa wa Wahubiri]] alilenga uenezaji wa [[ukweli]], akatafuta njia za kufikia lengo hilo, yaani ubora wa mapadri wake kuhusu elimu na [[utakatifu]]; kwake ufukara ulikusudiwa kuwafanya wahubiri wapokewe katika [[mazingira]] yale tuliyoyaeleza. Ili kufikia lengo hilo alijipatia fadhili nyingi toka kwa Papa, uenezaji wa ukweli usije ukazuiwa na [[mamlaka]] nyingine yoyote. Kumbe Fransisko alifanya tofauti, kadiri ya chaguo lake: alipotambua kuwa [[Bwana]] amewaita yeye na wafuasi wake wakaokoe watu, alijitahidi kufanya hivyo lakini bila ya kuacha nafasi ya mwisho aliyojichagulia. Aliona si rahisi kubaki pembeni mwa jamii na mwa Kanisa (kama vile wakoma na wengineo), na papo hapo kujihusisha kikamilifu na maisha ya jamii (ili kuleta amani) na ya Kanisa (kama shirika kubwa ajabu), lakini kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena katika wasia chaguo la mwanzoni, ambalo ni la maana kwa [[karne]] zote kwa vile daima watakuwepo watu wa mwisho wenye kudharauliwa. === Msanii wa Bwana === Hatuwezi kuelewa vizuri maisha hayo ya mwanzoni tusipozingatia jambo lake lingine ambalo ni la pekee katika [[Kanisa la Magharibi]], yaani tabia ya kupenda viigizo na kuchekesha watu ambayo ilichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa uenezi wa Ufransisko na mafanikio ya utume wake. Fransisko alikuwa mfurahivu si kwa [[silika]] tu wala si kutokana na muungano wake na Mungu tu. Alipenda kufanya mambo ya ajabuajabu kwa makusudi mazima ili kuwashangaza watu na kuwafanya watafute majibu ya maswali yaliyojitokeza ndani mwao. Kwa maana hiyo alipenda kujiita “ioculator” (= mtu wa viigizo na vichekesho, [[msanii]]) wa Bwana. Zamani hizo “msanii” alikuwa mtu anayepata riziki kwa kuchekesha watu akitenda mambo ya ajabuajabu popote pale anapopita: tena haogopi kutoa ujumbe mzito katika vichekesho vyake, kwa kuwa amejiweka pembeni mwa jamii. Basi, Fransisko aliamua kuwa mtu wa namna hiyo kwa ajili ya Bwana, yaani kwa lengo la kuwavuta watu na kuwapasha ujumbe wa toba. Ndiyo njia yake ya kufanya utume. Akiwa kwanza mfanyabiashara hodari alijua vizuri namna ya kuwavuta watu wanunue [[bidhaa]] zake; baadaye akatumia [[kipawa]] hicho ili watu wapokee ujumbe wake. Kwa namna za kuvaa na kutenda, pamoja na kuvumilia dharau, yeye na wenzake waliteka [[roho]] za watu, hata walipoacha [[utani]] na kuhimiza toba wakasikilizwa kuliko wahubiri wa kawaida makanisani. Hivyo walitangaza [[Injili]] mitaani katika mazingira ya watu wa kawaida na kwa mitindo na [[lugha]] vinavyotumika mitaani. Basi, baada ya kumaliza kuikarabati Porsyunkula, walishughulika zaidi mjini wakitoa mfano wao na kuhimiza toba; halafu usiku hasa walikazania sala katika utulivu wa porini. Hivyo polepole Waasizi wakabadili mtazamo wao juu yao na kuanza kuwaheshimu. Ushindi huo ulipatikana kwa [[gharama]] kubwa (dharau, mateso n.k.), lakini ushindi muhimu zaidi ni ule walioupata juu yao wenyewe wakijipatia hivyo [[furaha]] na [[uhuru wa wana wa Mungu]]. === Mt. Klara na Dada Wadogo === Kuanzia karne XI [[wanawake]] wa [[Ulaya]] walishika nafasi za maana kuliko kawaida katika jamii na Kanisa, wakijitokeza pia kwa wingi kufuata [[tapo]] lolote la kiroho la Kikatoliki au la kizushi. Kumbe Fransisko hakupata mwanamke yeyote wa kumfuata kwa walau miaka sita tangu aongoke, na hata baada ya kumpata [[Klara wa Asizi|Mt. Klara]], hakuwapata tena wengi. Sababu ni kwamba hakuwa [[mchungaji]] wa roho bali mtu mwenye kutafuta njia yake, wala hakuwa na mpango wa kuanzisha lolote, bali alitaka kushiriki tu hali ya watu wa mwisho. Basi, kwa wanawake nafasi ya mwisho haikuwa tu ile ya wakoma, bali pia ya ma[[kahaba]] na ya [[wachawi]]. Hivyo kwao chaguo la nafasi ya mwisho lilikuwa gumu zaidi, si tu upande wa mateso bali pia upande wa dharau, mbali ya kwamba lingesababisha masingizio juu ya uhusiano wao na ndugu wa kiume. Klara alizaliwa mwaka [[1193]] au [[1194]], hivyo alikuwa na miaka 12-13 Fransisko alipovua [[utu wa kale]] mbele ya mji mzima katika uwanda ule ambako iko nyumba ya Klara. Kwa hakika huyo akaendelea kusikia habari mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko: alivyopata wafuasi, mmojawao [[Rufino]] binamu wa Klara; alivyokubaliwa na Papa n.k. Hatujui kama ni kwa sababu hizo kwamba alikataa [[ndoa]] mbalimbali mpaka akafikia umri wa miaka 18, wala hatujui kama walikutana mara nyingi kwa mashauri ya kiroho. Ila tunajua kwa hakika kuwa baada ya Klara kukimbia nyumbani usiku na kujiunga na jamaa ya ndugu wadogo, akifuatwa na mdogo wake [[Agnesi wa Asizi|Mt. Agnesi]] baada ya [[wiki]] mbili tu, Fransisko alitimiza [[wajibu]] wa kumlisha kiroho kwa mahubiri, mifano na hata maandishi. Kwa [[ushahidi]] wa Klara tunajua kwamba hata kwake himizo kuu la Fransisko lilikuwa kuambatana moja kwa moja na ufukara wa [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Mapema sana (kabla ya mwanzo wa mwaka [[1213]]) Fransisko aliwaahidia akina Klara kuwashughulikia sawa na ndugu wa kiume, akafanya hivyo mpaka kufa, ingawa kipindi fulani alijizuia asiwatembelee kusudi ndugu wengine wasipate [[kisingizio]] cha kufanya hivyo. Klara aliitikia kwa namna bora ya upendo na [[uaminifu]], akamsaidia kuelewa vizuri zaidi wito wake wa kitume. Kufika kwake kwenyewe kulimfanya Fransisko afikirie sana na kushauriana naye juu ya maisha atakayoyashika. Mara wakatambua njia ya wanawake iwe tofauti na ile ya [[wanaume]]: kwa hiyo Klara akawa [[mmonaki]] na baadaye [[abesi]], ingawa kwa kushika kikamilifu ufukara mkuu na kuhusiana kidugu na wenzake. Tofauti na ndugu wadogo, ambao Fransisko aliwaelekeza wafuate “[[mtindo wa Injili takatifu]]”, yaani Yesu alivyowaagiza [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] waende ([[Math]].10:5-15), aliwaelekeza Waklara kwenye “[[ukamilifu]] wa Injili takatifu”, unaoonyeshwa hasa na [[heri nane]] na [[Hotuba ya mlimani|hotuba nzima ya mlimani]] (Math. 5:1-7:27), bila ya kuwabana kwa mtindo huo wenye vipengele vingi vya pekee. Tofauti inaonekana wazi katika ushahidi wa Askofu [[Yakobo wa Vitry]] ulioandikwa mwaka [[1216]] ukieleza maisha ya Wafransisko yalivyokuwa bado mwanzoni: wote walikuwa wanakula [[jasho]] lao, ila ndugu wa kiume kwa kufanya kazi hasa mjini au vijijini, kumbe akina [[dada]] kwa kubaki katika makao yao. Fransisko aliwahurumia daima wanawake hao waliokubali dharau na magumu ya kila aina. Yeye, ambaye hakusita hata kidogo kufuata tu mtindo wa Injili, katika kuwaongoza alizingatia sana [[udhaifu]] wa [[jinsia]] yao, na kama kwa kulazimishwa tu na Klara alimruhusu kushika magumu mengi: kila mara [[huruma]] ya Fransisko na msimamo imara wa Klara vilikutana katika kumpendeza Mungu. Ni baada tu ya kung’amua msimamo huo, kwamba Fransisko alimuahidia atawatunza sawa na ndugu wa kiume. Mwongozo wake wa uso kwa uso ukawa muhimu kuliko kuwaandikia [[kanuni]] fulani: badala yake mwenyewe alichukua [[jukumu]] la kudumisha ufukara mkuu na udugu katika [[monasteri]] ya kike. === Mkutano mkuu === Huyo Yakobo wa Vitry, pamoja na “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”, wanashuhudia jambo lingine muhimu katika Ufransisko, yaani [[mkutano mkuu]] ambao ulikuwa ukifanyika kwanza mara mbili kwa mwaka kwenye [[sikukuu]] ya [[Pentekoste]] na ya [[malaika Mikaeli]], halafu kwenye Pentekoste tu ya kila mwaka, halafu tena kila baada ya miaka mitatu. Kuhusu wahudhuriaji, kwanza walikuwa ndugu wote, lakini walipoongezeka mno na kuenea mpaka mbali wakaruhusiwa kuhudhuria tu wahudumu wa jamaa. Mahali pa kukutana palikuwa Porsyunkula. Kwa muundo huo Fransisko alitaka kudumisha [[umoja]] kati ya wafuasi wake, kwa kuamua pamoja juu ya sheria na mipango ya shirika, lakini hasa kwa kustawisha upendo wao wa kidugu na kwa kuwarudisha pale walipoanzia, wasije wakasogea mbali mno na wito wao wa asili. Mpaka alipoishi, mwenyewe alikuwa [[moyo]] wa mikutano, awe anasikilizwa au kupingwa katika [[juhudi]] zake za kuokoa mambo makuu ya karama yake mbele ya marekebisho yaliyodaiwa ili kulingana na viongozi wa Kanisa, na wingi wa ndugu wa kila aina na mazingira mapya. Marekebisho hayo yalikuwa yanabadilisha polepole sura ya jamaa, isiwe tena kundi dogo la marafiki wanaodharauliwa, bali shirika linaloeleweka na kuheshimika. Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa ya lazima, lakini akikumbuka siku za nyuma alikuwa na [[hamu]] ya kuzirudia: ndio [[utatanishi]] ambao ulimfadhaisha mpaka mwisho ukaendelea kuvuruga umoja wa utawa wake. Upande mmoja ndugu mdogo anapaswa awe mtu wa mwisho katika Kanisa na jamii, kupenda adharauliwe na wote na kukabili magumu kama ya waliotupwa na wenzao. Upande mwingine anapaswa awe [[mwanakanisa]] akishirikiana na wachungaji na kueneza toba kwa maneno yake pia, ambayo yapokewe kama muhimu kwa [[wokovu]] wa watu. Kushika hayo mawili bila ya moja kumponyoka, ndilo [[jaribio]] la Fransisko. Zaidi ya hayo alikuwa akihimiza mkutano mkuu, ila pengine alikataza wasipite kiasi katika [[malipizi]], kama alivyomkataza Klara. Mwishoni, baada ya kuwabariki wote, alikuwa akichunguza na kuruhusu wahubiri wapya kwa kuzingatia walivyo katika ujuzi wa dini, uwezo wa kusema na hasa ubora wa maisha, kwa kuwa alitaka wafundishe kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno. === Uenezi wa shirika na kujihusisha kwa Kanisa la Roma === Yakobo wa Vitry alieleza [[furaha]] yake na [[mshangao]] akiona [[urahisi]] wa ndugu wadogo kupenya aina zote za watu, tofauti na wamonaki na wakleri. Ustawi wa shirika ulifanya lipate [[nguvu]] katika Kanisa na kuenea kwa [[kasi]] mahali pengi. Watawa hao wapya wakaja kuwavutia pia wanabaraza wa Papa, hata makardinali wakataka kuwa nao nyumbani mwao, na uhusiano na Papa ukawa mkubwa zaidi na zaidi. Wakati huohuo nyumba za Kifransisko zikaanza kuwa za kudumu zaidi, ingawa si mali ya shirika, mpaka zikapata kila moja ndugu ambaye awe [[mlinzi]] wa [[wanajumuia]] wenzake. Kwanza aliwashughulikia Kardinali Yohane wa Mt. Paulo, lakini bila ya kujihusisha mno. Baada ya [[kifo chake]] Fransisko akaona umuhimu wa kuwa na mwingine kama [[mwakilishi]] wa Papa, akamuomba awe Hugolino, Kardinali askofu wa [[Ostia]], aliyemtabiria atakuwa Papa (akaja kuitwa Gregori IX). Huyo alikuwa na mang’amuzi mengi ya kisiasa na ya Kikanisa alipokutana naye huko [[Florence]]; Fransisko vilevile alikuwa ameng’amua mengi kuhusu [[uongozi]] wa shirika, tena kwa [[uchungu]], hasa kuwa hataweza kuliongoza peke yake. Ndiyo sababu ukaanzishwa [[muundo]] wa [[provinsya]], yaani [[kanda]] zilizokuwa kila moja chini ya ndugu fulani kama [[mtumishi]]. Ugawaji wa shirika kikanda ulihitajika hasa baada ya kuvuka milima ya Italia Kaskazini ([[Alps]]) kati ya mwaka [[1215]] na [[1217]]. Mwaka huo iliamuliwa pia kuvuka [[Bahari ya Kati]] ili kuendea [[Nchi Takatifu]]. Katika mkutano mkuu ulioamua hivyo, Fransisko aliwaeleza washiriki kuwa mwenyewe hawezi kubaki nyuma kisha kuwatuma ndugu zake wakabiliane na matatizo mengi, hivyo akajichagulia [[Ufaransa]] akaondoka. Alipofika Florence ndipo alikutana na Hugolino, wakafunga [[urafiki]] wa kudumu wakaheshimiana mpaka kufa. Mazungumzo yao ya awali ni kama picha ya yale yatakayofuata: Kardinali akimshauri Fransisko afuate [[busara]], Mt. Fransisko akieleza motomoto sababu za [[imani]] zinazomuongoza, hatimaye Kardinali akinyamaza kwa kutambua Mt. Fransisko anaongozwa na [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. Hugolino alifaulu kumzuia asiende Ufaransa, shirika lisije likashambuliwa mno na wapinzani wake mbalimbali, lakini Fransisko hakukubali kuacha mpango wa kutuma ndugu kwenye nchi nyingine za Kikristo na hata za [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]], akieleza kuwa Mungu aliyewatuma kwa wokovu wa watu wote atawatunza kokote alivyoahidi. Vivyo hivyo baadaye akakubali kiasi tu mashauri ya Hugolino, asiachane na mambo makuu ya wito wake. Mbali na [[dhana]] ya kwamba Kardinali alipotosha [[mfumo]] wa Kifransisko kwa manufaa ya uongozi wa Kanisa, ukweli ni kwamba Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa akitambua madai yenye msingi ya ndugu wapya (hasa wa nchi za mbali na wasomi); zaidi tena [[wema]] wake ulimfanya ayakubali ili kukwepa kikwazo kinachoweza kusababishwa na mabishano kati ya ndugu. Ndiyo mateso ya miaka kumi ya mwisho ya maisha yake: alizidi kuona [[njia]] bora ya kuelekea utakatifu wa Kiinjili, kumbe wafuasi wake wengi wanashindwa kuikubali au wanakataa kuelekezwa, hata kwa kumpinga na kumdharau waziwazi. Hivyo miaka ya ushindi na uenezi wa shirika, ndiyo miaka michungu zaidi kwake, kiasi kwamba akajaribiwa kukata tamaa na kujiona amedanganyika. Lakini akadumu kutegemea [[maongozi ya Mungu]] kwa shirika lake, akapokea mateso hayo pamoja na ya [[mwili]] kama namna nyingine ya kushiriki hali ya watu wa mwisho, na hasa ya Yesu msulubiwa aliyesalitiwa na wanafunzi wake. Kuhusu uenezi wa shirika nje ya Italia tuna vitabu viwili muhimu kwa kuwa viliandikwa na wahusika, [[Jordano wa Giano]] kuhusu [[Ujerumani]], na [[Thomas wa Eccleston]] kuhusu [[Uingereza]]. Hasa huyo wa pili bila ya kukusudia alionyesha wazi jinsi shirika lilivyozidi kusogea mbali na nia ya Fransisko kadiri mahali palipokuwa mbali na Italia na kadiri miaka ilivyozidi kupita. Kwa vyovyote mwanzoni mwa uenezi huo hali ilikuwa ngumu, hasa kwa sababu hayakufanyika [[maandalizi]] yoyote, tena Fransisko alikataa katakata kuwaombea waliotumwa hati ya [[utambulisho]] toka kwa Papa. Hivyo sehemu nyingine walifukuzwa kama wachawi au wazushi, kwa sababu [[Papa Inosenti III]] alikubali shirika na kanuni lakini kwa [[sauti]] tu. Makubwa zaidi yaliwapata akina [[Berardo mfiadini|Berardo]] waliouawa na Waislamu huko [[Moroko]] ([[1220]]): ndio [[wafiadini]] wa kwanza wa shirika. Matukio hayo yalichangia wazo la kuhitajika maandishi yenye kuthibitisha shirika, kwa kuwa Ndugu Wadogo walikuwa hawaeleweki: si wakaapweke, wala wamonaki, wala [[wakanoniki]], wala mapadri [[wanajimbo]], ila walidai kuwa shirika la kitawa bila ya kufuata mojawapo kati ya kanuni nne zilizokubalika kwa watawa. Ni kwamba Fransisko aliogopa kanuni inayofuata mtindo wa kisheria badala ya mtindo wa Kiinjili: msimamo huo ulikuwa kinyume cha mazoea ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] hasa wakati huo. Mt. Fransisko aliona Injili inazidi kutudai kadiri tunavyoendelea Kiroho, kumbe sheria zinaweza kutekelezwa na kumfanya mtu ajipongeze na kuridhika asijitahidi zaidi. Hasa alijua [[ujanja]] wa [[binadamu]] katika kufafanua sheria ili wakwepe mizigo yake. Hata hivyo Kanisa likamdai kanuni maalumu ili kuondoa wasiwasi juu ya shirika hilo jipya. Upinzani huo pia, uliochochewa na wamonaki na mapadri walioshikilia [[mapokeo]] yao, ulionyesha haja ya kuthibitisha shirika kwa kanuni maalumu. Basi, kazi ilikuwa kuitunga: Fransisko aliziandika zaidi ya moja na kuzijaribu mpaka akatoa ile ya kudumu, akisisitiza hasa ufukara mkuu na kutaka [[pesa]] iepukike. Katika kazi hiyo alisaidiwa na ndugu wataalamu wa sheria, mbali ya mapendekezo ya mikutano mikuu na ya Kardinali Hugolino. Juhudi za Fransisko zililenga kuhakikisha kanuni haitazimisha roho, yaani hamu ya ukamilifu wa Kiinjili. Lakini kabla hajakabili moja kwa moja kazi hiyo aliamua kwenda ng’ambo ya Bahari ya Kati kwa jaribio kuu la maisha yake: kumshuhudia Yesu mbele ya [[sultani]] na ikiwezekana kuuawa kama ndugu mdogo halisi. Akaondoka fukara tena mpole, [[silaha]] zake zikiwa ni imani na upendo tu, tofauti na [[Vita vya msalaba|askari wa msalaba]] waliokuwa wakiuana na Waislamu. === Hamu ya kufia dini na ugonjwa wa Mt. Fransisko === [[Picha:SaintFrancisAssisiWithAlKamil15thCentury.JPG|thumb|Fransisko mbele ya Sultani [[al-Kamil]] ([[karne ya 15]]).]] Hata kabla ya mwaka 1219 Fransisko alifunga [[safari]] aende kumshuhudia Yesu kwa Waislamu: katika mwaka wa sita tangu aongoke (1211) alipanda [[meli]] ambayo ikaishia [[Korasya]]; halafu mwaka [[1214]] hivi akaelekea [[Hispania]] ili kuvukia Moroko lakini akaugua ikambidi arudi nyuma. Ni kwamba kuanzia karne XI, kama matokeo ya [[vita vya msalaba]], Wakristo walipata tena hamu kubwa ya kufia dini, wasiridhike na ile namna ya kumfia Yesu siku hadi siku kwa maisha ya kimonaki. Fransisko pia alitamani kumrudishia Yesu ule upendo mkuu wa kutoa [[uhai]] kwa rafiki yake, lakini hakujitafutia mateso kwa kuwashambulia Waislamu kwa silaha wala kwa matusi, bali alijitahidi kuwaokoa kwa mahubiri yake motomoto lakini yenye [[upole]] pia. Kama vile alivyokuwa mstaarabu kwa wote kabla hajaongoka, akaendelea kuwa hivyo hata kwa Waislamu wakati wa vita vikali kati yao na Wakristo, kwa kuwa alisema, “Mungu ni [[ustaarabu]]”. Alikwenda kwenye [[kambi]] lao kama [[mwanakondoo]] kati ya [[mbwamwitu]], bila ya [[ulinzi]] wala hati ya kumtetea. Mbele ya sultani alibishana na [[shehe]] wake, akaheshimiwa kwa [[ujasiri]] wake wa kuhatarisha uhai wake ili kuokoa watu, na kwa ufukara wake uliomfanya akatae [[zawadi]] yoyote. Ni wazi alikuwa na [[karama]] ya kuvutia watu wowote, hata wasio Wakristo (mpaka leo anayo, ilivyoonekana siku ya kuombea amani iliyokusanya viongozi wa dini zote huko Asizi mwaka [[1986]]). Fransisko alibaki [[Mashariki ya Kati]] ([[Siria]], [[Misri]] na [[Israeli]]) zaidi ya mwaka mmoja. Kabla hajaondoka Italia, akijitambua kuwa [[mkuu wa shirika]] kubwa, aliacha ndugu wawili kama [[makamu]] wake ([[Mathayo wa Narni]] na [[Gregori wa Napoli]]) akiwagawia [[madaraka]]. Lakini kazi iliyokuwa ngumu kwa mwanzilishi mwenyewe ikawashinda, na juhudi zao hazikufaa: k.mf. walitunga sheria mpya kuhusu [[mfungo]] ili zilingane na zile kali za mashirika mengine. Kumbe Fransisko hakuzipenda, akitaka zaidi kufuata Injili inayoruhusu kula vyovyote vilivyoandaliwa kwa watu wa Mungu. Kwake ilikuwa muhimu kuwa fukara kweli, na hivyo kukosa hakika ya kupata kila siku vyakula mbalimbali ambayo ingemdai mtu ajipangie mipaka asije akawa mlafi. Mfungo wa Kifransisko hasa si wa kujichagulia, bali unatokana na maisha yenyewe. Vilevile juhudi za ndugu wengine zilileta [[vurugu]] zikienda kinyume cha nia ya Fransisko ya kutoomba hati za utetezi kutoka kwa Papa na kuhusu namna ya kuhudumia wakoma. Hali ya shirika ikawa ngumu kiasi kwamba bradha Stefano akavuka [[bahari]] bila ya [[ruhusa]] akamuarifu Fransisko, ambaye, kisha kushauriana na [[Petro Cattani]], na kufunuliwa na Mungu la kufanya, akarudi haraka Italia akarudisha hali ya kwanza. Lakini aliona pia umuhimu wa kuwa na Kardinali mmojawapo ambaye alishughulikie shirika akamuomba kwa Papa kama tulivyokwishaeleza. Ndipo pia alipokabili moja kwa moja kazi ya kutunga [[kanuni ya kudumu]]. Kwa ajili hiyo alimuomba [[msaada]] ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[Biblia]], apambe maagizo ya Kanuni kwa maneno hasa ya Injili ili sheria zisizimishe hamu ya ukamilifu: madondoo hayo yanachukua thuluthi moja ya [[Kanuni ya mwaka 1221]]. Lakini tarehe [[29 Septemba]] [[1220]] katika mkutano mkuu Fransisko akachukua hatua nyingine ya kushangaza, alijiuzulu katika wadhifa wa mkuu wa shirika. Sababu ni mbalimbali: hali mbaya ya [[afya]], matatizo ya shirika, hamu ya kurudi chini na kutii badala ya kuwa [[kiongozi]] anayeheshimiwa na Kanisa lote. Pamoja na kuacha uongozi rasmi, hakuacha kuwajibika kama [[kielelezo]] kwa wote na [[mtungasheria]] mkuu. Toka mwanzo waliomfuata hawakuzingatia sheria fulani, bali walikusudia kufanana naye; upande wake hakukubali kuwadanganya kwa kuwaonyesha utakatifu nusunusu au kuridhika na sifa yake bila ya kulingana nayo siku kwa siku. Hasa miaka ya mwisho akakazana asije akawa mtu wa kuheshimiwa badala ya mfano wa kufuatwa. Ndiyo sababu aliacha uongozi rasmi wa shirika ili aweze kuwa kielelezo wazi zaidi cha Ndugu Mdogo hasa katika kutii. Ni vema tujiulize namna gani mfano wake uliweza kuwagusa watu wote. Upande mmoja ni kwamba wanahitajika watu wa Mungu, lakini hasa wasio mbali na jamii bali ni wenye kushiriki mang’amuzi ya watu wa kawaida, na wenye kupatwa na magumu ya maisha ya kila siku, hasa ya maskini. Upande wa pili [[nafsi]] yenyewe ya Fransisko ilivutia wote hata kabla hajaongoka, na [[mvuto]] huo wa ki[[maumbile]] ukaja kuzidishwa na utakatifu aliojaliwa. Uamuzi wake wa moja kwa moja wa kushika nafasi ya mwisho ulisababisha kwanza dharau, lakini baadaye heshima kwa kuwa unagusa mioyo ya wote, ukionyesha tena njia ya Mwana wa Mungu aliyeshiriki kabisa hali ya binadamu jinsi ilivyo kimaisha. Maneno yake mepesi, matendo yake ya kueleweka, mwenendo wake wa kupendeza, salamu yake ya amani, [[kipawa]] chake cha kushirikisha furaha na uchungu, na mengineyo yalichangia ushindi wake. Lakini mwenyewe alilenga zaidi ushindi mwingine, yaani ule wa kuona [[furaha kamili]] katika majaribu ya kila aina, hata kutoka kwa wafuasi wake. Kati ya mateso yaliyomuathiri hatuwezi kusahau yale ya mwili. Wote wanashuhudia kwamba tangu [[ujana]] wake alikuwa dhaifu, lakini baada ya kuongoka akatesa mwili wake kiasi cha kulazimika baadaye auombe umsamehe. Halafu alipokwenda ng’ambo ya bahari alipatwa na [[maradhi]] mawili ya kudumu, [[malaria]] (ambayo haikuwa na [[tiba]] wakati huo) na [[trakoma]] (inayosababisha [[upofu]] wa [[hatua kwa hatua]]). Mbali ya mateso ya maradhi yenyewe, labda ni makali zaidi yale ya [[matibabu]] ambayo aliagizwa na [[ndugu Elia]] na Kardinali, akayavumilia kishujaa kabisa, k.mf. alipochomwa mishipa yote ya [[damu]] kati ya [[sikio]] na [[jicho]] kwa kutumia [[chuma]] cha [[moto]]. Ili ashiriki zaidi mateso ya wakoma na wengineo, na hasa ya Mwana wa Mungu, hakujihurumia kama wagonjwa wengi, bali alizidi kuwahurumia wengine, kama vile ndugu waliomuuguza, wenyeji wake waliosumbuliwa na wageni waliomtembelea, na wagonjwa fukara. Tena hakuacha ukali wa malipizi yake kwa lengo la kuwa mfano bora kwa wanashirika. Nguvu zake za kiroho tu zilimfanya azidi kulishughulikia shirika na kulitungia kanuni katika hali hiyo ya [[ugonjwa]], pamoja na kuandika [[barua]] kwa watu mbalimbali na kudai atembezwe juu ya punda ili atoe ujumbe wa Mungu walau hivyo akishindwa kuhubiri. === Uandishi wa Kanuni === [[File:Regra bulada.jpg|thumb|Kanuni ya kudumu iliyothibitishwa na Papa Honori III tarehe 29 Novemba 1223.]] Kama alivyokubali jamaa yake igeuke kuwa shirika, tena kubwa, Fransisko alipaswa kukubali linahitaji miundo ya kufaa, kama vile mwaka wa [[unovisi]] (ulioagizwa na [[Papa Honori III]] mwaka 1220) na hasa kanuni. Ni vigumu leo kutambua mabadiliko yote yaliyofanyika katika yale maneno machache ya Injili yaliyokubaliwa na Inosenti III kwa sauti tu (1209) mpaka ikathibitishwa kanuni ya kudumu ([[1223]]). Miaka hiyo yote Fransisko alishughulikia [[ufumbuzi]] wa [[suala]] hilo zito, akisaidiwa au kupingwa na watu wengine, hasa wanashirika. Kama kumbukumbu ya kazi hiyo inabaki sanasana [[kanuni isiyothibitishwa]], ambayo inashuhudia hatua iliyofikiwa mwaka 1221, na ambayo iliongoza utungaji wa kanuni ya kudumu. Kwa jumla katika ile isiyothibitishwa, [[sura]] 17 za kwanza ni za zamani kuliko zile zinazofuata. Sura ya mwisho (24) ni sala tu ambayo ilitungwa na Fransisko na kubandikwa kama nyongeza. Kwa nini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa? Nani hakuridhika nayo? Mwenyewe au wafuasi wake au viongozi wa Kanisa? Hakika yeye alipendezwa nayo sana kwa jinsi inavyohimiza kuishi Kiinjili: ndiyo sababu mwishoni aliandika ndugu hawaruhusiwi kuongeza wala kupunguza wala kubadili hiyo kanuni. Kumbe Kanisa lilidai kanuni iwe na sura ya kisheria zaidi. Hivyo kazi ya Fransisko ikaendelea, alivyoshuhudia hasa [[ndugu Leo]] ambaye alikuwa [[karani]] wake na kufuatana naye na [[ndugu Bonisyo]] kwenye [[mlima]] wa [[Fonte Colombo]] ili kukamilisha kanuni majira ya baridi kali kati ya mwaka [[1222]] na 1223. Leo ametueleza upinzani wa akina Elia na uchungu wa Fransisko aliokuwa anautoa katika sala, hasa kutokana na hakika aliyokuwanayo juu ya matakwa ya Mungu kwa shirika lake: alikuwa akitulia tu katika nia yake ya kuzidi kuonyesha kwa matendo yake yale ambayo Yesu alimfunulia. Hata hivyo, ndugu wengi hawakukubali kuyapokea kama sheria kwao. Ilimbidi akubali baadhi ya madai yao, pamoja na mashauri mbalimbali ya Kardinali na labda ya Papa mwenyewe. Lakini, pamoja na kutimiza hivyo udogo wake, hakukubali kuacha yaangushwe mambo makuu ya wito wake. Hivyo kanuni ya kudumu kwa jumla inafuata ile isiyothibitishwa, tena inaonyesha wazi kuwa mwandishi mkuu ni Fransisko, pia mengine yamesisitizwa naye hata kuliko alivyofanya katika kanuni ya muda. Pamoja na hayo, shida kubwa aliyoiona ni kwamba kanuni ya kudumu kwa mtindo wake wa kisheria inaeleweka zaidi, lakini pia inawaruhusu wanasheria kuitafsiri kwa namna inayoiondolea umotomoto wake. Ingawa hakuweza kukwepa maendeleo hayo, mpaka mwisho wa maisha yake alitafuta [[mbinu]] nyingine, kama vile kufanya Porsyunkula iwe kielelezo cha kudumu, [[ndugu Bernardo]] awe mfano bora wa ndugu mdogo baada ya mwanzilishi kufa, na hasa wasia wake mfupi na mrefu ambao karne zilizofuata ukazidi kuchochea uaminifu wa wafuasi wake na kusababisha marekebisho mengi ya shirika. Tarehe [[29 Novemba]] 1223 kanuni ilithibitishwa na Honori III ikawa [[sheria ya Kanisa]] ambayo Fransisko mwenyewe hakuweza kuibadilisha tena. Kwake na kwa Kanisa haukuwepo [[wasiwasi]] kuhusu kanuni kuwa ileile ingawa imerekebishwarekebishwa. Kama vile tangu mwaka 1209 hadi 1223, hata baadaye alidai kuwa ndiyo Injili yenyewe, yaani [[kiini]] chake. Kwa njia ya kanuni hiyo Kanisa lilipokea aina mpya ya utawa isiyofuata sheria za kawaida. Katika kanuni zimeingia kwa pamoja karama ya Fransisko na mamlaka ya Kanisa linalopokea toka kwa Bwana wake zawadi ya [[maisha yaliyowekwa wakfu]] likiifafanua na kuiratibu na kuipa miundo ya kudumu. Fransisko aliufurahia [[uthibitisho]] wa Kanisa akazidi kuwahimiza ndugu zake waifuate hiyo kanuni akiwabariki kwa kila namna. Lakini katika kuielewa tunapaswa kuzingatia pia msimamo wa Kanisa lililoithibitisha. Lenyewe linadai mpaka leo ufafanuzi wake rasmi ubaki mikononi mwake, kama ulivyotolewa na Gregori IX ([[1230]]), [[Papa Nikolasi III|Nikola III]] ([[1279]]), [[Papa Klementi V|Klementi V]] ([[1312]]) na [[Papa Inosenti XI|Inosenti XI]] ([[1679]]). Upande wa Fransisko tukumbuke hakika yake ya kuwa ameangazwa na Mungu aonyeshe upya mtindo wa Injili takatifu kama njia bora ya ukamilifu. Kwa msingi huo aliita kanuni [[kitabu]] cha [[uzima]], [[tumaini]] la wokovu, [[uti]] wa Injili, njia ya ukamilifu, [[ufunguo]] wa [[paradiso]], [[sharti]] la [[agano la milele]]. Kwa njia yake ndugu wanaweza kupata utulivu wa kweli na kuonja [[utamu]] na wepesi wa [[nira]] ya Kristo. Kwa wokovu wao alitaka wajifunze maneno ya kanuni na maana yake, na kuitafakari ili washinde [[ulegevu]] na kutimiza [[ahadi]] zao. Alitaka watumishi wajitahidi kufanya itekelezwe kikamilifu kama alivyojitahidi mwenyewe aliyeandika kuwa wanaoivunja hawahesabu tena kama Wakatoliki wala ndugu zake wala hataki kuwaona mpaka watubu. Mwishowe alitaka kila ndugu mdogo afe akishika kanuni mikononi. Katika wasia aliwakataza pia ndugu wote wasifafanue kanuni wasije wakaipotosha katika [[unyofu]] na [[usafi]] wake. Bila ya shaka hakuweza kumkataza Papa asitoe [[ufafanuzi]], wala hakuwa na nia ya kuzuia maelezo manyofu yenye kulenga [[utekelezaji]] wake mtakatifu. [[Historia]] ya shirika ikaja kushuhudia kuwa unyofu huo mbele ya kanuni ndio uliostawisha utakatifu wa ndugu na utume wao: marekebisho ya mfululizo ya shirika ni kazi ya Roho Mtakatifu anayehuisha shirika la Ndugu Wadogo katika njia ya Injili wasipoachana na unyofu huo. === Maandishi mengine ya Mt. Fransisko === [[File:Manuscrito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|Baraka kwa ndugu Leo, iliyoandikwa na Fransisko kwa mkono wake mwaka 1224]] [[File:Cantico delle Creature.djvu|thumb|Toleo la zamani kuliko yote yanayojulikana ya [[Utenzi wa viumbe]], linalotunzwa katika [[maktaba]] ya [[Konventi takatifu]] ya Mt. Fransisko, huko Asizi.]] Kanuni ndiyo maandishi yaliyojenga zaidi utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo na Kanisa pia. Tunasema ni ya Fransisko ingawa alisaidiwa kuitunga: kwa kiasi fulani ni vilevile kuhusu maandishi yake mengine ya [[Kilatini]] na ya Kiitalia. Kati yake tunaanza kuona mawili yanayotusaidia sana kuelewa historia ya shirika iliyofuata. Ya kwanza ni kanuni fupi kwa [[makao ya upwekeni]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa mwelekeo huo wa Fransisko na wenzake ambao ukawa mwelekeo wa wale wote waliotamani kurudia ufukara na [[unyofu]] wa mwanzoni. Ya pili ni barua kwa Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa msimamo wa mwisho wa Fransisko kuhusu masomo yaliyokuja kushika nafasi kubwa katika shirika na kuchangia tukio la ndugu wengi kuishi mijini katika [[konventi]] kubwa (ndiyo asili ya jina “[[Wakonventuali]]”). Kanuni hiyo fupi iliandikwa kati ya mwaka [[1217]] na [[1221]], yaani wakati kanuni ya muda ilipokomaa kutokana na mang’amuzi ya shirika. Mtindo wa maisha ulikuwa umebadilika: ndugu wengi, badala ya kuishi karibu na miji au vijiji wakifanya kazi na watu [[mchana]] na kukesha kwa Mungu [[usiku]], wamekuwa wanapendelea kuishi mbali na watu ili kusali tu. Kwa ajili hiyo yaliongezeka makao maalumu ya upwekeni ambamo ndugu wanaishi kwa muda fulani wakishika [[desturi]] mbalimbali za [[wamonaki]]. Fransisko aliona umuhimu wa kuuratibu mwelekeo huo ulingane na [[karama]] ya Ndugu Wadogo, kama vile alivyofanya pamoja na Klara kwa wamonaki wake wa kike. Hivyo kanuni hiyo inasisitiza udugu na upendo kati ya [[wakaapweke]], pamoja na udogo. Katika roho hiyo ya Kifransisko zinakubalika desturi zifuatazo za kimonaki: kuwa na [[ugo]], chumba cha binafsi, [[ratiba]] inayofuata vipindi vyote vya [[Sala ya Kanisa]], pamoja na kuamka usiku wa manane kwa [[Kipindi cha Masomo]], na [[kimya kikuu]] hadi [[Sala ya Kabla ya Adhuhuri]]. Fransisko alivutiwa sana na maisha hayo, kwa sababu yalimwezesha kushika ufukara wa pekee, akiishi ma[[pango]]ni kati ya miamba na katika vibanda vya [[fito]]. Sababu nyingine ilikuwa kukwepa usumbufu wa watu waliomtafuta ili kumuona na kumheshimu. Hatujui kanuni hiyo fupi iliendelea kufuatwa mpaka lini, lakini mfumo wa upwekeni ukabaki na kuchochea [[juhudi]] katika shirika hadi leo, mbali ya kwamba desturi hizo zilienea mapema katika konventi zote. [[Barua kwa Mt. Antoni]] iliandikwa baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, yaani mwaka [[1224]] au [[1225]]. Hiyo mistari michache yenye sura ya kisheria ilikuwa [[jibu]] rasmi kwa [[ombi]] la kuruhusiwa awafundishe [[teolojia]] Ndugu Wadogo. Labda Antoni mwenyewe aliombwa afanye kazi hiyo akiwa [[msomi]] wa kwanza katika shirika. Kwa vyovyote hakupenda kuleta jambo jipya utawani pasipo [[ruhusa]] ya mzee wake. Huyo akimjibu aliheshimu [[elimu]] yake kwa kumuita “Askofu wangu”, halafu akamkubalia akitambua ni hatua isiyoepukika, lakini akaweka sharti lilelile linalohusu kazi yoyote, yaani kwamba [[roho ya sala]] na ibada isizimishwe nayo. Ufupi wa barua, pamoja na utovu wa mapambo, unadokeza hali ya ndani ya mwandishi, kwamba aliamua kukubali kama kwa kulazimishwa na maendeleo ya shirika, ingawa anatambua hatari za kibali chake kwa siku za mbele. Basi, akamuachia Antoni jukumu la kuhakikisha masomo yasizimishe roho ya sala, akimuamini huyo mfuasi bora aliyeficha usomi wake kusudi awe ndugu mdogo halisi. Hivyo ni wazi kwamba Fransisko hakuiogopa teolojia yenyewe: hivyo, ingawa alijiita [[mjinga]] kwa kutokuwa na [[elimu ya juu]], alijiongezea mwaka hadi mwaka ujuzi wa Maandiko Matakatifu kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] akajitafutia msaada wa ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]] ili kupamba kanuni ya muda kwa madondoo ya [[Biblia]]. Aliyoyaogopa ni [[kiburi]] cha wasomi, [[majivuno]] ya [[wahubiri]], na hasa [[ujanja]] wa [[wanasheria]], akijua kwamba hayo yote yanazuia [[Neno la Mungu]] lisizae matunda. Alitaka neno lipokewe kwa unyofu jinsi lilivyo na kutekelezwa; basi, njia pekee ya kuweza kufanya hivyo ni sala ya kudumu. Bila ya shaka, Antoni katika kufundisha alitimiza sharti alilowekewa, kama walivyokuja kufanya baada yake [[walimu]] kadhaa, hasa Mt. Bonaventura. Lakini mwaka wa kifo cha Antoni ([[1231]]) waliingia shirikani walimu wa [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Paris]], ambao wakaendelea kufuata mitindo walioizoea nje ya [[Ufransisko]]. Hapo ndugu wadogo kama [[mwenye heri]] [[Egidi wa Asizi]] walilaani mji huo wakisema umeharibu kabisa Asizi, yaani karama ya mwanzoni. Basi, barua hiyo inathibitisha tena [[busara]] ya Fransisko katika kukubali mabadiliko kadhaa asiache kupigania kiini cha karama yake, kuambatana na Yesu aliyeshika nafasi ya mwisho hapa duniani, akishikamana na watu wadogo, si kwa lengo la kuwapatia maendeleo ya kidunia tu, bali hasa kuwarudishia hakika ya kuwa ni wa maana kwa Mungu, kama si kwa watu wenye uwezo. Historia ya karne zilizofuata ikathibitisha ushindi wa Fransisko, yaani [[uhai]] wa karama hiyo katika Kanisa. Kuhusu maandishi mengine aliyotuachia, tukumbuke kwamba [[maradhi]] yalikuja kumzuia kwa kiasi fulani asiendelee kusafiri sana kwa ajili ya [[utume]]. Hasa baada ya kutiwa [[madonda matakatifu]] akaja kuhitaji mfululizo ndugu [[wauguzi]] ambao wakawa hivyo ma[[shahidi]] wa mambo mengi waliyoyaandika hapo baadaye. Walishuhudia [[mateso]] yaliyompata upande wa [[mwili]] na wa [[roho]], yaliyomhusu binafsi na yaliyolihusu shirika na [[upinzani]] ndani yake. Hata katika hali hiyo hakukubali kulegeza maisha yake, akitaka azidi kuwa kielelezo cha ndugu mdogo kwa wote. Vilevile alipopunguza utume wake, hakuacha kuwashughulikia watu walau kwa maandishi. Basi, tutayachambua kidogo kama njia bora ya kumfahamu mwenyewe na mang’amuzi yake. Jambo ambalo linarudiarudia daima ni umuhimu mkuu wa [[Mwili na Damu ya Kristo]]. Fransisko katika maandishi anaonekana [[mwenezaji]] wa pekee wa [[heshima]] kwa [[sakramenti]] hiyo. Katika hilo alifuata maagizo ya [[Mtaguso IV wa Laterano]], lakini alipanga heshima hiyo katika ibada yake kwa Yesu. Kwake ni [[ajabu]] upendo uliomfanya awe [[mwanadamu]] hata akakubali kufa, na ni ajabu zaidi kwamba baada ya kurudi mbinguni anazidi kuitikia padri anapomuita katika [[maumbo]] ya mkate na divai. Kutokana na hayo alidai padri aheshimiwe na kujiheshimu kwa kuishi kitakatifu pamoja na kuadhimisha na kutunza vema Mwili wa Kristo. Kuhusu [[barua]] halisi kwa mtu maalumu zimebaki chache sana; zilizo nyingi zilitumwa kwa viongozi wa shirika, kwa wakuu wa [[serikali]], kwa [[wakleri]] na kwa [[waamini]] wengine wote kwa jumla. Lengo lilikuwa kusisitiza mawazo yake makuu yashikwe na kufanyiwa kazi. [[Barua kwa shirika lote]] ilikusudiwa kukumbusha [[wajibu]] wa kila ndugu kama alivyokuja kufanya katika [[wasia]]. Kwa waamini jumla aliandika mapema barua nyingine ambayo wengi wanaamini kuwa ndio mtindo wa maisha ambayo aliwapendekezea watu wa toba ambao walivutiwa na mfano wake wakaja kuitwa [[Utawa wa Tatu]]. Ndiyo sababu tunaikuta mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Paulo VI]] kwa Wafransisko wa Ulimwenguni, na nusu yake ya kwanza imo pia mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kwa mashirika ya Utawa wa Tatu. Toleo la kwanza la barua hiyo lina sura mbili, kuhusu wanaofanya toba, halafu kuhusu wasiofanya toba. Kwa Fransisko toba ni kumpenda na kumuabudu Mungu kwa nguvu zote na kuzitii [[amri]] zake. Toleo la pili likaongeza mambo mbalimbali, hasa ukurasa juu ya Neno wa Baba ambamo alijumlisha [[fumbo la wokovu]] ili wote waishi kulingana nalo. Tofauti na vijitabu hivyo vyenye sura ya barua ya wazi, kipo kingine cha pekee kilichosababisha wataalamu wabishane sana: ni [[mawaidha]] ishirini na manne ambayo ni kama [[muhtasari]] wa mafundisho ya Kibiblia ambayo Fransisko aliyasisitiza zaidi. Hatujui nani aliyakusanya wala lini. Si ajabu kwamba sura ya kwanza inahusu [[ekaristi]] na kueleza kwa undani imani kutokana na [[maisha ya sala hasa]]. Sura nyingine karibu zote zinahusu njia ya ufukara mkuu na unyenyekevu wa moyo. Kuanzia XIII mawaidha yana mtindo wa [[Heri]], yakichimba zile za [[hotuba ya mlimani]]], isipokuwa XXVII inamchora [[mtumishi wa Mungu]] ambaye maadili yake yamekomaa na kulingana yote, yakishinda vilema. Aina ya mwisho ya maandishi ya Mt. Fransisko ni sala ambazo alizitunga na kuzitumia na ambazo zinatuwezesha kupenya [[siri]] ya roho yake katika uhusiano na Mungu ambao ulifikia vilele visivyoelezeka. Katika maandishi ya aina hiyo hakulenga kuwaelekeza watu wafuate karama yake wala kuwahimiza wamtumikie Mungu, bali ni yeye na Mungu tu, hivyo tunafikia chanzo cha maandishi mengine na cha maisha yote ya Fransisko. Kati ya sala hizo tunaweza kutia maanani [[Sifa za Mungu]] alizoziandika kwa mikono yake kwa faida ya [[ndugu Leo]], huko mlimani [[Alverna]], mara baada ya kung’amua mateso na upendo wa Yesu msalabani. Ni tunda la moto la kumtazama Mungu na kumuitia kwa majina na sifa mbalimbali kutokana na Biblia, liturujia au moyo wenyewe wa Mt. Fransisko: ndivyo alivyozama ndani ya Mungu akirudia kumuelekea na kusema, “Wewe…” [[File:Mount subasio.JPG|thumb|left|Bonde la Umbria likiwa na [[Mlima Subasio]] kwa nyuma: upande wa kushoto inaonekana [[Assisi]] katikati ya mlima.]] Sala nyingine ya pekee aliitunga si kwa Kilatini, bali kwa [[lugha]] yake mwenyewe akiweza hivyo kutokeza kwa urahisi mkubwa zaidi yale aliyokuwanayo moyoni. Ni [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]], [[shairi]] la kwanza la Kiitalia, ambalo alilitunga baada ya usiku wa mateso na majaribu ya kukatisha tamaa mnamo Aprili au Mei 1225, ambapo mwishoni aliahidiwa na Mungu [[uzima wa milele]]. Katika [[furaha]] isiyoelezeka ya kuwa na [[hakika]] hiyo akiwa bado duniani, Fransisko alianza kumsifu Mungu kwa viumbe vyake ambavyo yeye kuliko watakatifu wote alijaliwa kuona vinavyohusiana na [[Muumba]]. Tusisahau hali ya [[afya]] yake wakati huo, ambapo hakuweza kuona kitu wala kuvumilia [[mwanga]], ila alikumbuka kwa [[shukrani]] mazuri yote aliyoyaona hasa katika [[bonde]] la [[Spoleto]], ambalo alisema hajaona mahali pazuri zaidi. Katika utenzi huo hataji viumbe hai isipokuwa binadamu, ambaye anapaswa kumsifu Mungu hasa kwa njia ya [[msamaha]] na [[uvumilivu]]. Basi, alianza akimtukuza Mungu kama alivyozoea, kwa maneno mbalimbali, lakini mara tu akakiri kuwa binadamu hastahili hata kumtaja. Baada ya kutamka wazi jinsi Mungu alivyo Mkuu mno kuliko mtu, akaanza kumsifu kwa ndugu [[jua]]: ndicho [[kiumbe]] kilichomuuma zaidi kwa wakati huo, lakini linammaanisha Mungu kwa namna ya pekee. Halafu akamsifu kwa [[mwezi]], [[nyota]], [[upepo]], [[majira]], [[maji]], [[moto]] na [[ardhi]] inayotuzalia ma[[tunda]], ma[[ua]] na ma[[jani]]. Hatimaye akafunga utenzi akiwahimiza watu kumsifu, kumtukuza, kumshukuru na kumtumikia Mungu kwa unyenyekevu mkubwa. Utenzi huo unapinga [[uzushi]] ambao wakati huo uliambukiza wengi na kuwafanya waone [[ulimwengu]] ni mbaya na unatawaliwa na [[shetani]]. Fransisko hakubishana nao katika [[mihadhara ya dini]] walivyofanya [[Wadominiko]], ila aliimba kwa lugha ya watu wadogo na kwa namna inayovutia juu ya uzuri na faida ya viumbe vinavyotangaza wema wa Muumba. Kwa kupokea ujumbe huo watu walikingiwa uzushi huo. Ndiyo njia ya Ndugu Wadogo katika utume: kuwaelekea watu wadogo kwa namna rahisi inayowasaidia kumgeukia Mungu kwa moyo wote. Usomi uliwazuia wengi wasione njia hiyo wala kuwafikia watu wa kawaida. Kumbe huyo mtu mnyofu, aliyejiita mjinga, aliwaelewa na kuwafikishia ujumbe wa imani. Mtazamo mfurahivu uliomwezesha kuviona vyote kuwa ni ndugu zake, kwa kuwa vimeumbwa na Mungu yuleyule kwa faida ya mtu, ulimfanya asichoke kumshukuru na kuwaalika wote wafanye vilevile. Kuhusu mabaya yanayotokea pia hakuwalaumu mashetani, kwa kusema ndio walioharibu ulimwengu, bali aliwaona kama [[askari]] wa Bwana waliopewa kazi ya kuadhibu makosa ya binadamu. Huyo ndiye mkuu wa viumbe vinavyoonekana, na ndiye aliyeharibu ulimwengu wote kuanzia [[dhambi ya asili]]. Katika maandishi yake Fransisko anatukumbusha kuwa yaliyotupata ni matokeo ya [[dhambi]] zetu, na kuwa tunapaswa kutubu kwa kushiriki kazi ya Mkombozi. Mwenyewe alizingatia sana [[fumbo la msalaba]]: toka mwanzo wa [[uongofu]] wake alimzingatia Yesu katika ukweli wa mateso yake ambayo yalianza pangoni yakaendelea maisha yake yote kabla hayajafikia kilele chake huko [[Kalivari]]. Kwa njia yake ukweli huo pia ukaja kuenea ukifuta uzushi uliomuona Yesu kama [[malaika]] tu. Ukweli huo unadai si imani tu, bali upendo na [[mshikamano]] naye. Kwa misingi hiyo Fransisko hakuweza kushindwa na [[uchungu]] wote wa miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, bali aliugeuza kuwa [[furaha kamili]]. Ndio ushindi wake pamoja na Kristo, uliothibitisha mafundisho yake. Ndivyo alivyoweza kuongeza baadaye mistari mingine katika utenzi huo ili kumsifu Mungu hata kwa ndugu kifo. === Miaka ya mwisho === [[File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kaburi]] la Fransisko huko [[Asizi]].]] Baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, Fransisko alikwenda [[Greccio]] kujitafutia kimya na upweke. Ndipo alipopata wazo la kuadhimisha [[Noeli]] kwa namna mpya ili kuitia maanani zaidi. Kwa msaada wa mtawala wa kijiji hicho, kwa ushirikiano wa wananchi na kwa mahudhurio ya ndugu wengi, liliandaliwa [[pango]] lenye majani makavu, [[ng’ombe]] na [[punda]], halafu ikaadhimishwa [[Misa]] ambapo Fransisko, akiwa shemasi, alisoma Injili na kuhubiri kwa utamu mkubwa. Lengo lilikuwa kuwafanya Wakatoliki wote wakumbuke jinsi [[Mwana wa Mungu]] alivyojishusha duniani, si tu kwa kujifanya mtu, bali pia kwa namna alivyozaliwa na alivyoishi. Chaguo lake la ufukara lilitegemea ukweli wa maisha ya Yesu kama mtu wa mwisho na mtu wa mateso. Baada ya miezi michache ufuasi huo wa moja kwa moja ukaja kuthibitishwa na madonda matano aliyotiwa juu ya [[La Verna]]. Kati ya Greccio na mlima huo, Fransisko alipitia maisha ya Yesu na kuyafanya yawe mang’amuzi yake matamu na ya kutisha pamoja. Ndivyo alivyozidi kutambua ubora wa mifano: kwa kuwa Yesu ametufundisha kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno; upendo tu unaweza kupenya mafumbo yake na kupokea kikamilifu ujumbe uliofichika humo. Kwa upendo wa namna hiyo Fransisko alipanda mlimani ili kuishi na ndugu wachache msituni. Katikati ya mwezi Septemba [[1224]] alifikiwa na [[njozi]] ya pekee ambayo ilimuachia mwilini [[madonda ya Yesu]]. Kwa kuwa yeye aliyaficha akaagiza wenzake pia watunze [[siri]]; baada ya kufa tu watu wengi wakaja kujionea katika [[maiti]] yake ajabu hilo, ambalo liligusa zaidi mioyo kwa sababu ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kutukia duniani. Mbali ya mateso hayo aliyojaliwa Kimungu, miaka ya mwisho ya Fransisko iliendelea kujaa yale ya kibinadamu pia. Kwanza [[maradhi]] ambayo [[matibabu]] aliyoagizwa kuyapata hayakuleta [[nafuu]], bali yalizidi kuharibu na kumtesa: inatosha tukumbuke alivyochomwa kwa [[chuma]] cha [[moto]] kuanzia [[jicho]] hadi [[sikio]]. Halafu juhudi zake za kuendelea kuwa kielelezo cha toba kwa wafuasi wake, ambao upande wao walizidi kumtia uchungu hata katika kumtumikia na kumheshimu. Bila kusahau majaribu ya [[usiku wa roho]] yaliyoendelea mpaka katikati ya mwaka [[1225]], alipoahidiwa [[uzima wa milele]]. Miaka hiyo ina mashahidi wa pekee, yaani ndugu wanne waliomuuguza mfululizo: [[Anjelo Tancredi]], [[Ndugu Leo|Leo]], [[Ndugu Rufino|Rufino]] na [[Yohane wa Masifu]]. Wa kwanza kati yao wanajulikana sana kwa jina la [[Wenzi Watatu]]: baadaye wakaja kuandika kwa [[utiifu]] mambo waliyoyaona na kuyasikia. Kwa njia yao tunaweza kufuata hatua kwa hatua maendeleo ya [[malaria]], iliyomsumbua Fransisko miaka sita mfululizo hata mwisho ikamuua, tena ya [[trakoma]], iliyosababisha [[upofu]] karibu kamili, pamoja na maumivu ya mfululizo yanayofanana na yale ya macho kuwekwa juu ya miiba na kutokwa machozi. Ndugu Elia na Kardinali Hugolino walimshughulikia sana, lakini bure. Pamoja na kutambua jambo hilo, katikati ya mwaka 1224 ndugu Elia alipata njozi na kufunuliwa kuwa Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. [[Safari]] za [[mgonjwa]] zilizidi kupungua kwa wingi na kwa umbali, zikifanyika hasa kwa kujaribu matibabu na kurudi kila mara kwenye Porsyunkula. Hata katika hali hiyo Fransisko hakuacha kulihangaikia shirika lake kadiri alivyoona linasogea mbali na karama yake. Ili awe kielelezo kwa wote alizidi kujinyima mahitaji ya mwili, na kutamani arudie maisha yaliyodharauliwa ya mwanzoni na kutumikia wakoma. Ndipo alipowaambia wenzake, “Ndugu, tuanze kumtumikia Bwana Mungu, kwa kuwa mpaka sasa hatujapiga hatua au ni ndogo sana”. Aliogopa shirika lake litalegea kama mengine mengi, hivyo akatafuta [[mbinu]] za kuliokoa, kusudi kanuni isiwe mwisho wa juhudi za ndugu, bali kichocheo kwa kutafuta ukamilifu. Mbinu mojawapo ni wasia wa Kiroho aliouandika zaidi ya mara moja. Muhimu zaidi ni ule mrefu aliouandika katika wiki za mwisho za maisha yake. Haukukusudiwa kuwa kanuni mpya, ila kusaidia ile iliyoahidiwa kwa Bwana: ni [[kumbukumbu]], [[onyo]] na [[shauri]]. Kwanza ni kumbukumbu za uongofu wa Fransisko na za maisha asili ya shirika ambayo ndugu wote wafananishe nayo maisha yao. Katika kumbukumbu hizo hakutaja mateso yote aliyojaliwa na Mungu, bali alifafanua chaguo lake la kumfuata Yesu fukara kama utajiri pekee anaowaachia watoto wake. Hivyo wasia, ukiunganisha maagizo ya kanuni na mang’amuzi ya mwanzilishi, ukabaki katika shirika kama [[mwiba]] mwilini mwa wanaopenda kulegeza [[kamba]], na kama [[changamoto]] kwa wote kadiri walivyompenda Fransisko, kwa kuwa ndiyo maneno yake ya mwisho aliyoyatoa kwa upendo mkuu akiwa amefanana na Yesu msulubiwa hata mwilini mwake. Ndiyo sababu toka mwanzo wasia ulisababisha shirikani mabishano yaliyohitaji kuingiliwa kati na Mapapa. Upande wa wasia walisimama ndugu waaminifu, ingawa kipindi fulani baadhi yao ([[Fraticelli]]) walipita kiasi hata kujitenga na Kanisa ili kupigania ufukara; baada yao kosa hilo halijarudiwa tena. Baadhi ya marekebisho ya shirika (k. mf. [[Wakapuchini]]) yalijifunga kushika wasia pamoja na kanuni, na hivyo wakafaulu kurudia maisha asili. Pamoja na kumbukumbu, katika wasia tunakuta maonyo ya mwisho ya Fransisko kuhusu kuheshimu mapadri, kufanya [[kazi za mikono]], kuishi kama [[wakimbizi]] katika [[nyumba]] duni, na kutoomba [[fadhili]] yoyote kutoka [[ofisi za Papa]]. Polepole maonyo yakawa mashauri, na hasa shauri kuu lililo lengo la yote yaliyotangulia, kiasi kwamba ni katazo kali. Linahusu ujanja wa wanasheria katika kupotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya kanuni na wasia. Kuyaelewa kunahitaji unyofu uleule wa Fransisko pamoja na nia ya kuyatekeleza. Watakaofanya hivyo watapata [[baraka]] pana kabisa ya Mungu na ya kwake. Kivutio hicho kimejaa upendo wa mzee kwa watoto wake ambao ulijitokeza mara nyingi miaka ya mwisho katika maneno, maandishi na matendo. Mfano mmojawapo ni [[Takwa la Mwisho]] alilomuandikia Klara ili kuwahimiza [[mabibi fukara]] wadumu mpaka mwisho katika maisha na ufukara wa Yesu. Ni kama wasia mfupi kwa wafuasi wake wa kike, ambao hakuwa na wasiwasi juu ya uaminifu wao, lakini aliwaogopea watashauriwa sana na watu wengine (viongozi wa Kanisa na wanashirika) walegeze masharti ya ufukara. Ndiyo sababu aliwaachia maneno hayo kwa maandishi ili wadumu imara katika nia yao. Historia iliyofuata ikaonyesha Fransisko alitabiri vizuri kuhusu Klara na wenzake, waliopaswa kupambana mfululizo na [[kishawishi]] hicho toka kwa viongozi waliowapenda. Ushindi wa Klara katika kutetea kwa uaminifu ufukara mkuu ulipatikana siku ya mwisho kabla hajafa, alipoletewa kanuni yake imethibitishwa na [[Papa Inosenti IV]]. Katika kanuni hiyo, ambayo katika Kanisa ilikuwa ya kwanza kuandikwa na [[mwanamke]], Klara alifuata kwa kiasi kikubwa ile ya Fransisko kama thibitisho la [[umoja]] wa Kiroho katika tofauti za mitindo yao ya maisha; pia alinakili humo wasia huo mfupi alioutumia kama [[silaha]] katika mapambano. Mbali ya maandishi yake, Fransisko alitafuta mbinu nyingine ili kudumisha shirika katika karama yake. Mojawapo ni kuwaagiza watumishi wa shirika watunze Porsyunkula kama kielelezo cha ufukara, kimya na sala ili ndugu wote wakumbuke wanavyopaswa kuishi. Kwa ajili hiyo alitaka wapangwe huko ndugu bora ambao mmojawao akifa, nafasi yake ishikwe na mwingine. Hivyo alisisitiza tena umuhimu wa mifano, ambayo isiwe ya mtu mmojammoja tu, bali ya jumuia nzima pia. Jambo hilo halikutekelezwa mahali pale, lakini katika historia ya shirika tunaona daima ndugu wakiomba ruhusa ya kutekeleza kikamilifu kanuni pamoja na wengine, hasa katika makao ya upwekeni; tunaona pia mchango mkubwa wa jumuia hizo katika kurekebisha kwa mfano wao hali ya utawa mzima. Mfransisko ni ndugu hasa, na maisha yake yanategemea sana jumuia: hawezi kuridhika ashike kanuni kibinafsi katika jumuia iliyolegea; ndiyo sababu ya maombi hayo. Pengine viongozi wenyewe wa shirika walipoona limelegea mno wakaja kuhamasisha wenye nia waunde jumuia za pekee. Namna zote mbili zikazaa matunda tele. Fransisko, baaada ya kuuguzwa katika jumba la Askofu wa Asizi kwa siku kadhaa, aliomba ahamishiwe Porsyunkula ili afie pale alipoanzia maisha mapya. Alikuwa amebaki mifupa na ngozi tu, isipokuwa tumbo na miguu vimevimba kama kwa safura. Ndipo alipotunga [[ubeti]] wa mwisho wa [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]]. Mwaka mmoja kabla ya hapo alikwishaongeza ubeti mwingine juu ya [[msamaha]] ili kuwapatanisha Askofu na [[Meya]] wa Asizi. Basi ubeti juu ya [[kifo]] ukaja kukamilisha utenzi mzima kwa kuchungulia uzima wa milele, ambapo sifa za Mungu zinaimbwa bila ya mwisho. Ndivyo alivyojiandaa kufa katika [[mapenzi ya Mungu]]. Siku za mwisho zilijaa ishara za upendo kwa marafiki wake: njiani alibariki Asizi na kuuombea, akamtabiria Klara kuwa atamuona na kufarijika, akawaita ndugu waliokuwa mbali (hata “kaka” [[Yakopa wa Settesoli]] kutoka Roma), akawagawia vipande vya mkate akifuata mfano wa Yesu. Katika yote alilenga ustawi wa roho zao na wa shirika, tunavyoona hasa katika baraka zake za mwisho alizozitoa kwa kufuata mfano wa mababu wa [[Israeli]] na [[Musa]]. Aliwabariki waliokuwepo na kwa njia yao alikusudia kuwabariki wale wote watakaoingia shirikani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Kati ya wote [[ndugu Bernardo]] alipata baraka ya pekee akaandikiwa maneno yafuatayo yawe kumbukumbu kwa wote siku za mbele: “Ndugu wa kwanza aliyenipa Bwana ni ndugu Bernardo, naye ndiye wa kwanza kutekeleza kikamilifu kabisa Injili takatifu akiwagawia maskini mali zake zote. Kwa hiyo na kwa sifa nyingine nyingi napaswa kumpendelea kuliko ndugu mwingine yeyote katika shirika zima. Ndiyo sababu nataka na kuagiza kadiri ninavyoweza kwamba yeyote atakayekuwa mtumishi mkuu ampende na kumheshimu kama nafsi yangu, na vilevile watumishi wengine wa kanda na ndugu wa shirika lote wamjali kama ni mimi mwenyewe”. Ndiyo mbinu ya mwisho ya Fransisko ili kuzuia utawa wake usipotoke: kumuacha mtu ambaye awe kielelezo kwa viongozi na kwa ndugu wengine badala ya mwanzilishi. Kisha kumuacha huyo mwandamizi (si katika uongozi bali katika kazi muhimu zaidi ya kuwa kielelezo), Fransisko hatimaye aliweza kuaga dunia amemaliza kazi yake na kulazwa [[uchi]] ardhini, [[usiku]] kati ya tarehe 3 na 4 Oktoba 1226. == Maandishi asili kuhusu Fransisko == Baada ya kupitia maisha na maandishi ya Fransisko, ni vema kujua jinsi habari zake zilivyotufikia kwa njia ya maandishi ya watu wengine pia. Baadhi yaliandikwa mapema kabla hajafa. Baadhi ni hati za Kanisa. Baadhi ni mafupi sana na yanamtaja tu katika kusimulia mambo mengine. Baadhi ni kazi ya watu ambao si Wafransisko, tena pengine hawakupenda huo mtindo mpya wa kitawa. Lakini bila ya shaka habari nyingi zaidi zinapatikana katika maandishi ya wafuasi wake. Kati yao ana nafasi ya pekee Klara kwa sababu ya utakatifu wake, ya uhusiano wa ndani na wa muda mrefu na Mt. Fransisko, na ya uaminifu wake katika kumfuata. Maandishi mengine ya Wafransisko yanatofautiana si tu kwa urefu, kwa mtindo, kwa mpangilio au kwa ufasaha, bali pia kwa malengo na mitazamo. Hasa mabishano katika shirika yalifanya kila mmoja akusanye habari zilizompendeza ili kumchora Fransisko kulingana na msimamo wa kikundi chake: ndiyo sababu ni lazima tulinganishe maandishi yote ili kupata ukweli. [[Thoma wa Celano]] ndiye wa kwanza kuandika kitabu cha maisha ya Fransisko. Alifanya kazi hiyo kwa agizo la [[Papa Gregori IX]] akikusanya [[shuhuda]] zilizotolewa katika [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza Fransisko kuwa mtakatifu ([[16 Julai]] [[1228]]) pamoja na kumbukumbu zake mwenyewe za miaka sita aliyoishi karibu naye. Mwaka [[1229]] akamkabidhi Papa kitabu hicho ambacho aliipa uzito hasa miaka miwili ya mwisho ya Fransisko, ambapo utakatifu wake uling’aa kwa namna ya pekee. Pamoja na kufuata mtindo wa wasifu wa watakatifu wa zamani, Thoma alisisitiza mambo mapya ya Fransisko: ufukara, unyofu, unyenyekevu, wema kwa maskini, upendo kwa viumbe, mahubiri yasiyo na mapambo, hata madonda ya Msulubiwa. Kitabu hicho rasmi kilikusudiwa hasa kueneza heshima kwa Fransisko, lakini pia kulitetea shirika lake dhidi ya upinzani wa nje. Kwa kila shirika, heshima inayotolewa kwa [[mwanzilishi]] inaliletea heshima na nguvu katika maisha ya Kanisa, na mara nyingi hata misaada na faida upande wa uchumi. Hivyo tunaelewa mafanikio ya haraka ya ndugu Elia katika kujenga [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko|kanisa kubwa la Mt. Fransisko]] huko Asizi. Kwa kumtukuza, shirika lilijitukuza. Ukweli huo ni wazi katika mwendelezo wa maandishi juu yake pia. Miaka iliyofuata ([[1230]]-[[1234]]) zilitungwa sala na nyimbo za liturujia kwa heshima ya mtakatifu huyo mpya. Kati ya watunzi, [[Julian wa Speyer]] aliandika pia maisha yake ([[1232]]-[[1235]]), hasa kwa ajili ya Wafransisko na ya malezi yao. Wakati huohuo ([[1232]]-[[1239]]) [[Henri wa Avranches]] alitunga maisha ya Fransisko kwa mtindo wa shairi. Katika miaka [[1237]]-[[1239]] sura yake nyingine ilichorwa na kuenezwa na kitabu kidogo, jina lake “[[Agano Takatifu la Mt. Fransisko na Bibi Ufukara]]”. Kichwa chenyewe kinaonyesha wazi kuwa kitabu kinasisitiza upendo wake kwa Ufukara kama [[mchumba]] wake. Humo yeye anaonekana kama fukara mdogo ambaye alimtafuta sana Ufukara, akamuona katika kilele cha mlima anapokaa, hapo wakasimuliana maisha yao na kufunga agano la upendo na uaminifu. Picha hiyo ikazingatiwa sana mpaka leo. Hiyo ilikuwa miaka ya mwisho ya uongozi wa ndugu Elia, ambayo ilizidi kuwa na mabishano kati ya Ndugu Wadogo. Hata baada ya kumuondoa madarakani, mabadiliko ya maisha yakaendelea kufanyika na kusababisha maswali juu ya nia halisi ya mwanzilishi. Ndipo ([[1240]]-[[1241]]) [[Yohane wa Perugia]] alipoandika kitabu juu ya asili ya shirika ili kuamsha ule moto uliowaka mwanzoni kati ya wenzi wa Fransisko. Habari zake ni mpya kwa asilimia 60 na kutegemea hasa ushahidi wa [[mwenye heri Egidi]]. Kwa kuwa Yohane hakujitaja kitabu hicho kinaitwa “[[Kitabu Kisicho na Jina cha Perugia]]”. Miaka ishirini baada ya kifo cha Fransisko hamu ya kujua habari zake ilikuwa imeongezeka ndani na nje ya shirika. Ndiyo sababu wakati wa mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1244]] [[mtumishi mkuu]] mpya aliagiza ndugu wote walete kwa maandishi kumbukumbu yoyote waliyonayo juu yake. Kutokana na agizo hilo vikapatikana vitabu viwili tulivyonavyo hata leo: cha kwanza kilitungwa katika miaka [[1241]]-[[1247]] kikaitwa “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”. Kinategemea sana kitabu cha Yohane wa Perugia lakini kinatia mkazo zaidi juu ya Fransisko mwenyewe na kuonyesha njia ya kuongoka na kufanana na Kristo ambayo aliifuata na ambayo inawafaa wote. Cha pili kinaitwa “[[Mtungo wa Asizi]]” ([[1244]]-[[1260]]) kwa kuwa kinakusanya shuhuda za ndugu mbalimbali walioishi naye, pamoja na kuchukua msimamo dhidi ya mabadiliko shirikani. Lakini kazi ya kuandika upya maisha rasmi ya Fransisko ilikabidhiwa tena kwa Thoma wa Celano, naye akaimaliza mwaka 1247. Kitabu hicho hakikukusudiwa kushika nafasi ya kile alichotangulia kukiandika, bali kukitimiliza kutokana na ushahidi wa wengi, hasa wenzi watatu, waliotuma kumbukumbu zao na za wenzao wa kwanza pamoja na barua kutoka Greccio ([[11 Agosti]] [[1246]]). Kitabu cha pili cha Thoma kilisisitiza utakatifu wa Fransisko kama mkuu kuliko ule wa waanzilishi wengine wote, kwa hiyo ujana wake haukulaumiwa kama mara ya kwanza, Mt. Dominiko anaonyeshwa akimuinamia Fransisko n.k. Vimeongezwa: maneno ya Msulubiwa kwa Fransisko, njozi ya Papa Inosenti III kuhusu kazi yake ya kulitegemeza Kanisa n.k. Fransisko alizidi kulinganishwa na Kristo kama ilivyotarajiwa na wanashirika. Pamoja na hayo kitabu hicho kinatuletea kwa wingi habari za maadili yake, misemo yake na nia zake. Hata hivyo shirika kwa jumla halikuridhika sana; ndiyo sababu katika miaka [[1250]]-[[1252]] Thoma akaandika kitabu chake cha tatu ambacho kinakusanya miujiza tu ya Fransisko ili kuzidi kumtukuza yeye pamoja na shirika lake. Lakini hivyo vitabu vitatu vya Thoma vilionekana kukosa umoja na kuwa virefu mno hasa kwa kuvinakili kwa mikono. Ndicho kisingizio cha kudai maisha ya Fransisko yaandikwe upya katika kitabu kimoja tu. Lengo lingine la ombi hilo lilikuwa kulikinga shirika dhidi ya mashambulizi makali ya walimu wa [[chuo kikuu cha Paris]] waliopinga mambo mapya yaliyoletwa na Ndugu Wadogo, ambao baadhi yao wameambukizwa pia na matabiri ya kizushi ya [[abati]] [[Yohakimu wa Fiore]]. Huyo alipanga [[historia ya wokovu]] kwa namna yake akisema mwaka [[1260]] utakuwa mwanzo wa wakati wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] ambapo Kanisa litafanywa upya na karama zake. Ndipo Wafransisko hao walipochota mawazo mbalimbali ili kuthibitisha umuhimu wa Fransisko katika hatua hiyo na katika historia ya wokovu jumla. [[File:Angelo_sesto_sigillo.jpg|thumb|Mchoro wa Malaika wa mhuri wa sita mwenye madonda matakatifu.]] Basi mwaka huo mkutano mkuu ulimuagiza [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]], mtumishi wa shirika lote, aandike kitabu kipya. Hicho hakina habari mpya ila kinatumia zile za Thoma wa Celano. Tofauti kubwa ni namna alivyozitumia ili kumuonyesha Fransisko kuwa si [[serafi]] tu (alivyosema Celano) bali ni yule [[malaika]] wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama ya Mungu aliye hai aliyetabiriwa na [[Ufu]] 7:2 kuwa atapanda toka [[Mashariki]] kufungua wakati mpya. Kwake Mungu aliye hai ndiye Kristo Msulubiwa, na alama yake ndiyo madonda matano aliyomtia Fransisko. Basi, kama ni hivyo, huyo si mtakatifu mmojawapo tu, bali ana nafasi ya pekee katika historia ya wokovu. Mchoro huo ulikubaliwa kabisa na shirika lote, hivi kwamba mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1266]] ukaweza kuagiza yateketezwe maandishi yote yaliyotangulia kuhusu Fransisko. Lengo lilikuwa wote wamkumbuke tu alivyochorwa na Bonaventura katika kitabu chake rasmi na cha kudumu. Kweli hicho kikanakiliwa sana kwanza kwa mikono, halafu kwa mashine na kufuatwa na wengi katika sanaa, mahubiri na liturujia. Kumbe vitabu vya Celano vikapotea kwa zaidi ya karne tano. Hata ndugu waliopinga mabadiliko ya shirika na msimamo wa kati wa Bonaventura, walimlaumu kwa sababu ya kupunguza habari kadhaa, lakini walipendezwa na jinsi alivyomtukuza Fransisko kuliko watakatifu wote. Kwa kitabu hicho sura yake imeshakamilika. Vitabu vilivyotungwa baadaye, k.mf. “[[Kioo cha Ukamilifu]]” ([[1318]]), havikuweza kuichangia sana, ingawa vinatusaidia kumuelewa zaidi katika majaribu yake, nia yake na roho yake kwa kuwa vinasimulia bila mpango habari mbalimbali ambazo hazikutumiwa zote na vitabu rasmi. Hasa habari juu ya [[upinzani]] uliompata Fransisko ndani ya shirika hazikuweza kuandikwa katika vitabu vyake rasmi, lisije likapata [[aibu]]. Basi, maandishi hayo ya mwishomwisho yaliziba pengo hilo na kutuonyesha ukweli, kama picha iliyofyatuliwa kwa [[kamera]] bila wahusika kujua wala kujipanga. Vitabu hivyo vilichochea upinzani ndani ya shirika na hata dhidi ya uongozi wa Kanisa. Baadaye tena ([[1328]]-[[1343]]) [[Hugolino wa Montegiorgio]] na mwenzake fulani wakatunga “[[Actus]]” (= “Matendo” ya Fransisko na wenzake) ambacho kikatafsiriwa kwa [[Kiitalia]] mwishoni mwa [[karne XIV]]. [[Tafsiri]] hiyo, yenye jina la “[[Fioretti]]” (= “[[Maua Madogo]]”, yaani “[[Visimulizi Bora]]”), ikasifiwa sana kwa uzuri wake, ingawa visimulizi vyake si vyote vya kihistoria. Ni kama [[manukato]] yanayotuvutia kwenye roho na utakatifu wa Fransisko, aliyekwishakufa toka siku nyingi, hivi kwamba anakumbukwa kwa mbali lakini kwa namna ya kupendeza zaidi. Miaka iliyopita imechuja ujumbe wake, ambao hivyo unang’aa kwa namna ya pekee katika kitabu hicho kilichosisitiza jinsi Fransisko alivyofanana na Yesu, wazo lililokazwa na Wafransisko wote wa [[karne XIV]], hasa na [[Bartolomayo wa Pisa]], mwandishi wa “[[Conformitates]]” (= “[[Uwiano Mwingi]]”). == Tarehe za maisha yake == 1182 Mtoto Yohane alizaliwa na kubatizwa. Baba yake, Petro wa Bernardone, akirudi toka safarini akamtajia jina la Fransisko, yaani Mfaransa Mdogo. Baada ya hapo mtoto akalelewa katika anasa, ingawa hatujui kama ujanani aliulinda [[usafi wa moyo]] au sivyo. Kwa tabia alikuwa na uchangamfu na huruma sana kwa maskini ingawa aliogopa wenye ukoma. Pamoja na adabu njema alipewa pia elimu kidogo kupitia mapadri, halafu akawahi kuanza biashara. 1198 Asizi vilianza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe: inawezekana kwamba Fransisko naye alishiriki kushambulia na kubomoa ngome ya kifalme iliyokuwepo juu ya mji huo. 1202 Asizi ulishindwa vitani na jeshi la Perugia; Fransisko mwenyewe akatekwa na kufungwa huko Perugia. Baada ya mwaka mmoja akarudishwa nyumbani kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na kisha kulipiwa pesa nyingi ili aachiliwe; lakini wakati huo wa mateso alianza kukomaa na kubadilika kimawazo. 1204 Fransisko aliendelea kuugua mwaka mzima. 1205 Fransisko aliondoka tena aende vitani kuikomboa nchi takatifu ya Yesu na kujipatia sifa na cheo, lakini kabla hajatoka mkoa wake akarudi Asizi kutokana na njozi na sauti aliyoisikia. Akaenda kuhiji [[mji wa Roma|Roma]] kwenye makaburi ya Mitume, ambapo anabadilishana nguo na fukara na kuanza kuombaomba. Katikati ya mwaka uongofu wake ulikuwa umekomaa: katika [[karamu ya mwisho]] aliyowaandalia wenzake alikuwa akifikiria kuoa bibi ufukara. Alipokutana ghafla na mtu mwenye ukoma akashuka kwenye farasi na baada ya kumsaidia pesa akambusu: ndio ushindi mkuu uliofanya kuanzia hapo kusiwe na kitu cha kumzuia. Karibu na mwisho wa mwaka akamsikia Yesu msalabani akimuambia, “Fransisko, nenda ukarekebishe Kanisa langu, kwa kuwa linataka kubomoka”: ndiyo kazi ya utawa atakaoanzisha, ingawa mwanzoni alielewa tofauti, kwamba arekebishe magofu ya kanisa aliposikia sauti hiyo. 1206 Mwanzoni mwa mwaka, baada ya miezi ya mashindano na wazazi wake, waliokuwa wakimshutumu na kumbembeleza na kumtesa, Fransisko aliitwa hukumuni kwa meya: lakini kama mtu wa Mungu akakataa mahakama ya serikali, hivyo kesi akafanyika mbele ya askofu Guido ambapo alimkataa mzazi wake pamoja na mali za urithi hata akamrudishia nguo zake zote. Baada ya kuishi kidogo kama boi kwa Wabenedikto, akahamia Gubbio ambapo akavaa kanzu ya mkaapweke,akisali na kutumikia wakoma. Mnamo Julai akarudi Asizi arekebishe kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano ambapo alitabiri watakuja kukaa masista watakatifu. 1207 Alirekebisha kanisa la mtakatifu Petro na mwisho lile la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika: kazi za ukarabati zilichukua karibu miaka miwili, kwa kuwa mwenyewe alikuwa akienda kuombaomba mawe ya kujengea, ingawa hakuwa na uzoefu na kazi nzito namna hiyo. 1208 Siku moja wakati wa Misa alisikiliza sehemu ya Injili ambayo Yesu aliwatuma kwa mara ya kwanza mitume wake (Mt. 10:7-10); hapo akaenda kwa padri kupata tafsiri zaidi na maelezo yake, halafu kwa shangwe akaanza kutekeleza, kwa kutupilia mbali mkanda na viatu, kuvaa kamba na kanzu ngumu na kuhubiri toba. Kama siku hiyo, ambapo hatimaye alielewa wito wake, akaendelea daima kuwa mtu wa Injili na mwana wa Kanisa. Tarehe 16 Aprili, baada ya kuhubiri alifuatwa na ndugu Bernardo wa Quintavalle na labda na ndugu Petro Cattani walioamua kujiunga naye; basi akawaongoza kanisani, wakasoma Injili kwa kufungua kitabu mara tatu, wakauza mali zao zote ili kuwagawia maskini kufuatana na waliyoyasoma: ndio mwanzo wa jamaa. Tarehe 23 Aprili ndugu Egidi pia akajiunga nao, na mara wakatawanyika wawiliwawili wahubirie mikoa ya jirani. Ndipo wafuasi walipoongezeka na mwishoni mwa mwaka walifikia kuwa wanane. 1209 Kisha kurudi Asizi wanne wengine wakajiunga nao: hapo wakaamua waende wote Roma ili kupata kibali cha Papa Inosenti III kusudi wawe na hakika ya kuwa maisha yao yanampendeza Mungu, na waeleweke kwa wote kuwa ni Wakatoliki hasa, si wazushi. Baada ya kuvumilia muda fulani wakafaulu kuongea na Papa kwa msaada wa askofu wa Asizi na wa kardinali Yohane wa Mtakatifu Paulo: mara ya kwanza makardinali wengine walibishana na kutaka kupinga ombi hilo; lakini mara ya pili Papa alitoa kwa sauti kibali chake kwa maisha yao ya kitawa na kwa utume wao wa kuhubiri toba. Labda mwaka huohuo Fransisko alianzisha utawa maalumu kwa waamini wanaoishi katika mazingira ya kawaida ya ulimwenguni, waweze kufuata maisha ya Kiinjili kwa ukamilifu mkubwa zaidi. 1210 Jamaa, baada ya kuhama kibanda cha Rivotorto ili kukwepa ugomvi na mkulima mkorofi, walihamia moja kwa moja kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika, ambapo pabaki kielelezo cha kudumu. 1211 Fransisko akaondoka kwa meli aende Sirya akawahubirie Waislamu, lakini safari ikaishia Croatia kutokana na dhoruba; hapo akarudi Italia. 1212 Usiku baada ya Jumapili ya Matawi mtakatifu Klara alitoroka nyumbani, akapokewa na Ndugu Wadogo kwa mienge, akanyolewa kitawa na Fransisko akavikwa kanzu. Baada ya muda akahamia kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano pamoja na mdogo wake mtakatifu Anyesi aliyemfuata utawani: ndio mwanzo wa utawa wa Mabibi Fukara, ambao wanaishi Kifransisko ndani ya monasteri katika sala na kazi za mikono, bila ya kutoka nje wala kufanya utume wowote. 1213 Alifunga Kwaresima nzima katika kisiwa cha ziwa Trasimeno, halafu akazawadiwa mlima La Verna. 1214 Fransisko aliondoka tena kupitia bara akawahubirie Waislamu wa Moroko, lakini njiani huko Hispania akapatwa na ugonjwa mkali akarudi Asizi, alipowapokea utawani wasomi kadhaa: baadhi yao wakashika kweli njia ya udogo, lakini wengine wakaja kuvuruga utawa kwa kutegemea mno akili yao. 1215 Novemba ulifanyika Mtaguso Mkuu wa IV wa Laterano, ambao Fransisko alihudhuria pamoja na maaskofu na wakuu wengine wa mashirika; labda ndipo alipofunga urafiki na mtakatifu Dominiko, mwanzilishi wa Utawa wa Wahubiri. Baadaye akajitahidi sana kutekeleza maagizo ya mtaguso huo. 1216 Siku mbili baada ya kifo cha Inosenti III makardinali walimchagua Honori III. Fransisko aliendelea kuzungukazunguka Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1217 Mkutano mkuu wa Ndugu Wadogo ulipoamua wengine waende kuhubiri nje ya Italia kwa Wakristo na wasio Wakristo, Fransisko akaelekea Ufaransa lakini njiani akazuiwa na kardinali Hugolino akarudi Asizi. Kutokana na kutumwa bila ya maandalizi yoyote, ndugu wengi wakapatwa na matatizo mengi. 1218 Honori III alieneza hati yake maalumu ili kuwahakikisha maaskofu wote kuwa Ndugu Wadogo ni Wakatoliki hasa. 1219 Mkutano mkuu ulituma tena ndugu wakahubiri Injili kwa Wakristo na Waislamu. Hapo Fransisko mwenyewe akaenda kati ya Waislamu wa Misri: hakupenda mwenendo wa jeshi la Kikristo lililopigana nao, akatabiri kuwa watashindwa. Upande wake akaenda kumhubiria sultani, lakini kisha kuona hawezi kumuongoa wala kuuawa naye kishahidi akamuomba ruhusa ya kutembelea mahali patakatifu pa Palestina na Sirya. 1220 Tarehe 16 Januari huko Moroko Waislamu waliwaua ndugu Berardo na wenzake wanne waliokwenda kuwahubiria mpaka misikitini: ndio wafiadini wa kwanza wa Kifransisko. Mnamo Aprili au Mei Fransisko, alipopashwa habari za mageuzi ndani ya shirika huko Italia, akarudi kwa ufunuo wa Mungu ashike tena uongozi, lakini alipoona ugumu wa hali ya utawa, na ya kwamba wengi hawataki kumsikiliza tena, akamuomba Papa alipatie shirika kardinali Hugolino kama msimamizi na mkosoaji. Halafu katika mkutano mkuu akajiuzulu akamteua ndugu Petro Cattani aongoze jamaa kwa niaba yake. 1221 Kwa kuwa Petro Cattani kafa mapema tarehe 30 Mei ikambidi Fransisko amchague makamu mwingine, yaani ndugu Elia Bombarone, wakati wa mkutano mkuu uliohudhuriwa na wanashirika elfu tano na uliopata kuwa mkubwa kuliko yote hadi leo. Kwa kuwa walijitengenezea vibanda vya mikeka kutokana na wingi huo, mkutano unajulikana kama mkutano wa mikeka. Mungu alifanya wasikose chakula hata wengi wakashangaa kwa sababu hayakufanyika maandalizi yoyote. Pamoja na kuamua kupeleka ndugu katika nchi mbalimbali, mkutano huo ulipitisha kanuni ndefu iliyohitajika sana kwa sababu ya hali ya shirika, na hasa ongezeko hilo la ajabu. Lakini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa na Papa kwa sababu fulani. 1222 Fransisko alizunguka sana Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1223 Miezi ya kwanza alikwenda pamoja na ndugu Leo na ndugu Bonisyo kwenye mlima wa Fonte Colombo ili kuandika kanuni fupi na yenye mtindo wa kisheria zaidi kama alivyodaiwa. Upinzani wa ndugu Elia na wengineo ukashindwa katika mkutano mkuu wa Juni, hivyo kanuni ikapelekwa kwa Honori III ambaye akaithibitisha kwa maandishi tarehe 29 Novemba. Katika Misa ya usiku wa Noeli, iliyoadhimishwa huko Greccio katika pango lililoandaliwa na Fransisko, alitokea mtoto Yesu. 1224 Mnamo Julai ndugu Elia alijulishwa katika njozi kwamba Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. Mnamo Agosti Fransisko akapanda mlima La Verna afanye mfungo mpaka sikukuu ya Malaika mkuu Mikaeli; huko upwekeni, akiwa katika malipizi na majaribu makali ya usiku wa roho, akatokewa na Yesu mwenye sura ya serafi msulubiwa akajaliwa mwilini madonda yake matano ya msalabani. 1225 Baada ya kurudi kutoka safarini mwezi wa tatu Fransisko alienda kwa mtakatifu Klara, ambapo akabaki mpaka mwezi wa tano kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na ya matibabu yasiyomsaidia kitu. Katika mateso hayo na majaribu ya Shetani, usiku mmoja akaahidiwa uzima wa milele. Kesho yake asubuhi akamshukuru Mungu kwa kumtungia Wimbo wa Ndugu Jua. Mwezi Juni akawapatanisha askofu na meya wa Asizi kwa kuwaimbishia wimbo huo baada ya kuuongezea ubeti kuhusu msamaha. Halafu akaenda kukaa Rieti kwa ajili ya matibabu mbalimbali aliyoyavumilia yote kwa moyo mkuu. 1226 Kuanzia tarehe 6 Februari alisafiri tena kwa matibabu. Mnamo Aprili huko Siena akazidiwa hata usiku fulani alikubali ombi la kuwaandikia ndugu zake wote wasia mfupi kwa maneno matatu, yaani kwamba wapendane, wafuate ufukara na kulitii Kanisa. Baada ya kupata nafuu akaandika sehemusehemu wasia mrefu zaidi ili kuchochea karama ya shirika. Waasizi wakiogopa kwamba mtakatifu wao atakuja kufa mbali wakafanya mpango wa kumrudisha kwao wakamlaza kwenye nyumba ya askofu, lakini Fransisko alipokaribia kufa akaamua kurudi kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika. Katika hiyo safari yake ya mwisho, katikati ya njia, akabariki mji wake. Halafu kabla hajafa akawabariki wafuasi wake wote, hata wale watakaoingia utawani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Halafu tena akaomba wamlaze ardhini kabisa bila ya nguo afe uchi kama Yesu msalabani tarehe 3 Oktoba; hapo sifa ya madonda yake ikaanza kuenea, na wengi wakaja kuyashuhudia katika maiti yake. Kesho yake, kwa maandamano ya shangwe pamoja na huzuni, akaenda kuzikwa katika [[kanisa kuu]], lakini njiani waliwapitia mtakatifu Klara na wenzake. 1227 Tarehe 19 Machi, baada ya kufa Honori III, kardinali Hugolino alichaguliwa kuwa Papa kama alivyotabiriwa na Fransisko akajichagulia jina la Gregori IX. 1228 Mwenyewe alikwenda Asizi kusudi amtangaze rafiki yake Fransisko kuwa ni mtakatifu mbinguni (16 Julai). 1230 [[Masalia]] ya Fransisko yalihamishiwa katika kanisa kubwa lililojengwa kwa heshima yake: ndio kanisa kuu la shirika lote. ==Sala yake== Ndiwe Bwana Mungu mtakatifu unayetenda maajabu. Wewe una nguvu. Wewe ni mkuu. Wewe ndiwe mkuu kabisa. Wewe ndiwe mfalme mwenyezi. Wewe, Baba mtakatifu, mfalme wa mbingu na nchi. Wewe ni utatu na umoja, Bwana Mungu wa miungu; ndiwe wema, wema wote, wema mkuu, Bwana Mungu hai na wa kweli. Wewe ni pendo, upendo; wewe ni hekima, wewe ni unyenyekevu, wewe ni uvumilivu, wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ni usalama, wewe ni utulivu, wewe ni furaha na heri, wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni haki, wewe ni kiasi, wewe ni mali yetu yote ya kututosha. Wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ndiwe msimamizi, wewe ni mlinzi na mtetezi wetu, wewe ni nguvu, wewe ni burudisho. Wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni imani yetu, wewe ni upendo wetu, wewe ni utamu wetu wote, wewe ni uzima wetu wa milele: Bwana mkuu na wa ajabu, Mwenyezi Mungu, Mwokozi mwenye huruma. ==Sala iliyosambazwa kwa jina lake== Ee Bwana unifanye niwe chombo cha amani yako. Palipo chuki nilete mapendo, Palipo makosa nilete msamaha, Palipo nshaka nilete imani, Pasipo matumaini nilete tumaini, Palipo giza nilete mwanga, Palipo huzuni nilete furaha. Ee Bwana unisaidie nitamani zaidi: Kufariji kuliko kufarijiwa, Kuelewa kuliko kueleweka, Kupenda kuliko kupendwa. Kwa kuwa: Ni katika kutoa ndipo tunapopokea, Ni katika kusamehe ndipo tunaposamehewa, Ni katika kufa ndipo tunapozaliwa katika uzima wa milele. Amina. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo ya [[Kiswahili]]== [[Picha:Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG|thumb|[[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]] mjini Asizi.]] * Ngano za Wenzi Watatu – Kumbukumbu ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi ilivyoandikwa na Ndugu Leo, Rufino na Angelo – [[tafsiri]] ya Ndugu Wafransisko [[Wakapuchini]] – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – [[Tabora]] 1987 * [[Fioretti]] – Visimulizi Kuhusu Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Rikardo Maria, U.N.W.A. n.k. – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Ndanda 1996 – ISBN 9976-63-468-4 * V. TURETTA, Mt. Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Ndugu Wafransisko Wakapuchini – ed. Santuario Porziuncola – [[Assisi]] 1990 * G. NIKOLAI, Ndugu Fransisko wa Asizi – [[Katuni]] zilizotolewa na Ndugu [[Wafransisko]] wa [[Tanzania]] – [[Dar es Salaam]] 1982 * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 361-363 * Sala ya Kanisa ya Ki-fransisko - Benedictine Publications Ndanda - Peramiho, 1996, uk 303-319, 348-374 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 345-346 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 541-543 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 76-77 == Marejeo ya [[lugha]] nyingine == * Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0 * Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books. * Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. * Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) * Robinson, Paschal (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{CathEncy|wstitle=St._Francis_of_Assisi}} * Friar Elias, ''Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti Francisci'', 1226. * Pope Gregory IX, Bulla "Mira circa nos" for the canonization of St. Francis, 19 Julai 1228. * Friar [[Thomas of Celano|Tommaso da Celano]]: ''Vita Prima Sancti Francisci'', 1228; ''Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci'', 1246–1247; ''Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci'', 1252–1253. * Friar [[Julian of Speyer]], ''Vita Sancti Francisci'', 1232–1239. * St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, ''Legenda Maior Sancti Francisci'', 1260–1263. * Ugolino da Montegiorgio, ''Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius'', 1327–1342. * ''Fioretti di San Francesco'', the "[[Little Flowers of St. Francis|Little Flowers of St.&nbsp;Francis]]", end of the 14th&nbsp;century: an anonymous Italian version of the ''Actus''; the most popular of the sources, but very late and therefore not the best authority by any means. * ''The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown)'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1998. ISBN 978-0-385-07544-2 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216793/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi "Saint Francis of Assisi."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/10/041.html "St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html The Life & Miracles of St. Francis of Assisi, the Monk who received the Stigmata of Jesus Christ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html |date=20130724234417 }} * [http://franciscan-archive.org/ The Franciscan Archive] * [http://www.kiswila.com/PFDA/Maadili%20ya%20Mtakatifu%20Fransisko.pdf Maadili ya Mt. Fransisko katika vyanzo kwa Kiswahili] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1182]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1226]] [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:Mashemasi]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 4fbb6te1eoaqxs4iyru28f0aswrbfo4 0 18869 1577011 1397363 2026-06-27T11:57:47Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ 1577011 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Protein_mosaic.jpg|thumb|protein model mosaic.]] '''Protini''' ni [[molekuli]] ndefu na sehemu za lazima katika muundo wa [[seli]] za mwili wa [[viumbehai]]. Zinajengwa na [[amino asidi]]. Protini huwajibika kwa maumbile ya seli na binadamu na kushughulika usafirishaji wa dutu ndani ya seli na kati ya seli za mwili. [[Musuli]] zinaundwa pamoja na protini za pekee zenye uwezo wa kupanua na kujikaza hivyo kuweka msingi wa mwendo. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=whats Protein|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/protein/|accessdate=2025-02-07}}</ref> Protini zinapatikana katika [[wanyama]], [[mimea]], [[fungi]] na [[bakteria]]. == Protini katika chakula == Wanyama wote pamoja na [[binadamu]] huhitaji protini katika [[chakula]] chao kwa sababu hawana uwezo wa kujitengenezea amino asidi zote zinazohitajika kwa kujenga miili yao. Kwa sababu hiyo tunahitaji chakula chenye protini; mahitaji ya mwanadamu ni takriban [[gramu]] 1 ya protini kwa [[kilogramu]] 1 ya [[uzito]] wa [[mwili]] wake; maana yake mtu mwenye uzito wa kilogramu 70 anashauriwa kula gramu 70 za protini kwa siku. [[Tumbo|Tumboni]] mwa binadamu na wanyama protini za chakula huvunjwa kwa asidi asidi ndani yao; kutoka hizi mwili unajenga protini mpya ya aina yake ya pekee. Uhaba wa protini unasababisha [[magonjwa]]; uhaba mkali unaleta [[unyafuzi]]. Unyafuzi unashika hasa [[watoto]] wanaopewa chakula kingi lakini [[kabohidrati]] tu kama [[ugali]] bila [[makundekunde]], [[nyama]] au [[samaki]]. Vyakula vyenye protini nyingi ni * [[nyama]] * [[samaki]] * [[mayai]] * [[maziwa]] na vyakula kutokana na maziwa kama [[jibini]], [[maziwa ya mgando]] * [[jozi (tunda)|Jozi]] * [[makundekunde]] kama [[soya]], [[kunde]], [[maharage]] == Protini katika mlo nyongeza == Kando na chakula, protini huweza kupatikana katika mlo nyongeza ([[:en:diet supplements|diet supplements]]). Kwa mfano whey protein ni mojawapo wa milo nyongeza ambao utaongeza mwili wako protini na kukuwezesha kutimua misuli. '''Umuhimu wa protini katika mlo nyongeza''' * Husibisha na humfanya mtu ahisi amekinai na hivi kupunguza njaa * Hukuza misuli * Humsaidia mtu kukuwa sawa kwa haraka baada ya mazoezi * Hupunguza mafuta mwilini * Kumfanya mtu awe na uzani wa kawaida == Utaalamu == Protini zilitambuliwa na mwanakemia M[[sweden]] [[Jons Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius]] mwaka [[1838]]. == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-kemia}} <!-- interwiki --> [[Jamii:Kemia]] [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Afya]] lsdnozrlvla4monrhwjf1dlqkk5agqn 0 18986 1576924 1313260 2026-06-27T09:04:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soni''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Bumbuli]] katika [[Mkoa wa Tanga]], [[Tanzania]]. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 13,747 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mwaka wa [[2012]], kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 12,839 waishio humo. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maporomoko ya Soni]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Bumbuli}} {{mbegu-jio-tanga}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Tanga]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Bumbuli]] a2uiqm28zop5i33d68xek3e1at77o5z 0 20573 1576926 1522725 2026-06-27T09:09:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olturoto''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Arusha Vijijini]] katika [[Mkoa wa Arusha]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''23216'''. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 18,899 <ref name=":0">https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 15,451 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Arusha - Arusha Vijijini DC |accessdate=2016-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> walioishi humo. [[Kijiji|Vijiji]] vyake ni: Osunyai, Ilkirevi, Oldonyosapuk, Kivululu, na labda pia Ilkiloriti. [[Ofisi]] ya kata ipo katika kijiji cha Ilkirevi.<ref name=":0" /> ==Tazama pia== * [[Maporomoko ya Maji ya Sapuk]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Arusha Vijijini}} {{mbegu-jio-arusha}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Arusha Vijijini]] [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Arusha]] t0dx65f6dwfh21ovf56b5ezfuh0eokc 0 21596 1576929 1524766 2026-06-27T09:22:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rusumo''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Ngara]] katika [[Mkoa wa Kagera]], [[Tanzania]] yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''35702''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/tzPostcodeList.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-02-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805072810/https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/tzPostcodeList.pdf |archivedate=2018-08-05 }}</ref>. Katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2022]] wakazi wa kata walihesabiwa kuwa 16,678 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz, uk 175 </ref>. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 12,925 waishio humo.<ref>[http://www.wavuti.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/7/6/3076464/census20general20report20-202920march202013_combined_final20for20printing1.pdf Sensa ya 2012, Kagera - Ngara-District-Council]</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Maporomoko ya Rusumo]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Ngara}} {{mbegu-jio-kagera}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ngara]] 1lkozf1b8wfm725jzpf7fm6tykvh1qq 0 26910 1577002 1412828 2026-06-27T11:49:37Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Nimeongeza baadhi ya maneno . 1577002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Départements de France.svg|thumb|right|500px|[[Ramani]] ya Ufaransa na wilaya zake.]] '''Orodha ya wilaya za Ufaransa''' inataja [[wilaya]] zote 101 mia moja na moja za [[Ufaransa|nchi hiyo]]. Kwa [[Kifaransa]] kila moja inaitwa ''Département'' na ni kitengo cha [[utawala]] chini ya mkuu wake ambaye kwa [[lugha]] hiyo anaitwa ''prefect''. Wilaya zimepangwa katika [[mikoa ya Ufaransa|mikoa]] (''region'') 18. Kati yake, departement [[Tisini na sita|96]] tu ziko [[Ufaransa bara]] na [[kisiwa]] jirani cha [[Corsica]], nyingine [[tano|5]] ziko nje ya [[Ulaya]] ambako wakazi wa yaliyokuwa [[Koloni|makoloni]] waliamua kubaki sehemu za Ufaransa na maeneo hayo kupewa hadhi ya departement, wakati huohuo ni pia mikoa. Hizi departments za ng'ambo ni: [[Guadeloupe]] na [[Martinique]] katika [[Karibi]], [[Guayana ya Kifaransa|Guayana]] katika [[Amerika Kusini]], [[Réunion]] na [[Mayotte]]) kwenye [[bahari Hindi]]. ==Historia== Baada ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa|mapinduzi]] ya mwaka [[1789]] Ufaransa yote iligawiwa katika wilaya (kwa Kifaransa "département") zilizoongozwa na mkuu (prefect) aliyekuwa mwakilishi wa [[serikali kuu]]. Tangu mwaka [[1964]] wilaya ziliwekwa chini ya ngazi mpya ya [[mikoa]] ("région"). Tangu mwaka [[1982]] Ufaransa ilianza kutumia mfumo wa [[ugatuzi]] na kuipa mikoa, wilaya na [[kata]] zake kiwango cha [[madaraka]] ya kujitawala. Tangu hapo kila department imepata [[halmashauri]] yake inayochaguliwa na [[raia]] wa eneo lake. == Orodha == Mikoa na wilaya za [[Ufaransa]]: * [[Alsace]] : ** 67 [[Bas-Rhin]] ** 68 [[Haut-Rhin]] * [[Aquitaine]] : ** 24 [[Dordogne]] ** 33 [[Gironde]] ** 40 [[Landes]] ** 47 [[Lot-et-Garonne]] ** 64 [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]] * [[Auvergne]] : ** 03 [[Allier]] ** 15 [[Cantal]] ** 43 [[Haute-Loire]] ** 63 [[Puy-de-Dôme]] * [[Basse-Normandie]] : ** 14 [[Calvados]] ** 50 [[Manche]] ** 61 [[Orne]] * [[Bourgogne]] : ** 21 [[Côte-d'Or]] ** 58 [[Nièvre]] ** 71 [[Saône-et-Loire]] ** 89 [[Yonne]] * [[Bretagne]] : ** 22 [[Côtes-d'Armor]] ** 29 [[Finistère]] ** 35 [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] ** 56 [[Morbihan]] * [[Mkoa wa Kati (Ufaransa)|Centre]] : ** 18 [[Cher]] ** 28 [[Eure-et-Loir]] ** 36 [[Indre]] ** 37 [[Indre-et-Loire]] ** 41 [[Loir-et-Cher]] ** 45 [[Loiret]] * [[Champagne-Ardenne]] : ** 08 [[Ardennes]] ** 10 [[Aube]] ** 51 [[Marne]] ** 52 [[Haute-Marne]] * [[Korsika]] : ** 2A [[Corse-du-Sud]] ** 2B [[Haute-Corse]] * [[Franche-Comté]] : ** 25 [[Doubs]] ** 39 [[Jura (Ufaransa)|Jura]] ** 70 [[Haute-Saône]] ** 90 [[Territoire de Belfort]] * [[Haute-Normandie]] : ** 27 [[Eure]] ** 76 [[Seine-Maritime]] * [[Île-de-France]] : ** 75 [[Paris]] ** 77 [[Seine-et-Marne]] ** 78 [[Yvelines]] ** 91 [[Essonne]] ** 92 [[Hauts-de-Seine]] ** 93 [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ** 94 [[Val-de-Marne]] ** 95 [[Val-d'Oise]] * [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] : ** 11 [[Aude]] ** 30 [[Gard]] ** 34 [[Hérault]] ** 48 [[Lozère]] ** 66 [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] * [[Limousin]] : ** 19 [[Corrèze]] ** 23 [[Creuse]] ** 87 [[Haute-Vienne]] * [[Lorraine]] : ** 54 [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] ** 55 [[Meuse]] ** 57 [[Moselle]] ** 88 [[Vosges]] * [[Midi-Pyrénées]] : ** 09 [[Ariège]] ** 12 [[Aveyron]] ** 31 [[Haute-Garonne]] ** 32 [[Gers]] ** 46 [[Lot]] ** 65 [[Hautes-Pyrénées]] ** 81 [[Tarn]] ** 82 [[Tarn-et-Garonne]] * [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] : ** 59 [[Nord]] ** 62 [[Pas-de-Calais]] * [[Pays de la Loire]] : ** 44 [[Loire-Atlantique]] ** 49 [[Maine-et-Loire]] ** 53 [[Mayenne]] ** 72 [[Sarthe]] ** 85 [[Vendée]] * [[Picardie]] : ** 02 [[Aisne]] ** 60 [[Oise]] ** 80 [[Somme]] * [[Poitou-Charentes]] : ** 16 [[Charente]] ** 17 [[Charente-Maritime]] ** 79 [[Deux-Sèvres]] ** 86 [[Vienne]] * [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] : ** 04 [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]] ** 05 [[Hautes-Alpes]] ** 06 [[Alpes-Maritimes]] ** 13 [[Bouches-du-Rhône]] ** 83 [[Var]] ** 84 [[Vaucluse]] * [[Rhône-Alpes]] : ** 01 [[Ain]] ** 07 [[Ardèche]] ** 26 [[Drôme]] ** 38 [[Isère]] ** 42 [[Loire]] ** 69 [[Rhône]] ** 73 [[Savoie]] ** 74 [[Haute-Savoie]] * [[Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa|Maeneo ya ng'ambo]] ** 971 [[Guadeloupe]] ** 972 [[Martinique]] ** 973 [[Guyana ya Kifaransa]] ** 974 [[Réunion]] ** 976 [[Mayotte]] {{mbegu-jio-Ufaransa}} [[Jamii:Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Ufaransa| ]] [[Jamii:Orodha za kijiografia]] 1e0zh6qje3dzwvz2gt7by8oky66h2zc 0 32403 1577000 1474119 2026-06-27T11:45:59Z The boss Akili 90538 Mpangilio wa aya za andiko 1577000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:African_enviroment.jpg|thumbnail|right|200pax|Mazingira ya kiafrika]] '''Mazingira''' ni jumla ya mambo yote yanayomzuguka kiumbe katika [[maisha]] yake Halisi kulinga na uhalisia. Kwa hiyo kila unachokiona kipo katika jamii yako cha asilia au kutengezwa ni sehemu ya mazingira yako. Hivyo Tunza mazingira yakutunze. Mazingira huweza kuundwa na [[Kitu|vitu]] mbalimbali; yanaweza kuwa ya asili (kama [[misitu]], [[milima]], [[Ziwa|maziwa]], [[bonde|mabonde]], [[mito]], [[bahari]] n.k.) au ya kutengenezwa na [[binadamu]] (kama [[jengo|majengo]], [[kiwanda|viwanda]] n.k.). Hivyo tunapaswa tuwe makini katika Kulinda mazingira yetu kwa sababu vitu vingine huyaharibu mazingira yetu, kama vile [[uchafuzi wa hewa]], [[uchafuzi wa bahari]], [[uchafuzi wa ardhi]], uchimbaji holela, n.k. Tunapaswa kutunza mazingira yetu kwa sababu [[kilimo]], Uvuvi,biashara, [[ufugaji]], mvua, n.k. huathiriwa na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Mazingira hutunzwa kwa njia mbalimbali kama vile kupanda [[miti]] kwa wingi, kutunza [[Chanzo (mto)|vyanzo vyetu vya maji]], na kutumia [[maji]] vizuri, hasa katika shughuli za kilimo, ili kuliepuka tatizo la ukame. == Kanuni kuhusu ulinzi wa mazingira == Nchi mbalimbali zina kanuni za ulinzi wa mazingira. Kwa mfano katika nchi ya [[Marekani]], kuna [[kanuni]] kuhusu ulinzi wa wanyama wanaokaribia kutoweka. Kanuni hii iko katika sheria ya ''Endangered Species Act (ESA)'' iliyopitishwa na [[rais]] [[Richard Nixon]] mwaka 1973 Nchini Marekani. Pia kuna mkataba wa kimataifa uitwao ''Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)''. Barani [[Afrika]], ulinzi wa mazingira waendeshwa pia japo kuna [[Jangili|majangili]] wanapenda sana kukiuka [[sheria]] ili wajitajirishe kwa kuwinda wanyama kiharamu. ==Kurasa kuhusu neno mazingira== Mazingira yanaweza kuhusu: * [[Hifadhi ya mazingira]] * [[Uharibifu wa mazingira]], vitu vinavyoweza kuchafua mazingira kama vile [[viwanda]], [[wanyama]] n.k. * Kujenga mazingira, [[ujenzi]] wa eneo ili kuwezesha shughuli za [[binadamu]] * Biofizikia ya mazingira, pamoja na mwingiliano wa [[kemikali]] zinayoathiri [[viumbe hai]] * Mifumo ya mazingira, maeneo ya mfumo wa kimwili ambayo yanaweza kuingiliana na mfumo wa mazingira na kubadilishana [[molekuli]], [[nishati]] n.k. * Sanaa ya mazingira * Mazingira pandikizi * Sera ya mazingira * Saikolojia ya mazingira * Ubora wa mazingira * Sayansi ya mazingira, [[utafiti]] wa mwingiliano kati ya hali ya kimwili, kemikali na majumuisho ya vitu vinavyohusu mazingira ya [[biolojia]] * Mfululizo wa mazingira, LPs, kaseti na CD zinazotoa milio ya asili * Maarifa ya mazingira * [[Mazingira ya asili]], [[viumbe hai]] na visivyo hai ambavyo vimetokea kiasili [[duniani]] * Mazingira ya kijamii, [[tamaduni]] ambazo mtu hufuata * [[Ekolojia]], [[ubora]] wa kibiolojia mara kwa mara huchanganywa katika mtazamo wa mazingira kwa ujumla * Harakati za mazingira * Uboreshaji wa mazingira * Orodha ya masuala ya mazingira * [[Mazingira ya Yesu]] Katika [[sayansi]] ya [[kompyuta]]: * Mazingira ya mezani, (kiing. graphical user interface) kwa kompyuta * Mazingira yanayobadilikabadilika, sera ya kutambulisha mchakato wa kimazingira * Mwingiliano wa maendeleo ya mazingira, aina ya [[programu]] za kompyuta ya kusaidia katika kuendeleza [[wataalamu]] wa kompyuta ili kutengeneza programu * Mazingira ya wakati, hali ya [[mashine]] isiyo halisi ambayo inatoa [[huduma]] ya kuprogramu michakato au mipango ya kuprogramu wakati kompyuta ikiendelea kufanya kazi == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.getaway.co.za/environment/conservation-environment/10-endangered-animals-south-africa-can-help/ Wanyama 10 waliohatarini] * [https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/africa/index.htm Mazingira Afrika] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/africa/index.htm |date=20170922181658 }} {{wiktionary}} [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] qtk2rozrtd4uh4vue97gyyaw27b8rlb 0 32925 1577006 1574177 2026-06-27T11:54:55Z Martha809 90543 Maelezo ya mpangilio wa Aya ya mapenzi 1577006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Two left hands forming a heart shape.jpg|thumb|right|Mikono miwili ikiunganika kutengenezea umbo la moyo.]] '''Mapenzi''' ni [[neno]] la [[Kiswahili]] linalojumlisha [[idadi]] kadhaa ya [[hisia]], kuanzia [[mahaba]], [[pendo]] hadi [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu|Kimungu, kimwili,kiakili na kiroho.]] Ni kwamba [[kitenzi]] "kupenda" kinaweza kurejelea aina za hisia, hali na mitazamo tofautitofauti, kuanzia [[ridhaa]] ya jumla ya [[kitu]] ("Napenda [[chakula]] hiki"), hadi [[mvuto]] mkali kati ya [[binadamu]] ("Nampenda [[mume]] wangu"). [[Uanuwai]] wa [[matumizi]] na [[maana]], pamoja na [[utata]] wa hisia zinazohusika, hufanya kuwe na [[ugumu]] katika [[ufafanuzi]], hata kulingana na hali nyingine za kihisia. Ki[[dhahania]], ''mapenzi'' kwa kawaida yanarejelea [[hisia za ndani]], zisizoelezeka, za kudumu kwa mwingine, yakishirikisha hisia tofauti, kutoka [[hamu]] na [[urafiki]] wa kimahaba hadi ukaribu wa kihisia wa [[kifamilia]] na [[kitaamuli]], usioelekea kabisa [[ngono]]<ref name="PlatonicSchool">{{cite book |last=Kristeller |first=Paul Oskar |title=Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays |url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancethoug0000kris_x1t4 |publisher=Princeton University |year=1980 |isbn=0-691-02010-8}}</ref> na hata [[umoja]] wa kina au [[ibada]] ya [[upendo]] wa ki[[dini]]. <ref name="Gita"> {{cite book |last= Mascaró |first=Juan |title=The Bhagavad Gita |url= https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgita0000unse_r9w2 |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2003 |isbn=0-140-44918-3}} (J. Mascaró, translator)</ref> Mapenzi katika aina zake mbalimbali husimamia [[mafungamano]] na, kutokana na umuhimu wake mkuu katika [[saikolojia]], ni mojawapo ya [[maudhui]] yanayopatikana sana katika [[sanaa]]. ==Ufafanuzi== [[File:Columpio Veracruz 059.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mapenzi ya kindugu ([[250]]-[[900]] [[BK]]). Jumba la ukumbusho la Anthropolojia katika [[Xalapa]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]].]] Wakati yanapojadiliwa kidhahania, ''mapenzi'' kwa kawaida yanarejelea pendo kati ya watu, hisia alizonazo mtu kuhusu mtu mwingine. Ingawa [[desturi]] au [[chanzo]] cha mapenzi ni [[suala]] ambalo hujadiliwa mara kwa mara, sura tofauti ya neno hili zinaweza kuwekwa wazi kwa kuamua nini si mapenzi: *kama njia ya kawaida ya kuonyesha [[hisia chanya]] (aina kubwa ya kupenda), mapenzi kwa kawaida hugonganishwa na [[chuki]] (au [[kutojali]]); *kama pendo ambalo linaegemea zaidi kwenye uhusiano wa kirafiki kuliko wa kingono, mapenzi kwa kawaida hugonganishwa na [[tamaa]]; na *kama uhusiano kati ya watu, unaohusisha mahaba, mapenzi hugonganishwa na [[urafiki]], ingawa neno ''mapenzi'' linaweza kutumika pia kwa urafiki wa karibu katika miktadha fulanifulani. Neno la [[Kiingereza]] "love" linaweza kuwa na maana zinazohusiana lakini tofauti kadiri ya miktadha. Kumbe, [[lugha]] nyingine huweza kutumia maneno mbalimbali kueleza [[dhana]] tofauti ambazo Kiingereza hutumia neno "love" tu kurejelea; mfano mmoja ni wingi wa maneno ya [[Kigiriki]] yanayorejelea "mapendo". Tofauti za [[utamaduni]] katika kufafanua mapenzi, hufanya liwe jambo gumu kutoa [[ufafanuzi]] wowote. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Kay |first=Paul |title=What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1984-03_86_1/page/65 |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |volume=86 |issue=1 |month=Machi |year=1984 |pages=65&ndash;79 |doi=10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050}}</ref> Aidha, mawazo kuhusu mapenzi yamebadilika sana kadiri ya wakati. Baadhi ya [[wanahistoria]] wanahusisha dhana za kisasa za mapenzi ya kimahaba na [[Ulaya]] wakati au baada ya [[Karne za Kati]], ingawa kuwepo kwa mahusiano ya kimahaba kabla ya wakati huo kunaonyeshwa na [[ushairi]] wa kimapenzi wa kale. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html |title=Ancient Love Poetry |accessdate=2021-07-17 |archivedate=2007-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072056/http://www.trueopenlove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html }}</ref> Kuna [[mithali]] kadhaa kuhusu mapenzi, mojawapo ikiwa ile ya [[Vergilio]] ya kuwa "Pendo hushinda yote" na ile ya kundi la [[Beatles]] "[[All you need is love]]" (Unachohitaji ni mapenzi tu). [[Mwanafalsafa]] [[Gottfried Leibniz]] alisema mapenzi ni "kuwa na [[furaha]] tele kutokana na furaha ya mwingine." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi |first=Gottfried |last=Leibniz |title=Confessio philosophi |publisher=Wikisource edition |accessdate=Mar 25, 2009}}</ref> ==Mapenzi yasiyohusu mtu maalum== Mtu anaweza kusema anapenda [[nchi]], [[kanuni]] au [[shabaha]] maalumu ikiwa anaithamini sana na kuizingatia kwa makini. Vilevile, katika [[huduma za huruma]] na [[kazi za kujitolea]] "upendo" wa kazi unaweza kutokana na mapenzi yasiyohusishwa na kitu pamoja na [[utu]] na [[imani]] za ki[[siasa]] badala ya mapenzi kati ya watu. Watu pia wanaweza "kupenda" vitu, [[wanyama]], au [[shughuli]] ikiwa watajitolea kujihusisha na vitu vile. Kukiwa na [[tamaa ya kingono]] pia, hali hiyo inaitwa [[parafilia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | last = DiscoveryHealth | first = | title = Paraphilia | url = http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html | accessdate = 2007-12-16 | archivedate = 2007-12-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212105714/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html }}</ref> ==Mapenzi kati ya watu== [[File:Frank Bernard Dicksee - Romeo and Juliet, 1884.jpg|thumb|Wapenzi [[Romeo na Julieta]] walivyochorwa na [[Frank Dicksee]].]] Mapenzi kati ya watu wawili ni hisia za nguvu kuliko ''kumpenda'' mwingine kwa jumla. Mapenzi yasiyotuzwa ni hisia za mapenzi ambazo haziwezi kulipwa au kurudishwa. Mapenzi kama hayo yanaweza kuwepo kati ya [[wanafamilia]], marafiki, na [[wanandoa]]. Pia kuna matatizo kadhaa ya kisaikolojia yanayohusiana na mapenzi. Tangu kale [[historia]], [[falsafa]] na [[dini]] ndizo [[taaluma]] ambazo zimewaza sana suala la mapenzi. Katika [[karne ya 20]], [[sayansi]] ya [[saikolojia]] imeandika mambo mengi juu ya suala hili. Katika miaka ya karibuni, [[saikolojia ya mabadiliko]], [[biolojia ya mabadiliko]], [[anthropolojia]], [[sayansi ya nyuro]] na [[biolojia]] zimezidisha [[ufahamu]] juu ya mapenzi. ===Msingi wa kikemia=== Biolojia ya [[jinsia]] huona mapenzi kama [[hisia]] za [[mamalia]], sawa na [[njaa]] au [[kiu]].<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Thomas | coauthors = Amini, F., & Lannon, R. | title = A General Theory of Love | url = https://archive.org/details/generaltheoryof00lewi | publisher = Random House | year = 2000 |isbn=0-375-70922-3}}</ref> [[Helen Fisher]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[mada]] ya mapenzi, amegawa mapenzi katika sehemu tatu zinazolingana: tamaa, mvuto na pendo. Tamaa huwafunua watu kwa wengine; mvuto wa kimahaba huwahamasisha kuzingatia [[nguvu]] yao kwa kuhusiana kingono; na pendo linahusisha kustahimili mwenzako (au [[mtoto]]) kwa muda wa kutosha kumlea. [[Tamaa]] ni hamu ya mwanzo ya ngono ambayo inaendana na kutolewa kwa wingi kwa [[kemikali]] kama vile [[testosterone]] na [[estrogen]]. Athari hizo huwa hazikai zaidi ya wiki chache au miezi michache. [[Pendo]] ni hamu ya binafsi na ya kimahaba zaidi inayoelekezwa kwa mtu maalum wa kuhusiana kingono, ambayo hutokana na tamaa wakati wajibu kwa mtu huyo unakua. [[Utafiti]] uliofanywa hivi karibuni na [[Sayansi ya nyuro]] umeonyesha kuwa kadiri watu wanavyoendelea kupendana, [[ubongo]] huwa unatoa aina fulani za kemikali, ikiwa ni pamoja na 'pheromones', 'dopamine', 'norepinephrine', na 'serotonin', ambazo hufanya kazi sawa na 'amphetamines', kuchochea [[kiini cha furaha]] kwenye ubongo na kusababisha ongezeko la [[mapigo ya moyo]], kupoteza [[hamu ya kula]] na kulala, na hisia kali za [[msisimko]]. Utafiti umeonyesha kwamba hatua hiyo kwa jumla hudumu kuanzia mwaka mmoja na nusu hadi miaka mitatu. <ref name="human">{{cite book |last=Winston |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Human |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref> Kwa kuwa hatua za tamaa na mvuto huendelea kwa muda tu, hatua ya tatu inahitajika kuelezea mahusiano ya muda mrefu. [[Upendo]] ni [[maingiliano]] ambayo hukuza mahusiano ya kudumu kwa miaka na hata miongo mingi. Upendo kwa jumla umejengwa kwenye [[wajibu]] kama vile [[ndoa]] na [[watoto]], au kuheshimiana kirafiki kulikojengwa kwenye mambo kama vitu mnavyovipenda. Upendo umehusishwa na kuwepo kwa viwango vya juu vya kemikali ('oxytocin' na 'vasopressin') ikilinganishwa na mahusiano ya muda mfupi. <ref name="human"></ref> [[Enzo Emanuele]] na wenzake walieleza kuwa [[molekuli]] ya [[protini]] inayojulikana kama chanzo cha ukuaji wa neva (nerve growth factor = NGF) ina viwango vya juu wakati watu wanapoanza kupendana, lakini viwango hivyo hurudi kwenye vipimo vya awali baada ya mwaka mmoja. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Emanuele, E. |coauthor=Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.; Minoretti, P.; Bertona, M.; & Geroldi, D |year=2005 |title=Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love |url=http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=Sept. 05}}</ref> ===Msingi wa kisaikolojia=== [[File:Sri Lankan woman and child.jpg|thumb|250px|Bibi na mjukuu, [[Sri Lanka]].]] Saikolojia inaonyesha mapenzi kama jambo tambuzi na la kijamii. [[Mwanasaikolojia]] [[Robert Sternberg]] alibuni [[nadharia ya miraba mitatu ya mapenzi]] akasema mapenzi yana vipengele vitatu tofauti: urafiki, kujitoa, na [[uchu]]. Urafiki ni aina ambayo watu wawili huambiana [[siri]] na mambo kadhaa kuhusu [[maisha]] yao binafsi. Kuwajibika, kwa upande mwingine, ni matumaini kuwa uhusiano huo utadumu. Aina ya mwisho na inayopatikana sana ni mvuto wa kingono au uchu. Mapenzi ya uchu ni kama yanavyoonyeshwa katika kupumbazwa kimapenzi pamoja na mapenzi ya kimahaba. Aina zote za mapenzi hutazamwa kama mchanganyiko tofauti wa vipengele hivyo vitatu. Mwanasaikolojia kutoka [[Marekani]], [[Zick Rubin]] alijaribu kutumia [[saikometriki]]. Kazi yake inasema kuwa mapenzi yamejengwa na vipengele vitatu: upendo, kujali na urafiki. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Zick |title=Measurement of Romantic Love |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1970-10_16_2/page/265 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=16 |pages=265&ndash;27 |year=1970 |doi=10.1037/h0029841}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Zick |title=Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/likinglovinginvi00rubi |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Rinehart & Winston |year=1973}}</ref> Kufuatia maendeleo katika [[nadharia za umeme]], kama vile [[sheria ya Coulomb]] ambayo ilionyesha kuwa [[nguvu chanya]] na [[nguvu hasi]] huvutiana, milinganisho katika maisha ya binadamu ilifanywa, kama vile "vitu vilivyo kinyume kuvutiana." Katika karne ya 20, utafiti juu ya mahusiano ya kingono miongoni mwa binadamu umepata kwa jumla kuwa jambo hili si kweli kuhusu tabia za watu kwa sababu hao kwa kawaida kuwapenda wale walio na sifa zinazofanana na zao. Hata hivyo, katika nyanja chache zisizo za kawaida na maalumu, kama vile [[mifumo ya kinga]], inaonekana kwamba binadamu hupendelea binadamu ambao ni tofauti nao (mfano, walio na mfumo wa orthojoni), kwa kuwa jambo hili litasababisha kupata mtoto ambaye ana sifa bora za pande zote mbili. <ref>{{cite book | last = Berscheid | first = Ellen | coauthors = Walster, Elaine, H.| title = Interpersonal Attraction | url = https://archive.org/details/interpersonalatt0000elle | publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Co | year = 1969 | id = CCCN 69-17443 }}</ref> Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[nadharia]] mbalimbali za [[maingiliano ya binadamu]] zimebuniwa na kuelezewa kwa kuzingatia upendo, mahusiano, maingiliano, na mivuto. Baadhi ya wataalamu wa Magharibi hugawanywa katika vipengele viwili vikuu, chenye utu na chenye kujipenda. Mtazamo huo umewakilishwa na [[Scott Peck]], ambaye anasema kuwa mapenzi ni mchanganyiko wa "wasiwasi kuhusu ukuaji kiroho wa mwingine," na kujipenda sahili. <ref name="peck">{{cite book | title=The Road Less Traveled | url=https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_571 | isbn=0-671-25067-1 | last=Peck | first=Scott | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=1978 | page=[https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_571/page/n166 169]}}</ref> Kwa pamoja, mapenzi ni shughuli, si hisia tu. ===Ulinganifu wa mifumo ya kisayansi=== Mifumo ya kibiolojia ya mapenzi huyatazama kama msukumo wa kimamalia, sawa na [[njaa]] au [[kiu]]<ref name="Lewis"></ref>, kumbe saikolojia huyatazama kama jambo linalotegemea zaidi jamii na utamaduni. Pengine kuna [[chembe]] za [[ukweli]] katika mitazamo yote miwili. Hakika mapenzi huathiriwa na [[homoni]], na jinsi watu hufikiri na kutenda katika mapenzi huathiriwa na mawazo yao kuhusu hayo. Mtazamo wa kawaida katika [[biolojia]] ni kwamba kuna misukumo miwili mikuu katika mapenzi: [[mvuto wa kingono]] na [[pendo]]. Pendo kati ya watu wazima huchukuliwa kufanya kazi kwa kuzingatia kanuni sawa na zile zinazomfanya [[mtoto mchanga]] kumpenda mama yake. Mtazamo wa [[jadi]] wa kisaikolojia huangalia mapenzi kama muungano wa [[mapenzi ya kimwenzi]] na [[mapenzi ya kiuchu]]. Mapenzi ya kiuchu ni hamu kubwa, na mara nyingi huandamana na [[mhemko wa kimwili]] (kupumua kwa nguvu, mpigo wa moyo wa kasi); [[mapenzi ya kimwenzi]] ni mapenzi na hisia za kirafiki zisizoandamana na mhemko wa kimwili. Uchunguzi umeonyesha kuwa ubongo wa waliopumbazwa na mapenzi unafanana na ule wa wenye [[ugonjwa wa akili]]. Mapenzi huanzisha shughuli katika eneo la ubongo sawa na njaa, kiu, na [[hamu ya madawa]]. Mapenzi mapya, kwa hiyo, yanaweza kuegemea upande wa mwili kuliko wa hisia. Kadiri wakati unavyopita, athari hizo zinazotokana na mapenzi hukomaa, na maeneo mbalimbali ya ubongo yanaamshwa, hasa yale yanayohusiana na ahadi za muda mrefu. ==Mitazamo ya kitamaduni== ===Uajemi=== : :: ::: ::::''Hata baada ya muda huu wote'' :::::''Jua haliambii ardhi, "ninakudai."'' ::::::''Angalia kinachotokea na Upendo kama huo!'' '''' : :: ::: :::: - ''Linaangaza mbingu nzima.'' (Hafiz) [[Maulana Rumi]], [[Hafez]] na [[Sa'di]] ni ishara za uchu na mapenzi ambazo huwasilishwa na lugha na [[utamaduni wa Kiajemi]]. Neno la Kiajemi linalorejelea mapenzi ni ''eshgh,'' lililotokana na la Kiarabu ''Ishq.'' Katika utamaduni wa Kiajemi, kila kitu kinazungukwa na mapenzi na yote huwa ni kwa ajili ya mapenzi, kuanzia kupenda marafiki na familia, mabibi na mabwana, na hatimaye kufikia upendo wa Kimungu ambao ndio lengo halisi la maisha. Zaidi ya karne saba zilizopita, Sa'di aliandika: : :: ::: ::::''Watoto wa Adamu ni viungo vya mwili mmoja'' :::::''Baada ya kuumbwa kwa kiini kimoja.'' ::::::''Wakati msiba wa wakati unaathiri kiungo kimoja'' :::::::''Viungo hivyo vingine haviwezi kuwa na amani.'' ::::::::''Ikiwa hauna huruma kwa matatizo ya wengine'' :::::::::''Wewe hustahili kuitwa kwa jina la "mtu."'' ===China na tamaduni za jirani=== [[File:Love zh.svg|thumb|The traditional Chinese character for love (愛) consists of a heart (middle) inside of "accept," "feel," or "perceive," which shows a graceful emotion.]] [[Ukonfusio]] kwa desturi ulisisitiza wajibu, mwelekeo na tendo katika uhusiano (km wema kutoka kwa wazazi, [[utiifu wa mzazi]] kutoka kwa watoto, uaminifu kwa mfalme, na kadhalika) kuliko mapenzi yenyewe. Katika kuzingatia hayo, dhana ya "mapenzi" umekuja tu hivi majuzi kutoka [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|Magharibi]]. Hata hivyo, ''[[Ren]]'' (仁) inaweza kuonekana kama wema wa mapenzi, ambayo ni sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kimaadili, na lazima ifuatwe na wote. [[Mozi]] alibuni dhana ya ''Ai'' (爱) iliyotokana na ile ya Kikonfusio ''Ren,'' ambayo inakaribiana zaidi na ile ya kimagharibi ya mapenzi bia. Badala ya kuonyesha mitazamo tofauti kwa watu tofauti, dhana ya [[Mohism]] inasisitiza kumpenda kila mtu, si marafiki au familia pekee, bila kuzingatia kama wao pia watafanya hivyo. Katika lugha ya [[Kichina]] na [[tamaduni za kisasa]], istilahi kadhaa hutumiwa kurejelea dhana ya mapenzi: *''Ai'' (爱) ni kitenzi (km ''Wo Ai Ni'' 我爱你, au "Ninakupenda") na istilahi (kama ''Ai Qing'' 爱情, au "Mapenzi ya Kimahaba"). Neno hili ndilo ambalo linatumiwa sana kurejelea mapenzi, na linaweza kuwa na maana mbalimbali katika mazingira tofauti, kama ilivyo katika Kiingereza. Tangu mwaka 1949, eneo la Bara China limekuwa likitumia neno ''[[wikt:airen|Ai Ren]]'' (爱人, asilia lililomaanisha "mpenzi") kama neno kuu la "mke/mume" (wakati maneno tofauti ya "bibi" na "bwana" yalidumishwa, yalikosa kusisitizwa ili kukuza usawa wa kijinsia); neno ''Ai Renouce '' lina maana dhahania hasi nchini China, jambo ambalo bado linajitokeza miongoni mwa wengi nchini [[Taiwan.]] *Istilahi ''Lian'' (恋) inaelezea hali kupenda na kutegemea ya mtu binafsi inayotokana na mapenzi, na kwa hivyo huwa halitumiki sana likiwa peke yake. Mara nyingi huwa linatumiwa hasa kuelezea mapenzi ya kimahaba au kingono, kama vile "kuwa katika mapenzi" (恋爱, ''Lian Ai),'' "mpenzi" (恋人, ''Lian Ren)'' au [["ushoga"]] (同性恋, ''Tong Xing Lian).'' *Istilahi ''Qing'' (情), au "hisia", mara nyingi inaonyesha "mapenzi" katika muktadha sahihi. Linapotumiwa pamoja na ''Ai'' (爱) neno hili hasa huwa linatumiwa kuelezea mapenzi ya kimahaba, kama katika ''Ai Qing'' 爱情. ''Qing Ren'' (情人) ni istilali ingine inayorejelea "mpenzi", ikimaanisha kuwa kumekuwa na uhusiano wa kingono . *Istilahi ''Gănqíng'' (感情) inajumuisha hisia zilizoko na upendo ambao umekua kutokana na kuwa na uhusiano wa karibu. Ujenzi wa ''gănqíng'' hii, au maingiliano, kwa hivyo ni muhimu katika kuanzisha na kudumisha mapenzi. *''[[Yuanfen]]'' (缘份) ni muungano wa kudura. Mwanzo wa uhusiano wa maana (uwe wa kimahaba au kirafiki) huwa unafikiriwa kuwa mara nyingi unategemea ''yuanfen.'' Mtazamo sawa na huu katika Kiingereza ni "hatima" au "kudura". ===Japani=== Katika [[Ubudha wa Kijapani]], neno ''ai'' (爱) linarejelea mapenzi ya uchu na kujali, na hamu ya msingi. Inaweza kukua kuelekea ama ubinafsi au kutokuwa na ubinafsi na kutaalamika. ''[[Amae]]'' (甘え), neno la Kijapani lenye maana ya "kujihusisha na utegemezi," ni sehemu ya [[utamaduni wa Ujapani]] wa kumlea mtoto. Akina mama wa Kijapani wanatarajiwa kukumbatia na kuendekeza watoto wao, na watoto wanatarajiwa kuwatuza mama zao kwa kuwashikilia na kuwahudumia. Baadhi ya [[wanasosholojia]] wamependekeza kuwa maingiliano ya kijamii ya Kijapani katika maisha ya baadaye yamejengeka juu ya 'amae' ya mama kwa mtoto. ===Ugiriki wa kale=== [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] ina maneno mbalimbali na tofauti: ''philia, eros, agape, storge na xenia.'' Hata hivyo, imekuwa vigumu kihistoria kutofautisha kabisa maana za maneno hayo ya Kigiriki (kama ilivyo kwa lugha nyingine nyingi). Tafsiri ya [[Biblia]] ya Ugiriki ya kale ina mifano ya [[kitenzi]] ''agapo'' kikiwa na maana sawa na ''[[phileo]].'' ''[[Agape]]'' inamaanisha mapenzi'' katika Ugiriki ya sasa kisasa. Neno ''S'agapo'' linamaanisha ''Ninakupenda'' katika Kigiriki. Neno ''agapo'' ni kitenzi ''Ninapenda.'' Kwa jumla linarejelea [[aina]] ya mapenzi ambayo ni "safi", badala ya mvuto wa kimwili unaopendekezwa na ''eros.'' Hata hivyo, kuna baadhi ya mifano ya ''agape'' inayotumika kuleta maana sawa na ''eros.'' Pia imetafsiriwa kama "upendo wa nafsi." ''[[Eros]]'' ni mapenzi ya kimahaba, yaliyo na shauku na hamu. Neno la Kigiriki ''erota'' linamaanisha ''katika mapenzi.'' Ingawa mapenzi ya eros kwa kawaida huwa yanahisiwa kwa mtu, kwa kutafakari yanakuwa ni kuthamini uzuri ndani ya mtu, au hata inakuwa ni kuthamini [[uzuri]] wenyewe. Mapenzi ya eros husaidia nafsi kukumbuka ujuzi wa uzuri na huchangia katika ufahamu wa ukweli wa kiroho. Wapenzi na wanafalsafa wote huchochewa na eros kutafuta ukweli. Baadhi ya tafsiri huyaorodhesha kama "mapenzi ya mwili." ''[[Philia]]'' kama mapenzi ya [[wema]] yasiyo na uchu, ilikuwa ni dhana iliyobuniwa na [[Aristotle]]. Inahusisha uaminifu kwa marafiki, familia na jamii, na inahitaji wema, usawa, na kufahamiana. Philia huchochewa na kwa sababu za kiutendaji; mmoja au wawili wa wahusika kufaidika na uhusiano. Inaweza pia kumaanisha "mapenzi ya akili." ''[[Storge]]'' ni mapenzi ya kawaida, kama wanayohisi wazazi kwa watoto wao. ''[[Xenia]]'' (ξενία ''xenía),'' ukarimu, ulikuwa jambo muhimu sana katika Ugiriki wa kale. Ulikuwa karibu na urafiki wa kitaambiko ulioanzishwa kati ya mwenyeji na mgeni wake, ambao hapo awali wangekuwa hawafahamiani. Mwenyeji alimlisha na kumpatia mgeni malazi, na mgeni alitarajiwa kulipia kwa shukrani pekee. Umuhimu wa jambo hili unaweza kuonekana kupitia [[visasili]] vya Kigiriki, hasa vile vya [[Homer]] ambavyo ni [[Iliad]] na [[Odyssey]]. ===Uturuki=== Katika [[Kituruki]], neno "mapenzi" huwa na maana kadhaa. Mtu anaweza kumpenda Mungu, mtu, wazazi, au familia. Lakini mtu huyo anaweza "kupenda" mtu mmoja tu kutoka jinsia tofauti na yake, jambo ambalo wao hulipatia neno "aşk", yaani mapenzi kwa maana za kimahaba na kingono pekee. Ikiwa Mturuki atasema kuwa yeye anampenda (aşk) mtu, si aina ya mapenzi ambayo mtu anaweza kuhisi kwa wazazi wake, ni ya mtu mmoja tu, na inaonyesha [[ashiki]] kuu. Neno hili hupatikana kwenye [[lugha za Kiturki]], kama zile za [[Azerbaijani]] (Esq) na [[Kazakh]] (ғашық). ===Roma ya Kale (Kilatini)=== [[Lugha]] ya [[Kilatini]] ina vitenzi mbalimbali vinavyolingana na neno la Kiingereza "love." ''Amare'' ndilo neno msingi la ''mapenzi,'' na bado ndilo linalotumiwa kwenye [[Kiitalia]] hadi leo. [[Warumi]] walilitumia kurejelea uhusiano wa kirafiki na wakimahaba au kingono. Kutoka kitenzi hiki tunapata ''amans-'' mpenzi, amator, "mpenzi wa kitaalamu," mara nyingi likiwa na wazo la ziada la uzinzi - na ''amica,'' "mpenzi", na mara nyingi hutumiwa kitafsida kurejelea [[kahaba]]. Neno linalolingana ni ''amor'' (umuhimu wa neno hili kwa Warumi unaonyeshwa katika ukweli kwamba, jina la mji [[Rome-]], katika Kilatini: ''Roma-linaweza'' kutazamwa kama [[anagramu]] ya ''amor,'' neno ambalo lilitumika kama jina la siri la mji katika duru pana nyakati za zamani), <ref> Thomas Köves-Zulauf, Reden und Schweigen, München, 1972.</ref> na ambalo ni pia linatumika katika wingi kuashiria mahusiano ya kimapenzi na matukio ya kingono. Kutoka kwenye kiini kile bado tunapata ''amicus'' - "rafiki" na ''Amicitia,'' "urafiki" (unaojengwa kwenye ushirika, na kulingana wakati mwingine kwa karibu na "uwiwa" au "ushawishi"). [[Cicero]] aliandika makala inayoitwa ''[[de Amicitia]],'' ambayo inazungumzia wazo hili kwa urefu fulani. [[Ovid]] aliandika mwongozo wa kupendana uitwao ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'' ambao unazungumzia, kwa kina, kila kitu kutoka masuala ya uhusiano nje ya ndoa hadi masuala ya wazazi wanaomnyima mtu uhuru. Wakati mwingine Kilatini hutumia neno ''Amare'' katika sehemu ambazo huzua utata. Hata hivyo, katika Kilatini kwa jumla kuna maneno ''placere'' au ''delectāre,'' ambayo hutumiwa zaidi katika miktadha isiyo rasmi, na neno la mwisho la ''delectāre'' likitumiwa mara nyingi katika ushairi wa kimapenzi wa [[Catullus]]. Neno ''Diligere'' mara nyingi linazua wazo la "kuwa na upendo wa," "kuheshimu," na kwa nadra sana hutumiwa kurejelea mapenzi ya kimahaba. Neno hili linaweza kufaa kuelezea urafiki wa watu wawili. [[Nomino]] inayolingana ''diligentia,'' hata hivyo, ina maana ya "bidii" au "uangalifu," na ina uhusiano mdogo sana wa kisemantiki na kitenzi hicho. ''Observare'' ni kisawe cha ''diligere;'' licha ya kuwa na asili moja na Kiingereza, kitenzi hicho na nomino inayolingana, ''observantia,'' mara nyingi huashiria "heshima" au "upendo." Neno ''[[Caritas]]'' hutumika katika tafsiri za Kilatini za [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] kwa maana ya "upendo wenye hisani"; maana hiyo, hata hivyo, haipatikani katika [[maandiko ya Kirumi]] ya [[Upagani|Kipagani]]. ==Maoni ya dini== ===Dini za Kiabrahamu === [[File:Ahava.jpg|thumb|left|200px|"LOVE sculpture" 1977 ya Robert Indiana, 'spelling ahava in Israel']] ====Uyahudi==== Katika [[Kiyahudi]], Ahava ndilo neno linalotumika sana kurejelea upendo kati ya watu na upendo wa Mungu. [[Uyahudi]] unatumia ufafanuzi mpana wa upendo, kati ya watu na kati ya mtu na Mungu. Kuhusu upendo kati ya watu, [[Torati]] inasema, "Mpende jirani yako kama ujipendavyo" ([[Mambo ya Walawi]] 19:18). Kuhusu upendo wa pili, mtu ameamuriwa kumpenda Mungu "kwa moyo wako wote, kwa roho yako yote na kwa nguvu zako zote" ([[Kumb]] 6:5), zilizochukuliwa na [[Mishna]] ([[ufafanuzi]] wa [[sheria)]] za Wayahudi kurejelea mema, mtu kuwa tayari kutoa maisha yake kama dhabihu badala ya kutenda makosa fulani makubwa, mtu kuwa tayari kutoa mali yake yote kama sadaka, na kumshukuru Mungu licha ya mashaka (Berakhoth 9:5). [[Fasihi ya Marabi]] hutofautiana katika jinsi upendo huu unaweza kuendelezwa, kwa mfano, kwa kutafakari matendo ya Mungu au kushuhudia makuu yaliyoumbwa. Na kuhusu upendo kati ya washirika wa ndoa, jambo hili huchukuliwa kama kiungo muhimu cha maisha: "Ishi maisha na mke umpendaye" [[Kitabu cha Mhubiri]] 9:9). Kitabu cha [[Biblia]] ''[[Wimbo Ulio Bora]]'' huchukuliwa kama [[fumbo]] la upendo wa kindoa kati ya Mungu na taifa lake, lakini kwa kawaida wasomaji hukiona kama wimbo wa mapenzi. [[Rabi]] [[Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler]] ([[karne ya 20]]) hunukuliwa mara nyingi kwa kufafanua upendo kwa mtazamo wa Wayahudi unaosema upendo ni "kutoa bila kutarajia kupokea" (kutoka ''Michtav'' ''me-Eliyahu,'' Vol. 1). ====Ukristo==== [[File:Giovanni Baglione - The Divine Eros Defeats the Earthly Eros.jpg|thumb|right|Mapenzi matakatifu dhidi ya mapenzi ya kiulimwengu, mchoro wa [[Giovanni Baglione]] wa mwaka [[1602]]-[[1603]].]] Uelewa wa [[Ukristo]] unasema kwamba [[upendo]] hutoka kwa [[Mungu]]. Mapenzi ya [[mwanamume]] na [[mwanamke]] ("eros" katika Kigiriki) na mapenzi yasiyo na ubinafsi kwa wengine ("agape") mara nyingi hulinganishwwa kama mapenzi ya "kupaa" na "kushuka", lakini hatimaye ni jambo moja. <ref name="vatican1">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html |author=Pope Benedict XVI |title=papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est.}}</ref> Kuna maneno kadhaa ya Kigiriki yanayorejelea "mapenzi" ambayo yanatajwa katika duru za Wakristo. * ''[[Agape]]'': Katika [[Agano Jipya]], agape ni ya [[hisani]], isiyo na [[ubinafsi]] wala ma[[sharti]]. Ni mapenzi ya [[wazazi]], ambayo yanajenga [[wema]] katika [[dunia]], ni vile [[Mungu]] anavyoonekana kuwapenda wanadamu, na huonekana kama aina ya mapenzi ambayo Wakristo hutamani kuonyesha kwa mtu mwingine. * ''[[Phileo]]'': Pia katika Agano Jipya, ''phileo'' ni itikio la binadamu kwa kitu ambacho hufurahisha. Pia yanajulikana kama "mapenzi ya kindugu." * Maneno mengine mawili yanayorejelea mapenzi katika lugha ya Kigiriki ambayo ni: ''[[eros]]'' (mapenzi ya kingono) na ''[[storge]]'' (mapenzi ya mtoto kwa mzazi), hayakutumika katika [[Agano Jipya]]. [[Wakristo]] wanaamini kwamba ''kumpenda Mungu kwa moyo wako wote, akili, na nguvu na kumpenda [[jirani]] yako kama ujipendavyo'' ni mambo mawili muhimu katika maisha, [[amri kuu]] ya [[Torati]], kulingana na mafundisho na maisha ya [[Yesu]] (taz. [[Injili ya Marko]] sura ya 12, Aya 28-34). [[Mtakatifu]] [[Agostino wa Hipo]] aliyafupisha haya alipoandika ''"Umpende Mungu, halafu ufanye utakavyo."'' [[Mtume Paulo]] alitukuza upendo kama kitu muhimu kulilo vyote. Huku akielezea upendo katika [[shairi]] maarufu katika [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wakorintho]] aliandika, ''"Upendo huvumilia, upendo ni mwema,'' ''hauna wivu, haujivuni, hauna kiburi.'' ''Si ufidhuli, hauna majivuno, haukasirishwi kwa haraka, hauhesabu mabaya uliotendewa.'' ''Upendo haufurahii maovu bali hufurahia ukweli.'' ''Upendo daima hulinda, daima huamini, daima huwa na matumaini, na daima huvumilia."'' ([[1 Kor]] 13:4-7). [[Mtume Yohane]] aliandika, ''"Kwa maana Mungu aliupenda ulimwengu hata akamtoa [[Mwana]] wake wa pekee, ili kila mtu amwaminiye asipotee bali awe na [[uzima wa milele]].'' '' Maana Mungu hakumtuma Mwanawe ulimwenguni ili auhukumu [[ulimwengu]], bali ulimwengu uokolewe katika yeye.'' ''Kila mtu amwaminiye hahukumiwi, lakini yeyote asiyemuamini tayari ana hatia kwa sababu yeye hajaamini [[jina]] la [[Mwana pekee wa Mungu]]."'' ([[Yoh]] 3:16-18). Yohane pia aliandika, ''"Marafiki zangu, hebu tupendane kwani upendo hutoka kwa Mungu.'' ''Kila mtu anayependa amezaliwa wa Mungu na anamjua Mungu.'' ''Yeyote asiyependa hamjui Mungu, kwa sababu Mungu ni upendo."'' ([[1 Yoh]] 4:7-8). Mtakatifu Augustino anasema ni lazima mtu aweze kutambua tofauti kati ya upendo na tamaa. Tamaa ni kujihusisha katika jambo kupindukia, bali kupenda na kupendwa ndilo jambo ambalo amelitafuta maisha yake yote. Hata anasema, ''"Nilikuwa nimependana na upendo."'' Hatimaye, akawa anampenda Mungu na kupendwa naye. Augustino anasema kuwa yule anayeweza kukupenda kwa ukweli na [[ukamilifu]] ni Mungu, kwa sababu upendo kwa binadamu unaruhusu [[udhaifu]] kama vile ''"[[wivu]], [[wasiwasi]], [[hofu]], [[hasira]], na [[ushindani]]."'' Kulingana na Augustino, kumpenda Mungu ni ''"kufikia amani ambayo ni yako."'' ([[Maungamo ya Mtakatifu Augustino]]). [[Wanateolojia]] Wakristo humwona Mungu kama chanzo cha upendo, ambao huonekana katika binadamu na mahusiano yao ya upendo. Msomi mkubwa wa Biblia [[C. S. Lewis]] aliandika kitabu kinachoitwa ''[[The Four Loves]].'' [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] aliandika [[waraka]] wake wa kwanza kuhusu [["Mungu ni upendo"]]. Humo alisema kuwa mwanadamu, aliyeumbwa kwa mfano wa Mungu ambaye ni upendo, anaweza kupenda; kujitoa kwa Mungu na wengine ([[agape]]) na kwa kupokea na kuhisi upendo wa Mungu kupitia [[tafakuri]] (Eros). Maisha haya ya upendo, kulingana na yeye, ni maisha ya watakatifu kama [[Bikira Maria]] na [[Mama Teresa]] wa [[Kolkata]] na ni mwelekeo ambao Wakristo huchukua wanapoamini kuwa Mungu anawapenda. <ref name="vatican1"></ref> ====Uislamu na Uarabu==== Kwa kiwango fulani, mapenzi hayahusishi mtazamo wa Kiislamu wa maisha kama undugubia ambao unahusisha wale wote ambao wanashika [[imani]] ya Kiislamu. Hakuna sehemu inayosema Mungu ni upendo, lakini miongoni mwa majina 99 ya [[Allah]], kuna jina ''Al-Wadud,'' au "Anayependa," ambalo hupatikana katika Sura 11:90 na vilevile Sura 85:14. Linamtaja Mungu kama "aliyejaa fadhili." Wale wote ambao wanaamini wana mapenzi ya Mungu, lakini kwa kiasi gani au juhudi zipi amemfurahisha Mungu inamtegemea mtu binafsi. ''[[Ishq]],'' au mapenzi ya kiungu, ni msisitizo wa [[Usufi]]. [[Wasufi]] huamini kwamba mapenzi ni makadirio ya kiini cha Mungu kwa ulimwengu. Mungu anatamani kutambua uzuri, na kama mtu aangaliavyo kwenye kioo ili kujiona, Mungu "hujiangalia" kwenye mienendo ya asili. Kwa kuwa kila kitu kinaonyesha Mungu, shule ya usufi huzingatia kuona uzuri ndani ya kinachoonekana kuwa kibaya. Usufi mara nyingi unajulikana kama dini ya upendo. Mungu katika usufi hutajwa kwa majina matatu makuu, ambayo ni mpenzi, mpendwa, na kipenzi, na neno la mwisho kati ya maneno haya likijitokeza sana katika ushairi wa kisufi. Mtazamo wa kawaida wa Usufi ni kwamba kupitia mapenzi, wanadamu wanaweza kurudia usafi na neema yao ya awali. Watakatifu wa Usufi wanasifika kwa kuwa "walevi" kutokana na upendo wao wa Mungu; ndio maana mvinyo unatajwa sana katika mashairi na muziki wa kisufi. ===Dini za Mashariki=== ====Ubudha==== Katika [[Ubudha]], [[K&amp;#257;ma]] ni mapenzi ya kimihemko na kingono. Ni kikwazo katika njia ya [[kutaalamika]], kwani yana ubinafsi. ''[[Karu&amp;#7751;ā]]'' ni huruma na rehema, ambayo hupunguza mateso ya wengine. Huenda sambamba na hekima na ni muhimu kwa kutaalamika. ''Adveṣa'' na ''[[Metta]]'' ni mapenzi ya ukarimu. Mapenzi haya hayana masharti na yanahitaji mtu kwa kiasi fulani awe amejikubali. Mapenzi haya ni tofauti kabisa na yale ya kawaida, ambayo kwa kawaida huwa yanahusu upendo na ngono na ambayo ni nadra yawepo bila kujifikiria. Badala yake, katika Ubudha inarejelea uhisani wa ustawi wa wengine usio wa kibinafsi. Maadili ya [[Bodhisattva]] katika Ubudha wa Mahayana yanahusisha kujinyima kamili ili kuchukua mzigo wa mateso ya dunia. Kichocheo kikuu alicho nacho mtu ili kuchukua njia ya Bodhisattva ni wazo la wokovu ndani yake, mapenzi ya kiutu kwa viumbe wote. ====Uhindu==== Katika [[Ubanyani]], ''[[k&amp;#257;ma]]'' ni mapenzi matamu ya kingono, yaliyohuishwa na mungu [[Kamadeva.]] Kwa shule nyingi za kihindu, huu ndio mwisho wa tatu ''[[(artha)]]'' katika maisha. Mara nyingi [[Kamadeva]] huonyeshwa pichani kashika [[upinde]] wa [[miwa]] na [[mshale]] wa [[maua;]] yeye huweza hata kubebwa na kasuku mkubwa. Yeye huwa ameandamana na mke wake [[rati na sahibu wake Vasanta]], mkubwa wa msimu wa kuchipua Sanamu za mawe za Kaama na rati zinaweza kuonekana kwenye mlango wa hekalu ya Chenna Keshava katika [[Belur]], huko [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. ''Määrä'' ni jina lingine la ''kama.'' Tofauti na ''kama, prema'' {{ndash}} au ''Prem'' {{ndash}} yanarejelea mapenzi yaliyoinuliwa. ''[[Karuna]]'' ni huruma na rehema, ambazo humchochea mtu kusaidia kupunguza mateso ya wengine. [[Bhakti]] ni istilahi ya ''Kisanskriti'', inayomaanisha "mapenzi ya ibada kwa Mungu mkuu." Mtu anayefuata ''bhakti'' anaitwa ''bhakta.'' Waandishi wa [[Kihindi]], wanateolojia, wanafalsafa wametambua aina tisa za ''[[bhakti]]'', ambazo zinaweza kupatikana katika kitabu cha [[Bhagavata Purana]] and works cha [[Tulsidas.]] Kazi ya kifalsafa ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'' iliyoandikwa na [[mwandishi]] asiyejulikana (anayefikiriwa kuwa [[Narada]]), inatambua aina [[kumi na moja]] za mapenzi. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mapendo}} ==Vyanzo== *{{cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Saint Augustine Confessions|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998}} *{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelove00hele}} *{{cite book|last=Singer|first=Irving|title=The Nature of Love|subtitle=in three volumes|publisher=Random House|year=1966|edition= v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984|isbn=0-226-76094-4}} *{{cite journal|author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=A triangular theory of love|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1986-01_93_1/page/n124|year=1986|journal=Psychological Review|volume=93|page=119&ndash;135|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119}} *{{cite journal|author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1987-11_102_3/page/331|year=1987|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=102|page=331&ndash;345|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331}} *{{cite book|last=Tennov|first=Dorothy|title=Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lovelimerence00tenn|location=New York|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1979|isbn=0-812-86134-5}} *{{cite book|author=Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd|title=The World of Psychology|edition=5th|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|page=402&ndash;403}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wiktionary|affect|affective}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414121753/http://personality-project.org/revelle/publications/gilboa.pdf Personality and the Structure of Affective Responses] * {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm |title=Affect and Script Theory - Silvan S. Tomkins |first=Brian |last=Lynch |access-date=2008-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915175735/http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-02-19 |archivedate=2008-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915175735/http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121194322/http://www2.bc.edu/~russeljm/publications/Russell1980.pdf Circumplex Model of Affect] * [http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/99/2/229.pdf Affect and Memory] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Maadili]] 3qyfvdadhq13wwq2xixdk8uor57pjmb 0 33677 1576918 1519259 2026-06-27T08:43:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya Nje */ 1576918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kalambo Falls.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Maporomoko ya Kalambo.]] '''Maporomoko ya Kalambo''' yanatokana na [[mto Kalambo]] ambao ni mpaka wa [[Tanzania]] na [[Zambia]]. [[Maporomoko ya maji]] hayo ya mita 235 kwa mkupuo mmoja, ukiachilia kuwa ni ya pili baada ya yale ya Tugela ([[Afrika ya Kusini]]), lakini pia ndiyo maporomoko pekee yanayogawa nchi mbili. Maporomoko hayo yapo katika [[kijiji]] cha Kapozwa, [[kata]] ya [[Kisumba]], [[Wilaya ya Kalambo]], [[Mkoa wa Rukwa]]. Katika kijiji cha Kapozwa, ambacho kilianzishwa kutokana na [[imani]] kuwa ukienda kuoga katika maporomoko hayo utapooza. Kwa kuambiwa hivyo wenyeji wa eneo hilo walipaita kijiji jina la Kapozwa. Maporomoko hayo yamekuwa yakionekana na kutangazwa kuwa yapo Zambia na hivyo kuiondoa Tanzania kuwa miongoni mwa nchi zenye maporomoko yanayotambulika [[Dunia|duniani]]. ==Eneo la akiolojia== Maporomoko ya Kalambo ni pia eneo la kiakiolojia katika kata ya [[Kapele]], [[Wilaya ya Kalambo]], ndani ya [[Mkoa wa Rukwa]], Tanzania. [[Profesa]] [[John Desmond Clark]] alichunguza eneo hilo kuanzia mwaka [[1956]] hadi [[1959]]. Uchimbaji katika viunga vya ziwa ulifichua mlolongo wa enzi ya mawe kutoka enzi ya kale ya mawe hadi enzi ya chuma, na nyingi zikiwa zimetapakaa katika sakafu za makazi katika eneo hlo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/868/|title=Kalambo Prehistoric site|website=unesco.org|access-date=2022-06-01}}</ref><ref>Gabel, Creighton. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 35, no. 2/3, 2002, pp. 543–46. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3097663. Accessed 11 Jun. 2022.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.go2africa.com/zambia/kalambo-falls Maporomoko ya kalambo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.go2africa.com/zambia/kalambo-falls |date=20100109102322 }} *[http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php Kalambo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php |date=20100305184209 }} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kalambo]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Tanzania]] jc0aqd9xiwa56ha898i3gj6sxaloghi 0 34539 1576759 1576621 2026-06-26T12:56:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_lake |lake_name = Ziwa Albert |image_lake = Lake Albert (Uganda) (NASA).jpg |caption_lake = 2002 [[NASA]] [[MODIS]] satellite picture. The dotted grey line is the border between [[Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Congo (DRC)]] (left) and [[Uganda]] (right). |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|1|41|N|30|55|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = |inflow = [[Victoria Nile]] |outflow = [[Albert Nile]] |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Uganda]] |length = 160 km |width = 30 km |area = 5,300 km² |depth = 25 m |max-depth = 58 m |volume = 132 km³<ref name=asdf/> |shore = |elevation = 615 m |islands = |cities = [[Butiaba]], [[Pakwach]] |reference = <ref name=asdf>[http://seaviewrealty.org/about-egyptian-real-estate-property-red-sea/?aID=21 The Nile]</ref> }} {{otheruses2|Lake Albert}} '''Ziwa Albert''' (pia '''Albert Nyanza''', '''Mwitanzige''', na zamani kwa miaka michache '''Ziwa Mobutu Sese Seko''') ni moja ya [[maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]]. Ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[saba]] katika [[Afrika]], likiwa na nafasi ya [[ishirini na saba]] kwa ukubwa katika [[ulimwengu]] mzima. [[Picha:Albert Lake (7068054469).jpg|thumb|Twiga pembeni mwa ziwa Albert]] [[Picha:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|Mfereji mmojawapo wa ziwa Albert.]] [[Picha:Early Ferry, Uganda (15198353996).jpg|thumb|Kivuko cha mwanzoni.]] == Jiografia ==. Ziwa Albert liko katikati ya [[bara]], juu ya mpaka kati ya [[Uganda]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani [[Zaire]]). Liko [[kaskazini]] katika mlolongo wa maziwa wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Lina [[urefu]] wa [[km]] 160 ([[mi]] 100), [[upana]] wa km 30(mi 19), na [[kina]] upeo wa [[m]] 51 ([[ft]] 168), na [[mwinuko]] wa m 619 (ft 2.030) juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. Ziwa Albert ni sehemu ya mfumo mgumu wa [[mto Nile]] wa juu. [[Chanzo (mto)|Vyanzo]] vyake vikuu ni [[Nile ya Viktoria]] hatimaye kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]] hadi [[kusini]] [[mashariki]], na [[mto Semliki]], ambao hutoka [[Ziwa Edward]] hadi kusini [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya [[Nile ya Viktoria]] yana [[chumvi]] kiasi kuliko yale ya Ziwa Albert. Mlango wake, katika ncha ya [[kaskazini]] ya ziwa, ni [[Nile ya Albert]] (ambayo huwa inajulikana kama [[Mlima Nile]] wakati inaingia [[Sudan]]). [[Picha:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|thumb|250px|left|Mito na maziwa ya Uganda. Bonyeza ili kupanua picha.]] Katika mwisho wa kusini wa ziwa, ambapo Semliki huingilia, kuna [[vinamasi]]. Katika kusini kuna [[mlima]] wa [[Ruwenzori]] wakati anuwai ya milima iitwayo [[Blue Mountains]] iko katika [[pwani]] ya kaskazini magharibi. Makazi machache yaliyo kando ni [[Butiaba]] na [[Pakwach]]. ==Sifa za maji== Tofauti na Ziwa lenye kina kirefu sana la Malawi, [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[Ziwa Kivu]], halijoto ya maji ya Ziwa Albert ni shwari kotekote, kwa kawaida karibu nyuzi 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), na hata sehemu zake za kina zaidi zina oksijeni. Maji yana pH ya karibu au chini kidogo ya 9 na upitishaji wa [[umeme]] wa karibu 720-780 μS/cm. Hizi zote mbili ni za juu sana kwa ziwa la maji safi lakini ni chini ya Ziwa Edward ==Wanyama== Ziwa Albert ni makazi ya wanyama wengi wa majini na nusu majini kama vile viboko, swala kob wa Uganda, mamba wa Nile, wachunguzi wa Nile, kobe wa Afrika ya Kati, kobe wa udongo wa Williams, nyoka mbalimbali wa nusu majini na vyura mbalimbali. Ndege wa majini ni wengi na ni pamoja na pelicans, herons na shoebill adimu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramsar sites|url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites|work=ugandawildlife.org|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-gb}}</ref> ===Uvuvi=== Kuna aina 55 za samaki katika Ziwa Albert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqEHM..13..284W|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Isipokuwa mamba wa Nile, mwindaji mkubwa zaidi katika ziwa hilo ni sangara wa Nile. (asili; tofauti na maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa ambapo yaliingizwa na kuvamia). Samaki wengine wakubwa wanaowinda ni pamoja na samaki aina ya tigerfish wenye urefu mrefu, samaki aina ya African tigerfish, samaki aina ya marbled lungfish, na samaki aina ya cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, samaki aina ya African sharptooth na kambare vundu. Zaidi ya hayo, kuna uvuvi muhimu kwa samaki aina ya tilapia wa Nile, samaki aina ya Niger barb, samaki aina ya Albert late, na samaki aina ya electric catfish na samaki aina ya twiga catfish wanaovuliwa kwa njia za kawaida za uvuvi, na muuguzi mdogo wa Brycinus na Engraulicypris bredoi ambao huvuliwa zaidi kwa uvuvi mwepesi. Asilimia 30 ya samaki wanaozalishwa nchini Uganda wanatoka Ziwa Albert. Ziwa Albert lina idadi ndogo ya vimelea vya magonjwa kuliko Maziwa Makuu mengine ya Afrika. Ingawa Mto Albert–sehemu ya Mto Nile inayoondoka Ziwa Albert—ina maporomoko kadhaa ya maji katika eneo la Nimule, hizi hazijatenganisha ziwa kutoka sehemu kuu za Nile kwa ufanisi. Kwa upande mwingine, Ziwa Edward (na hatimaye Ziwa George) limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na maporomoko ya maji kwenye Mto Semliki, huku Ziwa Kyoga (na hatimaye Ziwa Victoria) likiwa limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na Maporomoko ya Murchison kwenye Nile ya Victoria. Kwa hivyo, samaki wengi wa Ziwa Albert ni spishi zilizoenea kando ya mto ambazo pia hupatikana katika sehemu kuu za Nile. Kuna siklidi chache za haplochromine; kundi ambalo lina aina mbalimbali sana katika maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa. Kati ya haplochromini sita katika Ziwa Albert, nne ni za kawaida (Haplochromis albertianus, H. avium, H. bullatus na H. mahagiensis) na mbili pia zinapatikana katika Mto Nile (H. loati na Pseudocrenilabrus zenye rangi nyingi). Kwa kulinganisha, nyingi kati ya haplokromini zaidi ya 60 katika Ziwa Edward-George na nyingi kati ya haplokromini takriban 600 katika Ziwa Victoria-Kyoga ni za kawaida. Aina nyingine pekee za samaki wa aina ya Engraulicypris zinazopatikana katika Ziwa Albert ni samaki wadogo aina ya cyprinid Engraulicypris bredoi na samaki aina ya Albert lates walio hatarini kutoweka. == Historia == Katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1864]], ndio wakati [[Samuel Baker]] alipogundua ziwa hili, akalipatia [[jina]] la aliyeachwa [[Mfalme Albert]], na [[mke]] wake [[Malkia Victoria]]. [[Rais]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], kwa muda mfupi alilipatia ziwa hili jina lake. [[Heritage Oil]] na [[Tullow Oil]] zimetangaza eneo kuu la [[mafuta]] katika [[bonde]] la Ziwa Albert, pamoja na makadirio ya kwamba eneo hili la mabilioni litakuwa eneo kubwa la mafuta katika Afrika [[kusini kwa Sahara]] kwa zaidi ya miaka [[ishirini]]. == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Shirika la Kilimo na Chakula la Umoja wa Mataifa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=20080314015746 }} * [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html Maziwa dunia katika kiingilio cha Ziwa Albert katika kumbukumbu ya dunia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html |date=20081013080823 }} * [http://allafrica.com/stories/200708241084.html] * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:ziwa Mwitanzige]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] im1ua4m1tb8bf42qpgol5poo2vnn0hq 1576861 1576759 2026-06-26T23:35:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1576861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_lake |lake_name = Ziwa Albert |image_lake = Lake Albert (Uganda) (NASA).jpg |caption_lake = 2002 [[NASA]] [[MODIS]] satellite picture. The dotted grey line is the border between [[Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Congo (DRC)]] (left) and [[Uganda]] (right). |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|1|41|N|30|55|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = |inflow = [[Victoria Nile]] |outflow = [[Albert Nile]] |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Uganda]] |length = 160 km |width = 30 km |area = 5,300 km² |depth = 25 m |max-depth = 58 m |volume = 132 km³<ref name=asdf/> |shore = |elevation = 615 m |islands = |cities = [[Butiaba]], [[Pakwach]] |reference = <ref name=asdf>[http://seaviewrealty.org/about-egyptian-real-estate-property-red-sea/?aID=21 The Nile]</ref> }} {{otheruses2|Lake Albert}} '''Ziwa Albert''' (pia '''Albert Nyanza''', '''Mwitanzige''', na zamani kwa miaka michache '''Ziwa Mobutu Sese Seko''') ni moja ya [[maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]]. Ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[saba]] katika [[Afrika]], likiwa na nafasi ya [[ishirini na saba]] kwa ukubwa katika [[ulimwengu]] mzima. [[Picha:Albert Lake (7068054469).jpg|thumb|Twiga pembeni mwa ziwa Albert]] [[Picha:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|Mfereji mmojawapo wa ziwa Albert.]] [[Picha:Early Ferry, Uganda (15198353996).jpg|thumb|Kivuko cha mwanzoni.]] == Jiografia ==. Ziwa Albert liko katikati ya [[bara]], juu ya mpaka kati ya [[Uganda]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani [[Zaire]]). Liko [[kaskazini]] katika mlolongo wa maziwa wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Lina [[urefu]] wa [[km]] 160 ([[mi]] 100), [[upana]] wa km 30(mi 19), na [[kina]] upeo wa [[m]] 51 ([[ft]] 168), na [[mwinuko]] wa m 619 (ft 2.030) juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. Ziwa Albert ni sehemu ya mfumo mgumu wa [[mto Nile]] wa juu. [[Chanzo (mto)|Vyanzo]] vyake vikuu ni [[Nile ya Viktoria]] hatimaye kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]] hadi [[kusini]] [[mashariki]], na [[mto Semliki]], ambao hutoka [[Ziwa Edward]] hadi kusini [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya [[Nile ya Viktoria]] yana [[chumvi]] kiasi kuliko yale ya Ziwa Albert. Mlango wake, katika ncha ya [[kaskazini]] ya ziwa, ni [[Nile ya Albert]] (ambayo huwa inajulikana kama [[Mlima Nile]] wakati inaingia [[Sudan]]). [[Picha:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|thumb|250px|left|Mito na maziwa ya Uganda. Bonyeza ili kupanua picha.]] Katika mwisho wa kusini wa ziwa, ambapo Semliki huingilia, kuna [[vinamasi]]. Katika kusini kuna [[mlima]] wa [[Ruwenzori]] wakati anuwai ya milima iitwayo [[Blue Mountains]] iko katika [[pwani]] ya kaskazini magharibi. Makazi machache yaliyo kando ni [[Butiaba]] na [[Pakwach]]. ==Sifa za maji== Tofauti na Ziwa lenye kina kirefu sana la Malawi, [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[Ziwa Kivu]], halijoto ya maji ya Ziwa Albert ni shwari kotekote, kwa kawaida karibu nyuzi 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), na hata sehemu zake za kina zaidi zina oksijeni. Maji yana pH ya karibu au chini kidogo ya 9 na upitishaji wa [[umeme]] wa karibu 720-780 μS/cm. Hizi zote mbili ni za juu sana kwa ziwa la maji safi lakini ni chini ya Ziwa Edward ==Wanyama== Ziwa Albert ni makazi ya wanyama wengi wa majini na nusu majini kama vile viboko, swala kob wa Uganda, mamba wa Nile, wachunguzi wa Nile, kobe wa Afrika ya Kati, kobe wa udongo wa Williams, nyoka mbalimbali wa nusu majini na vyura mbalimbali. Ndege wa majini ni wengi na ni pamoja na pelicans, herons na shoebill adimu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ramsar sites|url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites|work=ugandawildlife.org|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-gb}}</ref> ===Uvuvi=== Kuna aina 55 za samaki katika Ziwa Albert.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqEHM..13..284W|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Isipokuwa mamba wa Nile, mwindaji mkubwa zaidi katika ziwa hilo ni sangara wa Nile. (asili; tofauti na maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa ambapo yaliingizwa na kuvamia). Samaki wengine wakubwa wanaowinda ni pamoja na samaki aina ya tigerfish wenye urefu mrefu, samaki aina ya African tigerfish, samaki aina ya marbled lungfish, na samaki aina ya cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, samaki aina ya African sharptooth na kambare vundu. Zaidi ya hayo, kuna uvuvi muhimu kwa samaki aina ya tilapia wa Nile, samaki aina ya Niger barb, samaki aina ya Albert late, na samaki aina ya electric catfish na samaki aina ya twiga catfish wanaovuliwa kwa njia za kawaida za uvuvi, na muuguzi mdogo wa Brycinus na Engraulicypris bredoi ambao huvuliwa zaidi kwa uvuvi mwepesi. Asilimia 30 ya samaki wanaozalishwa nchini Uganda wanatoka Ziwa Albert. Ziwa Albert lina idadi ndogo ya vimelea vya magonjwa kuliko Maziwa Makuu mengine ya Afrika. Ingawa Mto Albert–sehemu ya Mto Nile inayoondoka Ziwa Albert—ina maporomoko kadhaa ya maji katika eneo la Nimule, hizi hazijatenganisha ziwa kutoka sehemu kuu za Nile kwa ufanisi. Kwa upande mwingine, Ziwa Edward (na hatimaye Ziwa George) limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na maporomoko ya maji kwenye Mto Semliki, huku Ziwa Kyoga (na hatimaye Ziwa Victoria) likiwa limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na Maporomoko ya Murchison kwenye Nile ya Victoria. Kwa hivyo, samaki wengi wa Ziwa Albert ni spishi zilizoenea kando ya mto ambazo pia hupatikana katika sehemu kuu za Nile. Kuna siklidi chache za haplochromine; kundi ambalo lina aina mbalimbali sana katika maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa. Kati ya haplochromini sita katika Ziwa Albert, nne ni za kawaida (Haplochromis albertianus, H. avium, H. bullatus na H. mahagiensis) na mbili pia zinapatikana katika Mto Nile (H. loati na Pseudocrenilabrus zenye rangi nyingi). Kwa kulinganisha, nyingi kati ya haplokromini zaidi ya 60 katika Ziwa Edward-George na nyingi kati ya haplokromini takriban 600 katika Ziwa Victoria-Kyoga ni za kawaida. Aina nyingine pekee za samaki wa aina ya Engraulicypris zinazopatikana katika Ziwa Albert ni samaki wadogo aina ya cyprinid Engraulicypris bredoi na samaki aina ya Albert lates walio hatarini kutoweka. == Historia == Katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1864]], ndio wakati [[Samuel Baker]] alipogundua ziwa hili, akalipatia [[jina]] la aliyeachwa [[Mfalme Albert]], na [[mke]] wake [[Malkia Victoria]]. [[Rais]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], kwa muda mfupi alilipatia ziwa hili jina lake. [[Heritage Oil]] na [[Tullow Oil]] zimetangaza eneo kuu la [[mafuta]] katika [[bonde]] la Ziwa Albert, pamoja na makadirio ya kwamba eneo hili la mabilioni litakuwa eneo kubwa la mafuta katika Afrika [[kusini kwa Sahara]] kwa zaidi ya miaka [[ishirini]]. == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Shirika la Kilimo na Chakula la Umoja wa Mataifa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=20080314015746 }} * [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html Maziwa dunia katika kiingilio cha Ziwa Albert katika kumbukumbu ya dunia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html |date=20081013080823 }} * [http://allafrica.com/stories/200708241084.html] * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:ziwa Mwitanzige]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] rkhmzvq23hmz720pdvb0bkhjmiun8a8 1576973 1576861 2026-06-27T10:09:35Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1576973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_lake |lake_name = Ziwa Albert |image_lake = Lake Albert (Uganda) (NASA).jpg |caption_lake = 2002 [[NASA]] [[MODIS]] satellite picture. The dotted grey line is the border between [[Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Congo (DRC)]] (left) and [[Uganda]] (right). |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|1|41|N|30|55|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = |inflow = [[Victoria Nile]] |outflow = [[Albert Nile]] |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Uganda]] |length = 160 km |width = 30 km |area = 5,300 km² |depth = 25 m |max-depth = 58 m |volume = 132 km³<ref name=asdf/> |shore = |elevation = 615 m |islands = |cities = [[Butiaba]], [[Pakwach]] |reference = <ref name=asdf>[http://seaviewrealty.org/about-egyptian-real-estate-property-red-sea/?aID=21 The Nile]</ref> }} {{otheruses2|Lake Albert}} '''Ziwa Albert''' (pia '''Albert Nyanza''', '''Mwitanzige''', na zamani kwa miaka michache '''Ziwa Mobutu Sese Seko''') ni moja ya [[maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]]. Ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[saba]] katika [[Afrika]], likiwa na nafasi ya [[ishirini na saba]] kwa ukubwa katika [[ulimwengu]] mzima. [[Picha:Albert Lake (7068054469).jpg|thumb|Twiga pembeni mwa ziwa Albert]] [[Picha:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|Mfereji mmojawapo wa ziwa Albert.]] [[Picha:Early Ferry, Uganda (15198353996).jpg|thumb|Kivuko cha mwanzoni.]] ==Jiografia== Ziwa Albert liko katikati ya [[bara]], juu ya mpaka kati ya [[Uganda]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani [[Zaire]]). Liko [[kaskazini]] katika mlolongo wa maziwa wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Lina [[urefu]] wa [[km]] 160 ([[mi]] 100), [[upana]] wa km 30(mi 19), na [[kina]] upeo wa [[m]] 51 ([[ft]] 168), na [[mwinuko]] wa m 619 (ft 2.030) juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. Ziwa Albert ni sehemu ya mfumo mgumu wa [[mto Nile]] wa juu. [[Chanzo (mto)|Vyanzo]] vyake vikuu ni [[Nile ya Viktoria]] hatimaye kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]] hadi [[kusini]] [[mashariki]], na [[mto Semliki]], ambao hutoka [[Ziwa Edward]] hadi kusini [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya [[Nile ya Viktoria]] yana [[chumvi]] kiasi kuliko yale ya Ziwa Albert. Mlango wake, katika ncha ya [[kaskazini]] ya ziwa, ni [[Nile ya Albert]] (ambayo huwa inajulikana kama [[Mlima Nile]] wakati inaingia [[Sudan]]). [[Picha:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|thumb|250px|left|Mito na maziwa ya Uganda. Bonyeza ili kupanua picha.]] Katika mwisho wa kusini wa ziwa, ambapo Semliki huingilia, kuna [[vinamasi]]. Katika kusini kuna [[mlima]] wa [[Ruwenzori]] wakati anuwai ya milima iitwayo [[Blue Mountains]] iko katika [[pwani]] ya kaskazini magharibi. Makazi machache yaliyo kando ni [[Butiaba]] na [[Pakwach]]. ==Sifa za maji== Tofauti na Ziwa lenye kina kirefu sana la Malawi, [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[Ziwa Kivu]], halijoto ya maji ya Ziwa Albert ni shwari kotekote, kwa kawaida karibu nyuzi 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), na hata sehemu zake za kina zaidi zina oksijeni. Maji yana pH ya karibu au chini kidogo ya 9 na upitishaji wa [[umeme]] wa karibu 720-780 μS/cm. Hizi zote mbili ni za juu sana kwa ziwa la maji safi lakini ni chini ya Ziwa Edward ==Wanyama== Ziwa Albert ni makazi ya wanyama wengi wa majini na nusu majini kama vile viboko, swala kob wa Uganda, mamba wa Nile, wachunguzi wa Nile, kobe wa Afrika ya Kati, kobe wa udongo wa Williams, nyoka mbalimbali wa nusu majini na vyura mbalimbali. Ndege wa majini ni wengi na ni pamoja na pelicans, herons na shoebill adimu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ramsar sites|url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites|work=ugandawildlife.org|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-gb}}</ref> ===Uvuvi=== Kuna aina 55 za samaki katika Ziwa Albert.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqEHM..13..284W|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Isipokuwa mamba wa Nile, mwindaji mkubwa zaidi katika ziwa hilo ni sangara wa Nile. (asili; tofauti na maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa ambapo yaliingizwa na kuvamia). Samaki wengine wakubwa wanaowinda ni pamoja na samaki aina ya tigerfish wenye urefu mrefu, samaki aina ya African tigerfish, samaki aina ya marbled lungfish, na samaki aina ya cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, samaki aina ya African sharptooth na kambare vundu. Zaidi ya hayo, kuna uvuvi muhimu kwa samaki aina ya tilapia wa Nile, samaki aina ya Niger barb, samaki aina ya Albert late, na samaki aina ya electric catfish na samaki aina ya twiga catfish wanaovuliwa kwa njia za kawaida za uvuvi, na muuguzi mdogo wa Brycinus na Engraulicypris bredoi ambao huvuliwa zaidi kwa uvuvi mwepesi. Asilimia 30 ya samaki wanaozalishwa nchini Uganda wanatoka Ziwa Albert. Ziwa Albert lina idadi ndogo ya vimelea vya magonjwa kuliko Maziwa Makuu mengine ya Afrika. Ingawa Mto Albert–sehemu ya Mto Nile inayoondoka Ziwa Albert—ina maporomoko kadhaa ya maji katika eneo la Nimule, hizi hazijatenganisha ziwa kutoka sehemu kuu za Nile kwa ufanisi. Kwa upande mwingine, Ziwa Edward (na hatimaye Ziwa George) limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na maporomoko ya maji kwenye Mto Semliki, huku Ziwa Kyoga (na hatimaye Ziwa Victoria) likiwa limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na Maporomoko ya Murchison kwenye Nile ya Victoria. Kwa hivyo, samaki wengi wa Ziwa Albert ni spishi zilizoenea kando ya mto ambazo pia hupatikana katika sehemu kuu za Nile. Kuna siklidi chache za haplochromine; kundi ambalo lina aina mbalimbali sana katika maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa. Kati ya haplochromini sita katika Ziwa Albert, nne ni za kawaida (Haplochromis albertianus, H. avium, H. bullatus na H. mahagiensis) na mbili pia zinapatikana katika Mto Nile (H. loati na Pseudocrenilabrus zenye rangi nyingi). Kwa kulinganisha, nyingi kati ya haplokromini zaidi ya 60 katika Ziwa Edward-George na nyingi kati ya haplokromini takriban 600 katika Ziwa Victoria-Kyoga ni za kawaida. Aina nyingine pekee za samaki wa aina ya Engraulicypris zinazopatikana katika Ziwa Albert ni samaki wadogo aina ya cyprinid Engraulicypris bredoi na samaki aina ya Albert lates walio hatarini kutoweka. == Historia == Katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1864]], ndio wakati [[Samuel Baker]] alipogundua ziwa hili, akalipatia [[jina]] la aliyeachwa [[Mfalme Albert]], na [[mke]] wake [[Malkia Victoria]]. [[Rais]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], kwa muda mfupi alilipatia ziwa hili jina lake. [[Heritage Oil]] na [[Tullow Oil]] zimetangaza eneo kuu la [[mafuta]] katika [[bonde]] la Ziwa Albert, pamoja na makadirio ya kwamba eneo hili la mabilioni litakuwa eneo kubwa la mafuta katika Afrika [[kusini kwa Sahara]] kwa zaidi ya miaka [[ishirini]]. == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Shirika la Kilimo na Chakula la Umoja wa Mataifa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=20080314015746 }} * [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html Maziwa dunia katika kiingilio cha Ziwa Albert katika kumbukumbu ya dunia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html |date=20081013080823 }} * [http://allafrica.com/stories/200708241084.html] * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:ziwa Mwitanzige]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] qo4oj7u8rhou19h9p94ifi60bur8a6d 0 47488 1576839 1459808 2026-06-26T17:43:30Z ~2026-37054-47 90522 1576839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Burg Lahneck 1900.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya mji wa Lahnstein]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Lahnstein |picha_ya_satelite = Lahnstein fg01.JPG |maelezo_ya_picha = Kitovu cha mji wa Lahnstein |picha_ya_bendera = |ukubwa_ya_bendera = 100px |picha_ya_nembo = |ukubwa_ya_nembo = |pushpin_map = <!-- Ujerumani --> |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Lahnstein katika Ujerumani |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Ujerumani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Ujerumani|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Rhine-Palatino]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 17.980 |latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=N |longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=E |website = http://www.lahnstein.de/ }} '''Lahnstein''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Rhine-Palatino]] nchini [[Ujerumani]] ya Magharibi. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 17.980. Lahnstein ipo kando ya mistari miwili ya reli, mistari ya mashariki ya Rhine kuna vituo cha ''Niederlahnstein'' na ''Oberlahnstein'', kuna huduma za mstari RB10 ya kampuni VIAS, (Neuwied - Koblenz - [[Wiesbaden]] - [[Frankfurt]], kituoni cha Niederlahnstein kuna huduma za treni za kampuni DB Regio, sehemu [[Lahn-Eifel-Bahn]] (Giessen - [[Limburg]] - [[Kituo cha reli Diez|Diez]] - Koblenz - [[Mayen]]. Lahnstein ipo eneu ya umoja wa usafiri wa umma [[Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Ujerumani]] {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-Ujerumani}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Rhine-Palatino]] 8znaaoz1sy64l1jsmq6jk3kbur456xk 1576898 1576839 2026-06-27T08:00:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-37054-47|~2026-37054-47]] ([[User talk:~2026-37054-47|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:~2025-27420-82|~2025-27420-82]] 1459808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Burg Lahneck 1900.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya mji wa Lahnstein]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Lahnstein |picha_ya_satelite = Lahnstein fg01.JPG |maelezo_ya_picha = Kitovu cha mji wa Lahnstein |picha_ya_bendera = |ukubwa_ya_bendera = 100px |picha_ya_nembo = |ukubwa_ya_nembo = |pushpin_map = <!-- Ujerumani --> |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Lahnstein katika Ujerumani |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Ujerumani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Ujerumani|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Rhine-Palatino]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 17.980 |latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=N |longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=E |website = http://www.lahnstein.de/ }} '''Lahnstein''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Rhine-Palatino]] nchini [[Ujerumani]] ya Magharibi. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 17.980. Lahnstein ipo kando ya mistari miwili ya reli, mistari ya mashariki ya Rhine kuna vituo cha ''Niederlahnstein'' na ''Oberlahnstein'', kuna huduma za mstari RB10 ya kampuni VIAS, (Neuwied - Koblenz - [[Wiesbaden]] - [[Frankfurt]], kituoni cha Niederlahnstein kuna huduma za treni za kampuni DB Regio, sehemu [[Lahn-Eifel-Bahn]] (Giessen - [[Limburg]] - [[Kituo cha reli Diez|Diez]] - Koblenz - [[Mayen]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Ujerumani]] {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-Ujerumani}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Rhine-Palatino]] 9jh9z4ds75zalmo7hzm4zgrcc8mlnwq 10 58804 1576931 1477865 2026-06-27T09:27:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Asbox | image = Flag map of Zimbabwe.svg | pix = 30 | subject = hii kuhusu eneo la [[Zimbabwe]] | qualifier = | category = vigezo vya Zimbabwe | tempsort = | name = Template:Zimbabwe-geo-stub }}<noinclude> [[Jamii:vigezo vya Zimbabwe]] </noinclude> qbgx51dp8mletoohmmkp5oskav86qbq 1576932 1576931 2026-06-27T09:28:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Asbox | image = Flag map of Zimbabwe.svg | pix = 30 | subject = hii kuhusu eneo la [[Zimbabwe]] | qualifier = | category = | tempsort = | name = Template:Zimbabwe-geo-stub }}<noinclude> [[Jamii:vigezo vya Zimbabwe]] </noinclude> mf79hwoao9uyx4218bsxazvrv3ohuj4 0 65845 1577014 1280428 2026-06-27T11:58:43Z The boss Akili 90538 kuongeza baadhi ya maneno 1577014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Teresa-de-Lisieux.jpg|thumb|[[Picha]] halisi ya Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, [[1896]].]] '''Utoto wa kiroho''' ni njia ya [[maisha ya kiroho]] inayofundisha kufuata [[Injili]] ya [[Yesu]] kwa kujifanya wadogo. [[Mwalimu wa Kanisa|Mwalimu]] bora wa njia hiyo ni [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]], aliyeiita ''njia ndogo au ua dogo la yesu.''<ref>{{fr}} {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ|title=Histoire d'une âme. Manuscrits autobiographiques |author=Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus |publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf|Cerf]] |location=Paris |year=1985 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ&q=%22petite+voie%22 236, 302] |isbn=2-20402076-1 }} {{access-date|12 May 2022}}</ref>. Njia ya utoto wa Kiroho iliyofundishwa naye<ref>{{cite book|last=Cumming|first= Owen F.|title=Prophets, Guardians, and Saints: Shapers of Modern Catholic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vlpV3ynyjkC&q=therese+of+lisieux+most+popular+catholic+saints&pg=PA178|access-date=24 May 2013|year=2006|publisher=Paulist Press|location=Mahwah, N.J.|isbn=978-0-8091-4446-4}}</ref> inadhihirisha [[utume]] wake wa kulea [[binadamu]] wa wakati huu. Njia hiyo inafuata sifa njema za [[umbile]] la [[mtoto]]<ref>Therese found a passage from [[Kitabu cha Methali|Proverbs]] that struck her with particular force: "Whosoever is a little one, let him come to me" (Proverbs 9:4). She was struck by another passage from the [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Book of Isaiah]]: "you shall be carried at the breasts, and upon the knees they shall caress you. As one whom the mother caresseth, so will I comfort you." (Isaiah 66:12–13</ref> na kulingana na mafundisho ya [[teolojia]] kuhusu [[neema inayotia utakatifu]], [[maadili ya kumiminiwa]] na [[vipaji vya Roho Mtakatifu]]. Tutachimba hayo kwa kuzingatia sifa hizo za mtoto, sifa kuu za [[mtoto wa Mungu]] na tofauti zilizopo kati ya utoto wa Kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile. Hivyo tutaona [[mwanga]] mwingi kuhusu [[teolojia ya neema]]. ==Sifa za kimaumbile za mtoto== Mbali ya kasoro ndogondogo, mtoto kwa kawaida ni sahili na anafahamu [[udhaifu]] wake. Hasa kama [[ubatizo|amebatizwa]] na kulelewa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], [[unyofu]] unajitokeza ndani yake: anasema anavyowaza na anaeleza bila ya mizunguko anavyotaka, asiogope watu watasema nini; haigizi kwa [[ujanja]] bali anajionyesha alivyo. Halafu anafahamu udhaifu wake, kwa kuwa peke yake hawezi kitu, bali anawategemea [[wazazi]] na inampasa apokee vyote toka kwao; kujifahamu dhaifu ni aina ya [[unyenyekevu]]. Ujuzi huo unaelekeza kutekeleza [[maadili ya Kimungu]] kwa dhati na [[usahili]]. Kwanza mtoto anaelekea kusadiki anayoambiwa na wazazi wanapomzungumzia [[Mungu]] na kumfundisha [[sala|kusali]]. Anaelekea kuwatumainia wanapomfundisha kumtegemea Mungu kabla hajajifunza sala ya tumaini katika [[katekisimu]] na kuitumia [[asubuhi]] na [[jioni]]. Hatimaye mtoto anawapenda wazazi kwa [[moyo]] kwa kuwa anawawia vyote, na ikiwa hao ni Wakristo kweli wanaelekeza moyo huo mdogo kwa Mungu, kwa [[Yesu]] na kwa [[Bikira Maria|Mama yake]]. Katika unyofu huo, katika ujuzi wa udhaifu wake na katika utekelezaji sahili wa maadili ya Kimungu mna kiini cha [[maisha ya Kiroho]] ya hali ya juu. Ndiyo sababu Yesu, alipotaka kuwafundisha [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]] umuhimu wa unyenyekevu, alimuita mtoto katikati yao akasema, “Amin, nawaambia: [[Uongofu|Msipoongoka]] na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia kamwe katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Nyakati hizi wengine wameona kutimia [[utabiri]] wa [[Papa Pius X]], “Kutakuwa na watakatifu kati ya watoto” walioalikwa mapema kupokea [[ekaristi]] mara nyingi. Kwa kawaida mtoto akifikia [[ubalehe]], anapotewa na usahili wake na ujuzi wa udhaifu wake; anataka kujifanya [[mtu mzima]] kabla ya wakati, na ndani mwake vinaanza kujitokeza [[undumakuwili]] na [[kiburi]]. Akisifu [[maadili]], si yale ya Kimungu, bali [[nguvu]] inayodhihirisha anavyoanza kukomaa, pamoja na [[busara]] fulani ambayo haitofautishi vizuri na ile ya bandia na inaweza ikawa ujanja tu wa kuficha kasoro. Baadaye, magumu ya maisha yatamkumbusha udhaifu wake; pengine atagongana na utovu wa [[haki]] ambao utamuonyesha thamani ya [[adili]] hilo; atasikitikia ma[[singizio] na hivyo atavumbua thamani ya unyofu. Hatimaye, akiendelea kusali ataelewa maneno ya [[Bwan]]: “Pasipo mimi ninyi hamwezi kufanya neno lolote” ([[Yoh]] 15:5), na maana ya dhati ya [[Baba Yetu]] itadhihirika kwake kwa namna mpya. Atarudia sala hiyo ya utoto wake akitumia pengine [[dakika]] kumi kuisali mara moja kutoka kilindi cha moyo wake: hapo atakuwa ameona tena njia yake. ==Maadili makuu ya mtoto wa Mungu== Maadili hayo ni yale yanayokuza sifa za umbile la mtoto lakini si kasoro zake, tuwe tulivyo kadiri ya [[neema ipitayo maumbile]], si kadiri ya kasoro zetu. Kwanza mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kuwa sahili na mnyofu, kukwepa [[unafiki]] na [[uongo]] asijaribu kuonekana tofauti na alivyo. “[[Taa]] ya [[mwili]] ni [[jicho]]; basi jicho lako likiwa safi, mwili wako wote utakuwa na [[nuru]]” (Math 6:22). Maana yake, ikiwa mtazamo wa [[roho]] ni mnyofu, na [[nia]] ni nyofu, maisha yote yatajaa [[mwanga]]. Mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kujitambua daima dhaifu na mhitaji, akikumbuka mfululizo kwamba [[Baba]] yetu ametuumba kwa [[hiari]] toka [[utovu wa vyote]], na kwamba pasipo neema hatuwezi kufanya lolote kuelekea utakatifu na [[wokovu]]. Akikua katika unyenyekevu huo atazidi [[imani|kusadiki]] [[Neno la Mungu]] kwa dhati, kuliko watoto wanavyosadiki maneno ya wazazi wao. Atakuwa na imani isiyoogopa watu na atakayojivunia kuwa nayo; mara nyingine imani hiyo itapenya ma[[fumbo]] pasipo mifuatano ya mawazo; ataishi kulingana nayo na kuyaonja, akiyatazama kwa [[mshangao]] kama mtoto anavyomtazama machoni baba yake mpendwa. Akifuata njia hiyo, mtoto wa Mungu ataona [[tumaini]] lake likiimarika siku kwa siku na kugeuka [[kujiachilia]] katika mikono ya Baba ambayo ni kama [[lifti]] inayotuinua hadi kwake. Hatimaye, mtoto wa Mungu atampenda kila siku zaidi, kwa ajili yake mwenyewe, si kwa ajili ya [[fadhili]] zake, kama vile mtoto mwema anavyompenda [[mama]] yake kuliko ma[[bembelezo]] anayompatia. Mtoto wa Mungu anampenda Baba katika ma[[jaribu]] kama katika [[furaha]], naye wakati mgumu anakumbuka [[wajibu]] wa kumpenda kwa nguvu zote hata kwa roho yote na kuunganika naye mfululizo ili [[ibada|kumuabudu]] katika [[Roho Mtakatifu|Roho]] na [[ukweli]]. Jambo hilo la mwisho linathibitisha kuwa mara nyingi katika majaribu njia ya utoto inadai [[ushujaa]], [[adili la nguvu]] pamoja na [[kipaji cha nguvu]]. Tunaliona hilo hasa mwishoni mwa maisha ya Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, alipopitia [[usiku wa roho]] kwa imani ya ajabu akiwaombea wasiosadiki, kwa kujiachilia kikamilifu kwa upendo safi na wa nguvu uliomfikisha hadi [[muungano wa kutugeuza]]. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka hivyo inalinganisha maadili yanayoonekana kupingana: [[upole]] na nguvu, unyofu na busara. Katika [[ulimwengu]] unaoonekana kupotoka tunahitaji busara, lakini pia nguvu hata [[kifodini|kufia dini]] kama mahali pengi katika [[karne XX]]: ili tuwe nazo ni lazima tuwe na vipaji vya [[kipaji cha shauri|shauri]] na nguvu, ambavyo ili tuwe navyo tuzidi kuwa wanyofu na watoto mbele ya Mungu na ya Mama Maria. Kadiri tunavyoacha kuwa watoto kwa watu, tunapaswa kuwa watoto kwa Mungu. Kutoka kwake tu tunaweza kupata nguvu na busara tunazozihitaji katika mapambano ya nyakati hizi. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka vizuri inalinganisha pia unyenyekevu halisi na hamu ya kuzama kwa upendo katika mafumbo ya wokovu, ambako si [[karama]] ya pekee kama [[njozi]] na fadhili nyingine za nje ambazo hazikupatikana katika maisha ya mtakatifu huyo <ref>In May 1897, Therese wrote to Father Adolphe Roulland, "My way is all confidence and love." To Maurice Bellière she wrote, "and I, with ''my way'', will do more than you, so I hope that one day Jesus will make you walk by the same way as me." {{blockquote|Sometimes, when I read spiritual treatises in which perfection is shown with a thousand obstacles, surrounded by a crowd of illusions, my poor little mind quickly tires. I close the learned book which is breaking my head and drying up my heart, and I take up Holy Scripture. Then all seems luminous to me; a single word uncovers for my soul infinite horizons; perfection seems simple; I see that it is enough to recognize one's nothingness and to abandon oneself, like a child, into God's arms. Leaving to great souls, to great minds, the beautiful books I cannot understand, I rejoice to be little because only children, and those who are like them, will be admitted to the heavenly banquet.</ref>. ==Kinachotofautisha utoto wa kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile== “Ndugu zangu, msiwe watoto katika [[akili]] zenu; lakini katika [[uovu]] mgeuzwe [[watoto wachanga]], bali katika akili zenu mkawe watu wazima” (1Kor 14:20). Basi, tofauti ya kwanza kati ya aina hizo mbili za utoto ni [[ukomavu]] katika kupima mambo. Lakini ipo nyingine: kwamba upande wa maumbile, kadiri mtoto anavyokua anatakiwa [[kujitegemea]], kwa sababu siku moja wazazi watamuacha peke yake. Kumbe upande wa neema, kadiri mtoto wa Mungu anavyokua anaelewa kuwa hataweza kamwe kujitegemea bali kumtegemea Mungu tu. Kadiri anavyokua anatakiwa kuishi kwa [[uvuvio]] maalumu wa Roho Mtakatifu, ambaye kwa vipaji vyake anafidia kasoro za maadili, hivi kwamba hatimaye mtu anatendewa na Mungu kuliko kutenda mwenyewe, na wakati uliopangwa ukifika ataingia tumboni mwa Baba ambamo ataona [[heri]] yake. [[Kijana]] akikua anawaacha wazazi ili kuanza maisha yake; kisha kufikia [[utu uzima]] hawategemei tena, bali anawategemeza. Kinyume chake mtoto wa Mungu akikua anazidi kumtegemea asitake tena kufanya chochote peke yake, pasipo miangaza na mashauri ya Baba yake. Hapo maisha yote yanakolezwa na sala: ndilo fungu bora ambalo hatanyang’anywa kamwe. “Kubaki wadogo ni kujitambua si kitu, ni kutarajia yote toka kwa Mungu mwema, kama vile mtoto anavyotarajia yote toka kwa baba yake; ni kutohangaikia chochote, ni kutolenga [[faida]]. Hata kati ya ma[[fukara]], mpaka mtoto ni mdogo anapewa anavyovihitaji, lakini akishakua tu baba hataki tena kumlisha bure, hivyo anamuambia, ‘Sasa fanya kazi, unaweza kujitegemea’. Basi, ili nisiambiwe maneno hayo, sikutaka kamwe kukua, nikijiona siwezi kujitegemea katika kupata [[uzima wa milele]] [[mbinguni]]. Hivyo nimebaki daima [[mdogo]], asiye na [[kazi]] nyingine isipokuwa kuchuma ma[[ua]] ya upendo na ya [[sadaka]] nimtolee Mungu mwema ili kumpendeza. Tena kuwa mdogo ni kutoamini kuwa maadili ninayoyatekeleza ni ya kwangu, kana kwamba naweza kitu, bali ni kukiri kuwa Mungu mwema anaweka [[hazina]] hiyo ya maadili mikononi mwa mtoto wake ili aitumie atakavyohitaji, ikibaki daima [[mali]] ya Mungu mwema” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Ndivyo ulivyosema [[mtaguso wa Trento]], “[[Wema]] wa Mungu kwetu ni mkubwa hivyo hata atake [[zawadi]] zake zitugeukie [[stahili]] zetu”. Tunaweza kumtolea yale tu anayotupa; ila tunayoyapokea kama neema tunamtolea kama stahili, ibada, sala, fidia na [[shukrani]]. “Hatimaye kuwa wadogo ni [[kutokata tamaa]] kwa kasoro zetu, kwa sababu watoto wanaanguka mara nyingi, lakini ni wadogo hivi hata wasiweze kuumia sana” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Katika mafundisho hayo, ya juu kuliko mifuatano yoyote ya mawazo ya kibinadamu, linang’aa hasa lile la neema ambalo [[mababu wa Kanisa]] na [[wanateolojia]] waliandika mengi juu yake, na ambalo humo limetekelezwa kwa usahili na udhati na mtu aliyekubali kuongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu hadi bandari ya wokovu. Wenye heri wanateolojia watakaoweza kuongoa watu wengi kama mtakatifu huyo alivyofanya! “Tuseme nini sisi wenye [[ndevu]] na udhaifu pamoja, tuliowaona [[wasichana]] kuingia ufalme wa mbinguni kwa [[upanga]], wakati [[hasira]] inatushinda, kiburi kinatuvimbisha na [[uchu wa madaraka]] unatuvuruga?” ([[Gregori Mkuu]]). Hakika Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu ameelekeza njia nyofu inayofikisha juu sana. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Descouvemont |first=Pierre |author-link=:fr:Pierre Descouvemont |others=Helmuth Nils Loose (photography) |title=Therese and Lisieux |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=0-8028-3836-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/thereselisieux00desc |url-access=registration }} (Toronto, ON: Novalis {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) (Dublib, Ireland: Veritas Publications {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) * {{cite book|last=Gaucher|first=Guy |author-link=Guy Gaucher |title=The Spiritual Journey of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |location=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Todd |year=1987 |isbn=0-232-51713-4}} * {{citation|last=Gaucher |first=Guy |title=Story of a Life: St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhEWx2yKIykC |isbn=978-0-06-063096-6}} *{{cite book|first=Ida Friederike|last=Görres|author-link=Ida Friederike Görres|title=The Hidden Face. A Study of St. Thérèse of Lisieux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PupAAAAAYAAJ |publisher=[[Pantheon Books|Pantheon]] |location=New York City|year=1959|edition=8th|isbn=0-89870927-X}} *{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Kathryn|author-link=Kathryn Harrison|title=Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Penguin Life|publisher=Penguin|year=2003 |isbn=978-1-10-165126-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HHcPeumWs4C&pg=PA21}} * {{citation|last=Johnson |first=Vernon |author-link=Vernon Johnson |title=Spiritual Childhood: The Spirituality of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Ignatius Press |edition=3rd |year=2001 |orig-year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhMnjGoDuoEC |isbn=9780898708264 }} {{ISBN|0-89870-826-5}} * {{citation|last=LaForest |first=Ann |author-link=<!--Ann Laforest--> |title=Therese of Lisieux: the way to love |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlzcK9VqTEsC |isbn=9781580510820 }} {{ISBN|1-58051-082-5}} * {{citation|last=Monahan |first=Joan |author-link=<!--Joan Monahan--> |title=St. Therese of Lisieux: Missionary of Love |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5JaMF5Y7VEC |isbn=9780809167104 }} {{ISBN|0-8091-6710-7}} * {{citation|last=Nevin |first=Thomas R. |author-link=<!--Thomas R. Nevin--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2T6B7s6R-4C |isbn=9780198041962 }} {{ISBN|0-19-530721-6}} * {{citation|last=O'Connor|first=Patricia |author-link=<!--Patricia O'Connor ()--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Press |year=1983}} {{ISBN|0-87973-607-0}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Keating |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Keating |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ |publisher=Lantern Books |year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytbGMpXnD-UC |isbn=9781930051201 }} {{ISBN|1-930051-20-4}} * {{cite book|last=O'Madagain |first=Murchadh |author-link=<!--Murchadh O'Madagain--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering |publisher=Saint Paul Publications |year=2003 }} {{ISBN|0-854396-65-9}} * {{cite book|last=Tonnelier |first=Constant |author-link=<!--Constant Tonnelier--> |title=15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=New City Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MOSQpDBTPsC |isbn=9781565483910 }} {{ISBN|978-1-56548-391-0}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Therese-of-Lisieux}} {{Refend}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] [[it:Teresa di Lisieux#La spiritualità di Teresa]] 7e0k3d8opc7339ywt1bxlxwybqbmy0m 0 72871 1576985 1299972 2026-06-27T11:07:49Z Josefu chipiti 90533 1576985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Basketball.jpeg|thumb|right|Mpira wa kikapu.]] '''Mpira wa kikapu''' ni aina ya [[michezo|mchezo]] unaopendwa katika sehemu nyingi za [[dunia]] na watu wengi hutamani mchezo huu. Mara nyingi hufanywa [[ukumbi]]ni wakati [[timu]] [[mbili]] za wachezaji wanajaribu kuingiza [[mpira]] katika [[kikapu]] cha timu nyingine. Vikapu viko mwishoni mwa upande mwembamba wa [[uwanja]] kwa [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 3.05. Kila timu huwa na wachezaji 5 uwanjani na hadi wachezaji wa kando 7 walio tayari kuchukua nafasi ya mchezaji mwingine muda wowote. Kila [[goli]] katika kikapu cha upande mwingine linahesabiwa kama [[pointi]] 2 au 3, kutegemeana na [[umbali]] wa kurusha. Goli la [[penati]] huleta pointi 1 tu. ==Historia== [[Mchezo]] huu ulianzishwa na [[mwalimu]] [[James Naismith]] kwenye [[chuo]] cha [[Springfield College]] huko [[Massachusetts]] mwaka [[1891]]Alibuni mchezo huo kwa ajili ya [[wanafunzi]] wake ili wapate ma[[zoezi]] wakati wa [[kipupwe]] waliposhindwa kucheza nje. Mpira wa kikapu ulienea haraka kwenye vyuo vya [[Marekani]], na katika [[karne ya 20]] pia nje ya vyuo. Mwaka [[1936]] mchezo huu ulikubaliwa kwenye [[michezo ya olimpiki]]. Hadi leo ligi muhimu zaidi duniani ni ile ya [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]]. [[Picha:Uwanja wa mpira wa kikapu.jpg|thumbnail|350px|Vipimo vya uwanja wa mpira wa kikapu]] ==Kanuni za mpira wa kikapu== [[Shabaha]] ya mchezo ni kushinda vikapu vingi kuliko timu nyingine. Mpira unaotumiwa kimataifa ni [[mpira wa ngozi]] au [[mata]] [[sintetiki]] wenye [[kipenyo]] cha [[milimita]] 749 hadi 780 na [[uzito]] wa [[gramu]] 567 hadi 650. Uwanja huwa na vipimo vya mita 28 kwa 15. Wakati wa mchezo kuna ma[[refa]] 2-3 uwanjani. Kando ya uwanja hukaa waamuzi wengine wanaoshika wakati na [[miniti]] za magoli na makosa. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} * [http://www.fiba.com FIBA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fiba.com/ |date=19961104154421 }}, Fédération Internationale de Basketball / International Basketball Federation * [http://www.iwbf.org IWBF], International Wheelchair Basketball Federation {{wikt}} {{michezo}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Category:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] kjwn77tri6zzwzs4p9q2ycznaqhghkh 1576986 1576985 2026-06-27T11:12:31Z Mnenda Jr 90542 1576986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Basketball.jpeg|thumb|right|Mpira wa kikapu.]] '''Mpira wa kikapu''' ni aina ya [[michezo|mchezo]] unaopendwa katika sehemu nyingi za [[Dunia]] na watu wengi hutamani mchezo huu. Mara nyingi hufanywa [[ukumbi]]ni wakati [[timu]] [[mbili]] za wachezaji wanajaribu kuingiza [[mpira]] katika [[kikapu]] cha timu nyingine. Vikapu viko mwishoni mwa upande mwembamba wa [[uwanja]], kwa [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 3.05. Kila timu huwa na wachezaji 5 uwanjani na wachezaji 7 wa kando walio tayari kuchukua nafasi ya mchezaji mwingine muda wowote. Kila [[goli]] katika kikapu cha upande mwingine linahesabiwa kama [[pointi]] 2 au 3, kutegemeana na [[umbali]] wa kurusha. Goli la [[penati]] huleta pointi 1 tu. ==Historia== [[Mchezo]] huu ulianzishwa na [[mwalimu]] [[James Naismith]] kwenye [[chuo]] cha [[Springfield College]] huko [[Massachusetts]] mwaka [[1891]]Alibuni mchezo huo kwa ajili ya [[wanafunzi]] wake ili wapate ma[[zoezi]] wakati wa [[kipupwe]] waliposhindwa kucheza nje. Mpira wa kikapu ulienea haraka kwenye vyuo vya [[Marekani]], na katika [[karne ya 20]] pia nje ya vyuo. Mwaka [[1936]] mchezo huu ulikubaliwa kwenye [[michezo ya olimpiki]]. Hadi leo ligi muhimu zaidi duniani ni ile ya [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]]. [[Picha:Uwanja wa mpira wa kikapu.jpg|thumbnail|350px|Vipimo vya uwanja wa mpira wa kikapu]] ==Kanuni za mpira wa kikapu== [[Shabaha]] ya mchezo ni kushinda vikapu vingi kuliko timu nyingine. Mpira unaotumiwa kimataifa ni [[mpira wa ngozi]] au [[mata]] [[sintetiki]] wenye [[kipenyo]] cha [[milimita]] 749 hadi 780 na [[uzito]] wa [[gramu]] 567 hadi 650. Uwanja huwa na vipimo vya mita 28 kwa 15. Wakati wa mchezo kuna ma[[refa]] 2-3 uwanjani. Kando ya uwanja hukaa waamuzi wengine wanaoshika wakati na [[miniti]] za magoli na makosa. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} * [http://www.fiba.com FIBA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fiba.com/ |date=19961104154421 }}, Fédération Internationale de Basketball / International Basketball Federation * [http://www.iwbf.org IWBF], International Wheelchair Basketball Federation {{wikt}} {{michezo}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Category:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] bwfxrvh0ayi22cfkztiw6brxfopltkp 0 75457 1577004 1426878 2026-06-27T11:52:48Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ 1577004 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NewZealand-Stamp-1933-Health.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Stempu]] ya [[posta]] ya [[New Zealand]], mnamo mwaka [[1933]].]] [[File:Borch Lady washing hands.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mwanamke]] akinawa [[mikono]] [[1655]] hivi.]] [[File:Smallpox eradication team.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Donald Henderson]] na wenzake katika kukinga watu dhidi ya [[ndui]] mwaka [[1966]].]] '''Afya''' ni hali ya kujisikia vizuri ki[[mwili]], ki[[akili]], ki[[roho]] na ki[[utu]] bila kusumbuliwa na [[ugonjwa]] wowote. Afya ya [[binadamu]] itakuwa njema kama atafuatilia kanuni na taratibu bora za afya. Hiyo inajumuisha mlo kamili, yaani [[chakula]] chenye [[virutubishi]] vyote, vikiwemo [[Protini]], [[Wanga]] na [[Mafuta (chakula)|mafuta]] (hiyo iwe katika [[asilimia]] ndogo sana). Pia anatakiwa awe msafi mwilini na mazingira yake, kama vile kwa kuoga na kusafisha mazingira yanayomzunguka. Mandhari yenye [[hewa]] safi pia husaidia katika kuhifadhi afya ya binadamu katika mwili na akili. Mazingira mara nyingi huchukuliwa kuwa jambo muhimu katika hali ya afya ya binadamu. Hii inajumuisha mazingira ya asili, mazingira ya kujengwa, na mazingira ya kijamii. Pia mambo kama vile maji safi na hewa, makazi salama, huchangia afya nzuri, hasa kwa afya ya [[Mtoto|watoto]] wachanga na watoto.<ref>http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/</ref> [[Utafiti]] umeonyesha kuwa ukosefu wa maeneo ya burudani husabsabisha kupungua kwa afya na ustawi.<ref name="doi.org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech.2007.062414| title = Faida za maeneo ya burudani kwenye afya}}</ref> Pia anatakiwa kuwa na afya ya kiroho yaani kuishi kadiri ya mafundisho ya [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kama vile: kupendana na wengine, kuthaminiana na kuacha [[dhambi]]: mara nyingi hizo zinadhuru afya ya mwili pia. == Fafanuzi za afya == Sawa na suala la ugonjwa, hakuna elezo kamili kuhusu hali ya afya. * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) lilitoa ufafanuzi ufuatao: "Afya ni hali ya [[ustawi]] kamili kimwili, kiroho na ki[[jamii]] na zaidi ya kukosa ugonjwa." <ref name="who.int">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(12)981.pdf| title = WHO definition of Health}}</ref> * [[Mwanafalsafa]] [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]: "Afya ni [[kiwango]] cha ugonjwa kinachoniruhusu kutekeleza [[shughuli]] zangu muhimu." * [[Mwanasosholojia]] [[Talcott Parsons]]: "Afya ni hali ya [[mtu]] kuwa na [[uwezo]] bora wa kutekeleza shughuli alizofundishwa kukubali kama [[wajibu]] wake." <ref name="cliffsnotes.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/health-and-medicine/sociological-perspective-on-health| title = Makala inayomnukuu Talcott Parsons}}</ref> * Kwa watu wengi ni hali ya kutosumbuliwa na [[maumivu]] na [[udhaifu]], pamoja na uwezo wa kutumia sehemu zote za mwili. Ni wazi ya kwamba [[hisia]] hii ni tofauti kati ya mtu na mtu. ==Majukumu== [[Serikali]] zinatarajiwa kuandaa [[wataalamu]] wa mambo ya afya na kujenga [[hospitali]] nyingi hata [[kijiji|vijijini]] kwa sababu watu wengi hupoteza maisha kwa kukosa [[huduma]] za afya: hii itasaidia kupunguza [[Kifo|vifo]]. Watu wanatakiwa kuwa na ustadi wa kufanya [[mazoezi]] kwa wingi. Hata mjamzito anapaswa kufanya mazoezi, ingawa si [[kazi]] ngumu. Pia kula [[mlo]] bora wakati wote ili kuepukana na [[magonjwa]] yanayotokana na ukosefu wa [[chakula]] fulani ([[virutubishi]]). == Tanbihi == <references /> ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.who.int World Health Organization] * [http://www.nhs.uk UK National Health Service] * [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH OECD Health Statistics] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/health.htm Health and Medical Information] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/health.htm |date=20090703134146 }} from the University of Colorado {{mbegu-tiba}} [[Jamii:Afya]] 74h7vwh87i7sq0e4bgekixtxcgxexwf 0 76533 1576989 1307248 2026-06-27T11:26:20Z Josefu chipiti 90533 Alama za uhakifishi 1576989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = | caption1 = [[Miti]] ikikua katika [[Hoh Rainforest]] | image2 = Aerial image of Grand Prismatic Spring (view from the south).jpg | caption2 = Picha toka [[anga]]ni ya [[mikrobi]] kwenye [[Grand Prismatic Spring]] huko [[Yellowstone National Park]] }} '''Uhai''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]; pia '''uzima'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''life'') kwa maana ya [[Biolojia]] ni jumla ya [[tabia]] zinazotofautisha [[kiumbehai]] na [[maada|mata]] kwa jumla. Hata hivyo kila uhai ulioweza kuchunguzwa na [[sayansi]] unapatikana pamoja na mata. Kati ya tabia hizo kuna uwezo wa kushawishiwa na [[mazingira]], kujipanga, kukua, [[metaboli]] na kuzaa. Kila tabia peke yake haifanyi uhai, kwasababu mojamoja zinaweza kutokea, pia kwa [[mata]] isiyo hai: [[fuwele]] zinakua, [[ulimi wa moto]] una umbo maalumu na ndani yake kuna aina ya metaboli inayobadilisha [[molekuli]] za [[nta]] pamoja na [[Oksijeni]] ya [[hewa]]ni [[Dioksidi kabonia|Dioksidi Kabonia]] na [[Maji]]. Kwa hiyo ni jumla ya tabia zinazothibitisha uwepo wa uhai, lakini hadi leo [[wataalamu]] hawajapatana bado ni ma[[sharti]] gani yanayohitajika, kwa sababu kuna tofauti kati ya viumbehai ambavyo havifanani katika tabia zote kwa pamoja. Uhai unapatikana kwa umbo la viumbehai wanaopangwa katika vikundi vinavyofanana kati yao. Kila kiumbehai hufanywa na vitengo hai ndani yake vinavyoitwa [[seli]]. == Dunia kama mahali pa uhai == [[Dunia]] yetu ni [[sayari]] pekee inayojulikana mpaka sasa ambapo [[binadamu]] na viumbehai vingine wanaweza kuishi. [[File:Broek in Waterland, woonhuis aan het Ee.jpg|thumb|[[Nyumba]] ni moja ya sehemu ya kuishi kama jamii.]] Kuna sababu mbili: # dunia yetu ina [[umbali]] na [[jua]] unaofaa kwa maisha kwa sababu sayari zilizoko karibu zaidi na jua (k.m. [[Zuhura]]) zina [[joto]] kubwa mno na sayari zilizoko mbali zaidi kama [[Mrihi]] ni [[baridi]] mno. # dunia yetu ina [[angahewa]] yenye [[asilimia]] 78 ya [[naitrojini]], asilimia 21 ya [[oksijini]] na asilimia 1 ya aina nyinginezo za [[hewa]], na kwa sababu hii uhai na maisha yanamakinika katika [[ardhi]], kinyume na sayari nyinginezo. ==Asili ya uhai na uenezi wake== Inakadiriwa kwamba dunia ina miaka [[bilioni]] 4.54, na kwamba uhai uliweza kujitokeza juu yake walau miaka bilioni 3.5 iliyopita, baada ya ganda la la nje la dunia ilikauka. Ushahidi wa zamani zaidi ulipatikana huko [[Greenland]] (mabaki ya viumbe hai wa miaka bilioni 3.7 iliyopita). Hata hivyo wataalamu wengine wanakadiria miaka bilioni 4.25 na hata 4.4 iliyopita. Jinsi uhai ulivyoweza kuanza haijajulikana, ingawa zimependekezwa [[dhana]] mbalimbali. Hakika, baada ya kuanza, uhai umejitokeza kwa namna nyingi sana ambazo zimeainishwa na [[wanabiolojia]]. Uhai umeweza kustawi au kudumu katika mazingira tofauti sana, lakini zaidi ya 99% za [[spishi]] zote zilizowahi kutokea (zaidi ya bilioni 5) kwa sasa zimetoweka. Makadirio kuhusu zile zilizopo yanataja spishi [[milioni]] 10 hadi 14: kati ya hizo, milioni 1.2 tu zimechunguzwa, wakati zaidi ya asilimia 90 bado. ==Tazama pia== * [[Uzima wa milele]] {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] kf00vkdksqozul0bj7ldzu3w0qbdvle 0 82393 1576867 969238 2026-06-27T04:02:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1810}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1810 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 19 KK]] 4s55cpout7oklfiww8ogj59ir6b0j9d 0 87049 1576977 1378176 2026-06-27T10:22:14Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1576977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]]. Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]]. [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe. Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. Volkano hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini. Maji kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] ihjta0t8uekqt9naji7hrhfw8dd90af 1576978 1576977 2026-06-27T10:24:53Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* */ 1576978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]]. Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]]. [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe. Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini. [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] pi13v9lympvpr3jiee85x11sgc2neb1 1576980 1576978 2026-06-27T10:34:36Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1576980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]]. [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe. Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini. [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] px8odomp4xhmlaoi4xu26ksks32zjmb 1576982 1576980 2026-06-27T10:39:24Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1576982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]]. [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe. Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini. [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani Afrika. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. Kisiwa cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] gvj3tgwp8g89wkoawn17hikfbel313j 1576983 1576982 2026-06-27T10:44:41Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1576983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe. Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini. [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani Afrika. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. Kisiwa cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] m312e4cag1pwvwlojh6q4egdn6g0z8p 1576984 1576983 2026-06-27T10:55:27Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1576984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe. Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini. [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani Afrika. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. Kisiwa cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] fvc3nk63gnkw9hnbg4ewga7l1aslsrg 1576995 1576984 2026-06-27T11:38:25Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1576995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini. [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani Afrika. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. Kisiwa cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] gc2jpljrwd4b9daoaqmx403ldoysnsz 1576998 1576995 2026-06-27T11:41:01Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1576998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani Afrika. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. Kisiwa cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 0wv7bnobn1l7z2wkngkt1e5c4787ww8 1577001 1576998 2026-06-27T11:48:48Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Jiografia */ 1577001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] dxe7oyzzwfaoxu4t184lj8o6iguxmys 1577003 1577001 2026-06-27T11:52:04Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1577003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] plto7srmyrqwh05k6l6udwslkprgr6d 1577009 1577003 2026-06-27T11:55:52Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] d410w641ya8avpsz380so8wfeoyb18c 0 89842 1576837 1518765 2026-06-26T17:36:27Z Niegodzisie 35822 /* Albamu */ 1576837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Madonna | Img = Madonna Rebel Heart Tour 2015 - Stockholm (23051472299) (cropped).jpg | Img_capt = Madonna, akiwa mjini [[Stockholm]], mnamo Novemba 2015 | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Madonna Louise Ciccone | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1958|8|16}} | Asili yake = Bay City, [[Michigan]], [[Marekani]] | Kazi yake = Mwanamuziki | Ala = [[Sauti]], [[synthesizer]] [[muziki wa dansi|dansi]], [[elektroniki]] | Aina ya sauti = [[kontralto]] | Miaka ya kazi = 1979–hadi leo | Studio = | Ameshirikiana na = | Tovuti = {{URL|https://www.madonna.com}} }} '''Madonna Louise Ciccone''' (anafahamika zaidi kama '''Madonna'''; amezaliwa [[16 Agosti]] [[1958]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] za [[pop]] [[dansi]], [[mwigizaji]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijipatia umaarufu kwa kuwa na mashairi makali na muonekano wa kuvutia katika [[video]] za nyimbo zake ambazo zilipelekea kuwa [[alama]] katika MTV. Madonna anajulikana kwa kujibadilisha katika [[muziki]] na muonekano, na kwa kudumisha unguli wake katika sekta ya muziki. Wakosoaji wa muziki wamebeza [[tungo]] zake, na hivyo kupelekea [[chuki]] kwa kiasi fulani. Akijulikana kama "Malkia wa Pop", Madonna mara nyingi anachukuliwa na [[wasanii]] wengine kama mtu mwenye ushawishi. Akiwa amezaliwa [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay Mji, Michigan]], Madonna alihamia [[jiji]] la [[New York]] mwaka [[1977]] kujiingiza katika [[ngoma]] za kisasa. Baada ya kufanya katika makundi ya muziki Breakfast Club na Emmy, alisaini na [[Https:sire records|Sire]] Records (lebo tanzu ya studio ya Warner Bros Records) mwaka [[1982]] na kuachia [[albamu]] ya kwanza mwaka uliofuata. Alifuatisha mfululizo wa albamu zilizofanikiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[ushindi]] wa [[Tuzo ya Grammy]] ''Ray ya Mwanga'' ([[1998]]) na Confessions on Dance Floor ([[2005]]). Katika kazi yake, Madonna ameandika na kurekodi nyingi kati ya kazi zake, na nyingi za hizo kufikia [[namba]] [[moja]] katika [[chati]] mbalimbali: hizi ni pamoja na "Like a Virgin", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Take a Bow", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", na "4 Minutes". Umaarufu wa Madonna uliimarishwa zaidi kwa ushiriki wake katika [[filamu]] kama ''Desperately Seeking Susan'' (1985), ''Dick Tracy'' (1990), na ''Evita'' (1996). Wakati filamu ya Evita ikimpatia tuzo ya [[Golden Globe|Golden Globe Award]] kama mwigizaji bora wa kike, nyingi za filamu zake zilikuwa na mapokeo hafifu. Madonna amekuwa akitangazwa kama mfanyabiashara, hasa kwa [[kampuni]] ya [[burudani]] iitwayo Maverick (ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Studio ya kurekodia|studio]] ijulikanayo kama Maverick Records). Katika mwaka [[2007]] alisaini mapatano ya pekee ya [[dola za Marekani]] 120 [[milioni]] 360 deal na Live Nation, ambayo ilisababisha mapatano ya kurekodi na [[Interscope Records]]. [[Biashara]] zake nyingine ni pamoja na [[ubunifu]] wa [[mavazi]], kuandika [[vitabu]] vya [[watoto]], na kutengeneza filamu. Akiwa ameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 300 [[duniani]] kote, Madonna ametambuliwa na ''[[Rekodi za Dunia za Guinness|Guinness World Records]]'' kama msanii wa kike mwenye mauzo ya juu wa wakati wote. Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) ilimtaja kama mwimbaji wa kike wa muziki wa [[rock]] mwenye mauzo ya juu kuliko wote katika [[karne ya 20]] na mwanamuziki wa kike wa pili aliyethibitika katika Marekani akiwa na kopi milioni 64.5. Madonna mwimbaji wa juu zaidi wa peke yake kwa wakati wote, akijipatia dola za Marekani [[bilioni]] 1.31 kutoka katika matamasha yake tangu mwaka 1990. Alifanikiwa kuwa mmoja kati ya [[waanzilishi]] watano wa jumba la mastaa [[Uingereza]] (UK Music Hall of Fame) na aliingizwa katika Rock na Roll Hall of Fame katika mwaka wake wa kwanza wa uhakiki. Madonna alikuwa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye orodha ya VH ya wanawake 100 nguli katika muziki na namba [[mbili]] (nyuma tu ya [[The Beatles|Beatles]]) katika orodha ya ''[[Billboard]] ya wasanii wakubwa 100 wa wakati wote. <ref>[https://www.altosaxo.net/post/how-madonna-became-the-queen-of-pop “How Madonna Became The Queen Of Pop” (English), August 1, 2023]</ref> == Maisha na kazi == === 1958-1981: maisha na kazi ya mwanzo === [[Picha:Madonna_family_in_their_vineyard_cropped.jpg|right|thumb|Mama wa kambo na baba wa Madonna, Joan na Tony Ciccone (2009)]] Madonna alizaliwa na [[wazazi]] [[Wakatoliki]] Silvio Anthony "Tony" Ciccone na Madonna Louise Fortin katika [[mji]] wa [[Bay City, Michigan]] tarehe 16 Agosti 1958.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/madonna-mn0000237205/biography|title=[Madonna]Artist Biography|first=Stephen Thomas|last=Erlewine|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=April 13, 2015}}</ref> Wazazi wa [[baba]] yake walikuwa [[wahamiaji]] kutoka [[Pacentro]], [[Italia]], wakati [[mama]] yake alikuwa wa asili ya [[Ufaransa]]-[[Canada]].<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=10}}</ref> Tony alifanya kazi kama [[mhandisi]] katika kampuni ya Chrysler na General Motors. Wakati Madonna alikuwa na [[jina]] sawa na la mama yake, wanafamilia walizoea kumwita "Little Nonni". Alikuwa na [[kaka]] wakubwa wawili, Anthony na Martin, na [[ndugu]] wa kike watatu, Paula, Christopher na Melanie.<ref name="thechild">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1400097/The-child-who-became-a-star.html|title=The Child Who Became a Star: Madonna Timeline|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=July 26, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2008}}</ref> ==Muziki== ===Albamu=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Maelezo ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Mauzo |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Marekani<br /><ref name="us">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/308786/madonna/chart?f=305|title=Madonna – Chart History: Billboard 200|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 3, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915091537/http://www.billboard.com/artist/308786/madonna/chart?f=305|archivedate=September 15, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Australia<br /><ref name="aus">Peak chart positions for albums in Australia: *Up to 1987: {{harvnb|Kent|1993|pp=267–271}} *Since 1988: {{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Madonna|title=Australian-charts.com – Discography Madonna|accessdate=September 26, 2009|publisher=Hung Medien|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6A0rHC7bv?url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Madonna|archivedate=August 18, 2012|df=mdy-all}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Austria<br /><ref name="aut">{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Madonna&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|title=Austriancharts.at – Madonna|accessdate=September 26, 2009|publisher=Hung Medien|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201111842/http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Madonna&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|archivedate=December 1, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Canada<br /><ref name="can">Peak chart positions for albums in Canada: *Up to 1996: {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Madonna&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20|title=RPM Top Albums/CDs – Madonna|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=Library and Archives Canada|accessdate=October 26, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020005301/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Madonna&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20|archivedate=October 20, 2012|df=mdy-all}} *Since 1997: {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/308786/madonna/chart?f=309|title=Madonna – Chart History: Canadian Albums|work=Billboard|accessdate=July 3, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915101700/http://www.billboard.com/artist/308786/madonna/chart?f=309|archivedate=September 15, 2017|df=mdy-all}} *For ''GHV2'': {{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/JamMusicCharts/prev_112901_ALBUMS.html|title=Canadian Albums Chart: November 15, 2001|work=[[Jam!]]|accessdate=February 16, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041213021407/http://jam.canoe.ca/JamMusicCharts/prev_112901_ALBUMS.html|archivedate=December 13, 2004}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Ufaransa<br /><ref name="fra">Peak chart positions for albums in France: *Up to 1995: {{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_Liste_Selection2.php?Lettre=M|title=Tous les Album Classé – select 'Madonna'|publisher=Infodisc|language=fr|accessdate=May 20, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807155128/http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_Liste_Selection2.php?Lettre=M|archivedate=August 7, 2016|df=mdy-all}} *Since 1996: {{cite web|url=http://www.lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Madonna|title=Lescharts.com – Discographie Madonna|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=July 3, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110023049/http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Madonna|archivedate=November 10, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Ujerumani<br /><ref name="ger">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-8684|title=Alben von Madonna|accessdate=July 3, 2017|publisher=Offiziellecharts.de|language=de|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090353/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-8684|archivedate=February 18, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Italy<br /><ref name="ita">Peak chart positions for albums in Italy: *Up to 1999: {{cite web|url=http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/mono/madonna_disco.htm|title=Madonna: Discografia Italiana|publisher=[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry]]|date=1983–1999|accessdate=May 31, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117003255/http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/mono/madonna_disco.htm|archivedate=January 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}} *Since 2000: {{cite web|url=http://www.italiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Madonna&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|title=Italiancharts.com – Madonna|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=July 3, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081640/http://www.italiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Madonna&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|archivedate=December 1, 2017|df=mdy-all}} *For ''Madonna'': {{cite web|url=http://fimi.it/classifiche#/category:album/id:2672/page:2|title=Classifica settimanale WK 17 (dal 2018-04-20 al 2018-04-26)|publisher=FIMI|language=Italian|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428211248/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:album/id:2672/page:2|archivedate=April 28, 2015|df=mdy-all}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Spain<br /><ref name="spa">Peak chart positions for albums in Spain: *Up to 2002: {{harvnb|Salaverri|2005|pp=479–482}} *''American Life'': {{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qg0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60|title=Hits of the World: Spain|date=May 10, 2003|accessdate=August 24, 2010|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=115|issue=19|pages=60}} *Since 2005: {{cite web|url=http://spanishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Madonna&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|title=Spanishcharts.com – Madonna|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=July 3, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081139/http://spanishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Madonna&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|archivedate=December 1, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Uswisi<br /><ref name="swi">{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=a&from=&to=&artist=Madonna&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|title=Hitparade.ch – Madonna|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=July 3, 2017}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Uingereza<br /><ref name="uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28948/madonna/|title=Madonna {{!}} Official Chart History|accessdate=July 3, 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318212925/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28948/madonna/|archivedate=March 18, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Madonna'' | * Ilitolewa: Julai 27, 1983 * Lebo: Sire Records • Warner Bros. Records | 8 || 10 || 15 || 16 || 8 || 28 || 50 || — || — || 6 | * Marekani: 5× Platinum<ref name="riaa1">{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=Madonna|type=album|accessdate=August 21, 2009}}</ref> * Australia: 3× Platinum<ref name="kent">{{harvnb|Kent|1993|p=267}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="infodisc">{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Madonna|type=album|recent=false|accessdate=August 21, 2009}}</ref> * Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun">{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Madonna|type=album|accessdate=August 27, 2009}}</ref> * New Zealand: Platinum<ref name="Scapolo">{{cite book|title=The Complete New Zealand Music Charts: 1966–2006|first=Dean|last=Scapolo|publisher=Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House|location=Wellington|year=2007|isbn=978-1877443-00-8}}</ref> * Spain: Gold<ref name="spanish">{{harvnb|Salaverri|2005|p=480}}</ref> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Madonna|type=album|accessdate=September 25, 2015}}</ref> | * Duniani: 10,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/8735201/Madonna-a-potted-history.html|title=Madonna: a potted history|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=September 1, 2011|accessdate=January 3, 2012|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223143454/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/8735201/Madonna-a-potted-history.html|archivedate=December 23, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 5,000,000<ref name="Cross2007">{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=29}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 232,500<ref name="snep1platin"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Like a Virgin'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 12, 1984 * Lebo: Sire • Warner Bros. | 1 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 | * Marekani: Diamond<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 7× Platinum<ref name="aria">{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2000|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Canada: Diamond<ref name="mc">{{cite certification|region=Canada|artist=Madonna|type=album|accessdate=August 27, 2009}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 2× Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: 3× Gold<ref name="bun"/> * New Zealand: 5× Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> * Spain: Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> * [[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: 3× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 21,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/people/contrasting-fortunes-as-madonna-and-jacko-turn-50-20090403-9ruh.html|title=Contrasting fortunes as Madonna and Jacko turn 50|last=Reporter|first=Daily|date=August 15, 2008|work=The Age|accessdate=August 24, 2009|location=Melbourne|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811184417/http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/people/contrasting-fortunes-as-madonna-and-jacko-turn-50-20090403-9ruh.html|archivedate=August 11, 2011|df=}}</ref> * Marekani: 10,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/31/business/madonna-institution-and-rebel-but-not-quite-the-diva-of-old-she-once-was.html|title=Madonna, Institution and Rebel, But Not Quite the Diva of Old She Once Was|first=Lynette|last=Holloway|work=The New York Times|date=March 31, 2003|accessdate=August 18, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412072340/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/31/business/madonna-institution-and-rebel-but-not-quite-the-diva-of-old-she-once-was.html|archivedate=April 12, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 632,700<ref name="snep2platin">{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P2.php?debut=150|title=Les Albums Double Platin|publisher=Infodisc|accessdate=November 30, 2010|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223211150/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P2.php?debut=150|archivedate=December 23, 2011|df=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''True Blue'' | * Ilitolewa: Juni 30, 1986 * Lebo: Sire • Warner Bros. | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Marekani: 7× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 4× Platinum<ref name="kent"/> * Canada: Diamond<ref name="mc"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: 2× Platinum<ref name="bun"/> * New Zealand: 5× Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> * Spain: 3× Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> * Uingereza: 7× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 25,000,000<ref name="trueblue">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1682061/madonna-lionel-richie-top-billboard.jhtml|title=Madonna And Lionel Richie To Reunite On Billboard Charts?|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|publisher=MTV News|date=March 29, 2012|accessdate=April 7, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331201523/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1682061/madonna-lionel-richie-top-billboard.jhtml|archivedate=March 31, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 7,000,000<ref name="newsday">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/650411471.html?dids=650411471:650411471&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+13%2C+2004&author=GLENN+GAMBOA.+STAFF+WRITER&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=A+medley+of+Madonna+makeovers&pqatl=google|title=A medley of Madonna makeovers|last=Gamboa|first=Glenn|date=June 13, 2004|accessdate=September 15, 2010|work=Newsday|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619074551/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/650411471.html?dids=650411471:650411471&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+13%2C+2004&author=GLENN+GAMBOA.+STAFF+WRITER&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=A+medley+of+Madonna+makeovers&pqatl=google|archivedate=June 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 1,353,110<ref name="snepsales">{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_D.php?debut=50|title=Les Albums Diamant|publisher=Infodisc|accessdate=November 30, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016192710/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_D.php?debut=50|archivedate=October 16, 2015|df=}}</ref> * Italy: 1,500,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://it.paperblog.com/-true-blue-di-madonna-compie-25-anni-460931/|title='True Blue' di Madonna compie 25 anni|date=June 30, 2011|work=[[Lifestyle magazine]]|accessdate=February 25, 2013}}</ref> * Uingereza: 1,997,015 |- ! scope="row"| ''Like a Prayer'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 21, 1989 * Lebo: Sire • Warner Bros. | 1 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Marekani: 4× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 4× Platinum<ref name="kent"/> * Austria: Platinum<ref name="ifpiaustria">{{cite certification|region=Austria|artist=Madonna|accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> * Canada: 5× Platinum<ref name="mc" /> * Ufaransa: 2× Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: 3× Gold<ref name="bun"/> * New Zealand: 2× Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> * Spain: 4× Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> * Uswisi: 2× Platinum<ref name="swisscerti">{{cite certification|region=Switzerland|artist=Madonna|type=album|accessdate=July 3, 2017}}</ref> * Uingereza: 4× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 15,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/news/madonna-s--like-a-prayer--album-turns-25-023253641.html|title=Madonna's 'Like a Prayer' Album Turns 25|author=News Ticker|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=June 14, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111001721/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/news/madonna-s--like-a-prayer--album-turns-25-023253641.html|archivedate=November 11, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 5,000,000<ref name="newsday"/> * Ufaransa: 769,500<ref name="snep2platin"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Erotica'' | * Ilitolewa: Oktoba 20, 1992 * Lebo: Maverick • Sire • Warner Bros. | 2 || 1 || 10 || 4 || 1 || 5 || 2 || 5 || 5 || 2 | * Marekani: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 3× Platinum<ref name="aus1">{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2001|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Austria: Gold<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> * Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="mc"/> * Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> * Spain: Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> * Uswisi: Gold<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: 2× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 6,000,000<ref>{{cite news|last=Walters|first=Barry|title=Madonna's 'Erotica,' 'Sex': Why Musical Masterpiece, Defiant Book Still Matter|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonnas-erotica-sex-misunderstood-masterpieces-w507057|accessdate=October 19, 2017|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=October 19, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195549/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonnas-erotica-sex-misunderstood-masterpieces-w507057|archivedate=January 24, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 1,989,000<ref name="ussales2016">Totals for each album sales in the United States from SoundScan and BMG: * SoundScan: {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7617649/ask-billboard-madonnas-career-album-sales|title=Ask Billboard: Madonna's Career Album Sales|first=Gary|last=Trust|work=Billboard|accessdate=December 12, 2016|date=December 11, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212105609/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7617649/ask-billboard-madonnas-career-album-sales|archivedate=December 12, 2016|df=mdy-all}} * BMG Music Club: {{cite web|author=Barry David|title=Shania, Backstreet, Britney, Eminem and Janet Top All-Time Sellers|publisher=Music Industry News Network|date=February 18, 2003|url=http://www.mi2n.com/press.php3?press_nb=47877|accessdate=September 21, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030703090845/http://www.mi2n.com/press.php3?press_nb=47877|archivedate=July 3, 2003|df=}} </ref> * Ufaransa: 250,000<ref>{{cite journal|date=November 26, 1994|title=The Gringos Are Coming!|work=Billboard|volume=106|issue=48|pages=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aggEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q=madonna%20erotica&f=false|accessdate=January 25, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Bedtime Stories'' | * Ilitolewa: Oktoba 25, 1994 * Lebo: Maverick, Sire • Warner Bros. | 3 || 1 || 7 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 2 || 5 || 4 || 2 | * Marekani: 3× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 2× Platinum<ref name="Kent2">{{harvnb|Kent|2006|pp=206–209}}</ref> * Austria: Gold<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> * Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="mc" /> * Ufaransa: 2× Gold<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> * Spain: Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> * Uswisi: Gold<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 8,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inquisitr.com/4467746/madonna-erotica-hall-of-fame-sex-1992-backlash/|title=Madonna’s ‘Career-Ending’ Album ‘Erotica’ Gets Rock Hall Of Fame Recognition|work=The Inquisitr|first=Daryl|last=Deino|date=August 30, 2017|accessdate=November 7, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034615/https://www.inquisitr.com/4467746/madonna-erotica-hall-of-fame-sex-1992-backlash/|archivedate=November 8, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 2,531,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> * Ufaransa: 277,400<ref name="snep2gold"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Ray of Light'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 3, 1998 * Lebo: Maverick • Warner Bros. | 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Marekani: 4× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 3× Platinum<ref name="aus1" /> * Austria: 2× Platinum<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> * Canada: 7× Platinum<ref name="mc" /> * Ufaransa: 3× Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: 3× Platinum<ref name="bun"/> * New Zealand: 2× Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> * Spain: 3× Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> * Uswisi: 3× Platinum<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: 6× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 16,000,000<ref name="RayofLightsales">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jul/05/william-orbit-tennyson-poem-verb|title=Orbit switches from Madonna to Tennyson with live Radio 3 epic|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Vanessa|last=Thorpe|date=July 5, 2009|accessdate=January 4, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002143713/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jul/05/william-orbit-tennyson-poem-verb|archivedate=October 2, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 4,350,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> * Ufaransa: 925,400<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P3.php?debut=50|title=Les Albums Triple Platine|publisher=Infodisc|accessdate=November 30, 2010|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223203021/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P3.php?debut=50|archivedate=December 23, 2011|df=}}</ref> * Ujerumani: 1,000,000{{efn|Germany sales figures of ''Ray of Light'' until December 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA61|title=German Biz Grumbles About '98|last=Spahr|first=Wolfgang|date=December 26, 1998|work=Billboard|accessdate=March 27, 2013|volume=110|issue=52|issn=0006-2510|pages=56–61|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726012845/http://books.google.com/books?id=Mw0EAAAAMBAJ|archivedate=July 26, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>}} * Italy: 500,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/1998/07/28/Spettacolo/MADONNA-NEL-NUOVO-VIDEO-INSEGUITA-DAI-PAPARAZZI-COME-LADY-D_135000.php|publisher=[[Adnkronos]]|date=July 28, 1998|title=MADONNA: NEL NUOVO VIDEO INSEGUITA DAI PAPARAZZI COME LADY D|language=Italian|accessdate=January 23, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202105430/http://www.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/1998/07/28/Spettacolo/MADONNA-NEL-NUOVO-VIDEO-INSEGUITA-DAI-PAPARAZZI-COME-LADY-D_135000.php|archivedate=February 2, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Uingereza: 1,730,000<ref>{{cite news|last1=Copsey|first1=Rob|title=William Orbit reflects on Madonna’s Ray Of Light: "It broke all the rules"|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/william-orbit-reflects-on-madonna-s-ray-of-light-it-broke-all-the-rules-__8622/|accessdate=23 February 2018|work=Official Charts|date=22 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231033504/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/william-orbit-reflects-on-madonna-s-ray-of-light-it-broke-all-the-rules-__8622/|archivedate=December 31, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Music'' | * Ilitolewa: Septemba 19, 2000 * Lebo: Maverick • Warner Bros. | 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 | * Marekani: 3× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 3× Platinum<ref name="aus1" /> * Austria: Platinum<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> * Canada: 3× Platinum<ref name="mc"/> * Ufaransa: 2× Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: 2× Platinum<ref name="bun"/> * New Zealand: 2× Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> * Spain: 2× Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> * Uswisi: 2× Platinum<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: 5× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 11,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/the-scene/archive/Madonnas_Hard_Candy_Strikes_Sour_Note.html|title=Madonna’s 'Hard Candy' Strikes Sour Note|last=Gerard|first=Chris|date=July 15, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2010|publisher=[[WRC-TV]]|location=Washington|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228005946/http://www.nbcwashington.com/the-scene/archive/Madonnas_Hard_Candy_Strikes_Sour_Note.html|archivedate=December 28, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 3,031,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> * Ufaransa: 760,031<ref name=France2000s>{{cite web|title=Les Albums les plus Vendus de la Décennie (2000-2009)|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php|publisher=Infodisc|accessdate=August 25, 2012|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182907/http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php|archivedate=July 16, 2012|df=}}</ref> * Uingereza: 1,594,045<ref name="GH2-Music-UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''American Life'' | * Ilitolewa: Aprili 22, 2003 * Lebo: Maverick • Warner Bros. | 1 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 | * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|relyear=2003|certyear=2003|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Canada: Platinum<ref name="mc"/> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> * Spain: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Spain|type=album|artist=Madonna|title=American Life|relyear=2003|certyear=2005|certmonth=2|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 5,000,000<ref name="AL sales">American Life WW sales: * AFP El Universo: {{cite news|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/2005/11/14/0001/259/025F2F74D38E4D3898FCB07832427FB7.html|title=Madonna regresa a los 80 y a sus raíces dance|author=[[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP)|work=[[El Universo]]|date=November 14, 2005|accessdate=February 27, 2013|location=Paris|language=Spanish, French|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921082404/http://www.eluniverso.com/2005/11/14/0001/259/025F2F74D38E4D3898FCB07832427FB7.html|archivedate=September 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}} * AFP Diario: {{cite news|url=http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2005/11/14/variedades/5652|title=Madonna vuelve a raíces|author=[[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP)|work=[[El Nuevo Diario]]|date=November 14, 2005|accessdate=February 27, 2013|location=Paris|language=Spanish, French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055801/http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2005/11/14/variedades/5652|archivedate=September 21, 2013|df=}} * Globo: {{cite news|url=http://ela.oglobo.globo.com/beleza/madonna-completa-54-anos-veja-sua-evolucao-capilar-5804027|title=Madonna completa 54 anos. Veja sua evolução capilar|publisher=[[Globo.com]]|year=2013|accessdate=February 27, 2013|page=6|location=SAo Paolo|language=Portuguese|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611122422/http://ela.oglobo.globo.com/beleza/madonna-completa-54-anos-veja-sua-evolucao-capilar-5804027|archivedate=June 11, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 680,000<ref name="billboard20102012">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/474549/ask-billboard-the-twitter-sized-edition|title=Ask Billboard: The Twitter-Sized Edition|date=October 20, 2012|accessdate=October 21, 2012|last=Trust|first=Garry|work=Billboard|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209052636/http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/474549/ask-billboard-the-twitter-sized-edition|archivedate=February 9, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 474,700<ref name=France2000s/> * Uingereza: 335,115<ref name="al">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/coldplay-number-one-again-in-static-top-three/038006|title=Coldplay still top in static top three|date=June 5, 2008|accessdate=May 30, 2011|work=[[Music Week]]|location=London|last=Cardew|first=Ben|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220013457/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/coldplay-number-one-again-in-static-top-three/038006|archivedate=December 20, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 11, 2005 * Lebo: Warner Bros. | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2005|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Canada: 5× Platinum<ref name="mc"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: 3× Platinum<ref name="bun"/> * New Zealand: Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> * Spain: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/albumes/Top%2050%20albumes%202005.pdf|title=Top 50 Albumes 2005|language=Spanish|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=November 14, 2010|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703121339/http://promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/albumes/Top%2050%20albumes%202005.pdf|archivedate=July 3, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Uswisi: 3× Platinum<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: 4× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 10,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/feature/a586401/madonnas-new-album-what-we-know-so-far/|title=Madonna's new album: What we know so far|work=[[Digital Spy]]|date=July 25, 2014|accessdate=August 22, 2017|first=Lewis|last=Corner|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822230922/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/feature/a586401/madonnas-new-album-what-we-know-so-far/|archivedate=August 22, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 1,734,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> * Ufaransa: 750,400<ref name=France2000s/> * Uingereza: 1,340,000<ref name="uksalesconfessions">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/madonnas-hung-up-is-10-years-old__12032/|title=Happy Birthday Hung Up! We reveal the numbers on Madonna's disco chart-topper|last=Myers|first=Justin|date=November 19, 2015|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=November 19, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119213054/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/madonnas-hung-up-is-10-years-old__12032/|archivedate=November 19, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Hard Candy'' | * Ilitolewa: Aprili 19, 2008 * Lebo: Warner Bros. | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2008|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Austria: Platinum<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> * Canada: Platinum<ref name="mc"/> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> * Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> * Spain: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/albumes/Top%2050%20ALBUMES%202008%20v2.pdf|title=Top 50 Albumes 2008|language=Spanish|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=November 14, 2010|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627090726/http://www.promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/albumes/Top%2050%20ALBUMES%202008%20v2.pdf|archivedate=June 27, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swisscerti"/> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 4,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/spanish-man-arrested-in-leak-of-madonna-single/|title=Spaniard Is Arrested In Leak of Madonna Single|last=McKinley|first=James C.|authorlink=James C. McKinley, Jr.|work=The New York Times|date=December 23, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911101453/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/spanish-man-arrested-in-leak-of-madonna-single/|archivedate=September 11, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 751,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> * Canada: 169,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/07/idUS228425+07-Jan-2009+BW20090107|title=The Nielsen Company 2008 Canadian Music Industry Report|date=January 7, 2009|accessdate=March 26, 2013|agency=Reuters|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114200459/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/07/idUS228425%2B07-Jan-2009%2BBW20090107|archivedate=November 14, 2012|df=mdy-all|=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114200459/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/07/idUS228425%2B07-Jan-2009%2BBW20090107}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 240,000<ref name="francerebel"/> * Uingereza: 335,523<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-208423917/key-releases-260909|title=Key Releases: September 26, 2009|date=September 26, 2009|work=[[Music Week]]|accessdate=June 29, 2011|deadurl=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011220046/http://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-208423917/key-releases-260909|archivedate=2016-03-04|df=mdy-all|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133225/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-208423917/key-releases-260909|=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133225/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-208423917/key-releases-260909}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''MDNA'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 23, 2012 * Lebo: Interscope Records | 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 | * Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa1" /> * Australia: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2012|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Austria: Gold<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> * Italy: Platinum<ref name="fimi">{{cite certification|region=Italy|artist=Madonna|type=album|accessdate=March 25, 2015}}</ref> * Spain: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Spain|artist=Madonna|title=MDNA|type=album|relyear=2012|certyear=2012|certmonth=13|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> | * Duniani: 2,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/glasgow/blog/madonnas-coming-to-glasgow-here-are-five-of-her-finest-moments|title=Madonna’s coming to Glasgow – here are five of her finest moments|date=March 11, 2015|accessdate=November 7, 2017|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|first=Malcolm|last=Jack|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108040242/https://www.timeout.com/glasgow/blog/madonnas-coming-to-glasgow-here-are-five-of-her-finest-moments|archivedate=November 8, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Marekani: 539,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6472671/madonna-interview-rebel-heart-50-shades-of-grey-pope-word-police|title=Madonna Talks 'Fifty Shades of Grey' ('Not Very Sexy'), the Pope and Why the 'Word Police Can F--- Off'|last=Grigoriadis|first=Vanessa|date=February 13, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015|work=Billboard|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214110822/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6472671/madonna-interview-rebel-heart-50-shades-of-grey-pope-word-police|archivedate=February 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 90,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Madonna/MDNA-a113782377.html|title=Madonna avec "MDNA"|publisher=PureCharts.fr|language=French|date=December 27, 2012|accessdate=January 3, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101133728/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Madonna/MDNA-a113782377.html|archivedate=January 1, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Uingereza: 134,803<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-sam-smith-returns-to-top-singles-and-albums-charts/061165|title=Official Charts Analysis: Sam Smith returns to top Singles and Albums Charts|last=Jones|first=Alan|date=March 16, 2015|accessdate=March 16, 2015|work=[[Music Week]]|subscription=yes|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150316100420/http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-sam-smith-returns-to-top-singles-and-albums-charts/061165|archivedate=March 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Rebel Heart'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 6, 2015 * Lebo: Interscope | 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 | *Austria: Gold<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> *Ufaransa: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|type=album|artist=Madonna|accessdate=January 26, 2016}}</ref> *Italy: Platinum<ref name="fimi"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 1,000,000<ref name="rebelww">{{cite news|url=http://attitude.co.uk/madonna-might-have-the-occasional-hiccup-but-shes-still-the-queen-of-live-shows/|title=Madonna might have the occasional hiccup, but she’s still the queen of live shows|date=September 15, 2017|accessdate=November 10, 2017|work=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]|first=Simon|last=Button|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111162233/http://attitude.co.uk/madonna-might-have-the-occasional-hiccup-but-shes-still-the-queen-of-live-shows/|archivedate=November 11, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Marekani: 238,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> *Ufaransa: 50,000<ref name="francerebel">{{cite news|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/actualite/news-100310.html|title=Quels sont les flops musicaux de 2015 ?|date=December 23, 2015|accessdate=December 23, 2015|publisher=Pure charts in France|language=French|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104144/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/actualite/news-100310.html|archivedate=December 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *UK: 76,490 |- ! scope="row" |''Who's That Girl'' | *Ilitolewa: Julai 21, 1987 *Lebo: Sire • Warner Bros. | 7 || 24 || 5 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 4 || 4 | *Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: Gold<ref name="kent"/> *Ufaransa: 2× Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *New Zealand: Gold<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Spain: Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> *Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 6,000,000<ref name="Taraborrellip126">{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=145}}</ref> *Marekani: 1,400,000<ref name="Taraborrellip126"/> *Ufaransa: 668,300<ref name="snep2platin"/> *Uingereza: 320,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/89812206.html?dids=89812206:89812206&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+14%2C+1989&author=Parry+Gettelman+of+The+Sentinel+Staff&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&desc=FROM+PROJECTOR+TO+PLATTER+MOVIE+SOUNDTRACKS+ARE+NOW+POP-MUSIC+STAPLES&pqatl=google|title=From Projector To Platter, Movie Soundtracks Are Now Pop Music Staples|last=Gettleman|first=Patty|date=July 14, 1989|accessdate=September 8, 2010|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619055026/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/89812206.html?dids=89812206:89812206&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+14%2C+1989&author=Parry+Gettelman+of+The+Sentinel+Staff&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&desc=FROM+PROJECTOR+TO+PLATTER+MOVIE+SOUNDTRACKS+ARE+NOW+POP-MUSIC+STAPLES&pqatl=google|archivedate=June 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''I'm Breathless'' | *Ilitolewa: Mei 22, 1990 *Lebo: Sire • Warner Bros. | 2 || 1 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 2 | *Marekani: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: 2× Platinum<ref name="kent"/> *Austria: Gold<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> *Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="mc" /> *Ufaransa: 2× Gold<ref name="infodisc"/> *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *Spain: 2× Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> *Uswisi: Gold<ref name="swi90">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1990|title=Awards 1990: Neu hinzufügen|language=de|publisher=Swiss Music Charts|accessdate=November 15, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GdVVDjHb?url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1990|archivedate=May 15, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 7,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/info/madonna|title=Madonna Biography|publisher=[[Contactmusic.com]]|accessdate=August 18, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AvRPgU4f?url=http://www.contactmusic.com/info/madonna|archivedate=September 24, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Marekani: 3,240,000<ref name="combine">{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/65105/week-ending-aug-29-2010-lifes-upsdowns/|pages=2|title=Week Ending Aug. 29, 2010: Life's Ups & Downs|last=Grein|first=Paul|date=September 2, 2010|accessdate=September 2, 2010|publisher=Yahoo!|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906092135/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/65105/week-ending-aug-29-2010-lifes-upsdowns/|archivedate=September 6, 2010}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 411,900<ref name="snep2gold"/> |- ! scope="row" |''Evita''{{efn|Standard worldwide: 1-CD. Standard USA: 2-CD (counted as double units). RIAA counts double albums twice towards certification if over 100 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1043552/chart-beat-chat-apologize-mary-mary-double-disc-albums|title=Chart Beat Chat: 'Apologize,' Mary Mary, Double-Disc Albums|last=Bronson|first=Fred|date=April 5, 2008|work=Billboard|accessdate=October 22, 2009|authorlink=Fred Bronson|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914064259/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1043552/chart-beat-chat-apologize-mary-mary-double-disc-albums|archivedate=September 14, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>}} | *Ilitolewa: Novemba 12, 1996 *Lebo: Warner Bros. | 2 || 5 || 1 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 16 || 1 || 1 | *Marekani: 5× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=1997|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> *Austria: 2× Platinum<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> *Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> *New Zealand: Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Spain: Gold<ref name="spanish"/> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swi97">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1997|title=Awards 1997: Neu hinzufügen|language=de|publisher=Swiss Music Charts|accessdate=November 15, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144052/http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1997|archivedate=June 13, 2011|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 2× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 11,000,000<ref name="Clerkp142">{{harvnb|Clerk|2008|p=142}}</ref> *Marekani: 2,025,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> *Uingereza: 733,000 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/blockbuster-soundtracks-that-conquered-the-official-uk-albums-chart__21380/|title=Blockbuster soundtracks that conquered the Official UK Albums Chart|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=January 8, 2018|accessdate=January 8, 2018|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233540/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/blockbuster-soundtracks-that-conquered-the-official-uk-albums-chart__21380/|archivedate=January 8, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''I'm Going to Tell You a Secret'' | *Ilitolewa: Juni 20, 2006 *Lebo: Warner Bros. | 33 || — || 12 || 4 || 8 || 8 || 1 || — || 7 || 18 | *Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="infodisc"/> <!-- Note: ONLY INCLUDE ALBUM CERTIFICATIONS HERE. DVD CERTIFICATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ''MADONNA VIDEOGRAPHY'' --> | *Marekani: 85,000<ref name="yahoopaul">{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/61580/week-ending-aug-15-2010-the-odd-couple/|pages=2|title=Week Ending Aug. 15, 2010: The Odd Couple|date=August 18, 2010|accessdate=August 18, 2010|last=Grein|first=Paul|publisher=Yahoo!|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822172208/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/61580/week-ending-aug-15-2010-the-odd-couple|archivedate=August 22, 2010|df=}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 53,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=1800|title=Les Albums Or|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|accessdate=November 30, 2010|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018011407/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=1800|archivedate=October 18, 2011|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 39,000<ref name="newentries">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/new-entries-make-a-splash-on-albums-chart/035384|title=New entries make a splash on albums chart|accessdate=May 31, 2011|date=February 4, 2007|work=[[Music Week]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190954/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/new-entries-make-a-splash-on-albums-chart/035384|archivedate=February 22, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''The Confessions Tour'' | *Ilitolewa: Januari 30, 2007 *Lebo: Warner Bros. | 15 || — || — || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 7 | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name="bpi"/> <!-- Note: ONLY INCLUDE ALBUM CERTIFICATIONS HERE. DVD CERTIFICATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ''MADONNA VIDEOGRAPHY'' --> | *Duniani: 1,200,000<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonna-joins-forces-with-live-nation-in-revolutionary-global-music-partnership-58676172.html|title=Madonna Joins Forces With Live Nation in Revolutionary Global Music Partnership|author=[[Live Nation]]|agency=[[PR Newswire]]|date=October 16, 2007|accessdate=February 28, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GdVizctf?url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonna-joins-forces-with-live-nation-in-revolutionary-global-music-partnership-58676172.html|archivedate=May 15, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *US: 148,000<ref name="yahoopaul"/> *FRA: 44,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Les DVD les plus Vendus en 2007|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_DVD_07.php|publisher=Syndicat National de l'édition Phonographique|accessdate=August 26, 2012|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522220723/http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_DVD_07.php|archivedate=May 22, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *UK: 60,000<ref name="bpi"/> |- ! scope="row" |''Sticky & Sweet Tour'' | *Ilitolewa: Machi 30, 2010 *Lebo: Warner Bros. | 10 || — || — || 3 || 6 || 11 || 2 || 3 || 5 || 17 | *Italy: Platinum<ref name="fimi"/> *Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="infodisc"/> <!-- Note: ONLY INCLUDE ALBUM CERTIFICATIONS HERE. DVD CERTIFICATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ''MADONNA VIDEOGRAPHY'' --> | *Marekani: 82,000<ref name="celesales">{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/70544/week-ending-dec-5-2010-the-gift-that-keeps-on-giving|title=Week Ending Dec. 5, 2010: The "Gift" That Keeps On Giving|last=Grein|first=Paul|date=December 8, 2010|accessdate=December 9, 2010|publisher=Yahoo!|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66H6fyycm?url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-dec-5-2010-the-gift-that-keeps-on-giving.html|archivedate=March 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 41,700<ref>{{cite web|title=Les Albums les plus Vendus en 2010|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Album10.php|publisher=Syndicat National de l'édition Phonographique|accessdate=September 7, 2012|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702075033/http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Album10.php|archivedate=July 2, 2012|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 12,405<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/boyzone-and-scouting-for-girls-top-easter-charts/042272|title=Boyzone and Scouting For Girls top Easter charts|date=April 6, 2010|accessdate=May 31, 2011|work=[[Music Week]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222192212/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/boyzone-and-scouting-for-girls-top-easter-charts/042272|archivedate=February 22, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''MDNA World Tour'' | *Ilitolewa: Septemba 9, 2013 *Lebo: Interscope | 90 || — || — || — || 6 || — || 2 || 4 || — || 55 | <!-- Note: ONLY INCLUDE ALBUM CERTIFICATIONS HERE. DVD CERTIFICATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ''MADONNA VIDEOGRAPHY'' --> | *Marekani: 18,000<ref>Total sales for ''MDNA World Tour'' in US: *{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-sept-22-2013-albums-aloha-hawaii-152823767.html|title=Week Ending Sept. 22, 2013. Albums: Aloha From Hawaii Via Charts|last=Grein|first=Paul|date=September 26, 2013|accessdate=September 26, 2013|publisher=Yahoo!|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925200121/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-sept-22-2013-albums-aloha-hawaii-152823767.html|archivedate=September 25, 2013|df=mdy-all}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/5719228/chart-moves-album-sales-hit-new-low-madonnas-mdna-world-tour-debuts-earth|title=Chart Moves: Album Sales Hit New Low; Madonna's 'MDNA World Tour' Debuts; Earth, Wind & Fire Reaches Chart High|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=September 20, 2013|accessdate=September 20, 2013|work=Billboard|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922172413/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/5719228/chart-moves-album-sales-hit-new-low-madonnas-mdna-world-tour-debuts-earth|archivedate=September 22, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Uingereza: 23,220<ref name="uksales2017">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.musicweek.com/analysis/read/official-charts-analysis-foo-fighters-rock-album-charts/069884|title=Official Charts Analysis: Foo Fighters rock album charts|last=Jones|first=Alan|magazine=Music Week|date=September 22, 2017|accessdate=March 4, 2018|subscription=yes|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231720/http://www.musicweek.com/analysis/read/official-charts-analysis-foo-fighters-rock-album-charts/069884|archivedate=March 4, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Rebel Heart Tour'' | *Ilitolewa: Septemba 15, 2017 *Lebo: Eagle Rock Entertainment | — || 20 || — || — || 20 || 8 || 4 || 4 || 30 || 42 | | * * Ufaransa: 1,921<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.aficia.info/charts/ventes-de-semaine-38-indochine-reste-leader-madonna-lisandro-demarrent-doucement/124992|title=Ventes de la semaine 38 : Indochine reste leader, Madonna et Lisandro démarrent doucement|date=2017-09-22|work=aficia|access-date=2017-09-24|language=fr-FR|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044859/http://www.aficia.info/charts/ventes-de-semaine-38-indochine-reste-leader-madonna-lisandro-demarrent-doucement/124992|archivedate=September 24, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''You Can Dance'' | *Ilitolewa: Novemba 17, 1987 *Lebo: Sire • Warner Bros. | 14 || 13 || 13 || 11 || 2 || 13 || 1 || 16 || 11 || 5 | *Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: Platinum<ref name="kent"/> *Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *New Zealand: Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Spain: Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> *Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 5,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madonna.com/discography/index/album/albumId/25/|title=Madonna.com > Discography > You can dance|work=Icon: Official Madonna website|publisher=Madonna.com|accessdate=August 30, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GdVolW5n?url=http://www.madonna.com/discography/index/album/albumId/25/|archivedate=May 15, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Marekani: 1,500,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04C82922F05CC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title='Remix Magic' Bobby Brown's new best-seller is really his old best-seller|last=Goldstein|first=Patrick|date=January 5, 1990|accessdate=July 27, 2013|work=[[St. Louis Post-Despatch]]|archivedate=2014-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222151308/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04C82922F05CC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 414,700<ref name="snep1platin">{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P.php?debut=500|title=Les Albums Platin|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|accessdate=November 30, 2010|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701173051/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P.php?debut=500|archivedate=July 1, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''The Immaculate Collection'' | *Ilitolewa: Novemba 9, 1990 *Lebo: Sire • Warner Bros. | 2 || 1 || 6 || 1 || 2 || 10 || 2 || 5 || 3 || 1 | *Marekani: Diamond<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: 12× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|relyear=1990|certyear=2002|accessdate=May 19, 2018}}</ref> *Austria: Platinum<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> *Canada: 7× Platinum<ref name="mc"/> *Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="infodisc"/> *Ujerumani: 3× Gold<ref name="bun"/> *New Zealand: 7&times; Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Spain: 3× Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swi90"/> *Uingereza: 12× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 30,000,000<ref name="immaculate">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2581413/happy-birthday-madonna/|title=Happy Birthday, Madonna!|first=John|last=Mitchell|publisher=MTV News|date=August 16, 2011|accessdate=August 18, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131092237/http://www.mtv.com/news/2581413/happy-birthday-madonna/|archivedate=January 31, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Marekani: 7,452,000{{efn|Sold 5.992&nbsp;million with the advent of Nielsen SoundScan in 1991 and another 1.46&nbsp;million through BMG Music Clubs.<ref name="ussales2016"/>}} *Australia: 880,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/blogs/the-tribal-mind/the-tribal-mind-archive-the-music-australia-loved-20130110-2cilw.html|title=The music Australia loved|last=Dale|first=David|date=January 13, 2013|accessdate=January 15, 2013|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GdVtVCLw?url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/blogs/the-tribal-mind/the-tribal-mind-archive-2013-the-music-australia-loved-20130110-2cilw.html|archivedate=May 15, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 1,114,700<ref name="snepsales"/> *Uingereza: 3,730,000<ref>{{cite news|last1=Myers|first1=Justin|title=Madonna at 60: 60 incredible chart facts and feats about Madonna|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/60-incredible-chart-facts-and-feats-about-madonna__23566/|accessdate=August 10, 2018|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=August 10, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Something to Remember'' | *Ilitolewa: Novemba 7, 1995 *Lebo: Maverick • Warner Bros. | 6 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 6 || 7 || 3 | *Marekani: 3× Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: 4× Platinum<ref name="aus2">{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=1999|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> *Austria: Platinum<ref name="ifpiaustria"/> *Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="mc" /> *Ufaransa: 2× Gold<ref name="infodisc"/> *Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> *New Zealand: Platinum<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Spain: Gold<ref name="spanish"/> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swi98">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1998|title=Awards 1998: Neu hinzufügen|language=de|publisher=Swiss Music Charts|accessdate=November 15, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232621/http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1998|archivedate=July 16, 2011|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 3× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 10,000,000<ref name="Univision">{{cite web|url=http://musica.univision.com/fotos/curiosas/slideshow/2010-08-16/madonna-portadas-discos|title=El reinado de Madonna a través de sus discos|language=Spanish|work=[[Univision]]|publisher=[[Univision Communications]]|accessdate=February 6, 2013|page=11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GDwqp4gV?url=http://musica.univision.com/fotos/curiosas/slideshow/2010-08-16/madonna-portadas-discos|archivedate=April 28, 2013}}</ref> *Marekani: 2,281,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> *Ufaransa: 203,000<ref name="snep2gold">{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O2.php?debut=500|title=Les Albums Double Or|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|accessdate=November 30, 2010|language=French|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228033713/http://infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O2.php?debut=500|archivedate=December 28, 2010|df=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''GHV2'' | *Ilitolewa: Novemba 13, 2001 *Lebo: Maverick • Warner Bros. | 7 || 3 || 1 || 11 || 2 || 3 || 7 || 3 || 3 || 2 | *Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: 2× Platinum<ref name="ariaghv2">{{cite web|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20021002-0000/Issue650.pdf|title=ARIA Report: Issue No 650|accessdate=May 18, 2018|publisher=ARIA Charts. Pandora Archive}}</ref> *Canada: Platinum<ref name="mc"/> *Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> *Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> *New Zealand: Gold<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Spain: 2× Platinum<ref name="spanish"/> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swi01">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2001|title=Awards 2001: Neu hinzufügen|language=de|publisher=Swiss Music Charts|accessdate=November 15, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221032708/http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2001|archivedate=February 21, 2009|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 2× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> | *Duniani: 7,000,000<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arthington|first=Mirra|date=October 7, 2007|title=Warner finds solace in farewell CD|work=[[Music Week]]|location=London|volume=32|issue=9|issn=0265-1548|pages=21|ref=harv}}</ref> *Marekani: 1,487,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> *Ufaransa: 354,400<ref name="snep1platin"/> *Uingereza: 804,076<ref name="GH2-Music-UK">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/gilmour-dethrones-bailey-rae/029351|title=Gilmour Dethrones Bailey Rae|date=May 9, 2006|accessdate=May 30, 2011|work=[[Music Week]]|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69fIxcuIY?url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/gilmour-dethrones-bailey-rae/029351|archivedate=August 4, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Remixed & Revisited'' | *Ilitolewa: Novemba 24, 2003 *Lebo: Maverick • Warner Bros. | 115 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 80 || — | | *Marekani: 114,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001015119|title=Ask Billboard: Virginity or Prayers?|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=August 16, 2005|work=Billboard|accessdate=August 12, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225004910/http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001015119|archivedate=December 25, 2015|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Celebration'' | *Ilitolewa: Septemba 18, 2009 *Lebo: Warner Bros. | 7 || 6 || 4 || 1 || 34 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 1 | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa1" /> *Australia: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2009|type=album|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="infodisc"/> *Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> *Italy: 2× Platinum<ref name="gfk">{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_Gfk_week44.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=November 16, 2010|title=Certificazioni Album e Compilation – week 44|publisher=Federation of the Italian Music Industry|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214033310/http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_Gfk_week44.pdf|archivedate=December 14, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Spain: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Spain|artist=Madonna|title=Celebration|type=album|relyear=2009|certyear=2010|certmonth=17|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}</ref> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swi14">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2014|title=Awards 2014: Neu hinzufügen|language=de|publisher=Swiss Music Charts|accessdate=February 19, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125938/http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2014|archivedate=October 6, 2014|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi/> | *Duniani: 4,000,000<ref name="Univision"/> *Marekani: 274,000<ref name="yahoosales">{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/59466/chart-watch-extra-gagas-nice-round-number/|title=Chart Watch Extra: Gaga's Nice Round Number|date=July 23, 2010|accessdate=July 23, 2010|publisher=Yahoo!|last=Grein|first=Paul|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727141433/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/59466/chart-watch-extra-gagas-nice-round-number|archivedate=July 27, 2010|df=}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 123,100<ref name=France2000s/> *Uingereza: 370,231<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/london-rules-the-charts/042501|title=London rules the charts|last=Jones|first=Alan|date=March 4, 2010|accessdate=February 28, 2013|work=Music Week|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101174459/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/london-rules-the-charts/042501|archivedate=November 1, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !''Confessions II'' | * Iliotolewa: 2026 | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |} ===Nyimbo=== ===1980-1989=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10" | Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;" | Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;" | Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Marekani<br /><ref name="allmusic"> For peak chart positions for Madonna's singles on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and [[Dance Club Songs]] chart, and the Canadian charts from 2000–present, see AllMusic and the ''Billboard'' link. For Peak chart positions for Madonna's singles from 1983–99, on Canada's ''RPM'' Singles Chart, see the RPM link. *{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/madonna-p64565/charts-awards/billboard-singles|title=Madonna – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|date=1983–2009|accessdate=November 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021021900/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/madonna-p64565/charts-awards/billboard-singles|archivedate=October 21, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Madonna|title=Madonna – Canada Top Singles|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=October 8, 2009}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/music/madonna/chart-history/canadian-hot-100|title=Madonna – Canadian Hot 100|work=Billboard|accessdate=November 8, 2017}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Dance Club Songs<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Australia<br /><ref name="aus"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Canada<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ufaransa<br /><ref name="fra"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ujerumani<br /><ref name="ger"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Italy<br /><ref name="ita"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]<br /><ref name="spa"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | [[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]<br /><ref name="swi"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="uk"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Everybody"<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=77}}</ref> | 1982 | — | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | rowspan="5"| ''Madonna'' |- ! scope="row" | "Burning Up" | rowspan="3" | 1983 | — | 3 | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "Holiday" | 16 | rowspan="2" | 1 | 4 | 32 | 37 | 9 | 22 | — | 18 | 2 | *Uingereza: 718,000<ref name="UK sales 2016"/> | *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Lucky Star"<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=10}}</ref>}} | 4 | 36 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | 14 | *Uingereza: 117,470<ref name="immaculateguide">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?storycode=1035210|title=The immaculate guide to 50 years of Madonna|last=Jones|first=Alan|date=August 19, 2008|accessdate=February 21, 2013|work=Music Week|archivedate=August 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825001206/http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?storycode=1035210}}</ref> | |- ! scope="row" | "Borderline" | rowspan="2" | 1984 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 25 | — | — | — | — | 23 | 2 | *Uingereza: 310,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/charts/official-uk-countdowns/madonna-official-top-40|title=Madonna: The Official Top 40|publisher=MTV. MTV Networks|accessdate=December 20, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030164228/http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/charts/official-uk-countdowns/madonna-official-top-40|archivedate=October 30, 2013}}</ref> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa">{{cite certification|region=United States|type=single|artist=Madonna|accessdate=June 3, 2009}}</ref> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Like a Virgin" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 16 | — | 9 | 3 | *Marekani: 1,900,000<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=111}}</ref> *Uingereza: 780,000<ref name="UK sales 2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/madonna-s-official-top-40-biggest-selling-singles__8266/|title=Open your chart to me... Madonna's Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles|last=Myers|first=Justin|date=August 16, 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=August 23, 2016}}</ref> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *New Zealand: Gold<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="2" | ''Like a Virgin'' |- ! scope="row" | "Material Girl" | rowspan="6" | 1985 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 47 | 13 | 18 | 10 | 15 | 3 | *Uingereza: 405,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Crazy for You" | 1 | — | 1 | 1 | 47 | 26 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 2 | *Marekani: 2,000,000<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0fKUCTUC4C&pg=PA482|title=Risky Business: Rock in Film|first=R. Serge|last=Denisoff|first2=William|last2=D. Romanowski|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1991|isbn=9781412833370|page=482}}</ref> *Uingereza: 670,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *New Zealand: Gold<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> | ''[[Vision Quest]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "Angel" | 5 | rowspan="2" | 1 | rowspan="2" | 1 | 5 | — | 31 | — | 2 | 17 | 5 | *Uingereza: 205,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> | rowspan="3" | ''Like a Virgin'' |- ! scope="row" | "Into the Groove"<ref>{{harvnb|Bronson|2003|p=674}}</ref> | — | — | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | *Ufaransa: 533,000<ref name="fragold">{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/S_Certif_Or.php?debut=250|title=Les Singles en Or|publisher=InfoDisc|first=Dominic|last=Durand|accessdate=December 23, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703232602/http://www.infodisc/S_Certif_Or.php?debut=250|archivedate=2015-07-03|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 881,000<ref name="uksalesintothegroove">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-charts-flashback-1985-madonna-into-the-groove__19838/|title=Madonna scored her first Number 1 single is 32 years ago|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=August 3, 2017|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=August 3, 2017}}</ref> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep">{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Madonna|type=single|recent=false|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *New Zealand: Gold<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Dress You Up" | 5 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 18 | 20 | 16 | 11 | 20 | 5 | *Uingereza: 210,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Gambler" | — | — | 10 | — | 33 | 25 | 3 | — | 23 | 4 | *Uingereza: 295,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> | ''Vision Quest'' |- ! scope="row" | "Live to Tell" | rowspan="4" | 1986 | 1 | — | 7 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 1 | — | 4 | 2 | *Ufaransa: 241,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 280,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="5" | ''True Blue'' |- ! scope="row" | "Papa Don't Preach" | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | *Ufaransa: 456,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 650,700<ref name="UK sales 2016"/> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "True Blue" | 3 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 1 | *Ufaransa: 360,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 545,000<ref name="UK sales 2016"/> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Platinum<ref name="ARIA01"/> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Open Your Heart" | 1 | 1 | 16 | 8 | 24 | 17 | 6 | — | 11 | 4 | *Uingereza: 195,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "La Isla Bonita" | rowspan="4" | 1987 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 1 | *Ufaransa: 771,000<ref name="fragold"/> *Uingereza: 435,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep"/> *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Who's That Girl" | 1 | 44 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 1 | *Ufaransa: 417,000<ref name="fragold"/> *Uingereza: 380,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="3" | ''Who's That Girl'' |- ! scope="row" | "Causing a Commotion" | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2 | — | 14 | 4 | 21 | 9 | 4 | *Uingereza: 230,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | |- ! scope="row" | "The Look of Love" | — | — | — | — | 23 | 34 | — | — | 20 | 9 | *Uingereza: 121,439<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Spotlight"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/162927/products/music/170772/2/|script-title=ja:スポットライト|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Oricon]]|date=April 25, 1988|accessdate=August 17, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803152900/http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/162927/products/music/170772/2/|archivedate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> | 1988 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | ''You Can Dance'' |- ! scope="row" | "Like a Prayer" | rowspan="5" | 1989 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | *Duniani: 5,000,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1905139_1905140_1905147,00.html|title=Top Selling Albums and Singles 1989: "Like A Prayer" by Madonna|last=Levy|first=Glen|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 18, 2009|accessdate=December 16, 2010}}</ref> *Marekani: 2,100,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> *Ufaransa: 478,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/S_Certif_Argent.php?debut=386|title=Les Singles en Argent :|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=May 2, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927212735/http://www.infodisc/S_Certif_Argent.php?debut=386|archivedate=2013-09-27|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 628,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-charts-flashback-looking-back-at-madonnas-like-a-prayer-number-1-30-years-ago-this-week__25817/|title=Official Charts Flashback: Looking back at Madonna's Like A Prayer, Number 1 30 years ago this week|last=Myers|first=Justin|date=March 21, 2019|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=March 21, 2019}}</ref> | *Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Platinum<ref name=ryan>{{cite certification|region=Australia|recent=book|id=174}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *New Zealand: Gold<ref name="Scapolo"/> *[[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]: Gold<ref name="ifpiswi">{{cite certification|region=Switzerland|artist=Madonna|type=single|accessdate=February 21, 2019}}</ref> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="5" | ''Like a Prayer'' |- ! scope="row" | "Express Yourself" | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | *Uingereza: 200,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Cherish" | 2 | — | 4 | 1 | 21 | 16 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 3 | *Uingereza: 200,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Oh Father" | 20 | — | 59 | 14 | 26 | — | 6 | — | — | 16 | *Uingereza: 58,730<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Dear Jessie" | — | — | 51 | 20 | — | 19 | — | 17 | 16 | 5 | *Uingereza: 255,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |} ====1990-1999==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10" | Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;" | Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;" | Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Marekani<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Dance Club Songs<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Australia<br /><ref name="aus"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Canada<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ufaransa<br /><ref name="fra"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ujerumani<br /><ref name="ger"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Italy<br /><ref name="ita"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Spain<br /><ref name="spa"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Uswisi<br /><ref name="swi"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Uingereza<br /><ref name="uk"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Keep It Together"<ref>{{harvnb|Bronson|2003|p=757}}</ref>}} | rowspan="4" | 1990 | 8 | 1 | rowspan="2"|1<!--"Vogue" and "Keep It Together" charted as ONE SINGLE on the Australian charts.--> | 8 | — | — | 16 | — | — | — | | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> | ''Like a Prayer'' |- ! scope="row" | "Vogue" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | *Duniani: 6,000,000<ref name="VogueSL">{{cite news|url=http://today.ninemsn.com.au/travelandlifestyle/1014383/hits-from-1990|title=Hits of 1990|publisher=[[MSN]]|accessdate=November 12, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170424/http://today.ninemsn.com.au/travelandlifestyle/1014383/hits-from-1990|archivedate=July 16, 2011}}</ref> *Marekani: 2,311,000<ref name="Madonna Ask Billboard"/> *Ufaransa: 220,000<ref name="frasilver">{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/S_Certif_Argent.php?debut=350|title=Les Singles en Argent :|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=May 24, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523021258/http://infodisc/S_Certif_Argent.php?debut=350|archivedate=2012-05-23}}</ref> *Uingereza: 535,100<ref name="UK sales 2016"/> | *Marekani: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: 2× Platinum<ref name=ryan/> *Canada: Platinum<ref name="musiccanada">{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Madonna|accessdate=June 3, 2009}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *New Zealand: Gold<ref name="Scapolo"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="2" | ''I'm Breathless'' |- ! scope="row" | "Hanky Panky" | 10 | — | 6 | 18 | — | 21 | 4 | 13 | 15 | 2 | *Uingereza: 210,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Justify My Love" | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 17 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | *Uingereza: 235,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> *Canada: Gold<ref name="musiccanada"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="2" | ''The Immaculate Collection'' |- ! scope="row" | "Rescue Me" | 1991 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 7 | 21 | 21 | 12 | — | 11 | 3 | *Uingereza: 134,764<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> |- ! scope="row" | "This Used to Be My Playground" | rowspan="3" | 1992 | 1 | — | 9 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 3 | *Uingereza: 275,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Erotica" | 3 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 23 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 3 | *Uingereza: 270,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> | rowspan="6" | ''Erotica'' |- ! scope="row" | "Deeper and Deeper" | 7 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 17 | 26 | 1 | — | 23 | 6 | *Uingereza: 136,854<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> |- ! scope="row" | "Bad Girl" | rowspan="4" | 1993 | 36 | — | 32 | 20 | 44 | 47 | 3 | — | 25 | 10 | *Uingereza: 74,915<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Fever" | — | 1 | 51 | — | 31 | — | 12 | — | — | 6 | *Uingereza: 86,077<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Rain" | 14 | 2 | 5 | 2 | — | 26 | 9 | — | 11 | 7 | *Uingereza: 130,771<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> |- ! scope="row" | "Bye Bye Baby" | — | — | 15 | — | — | — | 7 | — | 28 | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "I'll Remember" | rowspan="3" | 1994 | 2 | — | 7 | 1 | 40 | 49 | 1 | — | 17 | 7 | *Marekani: 500,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57|title=Best-Selling Records of 1994|work=Billboard|accessdate=February 7, 2014}}</ref> *Uingereza: 100,090<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia:Gold<ref name=ryan/> | Filamu: ''With Honors'' |- ! scope="row" | Nyimbo: "Secret" | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 29 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | *Ufaransa: 255,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 117,957<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> | rowspan="4" | ''Bedtime Stories'' |- ! scope="row" | "Take a Bow" | 1 | — | 15 | 1 | 25 | 18 | 2 | — | 8 | 16 | *Marekani: 500,000<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Best-Selling Records of 1995|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|date=December 31, 1994|accessdate=February 4, 2014}}</ref> *Uingereza: 102,739<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Bedtime Story" | rowspan="3" | 1995 | 42 | 1 | 5 | 46 | — | — | 8 | — | — | 4 | *Uingereza: 97,428<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Human Nature" | 46 | 2 | 17 | 64 | — | 50 | 10 | — | 17 | 8 | *Uingereza: 80,685<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "You'll See" | 6 | — | 9 | 2 | 24 | 15 | 5 | — | 8 | 5 | *Uingereza: 305,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name=ryan/> | rowspan="3" | ''Something to Remember'' |- ! scope="row" | "One More Chance" | rowspan="3" | 1996 | — | — | 35 | — | — | — | 2 | — | — | 11 | *Uingereza: 56,851<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Love Don't Live Here Anymore" | 78 | 16 | 27 | 24 | 48 | — | — | — | — | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "You Must Love Me" | 18 | — | 11 | 11 | 41 | 78 | 4 | — | 43 | 10 | *Uingereza: 90,428<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> | rowspan="3" | ''Evita'' |- ! scope="row" | "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" | rowspan="2" | 1997 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | *Ufaransa: 447,000<ref name="fragold"/> *Uingereza: 340,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA97">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=1997|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep"/> *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *Uswisi: Gold<ref name="ifpiswi"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Another Suitcase in Another Hall" | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | — | — | 7 | *Uingereza: 75,233<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Frozen" | rowspan="4" | 1998 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | *Marekani: 600,000<ref name=Billboard1998>{{Rejea jarida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75|first=Don (January 31, 1999)|last=Jeffrey|title=Best-selling Records of 1998|work=Billboard|accessdate=January 5, 2012|date=January 30, 1999}}</ref> *FRA: 469,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/Single_Certif.php|format=Select Madonna from the drop list|title=Les Ventes & Les Certifications :|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=June 29, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/697lSTfwO?url=http://www.infodisc/Single_Certif.php|archivedate=2012-07-13|df=}}</ref> *UK: 560,000<ref name="uksinglesales18frozen">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-charts-flashback-1998-madonna-frozen__22005/|title=Official Charts Flashback 1998: Madonna – Frozen|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=March 1, 2018|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=March 1, 2018}}</ref> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA98">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=1998|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep"/> *Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> *Uswisi: Gold<ref name="ifpiswi"/> *Uingereza: Platinum<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="5" | ''Ray of Light'' |- ! scope="row" | "Ray of Light" | 5 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 18 | 28 | 2 | 1 | 32 | 2 | *Marekani: 793,000<ref name="Madonna Ask Billboard"/> *Uingereza: 275,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA98"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Drowned World/Substitute for Love" | — | — | 16 | — | 42 | 39 | 5 | 1 | 31 | 10 | | |- ! scope="row" | "The Power of Good-Bye" | 11 | — | 33 | 16 | 21 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 6 | *Uingereza: 180,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Nothing Really Matters" | rowspan="2" | 1999 | 93 | 1 | 15 | 6 | 48 | 38 | 7 | 1 | 26 | 7 | *Uingereza: 128,137<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Beautiful Stranger" | 19 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 17 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 2 | *Ufaransa: 137,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 534,800<ref name="UK sales 2016"/> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA99">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=1999|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> | ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me#Soundtrack|Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]'' |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. |} ====2000-2009==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10" | Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;" | Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;" | Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Marekani<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Dance Club Songs<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Australia<br /><ref name="aus"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Canada<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ufaransa<br /><ref name="fra"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ujerumani<br /><ref name="ger"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Italy<br /><ref name="ita"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Spain<br /><ref name="spa"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Uswisi<br /><ref name="swi"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Uingereza<br /><ref name="uk"/> |- ! scope="row" | "American Pie" | rowspan="3" | 2000 | 29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | *Ufaransa: 183,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 400,000<ref name="flashback">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/flashback-madonna-scored-her-9th-uk-number-1-single-with-american-pie-17-years-ago-this-week__18424/|title=Flashback: Madonna scored her 9th UK Number 1 single with American Pie 17 years ago this week|date=March 9, 2017|accessdate=March 9, 2017|last=Copsey|first=Rob|publisher=Official Charts Company}}</ref> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="aria2000">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2000|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="ifpiswi"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> | ''The Next Best Thing'' |- ! scope="row" | "Music" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | *Uingereza: 1,217,000<ref name="Madonna Ask Billboard"/> *Ufaransa: 238,000<ref name="fragold"/> *Uingereza: 415,000<ref name="ukbiggest">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/madonna-s-official-number-one-singles-sales-revealed-__3750/|title=Madonna's Official Number One Singles' Sales Revealed!|last=Myers|first=Justin|publisher=Official Charts Company|date=February 7, 2014|accessdate=February 7, 2014}}</ref> | *Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: 2× Platinum<ref name="aria2000"/> *Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bun"/> *Uswisi: Gold<ref name="ifpiswi"/> *Uingereza: Gold<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="3" | ''Music'' |- ! scope="row" | "Don't Tell Me" | 4 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 16 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 4 | *Ufaransa: 203,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 185,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Platinum<ref name="ARIA01">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2001|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "What It Feels Like for a Girl" | 2001 | 23 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 40 | 16 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 7 | *Uingereza: 86,771<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA01"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Die Another Day" | 2002 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | *Ufaransa: 110,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 175,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA02">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2002|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="musiccanada"/> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> | ''Die Another Day'' |- ! scope="row" | "American Life" | rowspan="5" | 2003 | 37 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | *Ufaransa: 190,000<ref name="frasilver"/> *Uingereza: 72,260<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA03">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2003|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep"/> | rowspan="2" | ''American Life'' |- ! scope="row" | "Hollywood" | — | 1 | 16 | 5 | 22 | 21 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | *Uingereza: 59,633<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Me Against the Music"<br>{{small|([[Britney Spears]] pamoja na Madonna)}} | 35 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | *Uingereza: 240,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Australia: Platinum<ref name="ARIA03"/> |''In the Zone'' |- ! scope="row" | "Nothing Fails".<ref name="ariadance">{{cite web|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040107-0000/Issue722.pdf|format=PDF|title=ARIA Dance Chart|date=December 22, 2003|work=''Australian Recording Industry Association''|publisher=Pandora.nla|accessdate=December 3, 2009}}</ref> | — | 1 | — | 7 | 34 | 36 | 7 | 1 | 41 | rowspan="2" | 11<!--"Nothing Fails" and "Love Profusion" charted as ONE SINGLE on the UK charts.--> | | | rowspan="2" | ''American Life'' |- ! scope="row" | "Love Profusion"<ref name="UK-chart">{{cite web|title=M – My Vitriol|url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_M.HTM|publisher=The Official Charts Company|accessdate=October 5, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721043340/http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_M.HTM|archivedate=July 21, 2015|df=}}</ref> | — | 1 | 25 | 3 | 25 | — | 5 | 1 | 31 | *Uingereza: 41,025<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Hung Up" | 2005 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | *Duniani: 9,000,000<ref name="HU">{{cite news|url=http://today.ninemsn.com.au/travelandlifestyle/1014383/hits-from-1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170424/http://today.ninemsn.com.au/travelandlifestyle/1014383/hits-from-1990|archivedate=July 16, 2011|title=Hits of 1990|publisher=MSN|accessdate=November 12, 2010}}</ref> *Marekani: 1,400,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> *Ufaransa: 490,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/actualite/news-93671.html|title=Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du 21ème siècle : le récap !|publisher=Charts in France|date=September 19, 2014|accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref> *Uingereza: 625,600<ref name="UK sales 2016"/> | *Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Platinum<ref name="ARIA05">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2005|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="musiccanada"/> *Ufaransa: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Madonna|type=single|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ujerumani: 3× Gold<ref name="bun"/> *Italy: Gold<ref name="itacerti"/> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="ifpiswi"/> *Uingereza: Platinum<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="4" | ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |- ! scope="row" | "Sorry" | rowspan="3" | 2006 | 58 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | *Marekani: 358,000<ref name="Madonna Ask Billboard">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/958389/ask-billboard-glee-ful-about-madonna|title=Ask Billboard: 'Glee'-ful About Madonna|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=April 30, 2010|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=April 22, 2012}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 100,800<ref name="Fra2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/Ventes_Single06.php|title=Les Singles les plus Vendus en 2006|publisher=InfoDisc|first=Dominic|last=Durand|accessdate=September 7, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330183026/http://infodisc/Ventes_Single06.php|archivedate=2014-03-30|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 200,000<ref name="ukbiggest"/> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA03"/> *Canada: Gold<ref name="musiccanada"/> *Uingereza: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | "Get Together"<ref name="jump">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56583/ask-billboard|title=Ask Billboard: Stalled 'Jump'|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=November 6, 2006|work=Billboard|accessdate=July 28, 2009}}</ref> | — | 1 | 13 | 4 | 23 | 28 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 7 | *Uingereza: 67,163<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | *Australia: Gold<ref name="ARIA03"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Jump" | — | 1 | 29 | — | — | 23 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 9 | *Uingereza: 52,038<ref name="immaculateguide"/> | |- ! scope="row" | "Hey You" | 2007 | — | — | — | 57 | — | — | 36 | — | 55 | 187 | | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "4 Minutes" <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pamoja na [[Justin Timberlake]] & [[Timbaland]])</span> | rowspan="3" | 2008 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | *Marekani: 3,100,000<ref name="ussales2016"/> *Canada: 137,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/07/idUS228425+07-Jan-2009+BW20090107|title=The Nielsen Company 2008 Canadian Music Industry Report|date=January 7, 2009|accessdate=March 26, 2013|agency=Reuters|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114200459/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/07/idUS228425%2B07-Jan-2009%2BBW20090107|archivedate=November 14, 2012|=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114200459/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/07/idUS228425%2B07-Jan-2009%2BBW20090107}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 240,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Madonna/news-96234.html|title="Rebel Heart": Madonna déçoit et entre troisième du Top Albums. Les chiffres!|first=Julien|last=Goncalves|work=ChartsInFrance.net|language=French|date=March 11, 2015 |trans-title="Rebel Heart": Madonna disappoints and enters Top 3 on Top Albums. Sales figures!|accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> *Uingereza: 575,000<ref name="ukjtbiggest">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/justin-timberlakes-official-top-20-biggest-songs__15053/|title=Justin Timberlake's Official Top 20 biggest songs|publisher=Official Charts Company|date=May 14, 2016|accessdate=May 15, 2016}}</ref> | *Marekani: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> *Australia: Platinum<ref name="ARIA08">{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2008|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> *Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="bun"/> *Spain: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Spain|title=4 Minutes|artist=Madonna|type=single|certyear=2008|certmonth=30|accessdate=June 21, 2013}}</ref> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="ifpiswi"/> *Uingereza: Platinum<ref name=bpi/> | rowspan="3" | ''Hard Candy'' |- ! scope="row" | "Give It 2 Me" | 57 | 1 | 23 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 7 | *Marekani: 316,000<ref name="Madonna Ask Billboard"/> *Ufaransa: 52,170<ref name="fra2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/Ventes_Single08.php|title=Les Singles les plus Vendus en 2008|publisher=InfoDisc|first=Dominic|last=Durand|accessdate=September 7, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420085052/http://www.infodisc/Ventes_Single08.php|archivedate=2009-04-20|df=}}</ref> *Uingereza: 170,000<ref name="Madonna: The Official Top 40" /> | *Italy: Platinum<ref name="itacerti">{{cite certification|region=Italy|artist=Madonna|type=single|accessdate=November 26, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Miles Away" | — | 2 | — | 23 | 54 | 11 | 26 | 1 | 32 | 39 | | |- ! scope="row" | "Celebration" | rowspan="2" | 2009 | 71 | 1 | 40 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 17 | 4 | 3 | *Marekani: 192,000<ref name="Madonna Ask Billboard"/> *Ufaransa: 51,780<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/Ventes_Single09.php|title=Les Singles les plus Vendus en 2009|publisher=InfoDisc|first=Dominic|last=Durand|accessdate=September 7, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330182154/http://infodisc/Ventes_Single09.php|archivedate=2014-03-30|df=}}</ref> | *Italy: Platinum<ref name="itacerti"/> *Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="ifpiswi"/> |rowspan=2|''Celebration'' |- ! scope="row" | "Revolver" <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pamoja na [[Lil Wayne]])</span> | — | 4 | — | 47 | 25 | — | 16 | 39 | — | 130 | | *Italy: Gold<ref name="itacerti"/> |} ====2010-2019==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10" | Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Marekani<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Dance Club Songs<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Australia<br /><ref name="aus"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Canada<br /><ref name="allmusic"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ufaransa<br /><ref name="fra"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Ujerumani<br /><ref name="ger"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Italy<br /><ref name="ita"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| Spain<br /><ref name="spa"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Uswisi<br /><ref name="swi"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;" | Uingereza<br /><ref name="uk"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Give Me All Your Luvin'" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Nicki Minaj]] & [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]])}} | rowspan="4"| 2012 | 10 || 1 || 25 || 1 || 3 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 6 || 37 | *Ufaransa: 58,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.InfoDisc/Ventes_Single12.php|title=Les Singles les plus Vendus en 2012|publisher=InfoDisc|first=Dominic|last=Durand|accessdate=September 7, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116002858/http://www.infodisc/Ventes_Single12.php|archivedate=2013-01-16|df=}}</ref> | *Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> *Italy: Platinum<ref name="itacerti"/> | rowspan="4"| ''MDNA'' |- ! scope="row"| "Girl Gone Wild"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1098508/chart-moves-far-east-movement-justin-bieber-debut-on-hot-100-adele-scores|title=Chart Moves: Billboard – March 9, 2012|date=March 9, 2012|accessdate=March 22, 2012|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last1=Trust|first1=Gary|last2=Caulfield|first2=Keith|archivedate=2013-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208221507/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1098508/chart-moves-far-east-movement-justin-bieber-debut-on-hot-100-adele-scores}}</ref> | — || 1 || 93 || 42 || 13 || — || 4 || 7 || 29 || 73 | | *Italy: Platinum<ref name="itacerti"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Masterpiece"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/music-events/playlist/|title=BBC Radio 2 – Record of the Week|publisher=[[BBC Radio 2]]|accessdate=April 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305015924/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/music-events/playlist/|archivedate=March 5, 2012}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 68 | | |- ! scope="row"| "Turn Up the Radio" | — || 1 || — || — || — || — || — || 30 || — || 175 | | |- ! scope="row"| "Living for Love" | 2014 | — || 1 || — || 92 || 50 || 40 || 30 || 21 || 49 || 26 | | *Italy: Gold<ref name="itacerti"/> | rowspan="4"| ''Rebel Heart'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ghosttown" | rowspan="3"| 2015 | — || 1 || — || — || 34 || 34 || 20 || 41 || 39 || 117 | | *Italy: Platinum<ref name="itacerti"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Bitch I'm Madonna" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na Nicki Minaj)}} | 84 || 1 || — || 58 || 90 || — || — || 49 || — || — | | * |- ! scope="row"| "Hold Tight"<ref name=earone>{{cite news|last1=Aldi|first1=Giorgia|title=Madonna&nbsp;— Hold Tight (Radio Date: 24-07-2015)|url=http://www.earone.it/news/madonna_hold_tight_radio_date_24_07_2015_15735864/|accessdate=August 9, 2015|work=Earone|date=July 23, 2015|language=Italian}}</ref>}} | — || — || — || — || 92 || — || — || — || — || — | | |} ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=100% !scope="col" width=25%| Filamu !scope="col" width=5%| Mwaka !scope="col" | Maelezo !scope="col" | ALiigiza kama !scope="col" | Mtayarishi !scope="col" | Mauzo ($) !scope="col" width=2% class="unsortable" | Marejeo |- !scope="row"| {{Sort|Certain|''A Certain Sacrifice''}} |1985 |Mwigizaji |Bruna |Stephen Jon Lewicki |{{n/a}} |style="text-align: center;"| |- !scope="row"|''Vision Quest'' |1985 |Mwigizaji |Club singer |Harold Becker |{{nts|12,993,175|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="vision">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/vision-quest-v52879|title=Vision Quest (1985) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Hal|last=Erickson|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523094935/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/vision-quest-v52879|archivedate=May 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=visionquest.htm|title=Vision Quest|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140639/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=visionquest.htm|archivedate=April 13, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Desperately Seeking Susan'' |1985 |Mwigizaji |Susan Thomas |Susan Seidelman |{{nts|27,398,584|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="susan">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/desperately-seeking-susan-v13417|title=Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Brian J.|last=Dillard|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323061948/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/desperately-seeking-susan-v13417|archivedate=March 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=desperatelyseekingsusan.htm|title=Desperately Seeking Susan|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406192557/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=desperatelyseekingsusan.htm|archivedate=April 6, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Shanghai Surprise'' |1986 |Mwigizaji |Gloria Tatlock |Jim Goddard |{{nts|2,315,683|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/shanghai-surprise-v44087|title=Shanghai Surprise (1986) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409212922/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/shanghai-surprise-v44087|archivedate=April 9, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shanghaisurprise.htm|title=Shanghai Surprise|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124312/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shanghaisurprise.htm|archivedate=April 13, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Who's That Girl'' |1987 |Mwigizaji |Nikki Finn |James Foley |{{nts|7,305,209|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="wtg">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/whos-that-girl-v54419|title=Who's That Girl? (1987) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Andrea|last=LeVasseur|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531055610/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/whos-that-girl-v54419|archivedate=May 31, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whosthatgirl.htm|title=Who's That Girl|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409010209/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whosthatgirl.htm|archivedate=April 9, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Bloodhounds of Broadway'' |1989 |Mwigizaji |Hortense Hathaway |Howard Brookner |{{nts|43,671|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="bloodhounds">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/bloodhounds-of-broadway-v6176|title=Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Hal|last=Erickson|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410131051/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/bloodhounds-of-broadway-v6176|archivedate=April 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bloodhoundsofbroadway.htm|title=Bloodhounds of Broadway|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142545/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bloodhoundsofbroadway.htm|archivedate=April 13, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Dick Tracy'' |1990 |Mwigizaji |Breathless Mahoney |Warren Beatty |{{nts|103,738,726|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="dick">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/dick-tracy-v13660|title=Dick Tracy (1990) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410015050/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/dick-tracy-v13660/|archivedate=April 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dicktracy.htm|title=Dick Tracy|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428025956/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dicktracy.htm|archivedate=April 28, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Madonna: Truth or Dare'' |1991 |Mtayarishaji |Mwenyewe |Alek Keshishian |{{nts|15,012,935|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/truth-or-dare-v51182|title=Truth or Dare (1991) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Hal|last=Erickson|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522225001/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/truth-or-dare-v51182|archivedate=May 22, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=truthordare.htm|title=Madonna: Truth or Dare|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406034304/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=truthordare.htm|archivedate=April 6, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Shadows and Fog'' |1991 |Mwigizaji |Marie |Woody Allen |{{nts|2,735,731|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/shadows-and-fog-v44023|title=Shadows and Fog (1991) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409190614/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/shadows-and-fog-v44023|archivedate=April 9, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shadowsandfog.htm|title=Shadows and Fog|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401053938/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shadowsandfog.htm|archivedate=April 1, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| ''A League of Their Own'' |1992 |Mwigizaji |Mae Mordabito |Penny Marshall |{{nts|107,533,928|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="league">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-league-of-their-own-v28669|title=A League of Their Own (1992) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521151302/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-league-of-their-own-v28669|archivedate=May 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=leagueoftheirown.htm|title=A League of Their Own|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411175913/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=leagueoftheirown.htm|archivedate=April 11, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Body of Evidence'' |1993 |Mwigizaji |Rebecca Carlson |Uli Edel |{{nts|13,273,595|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/body-of-evidence-v6523|title=Body of Evidence (1993) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518023527/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/body-of-evidence-v6523|archivedate=May 18, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref name="body">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bodyofevidence.htm|title=Body of Evidence|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142542/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bodyofevidence.htm|archivedate=April 13, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Dangerous Game'' |1993 |Mwigizaji |Sarah Jennings |Abel Ferrara |{{nts|23,671|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="dangerous">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-18/entertainment/ca-35505_1_dangerous-game|title=MOVIE REVIEW : 'Dangerous Game' a Raw, Compelling Morality Play|first=Kevin|last=Thomas|date=March 18, 1994|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 12, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618215712/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-18/entertainment/ca-35505_1_dangerous-game |archivedate=June 18, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dangerousgame.htm|title=Dangerous Game|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142846/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dangerousgame.htm|archivedate=April 13, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Blue in the Face'' |1995 |Mwigizaji |Singing telegram girl |{{hlist|Paul Auster|Wayne Wang}} |{{nts|1,268,636|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/blue-in-the-face-v134319|title=Blue in the Face (1995) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Don|last=Kaye|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625004100/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/blue-in-the-face-v134319|archivedate=June 25, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blueintheface.htm|title=Blue in the Face|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144423/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blueintheface.htm|archivedate=April 13, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Four Rooms'' |1995 |Mwigizaji |Elspeth |Allison Anders |{{nts|4,257,354|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/four-rooms-v135797|title=Four Rooms (1995) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410004950/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/four-rooms-v135797|archivedate=April 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fourrooms.htm|title=Four Rooms|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408091136/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fourrooms.htm|archivedate=April 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Girl 6'' |1996 |Mwigizaji |Boss #3 |Spike Lee |{{nts|4,939,939|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/girl-6-v136042|title=Girl 6 (1996) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410010144/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/girl-6-v136042|archivedate=April 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=girl6.htm|title=Girl 6|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010231/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=girl6.htm|archivedate=April 12, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Evita'' |1996 |Mwigizaji |Eva Perón |Alan Parker |{{nts|50,047,179|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/evita-v136655|title=Evita (1996) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Clarke|last=Fountain|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423072853/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/evita-v136655|archivedate=April 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evita.htm|title=Evita|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808183354/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evita.htm|archivedate=August 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|The Next Best Thing'' |2000 |Mwigizaji |Abbie Reynolds |John Schlesinger |{{nts|14,990,582|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="TNBT">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-next-best-thing-v184308|title=The Next Best Thing (2000) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Brian J.|last=Dillard|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620191157/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-next-best-thing-v184308|archivedate=June 20, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref name="TNBTgross">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nextbestthing.htm|title=The Next Best Thing|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401091040/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nextbestthing.htm|archivedate=April 1, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Swept Away'' |2002 |Mwigizaji |Amber Leighton |Guy Ritchie |{{nts|598,645|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="swept">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/swept-away-v266885|title=Swept Away (2002) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410001343/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/swept-away-v266885|archivedate=April 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=sweptaway.htm|title=Swept Away|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405215245/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=sweptaway.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Die Another Day'' |2002 |Mwigizaji |Verity |Lee Tamahori |{{nts|160,942,139|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="DAD">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/die-another-day-v267158|title=Die Another Day (2002) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126150607/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/die-another-day-v267158|archivedate=November 26, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dieanotherday.htm|title=Die Another Day|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509222229/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dieanotherday.htm|archivedate=May 9, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Agent Cody Banks'' |2003 |Mtayarishaji |{{n/a}} |Harald Zwart |{{nts|47,938,330|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-v276066|title=Agent Cody Banks (2003) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Michael|last=Hastings|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409221227/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-v276066|archivedate=April 9, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks.htm|title=Agent Cody Banks|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402043436/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks.htm|archivedate=April 2, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London'' |2004 |Mtayarishaji |{{n/a}} |Kevin Allen |{{nts|23,630,159|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-2-destination-london-v290199|title=Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (2004) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805093543/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-2-destination-london-v290199|archivedate=August 5, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks2.htm|title=Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/697Pdtrlg?url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks2.htm|archivedate=July 13, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''I'm Going to Tell You a Secret'' |2005 |Mtayarishaji |Mwenyewe |Jonas Åkerlund |{{n/a}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/im-going-to-tell-you-a-secret-v337827|title=I'm Going to Tell You a Secret (2005) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806102122/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/im-going-to-tell-you-a-secret-v337827|archivedate=August 6, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Arthur and the Invisibles'' |2006 |Mwigizaji |Princess Selenia (sauti) |Luc Besson |{{nts|15,132,763|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/arthur-and-the-invisibles-v327356|title=Arthur and the Invisibles (2006) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423111602/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/arthur-and-the-invisibles-v327356|archivedate=April 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=arthurandtheinvisibles.htm|title=Arthur and the Invisibles|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331190448/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=arthurandtheinvisibles.htm|archivedate=March 31, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Filth and Wisdom'' |2008 |Mtayarishaji |{{n/a}} |Madonna |{{nts|22,406|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="filth">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/filth-and-wisdom-v431671|title=Filth and Wisdom (2008) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521223320/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/filth-and-wisdom-v431671|archivedate=May 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=filthandwisdom.htm|title=Filth and Wisdom|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304005248/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=filthandwisdom.htm|archivedate=March 4, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''I Am Because We Are'' |2008 |Mtayarishaji |Mwenyewe |Nathan Rissman |{{n/a}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="IABWA">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/i-am-because-we-are-v447110|title=I Am Because We Are (2008) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804144431/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/i-am-because-we-are-v447110|archivedate=August 4, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''W.E.'' |2011 |Mtayarishaji |{{n/a}} |Madonna |{{nts|583,455|prefix=$}} |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="we">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/we-v542630|title=W.E. (2011) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608081532/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/we-v542630|archivedate=June 8, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><ref name="wegross">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wemadonna.htm|title=W.E.|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 11, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403083612/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wemadonna.htm|archivedate=April 3, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |} ==Tuzo== ===AIDS Project Los Angeles=== {{Awards table}} |- |1990 |Madonna |APLA Commitment to Life Award |{{won}} |} ===Amadeus Austrian Music Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara moja na kuteuliwa mara mbili, mnamo 2006.<ref>Amadeus Austrian Music Awards: *{{cite news|url=https://www.news.at/a/amadeus-awards-2006-austro-star-christl-stuermer-mal-siegerin-140650/slide-8|title=Amadeus Awards 2006: Austro-Star Christl Stürmer zum dritten Mal große Siegerin!|work=[[NEWS (Austrian magazine)|NEWS]]|date=August 26, 2006|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=German|archivedate=2019-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190705/https://www.news.at/a/amadeus-awards-2006-austro-star-christl-stuermer-mal-siegerin-140650/slide-8}} *{{cite news|url=https://www.news.at/a/amadeus-awards-2006-austro-star-christl-stuermer-mal-siegerin-140650/slide-7|title=Amadeus Awards 2006: Austro-Star Christl Stürmer zum dritten Mal große Siegerin!|work=NEWS|date=August 26, 2006|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=German|archivedate=2019-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190705/https://www.news.at/a/amadeus-awards-2006-austro-star-christl-stuermer-mal-siegerin-140650/slide-7}} *{{cite news|url=http://derstandard.at/2403394/Die-Nominierungen-fuer-die-Amadeus-Austrian-Music-Awards|title=Die Nominierungen für die "Amadeus Austrian Music Awards"|work=[[Der Standard]]|date=April 26, 2006|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=German}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|2006 |"Hung Up" |International Single of the Year |{{won}} |- |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |International Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} ===American Foundation for AIDS Research=== {{Awards table}} |- |1991 |Madonna |Award of Courage |{{won}} |} ===American Moviegoers Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1997 |Madonna in ''Evita'' |Best Actress |{{won}} |} ===American Music Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1985 |Madonna |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|1986 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Video Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |''Like a Virgin'' |Favorite Pop/Rock Album |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|1987 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Video Artist |{{won}} |- |"Live to Tell" |Favorite Pop/Rock Single |Aliteuliwa |- |1988 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1990 |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |"Like a Prayer" |Favorite Dance Single |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|1991 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Favorite Dance Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"Vogue" |Favorite Dance Single |{{won}} |- |Favorite Pop/Rock Single |Aliteuliwa |- |1992 |Madonna |Favorite Dance Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1998 |''Evita'' |Favorite Soundtrack |Aliteuliwa |- |2003 |Madonna |International Artist of the Year Award |{{won}} |- |2016 |Rebel Heart Tour |Tour of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} ===AOL TV Viewer Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2002 |''Madonna Live! – Drowned World Tour 2001'' |Best TV Concert |{{won}} |} ===Arion Music Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|2006 |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Best Selling Foreign Album |{{won}} |- |"Hung Up" |Best Selling Foreign Single |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2007 |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Best Selling Foreign Album |{{won}} |- |"Hung Up" |Best Selling Foreign Single |{{won}} |} === ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards === Madonna ameshinda tuzo nne.<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/showbiz/2009-11/04/content_8914325.htm|title=Showbiz > Madonna|work=[[China Daily]]|publisher=China Daily Information Co|date=November 4, 2009|accessdate=December 11, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024061818/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/showbiz/2009-11/04/content_8914325.htm|archivedate=October 24, 2012}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1987 |"Live to Tell" |Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures |{{won}} |- |1988 |"Who's That Girl" |Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures |{{won}} |- |1993 |"This Used to Be My Playground" |Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures |{{won}} |- |2000 |"Beautiful Stranger" |Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures |{{won}} |} === ASCAP Pop Awards === Madonna ameshinda tuzo sita.<ref>ASCAP Pop Awards: *{{cite journal|title=The ASCAP Gallery of Pop|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1994-05-21_106_21/page/11|date=May 21, 1994|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|issn=0006-2510|volume=106|issue=21|pages=11}} *{{cite journal|title=1997 Pop Award Winners|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_billboard_1997-05-31_109_22/page/n7|date=May 31, 1997|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=109|issue=22|pages=9}} *{{cite journal|title=Waren Big ASCAP Winner: Songwriter Of The Year For the 5th Time|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1999-05-29_111_22/page/8|last=Newman|first=Melinda|date=May 29, 1999|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=111|issue=22|pages=8}} *{{cite journal|title=Lange Aces PRS Awards: Writers Of Most-Played U.S. Songs Feted|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1999-10-30_111_44/page/70|last=Pride|first=Dominic|date=October 30, 1999|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=111|issue=44|pages=70}} *{{cite journal|title=Large Retains Top Slot For Zomba: Songwriter And His Publisher Among ASCAP/PRS Winners|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2000-11-04_112_45/page/49|last=Stark|first=David|date=November 4, 2000|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=112|issue=45|pages=49}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2002/honorees.aspx|title=19th Annual Pop Music Awards|publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]|accessdate=December 11, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212809/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2002/honorees.aspx|archivedate=February 1, 2014}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1994 |"This Used to Be My Playground" |Most Performed Song |{{won}} |- |1996 |"You'll See" |Most Performed Song |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1999 |"Frozen" |Most Performed Song |{{won}} |- |"Ray of Light" |Most Performed Song |{{won}} |- |2000 |"Beautiful Stranger" |Most Performed Song |{{won}} |- |2002 |"Music" |Most Performed Song |{{won}} |} === ASCAP Rhythm and Soul Awards === Madonna ameshinda tuzo nne.<ref>ASCAP Rhythm and Soul Awards: *{{cite journal|title=Flash! / The latest entertainment news and more...|last=Hazelwood|first=Darrell T.|work=[[Newsday]]|date=May 28, 1999|issn=0278-5587|pages=A.16}} *{{cite journal|title=ASCAP Honors R&B Hitsmakers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2000-06-24_112_26/page/61|last=Hall|first=Rashaun|date=June 24, 2000|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=112|issue=26|pages=61}} *{{cite journal|title=BET Co-Sponsors Contest, Readies Awards; Rap, R&B Summer Tours Kick Into High Gear|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2001-06-23_113_25/page/43|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=June 23, 2001|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=113|issue=25|pages=43}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rs2002/completewinners.html|title=2002 ASCAP Rhythm and Soul Awards: Honoring ASCAP's Top Writers and Publishers of 2001|publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|accessdate=December 11, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030622222952/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rs2002/completewinners.html|archivedate=June 22, 2003}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1999 |"Ray of Light" |Top Dance Song |{{won}} |- |2000 |"Nothing Really Matters" |Award-Winning Dance Song |{{won}} |- |2001 |"Music" |Top Dance Song |{{won}} |- |2002 |"Don't Tell Me" |Award-Winning Dance Song |{{won}} |} === Billboard.com Mid-Year Music Awards === Madonna ameshinda tuzo nne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/482238/madonna-rules-billboardcoms-2012-mid-year-music-awards|title=Madonna Rules Billboard.com's 2012 Mid-Year Music Awards|work=Billboard|first=Jason|last=Lipshutz|date=July 2, 2012|accessdate=October 6, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624234227/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/482238/madonna-rules-billboardcoms-2012-mid-year-music-awards|archivedate=June 24, 2013}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="4"|2012 |Avicii pamoja na Madonna kwenye ''Ultra Music Festival'' |Best Festival Performance |{{won}} |- |Madonna |First-Half MVP |{{won}} |- |Madonna kwenye ''Super Bowl XLVI'' |Best TV Performance |{{won}} |- |Madonna vs. [[Lady Gaga]] |Most Memorable Feud |{{won}} |} === ''Billboard'' Music Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |1996 |Madonna |Artist Achievement Award |{{won}} |- |2004 |"Me Against the Music" |Top Hot Dance Single Sales |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2013 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Top Touring Artist |{{won}} |- |Top Dance Artist |{{won}} |- |''MDNA'' |Top Dance Album |{{won}} |- |2016 |Madonna |Top Touring Artist |Aliteuliwa |} === ''Billboard'' Music of the '80s Poll Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="3"|1990 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Pop Artist of the Decade |{{won}} |- |Dance Artist of the Decade |{{won}} |- |"Into the Groove" |Dance Single of the Decade |{{won}} |} === ''Billboard'' Music Video Awards === Madonna ameshinda tuzo mbili.<ref>Billboard Music Video Awards: *{{cite journal|title=Peniston Leads Nominees For Billboard Music Video Awards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1992-10-17_104_42/page/79|date=October 17, 1992|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=104|issue=42|pages=79}} *{{cite journal|title=Lopez is Top Billboard Music Video Awards Nominee|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1999-10-16_111_42/page/94|date=October 16, 1999|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=111|issue=42|pages=94}} *{{cite journal|title=Billboard Music Video Award Nominees|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2001-08-25_113_34/page/79|last=Stark|first=David|date=August 25, 2001|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=113|issue=34|pages=79}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1989 |"Express Yourself" |Best Video |{{won}} |- |1992 |"This Used to Be My Playground" |Best Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1999 |"Beautiful Stranger" |Best Pop Clip of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2000 |rowspan="2"|"Music" |Best Pop Clip of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Video of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |"Don't Tell Me" |Best Pop Clip of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"[[What It Feels Like for a Girl]]" |Best Dance Clip of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} === ''Billboard'' Touring Awards === Madonna ameshinda tuzo nne, na kuteuliwa mara nane.<ref>Billboard Touring Awards: *{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65774/madonna-tour-gets-top-backstage-pass-honor|title=Madonna Tour Gets Top 'Backstage Pass' Honor|date=November 4, 2004|accessdate=July 13, 2008|last=Trust|first=Gary|work=Billboard}} *{{cite journal|title=Road Masters: Who's Who Among Finalists for the Billboard Touring Awards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2006-11-11_118_45/page/56|date=November 11, 2006|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=118|issue=45|pages=56}} *{{cite news|title=Billboard Announces Winners of the 2006 Touring Awards|work=Billboard|date=November 9, 2006|url=http://www.billboardevents.com/billboardevents/images/touring/Touring_Award_Winners_Announcement.pdf|format=PDF|last=Conception|first=Mariel|accessdate=October 15, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006141021/http://www.billboardevents.com/billboardevents/images/touring/Touring_Award_Winners_Announcement.pdf|archivedate=October 6, 2008|df=}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/photos/live/2667–98/madonna-takes-top-honors-at-billboard-touring-awards|title=Madonna Takes Top Honors At Billboard Touring Awards|last=Waddell|first=Ray|date=November 5, 2009|work=Billboard|accessdate=November 9, 2009}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/touring/roger-waters-bruce-springsteen-madonna-coldplay-1007993732.story#IFBWRXXG44HLdkXG.99|title=Roger Waters, Bruce Springsteen, Madonna, Coldplay, Kenny Chesney Among 2012 Billboard Touring Awards Finalists|first1=Ray|last1=Waddell|work=Billboard|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=October 31, 2012|archivedate=2013-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117130257/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/touring/roger-waters-bruce-springsteen-madonna-coldplay-1007993732.story#IFBWRXXG44HLdkXG.99}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |2004 |Re-Invention World Tour |Top Tour |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2006 |rowspan="3"|Confessions Tour |Top Boxscore |{{won}} |- |Top Draw |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Tour |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2009 |rowspan="2"|Sticky & Sweet Tour |Top Draw |{{won}} |- |Top Tour |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2012 |rowspan="2"|The MDNA Tour |Concert Marketing and Promotion Award |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Tour |Aliteuliwa |} === ''Billboard'' Women in Music === {{awards table}} |- !scope="row"|2016 |Madonna |Woman of the Year |{{won}} {{end}} ===Blockbuster Entertainment Awards=== {{awards table}} |- !scope="row"|1998 |Madonna |Favorite Actress – Drama |Aliteuliwa {{end}} ===Bravo Otto Awards=== Madonna ameshinda tuzo saba.<ref>Bravo Otto Awards: *{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1985|title=Bravo Otto – 1985!|language=German|work=[[Bravo (magazine)|Bravo]]|accessdate=December 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103622/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1985|archive-date=July 21, 2011|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103622/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1985|archivedate=2011-07-21}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1986|title=Bravo Otto – 1986!|language=German|work=Bravo|accessdate=December 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103714/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1986|archive-date=July 21, 2011|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103714/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1986|archivedate=2011-07-21}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1987|title=Bravo Otto – 1987!|language=German|work=Bravo|accessdate=December 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103803/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1987|archive-date=July 21, 2011|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103803/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1987|archivedate=2011-07-21}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1989|title=Bravo Otto – 1989!|language=German|work=Bravo|accessdate=December 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103829/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1989|archive-date=July 21, 2011|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103829/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1989|archivedate=2011-07-21}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1992|title=Bravo Otto – 1992!|language=German|work=Bravo|accessdate=December 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103901/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1992|archive-date=July 21, 2011|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103901/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1992|archivedate=2011-07-21}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1993|title=Bravo Otto – 1993!|language=German|work=Bravo|accessdate=December 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103942/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1993|archive-date=July 21, 2011|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103942/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1993|archivedate=2011-07-21}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1994|title=Bravo Otto – 1994!|language=German|work=Bravo|accessdate=December 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625002114/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1994|archive-date=June 25, 2011|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625002114/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1994|archivedate=2011-06-25}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1985 |rowspan="7"|Madonna |Gold Award – Female Singer |{{won}} |- |1986 |Gold Award – Female Singer |{{won}} |- |1987 |Gold Award – Female Singer |{{won}} |- |1989 |Silver Award – Female Singer |{{won}} |- |1992 |Silver Award – Female Singer |{{won}} |- |1993 |Bronze Award – Female Singer |{{won}} |- |1994 |Bronze Award – Female Singer |{{won}} |} ===Brit Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1986 |rowspan="11"|Madonna |Brit Award for International Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1987 |International Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1988 |International Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1991 |Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1992 |International Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1993 |International Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1995 |International Female Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1999 |International Female Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |2001 |International Female Solo Artist |{{Won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2006 |International Female Solo Artist |{{Won}} |- |Brit Award for Best Pop Act |Aliteuliwa |- |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Brit Award for International Album |Aliteuliwa |} ===British LGBT Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2017 |Madonna |Viacom Top 10 Music Awards |{Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/british-lgbt-awards-latest-shortlist-rights-activists-allies-stars-laverne-cox-kate-mckinnon-elton-a7589266.html|title=British LGBT Awards: Shortlist of leading LGBT activists, allies and stars revealed|work=[[The Independent]]|last=Fenton|first=Siobhan|accessdate=February 21, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053708/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/british-lgbt-awards-latest-shortlist-rights-activists-allies-stars-laverne-cox-kate-mckinnon-elton-a7589266.html|archivedate=February 22, 2017}}</ref> |} ===CableACE Award=== {{Awards table}} |- |1994 |''The Girlie Show: Live Down Under'' |Best Musical Special |Aliteuliwa |} ===Danish Music Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara nne.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4859643-1.html|title=Den Gale Pose nabs four Dansk Grammys|first=Charles|last=Ferro|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 9, 1999|accessdate=January 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gaffa.dk/nyhed/260|title=D:A:Danish Music Awards|first=Christian|last=Langballe|work=[[Gaffa (magazine)|Gaffa]]|date=March 5, 2001|accessdate=January 25, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203010325/http://gaffa.dk/nyhed/260|archivedate=December 3, 2009}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|1999 |Madonna |Best International Female Vocalist |{{won}} |- |''Ray of Light'' |Best International Album |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |''Music'' |Best International Album |{{won}} |- |"Music" |Best International Hit |{{won}} |} ===Echo Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara tatu.<ref>Echo Awards: *{{cite journal|title=Echo Awards' Profile Climbs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1996-03-16_108_11/page/69|last1=Spahr|first1=Wolfgang|last2=White|first2=Adam|date=March 16, 1996|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=108|issue=11|pages=69}} *{{cite journal|title=Big Plans For German Echoes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2001-02-10_113_6/page/74|last=Birnkraut|first=Gesa|date=February 10, 2001|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=113|issue=6|pages=74}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/0,1518,2895–08,00.html|title=Shania Twain holt ihren Preis, Robbie Williams nicht|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|publisher=Spiegel-Verlag|language=German|date=March 7, 2004|accessdate=December 8, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.netzeitung.de/entertainment/music/3867%E2%80%9318.html|title=Echos für Xavier Naidoo und Fettes Brot|work=[[Netzeitung]]|language=German|date=March 12, 2006|accessdate=December 8, 2010|archivedate=2022-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015184257/https://www.ksta.de/html/dumont-consent/index.html?param=eyJyZWRpcmVjdFVybCI6Ii8%2FY2I9MTY2NTg1OTM3NzMwMCYiLCJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInN1YmRvbWFpbiI6Ind3dyJ9}} *{{cite press release|url=http://www.echopop.de/images/uploads/PDF_Downloads_Presse/PM05_Weitere%20Showacts%20und%20Nominees_29_01_09_V01_090128_FINAL.pdf|title=Echo Deutscher Musikpreis 2009 – Die Nominees|publisher=[[Echo (music award)|Echo Awards]]|language=German|date=January 29, 2009|accessdate=December 8, 2010|page=3|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727095749/http://www.echopop.de/images/uploads/PDF_Downloads_Presse/PM05_Weitere%20Showacts%20und%20Nominees_29_01_09_V01_090128_FINAL.pdf|archivedate=July 27, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.echopop.de/pop-nominierte-2016/|title=Echo: Nominierte 2016|publisher=Echo Awards 2016|language=German|accessdate=March 11, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311165217/http://www.echopop.de/pop-nominierte-2016/|archivedate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1996 |rowspan="4"|Madonna |Best International Female Artist |{{won}} |- |2001 |Best International Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |2004 |Best International Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2006 |Best International Female Artist |{{won}} |- |"Hung Up" |Hit of the Year |{{won}} |- |2009 |Madonna |Best International Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |2016 |Madonna |Best International Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |} ===Elle Style Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2007 |Madonna |Style Icon Award |{{won}} |} ===Emma-gaala=== {{Awards table}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|2009 | style="text-align:left;"|Madonna | Emma Award for Foreign Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} ===Fryderyk=== {{Awards table}} |- |1998 |''Ray of Light'' |Best Foreign Album |{{won}} |- |2000 |''Music'' |Best Foreign Album |Aliteuliwa |} ===GLAAD Media Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1991 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |GLAAD Excellence in Media Award |{{won}} |- |2019 |GLAAD Advocate for Change Award |{{won}} |} ===Golden Apple Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1992 |Madonna |Sour Apple Award |{{won}} |} ===Golden Globe Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1988 |"Who's That Girl" |Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song |Aliteuliwa |- |1993 |"This Used to Be My Playground" |Best Original Song |Aliteuliwa |- |1995 |"I'll Remember" |Best Original Song |Aliteuliwa |- |1997 |''Evita'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |{{won}} |- |2000 |"Beautiful Stranger" |Best Original Song |Aliteuliwa |- |2003 |"Die Another Day" |Best Original Song |Aliteuliwa |- |2012 |"Masterpiece" |Best Original Song |{{Won}} |} ===Golden Raspberry Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1987 |''Shanghai Surprise'' |Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress |{{won}} |- |1988 |''Who's That Girl'' |Worst Actress |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1990 |''Bloodhounds of Broadway'' |Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Worst Actress of the Decade |Aliteuliwa |- |Worst New Star of the Decade |Aliteuliwa |- |1992 |''Madonna: Truth or Dare'' |Worst Actress |Aliteuliwa |- |1994 |''Body of Evidence'' |Worst Actress |{{won}} |- |1996 |''Four Rooms'' |Worst Supporting Actress |{{won}} |- |2000 |Madonna |Worst Actress of the Century |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |rowspan="2"|''The Next Best Thing'' |Worst Actress |{{won}} |- |Worst Screen Couple |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|2003 |rowspan="2"|''Swept Away'' |Worst Actress |{{won}} |- |Worst Screen Couple |{{won}} |- |''Die Another Day'' |Worst Supporting Actress |{{won}} |- |"Die Another Day" |Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song |Aliteuliwa |- |2010 |Madonna |Worst Actress of the Decade |Aliteuliwa |} ===Grammy Awards=== Madonna ameshinda tuzo saba, na kuteuliwa mara ishirini na nane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Madonna&title=&year=All&genre=All|title=Grammy Award Winners – Madonna|publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=November 26, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123539/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=madonna&title=&year=All&genre=All|archivedate=July 11, 2011}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1986 |"Crazy for You" |Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance |Aliteuliwa |- |1987 |"Papa Don't Preach" |Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female |Aliteuliwa |- |1988 |"Who's That Girl" |Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media |Aliteuliwa |- |1991 |"Oh Father" |Grammy Award for Best Music Video |Aliteuliwa |- |1992 |''Blond Ambition World Tour Live'' |Grammy Award for Best Music Film |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1995 |"I'll Remember" |Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television |Aliteuliwa |- |''The Girlie Show: Live Down Under'' |Best Music Video, Long Form |Aliteuliwa |- |1996 |''Bedtime Stories'' |Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="5"|1999 |rowspan="2"|''Ray of Light'' |Grammy Award for Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Pop Album |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|"Ray of Light" |Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording |{{won}} |- |Best Short Form Music Video |{{won}} |- |Grammy Award for Record of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2000 |rowspan="2"|"Beautiful Stranger" |Best Female Pop Vocal Performance |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2001 |''Music'' |Best Pop Vocal Album |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"Music" |Best Female Pop Vocal Performance |Aliteuliwa |- |Record of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2002 |"Don't Tell Me" |Best Short Form Music Video |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2004 |rowspan="2"|"Die Another Day" |Best Dance Recording |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Short Form Music Video |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2007 |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album |{{won}} |- |"Get Together" |Best Dance Recording |Aliteuliwa |- |''I'm Going to Tell You a Secret'' |Best Long Form Music Video |Aliteuliwa |- |2008 |''The Confessions Tour'' |Best Long Form Music Video |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2009 |"4 Minutes" |Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals |Aliteuliwa |- |"Give It 2 Me" |Best Dance Recording |Aliteuliwa |- |2010 |"Celebration" |Best Dance Recording |Aliteuliwa |} ===Guinness World Records=== {{Awards table}} |- | 1996 | ''Evita'' | Madonna alibadilisha nguo mara 85, kwenye filamu ya ''Evita''. | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"| 2000 | Madonna | Most Successful Female Solo Artist | {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=55387|title=Most Successful Female Solo Artist|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|accessdate=December 20, 2016|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904205619/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=55387|archivedate=September 4, 2004|df=}}</ref> |- | Madonna | Most Downloaded Woman on the Internet | {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Guinness-World-Records-2000-Millennium-Edition/18275300773/bd|title=Guinness World Records 2000: Millennium Edition|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|accessdate=December 20, 2016}}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"| 2005 | "Hung Up" | Nyimbo hii ilichikuwa nafasi ya kwanza kwenye nchi 41. | {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/song-stories/hung-up-madonna|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628083112/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/song-stories/hung-up-madonna|dead-url=yes|archive-date=June 28, 2013|title=Hung Up – Song Stories|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=November 16, 2013|archivedate=2013-06-28|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130628083112/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/song-stories/hung-up-madonna|=https://archive.today/20130628083112/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/song-stories/hung-up-madonna}}</ref> |- | ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' | Abamu hii ilichukuwa nafasi ya kwanza kwenye nchi 40. || {{won}} |- | Madonna | Oldest artist to simultaneously top the UK singles and album charts (47 years old) | {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.es/world-records/oldest-artist-to-simultaneously-top-the-uk-singles-and-album-charts|title=Oldest artist to simultaneously top the UK singles and album charts|work=Guinness World Records|accessdate=June 6, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821110351/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.es/world-records/oldest-artist-to-simultaneously-top-the-uk-singles-and-album-charts|archivedate=August 21, 2016}}</ref> |- |2006 | Confessions Tour | Highest grossing music tour per concert by a female artist | {{won}}<ref name="guiness">{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/4/madonna-beats-elviss-no1-albums-record-as-mdna-tops-uk-chart/|title=Madonna beats Elvis' No.1 albums record as MDNA tops UK chart|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|date=April 2, 2012|accessdate=November 16, 2013}}</ref> |- | 2007 | Madonna | Highest paid female singer on the planet. | {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1540897,00.html|title=Madonna Tops Britney's Guinness Record|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=September 29, 2006|accessdate=November 16, 2013|archivedate=2016-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308094905/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1540897,00.html}}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"| 2009 | Madonna | Most US top 10 entries | {{won}}<ref name="2009guiness">The 2009 Guinness world records book. Page 214-215</ref> |- | Madonna | Most number ones on the US Dance/club play chart | {{won}} |- | Madonna | Longest run of Top 20 hits by a solo artist (64 hits) | {{won}} |- |2011 | Madonna | Best-selling female albums act of the 21 century (UK) | {{won}}<ref>The 2011 Guinness world records book. Page 184-185</ref> |- |rowspan="2"| 2012 | Madonna | Most Number-one Albums in the UK charts | {{won}}<ref name="guiness" /> |- | Madonna | Largest TV audience Super Bowl in history (114 million viewers) | {{won}}<ref name="guiness" /> |- | 2013 | Madonna | Highest annual earnings ever for a female pop star | {{won}}<ref name="Jim Pattison Group">{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-female-recording-artist|title=Best-Selling Female Recording Artist of All Time|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|publisher=[[Jim Pattison Group]]|accessdate=December 20, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627055325/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-female-recording-artist|archivedate=June 27, 2015}}</ref> |- | 2016 | Madonna | Best-selling female recording artist of all time (305 million Albums sold) | {{won}}<ref name="Jim Pattison Group"/> |- {{End}} ===Hollywood Walk of Fame=== {{Awards table}} |- |1990 |Madonna |Hollywood Walk of Fame |Aliteuliwa |} ===Hong Kong Top Sales Music Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2001 |''Music'' |Top Ten Best Selling Foreign Albums of the Year |{{won}} |- |2005 |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Top Ten Best Selling Foreign Albums of the Year |{{won}} |- |2007 |''The Confessions Tour'' |Top Ten Best Selling Foreign Albums of the Year |{{won}} |} ===Hungarian Music Awards=== Madonna ameshinda tuzo mara mbili, na kuteuliwa mara sita.<ref>Hungarian Music Awards: *{{cite web|url=http://www.fonogram.hu/?menu=jeloltek_1999|title=A 1999-es Arany Zsiráf Díj jelöltjei|language=Hungarian|publisher=[[Hungarian Music Awards]]|accessdate=December 17, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.fonogram.hu/?menu=jeloltek_2001|title=A 2001-es Arany Zsiráf Díj jelöltjei|language=Hungarian|publisher=Hungarian Music Awards|accessdate=December 17, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.fonogram.hu/?menu=jeloltek_2004|title=A 2004. évi Fonogram – Magyar Zenei Díj jelöltjei|language=Hungarian|publisher=Hungarian Music Awards|accessdate=December 17, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.fonogram.hu/?menu=jeloltek_2005|title=A 2005. évi Fonogram – Magyar Zenei Díj jelöltjei|language=Hungarian|publisher=Hungarian Music Awards|accessdate=December 17, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.fonogram.hu/?menu=jeloltek_2006|title=A 2006. évi Fonogram – Magyar Zenei Díj jelöltjei|language=Hungarian|publisher=Hungarian Music Awards|accessdate=December 17, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.fonogram.hu/?menu=jeloltek_2009|title=A 2009. évi Fonogram – Magyar Zenei Díj jelöltjei|language=Hungarian|publisher=Hungarian Music Awards|accessdate=December 17, 2010}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1999 |''Ray of Light'' |International Pop Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |2001 |''Music'' |International Pop Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |2004 |rowspan="2"|''American Life'' |International Pop Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2005 |International Pop Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2006 |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |International Pop Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2009 |''Hard Candy'' |International Pop Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} ===International Dance Music Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara kumi na moja.<ref>International Dance Music Awards: *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=1999|title=14th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]]|accessdate=December 6, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306094122/http://wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=1999|archivedate=2011-03-06}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2001|title=16th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=December 6, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003132200/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2001|archivedate=October 3, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2002|title=17th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=December 6, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306094028/http://wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2002|archivedate=2011-03-06}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2006|title=21st Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=December 6, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003132814/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2006|archivedate=2011-10-03}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2007|title=22nd Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=December 6, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421033207/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2007|archivedate=April 21, 2013|df=}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/2009.php|title=24th Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees and Winners|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=December 6, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820124538/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/2009.php|archivedate=August 20, 2015}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/2010.php|title=25th Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees and Winners|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=December 6, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318035945/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/2010.php|archivedate=March 18, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2013|title=28th Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees and Winners|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=March 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307192804/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2013#|archive-date=March 7, 2013|dead-url=yes|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023731/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2013}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2016|title=31st Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees and Winners|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=February 11, 2016|archivedate=2016-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630054523/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2016}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- | rowspan="2"|1999 |Madonna |Best Dance Solo Artist |{{won}} |- |"Ray of Light" |Best Dance Video |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3"|2001 |Madonna |Best Dance Solo Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Music" |Best Dance Video |{{won}} |- |Best Pop 12" Dance Record |{{won}} |- |2002 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Best Dance Solo Artist |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3"|2006 |Best Dance Solo Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Hung Up" |Best Dance Video |{{won}} |- |Best Pop Dance Track |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2007 |Madonna |Best Dance Solo Artist |{{won}} |- |"Jump" |Best Dance Music Video |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2009 |Madonna |Best Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |"4 Minutes" |Best Pop Dance Track |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2010 |Madonna |Best Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |"Celebration" |Best Pop Dance Track |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2013 |Madonna |Best Dance Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"Girl Gone Wild" |Best Dance Music Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Pop Dance Track |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2015 |rowspan="2"|"Bitch I'm Madonna" |Best Commercial/Pop Dance Track |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Dance Music Video |Aliteuliwa |- |''Rebel Heart'' |Best Full Length Studio Recording |Aliteuliwa |} ===International Rock Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara mbili.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Rocks awards: 'Wilburys' leads list of Elvis winners|pages=20|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|publisher=[[Block Communications]]|issn=1068-624X|date=June 1, 1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Townshend named legend in rock music|pages=10|work=[[Kentucky New Era]]|oclc=17959025|date=June 13, 1991}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1989 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Best Female Vocalist |{{won}} |- |1991 |People's Choice Award |{{won}} |} ===Ivor Novello Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara mbili, na kuteuliwa mara tano.<ref>Ivor Novello Awards: *{{cite journal|title=Shania Twain Garners 4 Novello Nominations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2000-04-29_112_18/page/71|last=Hunter|first=Nigel|date=April 29, 2000|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=112|issue=18|pages=71}} *{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/24/AR2007052401095.html?nav=rss_artsandliving/entertainmentnews|title=Winehouse Wins Novello Songwriting Award|agency=Associated Press|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 24, 2007|accessdate=December 9, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106045722/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/24/AR2007052401095.html?nav=rss_artsandliving%2Fentertainmentnews|archivedate=November 6, 2012}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.nme.com/news/space-monkeys/27870|title=Arctic Monkeys nominated for Ivor Novello Award|work=[[NME]]|date=April 23, 2007|accessdate=December 9, 2010}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="3"|2000 |rowspan="2"|"Beautiful Stranger" |Best Contemporary Song |Aliteuliwa |- |Most Performed Work |{{won}} |- |"Ray of Light" |International Hit of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2007 |rowspan="2"|"Sorry" |International Hit of the Year |{{won}} |- |Most Performed Work |Aliteuliwa |} ===Japan Gold Disc Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gdlist/pdf/gd1-20_list.pdf|script-title=ja:ゴールドディスク大賞受賞者一覧|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|date=1987–2006|accessdate=November 26, 2010|language=Japanese|format=PDF|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69tTKDe39?url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gdlist/pdf/gd1-20_list.pdf|archivedate=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/data/gdisc/2009.html|title=The {{Sic|hide=y|23|th}} Japan Gold Disc Award 2009|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Japan|accessdate=November 26, 2010|language=Japanese|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124037/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/data/gdisc/2009.html|archivedate=January 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golddisc.jp/award/32/Prize_2.html#gd32_24|title=The 32nd Japan Gold Disc Award|publisher=[[Japan Gold Disc Award]]|language=Japanese|accessdate=February 27, 2018}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="3"|1987 |Madonna |Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|''True Blue'' |Grand Prix Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Album of the Year – Pops Solo |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1990 |Madonna |Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|''Like a Prayer'' |Grand Prix Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Album of the Year – Pops Solo |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1991 |Madonna |Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|''I'm Breathless'' |Grand Prix Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Album of the Year – Pop Female |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1993 |Madonna |Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |''Erotica'' |Best Album of the Year – Pop |{{won}} |- |rowspan="5"|2009 |Madonna |Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |''Hard Candy'' |The Best 3 Albums |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|"Miles Away" |Mastertone of the Year |{{won}} |- |Single Track of the Year (mobile) |{{won}} |- |Single Track of the Year (online) |{{won}} |- |2018 |''Rebel Heart Tour'' |Best Music Video (Western) |{{won}} |} ===Juno Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- ||1985 |''Like a Virgin'' |Juno Award for International Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1987 |''True Blue'' |International Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |"Papa Don't Preach" |Juno Award for Best Selling Single |Aliteuliwa |- ||1990 |"Like a Prayer" |International Single of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1991 |Madonna |Juno Award for International Entertainer of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"Vogue" |Best Selling International Single |{{won}} |- ||1999 |''Ray of Light'' |Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic) |Aliteuliwa |- ||2007 |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |International Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} ===Lunas del Auditorio=== Madonna ameshinda tuzo hii mara mbili.<ref>Lunas del Auditorio: *{{cite news|url=http://www.lunasauditorio.com.mx/esp/lunas-2009/ceremonia?evento=2009&cat=38&artist=Madonna|title=Lunas del Auditorio 2009 — Pop en Lengua Extranjera|publisher=Lunas del Auditorio|year=2009|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=Spanish|archivedate=2017-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006211915/http://www.lunasauditorio.com.mx/esp/lunas-2009/ceremonia?evento=2009&cat=38&artist=Madonna}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.lunasauditorio.com.mx/esp/lunas-2013/ceremonia?evento=2013&cat=38&artist=Madonna|title=Lunas del Auditorio 2013 — Pop en Lengua Extranjera|publisher=Lunas del Auditorio|year=2013|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=Spanish|archivedate=2017-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212634/http://www.lunasauditorio.com.mx/esp/lunas-2013/ceremonia?evento=2013&cat=38&artist=Madonna}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.lunasauditorio.com.mx/esp/lunas-2016/ceremonia?evento=2016&cat=38&artist=Madonna|title=Lunas del Auditorio 2016 — Pop en Lengua Extranjera|publisher=Lunas del Auditorio|year=2016|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=Spanish|archivedate=2017-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021004/http://www.lunasauditorio.com.mx/esp/lunas-2016/ceremonia?evento=2016&cat=38&artist=Madonna}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |2009 |rowspan="3"|Madonna |rowspan="3"|Best Foreign Language Pop Artist |{{won}} |- |2013 |{{won}} |- |2016 |Aliteuliwa |} ===Meteor Music Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2005 |Madonna |Best Live Performance Visiting Act |Aliteuliwa |} === MTV Artist of the Decade === {{Awards table}} |- |1989 |Madonna |Artist of the Decade: Mega Artist |{{won}} |} === MTV Australia Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="5"|2006 |Madonna |Best Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|"Hung Up" |Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2009 |"4 Minutes" |Best Moves |Aliteuliwa |} === MTV Europe Music Awards === Madonna ameshinda tuzo hii mara nne.<ref>MTV Europe Music Awards: *{{cite journal|title=MTV Europe Music Awards Winners 1994–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2001-11-10_113_45/page/50|date=November 10, 2001|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=113|issue=45|pages=50}} *{{cite journal|title=November Awards Abound: Billboard Vid, MTV Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1995-10-28_107_43/page/102|date=October 28, 1995|work=Billboard|issn=0006-2510|volume=107|issue=43|pages=102}} *{{cite press release|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/entertainment-arts/music-industry/6898–337-1.html|title=MTV Unveils the Nominations for the 1998 MTV EuropeMusic Awards; All Saints & Madonna Top List...|via=Business Wire|publisher=[[AllBusiness.com]]|date=October 1, 1998|accessdate=December 11, 2010}} *{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/953286.stm|title=MTV Europe Music Awards: The nominations|publisher=BBC News (BBC)|date=October 2, 2000|accessdate=December 11, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69AzHiMyo?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/953286.stm|archivedate=July 15, 2012}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/justin-timberlake-leads-mtv-europe-nominations|title=Justin Timberlake Leads MTV Europe Nominations|publisher=Contactmusic.com|date=September 29, 2003|accessdate=December 11, 2010|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69tTN1Bu7?url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/justin-timberlake-leads-mtv-europe-nominations}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.nme.com/news/justin-timberlake/24395|title=Nominations for MTV Europe Music Awards announced|work=NME|date=September 19, 2006|accessdate=December 11, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004530/http://nme.com/news/justin-timberlake/24395|archivedate=February 7, 2009}} *{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/11/05/us-mtv-europe-factbox-idINTRE4A457I20081105?pageNumber=4|title=FACTBOX: MTV Europe Music Awards nominations in 2008|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=November 5, 2008|accessdate=December 11, 2010|archivedate=2015-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520130455/http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/11/05/us-mtv-europe-factbox-idINTRE4A457I20081105?pageNumber=4}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1995 |Madonna |MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female |Aliteuliwa |- |1996 |"I Want You" |MTV Europe Music Award for MTV Amour |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Europe Music Awards 1997 |rowspan="3"|Madonna |Best Female |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|1998 |MTV Europe Music Award for Best Dance |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female |{{won}} |- |''Ray of Light'' |MTV Europe Music Award for Best Album |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1999 |Madonna |Best Female |Aliteuliwa |- |"Beautiful Stranger" |MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2000 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Best Dance |{{won}} |- |Best Female |{{won}} |- |"Music" |Best Song |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |Madonna |Best Female |Aliteuliwa |- |''Music'' |Best Album |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2003 |Madonna |Best Female |Aliteuliwa |- |www.madonna.com |MTV Europe Music Award for Web Award |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2006 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Best Female |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Europe Music Award for Best Pop |Aliteuliwa |- |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Best Album |Aliteuliwa |- |2008 |"4 Minutes" |MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video |Aliteuliwa |} === MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica === Madonna ameteuliwa mara tano.<ref>MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica: *{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/2003/10/23/0001/259/B2DD2B83C2F541C0A950910E159B8EA9.html|title=Premios MTV, lo mejor de la música latina|work=[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universo]]|date=October 27, 2003|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=Spanish|location=Venezuela}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.radioacktiva.com/2006/ya-viene-la-entrega-de-los-premios-mtv-latinoamerica-2006-328971-23798.html|title=Ya viene la entrega de los premios “MTV Latinoamérica 2006”|publisher=[[Radioacktiva]]|date=May 9, 2006|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=Spanish}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.telemetro.com/entretenimiento/musica/Lista-completa-nominados-MTV-Latinos_0_75592515.html|title=Lista completa de nominados a los MTV Latinos|publisher=[[Telemetro]]|date=September 9, 2008|accessdate=April 30, 2017|language=Spanish|author=[[Associated Press]] (AP)|archivedate=2019-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190706/http://www.telemetro.com/entretenimiento/musica/Lista-completa-nominados-MTV-Latinos_0_75592515.html}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |2003 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |rowspan="2"|Best Pop Artist — International |{Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2006 |Aliteuliwa |- |"Hung Up" |Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2008 |Madonna |Best Pop Artist — International |Aliteuliwa |- |"4 Minutes" |Best Ringtone |Aliteuliwa |} === MTV Millennial Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |2015 | |#Epic Fail |{{won}} |} === MTV Movie Awards === Madonna ameteuliwa mara nne.<ref>MTV Movie Awards: *{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|title=1993 MTV Movie Awards – Winners|publisher=[[MTV]]. [[MTV Networks]]|accessdate=December 4, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094756/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|archivedate=April 23, 2008}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1995/|title=1995 MTV Movie Awards – Winners|publisher=MTV. MTV Networks|accessdate=December 4, 2010|archive-date=2012-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830211407/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1995/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1997/|title=1997 MTV Movie Awards – Winners|publisher=MTV. MTV Networks|accessdate=December 4, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094834/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1997/|archivedate=April 23, 2008}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1993 |''Body of Evidence'' |Most Desirable Female |Aliteuliwa |- |1995 |"I'll Remember" |MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1997 |''Evita'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Performance |Aliteuliwa |- |"Don't Cry for Me Argentina" |Best Song from a Movie |Aliteuliwa |} === MTV Video Music Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |1984 |"Borderline" |MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="5"|1985 | rowspan="3"|"Like a Virgin" |MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2"|"Material Girl" |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="3"|1986 |Madonna |MTV Video Vanguard Award |{{won}} |- |"Dress You Up" |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |"Like a Virgin" (live) |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="6"|1987 |rowspan="3"|"Open Your Heart" |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Art Direction |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|"Papa Don't Preach" |Best Cinematography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |{{won}} |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Overall Performance |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="7"|1989 | rowspan="5"|"Express Yourself" |Best Art Direction |{{won}} |- |Best Cinematography |{{won}} |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction |{{won}} |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2"|"Like a Prayer" |MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award – Viewer's Choice |{{won}} |- |rowspan="9"|1990 |rowspan="9"|"Vogue" |Best Art Direction |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Cinematography |{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video|Best Dance Video]] |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Direction |{{won}} |- |Best Editing |{{won}} |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Video of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- |Viewer's Choice |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|1991 |rowspan="2"|"Like a Virgin" (live) |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |''The Immaculate Collection'' |MTV Video Music Award for Best Long Form Video |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1992 |rowspan="3"|"Holiday" (live) |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1993 |rowspan="2"|"Rain" |Best Art Direction |{{won}} |- |Best Cinematography |{{won}} |- |1994 |"I'll Remember" |MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|1995 |rowspan="2"|"Human Nature" |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Dance Video |{Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"Take a Bow" |Best Art Direction |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |{{won}} |- |1996 |"You'll See" |Best Cinematography |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="9"|1998 |"Frozen" |MTV Video Music Award for Best Special Effects |{{won}} |- |rowspan="8"|"Ray of Light" |Best Choreography |{{won}} |- |Best Cinematography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Direction |{{won}} |- |Best Editing |{{won}} |- |Best Female Video |{{won}} |- |MTV Video Music Award – Breakthrough Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Video of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|1999 |rowspan="3"|"Beautiful Stranger" |Best Cinematography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Video from a Film |{{won}} |- |"Nothing Really Matters" |Best Special Effects |Aliteuliwa |- |2000 |"American Pie" |Best Cinematography |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |rowspan="2"|"Don't Tell Me" |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |2003 |"Die Another Day" |Best Video from a Film |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="5"|2006 |rowspan="5"|"Hung Up" |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2008 |"4 Minutes" |MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |} === MTV Video Music Awards Japan === Madonna ameteuliwa mara tisa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.mtvjapan.com/vmaj06/html_v1/?contID=p21|title=MTV VMAJ 2006|publisher=MTV Japan|accessdate=October 5, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415171557/http://www1.mtvjapan.com/vmaj06/html_v1/?contID=p21|archivedate=April 15, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2015/nominees/best-female-video/madonna/|title=MTV VMAJ 2015|publisher=MTV Japan|accessdate=October 5, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005213604/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2015/nominees/best-female-video/madonna/|archivedate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |2003 |"Die Another Day" |MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Video from a Film |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2004 |rowspan="2"|"Me Against the Music" |MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2006 |rowspan="3"|"Hung Up" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Dance Video|Best Dance Video]] |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award Japan for Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2009 |rowspan="2"|"4 Minutes" |Best Video from a Film |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration |Aliteuliwa |- |2015 |"Bitch I'm Madonna" |Best Female Video |Aliteuliwa |} === TRL Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |2006 |Madonna |Lifetime Achievement Award |{{won}} |} ===MuchMusic Video Awards=== Madonna ameteuliwa mara nne.<ref>MuchMusic Video Awards: *{{cite web|url=http://www.muchmusic.com/events/mmva08/rewind/1998.aspx|title=1998 Much Music Video Awards – Winners|publisher=[[Much Music Video Awards]]|accessdate=December 15, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601044647/http://www.muchmusic.com/events/mmva08/rewind/1998.aspx|archivedate=June 1, 2008|df=}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4810–685-1.html|title=Sky Up At Muchmusic Noms|last=Reveler|first=Norma|publisher=AllBusiness.com|date=September 1, 1999|accessdate=December 15, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.muchmusic.com/events/mmva08/nominees/|title=2008 Much Music Video Awards – Nominations|publisher=MuchMusic Video Awards|accessdate=December 15, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504112059/http://www.muchmusic.com/events/mmva08/nominees/|archivedate=May 4, 2009|df=}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1998 |"Ray of Light" |Best International Video |{{won}} |- |1999 |Madonna |People's Choice: Favourite International Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |2006 |"Hung Up" |Best International Video |Aliteuliwa |- |2008 |"4 Minutes" |Best International Video |Aliteuliwa |} ===Musician Magazine === {{Awards table}} |- |1989 |Madonna |Artist of the Decade |{{won}} |} ===NetSounds Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2001 |Music |Best Music Web Event |{{won}} |} ===Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1987 |rowspan="3"|Madonna | rowspan="3" | Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer |{{won}} |- |1988 |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | 1990 | Aliteuliwa |- | "Like a Prayer" | Favorite Song | Aliteuliwa |- | 1991 | Madonna | Favorite Female Vocalist | Aliteuliwa |- |2000 |"Beautiful Stranger" |Favorite Song From a Movie |Aliteuliwa |} ===NME Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara mbili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/awards/history/1992|title=History of the NME Awards: 1992|work=NME|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128162352/http://www.nme.com/awards/history/1992|archivedate=January 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/awards/history/2006|title=History of the NME Awards: 2006|work=NME|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127090152/http://www.nme.com/awards/history/2006|archivedate=January 27, 2012}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1992 |''Sex'' |Hype of the Year |{{won}} |- | 2002 | rowspan=2|Madonna | Best Pop Act | Aliteuliwa |- |2006 |Sexiest Woman |{{won}} |} ===NRJ Music Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara nne.<ref>NRJ Music Awards: *{{cite web|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/actus/article/nrj-music-awards-2001-236039|title=NRJ Music Awards 2001|language=French|publisher=[[NRJ Music Award]]s|date=November 18, 2001|accessdate=July 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712103542/http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/actus/article/nrj-music-awards-2001-236039|archivedate=July 12, 2016}} *{{cite web|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/actus/article/nrj-music-awards-2004-236043|title=NNRJ Music Awards 2004|language=French|publisher=[[NRJ Music Award]]s|date=November 18, 2004|accessdate=July 12, 2016}} *{{cite web|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/actus/article/nrj-music-awards-2006-236045|title=NRJ Music Awards 2006|language=French|publisher=[[NRJ Music Awards]]|date=November 18, 2006|accessdate=July 12, 2016}} *{{cite web|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/palmares-nrj-music-awards-2015|title=Palmarès|language=French|publisher=[[NRJ Music Awards]]|accessdate=July 12, 2016|archivedate=2016-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708152903/http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/palmares-nrj-music-awards-2015}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="3"|2001 |Madonna |International Female Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |''Music'' |International Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |"Music" |International Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|2004 |rowspan="3"|Madonna |NRJ Award of Honor |{{won}} |- |International Female Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Music Website of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''American Life'' |International Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2006 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |International Female Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2007 |International Female Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''Confessions on a Dance Floor |International Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2015 |Madonna |International Female Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} ===Online Music Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2001 |Brixton Academy concert webcast |Top Live Online Music Event |{{won}} |} ===Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2002 |Madonna |Les Paul Horizon Award |Aliteuliwa |} ===People's Choice Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1986 |Madonna |Favorite Female Musical Performer |{{won}} |- |1987 |Madonna |Favorite Female Musical Performer |{{won}} |- |2009 |"4 Minutes" |Favorite Combined Forces |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|[2016 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Favorite Music Icon |{{won}} |- |Favorite Female Artist |{Aliteuliwa |} ===Pollstar Concert Industry Awards=== Madonna ameteuliwa mara kumi na nne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollstarpro.com/PCIA-Static/welcome.htm|title=Pollstar Concert Industry Awards Winners Archives – Index|publisher=Pollstar|accessdate=December 4, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626055437/http://www.pollstarpro.com/PCIA-Static/welcome.htm|archivedate=2012-06-26}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |1984 |Madonna |Which Artist is Most Likely to Successfully Headline Arenas for the First Time in 1985? |Aliteuliwa |- |1987 |Who's That Girl World Tour |Most Creative Stage Set |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1990 |rowspan="2"|Blond Ambition World Tour |Major Tour Of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Most Creative Stage Production |{{won}} |- |1993 |The Girlie Show World Tour |Most Creative Stage Production |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |rowspan="2"|Drowned World Tour |Major Tour of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Most Creative Stage Production |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2004 |rowspan="2"|Re-Invention World Tour |Major Tour Of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Most Creative Stage Production |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2006 |rowspan="2"|Confessions Tour |Major Tour of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Most Creative Stage Production |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2008 |rowspan="2"|Sticky & Sweet Tour |Major Tour of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Most Creative Stage Production |Aliteuliwa |- |2013 |The MDNA Tour |Most Creative Stage Production |Aliteuliwa |} ===Porin Awards=== Madonna ameshinda mara mbili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.porin.info/index.php?what=porin&w=dobitnici&id=11|title=Institut Hrvatske Glazbene Industrije – Dobitnici Porin 1999|language=Croatian|publisher=[[Porin (music award)|Porin]]|accessdate=December 17, 2010}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|1999 |"Frozen" |Best International Video |{{won}} |- |''Ray of Light'' |Best International Album |{{won}} |} ===Premios Amigo=== Madonna ameshinda mara moja.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hola.com/famosos/2000/11/14/premiosamigo/|title=El Príncipe Felipe Presidió La Entrega De 'Los Premios Amigo'|language=Spanish|work=[[¡Hola!]]|publisher=[[Eduardo Sánchez Junco]]|date=November 14, 2000|accessdate=December 17, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/U2_/ROCK/PREMIOS_AMIGO_/MUSICA/irlandeses/U2/actuaran/gala/Premios/Amigo/elpepicul/20001020elpepicul_14/Tes|title=Los irlandeses U2 actuarán en la gala de los Premios Amigo|language=Spanish|work=[[El País]]|publisher=Ediciones El País, S.L.|date=October 20, 2000|accessdate=December 17, 2010}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|2000 |Madonna |Best International Female Solo Artist |{{won}} |- |''Music'' |Best International Album |Aliteuliwa |} ===Premios Oye!=== Madonna ameshinda mara mbili.<ref name="second">Premios Oye! Awards: *{{cite news|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/52369.html|title=Oye! ya hay nominados|language=Spanish|last=Sanz|first=Raquel|work=El Signo de Torreon|date=November 16, 2003|accessdate=December 17, 2010|publisher=Juan Perez}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=84991|title=Alejandra Guzmán, Julieta Venegas y Shakira dominan los Premios ¡Oye!|language=Spanish|work=El Porvenir|date=September 8, 2006|accessdate=December 17, 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zBbHIBzU?url=http://special.radioextremo.com/Musica/2051.html|archivedate=June 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.elmanana.com.mx/notas.asp?id=91617|title=Se impone ‘Chente’ en los Oye!|language=Spanish|work=El Mañana|date=November 28, 2008|accessdate=December 14, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224243/http://www.elmanana.com.mx/notas.asp?id=91617|archivedate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |2003 |Madonna |Best English Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |2006 |"Hung Up" |English Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2008 |"4 Minutes" |Record of the Year |{{won}} |- |''Hard Candy'' |Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |2010 |''Sticky & Sweet Tour'' |Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} ===Recording Industry Association of America=== {{Awards table}} |- |1999 |Madonna |Top Selling Female Rock Artist of the 20th Century |{{won}} |} ===Rock and Roll Hall of Fame=== {{Awards table}} |- |2008 |Madonna |Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |{{won}} |} ===Rockbjörnen=== Madonna ameshinda mara sita.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/noje/special/rockbjorn99/totalvinnare.html|title=Rockbjörnsvinnare sedan 1979 – här är hela listan|language=Swedish|work=[[Aftonbladet]]|publisher=[[Schibsted]]|date=January 16, 2006|accessdate=December 13, 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zBc8zwMB?url=http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/noje/special/rockbjorn99/totalvinnare.html|archivedate=June 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/vss/noje/story/0,2789,762905,00.html|title=Madonna tog hem björn nr 6|language=Swedish|last=Trus|first=Helena|work=Aftonbladet|publisher=Schibsted|date=January 16, 2006|accessdate=December 13, 2010|archivedate=2019-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190703/http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/vss/noje/story/0,2789,762905,00.html}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|1989 |Madonna |Best International Artist |{{won}} |- |''Like a Prayer'' |Best International Album |{{won}} |- |1992 |rowspan="2"|Madonna |Best International Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1998 |Best International Artist |{{won}} |- |''Ray of Light'' |Best International Album |{{won}} |- |2005 |''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' |Best International Album |{{won}} |} ===Saturn Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1991 |Madonna in ''Dick Tracy'' |Saturn Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |} ===Smash Hits Poll Winners Party=== {{Awards table}} |- | rowspan=2|1989 | "Like a Prayer" | rowspan=2|Best Pop Video | Aliteuliwa |- | "Express Yourself" | Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1990 |rowspan="6"|Madonna |Best Female Solo Singer |{{won}} |- |Most Fanciable Female |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1991 |Best Female Solo Singer |{{won}} |- |Most Fanciable Female |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1992 |Best Female Solo Singer |{{won}} |- |Most Fanciable Female |{{won}} |} ===Songwriters Hall of Fame=== {{Awards table}} |- |2014 |Madonna |Songwriters Hall of Fame |Aliteuliwa |- |2016 |Madonna |Songwriters Hall of Fame |Aliteuliwa |- |2017 |Madonna |Songwriters Hall of Fame |Aliteuliwa |} ===Space Shower Music Video Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2006 |"Hung Up" |Best International Video |{{won}} |} ===TEC Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |''Music'' |Outstanding Creative Achievement – Record Production/Album |Aliteuliwa |- |"Music" |Outstanding Creative Achievement – Record Production/Single |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2002 |Madonna |Outstanding Creative Achievement – Tour Production |Aliteuliwa |- |Drowned World Tour |Outstanding Creative Achievement – Remote Production/Recording or Broadcast |Aliteuliwa |} ===Telegatto Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |1992 |Madonna |Best International Artist |{{won}} |} ===Theatregoers' Choice Award=== {{Awards table}} |- |2003 |''Up for Grabs'' |Theatre Event of the Year |{{won}} |} ===UK Music Hall of Fame=== {{Awards table}} |- |2004 |Madonna |UK Music Hall of Fame |{{won}} |} ===VH1 Do Something! Awards=== {{Awards table}} |- |2010 |''I Am Because We Are'' |Docu Style Award |{{won}} |} === VH1 Fashion Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|1995 |rowspan="6"|Madonna |Most Fashionable Artist |{{won}} |- |Viewer's Choice: Most Fashionable Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1998 |Most Fashionable Artist |{{won}} |- |Most Stylish Music Artist |{{won}} |- |The Versace Award |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1999 |Most Fashionable Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |"Beautiful Stranger" |Most Stylish Video |Aliteuliwa |- |2000 |"Music" |Visionary Video |Aliteuliwa |} === VIVA Comet Awards === {{Awards table}} |- |1998 |rowspan=2|Madonna |International Act |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |International Act |Aliteuliwa |- |"Don't Tell Me" |International Video |Aliteuliwa |} === Wembley Arena Square of Fame === {{Awards table}} |- |2006 |Madonna |Wembley Arena Square of Fame |{{won}} |} ===World Music Awards=== Madonna ameteuliwa mara nane.<ref>World Music Awards nominations for Madonna: *{{cite web|title=Best Female Artist|accessdate=October 20, 2013|publisher=World Music Awards|url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=4|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Nf3R2cE4?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=4|archivedate=February 25, 2014|df=|=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906010253/http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=4}} *{{cite web|title=Best World Album|accessdate=October 20, 2013|publisher=World Music Awards|url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=2|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Syx2Zjjf?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=2|archivedate=September 30, 2014|df=|=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084946/http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=2}} *{{cite web|title=Best World Song|accessdate=October 20, 2013|publisher=World Music Awards|url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Nf2tKs8D?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=1|archivedate=February 25, 2014|df=}} *{{cite web|title=Best World Video|accessdate=October 20, 2013|publisher=World Music Awards|url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=3|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014154642/http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=3|archivedate=October 14, 2013|df=}} *{{cite web|title=2006 World Music Awards|publisher=Chiff|url=http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm|accessdate=February 13, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204051554/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm|archivedate=February 4, 2008|deadurl=yes|df=|=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204051554/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm}} *{{cite web|url=http://fametastic.co.uk/archive/2008–1110/14061/leona-lewis-amy-winehouse-and-coldplay-win-at-the-world-music-awards/|title=Leona Lewis, Amy Winehouse and Coldplay win at the World Music Awards|last=Lucy|first=Ann|date=November 10, 2008|accessdate=February 6, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314043531/http://fametastic.co.uk/archive/2008%E2%80%931110/14061/leona-lewis-amy-winehouse-and-coldplay-win-at-the-world-music-awards/|archivedate=March 14, 2009|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref> {{Awards table}} |- ||2006 |Madonna |World's Best Pop Artist |{{won}} |- ||2008 |Madonna |Best Selling American Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="6"|2014 |Madonna |Best Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Madonna |Best Entertainer |Aliteuliwa |- |Madonna |Best World's Live Act |Aliteuliwa |- |''MDNA'' |Best World Album |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"Give Me All Your Luvin'" |Best World Song |Aliteuliwa |- |Best World Video |Aliteuliwa |} == Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} <references group="tanbihi"/> <!-- needed to prevent error saying: tags exist for a group named tanbihi, but no corresponding references group tanbihi tag was found --> {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Grammy]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji muziki wa Marekani]] 3daiogawsl3jg5v7jy5d3mxwmnc4w42 0 92027 1576992 1181701 2026-06-27T11:36:28Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Nimeongeza baadhi ya maneno mwishoni mwa maelezo haya 1576992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: 03-BICcristal2008-03-26.jpg|thumb|Peni]] '''Peni''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] "pen") ni [[kifaa]] ambacho kimejazwa [[wino]] ambao husaidia katika kuandika mambo mbalimbali katika sehemu maalumu mfano kwenye karatasi ubao maalumu n.k. ==Faida== 1. Hutusaidia kumbukumbu, kwa mfano ya masomo 2. hutusaidia kuchora mambo muhimu, kwa mfano [[ramani]] za [[jumba|majumba]] ==Hasara== 1. Hasara mojawapo ya peni ni pamoja na [[uchafuzi]] wa [[mikono]] na [[nguo]] kutokana na uwekaji mbaya. {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Vifaa]] c1cmnzvqp7b27ocyp994hojb95jntje 0 92465 1577005 1026106 2026-06-27T11:53:19Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Nimeongeza baadhi ya maneno 1577005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taarifa''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni [[habari]] maalumu inayowasilishwa ama kwa njia ya [[mdomo]] ama kwa njia ya [[maandishi]]. Pia ni [[takwimu]] zilizochakatwa ambazo zina maana kamili inayoweza kutumika katika kufanya maamuzi fulani. Mfano: *1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6... ni takwimu. Lakini *Orodha ya [[namba]] [[namba shufwa|shufwa]] 2, 4, 6... ni taarifa. Taarifa hutofautiana kulingana na muktadha kama ilivyo kwa takwimu. Taarifa ya habari ni wasilisho la maelezo ya tukio au hali maalumu kwa [[jamii]] nzima linalopitia njia yoyote: [[redio]], [[gazeti]], [[runinga]], [[mbiu]] au [[mkutano|mikutano]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Data]] ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://www.google.ca/search?hl=sw&dcr=0&q=taarifa+ya+habari&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib5cS_kufZAhWFo1kKHYGlDQIQ1QIIsAEoAw&biw=1920&bih=974] {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Habari]] [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] nl8ghaed6rsl4nfsxtvf3h9jziq0wsf 0 92747 1577010 1428693 2026-06-27T11:55:55Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Baadhi ya maneno yameongezwa 1577010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Self-employment_in_the_UK,_2008_to_2014.png|thumbnail|right|200px|Ajira binafsi nchini [[Uingereza]] mwaka 2008-2014]] '''Ajira''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni [[kazi]] yoyote ile ambayo [[mtu]] anaifanya kwa [[malipo]] katika [[kampuni]], [[ofisi]] za [[serikali]] au kwa mtu mwingine binafsi. == Aina za ajira == Kuna aina kadhaa za ajira zikiwemo: * Ajira ya kudumu - ''(permanent employment)'' ni ajira ambayo mwajiriwa hana woga wa kuachishwa au kuacha kazi ila tu anapo[[pigwa kalamu]] kwa sababu ya makosa yake, afikishapo miaka ya [[kustaafu]] au kuacha kazi kwa [[hiari]] yake. Waajiriwa wa kudumu hufuata [[ratiba]] fulani na wanaweza kuwa [[wafanyakazi]] wa [[mchana]] kutwa ''(full time employment)'' au wa masaa machache ''(part-time employee).''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/business-advice/employing-staff/types-of-employment| title = Types of employment {{!}} Small Business|author=Small Business Development Corporation|language=en|work=Small Business Development Corporation website|accessdate=2018-07-18}}</ref> * Ajira ya [[mkataba]] - ''(contract employment)'' hii ni ajira ambayo mwajiriwa huajiriwa kufanya kazi fulani au kwa muda fulani na muda wake au kazi yake ishapo mkataba wake na mwajiri unaisha. Mwajiriwa wa mkataba huwa na uhakika, hawezi kuachishwa kazi kabla mkataba wake uishe, ila tu afanye makosa yasiyo weza kuvumiliwa. Pia yeye hawezi acha ile kazi kwa hiari bila kugharamia hasara yote inayoweza kutokana na kuvuja ule mkataba. * Ajira ya muda - ''(temporary employment)'' ni ajira ambayo mwajiriwa hufuata ratiba ya wafanyakazi wa kudumu lakini anaweza akaachishwa kazi wakati wowote. Mwajiriwa hana usalama wa kazi. [[Kibarua]] ni mfano wa ajira ya muda; ni ajira isiyo ya mara kwa mara na mtu huajiriwa tu kazi ipatikanapo na kazi ikiisha anaenda zake bila kujua kazi ingine itapatikana lini. * Ajira ya binafsi - ''(self employment)'' ni ajira ambayo mtu hujiajiri yeye mwenyewe kama vile [[wafanyabiashara]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Kazi]] 6a8hnvsz1ktejnnyok8seiatpuolllj 0 93931 1576999 1520165 2026-06-27T11:42:10Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ 1576999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jogger-jogging-sport-marathon (23698806383).jpg|thumb|Watu wakikimbia mchakamchaka.]] [[Picha:Physical exercises.jpg|thumb|Mazoezi ya viungo.]] '''Mazoezi ya mwili''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''physical exercises'') ni vitendo vinavyofanywa aghalabu na [[watu]] ili kuuweka [[mwili]] katika hali ya [[afya]] nzuri na kuwa tayari kwa ajili ya jambo maalumu. Mazoezi ni pia shughuli za kimwili zinazofanywa kwa makusudi ya kuboresha afya na ustawi wa mwili. Mazoezi hujumuisha mfululizo wa harakati za mwili zinazofanywa kwa njia ya kimyakimya au kwa kutumia vifaa vya mazoezi ili kuimarisha misuli, kukuza uvumilivu, na kuboresha mzunguko wa damu. Kwa kawaida, mazoezi hufanywa kwa utaratibu maalumu na kwa kuzingatia kanuni za kimatibabu na ushauri wa wataalamu wa mazoezi ya mwili ili kuepuka majeraha au matatizo ya kiafya. Kwa jumla, inafaa kuanza mazoezi hayo kwa [[dakika]] [[kumi]] kama mwili haujazoea kuyafanya, halafu polepole kuongeza [[muda]] huo uwe dakika [[thelathini hadi hamsini]]. ==Aina za Mazoezi== Kuna aina mbalimbali za mazoezi ambayo hufanywa na watu kulingana na malengo yao binafsi na mahitaji ya mwili. Baadhi ya aina za mazoezi maarufu ni pamoja na: # Mazoezi ya Cardiovascular: Hizi ni aina za mazoezi ambayo huongeza mapigo ya moyo na kuboresha mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu. Mifano ni kama kukimbia, kuogelea, au kutumia baiskeli ya mazoezi. # Mazoezi ya Kujenga Misuli: Haya ni mazoezi yanayolenga kuimarisha na kukuza misuli ya mwili kwa kutumia uzito au upinzani. Mifano ni kama kunyanyua vyuma, push-up, na squat. # Mazoezi ya Urefu na Upana: Haya ni mazoezi yanayolenga kuongeza urefu na upana wa mwili kwa kutumia mbinu za kurefusha misuli kama yoga au pilates. # Mazoezi ya Kuleta Uimara: Haya ni mazoezi yanayolenga kuimarisha viungo na kuzuia majeraha kwa kusaidia kudumisha usawa na kujiamini. ==Manufaa ya Mazoezi== Mazoezi huwa na manufaa mengi kwa afya ya mwili na akili. Baadhi ya manufaa ya kawaida ni pamoja na: # Kupunguza Hatari za Magonjwa: Mazoezi husaidia kupunguza hatari ya magonjwa ya moyo, kisukari, na shinikizo la damu. # Kuongeza Nguvu na Uvumilivu: Kwa kufanya mazoezi mara kwa mara, misuli huimarika na uvumilivu wa mwili huongezeka. # Kuboresha Moyo na Mzunguko wa Damu: Mazoezi hurekebisha mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu na kuongeza uwezo wa moyo kufanya kazi. # Kupunguza Mafuta Mwilini: Mazoezi ya kudumu husaidia katika kuchoma kalori na kupunguza mafuta mwilini. ==Ufanyaji wa Mazoezi== Ni muhimu kufanya mazoezi kwa usahihi na kwa muda unaofaa ili kupata matokeo bora na kuzuia majeraha. Inashauriwa kuanza na mazoezi madogo na kuongeza taratibu kiwango cha mazoezi kadri unavyoendelea kuzoea. Aidha, ni muhimu kuzingatia lishe bora na kunywa maji ya kutosha ili kuhakikisha mwili unapata virutubisho vya kutosha na kuepuka ukosefu wa maji mwilini. ==Hitimisho== Mazoezi ni sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya afya na ustawi. Kwa kuzingatia aina sahihi za mazoezi na ushauri wa wataalamu, watu wanaweza kufurahia faida za kiafya na kuwa na maisha marefu yenye furaha. Hata hivyo, kabla ya kuanza mpango wa mazoezi, ni vyema kupata ushauri wa kitaalamu hasa kama kuna matatizo ya kiafya au vikwazo vya kimwili vilivyopo. ==Mifano ya mazoezi== # Kutembea ("jogging" kwa Kiingereza) # Kucheza [[dansi]] # Kukwea [[milima]] # Kuendesha [[baiskeli]] # Kuogelea # Kucheza [[tennis]], [[basketball]] au [[football]] # Kucheza na [[kamba]] ya battle rope #Mazoezi ya mwili mzima ya machine za kisasa za mtetemo<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Ritzmann|first=Ramona|last2=Kramer|first2=Andreas|last3=Bernhardt|first3=Sascha|last4=Gollhofer|first4=Albert|date=2014-02-26|title=Whole Body Vibration Training - Improving Balance Control and Muscle Endurance|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089905|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=e89905|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089905|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC3935964|pmid=24587114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/whole-body-vibration/faq-20057958|title=Is whole-body vibration an effective workout?|last=Laskowski|first=Edward R.|date=|format=|accessdate=7 July 2018|Web=Mayo Clinic|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.vibrationmachine.reviews/tech/frequency.php|title=KnockYourVibe: Frequency of vibration machines and its impact on the human body|author=Sudeshna Dey|date=|language=en-US|work=KnockYourVibe - Learn about Whole Body Vibration Machines|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2018-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604235947/http://www.vibrationmachine.reviews/tech/frequency.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wa mazoezi== Mazoezi yana umuhimu sana katika mwili wa [[binadamu]] kwa kuwa: # mazoezi kama vile [[kunyanyua vyuma]] huimarisha [[mifupa]] na [[misuli]] # mazoezi huboresha upatikanaji wa [[hewa]] na [[virutubishi]] kwenye [[seli]] za mwili # mazoezi husaidia kuzuia [[maradhi]] na magonjwa kama vile [[saratani]] na pia usizeeke mapema # mazoezi huboresha mfumo wa kupata [[usingizi]] # mazoezi huongeza [[nguvu]] mwilini. # Mazoezi hupunguza uwezekano wa kupata maradhi makali kama vile shinikizo la damu, bolisukari # Mazoezi huweza kupunguza uzani wa kupindukia kwa wale ambao wako katika hali hii. Kwa sababu hizo tunashauriwa kufanya mazoezi ili miili yetu iwe imara na yenye [[afya]] nzuri. Tunashauriwa tufanye mazoezi kila [[asubuhi]] na [[mchana]], kwa [[kunyoosha]] [[viungo]] kwa namna mbalimbali, ili kupunguza [[mawazo]], na pia ili kuuweka [[mwili]] sawa, kuongezeka kwa [[ukuaji]], kuzuia [[kuzeeka]], [[kuimarisha misuli]] na [[mfumo wa moyo]], [[kuvumilia ujuzi]] wa [[mashindano]], [[kupoteza uzito]], na pia [[kufurahia]]. == Kujilinda wakati wa mazoezi == * Fanya mazoezi mepesi kabla na baada ya zoezi lako kuu ili mwili upate [[joto]] kwanza na uweze kutulia baada ya mazoezi. * Kunywa [[maji]] mengi == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == <!--Sidebar templates--> {{Sister project links|display=Exercise|commons=Category:Physical exercises|q=Exercise|wikt=exercise|voy=no|n=no|s=no|v=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|b=no|d=no}} <!--List of external links--> * [https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/ Adult Compendium of Physical Activities] – a website containing lists of [[Metabolic Equivalent of Task]] (MET) values for a number of physical activities, based upon {{PMID|8292105|10993420|21681120|leadout=and}} * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html MedLinePlus Topic on Exercise and Physical Fitness] * [http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/PH8 Physical activity and the environment] – guidance on the promotion and creation of physical environments that support increased levels of physical activity. * [https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/physical_exercise.htm Science Daily's reference on physical exercise] {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Afya]] 12a934qg0v80l43nm0lvon28685byk0 0 98449 1576866 1029943 2026-06-27T04:01:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Morogoro]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Mashariki]]) ambao [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[bahari Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Morogoro]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Morogoro]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 2wn9gt042dbsvpampw2baoyjcre9146 0 98848 1576872 1030470 2026-06-27T04:05:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Tanga]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Mashariki]]) ambayo [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Tanga]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Tanga]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] bfyaumvilmw1527ogvm6qe14a613pwi 0 100829 1576991 1274252 2026-06-27T11:32:32Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ 1576991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kikapu''' ni [[kifaa]] ambacho kijadi hutumika kubebea [[kitu|vitu]]. Kinatengenezwa kutoka [[nyuzi]] ngumu, ambazo zinaweza kufanywa kutokana na vitu mbalimbali, kama vile [[mianzi]], [[mnyaa|minyaa]], [[Tete|matete]], [[mikonge]] pamoja na vipande vya [[mbao]]. Wakati vikapu vingi vinatengenezwa kutokana na vifaa vya [[mimea]], vifaa vingine kama [[Usinga|singa]] za [[farasi]], [[nyangumi]], au [[Waya|nyaya]] za [[chuma]] vinaweza kutumiwa. Vikapu kwa ujumla hutengenezwa kwa [[mikono]]. Vikapu vingine vinafungwa kwa kifuniko, wengine huachwa wazi. == Picha == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5"> File:Baskets four styles.jpg |Mitindo minne File:Baskets - Danforth Museum - Framingham, MA - DSC00267.JPG|Vikapu [[Danforth Museum]] - [[Framingham]], MA File:Nuu-chah-nulth baskets (UBC2010).jpg|Vikapu vya [[Nuu-chah-nulth]], [[Kanada]]) File:Baskets for sale (2902069972).jpg|Vikapu vikiuzwa kisiwani [[La Réunion]] File:Straw hats and baskets.jpg|Vikapu na vinginevyo vikuzwa [[Luangwa, Zambia|Luangwa]], [[Zambia]]. File:Storage basket, Pomo people, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2013-16-01.JPG|Vikapu vya [[Wapomo]], [[California]] File:Trinket Basket, Makah people, Northwest Washington, late 19th to early 20th century, twined and plaited bear grass, sedge, cedar bark - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01868.JPG |Vikapu vya [[Wamakah]], [[Marekani]] File:Nootka Makah baskets - Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History - DSC06592.JPG|Vikapu vingine vya Wamakah File:Eth1 coffeelady.jpg|[[Mwanamke]] wa [[Ethiopia]] akikusanya [[kahawa]] Image:Seri_olla_basket_1.JPG|Vikpu vya [[Waseri]], [[Mexico]] </gallery> {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Vyombo vya kuwekea vitu]] n4g5sv3m0q5lfbm2nh6zv2v9k8s18l0 0 102237 1576873 1038066 2026-06-27T04:06:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana katika [[kaunti ya Turkana]], [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa la magadi]] linaloitwa [[Turkana (ziwa)|Turkana]] na lililo kubwa kuliko maziwa yote ya Kenya. Ni pia ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Turkana]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] relbs5cgugo4a1wh6jrmthl0zjzxjzw 0 105762 1576875 1045913 2026-06-27T04:09:40Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Kitui]], [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Tana]], ambao ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini, na hatimaye katika [[bahari ya Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kitui]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kitui]] [[Jamii:Mto Tana]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 5kyom3spws85ysbocntmg0zty2juur2 0 120089 1576997 1096045 2026-06-27T11:40:17Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1576997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lanzarote muddycar.jpg|thumb|Matope kwenye gari huitwa uchafu.]] [[Picha:Dusty-dirty PC.jpg|thumb|Vumbi linalokusanyika ndani ya [[kompyuta]] huwa uchafu.]] '''Uchafu''' ni yale yanayosababisha [[kitu]] au [[mtu]] kukosa [[usafi]]. Kwa kawaida ni vitu kama vile [[vumbi]], [[matope]], [[kinyesi]] au mabaki ya [[chakula]]. Kwa [[Kiswahili]] "uchafu" unaweza kumaanisha pia hali ya kukosa usafi wa [[Maadili|kimaadili]] au wa [[Roho|kiroho]]. Kama [[mata]] fulani inatazamwa kuwa "chafu" hutegemea [[wakati]], mahali na [[utamaduni]] wa mtazamaji. Kwa mtazamo huo uchafu ni mata inayopatikana mahali pasipotakiwa na wakati usiotakiwa. Kwa mfano: *[[ardhi]] kwenye [[shamba]] ni [[malighafi]] muhimu yenye [[thamani]], lakini kwenye [[nguo]] ardhi hiyohiyo ni uchafu *mavumbi katika [[mazingira]] makavu ni jambo la kawaida, yaani [[punje]] ndogo za mata thabiti zinazoweza kusukumwa na [[upepo]] na kuelea [[Hewa|hewani]] kwa muda hadi kuteremuka tena. Kama mavumbi yanateremuka na kukaa kwenye nguo, [[nywele]] za watu, [[Dirisha|dirishani]] au kwenye [[gari]] huitwa uchafu *[[rangi]] hununuliwa hata kwa [[bei]] kubwa ili kuipaka kwenye [[vyombo]], [[nyumba]] au [[samani]]. Rangi ileile ikitiririka kwenye [[ngozi]] au kwenye nguo huwa uchafu ==Kujisomea== * {{citation |title=Dirt: a social history as seen through the uses and abuses of dirt |author=Terence McLaughlin |publisher=Stein and Day |year=1971 |isbn=9780812814125}} * {{citation |title=Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness |author=Suellen Hoy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780195111286}} * {{citation |title=Dirt: filth and decay in a new world arcadia |author=Pamela Janet Wood |publisher=Auckland University Press |year=2005 |isbn=9781869403485}} * {{citation |title=Dirt: new geographies of cleanliness and contamination |author=Ben Campkin, Rosie Cox |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2007 |isbn=9781845116729}} * {{citation |title=Dirt: The Filthy Reality of Everyday Life |author=Virginia Smith |publisher=Profile Books Limited |year=2011 |isbn=9781846684791|display-authors=etal}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Usafi]] iapk7md92f8hxk3qot9nafytzy0a7gr 0 120978 1576917 1519260 2026-06-27T08:37:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1576917 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Materuni1.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Maji Materuni.]] [[File:Materuni2.jpg|thumb|Mtalii wa ndani akifurahia Maporomoko ya Maji Materuni.]] '''Maporomoko ya Maji Materuni''' ni moja ya [[maporomoko ya maji]] katika [[Mto Mware]] ([[kata]] ya [[Uru Mashariki]], [[Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]], [[mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanzania]] [[Kaskazini]] [[Mashariki]]). Yanapatikana katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Materuni]] pembezoni mwa [[Hifadhi ya Mlima Kilimanjaro|hifadhi ya mlima]] [[Kilimanjaro (volkeno)]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/materuni-and-kuringe-waterfalls |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-01-31 |archivedate=2020-09-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922104243/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/materuni-and-kuringe-waterfalls }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Maporomoko ya Maji Materuni}} {{mbegu-jio-kilimanjaro}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:1Lib1Ref2020 Tanzania]] ebesks7dkfimdtc045g385on1tuhf26 0 121365 1577008 1101355 2026-06-27T11:55:32Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ 1577008 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Human Heart.png|thumb|Moyo wa binadamu.]] '''Ugonjwa wa moyo''' ni [[maradhi]] yanayoushambulia na kuudhoofisha [[moyo]]. Moyo ni kiungo kinachosukuma [[damu]] katika [[mwili]] wa [[kiumbehai]], hasa [[wanyama]]. [[Damu]] hiyo huwa na vitu kama [[Oksijeni]], [[homoni]], [[seli za damu]] na [[virutubishi]] mbalimbali kutoka katika [[vyakula]] anavyokula. Ugonjwa wa moyo mara nyingi huwapata [[binadamu]] kuliko wanyama wengine. ==Visababishi vya ugonjwa== Ugonjwa wa moyo huweza husababishwa na [[tabia]] au namna mtu anavyoishi, magonjwa mbalimbali pamoja na aina ya [[chakula]] anachokula mtu huyo. Kwa upande wa tabia mtu anaweza kupata ugonjwa wa moyo kupitia unywaji [[pombe]] kupita kiasi, uvutaji wa [[sigara]] na [[uvivu]] wa kufanya [[Mazoezi ya mwili|mazoezi]]. Mazoezi humsaidia mtu awe mwenye [[afya]] kwani mazoezi hudhoofisha viini vya magonjwa mbalimbali vilivyo ndani ya [[mwili]] wa binadamu. Ugonjwa wa moyo pia husababishwa na matatizo katika [[mlo]] wa mtu, hasa katika kuzidisha (kuongeza) viwango vinavyohitajika na mwili. Kuzidisha viwango vya chakula ni kama kula vyakula vyenye [[mafuta]] mengi ambapo mafuta hayo huweza kujaa [[Mwili|mwilini]] hata mpaka kwenye moyo na kusababisha kuziba kwa [[Mishipa ya damu|mshipa wa damu]] hivyo kufanya moyo ushindwe kufanya kazi vizuri. Magonjwa ambayo huweza kuuathiri moyo ni kama ugonjwa wa [[kisukari]] pamoja na [[shinikizo la damu]]. Ugonjwa wa kisukari husababishwa na mwili kushindwa kuongoza kiwango cha [[sukari]] katika [[damu]]. Shinikizo la damu pia huchangia kupelekea kwa ugonjwa wa moyo kwani huasababisha [[Mishipa|mshipa]] mbalimbali ndani ya moyo kuweza kupasuka. ==Tahadhari== Ili kuepukana na ugonjwa wa moyo binadamu anashauriwa kwanza ale mlo kamili, afanye [[mazoezi]] angalau mara moja au mbili kila siku, kujiepusha na unywaji wa pombe na [[kilevi|vilevi]] vingine pamoja na uvutaji wa sigara ambao husababisha hata magonjwa ya [[mapafu]] pia kuepuka kutumia vyakula venye kiasi kikubwa cha mafuta na sukari. Mwanadamu pia anashauriwa apate [[tiba]] iliyo kamili pale anapogundulika kuwa na magonjwa makubwa, hasa kisukari na shinikizo kubwa la damu. Pia inashauria mtu kufanya [[uchunguzi]] (check up) mara kwa mara ili kuweza kujua afya yake inavyoendelea: hii itamsaidia kuyajua na kuyawahi magonjwa kabla hayajawa makubwa. ==Athari== Ugonjwa wa moyo husababisha [[kifo]] kwani moyo ndio kiungo kikuu cha kusukuma damu, hivyo kinaposhindwa kufanya kazi hupelekea mwisho wa [[maisha]] ya kiumbe hai huyo. {{mbegu-tiba}} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Moyo]] onc2fdfujupjb7075k6ysz9rkfu9kvb 0 125592 1576876 1111687 2026-06-27T04:13:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Bururi]]). [[Maji]] yanafikia [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Baadaye, maji yanakwenda kuchangia [[mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[Bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Bururi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Bururi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|G]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] rmmi85jos2vrvfi3jtlhmugw6fj0jzh 0 126080 1576852 1290923 2026-06-26T20:00:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lesbos topo.png|thumb|Lesbo ilivyo.]] [[File:Olympos lesbos.jpg|thumb|Mlima Olympus una [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 967.]] [[File:Agiassos vanaf de Olympos.jpg|thumb|[[kijiji]] cha [[Agiasos]].]] '''Lesbo''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Λέσβος, Lésvos) ni [[kisiwa]] cha [[Ugiriki]] katika [[Bahari ya Aegean]] chenye eneo la [[Km²]] 1,633. Kina wakazi 86,436 ([[2011]]) wanaotegemea zaidi [[uvuvi]] na [[utalii]]. [[Makao makuu]] yako [[Mutilene]]. [[Mwaka]] [[58]] [[Mtume Paulo]], katika safari yake ya tatu ya kimisionari, aliabiri kutoka huko hadi [[Samos]] akielekea [[Yerusalemu]]<ref>[[Mdo]] 20:14 And when he met us at Assos, we took him on board and came to Mitylene. 15 We sailed from there, and the next day came opposite Chios. The following day we arrived at Samos and stayed at Trogyllium. The next day we came to Miletus. 16 For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus, so that he would not have to spend time in Asia; for he was hurrying to be at Jerusalem, if possible, on the Day of Pentecost.</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Lesbos}} * {{Official website|http://www.lesvos.gr/}} * [https://www.lesvosnews.gr/ Lesvos News] * {{cite web |url= http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/map/emap.jsp |work= Maps |publisher= Hellenic Ministry of Culture |title= Prefecture of Lesvos |url-status= live |archive-date= Apr 8, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070408170650/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/maps/aigaio/lesvos/lesvos.html |accessdate= 2020-05-11 |archivedate= 2007-04-08 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070408170650/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/maps/aigaio/lesvos/lesvos.html }} * [http://www.lesvosgreece.gr/en Guide of Lesbos Island] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lesvosgreece.gr/en |date=20200128080115 }} * [http://www.emprosnet.gr News of Mytilene and Lesvos Island] * {{cite web |url= http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Watch_2008_site_descriptions_0.pdf |format= pdf |date= 2008 |title= World's Monuments Watch List |publisher= World Monuments Fund (WMF) |url-status= usurped |archive-date= Mar 20, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130320161546/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Watch_2008_site_descriptions_0.pdf |accessdate= 2020-05-11 |archivedate= 2013-03-20 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130320161546/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Watch_2008_site_descriptions_0.pdf }} {{safari za Mtume Paulo}} {{mbegu-jio-Ugiriki}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Mediteranea]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Ugiriki]] [[Category:Maeneo ya Biblia]] [[Category:Mtume Paulo]] 6opxmkwak0dfvmwtvgbtdsf9r2t0xr9 0 130238 1576747 1514186 2026-06-26T12:44:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hombolo Bwawani''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Dodoma mjini]] katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]] nchini [[Tanzania]] yenye [[Misimbo ya posta Tanzania|msimbo wa posta]] 41204<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tcra.go.tz/document/All%20Postcodes%20List |title=Postcode List Dodoma |accessdate=2020-09-28 |archivedate=2020-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927230623/https://tcra.go.tz/document/All%20Postcodes%20List }}</ref>. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 20,033 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2015, idadi ya wakazi ilikadiriwa kuwa 14,748<ref>[https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/majimbo/MAJIMBOApril_Kisw.pdf Makadirio ya Idadi ya Watu katika Majimbo ya Uchaguzi kwa Mwaka 2016, Tanzania Bara], tovuti ya TBS, iliangaliwa Septemba 2020</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Bwawa la Hombolo]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Dodoma mjini}} {{mbegu-jio-dodoma}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Dodoma Mjini]] [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Dodoma]] 28g0fj7h6wi2dbtiohamtm67ytakw5k 0 134682 1576848 1493389 2026-06-26T19:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Lauren Beukes |picha = Lauren_Beukes,_dConstruct_2012_-_2_cropped.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[5 Juni]][[1976]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Afrika Kusini]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = [[mwandishi]] |nchi = }} '''Lauren Beukes''' (alizaliwa [[5 Juni]] [[1976]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]], mwandishi wa hadithi fupi, [[mwandishi wa habari]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[runinga]] kutokea nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Beukes kwa sasa anaishi [[Cape Town]]. == Maisha yake ya mwanzo== Lauren Beukes alikulia [[Johannesburg]], nchini [[Afrika]] Kusini. Alihudhuria Shule ya Roedean Afrika Kusini huko Johannesburg na ana [[Uzamili|Shahada ya Udhamili]] wa [[Sanaa]] katika Uandishi na Ubunifu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Cape Town. Alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari wa kujitegemea kwa miaka kumi, pamoja na miaka miwili huko [[Jiji la New York|New York]] na [[Chicago]]. == Kazi zake== == Vitabu == Pia ni mwandishi wa riwaya ya ''The Shining Girls'', hadithi inayomhusu muuaji wa mfululizo anayesafiri kupitia wakati pamoja na mmoja wa manusura wake anayemfuatilia. Riwaya hiyo ilichapishwa tarehe 15 Aprili 2013 na chapa ya Umuzi ya Random House Struik nchini Afrika Kusini, na tarehe 25 Aprili 2013 na HarperCollins nchini Uingereza. HarperCollins ilipata haki za kimataifa za kuchapisha kitabu hicho baada ya ushindani mkali wa zabuni kati ya wachapishaji kadhaa.<ref name="Mail & Guardian"> { {taja wavuti | mwisho1 = Frenkel | kwanza1 = Ronit | mwisho2 = MacKenzie | kwanza2 = Craig | url = http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-05-sparkle-and-flair-from-uj-<nowiki> waandishi wa tuzo | title = Sparkle and flair kutoka kwa washindi wa Tuzo ya UJ | kazi = Mail & Guardian | tarehe = 6 Juni 2014 | kumbukumbu-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20140608063542/https: //mg.co.za/article/2014-06-05-sparkle-and-flair-from-uj-prize-writers/ | archive-date = 2014-06-08}} </nowiki></ref><ref name="Gulli"> {{cite web|mwisho=Gulli|kwanza=Andrew|url=http: / /www.prweb.com/releases/2014/07/prweb12011263.htm|title=Lauren Beukes Atwaa Tuzo ya Wakosoaji wa Strand kwa Riwaya Bora, RL Stine na Peter Lovesey Wameheshimiwa|kazi=PRWeb|mchapishaji=Cision|tarehe=11 Julai 2014|accessdate=14 Julai 2014}} </ref><ref name="RT Book Reviews">{{cite web|url=http://www.rtbookreviews.com/rt-awards/ wateule-na-washindi|title=Tuzo ya RT Wateule & Washindi|kazi=Mapitio ya Vitabu vya RT|tarehe=2013|tarehe ya kufikia=14 Julai 2014|jalada-url=https: //web.archive.org/web/20131115014455/http: //www.rtbookreviews.com/rt-awards/nominees- na washindi|kumbukumbu-tarehe=2013-11-15|accessdate=2021-04-17|archivedate=2019-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125065929/http://www.rtbookreviews.com/rt-awards}}</ref><ref name="Bookslive"> {{cite web|author=Carolyn|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2013/10/29/lauren-beukes-the- shining-girls-receives-exclusive-books-book-of-the-year-reader%E2%80% 99-chaguo-la-tuzo|title=Lauren Beukes 'Wasichana Wanaoangaza Wanapokea Kitabu Cha kipekee Cha Mwaka: Tuzo ya Chaguo la Msomaji.|work=BooksLive|tarehe=29 Oktoba 2013|accessdate=14 Julai 2014}} </ref> ''The Shining Girls'' ilishinda Tuzo ya Jarida la Strand kwa Riwaya Bora ya Wakosoaji, Tuzo ya RT ya Thriller ya Mwaka, Tuzo ya Chaguo la Wasomaji ya Exclusive Books, pamoja na Tuzo ya Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg, mojawapo ya tuzo maarufu za fasihi nchini Afrika Kusini. Haki za runinga za riwaya hiyo zilinunuliwa na Media Rights Capital (MRC) pamoja na kampuni ya Appian Way inayohusishwa na Leonardo DiCaprio. Riwaya yake ya awali, ''Zoo City'', ni hadithi ya kusisimua inayochanganya uhalifu, uchawi, tasnia ya muziki, wakimbizi na ukombozi, ikiwa imewekwa katika taswira ya kubuni ya jiji la Johannesburg. Riwaya hiyo ilishinda Tuzo ya Arthur C. Clarke mwaka 2011 na Tuzo ya Kitschies (Red Tentacle) mwaka 2010 kwa riwaya bora. Pia iliteuliwa kuwania tuzo kadhaa, zikiwemo Tuzo ya BSFA ya riwaya bora, Tuzo ya Ndoto ya Dunia (World Fantasy Award), Tuzo ya Uandishi wa Ubunifu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg, Tuzo za Fasihi za M-Net, Tuzo ya Chaguo la Wauzaji wa Vitabu ya Nielsen, Tuzo ya Fiction ya Sunday Times, na Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Fasihi ya Dublin. Picha ya jalada la ''Zoo City'' ilishinda Tuzo ya BSFA mwaka 2010 kwa sanaa bora. Riwaya hiyo pia iliteuliwa kuwania Grand Prix de l’Imaginaire nchini Ufaransa kwa riwaya bora ya kigeni, tafsiri bora (iliyofanywa na Laurent Philibert-Caillat) na jalada bora lililobuniwa na Joey Hi-Fi. Haki za filamu za ''Zoo City'' zilichaguliwa na mtayarishaji wa Afrika Kusini, Helena Spring.<ref> {{cite web | url = http: //www.locusmag.com/Roundtable/2011/04/bsfa-awards | title = Tuzo za BSFA | kazi = Locus (magazine) | Locus | tarehe = 24 Aprili 2011 | tarehe ya kufikia = 6 Februari 2013}} </ref><ref name="WWE-Clarke"> {{cite web | url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_clarke_index.asp | title = Arthur C. Clarke Award Winners & Nominees | work = Worlds Without End | accessdate = 28 Aprili 2011}} </ref><ref> {{taja taarifa kwa waandishi wa habari | url = http: / /www.nielsenbookdata.co.uk/press.php?release_id=67 | title = Nielsen Atangaza orodha fupi ya Tuzo ya Wauzaji wa Vitabu 2011 | mchapishaji = Nielsen BookScan | tarehe = 5 Julai 2011 | archive-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20110718202233/http://www.nielsenbookdata.co.uk/press.php?release_id=67|archive-date=2011-07-18}} </ref><ref> {{cite web | url = http: // www.locusmag.com/News/2011/07/mtoto-wa-dunia washindi wa washindi-na-maisha-mafanikio-washindi | jina = Wateule wa Dhana Duniani na Washindi wa Mafanikio ya Maisha | kazi = Locus | tarehe = 28 Julai 2011 | tarehe ya kufikia = 6 Februari 2013}} </ref>''<ref name="Mwandishi wa Hollywood"> {{cite web | mwisho1 = Kit | kwanza1 = Borys | mwisho2 = Lewis | kwanza2 = Andy | url = http: // www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/hot-book-shining-girls-acquired-561252 | title = Kitabu Moto 'Wasichana Wanaoangaza' Waliopatikana na MRC, Njia ya Appian ya DiCaprio (Exclusive) | kazi = Mwandishi wa Hollywood | tarehe = 31 Mei 2013 | tarehe ya kufikia = 21 Julai 2013}} </ref>'' == Filamu na runinga == Kama mwandishi mkuu wa Clockwork Zoo, alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya maendeleo ambayo iliunda kipindi cha kwanza cha Runinga cha Afrika Kusini cha nusu saa, '' URBO: The Adventures of Pax Afrika ''. Aliandika pia vipindi 12 vya kipindi cha Disney Junior (Televisheni ya Briteni ya Uingereza). Alielekeza hati-marefu ya Miss Gay Western Cape inayoitwa "Glitterboys & Ganglands" , Filamu imeonyeshwa kwenye sherehe tofauti tofauti ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Atlanta, Mkutano wa Mkutano Afrika Kusini | Mikutano, <ref>{{cite web | url = https://mg.co.za/article/ | title = Ni nini nyuma ya sashaying kwa sash | kazi = Mail & Guardian | tarehe = 10 Juni 2011 | tarehe ya kufikia = 6 Februari 2013 | kwanza = Nechama | mwisho = Brodie | accessdate = 2021-04-17 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220858/http://mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/&articleid=326267 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Out In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival | Out in Africa na alishinda filamu bora ya LGBT katika San Diego Black Film Festival. <ref> {{taja wavuti | url = http: //www.iol.co.za/cap times/city-documentary-glitters-at-film-festival-1.1236604 | title = Miradi ya miji ya jiji kwenye tamasha la filamu - Cape Times | mchapishaji = Independent Online ( Afrika Kusini) | Huru Mtandaoni | kazi = Cape Times | tarehe = 17 Februari 2012 | tarehe ya kufikia = 6 Februari 2013 | kwanza = Avery | mwisho = Seremala}} </ref> Alikuwa pia mmoja wa waandishi, pamoja na Ben Trovato na Tumiso Tsukudu kwenye rubani wa utata wa "ZA News", "Kutema mate Picha" - onyesho la mtindo wa kejeli na vibaraka kulingana na kazi ya Kusini Mchora katuni wa Afrika, Zapiro. Rubani aliagizwa na SABC lakini hakutangaza kamwe. <ref> {{cite web | url = http: //www.mg.co.za/article/2009-05-27-the-show-sabc-wouldnt-let -unaona | jina = Onyesho ambalo SABC haikuruhusu uone | kwanza = Mathayo | mwisho = Burbidge | kazi = Barua na Mlezi | tarehe = 27 Mei 2009 | archive-url = https: //web.archive. org / web / 20090530103156 / http: //www.mg.co.za/article/2009-05-27-theshow-sabc-wouldnt-let-you-see | tarehe ya kumbukumbu = 2009-05-30} } </ref> Riwaya yake, "The Shining Girls", inabadilishwa kuwa safu ya runinga na MRC (kampuni) | MRC na Appian Way Productions. <ref> {{cite news | title = Lauren Beukes riwaya inayokuja kwenye TV | url = http: //www.channel24.co.za/News/International/Lauren-Beukes-novel-coming-to-TV-20130601 | accessdate = 1 Juni 2013 | mchapishaji = Channel24 | tarehe = 1 Juni 2013}} </ref> == Uandishi wa habari == Kama mwandishi wa habari, nakala zake zimechapishwa katika majarida tofauti ya ndani na ya kimataifa pamoja na '' The Hollywood Reporter '', '' Nature Medicine '' na '' Rangi (jarida) | Rangi '' na vile vile '' Mtindo wa Maisha wa Sunday Times '', '' Marie Claire '', '' Elle (magazine) | Elle '', "Cosmopolitan (magazine) | Cosmopolitan '' na '' SL Magazine ''. Alishinda "Columnist Best Western Cape" katika Tuzo za Mwandishi wa Habari wa Vodacom mnamo 2007 na 2008. == Vichekesho == Beukes alimtengenezea uandishi wa vichekesho na "All The Pretty Ponies" in Vertigo (DC Comics) | Vertigo 's' Ajabu Adventures # Ajabu Adventures (2011 Vertigo risasi-moja) | Adventures ya Ajabu '' risasi moja [vichekesho] | risasi moja. <ref> {{taja wavuti | url = http: //www.bleedingcool.com/2011/04/24/lauren-beukes-joins-vertigos-strange -adventures / | title = Lauren Beukes Ajiunga na Adventures ya Ajabu ya Vertigo | tovuti = Kutokwa na damu baridi | tarehe = 24 Aprili 2011 | tarehe ya kufikia = 6 Februari 2013 | kwanza = Tajiri | mwisho = Johnston | authorlink = Rich Johnston}} </Ref> Pia aliandika "Ufalme uliofichwa", safu ya '' Fairest (vichekesho) | Fairest '' (maswala # 8-13), kutolewa kwa Bill Willingham [Tuzo ya Eisner - kushinda "" Ngano (vichekesho) | Ngano, "mfululizo, <ref>{{cite web | url = http: //www.comicbookresource.com/? Page = article & id = 36476 | title = Willingham anachukua "Fairest" kwa "Ngano" Spinoff | tovuti = Comic Book Resources | tarehe = 20 Januari 2012 | kwanza = Josie | mwisho = Campbell | tarehe ya kufikia = 6 Februari 2013 | accessdate = 2021-04-24 | archivedate = 2021-01-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210115182009/http://www.comicbookresource.com/ }}</ref> na a Durham Nyekundu 's hadithi ya "([2000 AD (vichekesho) | 2000 BK]] '' s toleo maalum la maadhimisho ya miaka 40. ==Kazi zake== * ''Detained at Her Majesty's pleasure: the journal of Peter David Hadden'', 1986 * ''The Strollers'', 1987. Winner of the Percy FitzPatrick Award, 1986-1988, Winner of the Young African Award, 1987-1988 * ''A Cageful of Butterflies'', 1989. Winner of the Percy FitzPatrick Award, 1988-9. Winner of the M-Net Book Prize, 1991. * ''Rainbow'', 1989 * ''Traveller'', 1989 * ''Merino'', 1989 * ''Serena's Story'', 1990 * ''Tjojo and the wild horses'', 1990 * ''Song of Be'', 1991 * ''Bau and the baobab tree'', 1992 * ''Mandi's wheels'', 1992 * ''The Race'', 1992 * ''Café Thunderball'', 1993 * ''One dark, dark night'', 1993 * ''Jakey'', 1997 * ''An Introduction to Africa'', 2000 * ''Home Now'', 2006 * ''Remembering Green'', 2009 ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] h9u0xsdf6wtn5yzex0yz7n90p0b89qe 0 135703 1576838 1426629 2026-06-26T17:42:27Z EmmyTsd 68054 Nimeweka Picha 1576838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abigail Dillen por Rachel Teixeira.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Abigail Dillen]] '''Abigail Dillen''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[mazingira]] na mtendaji katika [[shirika]] la [[haki]] za mazingira ''Earthjustice''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Using litigation and the courts to protect human health and our planet (interview with Abbie Dillen of Earthjustice)|url=https://greendreamer.com/podcast/abigail-dillen-earthjustice|access-date=2020-12-24|website=GREEN DREAMER|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=| date = |title=The Environmental Effects of Social Distancing w/ Abigail Dillen|url=https://www.welcometomannys.com/e/the-environmental-effects-of-social-distancing-w-abigail-dillen-100501370304/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Manny's|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2020-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930210748/https://www.welcometomannys.com/e/the-environmental-effects-of-social-distancing-w-abigail-dillen-100501370304/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = How Much Does the President Matter for the Climate? {{!}} How to Save a Planet|url=https://gimletmedia.com:443/shows/howtosaveaplanet/dvhlrgv|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Gimlet|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2020-04-30| title = Trump Administration Rolls Back Environmental Rules During COVID-19|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/trump-administration-rolls-back-environmental-rules-during-covid-19/33cbc362-be04-4e46-95cb-9b3a6fdeb33d|access-date=2020-12-24|website=WBEZ Chicago|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = New Earthjustice Prez's Game Plan: Fight Feds, Coax States - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1057910/new-earthjustice-prez-s-game-plan-fight-feds-coax-states|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Kazi]] yake imeitwa ''precedent setting'' na mashirika mengi ya [[hali ya hewa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Green Dreamer: Sustainability and Regeneration From Ideas to Life: 143) Using litigation and the courts to protect human health and our planet with Earthjustice's Abbie Dillen on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/is/podcast/143-using-litigation-courts-to-protect-human-health/id1382371884?i=1000440568392|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="rachelsnetwork.org">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Earthjustice President Abigail Dillen Joins Rachel's Network as Liaison {{!}} Rachel's Network|url=https://rachelsnetwork.org/abigaildillen/|access-date=2020-12-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Magazine|first=E.-The Environmental| date = 2018-06-14| title = Earthjustice Names Abigail Dillen as New President|url=https://emagazine.com/earthjustice-names-abigail-dillen-as-new-president/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Emagazine.com|language=en-US}}</ref>. Hii ni pamoja na, kwa mfano, kutetea ''roadless rule''. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Turner|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PG3aRFgQ3Z0C&q=Abigail+Dillen+-site%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fearthjustice.org%2F&pg=PR14| title = Roadless Rules: The Struggle for the Last Wild Forests| date = 2010-04-14|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-797-7|location=|pages=xiv|language=en}}</ref> Aliwasilishwa kama ''2020 changemaker'' na Marie Claire.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=The Editors| date = 2020-04-13| title = The Women Fighting to Save the World|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/career-advice/a31097928/female-environmentalists-2020/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Marie Claire|language=en-US}}</ref> Dillen ana [[shahada]] ya [[Ph.D.|udaktari]] ([[sheria]]) kutoka ''UC Berkeley School of Law'' na alijiunga na ''Earthjustice'' mnamo [[2000]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2017-07-07| title = Litigator, Mother and Climate Champion: Abbie Dillen Is a Name You Should Know|url=https://earthjustice.org/blog/2017-july/litigator-mother-and-climate-champion-abbie-dillen-is-a-name-you-should-know|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Earthjustice|language=en}}</ref> Aliongoza [[programu]] zote za [[nishati]] safi na [[makaa ya mawe]] katika ''Earthjustice''.<ref name="rachelsnetwork.org"/><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2018-10-22| title = Insider Briefing: Meet Abigail Dillen|url=https://earthjustice.org/features/insider-briefing-meet-abigail-dillen|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Earthjustice|language=en|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417005612/https://earthjustice.org/features/insider-briefing-meet-abigail-dillen}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=McKibben|first=Bill| title = There's Nothing Sacred about Nine Justices; a Livable Planet, on the Other Hand . . .|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/theres-nothing-sacred-about-nine-justices-a-livable-planet-on-the-other-hand|access-date=2020-12-24|website=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref> Alikuwa mtendaji mkuu mnamo [[2018]] akichukua nafasi ya Trip Van Noppen. <ref name="eenews.net">{{Rejea tovuti| title = OFF TOPIC: Earthjustice chief: 'Basic norms are getting blown up'|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060086185|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.eenews.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Dillen alikuwa mchangiaji katika mkusanyiko ''All We Can Save''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Contributors|url=https://www.allwecansave.earth/contributors|access-date=2020-12-24|website=All We Can Save|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207191928/https://www.allwecansave.earth/contributors|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last1=Neidl|first1=Phoebe| date = 2020-09-21| title = Why 'All We Can Save' Will Make You Feel Hopeful About the Climate Crisis|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/all-we-can-save-book-climate-ayana-johnson-katharine-wilkinson-1062310/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> Amechapisha pia maoni kwa ''USA Today'',<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Dillen|first=Abigail| title = States can lead the way on climate change policy as Trump rolls back protections|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/10/12/states-key-fighting-climate-change-column/1593176002/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Huffington Post'', ''The Hill'', ''EcoWatch'' na vyanzo vingine vya [[habari]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Abigail Dillen {{!}} USA Today, The Huffington Post, The Hill Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack|url=https://muckrack.com/abigail-dillen-1|access-date=2020-12-24|website=muckrack.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Dillen alikulia [[New Mexico]].<ref name=":1" /> Ameolewa na [[msanifu majengo]] Jasmit Rangr,<ref name="eenews.net"/><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Viladas|first=Pilar| date = 2019-03-07| title = Steady as She Glows (Published 2019)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/07/style/jasmit-singh-rangr-berkeley.html|access-date=2020-12-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> na ana [[mtoto]] wa [[mwanaume|kiume]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 2z48r0askatm091n4rmu98veflprbbe 0 140765 1576853 1305863 2026-06-26T21:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Joseph "Lucky" Isibor''' ([[1 Januari]] [[1977]] – [[24 Juni]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mcheza mpira wa [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igang3.ch/dbfcz/spieler.php?spieler_id=2295 |title=dbFCZ {{!}} Lucky Isibor |accessdate=2021-08-08 |archive-date=2011-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831170230/http://www.igang3.ch/dbfcz/spieler.php?spieler_id=2295 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Fani== Anthony alikuwa akicheza mpira katika timu ya Concord FC ya nchini Nigeria,mwaka [[1995]] alihamia nchini [[Switzerland]] na kuingia mkataba wa kuichezea timu ya [[AC Bellinzona]], kati ya mwaka [[1996]] na [[1998]] aliichezea timu ya [[FC Koper]]<ref>[http://www.prvaliga.si/klubi/mostvo/igralec.asp?idi=35858&id=1&all=1 Stats from Slovenia] at PrvaLiga.</ref> na timu ya [[Enosis Neon Paralimni FC]] kabla ya kuingia mkataba na timu ya [[A.C. Reggiana 1919]] ya nchini [[Italia]]; baadae alihamia nchi ya [[Urusi]] na kuchezea timu ya FC Dynamo Moscow ambayo ilikuwa ikishiriki ligi kuu mwaka [[1998]].<ref name=career>{{FootballFacts.ru}}</ref> , baada ya hapo alienda nchini [[Korea Kusini]] na kuchezea timu ya Suwon Samsung Bluewings, timu ya [[FC Zürich]] ilikataa kuendelea na mkataba wake baada ya kugundua Anthony ni muathitika wa virusi vya [[Ukimwi]] lakini baadae [[mahakama]] iliilazimisha timu hiyo kulipa kiasi cha fedha za Kiswizi 31500 kwa madai kwamba Ukimwi haukuwa sababu ya wao kusitisha mkataba na Anthoni Joseph. ==Kifo== Anthony alifariki tarehe 24 Juni 2013 katika jiji la [[Lagos]] baada ya kuumwa kwa muda mrefu .<ref>[http://www.punchng.com/sports/ex-junior-international-isibor-to-be-buried-on-friday/ Punch: Ex-junior international, Isibor, to be buried on Friday] https://web.archive.org/web/20131111100014/http://www.punchng.com/sports/ex-junior-international-isibor-to-be-buried-on-friday/ |date=2013-11-11 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] 9ulnsncwtdinqzbjntemhmid78itadb 1576856 1576853 2026-06-26T21:27:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Joseph "Lucky" Isibor''' ([[1 Januari]] [[1977]] – [[24 Juni]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mcheza mpira wa [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.igang3.ch/dbfcz/spieler.php?spieler_id=2295 |title=dbFCZ {{!}} Lucky Isibor |accessdate=2021-08-08 |archive-date=2011-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831170230/http://www.igang3.ch/dbfcz/spieler.php?spieler_id=2295 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Fani== Anthony alikuwa akicheza mpira katika timu ya Concord FC ya nchini Nigeria,mwaka [[1995]] alihamia nchini [[Switzerland]] na kuingia mkataba wa kuichezea timu ya [[AC Bellinzona]], kati ya mwaka [[1996]] na [[1998]] aliichezea timu ya [[FC Koper]]<ref>[http://www.prvaliga.si/klubi/mostvo/igralec.asp?idi=35858&id=1&all=1 Stats from Slovenia] at PrvaLiga.</ref> na timu ya [[Enosis Neon Paralimni FC]] kabla ya kuingia mkataba na timu ya [[A.C. Reggiana 1919]] ya nchini [[Italia]]; baadae alihamia nchi ya [[Urusi]] na kuchezea timu ya FC Dynamo Moscow ambayo ilikuwa ikishiriki ligi kuu mwaka [[1998]].<ref name=career>{{FootballFacts.ru}}</ref> , baada ya hapo alienda nchini [[Korea Kusini]] na kuchezea timu ya Suwon Samsung Bluewings, timu ya [[FC Zürich]] ilikataa kuendelea na mkataba wake baada ya kugundua Anthony ni muathitika wa virusi vya [[Ukimwi]] lakini baadae [[mahakama]] iliilazimisha timu hiyo kulipa kiasi cha fedha za Kiswizi 31500 kwa madai kwamba Ukimwi haukuwa sababu ya wao kusitisha mkataba na Anthoni Joseph. ==Kifo== Anthony alifariki tarehe 24 Juni 2013 katika jiji la [[Lagos]] baada ya kuumwa kwa muda mrefu .<ref>[http://www.punchng.com/sports/ex-junior-international-isibor-to-be-buried-on-friday/ Punch: Ex-junior international, Isibor, to be buried on Friday] https://web.archive.org/web/20131111100014/http://www.punchng.com/sports/ex-junior-international-isibor-to-be-buried-on-friday/ |date=2013-11-11 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] 02vf6qbofr2r0k9agr71tk5n81qts43 0 142110 1576868 1190895 2026-06-27T04:02:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kijiji]] cha [[Kenya]] katika [[kaunti ya Baringo]]<ref>https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Baringo]] 81pu1iht5yxhw9074jnztze6fc7k8ag 0 151238 1576857 1571022 2026-06-26T22:41:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manispaa ya Mtaa ya Mantsopa''' ni manispaa ya mtaa katika Wilaya ya Thabo Mofutsanyana katika [[Dola Huru|Jimbo Huru]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] . == Asili ya jina == Nabii Mantsopa Makhetha <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nationalmuseumpublications.co.za/mantsopa-makhetha/|title=Mantsopa Makhetha|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=2022-05-31|archive-date=2022-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220195042/https://nationalmuseumpublications.co.za/mantsopa-makhetha/|url-status=dead}}</ref> alikuwa dadake Mfalme [[Moshweshwe I|Moshoeshoe]] ambaye alimfukuza kutoka kwa Ufalme aliposhuku kwamba mamlaka yake yalikuwa makubwa kuliko yake. Alipofika Modderpoort hakukuwa na nyumba na alikaa kwenye pango. Mnamo mwaka wa 1886 kikundi cha wanaume walioitwa The Brotherhood of St Augustine walifika Modderpoort, na Mantsopa akawaweka katika pango lake. Wamisionari waliamua kubaki na wakageuza pango kuwa kanisa. Baadaye Mantsopa alijiunga na kanisa hilo na kubatizwa na kupewa jina la Anna. Kaburi la Mantsopa linaendelea kutembelewa na sadaka bado zimewekwa juu yake au karibu nayo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.salanguages.com/munnames.htm |title=South African Languages - Place names |accessdate=2022-05-31 |archive-date=2008-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101133146/http://www.salanguages.com/munnames.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] mblwc2qi952ayv4pnpolfedg7h81pvp 0 152765 1577013 1231990 2026-06-27T11:58:03Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Nafasi iliungana 1577013 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muungano na Mungu''' kwa njia ya [[Yesu]] ni lengo kuu la [[binadamu]] wote kadiri ya [[Ukristo]] na unatarajiwa kukamilika katika [[uzima wa milele]], lakini unatakiwa kuanza katika [[maisha]] yao [[Dunia|duniani]] kwa [[imani]], [[sakramenti]] na utekelezaji wa [[maadili]] mema <ref>[[Injili ya Yohane|Yoh]] 14:20; Yoh 15:4-5, 20; [[Waraka kwa Waroma|Rom]] 6:5; [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wakorintho|1Kor]] 6:17; [[Waraka wa pili kwa Wakorintho|2Kor]] 5:17; 2Kor 13:5; [[Waraka kwa Wagalatia|Gal]] 2:20; [[Waraka kwa Waefeso|Ef]] 1:23; Ef 3:17; Ef 4:16; Ef 5:29-30; [[Waraka kwa Wakolosai|Kol]] 2:6; [[Waraka wa kwanza wa Yohane|1Yoh]] 3:9-10; 1Yoh 4:13-15</ref>. Walimu wa kiroho wameonyesha kwamba muungano huo unazidi kufikiwa katika [[sala ya kumiminiwa]]. Waliyoyasema si ya juu mno kwa mtu anayefuata njia ya [[unyenyekevu]] na kujikana, akizidi kuelewa kwamba Mungu “amewaangusha wakuu katika viti vyao vya enzi; na wanyonge amewakweza” ([[Injili ya Luka|Lk]] 1:52). Si ya juu mno kwa mtu anayeamini kwamba katika [[ubatizo]] amepokea mbegu ya uzima wa milele, na anayetambua haja ya kuzidi kusadiki [[thamani]] isiyo na mipaka ya [[ekaristi]]. Muhimu ni kupokea toka kwa Mungu yale yote anayotaka kutupatia kwa [[huruma]] [[Huruma ya Mungu|yake isiyo na mipaka]] ili kutuvuta kwake na kutushirikisha milele [[uzima]] wake wa ndani na [[heri]] yake isiyo na mwisho. Mtu akiwa mwaminifu – si tu katika kutimiza kwa makini [[wajibu]] wowote wa kila [[siku]], bali pia katika kusikiliza minong’ono ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]] anayezidi kudai kadiri anavyofadhili – basi kwa kawaida anainuliwa hadi “muungano sahili”. Hapo [[kazi]] ya Mungu inakuwa na [[nguvu]] za kutosha ivute vipawa vya [[roho]] ambayo kazi yake yote inakuja kumuelekea yeye badala ya kupotea nje. Si [[utashi]] tu unatawaliwa naye (kama katika [[sala ya utulivu]]), bali pia [[akili]] na [[kumbukumbu]], hata mtu ni kama ana hakika ya uwemo wa Mungu. [[Ubunifu]] hautikisiki tena, bali unatulia; pengine ni kama umesinzia ili kuacha akili na utashi viungane na Mungu. Hapo [[neema]] ya pekee ya Roho Mtakatifu ni kama [[maji]] yanayotiririka [[bustani|bustanini]] toka [[mto|mtoni]], kwa kutumia mfano wa [[Teresa wa Yesu]]. Inatokea pia kwamba [[utendaji]] wote wa roho uende upande wake wa juu, hata kuna kusimamishwa kwa [[muda]] kwa [[hisi]] za nje, yaani mwanzo wa [[kutoka nje ya nafsi]] kama si kutoka kwenyewe. Ikiwa pengine [[mtaalamu]] aliyezamia somo lake hasikii anachoambiwa, zaidi tena itamtokea mtu aliyevutiwa na Mungu. Hapo anapokea maji hai ambayo yanaburudisha na kutakasa kama [[mvua]] toka mbinguni, kwa kutumia mfano mwingine wa Teresa wa Yesu, aliyesema, “Mungu hamuachii kutoa mchango mwingine isipokuwa ule wa utashi uliotawaliwa kabisa… Jinsi ilivyo nzuri hali inayompata kisha kuzama katika ukuu wa Mungu na kuungana kabisa naye, ingawa kwa muda mfupi, kwa sababu nionavyo mimi muungano huo haufikii kamwe nusu saa!” Teresa anasema pia hiyo sala ya muungano mara nyingi si kamili, yaani ubunifu na kumbukumbu havisimamishwi, bali vinavipiga [[vita]] akili na utashi: “Kwa muungano tunaouzungumzia hapa, je, ni lazima vipawa hivyo visimamishwe? Hapana. Bwana anaweza kuwatajirisha watu kwa njia mbalimbali na kuwafikishia makao hayo bila kuwapitisha njia ya mkato niliyoielekeza”, yaani [[utamu]] wa kutokuwa na mitawanyiko ya mawazo, wa kutochoka na wa kusikia nderemo kwa wingi. Matokeo ya sala ya muungano ni mtu kubadilika kama [[mdudu]] anapokuwa [[kipepeo]]. Anasikia [[majuto]] makubwa kwa makosa yake; anapata [[ari]] motomoto ya kumtumikia Mungu na kumtangaza ili apendwe; anaumia kuona wakosefu wakipotea;anahisi [[Msalaba wa Yesu|mateso]] ya [[Bwana]] yalivyokuwa. Hapo anaanza kutimiza maadili [[shujaa|kishujaa]], hasa kutii kikamilifu [[Mapenzi ya Mungu|matakwa ya Mungu]] na kumpenda jirani. Pengine [[Mfiadini|wafiadini]] walijaliwa [[sala]] hiyo katikati ya mateso yao. [[Sala ya utulivu]] mtamu na ya muungano sahili zinapatikana kati ya [[matakaso ya Kimungu]] ya hisi na roho. Maana kwa kawaida kuna kipindi cha amani katika ya hayo mawili, yaani [[usiku wa hisi]] (mwanzo wa makao ya nne) na [[usiku wa roho]] (makao ya sita) unaoingiza katika muungano mkavu na muungano wa kutoka nje ya nafsi hadi kufikia muungano unaotugeuza. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:teolojia]] [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] [[Jamii:sala]] obj8vf7i6pkb8x1fdl2bbgq6up3ognx 0 157827 1576782 1518197 2026-06-26T13:30:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Limpopo Pride''' ni timu ya kimataifa ya [[Mpira wa Kikapu Afrika Kusini|mpira wa kikapu]] ya nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] inayopatikana katika mji wa [[Limpopo]]. Timu ilishiriki katika mashindano ya [[Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Kikapu]].<ref>http://mybasketball.co.za/2014/09/the-moguls-insight-bnl-season-2014/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Timu za NBA]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Limpopo]] t8pwj5fue46i4e6pwep963g78o59vnw 0 158084 1576888 1441716 2026-06-27T06:55:24Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Allan Dokossi 13 Paris Basketball Euroleague 20251001 (1).jpg|thumb|Allan Dokossi]]{{Maelezo mafupi|Mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu wa Ufaransa mwenye asili ya jamuhuri ya Afrika ya kati}}{| class="wikitable" style="width:350px; float:right; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; border-collapse:collapse;" |+ '''Allan Julien Dokossi''' |- ! Nafasi | Ailier / Ailier fort (Small Forward / Power Forward) |- ! Ligi | LNB Pro A (Paris Basketball), EuroLeague (2025–26) |- ! Tarehe ya kuzaliwa | 14 Desemba 1999 (miaka 25 hivi sasa) |- ! Mahali alikozaliwa | Paris, Ufaransa |- ! Utaifa | {{flagicon|France}} Mfaransa · {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} Mjamani wa Afrika ya Kati |- ! Urefu | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) |- ! Uzito | 97 kg (213 lb) |- ! Elimu ya klabu (tangu kuanza taaluma) | Fos Provence Basket (2018–2023) · JDA Dijon (2023–2025) · Paris Basketball (2025–) |- ! Palmarès | Ushindi wa Kombe la Ufaransa 2024 · Mshindi wa Concours de Dunks LNB 2023 |} '''Allan Julien Dokossi''' (kuzaliwa 14 oktoba 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa <u>Uf</u>aransa mwenye asili ya jamuhuri ya Afrika ya kati pia ni mchezaji wa timu ya [[Fos Provence Basket]] inayoshiriki katika ligi ya [[LNB Pro A.]] == maisha katika clabu == Katika msimu wa 2018-2019, Allan Dokossi alichezea timu ya [[Fos Provence Basket]] ikiwa kama seem ya ligi ya LNB Pro A iliyo shirikisha timu chini ya 21. apa, alipata wastani wa pointi 14 na kushindwa 11. Nambari hizi zilimhakikishia michezo yake ya kwanza kwenye kikosi cha kwanza katika kilabu.<ref>{{Citation|title=La Nouvelle République du Centre-Ouest|date=2022-01-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Nouvelle_R%C3%A9publique_du_Centre-Ouest&oldid=1067619897|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]] <references /> [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] lda8uhtn95fpdavgycqryiuyjpx811r 0 158625 1576841 1298987 2026-06-26T17:49:53Z EmmyTsd 68054 1576841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jacob Appelbaum 16.11.2019 Sintra.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jacob Appelbaum akiwa Sintra , Ureno]] '''Jacob Appelbaum''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1983) ni mwandishi wa habari huru, mtafiti wa usalama wa [[kompyuta]], msanii, na mdukuzi wa [[Marekani]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Teknolojia]] cha Eindhoven na alikuwa mwanachama mkuu wa mradi wa Tor, mtandao usiolipishwa wa programu ulioundwa ili kutoa watu wasiojulikana mtandaoni, hadi alipojiuzulu kutokana na madai ya unyanyasaji wa kingono ambayo yaliibuka mwaka wa [[2016]].''Appelbaum'' pia inajulikana kwa kuwakilisha ''WikiLeaks''. Ameonyesha sanaa yake katika taasisi kadhaa duniani kote na ameshirikiana na wasanii kama vile Laura Poitras, Trevor Paglen, na Ai Weiwei.Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari imechapishwa katika ''Der Spiegel'' na kwingineko ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Appelbaum anasema kwamba alifanya majaribio nje ya shule ya upili na akahudhuria chuo kikuu kwa muda mfupi kabla ya "kuacha chuo na kuendelea na elimu yake." Katika mahojiano mapana na jarida la ''Rolling Stone'' mnamo [[2010]], Appelbaum alifichua kwamba anatoka " familia ya vichaa... .vichaa halisi, walaghai." Alisema kwamba mama yake "ni mgonjwa wa skizofrenic" ambaye "alisisitiza kwamba Jake alidhulumiwa kwa njia fulani na baba yake alipokuwa bado tumboni". Alichukuliwa na mamake na shangazi yake alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 6. Miaka miwili baadaye, aliwekwa katika makao ya watoto katika Kaunti ya Sonoma. Katika umri wa miaka 10, baba yake maskini alitunukiwa haki ya kumlea. Kulingana naye, baada ya kuanzishwa kwa programu ya [[kompyuta]] na baba wa rafiki yake aliokoa maisha yake: "Internet ndiyo sababu pekee ya mimi kuwa hai leo." Appelbaum anasema kwamba alianzisha OCD katika umri mdogo. Pia amesema kuwa babake, ambaye alipambana na uraibu wa heroini, ameuawa kwa kuwekewa sumu. ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] bb8ce1heccsysbiz6h8712ohj0oxqsj 0 160612 1576828 1491347 2026-06-26T15:14:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Joy Buolamwini - Wikimania 2018 01.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Joy Adowaa Buolamwini (2018)]] '''Joy Adowaa Buolamwini''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[kompyuta]] na [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa kidijitali wa [[Ghana]], [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]] anayeishi katika '''MIT Media Lab'''.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/profile/joy-buolamwini/</ref> Buolamwini anajitambulisha kama [[Ushairi|mshairi]] wa kanuni, binti wa [[sanaa]] na [[sayansi]].<ref>https://poetofcode.com/about/</ref> Alianzisha ''Algorithmic Justice League'', shirika linalofanya kazi kupinga upendeleo katika [[programu]] ya kufanya maamuzi, kwa kutumia sanaa, utetezi, na [[utafiti]] ili kuangazia athari za kijamii na madhara ya [[Akili mnemba|akili bandia]] (AI).<ref>https://www.ajl.org/</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Buolamwini alizaliwa [[Edmonton]] huko [[Alberta]], alikulia [[Mississippi]] na alihudhuria [[Shule ya Upili]] ya Cordova.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://amysmartgirls.com/the-future-of-computer-science-and-tech-12-young-women-to-watch-part-2-334c2282025d |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029041837/https://amysmartgirls.com/the-future-of-computer-science-and-tech-12-young-women-to-watch-part-2-334c2282025d?gi=393693192f66 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, alitiwa moyo na Kismet, roboti ya MIT, na kujifundisha XHTML, JavaScript na PHP.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045604/http://www.trycomputing.org/career-profiles/joy-buolamwini</ref><ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-26/the-digital-activist-taking-human-prejudice-out-of-our-machines</ref> Alikuwa mshindani wa nguzo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050435/http://vault.awardspace.com/JoyBuolamwini.html</ref> Kama mwanafunzi wa [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza,]] Buolamwini alisomea sayansi ya kompyuta katika Taasisi ya [[Teknolojia]] ya [[Georgia]], ambapo alitafiti habari za afya.<ref>http://www.blackenterprise.com/tech-startup-of-the-week-techturized/</ref> Buolamwini alihitimu kama Mwanazuoni wa Rais wa Stamps<ref>https://stampsps.gatech.edu/</ref> kutoka Georgia Tech mwaka wa 2012,<ref>https://news.mit.edu/2017/joy-buolamwini-wins-hidden-figures-contest-for-fighting-machine-learning-bias-0117</ref> na alikuwa mwanafainali mdogo zaidi wa Tuzo ya ''Georgia Tech InVenture'' mwaka wa 2009.<ref>https://inventureprize.gatech.edu/team/admissions-conquered</ref> Buolamwini ni Mwanazuoni wa Rhodes, Msomi mwenzake wa Fulbright, Msomi wa Stampu, Mwanaanga na msomi wa Taasisi ya [[Anita Borg]].<ref>https://www.astronautscholarship.org/scholar-spotlight-joy-buolamwini/</ref> Kama Msomi wa Rhodes, alisomea masomo na teknolojia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] ambapo alikuwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo cha Jesus, Oxford.<ref>http://rhodesproject.com/joy-buolamwini-profile/</ref> Wakati wa ufadhili wake wa masomo alishiriki katika Mwaka rasmi wa kwanza wa Huduma, akifanya kazi katika miradi inayolenga jamii. Alitunukiwa Shahada ya Uzamili kutoka MIT mnamo 2017 kwa utafiti uliosimamiwa na '''Ethan Zuckerman'''. Alitunukiwa shahada ya uzamivu kutoka MIT Media Lab mwaka wa 2022 na nadharia ya Kukabiliana na Macho Yanayojulikana na Ukaguzi wa Kuchochea na Ukaguzi wa Algorithmic. == Kazi na Utafiti == Mnamo 2011, Buolamwini ilifanya kazi na mpango wa trakoma katika Kituo cha Carter ili kuunda mfumo wa tathmini unaotegemea [[Android]] kwa matumizi nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Kama mshiriki wa Fulbright, mwaka wa 2013 alifanya kazi na wanasayansi wa kompyuta nchini [[Zambia]] kusaidia vijana wa [[Zambia]] kuwa wabunifu wa teknolojia. Mnamo Septemba 14 mwaka 2016, Buolamwini alionekana kwenye mkutano wa '''White House''' kuhusu Sayansi ya Kompyuta kwa Wote. Yeye ni mtafiti katika MIT Media Lab, ambapo anafanya kazi ili kutambua upendeleo katika algoriti na kukuza mazoea ya uwajibikaji wakati wa muundo wao katika maabara, Buolamwini ni mwanachama wa ''Ethan Zuckerman's Center for Civic Media group''. Wakati wa utafiti wake, Buolamwini alionyesha mifumo ya utambuzi wa uso/nyuso 1,000 na kuwataka kutambua kama nyuso ni za kike au za kiume, na kugundua kuwa programu ilipata ugumu kuwatambua wanawake wenye ngozi nyeusi. Mradi wake, [[Gender Shades]], ukawa sehemu ya tasnifu yake ya MIT.[ Karatasi yake ya 2018 ya Vivuli vya Jinsia Tofauti za Usahihi katika Uainishaji wa Kibiashara wa Jinsia, ilisababisha majibu kutoka kwa IBM na Microsoft, ambao waliboresha programu zao kwa haraka. Pia aliunda Aspire Mirror, kifaa ambacho huwaruhusu watumiaji kujionea mwonekano wao wenyewe kulingana na kile kinachowatia moyo. Mpango wake wa [[Algorithmic Justice League]], unalenga kuangazia upendeleo katika kanuni ambao unaweza kusababisha ubaguzi dhidi ya makundi ambayo hayawakilishwi sana.[ Ameunda filamu mbili, '<nowiki/>''Code4Rights''<nowiki/>' na '''Algorithmic Justice League: Unmasking Bias''<nowiki/>'. Alihudumu kama Afisa Mkuu wa Teknolojia (CTO) wa ''Techturized Inc'', kampuni ya teknolojia ya huduma ya nywele. Utafiti wa Buolamwini ulitajwa mwaka wa 2020 kama ushawishi kwa '''Google''' na '''Microsoft''' katika kushughulikia upendeleo wa jinsia na rangi katika bidhaa na michakato yao. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Kanada]] gc4p3ybl8weysfjvrhgfyzka3db4zh7 1576836 1576828 2026-06-26T17:06:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Joy Buolamwini - Wikimania 2018 01.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Joy Adowaa Buolamwini (2018)]] '''Joy Adowaa Buolamwini''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[kompyuta]] na [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa kidijitali wa [[Ghana]], [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]] anayeishi katika '''MIT Media Lab'''.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/profile/joy-buolamwini/</ref> Buolamwini anajitambulisha kama [[Ushairi|mshairi]] wa kanuni, binti wa [[sanaa]] na [[sayansi]].<ref>https://poetofcode.com/about/</ref> Alianzisha ''Algorithmic Justice League'', shirika linalofanya kazi kupinga upendeleo katika [[programu]] ya kufanya maamuzi, kwa kutumia sanaa, utetezi, na [[utafiti]] ili kuangazia athari za kijamii na madhara ya [[Akili mnemba|akili bandia]] (AI).<ref>https://www.ajl.org/</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Buolamwini alizaliwa [[Edmonton]] huko [[Alberta]], alikulia [[Mississippi]] na alihudhuria [[Shule ya Upili]] ya Cordova.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://amysmartgirls.com/the-future-of-computer-science-and-tech-12-young-women-to-watch-part-2-334c2282025d |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029041837/https://amysmartgirls.com/the-future-of-computer-science-and-tech-12-young-women-to-watch-part-2-334c2282025d?gi=393693192f66 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, alitiwa moyo na Kismet, roboti ya MIT, na kujifundisha XHTML, JavaScript na PHP.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045604/http://www.trycomputing.org/career-profiles/joy-buolamwini</ref><ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-26/the-digital-activist-taking-human-prejudice-out-of-our-machines</ref> Alikuwa mshindani wa nguzo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050435/http://vault.awardspace.com/JoyBuolamwini.html</ref> Kama mwanafunzi wa [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza,]] Buolamwini alisomea sayansi ya kompyuta katika Taasisi ya [[Teknolojia]] ya [[Georgia]], ambapo alitafiti habari za afya.<ref>http://www.blackenterprise.com/tech-startup-of-the-week-techturized/</ref> Buolamwini alihitimu kama Mwanazuoni wa Rais wa Stamps<ref>https://stampsps.gatech.edu/</ref> kutoka Georgia Tech mwaka wa 2012,<ref>https://news.mit.edu/2017/joy-buolamwini-wins-hidden-figures-contest-for-fighting-machine-learning-bias-0117</ref> na alikuwa mwanafainali mdogo zaidi wa Tuzo ya ''Georgia Tech InVenture'' mwaka wa 2009.<ref>https://inventureprize.gatech.edu/team/admissions-conquered</ref> Buolamwini ni Mwanazuoni wa Rhodes, Msomi mwenzake wa Fulbright, Msomi wa Stampu, Mwanaanga na msomi wa Taasisi ya [[Anita Borg]].<ref>https://www.astronautscholarship.org/scholar-spotlight-joy-buolamwini/</ref> Kama Msomi wa Rhodes, alisomea masomo na teknolojia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] ambapo alikuwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo cha Jesus, Oxford.<ref>http://rhodesproject.com/joy-buolamwini-profile/</ref> Wakati wa ufadhili wake wa masomo alishiriki katika Mwaka rasmi wa kwanza wa Huduma, akifanya kazi katika miradi inayolenga jamii. Alitunukiwa Shahada ya Uzamili kutoka MIT mnamo 2017 kwa utafiti uliosimamiwa na '''Ethan Zuckerman'''. Alitunukiwa shahada ya uzamivu kutoka MIT Media Lab mwaka wa 2022 na nadharia ya Kukabiliana na Macho Yanayojulikana na Ukaguzi wa Kuchochea na Ukaguzi wa Algorithmic. == Kazi na Utafiti == Mnamo 2011, Buolamwini ilifanya kazi na mpango wa trakoma katika Kituo cha Carter ili kuunda mfumo wa tathmini unaotegemea [[Android]] kwa matumizi nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Kama mshiriki wa Fulbright, mwaka wa 2013 alifanya kazi na wanasayansi wa kompyuta nchini [[Zambia]] kusaidia vijana wa [[Zambia]] kuwa wabunifu wa teknolojia. Mnamo Septemba 14 mwaka 2016, Buolamwini alionekana kwenye mkutano wa '''White House''' kuhusu Sayansi ya Kompyuta kwa Wote. Yeye ni mtafiti katika MIT Media Lab, ambapo anafanya kazi ili kutambua upendeleo katika algoriti na kukuza mazoea ya uwajibikaji wakati wa muundo wao katika maabara, Buolamwini ni mwanachama wa ''Ethan Zuckerman's Center for Civic Media group''. Wakati wa utafiti wake, Buolamwini alionyesha mifumo ya utambuzi wa uso/nyuso 1,000 na kuwataka kutambua kama nyuso ni za kike au za kiume, na kugundua kuwa programu ilipata ugumu kuwatambua wanawake wenye ngozi nyeusi. Mradi wake, [[Gender Shades]], ukawa sehemu ya tasnifu yake ya MIT.[ Karatasi yake ya 2018 ya Vivuli vya Jinsia Tofauti za Usahihi katika Uainishaji wa Kibiashara wa Jinsia, ilisababisha majibu kutoka kwa IBM na Microsoft, ambao waliboresha programu zao kwa haraka. Pia aliunda Aspire Mirror, kifaa ambacho huwaruhusu watumiaji kujionea mwonekano wao wenyewe kulingana na kile kinachowatia moyo. Mpango wake wa [[Algorithmic Justice League]], unalenga kuangazia upendeleo katika kanuni ambao unaweza kusababisha ubaguzi dhidi ya makundi ambayo hayawakilishwi sana.[ Ameunda filamu mbili, '<nowiki/>''Code4Rights''<nowiki/>' na '''Algorithmic Justice League: Unmasking Bias''<nowiki/>'. Alihudumu kama Afisa Mkuu wa Teknolojia (CTO) wa ''Techturized Inc'', kampuni ya teknolojia ya huduma ya nywele. Utafiti wa Buolamwini ulitajwa mwaka wa 2020 kama ushawishi kwa '''Google''' na '''Microsoft''' katika kushughulikia upendeleo wa jinsia na rangi katika bidhaa na michakato yao. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Kanada]] k16kggcm5ky06e86owvs851sts1x8h4 3 168682 1576831 1278290 2026-06-26T15:51:35Z J ansari 29211 J ansari alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Roeland P.]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:See my text below]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Roeland P.|Roeland P.]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/See my text below|See my text below]]" 1278290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} Amani Sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Jonny Frosty|Jonny Frosty]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jonny Frosty|majadiliano]])''' 10:39, 12 Aprili 2023 (UTC) dlnnppokotqk8mdwjft36vbojya1bkr 1576844 1576831 2026-06-26T18:18:15Z Vermont 31957 Vermont moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:See my text below]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Roeland P.]] over redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/See my text below|See my text below]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Roeland P.|Roeland P.]]" 1278290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} Amani Sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Jonny Frosty|Jonny Frosty]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jonny Frosty|majadiliano]])''' 10:39, 12 Aprili 2023 (UTC) dlnnppokotqk8mdwjft36vbojya1bkr 0 170433 1576987 1457469 2026-06-27T11:18:12Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ 1576987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpira wa Miguu Tanzania''' ni mchezo ambao ulianzishwa na shirikisho la soka Tanganyika ([[google:football+history+in+tanzania&oq=football+history+in+tanzania+&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30.10140j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|TFA]]) mwaka 1930 na kuhusishwa kwenye shirikisho la mpira Duniani ([[:en:FIFA|FIFA]]) mwaka 1968. Shirikisho la soka Tanganyika (TFA) lilibadilika na kuitwa shirikisho la soka Tanzania ([[google:football+history+in+tanzania&oq=football+history+in+tanzania+&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30.10140j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|FAT]]) chini ya mwenyekiti [https://tff.or.tz/history-of-tff/ Ali Chambuso] {{Wayback|url=https://tff.or.tz/history-of-tff/ |date=20230514124848 }} mwaka 1971 baada ya mabadiliko ya kikatiba ya mpira yaliotokea na kupelekea katiba mpya ambayo ilianza kufanya kazi mwaka 2005 ambapo ilibadilisha jina taasisi na kuitwa TFF ambapo makao makuu yake yapo Tanzania,[[Dar es salaam]] . == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:michezo nchini Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa Miguu]] 7r6o94qerh752l1a9q4fxch8sqwl9f3 0 172718 1576893 1292012 2026-06-27T07:13:39Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Constance Isherwood at the Diocese of BC Synod.jpg|thumb|Constance Isherwood ]] '''Constance Dora Isherwood''' '''Holmes'''; January 26, [[2021]]) alikuwa mwanasheria wa Canada mwenye makazi huko British Columbia ambaye alilenga sheria za raia, sheria za familia, na sheria za mali isiyohamishika. Wakati wa kifo chake, alikuwa mwanasheria mzee zaidi anayefanya kazi huko British Columbia. Alikuwa mshindi wa medali ya maadhimisho ya miaka 125 ya Canada kwa huduma kwa jamii na pia tuzo ya mafanikio ya maisha kutoka Law Society of British Columbia, University of British Columbia, na University of Victoria. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] jtox9ncfiyqm72we0ho5y45lbtlj4cn 1576894 1576893 2026-06-27T07:14:57Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Constance Isherwood at the Diocese of BC Synod.jpg|thumb|Isherwood akiwa katika Sinodi ya Dayosisi ya British Columbia mnamo mwaka 2010 ]] '''Constance Dora Isherwood''' '''Holmes'''; January 26, [[2021]]) alikuwa mwanasheria wa Canada mwenye makazi huko British Columbia ambaye alilenga sheria za raia, sheria za familia, na sheria za mali isiyohamishika. Wakati wa kifo chake, alikuwa mwanasheria mzee zaidi anayefanya kazi huko British Columbia. Alikuwa mshindi wa medali ya maadhimisho ya miaka 125 ya Canada kwa huduma kwa jamii na pia tuzo ya mafanikio ya maisha kutoka Law Society of British Columbia, University of British Columbia, na University of Victoria. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] l67j9ggwxfsuqrfmle5sum27hjqsbvt 1576895 1576894 2026-06-27T07:16:35Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Constance Isherwood at the Diocese of BC Synod.jpg|thumb|Isherwood akiwa katika Sinodi ya Dayosisi ya British Columbia mnamo mwaka 2010 ]] '''Constance Dora Isherwood''' '''Holmes ('''[[26 Januari|Januari 26]], [[2021]]) alikuwa mwanasheria wa Canada mwenye makazi huko British Columbia ambaye alilenga sheria za raia, sheria za familia, na sheria za mali isiyohamishika. Wakati wa kifo chake, alikuwa mwanasheria mzee zaidi anayefanya kazi huko British Columbia. Alikuwa mshindi wa medali ya maadhimisho ya miaka 125 ya Canada kwa huduma kwa jamii na pia tuzo ya mafanikio ya maisha kutoka Law Society of British Columbia, University of British Columbia, na University of Victoria. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] j3f2ezveq1nnanifeujtwvdnd80qkhw 0 181374 1576834 1576291 2026-06-26T16:16:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karen Hultzer''' (alizaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 1965 huko [[Cape Town]], [[Afrika Kusini]]) ni mshabiki wa upinde wa mvua wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alishindana katika tukio la mtu binafsi katika Michezo ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya 2012. Wakati wa tukio hilo, alijitokeza kuwa shoga.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Karen Hultzer Bio, Stats, and Results {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hu/karen-hultzer-1.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-04-18|accessdate=2024-05-02|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418092259/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hu/karen-hultzer-1.html|dead-url=}}</ref> <ref>http://www.london2012.com/athlete/hultzer-karen-1062948/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/hultzer-karen-1062948/ |date=20130405213140 }} archive.today</ref>Alisema, "Mimi ni mshabiki wa upinde wa mvua, mzee kiasi na shoga. Pia mimi huwa mkali kabla ya kunywa kikombe changu cha kwanza cha [[kahawa]]. Hakuna mojawapo ya vipengele hivi vinavyonitambulisha ni mimi, viko tu sehemu yangu. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 64lxifdfwrg37cr5ayect32ptkgygrj 0 181832 1576830 1516221 2026-06-26T15:45:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Justine Burns''' ni mchumi kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye ni mkurugenzi wa Shule ya Uchumi katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Cape Town (UCT), ambapo pia ni profesa. Yeye ni mshiriki wa utafiti katika Kitengo cha Utafiti wa Kazi na Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika (SALDU) na Kitengo cha Utafiti katika Uchumi wa Tabia na Neuroeconomics (RUBEN) katika chuo kikuu hicho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Justine Burns|url=https://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/staff/justine-burns/|access-date=2023-05-27|website=SALDRU|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2023-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527210229/https://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/staff/justine-burns/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maslahi ya utafiti ya Burns, hasa katika uchumi wa tabia, yanajumuisha ubaguzi, imani na mtaji wa kijamii, mitandao ya kijamii na masoko ya ajira, na mabadiliko ya kizazi kwa kizazi. Pia amechapisha utafiti kuhusu programu za msaada wa kijamii. Alipokea Tuzo ya Mwalimu Bingwa wa UCT mnamo 2006<ref>https://uct.ac.za/explore-uct-awards-achievements/distinguished-teacher-award</ref> na alikubaliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Academy of Science of South Africa mwezi Oktoba 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Top Scholars in South Africa Honoured – ASSAf|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/2021/10/21/top-scholars-in-south-africa-honoured-5/|accessdate=2024-05-14|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527170337/https://www.assaf.org.za/2021/10/21/top-scholars-in-south-africa-honoured-5/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] er20qffyoprwk4zjxgqbzqw8xyx9h6g 0 182818 1576889 1576263 2026-06-27T07:03:33Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Vanderson asse asm 2425.png|thumb|Picha ya Vanderson]] '''Vanderson de Oliveira Campos ''' (alizaliwa [[21 Juni]] [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Brazil|Brazili]], ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] wa kulia katika klabu ya [[Monaco]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Brazil|Brazili]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monaco : Vanderson, c'est fait ! (officiel)|url=https://news.maxifoot.fr/monaco/vanderson-c-est-fait-officiel-foot-360696.htm|work=news.maxifoot.fr|accessdate=2024-06-16|language=fr|author=Youcef Touaitia}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] pquekuydoxae04pis70m7xnmjtq076f 1576908 1576889 2026-06-27T08:14:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Vanderson (mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu)]] hadi [[Vanderson (mwanasoka)]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Vanderson asse asm 2425.png|thumb|Picha ya Vanderson]] '''Vanderson de Oliveira Campos ''' (alizaliwa [[21 Juni]] [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Brazil|Brazili]], ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] wa kulia katika klabu ya [[Monaco]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Brazil|Brazili]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monaco : Vanderson, c'est fait ! (officiel)|url=https://news.maxifoot.fr/monaco/vanderson-c-est-fait-officiel-foot-360696.htm|work=news.maxifoot.fr|accessdate=2024-06-16|language=fr|author=Youcef Touaitia}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] pquekuydoxae04pis70m7xnmjtq076f 0 185136 1576869 1346865 2026-06-27T04:02:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} [[Faili:Barbara Stanwyck - early still.JPG|thumb|Barbara Stanwyck katika miaka ya 1930.]] '''Barbara Stanwyck''' (16 Juli 1907 - 20 Januari 1990) alikuwa [[mwigizaji wa filamu]] maarufu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Barbara Stanwyck alizaliwa na jina la Ruby Catherine Stevens huko [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]. Alikulia katika mazingira magumu baada ya kufiwa na wazazi wake akiwa na umri mdogo. Aliingia kwenye dunia ya burudani kama mchezaji wa michezo ya sarakasi kabla ya kuhamia kwenye uigizaji wa filamu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1920. Alihusishwa na aina mbalimbali za filamu, lakini alitambulika hasa kwa kazi zake katika [[filamu za noir]] na maigizo ya kipekee. Alishinda [[Tuzo ya Academy]] kwa Mchango Maalum katika uigizaji, ambayo ilitambua mchango wake mkubwa katika [[tasnia ya filamu]]. Filamu zake maarufu ni pamoja na Double Indemnity (1944), ambapo alicheza kama mwanamke mwenye nia mbaya katika hadithi ya uhalifu; Stella Dallas (1937), ambapo alicheza kama mama anayepambana kwa ajili ya maisha bora kwa mtoto wake; Christmas in Connecticut (1945), ambayo ilikuwa na mtindo wa vichekesho; na Sorry, Wrong Number (1948), ambapo alicheza kama mwanamke anayepambana na hali ya hatari kupitia simu. Stanwyck pia alifanya kazi kwa ufanisi katika vipindi vya televisheni, ambapo alicheza katika mfululizo wa televisheni wa The Big Valley (1965-1969). Humo alicheza kama mama wa familia ya wafugaji. Kazi yake katika televisheni iliongeza umaarufu wake na kuimarisha urithi wake katika tasnia ya burudani. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Barbara Stanwyck}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{AFI person | 17875-Barbara-Stanwyck }} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Tcmdb name}} * {{Amg name|67643}} *[https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv311626 Barbara Stanwyck Papers] at the [[American Heritage Center]] *[https://ahcwyo.org/?s=stanwyck Blog entries based on the AHC archives related to Barbara Stanwyck] * {{IBDB name}} * video: {{YouTube|jGawA_3fIdA|"Barbara Stanwyck Accepts the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1987"}} * [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/910/barbara-stanwyck Barbara Stanwyck] at Virtual History * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101030120608/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,170907,00.html That Old Feeling: Ruby in the Rough] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20101030135202/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,171778,00.html The Four Phases of Eve] by Richard Corliss for ''Time'' magazine, 2001 * [http://articles.latimes.com/1987-04-05/entertainment/ca-22_1_barbara-stanwyck Saluting Stanwyck: A Life On Film] ''Los Angeles Times'', 1987 * [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/30/070430fa_fact_lane Lady Be Good – A centenary season of Barbara Stanwyck] by Anthony Lane for ''The New Yorker'', 2007 * {{IMdb name|828260|Bert Stevens}} {{KWW}} {{BD|1907|1990}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] c3jt29ttyalbxnx4lqw2ipsxkt3uq9f 0 188519 1576993 1426880 2026-06-27T11:36:59Z The boss Akili 90538 Format of work 1576993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afya ya akili''' inahusisha ustawi wa kihisia, [[Saikolojia|kisaikolojia]], na [[Jamii|kijamii]], ambayo inaathiri [[utambuzi]], mtazamo, na tabia. Kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO)]], ni "hali ya ustawi ambapo mtu anatambua uwezo wake, anaweza kukabiliana na msongo wa kawaida wa maisha, anaweza kufanya kazi kwa tija na kwa ufanisi, na anaweza kuchangia katika jamii yake". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being| title = Health and Well-Being|work=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=2023-08-09}}</ref> * Pia, Afya ya akili inaathiri jinsi mtu anavyoshughulikia msongo, mahusiano ya kijamii, na maamuzi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2021-11-23| title = About Mental Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm|accessdate=2022-04-11|work=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|language=en-us}}</ref> Afya ya akili inajumuisha ustawi wa binafsi, kujiamini, uhuru, uwezo, utegemezi wa kizazi na kizazi, na kutimiza uwezo wa mtu kiakili na kihisia, miongoni mwa mengine. <ref name="WHO">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf?ua=1| title = The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope|publisher=WHO|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] [[Jamii:saikolojia]] cz9xeiw6o3rk3sy72o31pnvlrl83a5g 0 191482 1576970 1523915 2026-06-27T10:06:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Quinn Josiah''' (amezaliwa Mei 4, [[2000]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayecheza kama [[Golikipa|kipa]]. Aliwahi kucheza katika timu ya chuo cha [[Marekani]] cha Prairie View A&M Lady Panthers. Alizaliwa [[Kanada]], lakini anachezea [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] ya [[Saint Kitts na Nevis]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://swac.org/news/2018/8/17/womens-soccer-soccer-recaps-aug-17.aspx|title=Soccer recaps: Aug. 17|date=August 17, 2018|work=[[Southwestern Athletic Conference]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://swac.org/news/2019/11/6/womens-soccer-2019-all-swac-soccer-honors-announced.aspx|date=November 6, 2019|title=2019 All-SWAC Soccer Honors Announced|work=[[Southwestern Athletic Conference]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2000|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Saint Kitts na Nevis]] kn8kr0ungwtkpcwuli1bbtwjty80qw6 0 193443 1576859 1371941 2026-06-26T23:04:15Z Urjalan Kakko 90528 1576859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:DavidClayton-ThomasPerforming.jpg|thumb|Clayton-Thomas akitumbuiza katika Gulfstream Park huko Hallandale, [[Florida]].]] '''David Clayton-Thomas''' (alizaliwa kama '''David Henry Thomsett'''; [[13 Septemba]], [[1941]] - 2026) ni [[mwanamuziki]], [[mwimbaji]], na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Kanada]] aliyeshinda Tuzo ya Grammy, anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya [[Marekani]] ya ''Blood'', ''Sweat'' na ''Tears''.<ref>Clayton-Thomas, David (June 2010). ''Blood, Sweat and Tears'', Penguin Canada; {{ISBN|978-0-14-317599-5}}<!--page(s) needed--></ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xykEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22david+clayton+thomas%22+%22done+somebody+wrong%22&pg=PA99 | title=Early Thomas Tapes Issued | magazine=Billboard | date=September 6, 1969 | page=99 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.5693.pdf| title=RPM Play Sheet - May 17, 1965}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.5089b.pdf| title=RPM Top 100 - July 27, 1974}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1941|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] rfp5q2gcbg3hat9xhacpmlpr76kgx4s 0 193513 1576896 1372163 2026-06-27T07:19:19Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:2019 Citadelcross Namur 74.jpg|thumb|Giada Borghesi mwaka 2019]] '''Giada Borghesi''' (alizaliwa [[27 Novemba]] [[2002]]) ni mtaalamu wa mbio za [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa [[Italia]], ambaye kwa sasa anaendesha UCI Womens WorldTeam Human Powered Health. [[Dada]] yake Letizia pia ni mtaalamu wa kuendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15412/1001566/277|title=Aromitalia Basso Bikes Vaiano|work=UCI.org|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210117225601/https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15412/1001566/277|archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/team-details/19522|title=Human Powered Health|work=UCI.org|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|access-date=May 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://firstcycling.com/rider.php?r=157539 | title=Giada Borghesi | work=firstcycling.com | accessdate=21 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/giada-borghesi | title=Giada Borghesi | work=ProCyclingStats | accessdate=21 October 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] bpc7ojva6k0hbb09k8ly54lc04lznw1 0 193687 1576883 1372470 2026-06-27T06:40:20Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:FC Liefering gegen SV Horn (22. Juli 2016) 23.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Nikki Havenaar ]] '''Nikki Havenaar''' (alizaliwa [[16 Februari]] [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambaye anachezea klabu ya Austria SV Ried. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nikki Havenaar |url=https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX04/?player_id=11300}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 15lv4wtzh4fx952t1rg3veoa4cbuez3 0 194687 1576890 1374592 2026-06-27T07:07:33Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jennifer Gross (52519718439).jpg|thumb|Picha ya Jennifer Gross]] '''Jennifer Lynn Sherwood Gross''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 7]], [[1964]]) ni mhasibu wa kisiasa kutoka [[Marekani]] na aliyekuwa muuguzi, ambaye anahudumu kama mbunge wa Jimbo la Ohio kutoka wilaya ya 45. Aliyechaguliwa mwaka 2020, alichukua ofisi yake mwaka 2021.<ref name="Ballotpedia">{{cite web|title=Ohio House of Representatives District 52|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Ohio_House_of_Representatives_District_52|access-date=Jan 19, 2021|publisher=Ballotpedia}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] dujcr1rkxai0o7nkq1qqz2x6iu0md40 0 194717 1576886 1375113 2026-06-27T06:46:16Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Melanie Theresia Antoinette Berentz Puteri West Java 2022 (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Berent mwaka 2022]] '''Melanie Theresia Berentz''' (alizaliwa [[7 Septemba]] [[1999]]) ni mwigizaji kutoka [[Indonesia]] na mrembo wa shindano la urembo, ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa Puteri Indonesia West Java [[2022]]. Aliwakilisha West Java kwenye shindano la Puteri Indonesia 2022, na kumaliza katika nafasi ya sita bora.<ref name="Bio-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/fakta-melanie-berenz|title=Jadi Salah Satu Wishlist Puteri Indonesia 2021, 9 Fakta Melanie Berenz|work=[[Times of Indonesia]]|date=February 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bio-2">{{cite web|url=https://puteri-indonesia.com/index.php/component/sppagebuilder/129-20-jawa-barat|title=MELANIE THERESIA BERENTZ|publisher=[[Puteri Indonesia]] official website|date=January 18, 2022|access-date=May 27, 2022|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518122529/https://puteri-indonesia.com/index.php/component/sppagebuilder/129-20-jawa-barat|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Indonesia]] glvzq6ua6yr4xgggky1hm9e5a8tjiq7 0 194893 1576891 1374833 2026-06-27T07:09:17Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sparta - Go Ahead Eagles - 53478973925 (Shunsuke Mito).jpg|thumb|Shunsuke Mito]] '''Shunsuke Mito''' (alizaliwa [[28 Septemba]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa Eredivisie Club Sparta Rotterdam.<ref>[https://www.transfermarkt.com/shunsuke-mito/profil/spieler/566013 Shunsuke Mito Transfermarkt profile]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] iixj01cahqbnzycygohl1iebhteoo5p 1576892 1576891 2026-06-27T07:10:51Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sparta - Go Ahead Eagles - 53478973925 (Shunsuke Mito).jpg|thumb|Mito akiwa na Sparta Rotterdam mwaka 2024]] '''Shunsuke Mito''' (alizaliwa [[28 Septemba]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa Eredivisie Club Sparta Rotterdam.<ref>[https://www.transfermarkt.com/shunsuke-mito/profil/spieler/566013 Shunsuke Mito Transfermarkt profile]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9ixl9j125cz3b6vc3syum6kw2f89e2v 0 196513 1576885 1391484 2026-06-27T06:43:19Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Christophe Gbenye as President of the People's Republic of the Congo (crop).jpg|thumb|Christophe Gbenye kama Rais wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa Kongo]] '''Christophe Gbenye''' (1927 – 3 Februari 2015) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Kongo. Alikuwa ni mungano wa vyama vya wafanyakazi na waziri katika serikali ya Lumumba, kisha akawa, na Gaston Soumialot, kiongozi wa uasi wa Simba mashariki mwa Ufaransa. [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] wakati wa mgogoro wa Kongo, kati ya 1964 na 1965. == Wasifu == Christophe Gbenye alizaliwa karibu 1927 msituni <ref name="Okapi">{{Cite web|title=Christophe Gbenye, premier bourgmestre de Stanleyville, parle de l’indépendance de la RDC|date=21-12-2011|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/le-grand-temoin/2011/12/21/christophe-gbenye-premier-bourgmestre-de-stanleyville-parle-de-lindependance-de-la-rdc/}}</ref>, katika wilaya ya [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini|Bas-Uélé]], katika iliyokuwa [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji|Kongo ya Ubelgiji]] <ref name="coldwar">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Audrt8ePNNAC|title=Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967|last=Frank R. Villafana|date=2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412815222|page=66}}</ref> . Yeye ni wa kabila la Mbua <ref name="city">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCA4AAAAIAAJ|title=City Politics: A Study of Léopoldville 1962–63|last=J.S. LaFontaine|date=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive|series=American Studies|page=222–223}}</ref> . Kidogo kinajulikana kuhusu miaka yake ya malezi <ref name="dictionary">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780195382075|volume=6|page=438–439}}</ref> . Aliajiriwa katika idara ya fedha ya manispaa ya [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]] . Alijiunga na harakati za vyama vya wafanyakazi na akawa makamu wa rais wa tawi la Kongo la Shirikisho Kuu la Kazi la Ubelgiji, ambalo mnamo 1951 likawa Shirikisho la Vyama vya Wafanyakazi la Kongo <ref name="city" /> . == Kazi ya kisiasa == Mnamo 1959, alikua naibu meya wa kwanza wa Stanleyville <ref name="Okapi">{{Cite web|title=Christophe Gbenye, premier bourgmestre de Stanleyville, parle de l’indépendance de la RDC|date=21-12-2011|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/le-grand-temoin/2011/12/21/christophe-gbenye-premier-bourgmestre-de-stanleyville-parle-de-lindependance-de-la-rdc/}}</ref> . Alijiunga na [[Patrice Lumumba]] 's ''Mouvement National Congolais'' (MNC-L) mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na kuwa mmoja wa viongozi wakuu wa chama hicho mwaka 1959. Mnamo Juni 1960, Lumumba alimteua kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani katika bunge la kwanza la Kongo huru, lakini mnamo Septemba, Rais Joseph Kasa-Vubu alimfukuza Lumumba kama waziri mkuu na Gbenye. Aliondoka kwenda Stanleyville, ambako alikuwa na wafuasi wengi wa kisiasa. Kukamatwa na kuuawa kwa Lumumba mnamo Januari 1961 kulimuathiri sana Gbenye, ingawa alipata tena nafasi yake kama waziri wa mambo ya ndani katika serikali ya muungano. [[Cyrille Adoula]] . Kisha akachukua nafasi ya Lumumba kama rais wa MNC-L <ref name="city">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCA4AAAAIAAJ|title=City Politics: A Study of Léopoldville 1962–63|last=J.S. LaFontaine|date=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive|series=American Studies|page=222–223}}</ref> . Hata hivyo, [[Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani|CIA]], ambaye aliwezesha kupanda kwa Adoula, alimuona Gbenye kuwa hatari ya kisiasa, kiasi kwamba Adoula alimfukuza Gbenye mwaka 1963, akitaja ushindani wa mwisho na Victor Nendaka Bika, mkuu wa Idara ya Upelelezi. Gbenye kisha akarudi kwa muda mfupi mashariki mwa Kongo, ambayo ilikuwa imeanguka chini ya udhibiti wa uasi wa Jamhuri ya Bure ya Kongo, iliyoongozwa na Antoine Gizenga <ref name="dictionary" /> . Mnamo Septemba 1963, Gbenye alihamia [[Brazzaville]], mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], Jirani Kinshasa. Mnamo Oktoba 3, 1963, Gbenye, Bocheley Davidson, Gaston Soumialot, na wapinzani wengine wachache walianzisha shirika lao la mapinduzi Kamati ya Ukombozi ya Taifa. <ref name="dictionary">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780195382075|volume=6|page=438–439}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|last=Emizet Francois Kisangani|last2=Scott F. Bobb|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863255|series=Historical Dictionaries of Africa|volume=112|page=110}}</ref> . Kikundi hicho kiliomba USSR kuwapa msaada katika suala la vifaa, kama vile wasambazaji wa redio, kinasa sauti, kamera ndogo na mashine za kunakili, pamoja na vifaa vya mkono, na mafunzo ya msituni<ref>{{Cite book|title=Congo|year=2014|url=https://archive.org/details/congo0000davi|last=Van Reybrouck|first=David|isbn=978-0-00-756291-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/congo0000davi/page/n337 320]}}</ref> . Mwaka 1964, chini ya uongozi wa Gbenye, Pierre Mulele na Soumialot, sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa Kongo ilikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa uasi wa Simba, ambao vikosi vyao viliundwa na wapiganaji vijana waliojiita simba, neno la Kiswahili lenye maana ya "lions". Gbenye alijitangaza kuwa rais wa taifa hilo la waasi ambalo alilitaja jina la Jamhuri ya Watu wa Kongo na ambalo makao yake makuu yalikuwa Stanleyville. Waasi hao waliwateka nyara mamia ya raia wa Ubelgiji na Wamarekani na kuwafungia katika hoteli ya Viktoria Mazungumzo hayakufanikiwa, Ubelgiji ilizindua Operesheni Red Dragon kwa ushirikiano na [[Marekani]], ambayo hutoa ndege za usafiri kwa ajili ya kushuka kwa parachuti ya askari. Novemba 24. Gbenye amefanikiwa « kimiujiza » <ref name="Okapi">{{Cite web|title=Christophe Gbenye, premier bourgmestre de Stanleyville, parle de l’indépendance de la RDC|date=21-12-2011|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/le-grand-temoin/2011/12/21/christophe-gbenye-premier-bourgmestre-de-stanleyville-parle-de-lindependance-de-la-rdc/}}</ref> kutoroka kwa kuruka mtoni na kukimbilia Uganda, ambako aliishi uhamishoni hadi 1971 <ref name="Okapi" /> . Inadaiwa alipata msaada wa kijeshi kutoka kwa Rais [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin Dada]] badala ya dhahabu <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Akiiki B. Mujaju|date=octobre 1987|title=The gold allegations motion and political development in Uganda|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097945|journal=African Affairs|language=en|volume=86|issue=345|page=479–504}}</ref> . Baada ya sheria ya msamaha ya 1971, alirudi Kongo <ref name="HronikaBelgrade">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Chronicle of International Events in 1971|last=Milutin Tomanović|date=1972|publisher=Institute of International Politics and Economics|isbn=|location=[[Belgrade]]|page=2612|language=en}}</ref> . Mnamo 1990, alijaribu kurejea kwenye eneo la kisiasa, kwa kuunda upya Vuguvugu la Kongo la Lumumbiste (MNC) <ref name="Itimbiri">{{Cite journal|date=5 février 2015|title=L'un des derniers témoins de la rébellion sanglante des Simbas suit ses victimes|url=http://itimbiri-sika.blogspot.com/2015/02/lun-des-derniers-temoins-de-la.html|journal=Itimbiri ya Sika}}</ref>, lakini bila mafanikio mengi <ref name="Okapi">{{Cite web|title=Christophe Gbenye, premier bourgmestre de Stanleyville, parle de l’indépendance de la RDC|date=21-12-2011|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/le-grand-temoin/2011/12/21/christophe-gbenye-premier-bourgmestre-de-stanleyville-parle-de-lindependance-de-la-rdc/}}</ref> . Mnamo 2010, wakati wa maadhimisho ya miaka hamsini ya uhuru, Gbenye hakualikwa kwenye sherehe hizo. Kwa [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] aliyekutana naye, alitangaza : "Hapana, haki yetu ya kijamii haijafikiwa. Nchini Congo, watawala wanaweza kuiba bila kikomo. Lakini ninaelewa hali yangu. Sasa ninaishi katika umaskini kwa sababu sikuiba [...] Siwalaumu Wabelgiji. Leo nimefurahi sana kusalimiana na Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Wabelgiji wametusaidia sisi, Wakongomani, kuwa kile tulicho na tumefanya mengi kwa ajili yetu. » Mnamo Februari 3, 2015, Christophe Gbenye alikufa huko Kinshasa <ref name="Itimbiri">{{Cite journal|date=5 février 2015|title=L'un des derniers témoins de la rébellion sanglante des Simbas suit ses victimes|url=http://itimbiri-sika.blogspot.com/2015/02/lun-des-derniers-temoins-de-la.html|journal=Itimbiri ya Sika}}</ref> . == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] 0vara772nuyosohkaguyvf6rnbskwnx 0 201180 1576835 1399335 2026-06-26T16:32:47Z SajoR 15283 Coat of arms SVG 1576835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Coat of arms of Josef Stangl.svg|thumb]] '''Josef Stangl''' ([[12 Machi]] [[1907]] – [[8 Aprili]] [[1979]]) alikuwa Askofu wa Kanisa Katoliki wa Würzburg, Ujerumani.<ref name="TWS">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s1s_AAAAIBAJ&pg=1378,1341502&hl=en|title=Priests convinced woman was possessed|publisher=[[The Windsor Star]]|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=4 April 1978}}</ref> Alizaliwa Kronach, Bavaria, na akapadrishwa tarehe 16 Machi 1930. Mnamo 27 Juni 1957, [[Papa Pius XII]] alimteua kuwa Askofu wa Würzburg. Mnamo 1975 na 1976, aliidhinisha tendo la utoaji pepo kwa Anneliese Michel, akiamuru usiri kamili, baada ya "kutafakari kwa kina na kupata taarifa sahihi" kutoka kwa Padre Arnold Renz. Michel alifariki kutokana na utapiamlo baada ya karibu mwaka mzima wa njaa ya kiasi wakati wa utekelezaji wa ibada hiyo. Mnamo 28 Mei 1977, Stangl alimweka wakfu Padre Joseph Ratzinger — aliyekuwa baadaye [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] — kuwa askofu. Mnamo 8 Januari 1979, alistaafu kama Askofu wa Würzburg na alifariki dunia huko Schweinfurt mnamo Aprili 1979. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1907]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1979]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]] nk867j95pu1dh3xbv8sqsiceopdfots 1576897 1576835 2026-06-27T07:41:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Coat of arms of Josef Stangl.svg|thumb|[[Ngao]] yake.]] '''Josef Stangl''' ([[12 Machi]] [[1907]] – [[8 Aprili]] [[1979]]) alikuwa [[Askofu]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] la [[Würzburg]], [[Ujerumani]].<ref name="TWS">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s1s_AAAAIBAJ&pg=1378,1341502&hl=en|title=Priests convinced woman was possessed|publisher=[[The Windsor Star]]|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=4 April 1978}}</ref> Alizaliwa Kronach, [[Bavaria]] [[Upadirisho|akapadrishwa]] tarehe 16 Machi 1930. Mnamo 27 Juni 1957, [[Papa Pius XII]] alimteua kuwa Askofu wa Würzburg. Mnamo 1975 na 1976, aliidhinisha tendo la [[mazinguo|utoaji pepo]] kwa Anneliese Michel, akiamuru siri kamili, baada ya "kutafakari kwa kina na kupata taarifa sahihi" kutoka kwa [[Upadri|Padre]] Arnold Renz. Michel alifariki kutokana na [[utapiamlo]] baada ya karibu mwaka mzima wa [[njaa]] ya kiasi wakati wa utekelezaji wa [[ibada]] hiyo. Mnamo 28 Mei 1977, Stangl alimweka wakfu Padre Joseph Ratzinger — aliyekuwa baadaye [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] — kuwa askofu. Mnamo 8 Januari 1979, alistaafu kama Askofu wa Würzburg. Alifariki [[dunia]] huko Schweinfurt mnamo Aprili 1979. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1907]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1979]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]] lw62hkku8wy20t0iv6z1nqguw79wbvz 0 203795 1576843 1519882 2026-06-26T18:01:00Z EmmyTsd 68054 1576843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Mary Wollstonecraft Tate portrait.jpg|thumb|Picaha ya '''Mary Wollstonecraft''']] '''Mary Wollstonecraft''' ([[Kiingereza]]: /ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft/ WUUL-stən-krahft, Marekani: /-kræft/ -kraft; [[27 Aprili]] [[1759]] – [[10 Septemba]] [[1797]]) alikuwa mwandishi na [[mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Kiingereza]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa utetezi wake wa haki za wanawake. Hadi mwisho wa [[karne ya 20]], maisha ya Wollstonecraft, ambayo yalijumuisha uhusiano wa kibinafsi usio wa kawaida (wakati huo), yalipata umakini zaidi kuliko maandishi yake. Wollstonecraft anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wananadharia wa kifeministi waanzilishi, na wafeministi mara nyingi hutaja maisha yake na kazi zake kama ushawishi muhimu.<ref name="Oxford Learner's Dictionaries">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mary Wollstonecraft |encyclopedia=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/mary-wollstonecraft |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Wakati wa kazi yake fupi aliandika [[riwaya]], [[risala]], simulizi ya [[safari]], [[historia]] ya Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa, kitabu cha [[maadili]], na kitabu cha watoto. Wollstonecraft anajulikana zaidi kwa A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ([[1792]]), ambamo anasema kuwa wanawake sio dhaifu kwa asili kuliko wanaume lakini wanaonekana hivyo kwa sababu tu wanakosa [[elimu]]. Anapendekeza kwamba [[wanaume]] na wanawake wote wachukuliwe kama viumbe wenye akili na anawazia utaratibu wa kijamii uliojengwa juu ya akili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary Wollstonecraft: 'Britain's first feminist' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/mary-wollstonecraft-britains-first-feminist/zkpk382 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=BBC Teach}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary Wollstonecraft |url=https://www.britishlibrary.cn/en/authors/mary-wollstonecraft/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=The British Library}}</ref><ref>Todd, 45–57; Tomalin, 34–43; Wardle, 27–30; Sunstein, 80–91.</ref> Baada ya [[mapenzi]] mawili yasiyofanikiwa, na Henry Fuseli na Gilbert Imlay (ambaye alimzalia binti, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft alimuoa mwanafalsafa William Godwin, mmoja wa waanzilishi wa harakati ya anarchist. Wollstonecraft alikufa akiwa na umri wa miaka [[38]] akiacha nyuma maandishi kadhaa ambayo hayajakamilika.<ref>See Wardle, chapter 2, for autobiographical elements of ''Mary''; see Sunstein, chapter 7.</ref> == Wasifu == Wollstonecraft alizaliwa tarehe [[27 Aprili]] [[1759]] huko Spitalfields, [[London]]. Alikuwa wa pili kati ya [[watoto]] saba wa Elizabeth Dixon na Edward John Wollstonecraft. Ingawa [[familia]] yake ilikuwa na [[mapato]] ya kustarehesha alipokuwa [[mtoto]], [[baba]] yake aliyapoteza polepole kwenye miradi ya kubahatisha. Kwa hivyo, [[familia]] ikawa haina utulivu wa kifedha na mara nyingi walilazimika kuhama wakati wa [[ujana]] wa Wollstonecraft. Hali ya kifedha ya [[familia]] hatimaye ikawa mbaya sana hivi kwamba [[baba]] yake wa Wollstonecraft alimlazimisha kupeana pesa ambazo angeweza kurithi akiwa amefikia ukomavu. Zaidi ya hayo, alikuwa mtu wa jeuri ambaye alimpiga mke wake akiwa amelewa sana. Akiwa kijana, Wollstonecraft alikuwa akilala nje ya [[mlango]] wa [[chumba]] cha mama yake kumudu. Wollstonecraft alichukua jukumu sawa la kimama kwa dada zake, Everina na Eliza, katika maisha yake yote. Katika wakati wa maamuzi mwaka [[1784]], alimshawishi Eliza, ambaye alikuwa akiugua labda kwa unyogovu wa baada ya kujifungua, aache mume wake na [[mtoto]] [[mchanga]]; Wollstonecraft alifanya mipango yote ya Eliza kutoroka, akionyesha utayari wake wa kupinga kanuni za kijamii. Gharama za kibinadamu, hata hivyo, zilikuwa za juu: dada yake alipata laani ya kijamii na, kwa sababu hangeweza kuoa tena, alihukumiwa maisha ya [[umaskini]] na kazi ngumu.<ref>See, for example, Todd, 106–107; Tomalin, 66, 79–80; Sunstein, 127–128.</ref> [[Marafiki]] wawili wa karibu waliunda [[maisha]] ya awali ya Wollstonecraft. Wa kwanza alikuwa Jane Arden huko Beverley. Wao wawili mara kwa mara walisoma [[vitabu]] pamoja na kuhudhuria mihadhara iliyowasilishwa na [[baba]] ya Arden, mwanafalsafa na mwanasayansi aliyejipachika jina. Wollstonecraft alifurahia hali ya kiakili ya [[nyumba]] ya Arden na aliithamini [[urafiki]] wake na Arden sana, wakati mwingine hadi kiwango cha kumudu kihisia. Wollstonecraft alimwandikia: "Nimeunda dhana za kimapenzi za urafiki ... Mimi ni wa pekee kidogo katika mawazo yangu ya upendo na urafiki; lazima nipate nafasi ya kwanza au hakuna." Katika baadhi ya [[barua]] za Wollstonecraft kwa Arden, anafunua hisia za kubadilika na za unyogovu ambazo zingemudu katika maisha yake yote. Urafiki wa pili na wa muhimu zaidi ulikuwa na Fanny (Frances) Blood, aliyetambulishwa kwa Wollstonecraft na Clares, wanandoa huko Hoxton ambao walikua wazazi wa kambo kwake; Wollstonecraft alimpa sifa Blood kwa kufungua akili yake.<ref name="London SE1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary Wollstonecraft blue plaque unveiled |url=https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/1084 |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=London SE1 |last1=Team |first1=London SE1 Website }}</ref> Asiyefurahia [[maisha]] yake ya nyumbani, Wollstonecraft alianzisha maisha yake mwenyewe mwaka [[1778]] na akakubali kazi kama mwandamizi wa [[mwanamke]] kwa Sarah Dawson, mjane anayeishi Bath. Hata hivyo, Wollstonecraft alipata shida kuishi pamoja na [[mwanamke]] huyo mwenye [[hasira]] (tajriba aliyotumia alipoelezea hasara za nafasi kama hiyo katika Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, [[1787]]). Mnamo [[1780]] alirudi nyumbani baada ya kuitwa kurudi kumudu mama yake aliyekuwa akifa. Badala ya kurudi kwa ajira ya Dawson baada ya kifo cha mama yake, Wollstonecraft aliishi na Bloods. Aligundua wakati wa miaka miwili aliyotumia na familia hiyo kwamba alikuwa amemudu Blood, ambaye alikuwa amewekeza zaidi katika maadili ya jadi ya kike kuliko Wollstonecraft. Lakini Wollstonecraft alibaki amejitolea kwa Fanny na familia yake katika maisha yake yote, mara nyingi akitoa msaada wa kifedha kwa ndugu ya [[Blood]]. Wollstonecraft alikuwa amewazia kuishi katika utopia ya kike na Blood; walifanya mipango ya kukodisha vyumba pamoja na kusaidiana kihisia na kifedha, lakini ndoto hii ilianguka chini ya hali za kiuchumi. Ili kujipatia riziki, Wollstonecraft, dada zake na Blood walianzisha shule pamoja huko Newington Green, [[jamii]] ya Wapingaji. Blood hivi karibuni alichumbiwa na, baada ya ndoa yake, alihamia Lisbon, Ureno na mumewe, Hugh Skeys, kwa matumaini kwamba ingeboresha afya yake ambayo daima ilikuwa hatarini. Licha ya mabadiliko ya mazingira afya ya [[Blood]] ilizidi kuzorota alipopata mimba, na mwaka [[1785]] Wollstonecraft aliacha shule na kumudu Blood, lakini bila mafanikio. Zaidi ya hayo, kuachana kwake na shule kulisababisha kushindwa kwake. Kifo cha Blood kilimudu Wollstonecraft na kilikuwa sehemu ya msukumo wa riwaya yake ya kwanza, Mary: A Fiction ([[1788]]). == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1759]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1797]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] ghi889g8gj16hcwi1en92m987f2ofq0 1576899 1576843 2026-06-27T08:03:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Mary Wollstonecraft Tate portrait.jpg|thumb|Mary Wollstonecraft alivyochorwa.]] '''Mary Wollstonecraft''' (matamshi ya [[Kiingereza]]: /ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft/ WUUL-stən-krahft, Marekani: /-kræft/ -kraft; [[27 Aprili]] [[1759]] – [[10 Septemba]] [[1797]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na [[mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Uingereza]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa utetezi wake wa [[haki za wanawake]]. Hadi mwisho wa [[karne ya 20]], maisha ya Wollstonecraft, ambayo yalijumuisha uhusiano wa kibinafsi usio wa kawaida (wakati huo), yalipata umakini zaidi kuliko maandishi yake. Wollstonecraft anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wananadharia wa kifeministi waanzilishi, na wafeministi mara nyingi hutaja maisha yake na kazi zake kama ushawishi muhimu.<ref name="Oxford Learner's Dictionaries">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mary Wollstonecraft |encyclopedia=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/mary-wollstonecraft |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Wakati wa kazi yake fupi aliandika [[riwaya]], [[risala]], simulizi ya [[safari]], [[historia]] ya Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa, kitabu cha [[maadili]], na kitabu cha watoto. Wollstonecraft anajulikana zaidi kwa A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ([[1792]]), ambamo anasema kuwa wanawake sio dhaifu kwa asili kuliko wanaume lakini wanaonekana hivyo kwa sababu tu wanakosa [[elimu]]. Anapendekeza kwamba [[wanaume]] na wanawake wote wachukuliwe kama viumbe wenye akili na anawazia utaratibu wa kijamii uliojengwa juu ya akili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary Wollstonecraft: 'Britain's first feminist' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/mary-wollstonecraft-britains-first-feminist/zkpk382 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=BBC Teach}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary Wollstonecraft |url=https://www.britishlibrary.cn/en/authors/mary-wollstonecraft/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=The British Library}}</ref><ref>Todd, 45–57; Tomalin, 34–43; Wardle, 27–30; Sunstein, 80–91.</ref> Baada ya [[mapenzi]] mawili yasiyofanikiwa, na Henry Fuseli na Gilbert Imlay (ambaye alimzalia binti, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft alioana na mwanafalsafa William Godwin, mmoja wa waanzilishi wa harakati ya anarchist. Wollstonecraft alikufa akiwa na umri wa miaka [[38]] akiacha nyuma maandishi kadhaa ambayo hayajakamilika.<ref>See Wardle, chapter 2, for autobiographical elements of ''Mary''; see Sunstein, chapter 7.</ref> == Wasifu == Wollstonecraft alizaliwa tarehe [[27 Aprili]] [[1759]] huko Spitalfields, [[London]]. Alikuwa wa pili kati ya [[watoto]] saba wa Elizabeth Dixon na Edward John Wollstonecraft. Ingawa [[familia]] yake ilikuwa na [[mapato]] ya kustarehesha alipokuwa [[mtoto]], [[baba]] yake aliyapoteza polepole kwenye miradi ya kubahatisha. Kwa hivyo, [[familia]] ikawa haina utulivu wa kifedha na mara nyingi walilazimika kuhama wakati wa [[ujana]] wa Wollstonecraft. Hali ya kifedha ya [[familia]] hatimaye ikawa mbaya sana hivi kwamba [[baba]] yake wa Wollstonecraft alimlazimisha kupeana pesa ambazo angeweza kurithi akiwa amefikia ukomavu. Zaidi ya hayo, alikuwa mtu wa jeuri ambaye alimpiga mke wake akiwa amelewa sana. Akiwa kijana, Wollstonecraft alikuwa akilala nje ya [[mlango]] wa [[chumba]] cha mama yake kumudu. Wollstonecraft alichukua jukumu sawa la kimama kwa dada zake, Everina na Eliza, katika maisha yake yote. Katika wakati wa maamuzi mwaka [[1784]], alimshawishi Eliza, ambaye alikuwa akiugua labda kwa unyogovu wa baada ya kujifungua, aache mume wake na [[mtoto]] [[mchanga]]; Wollstonecraft alifanya mipango yote ya Eliza kutoroka, akionyesha utayari wake wa kupinga kanuni za kijamii. Gharama za kibinadamu, hata hivyo, zilikuwa za juu: dada yake alipata laani ya kijamii na, kwa sababu hangeweza kuoa tena, alihukumiwa maisha ya [[umaskini]] na kazi ngumu.<ref>See, for example, Todd, 106–107; Tomalin, 66, 79–80; Sunstein, 127–128.</ref> [[Marafiki]] wawili wa karibu waliunda [[maisha]] ya awali ya Wollstonecraft. Wa kwanza alikuwa Jane Arden huko Beverley. Wao wawili mara kwa mara walisoma [[vitabu]] pamoja na kuhudhuria mihadhara iliyowasilishwa na [[baba]] ya Arden, mwanafalsafa na mwanasayansi aliyejipachika jina. Wollstonecraft alifurahia hali ya kiakili ya [[nyumba]] ya Arden na aliithamini [[urafiki]] wake na Arden sana, wakati mwingine hadi kiwango cha kumudu kihisia. Wollstonecraft alimwandikia: "Nimeunda dhana za kimapenzi za urafiki ... Mimi ni wa pekee kidogo katika mawazo yangu ya upendo na urafiki; lazima nipate nafasi ya kwanza au hakuna." Katika baadhi ya [[barua]] za Wollstonecraft kwa Arden, anafunua hisia za kubadilika na za unyogovu ambazo zingemudu katika maisha yake yote. Urafiki wa pili na wa muhimu zaidi ulikuwa na Fanny (Frances) Blood, aliyetambulishwa kwa Wollstonecraft na Clares, wanandoa huko Hoxton ambao walikua wazazi wa kambo kwake; Wollstonecraft alimpa sifa Blood kwa kufungua akili yake.<ref name="London SE1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary Wollstonecraft blue plaque unveiled |url=https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/1084 |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=London SE1 |last1=Team |first1=London SE1 Website }}</ref> Asiyefurahia [[maisha]] yake ya nyumbani, Wollstonecraft alianzisha maisha yake mwenyewe mwaka [[1778]] na akakubali kazi kama mwandamizi wa [[mwanamke]] kwa Sarah Dawson, mjane anayeishi Bath. Hata hivyo, Wollstonecraft alipata shida kuishi pamoja na [[mwanamke]] huyo mwenye [[hasira]] (tajriba aliyotumia alipoelezea hasara za nafasi kama hiyo katika Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, [[1787]]). Mnamo [[1780]] alirudi nyumbani baada ya kuitwa kurudi kumudu mama yake aliyekuwa akifa. Badala ya kurudi kwa ajira ya Dawson baada ya kifo cha mama yake, Wollstonecraft aliishi na Bloods. Aligundua wakati wa miaka miwili aliyotumia na familia hiyo kwamba alikuwa amemudu Blood, ambaye alikuwa amewekeza zaidi katika maadili ya jadi ya kike kuliko Wollstonecraft. Lakini Wollstonecraft alibaki amejitolea kwa Fanny na familia yake katika maisha yake yote, mara nyingi akitoa msaada wa kifedha kwa ndugu ya [[Blood]]. Wollstonecraft alikuwa amewazia kuishi katika utopia ya kike na Blood; walifanya mipango ya kukodisha vyumba pamoja na kusaidiana kihisia na kifedha, lakini ndoto hii ilianguka chini ya hali za kiuchumi. Ili kujipatia riziki, Wollstonecraft, dada zake na Blood walianzisha shule pamoja huko Newington Green, [[jamii]] ya Wapingaji. Blood hivi karibuni alichumbiwa na, baada ya ndoa yake, alihamia Lisbon, Ureno na mumewe, Hugh Skeys, kwa matumaini kwamba ingeboresha afya yake ambayo daima ilikuwa hatarini. Licha ya mabadiliko ya mazingira afya ya [[Blood]] ilizidi kuzorota alipopata mimba, na mwaka [[1785]] Wollstonecraft aliacha shule na kumudu Blood, lakini bila mafanikio. Zaidi ya hayo, kuachana kwake na shule kulisababisha kushindwa kwake. Kifo cha Blood kilimudu Wollstonecraft na kilikuwa sehemu ya msukumo wa riwaya yake ya kwanza, Mary: A Fiction ([[1788]]). == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1759]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1797]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] mwmgjdgxjsro0ege71c8qd8k320zv0h 0 204624 1576887 1567030 2026-06-27T06:50:04Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Elena Landázuri, 1924.jpg|thumb|Elena Landázuri mwaka 1924]] '''María Elena Landázuri Gil''' ([[30 Desemba]] [[1888]] – [[10 Desemba]] [[1970]]) alikuwa [[mwalimu]] wa [[Mexico]], [[mwanamuziki]], mpigania amani, na mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake. Alizaliwa katika familia ya hali ya juu na alikulia katika Jiji la Mexico. Baada ya kuhudhuria Conservatory ya Kitaifa ya Muziki, alipata digrii ya muziki kutoka Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM, Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Uhuru cha Mexico) na akaanza kufundisha huko. Mnamo [[1915]], aliandika libretto ya opera Dos amores (Two Loves), ambayo ilitungwa na Rafael J. Tello [ca]. Ilikuwa libretto ya kwanza inayojulikana na [[mwanamke]] wa Mexico na ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza ndani ya mwaka mmoja. Mpango wa kubadilishana elimu ulipozinduliwa kati ya Mexico na [[Marekani]] mwaka wa [[1918]], alijiandikisha katika kozi za sosholojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago. Akiwa Chicago, alifanya kazi katika nyumba mbalimbali za makazi na kuwa marafiki na watetezi wa haki za wanawake Grace Abbott, Jane Addams, na Mary McDowell. Akijiunga na Consejo Feminista Mexicano (Baraza la Kifeministi la Meksiko), aliwakilisha shirika katika kongamano la Vienna la [[1921]] na kongamano la Washington la [[1924]] la Ligi ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake kwa Amani na Uhuru. Alihudumu kama mtafsiri wa Mkutano wa Wanawake wa Pan-American wa [[1922]] uliofanyika Baltimore, Maryland na kupangwa na Elena Torres Mkutano wa Wanawake wa Pan-American wa [[1923]] huko Mexico City. Alipohitimu shahada ya falsafa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago mwaka wa 1923, Landázuri alirudi Mexico City na kuanzishwa kwa usaidizi wa Caroline Duval Smith, mshauri wa Marekani wa Chama cha Vijana wa Kikristo cha Wanawake (YWCA), shirika la kwanza la Mexico la YWCA. Alihudumu kama Katibu Mkuu hadi 1924, alipojiuzulu kwa masuala ya sera na ukosefu wa mwelekeo wa shirika juu ya haki za wanawake. Kuanzia 1924 hadi 1932, alihudumu katika bodi ya utendaji ya shirika la kimataifa la WILPF. Kwenda kufanya kazi kwa Katibu wa Elimu ya Umma wa Mexico, alishiriki katika kampeni ya kusoma na kuandika ya José Vasconcelos. Alisaidia kuanzisha shule ya Wenyeji huko Hidalgo, akawakilisha serikali katika Kongamano la Kwanza la Waelimishaji Duniani, na akafanya kazi na Elena Torres kufanya mamlaka kufahamu matatizo yanayowakabili walimu wa mashambani. Kwa kuongezea, alifanya kazi kama msaidizi wa utafiti kwa wanaanthropolojia kama Manuel Gamio, Greta Redfield, na Robert Redfield, ambao walikuwa wakisoma maendeleo ya kitamaduni ya Mexico katika kipindi cha baada ya mapinduzi ya kisasa. Landázuri alifanya utafiti wake mwenyewe katika maendeleo ya kijamii katika miaka ya [[1930]] na kuhama kutoka elimu hadi kazi ya kijamii. Alikua mkuu wa Huduma ya Usafi wa Watoto ya Wizara ya Afya na akaunda kikundi cha wauguzi cha kufuatilia afya za mama na watoto. Katika miaka ya [[1940]], aliongoza maktaba ya kumbukumbu za matibabu katika Hospitali ya Infantil de México [es] (Hospitali ya Watoto wachanga ya Mexico). Alikufa huko Mexico City mnamo [[1970]], na akasahaulika, hadi historia yake ilipogunduliwa tena katika karne ya ishirini na moja. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == María Elena Landázuri Gil alizaliwa tarehe 30 Desemba 1888 katika kitongoji cha Tacubaya katika Jiji la Mexico kwa Dolores Gil na Pedro Landázuri. {{sfn|Negrete|2023}}{{sfn|Estudillo García|Nieto Arizmendi|Lau Jaiven|2019|p=234}}{{sfn|Birth Registry|1889|p=2}} Familia yake ilikuwa ya tabaka la juu na babake alikuwa mwanasiasa. Mke wa kwanza wa baba yake alikuwa mshairi Mhispania, Isabel Prieto, ambaye alizaa naye watoto watatu: Jorge, Blanca, na Raúl. Baada ya kuhudumu kama katibu wa kibinafsi wa Rais Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, na mjumbe wa Baraza la Manaibu, Pedro alipewa wadhifa wa balozi wa Mexico huko Hamburg, [[Ujerumani]], ambapo Isabel alifariki.{{sfn|Prieto de Castro|2018}}{{sfn|Estudillo García|Nieto Arizmendi|Lau Jaiven|2019|p=234}} Alirejea Mexico na mwaka wa [[1882]], aliteuliwa kama Seneta wa pili wa Jimbo la Guerrero na pia kama gavana wa muda wa Jalisco. {{sfn|Argudín|2005|pp=111, 126}} Wazazi wa Landázuri walioana huko [[Guadalajara]] mwaka wa [[1883]]. Mama yake alikuwa binti ya Ana Rívas na Ignacío Gíl Romero. {{sfn|Marriage Registry|1883|p=51}} Pedro kakake Landázuri alikufa kabla ya siku yake ya kuzaliwa. {{sfn|Death Registry|1884|pp=160–161}} Alikuwa na dada mkubwa, aliyeitwa pia María, ambaye alizaliwa mwaka wa [[1885]]. {{sfn|Baptismal records|1885|p=64(r)}} Baba yake alikuwa mwanafikra huru na mama yake alikuwa Mkatoliki. {{sfn|Ames|1959|p=91}} == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1888]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1970]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Meksiko]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Meksiko]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] n9brzgu3pxb97cyylh9g9ktqebdgx9b 0 208467 1576807 1574881 2026-06-26T14:03:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's Daniel 7 engraving.jpg|alt=Woodcut image of Daniel, sleeping, while four beasts watch.|thumb|265x265px|Danieli akiwa amelala [[usingizi]] na kupata njozi ya [[Mnyama|wanyama]] wanne.]] '''Mtindo wa kiapokalipti''' ulikuwa [[mtindo wa uandishi]] ulioanza kati ya [[Wayahudi]] wa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]], hasa [[nabii Ezekieli]], na kuendelea hata kwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa kwanza. [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ni kilele cha mtindo huo katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]. Katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] [[kitabu]] maarufu zaidi cha namna hiyo ni [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]]. [[Jina]] la mtindo huo linatokana na lile la [[Kigiriki]] la kitabu hicho, ἀποκάλυψις, linalotamkwa: apokálupsis. Kwa jumla, [[Mitindo|mtindo]] huo unasimulia [[njozi]] au [[ndoto]] za [[Mungu|Kimungu]] zilizodaiwa kumfunulia [[mwandishi]] [[siri]] kuhusu [[mwisho wa nyakati]] unaotarajiwa kuleta [[ukombozi]] na kuhusu mambo ya [[ahera]]. Mara nyingi [[ujumbe]] uliletwa na [[malaika]]. Lengo ni kuwapa [[tumaini]] waamini walio katika [[dhuluma]]. Mtindo huo ulitumia mifano mingi ya [[fumbo|kifumbo]] ([[namba]], [[Kiumbehai|viumbehai]] pengine wa kutisha n.k.) ukionyesha [[vita]] kati ya [[Mwenezi Mungu]] na [[shetani]] Vitabu vingi vya mtindo huo havikukubaliwa kama [[Neno la Mungu]] vikabaki nje ya [[Biblia]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * Charlesworth, James H. ed., ''The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha'', Vol. 1: ''Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments'', Gsrden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1983. * Collins, John Joseph ''The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature'', (The Biblical Resource Series), Grand Rapids: Eerdman, 1998 (second edition). * Coogan, Michael ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament'', Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009. * Cook, David, ''Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature'' (Religion and Politics), Syracure, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005. * Cook, Stephen L., ''The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts'', Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003. * [[Northrop Frye|Frye, Northrop]], 1957. ''Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays'', Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957. * Goswiller, Richard, ''Revelation'', Pacific Study Series, Melbourne, 1987. * Reddish, Mitchell G. ''Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader'', Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:fasihi]] sx7rnqo91imjl6bia8nilcjxbj1xvmc 1576808 1576807 2026-06-26T14:04:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's Daniel 7 engraving.jpg|alt=Woodcut image of Daniel, sleeping, while four beasts watch.|thumb|265x265px|Danieli akiwa amelala [[usingizi]] na kupata njozi ya [[Mnyama|wanyama]] wanne.]] '''Mtindo wa kiapokalipti''' ulikuwa [[mtindo wa uandishi]] ulioanza kati ya [[Wayahudi]] wa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]], hasa [[nabii Ezekieli]], na kuendelea hata kwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa kwanza. [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ni kilele cha mtindo huo katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]. Katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] [[kitabu]] maarufu zaidi cha namna hiyo ni [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]]. [[Jina]] la mtindo huo linatokana na lile la [[Kigiriki]] la kitabu hicho, ἀποκάλυψις, linalotamkwa: apokálupsis. Kwa jumla, [[Mitindo|mtindo]] huo unasimulia [[njozi]] au [[ndoto]] za [[Mungu|Kimungu]] zilizodaiwa kumfunulia [[mwandishi]] [[siri]] kuhusu [[mwisho wa nyakati]] unaotarajiwa kuleta [[ukombozi]] na kuhusu mambo ya [[ahera]]. Mara nyingi [[ujumbe]] uliletwa na [[malaika]]. Lengo ni kuwapa [[tumaini]] waamini walio katika [[dhuluma]]. Mtindo huo ulitumia mifano mingi ya [[fumbo|kifumbo]] ([[namba]], [[Kiumbehai|viumbehai]] pengine wa kutisha n.k.) ukionyesha [[vita]] kati ya [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] na [[shetani]] Vitabu vingi vya mtindo huo havikukubaliwa kama [[Neno la Mungu]] vikabaki nje ya [[Biblia]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * Charlesworth, James H. ed., ''The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha'', Vol. 1: ''Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments'', Gsrden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1983. * Collins, John Joseph ''The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature'', (The Biblical Resource Series), Grand Rapids: Eerdman, 1998 (second edition). * Coogan, Michael ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament'', Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009. * Cook, David, ''Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature'' (Religion and Politics), Syracure, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005. * Cook, Stephen L., ''The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts'', Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003. * [[Northrop Frye|Frye, Northrop]], 1957. ''Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays'', Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957. * Goswiller, Richard, ''Revelation'', Pacific Study Series, Melbourne, 1987. * Reddish, Mitchell G. ''Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader'', Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:fasihi]] ajw112pckee0xxyl1rdw91ggisdzi8k 4 208508 1576819 1576681 2026-06-26T14:35:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1576819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 620 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2716 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1301 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 972 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 529 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 466 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 570 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 422 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1646 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29730 || ↑ +1.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 172.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2716 || ↓ -6.5% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1646 || ↑ +1632.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1301 || ↑ +20.9% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 715 || ↓ -2.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 620 || ↓ -9.9% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 570 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 529 || ↓ -3.3% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 496 || ↓ -35.3% |- | 10 || [[Irani]] || 466 || ↓ -57.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 641 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.0% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} mm21jetv6fc97svrmhiab5853a1d7l4 1576821 1576819 2026-06-26T14:38:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1576821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 620 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2716 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1301 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 972 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 529 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 466 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 570 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 422 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1646 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30221 || ↑ +0.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2716 || ↓ -6.5% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1646 || ↑ +1632.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1301 || ↑ +20.9% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 715 || ↓ -2.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 620 || ↓ -9.9% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 570 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 529 || ↓ -3.3% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 496 || ↓ -35.3% |- | 10 || [[Irani]] || 466 || ↓ -57.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 641 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.0% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} p05kk95nxrhefjpp2dwcmpbb1urfebp 1576850 1576821 2026-06-26T19:57:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1576850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 620 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2716 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1301 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 972 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 529 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 466 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 570 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 422 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1646 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30221 || ↑ +0.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2716 || ↓ -6.5% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1646 || ↑ +1632.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1301 || ↑ +20.9% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 715 || ↓ -2.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 620 || ↓ -9.9% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 570 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 529 || ↓ -3.3% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 496 || ↓ -35.3% |- | 10 || [[Irani]] || 466 || ↓ -57.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 641 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.0% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} hpfid1rsqltn98rfqdmskqq2k91ksfw 1576851 1576850 2026-06-26T19:59:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1576851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 620 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2716 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1301 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 972 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 529 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 466 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 570 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 422 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1646 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30200 || ↑ +0.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2716 || ↓ -6.5% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1646 || ↑ +1632.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1301 || ↑ +20.9% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 715 || ↓ -2.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 620 || ↓ -9.9% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 570 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 529 || ↓ -3.3% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 496 || ↓ -35.3% |- | 10 || [[Irani]] || 466 || ↓ -57.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 0b5twbcmm8wpl83pqolsznofbkthaph 1576862 1576851 2026-06-27T03:53:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1576862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 622 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30200 || ↑ +0.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2716 || ↓ -6.5% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1646 || ↑ +1632.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1301 || ↑ +20.9% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 715 || ↓ -2.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 620 || ↓ -9.9% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 570 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 529 || ↓ -3.3% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 496 || ↓ -35.3% |- | 10 || [[Irani]] || 466 || ↓ -57.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} kitk93dct8jzl5vsqbvpb4xs073esvo 1576865 1576862 2026-06-27T04:01:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1576865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 622 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30782 || ↑ +1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 4ek85cnneuf2uaejhz72rv4vl3il0hc 1576919 1576865 2026-06-27T08:43:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1576919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 622 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30782 || ↑ +1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 5gme23zp32kjbb2qqspy0raxqq3tyvz 1576920 1576919 2026-06-27T08:45:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1576920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 622 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30124 || ↑ +2.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.1 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} rducv5bkk5lpxoxtnc0168nfnhrif2z 0 214462 1576847 1517546 2026-06-26T19:03:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Kupinga Sayansi''' ni mkusanyiko wa mitazamo na aina ya kupinga usomi inayojumuisha kukataa [[sayansi]] na mbinu ya kisayansi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Science and Anti-science|url=https://archive.org/details/scienceantiscien0000holt|author=Gerald Holton |year=1993|isbn=978-0674792999|publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> Watu wenye mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi hawaikubali sayansi kama njia ya lengo (sayansi) lengo inayoweza kutoa maarifa ya ulimwengu (falsafa)|ulimwengu kwa ujumla. Kupinga sayansi hujitokeza kwa kukataa dhana za kisayansi kama vile kukataa mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya tabianchi, kupinga mageuzi na makundi ya kidini|mageuzi ya viumbe, na ufanisi wa [[chanjo]]. Pia hujumuisha pseudoscience, mbinu zinazodai kuwa za kisayansi lakini zinapinga mbinu ya kisayansi. Kupinga sayansi husababisha imani katika nadharia za njama zisizo sahihi na tiba mbadala.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Goertzel |first=Ted |title=Conspiracy theories in science |journal=EMBO Reports |year=2010 |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=493–499 |doi=10.1038/embor.2010.84 |pmid=20539311 |pmc=2897118 }}</ref> Ukosefu wa imani katika sayansi umehusishwa na kuendeleza msimamo mkali wa kisiasa na kutokuamini matibabu ya kitabibu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Hotez |first=Peter J. |date=March 29, 2021 |title=The Antiscience Movement Is Escalating, Going Global and Killing Thousands |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-antiscience-movement-is-escalating-going-global-and-killing-thousands/ |website=Scientific American}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Hotez |first=Peter J. |date=July 28, 2021 |title=Mounting antiscience aggression in the United States |journal=[[PLOS]]|volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=e3001369 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001369 |pmid=34319972 |pmc=8351985 |s2cid=236497855 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Historia== Katika siku za mwanzo za Mapinduzi ya Kisayansi, wanasayansi kama [[Robert Boyle]] (1627–1691) walikumbana na upinzani kutoka kwa watu kama [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679), waliokuwa na mashaka kuhusu iwapo sayansi ni njia sahihi ya kupata maarifa halisi kuhusu dunia. Msimamo wa Hobbes unachukuliwa na Ian Shapiro kuwa ni wa kupinga sayansi: <blockquote> Katika ''Six Lessons to the Professors of Mathematics''...[kilichochapishwa mwaka 1656, Hobbes] alitofautisha kati ya fani 'zinazothibitishwa', kama 'ambazo ujenzi wa mada yake uko mikononi mwa msanii mwenyewe,' na zile 'zisizothibitishwa' 'ambapo sababu zake zinatafutwa.' Tunaweza kujua sababu za kile tunachotengeneza. Hivyo jiometri ni ya kuthibitishwa, kwa sababu 'mistari na maumbo tunayojadili hutolewa na sisi wenyewe' na 'falsafa ya kiraia ni ya kuthibitishwa, kwa sababu tunatengeneza taifa sisi wenyewe.' Lakini tunaweza tu kubashiri kuhusu dunia ya asili, kwa sababu 'hatujui ujenzi wake, bali tunautafuta kupitia athari zake.'<ref>Ian Shapiro, ''[https://shapiro.macmillan.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/skinner-and-pettit.pdf Reflections on Skinner and Pettit],'' Hobbes Studies, 22 (2009), uk. 185–191, nukuu kutoka uk. 190–191</ref> </blockquote> Katika kitabu chake ''Reductionism: Analysis and the Fullness of Reality'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 2000, Richard H. Jones aliandika kuwa Hobbes "aliwasilisha wazo la umuhimu wa mambo yasiyo ya kiakili katika tabia ya binadamu".<ref>Richard H Jones, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sUgnio874NUC Reductionism: Analysis and the Fullness of Reality],'' Lewisburg, Pa: Bucknell University Press, 2000, uk. 199</ref> Jones aliwaweka Hobbes pamoja na wengine anaowaita "wapinga ufinyu wa uchambuzi" na "wanaojali mtu binafsi", wakiwemo Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911), [[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883), Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) na J S Mill (1806–1873), na baadaye akaongeza Karl Popper (1902–1994), John Rawls (1921–2002), na E. O. Wilson (1929–2021) kwenye orodha.<ref>Jones, uk. 213</ref> [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], katika ''Hotuba Kuhusu Sanaa na Sayansi'' (1750), alidai kuwa sayansi inaweza kupelekea mmomonyoko wa maadili. "Rousseau anahoji kuwa maendeleo ya sayansi na sanaa yamesababisha kuporomoka kwa maadili na utu" na "ukosoaji wake wa sayansi una mengi ya kutufundisha kuhusu hatari zinazohusiana na kujitolea kisiasa kwa maendeleo ya kisayansi, na kuhusu njia ambazo furaha ya baadaye ya binadamu inaweza kulindwa".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url= http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI3176656/ |title= Jeffrey J S Black, ''Rousseau's critique of science: A commentary on the Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts'', Boston College, 2005 |access-date= 13 Septemba 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080925234211/http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI3176656/ |archive-date= 25 Septemba 2008 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, Rousseau hakusema katika hotuba zake kuwa sayansi ni ''mbaya kwa lazima'', na alieleza kuwa watu kama [[René Descartes]], [[Francis Bacon]], na [[Isaac Newton]] wanapaswa kuheshimiwa sana.<ref> [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses "Bacon, Descartes na Newton, walimu wa binadamu, hawakuwa na walimu wao wenyewe. Ni mwongozo gani ungeweza kuwapeleka mbali kama vile akili yao ya juu ilivyowaelekeza?"] </ref> Katika hitimisho la hotuba hizo, anasema kuwa watu hao waliotajwa wanaweza kukuza sayansi kwa manufaa makubwa, na kwamba mmomonyoko wa maadili unatokana zaidi na ushawishi mbaya wa jamii kwa wanasayansi.<ref> Tazama: [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses "Lakini mradi nguvu ipo upande mmoja, na maarifa na uelewa upande mwingine, wasomi hawatachunguza mambo makubwa, watawala watafanya vitendo vikubwa kwa nadra zaidi, na watu wataendelea kuwa, kama walivyo, duni, waovu na wenye taabu."] (Rousseau, ''[[Mkataba wa Jamii]] na Hotuba'') </ref> [[William Blake]] (1757–1827) alionyesha upinzani mkubwa katika michoro na maandishi yake dhidi ya kazi za Isaac Newton (1642–1727), na anaonekana kuwa huenda ndiye wa kwanza (na bila shaka maarufu na wa kudumu zaidi) katika kile kinachoonekana na wanahistoria kama mwitikio wa kivutio cha kisanii au Romanticism|kimapenzi dhidi ya sayansi. Kwa mfano, katika shairi lake la mwaka 1795 "Auguries of Innocence", Blake anaeleza uzuri wa robin mwekundu wa Ulaya aliyefungwa katika kile kinachoweza kufasiriwa kama gereza la kihisia la hesabu na sayansi ya Newton.<ref>[http://www.online-literature.com/blake/612/ William Blake, "Auguries of Innocence"]. Tazama kutoka shairi hilo hilo: <blockquote> Inchi ya siafu na maili ya tai <br> Hufanya falsafa ya kilema itabasamu. <br> Yule anayepinga kwa kile anachokiona <br> Hataamini, fanya utakavyo. <br> Jua na mwezi wakitilia shaka, <br> Wangetoweka mara moja. </blockquote> </ref> Newton (Blake)|Mchoro wa Newton wa [[William Blake]] unamwonyesha mwanasayansi "kama shujaa aliyepotoka ambaye macho yake yalielekezwa tu kwenye michoro ya kijiometri isiyo na uhai iliyochorwa ardhini".<ref>[https://www.princeton.edu/~his291/Newton.html Maelezo kuhusu ''Newton'' ya Blake, Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton]</ref> Blake aliamini kuwa "Newton, Bacon, na [[John Locke|Locke]] kwa kusisitiza kwao hoja ya kiakili walikuwa si zaidi ya 'walimu wakuu watatu wa kutokuamini Mungu, au Fundisho la Shetani'...mchoro huo unaendelea kutoka kwenye rangi na furaha upande wa kushoto, hadi kwenye ukame na giza upande wa kulia. Kwa mtazamo wa Blake, Newton huletea si mwanga, bali usiku".<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/learning/worksinfocus/blake/imagin/cast_05.html ''Newton: Mfano wa Binadamu Aliyezuiliwa na Hoja'', Jumba la Sanaa la Tate, London]</ref> Katika shairi la mwaka 1940, W.H. Auden alifupisha mtazamo wa Blake dhidi ya sayansi kwa kusema kuwa al "[alikatisha mahusiano kwa laana, na Ulimwengu wa Newton]".<ref>W.H. Auden, "New Year Letter, 1940", katika ''Collected Poems'', Mhariri Edward Mendelson, London: Faber, 1994, uk. 203</ref> Mwandishi mmoja wa wasifu wa Newton wa hivi karibuni<ref>[https://www.isaac-newton.org/ Stephen D Snobelen, ''Writings on Newton'', 2007]</ref> anamchukulia zaidi kama mwanazuoni wa enzi za Renaissance, [[mchawi]], na mwanfalsafa wa asili kuliko mwakilishi halisi wa Enlightenment|Enzi ya Mwangaza ya kisayansi, kama ilivyotangazwa na [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778) na Newtonianism|Wafuasi wa Newton wengine. Masuala ya kupinga sayansi yanaonekana kuwa hoja ya msingi katika mabadiliko ya kihistoria kutoka kwa "kabla ya sayansi" au "protoscience" kama vile alchemy|alchemia. Fani nyingi zilizotangulia kupokelewa kwa mbinu ya kisayansi, kama [[jiometri]] na [[astronomia]], hazionekani kama kupinga sayansi. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya imani zilizokuwepo ndani ya fani hizo kabla ya mbinu ya kisayansi (kama zile zilizopingwa na [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] (1564–1642)) zinaonekana kuwa zao la mtazamo wa kupinga sayansi. [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] katika ''The Gay Science'' (1882) anahoji ukinzani wa kisayansi: <blockquote> "[...] katika Sayansi, imani haina haki ya uraia, kama inavyosemwa kwa sababu nzuri. Ni pale tu zinapojishusha hadi kuwa dhana ya muda, mtazamo wa majaribio wa muda, au hadithi ya kuongoza, ndipo zinaweza kuruhusiwa kuingia na hata kupata thamani fulani ndani ya eneo la maarifa – lakini daima chini ya uangalizi wa polisi, polisi wa mashaka. Je, hii haimaanishi kwamba, kwa kuzingatia zaidi, imani inaweza kuingia katika sayansi tu pale inapokoma kuwa imani? Je, nidhamu ya roho ya kisayansi haianzi hapa, kwa kutoruhusu mtu kuwa na imani yoyote? Huenda ndivyo ilivyo. Lakini bado mtu lazima aulize ikiwa si kweli kwamba, ili nidhamu hii ianze, imani lazima iwepo tayari, na hata ile ya kuamuru na isiyo na masharti ambayo ilijitolea kwa ajili yake. Ni wazi kuwa Sayansi pia inategemea imani; hakuna Sayansi 'bila dhana za awali'. Swali la iwapo ukweli unahitajika lazima liwe limekubaliwa kabla, na kwa kiwango ambacho kanuni, imani, na msimamo vinaelezwa: 'hakuna kitu kinachohitajika zaidi ya ukweli, na kwa kuhusiana nayo, kila kitu kingine kina thamani ya daraja la pili'".<ref>{{cite book|last= Nietzsche|first= Friedrich|title= The Portable Nietzsche|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=blfwSlxhjvAC&pg=PT278|year= 1977|publisher= Penguin Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1440674198|page= 278}}</ref> </blockquote> Neno "scientism", lililotokana na masomo ya sayansi, lilichukuliwa na kutumiwa na wanajamii na wanasayansi wa falsafa kuelezea mitazamo, imani na tabia za wafuasi wa matumizi ya dhana za kisayansi nje ya fani zake za jadi.<ref> Tazama {{oed | scientism}} OED inarekodi neno hili kutoka mwaka 1870 na maana iliyotolewa hapa kutoka 1871. </ref> Kimsingi, scientism hutangaza sayansi kama njia bora au pekee ya lengo la kuamua thamani za [[maadili]] na [[maarifa]]. Neno scientism hutumiwa kwa kawaida kwa mtazamo wa kukosoa, likimaanisha matumizi ya kisayansi kwa sura tu katika hali zisizofaa kwa mbinu ya kisayansi. Neno hili hutumiwa kwa mtazamo wa dharau, likielekezwa kwa watu wanaoonekana kulichukulia sayansi kama dini. Neno reductionism pia hutumiwa kwa mtazamo kama huo (kama mashambulizi ya kisayansi ya kisirisiri). Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wanasayansi wanajisikia huru kuitwa reductionists, huku wakikubali kuwa kuna mapungufu ya dhana na falsafa katika reductionism.<ref>George J. Klir, ''Facets of Systems Science'', New York: Springer, 1991, uk. 263–265</ref> Hata hivyo, mitazamo isiyo ya reductionist (tazama Emergentism) imeundwa katika fani mbalimbali za kisayansi kama fizikia ya takwimu, nadharia ya machafuko, nadharia ya ugumu, cybernetics, nadharia ya mifumo, biolojia ya mifumo, [[ikolojia]], nadharia ya taarifa, n.k. Fani hizi huamini kuwa mwingiliano mkubwa kati ya vitengo huzalisha matukio mapya katika viwango vya juu ambavyo haviwezi kuelezwa kwa reductionism pekee. Kwa mfano, si muhimu (au haiwezekani kwa sasa) kuelezea mchezo wa chess au mitandao ya jeni kwa kutumia mechanics ya quantum. Mtazamo wa emergentist wa sayansi ("Zaidi ni Tofauti", kwa maneno ya mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya mwaka 1977 Philip W. Anderson)<ref> {{cite journal |title = More Is Different |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1972-08-04_177_4047/page/392 |last = Anderson |first = P. W. |journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] |issn = 1095-9203 |series = New Series |volume = 177 |issue = 4047 |date = 4 Agosti 1972 |pages = 393–396 |jstor = 1734697 |doi = 10.1126/science.177.4047.393 |pmid = 17796623 |bibcode = 1972Sci...177..393A |s2cid = 34548824 }} </ref> umechochewa na mbinu za sayansi ya kijamii ya Ulaya (Durkheim, Marx) ambazo hukataa individualism ya kimetodolojia. ==Siasa== Elyse Amend na Darin Barney wanahoji kuwa ingawa kupinga sayansi inaweza kuwa lebo ya kuelezea hali fulani, mara nyingi hutumiwa kama silaha ya kisiasa, ikitumika kudhalilisha wapinzani wa kisiasa. Kwa hivyo, tuhuma za kupinga sayansi si lazima ziwe na msingi wa kweli.<ref>Amend, Elyse, na Darin Barney. "Getting It Right: Canadian Conservatives and the “War on Science” [Toleo la Awali]." Canadian Journal of Communication 41, no. 1a (2015), uk. 13–14</ref> ===Nanga inayoonekana=== Moja ya maonyesho ya kupinga sayansi ni "kukataa ulimwengu (falsafa)|ulimwengu wa pamoja na... kuhalalisha mbadala", na kwamba matokeo ya utafiti wa kisayansi hayaakisi daima uhalisia wa ndani bali yanaweza kuakisi tu itikadi ya makundi yenye nguvu katika jamii.<ref>Andrew C. Wicks na R. Edward Freeman, ''Organization Studies and the New Pragmatism: Positivism, Anti-Positivism, and the Search for Ethics,'' Organization Science, 9.2, Mar–Apr. 1998, uk. 123–140</ref> Alan Sokal anasema mtazamo huu huunganisha sayansi na mrengo wa kulia wa kisiasa, na huonekana kama mfumo wa imani wa kihafidhina na wa kufuata mkondo, unaokandamiza [[ubunifu]], unaopinga mabadiliko, na unaotenda kwa udikteta. Hii ni pamoja na mtazamo kuwa sayansi ina mtazamo wa dunia wa "mabepari na/au ulaya-centriki na/au uzalendo wa kiume".<ref>Alan D Sokal, ''What the Social Text Affair Does and Does not Prove,'' Critical Quarterly, 40.2, Julai 1998, uk. 3–18</ref> Harakati dhidi ya nyuklia, mara nyingi huhusishwa na mrengo wa kushoto,<ref>Victoria Daubert, Sue Ellen Moran, ''[https://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/N2192.html Asili, malengo, na mbinu za harakati za kupinga nyuklia Marekani],'' Rand, 1985, uk. 16</ref><ref>[[Jeffrey Broadbent]], Vicky Brockman, ''East Asian Social Movements: Power Protest and Change in a Dynamic,'' Springer, 2009, uk. 69</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marbury.typepad.com/marbury/2011/03/anti-nuclear-campaigners-and-the-qwerty-keyboard.html |title=''Wapinga Nyuklia na Kibodi ya Qwerty,'' Marbury, 31 Machi 2011 |accessdate=2025-09-23 |archive-date=2020-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918101543/https://marbury.typepad.com/marbury/2011/03/anti-nuclear-campaigners-and-the-qwerty-keyboard.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> imekosolewa kwa kupitiliza katika kuonyesha madhara ya [[nishati ya nyuklia]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/james-lovelock-nuclear-power-is-the-only-green-solution-564446.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/james-lovelock-nuclear-power-is-the-only-green-solution-564446.html |archive-date=7 Mei 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work=The Independent | title=Nishati ya nyuklia ndiyo suluhisho pekee la kijani | author=James Lovelock | date=2004-05-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Kuelekea Nyuklia | author=Patrick Moore | date=2006-04-16 }}</ref> na kupunguza madhara ya mazingira ya vyanzo visivyo vya nyuklia ambavyo vinaweza kuzuiwa kupitia nishati ya nyuklia.<ref>Samuel MacCracken, ''The War Against the Atom'', 1982, Basic Books, uk. 60–61</ref> Upinzani dhidi ya viumbe vilivyobadilishwa kijenetiki (GMOs) pia umehusishwa na mrengo wa kushoto.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Durant|first=Darrin|date=2017-07-30|title=Unamwita nani 'mpinga sayansi'? Jinsi sayansi inavyotumikia ajenda za kijamii na kisiasa|url=http://theconversation.com/who-are-you-calling-anti-science-how-science-serves-social-and-political-agendas-74755|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-10|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802184402/http://theconversation.com:80/who-are-you-calling-anti-science-how-science-serves-social-and-political-agendas-74755 |archive-date=2 Agosti 2017 }}</ref> ===Nanga inayoonekana=== Asili ya fikra za kupinga sayansi inaweza kufuatiliwa hadi kwenye mwitikio wa Romanticism dhidi ya Enzi ya Mwangaza, harakati inayojulikana kama Counter-Enlightenment. Romanticism husisitiza kuwa hisia, shauku, na uhusiano wa asili na mazingira ni thamani za msingi, na kuwa fikra za kiakili ni zao tu la maisha ya binadamu. Kupinga sayansi kwa mrengo wa kulia wa kisasa kunajumuisha kukataa mabadiliko ya tabianchi, kupinga mageuzi na makundi ya kidini, na upotoshaji kuhusu chanjo ya COVID-19 na kusitasita.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/06/30/climate_act/index.html Joseph Romm, "Wakonservativu wapinga sayansi lazima wazuiwe", Salon.com, 30 Juni 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216024037/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/06/30/climate_act/index.html |date=16 Desemba 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Chris Mooney| title = Vita ya Republican Dhidi ya Sayansi| publisher = Basic Books| year = 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dolan |first=Eric W. |date=2025-01-17 |title=Uhusiano kati ya tabia ya kisaikolojia na unyanyasaji wa wanasayansi |url=https://www.psypost.org/heightened-psychopathy-cynicism-and-threat-perception-linked-to-harassment-of-scientists/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=PsyPost - Psychology News }}</ref> Ingawa mitazamo hii imejikita katika maeneo ya sayansi yanayoonekana kuchochea hatua za serikali, ni yenye nguvu kiasi cha kuwafanya wahafidhina kupunguza uthamini wao kwa sayansi kwa ujumla.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oreskes |first1=Naomi |last2=Conway |first2=Erik M. |title=Kutoka Kupinga Serikali hadi Kupinga Sayansi: Kwa Nini Wahafidhina Wamegeuka Dhidi ya Sayansi |journal=Daedalus |date=15 Novemba 2022 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=98–123 |doi=10.1162/daed_a_01946 }}</ref> Sifa za kupinga sayansi zinazohusishwa na mrengo wa kulia ni pamoja na kutumia nadharia za njama kuelezea kwa nini wanasayansi wanaamini wanachoamini,<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Pascal Diethelm | author2 = Martin McKee | year = 2009 | title = Kukataa: ni nini na wanasayansi wanapaswa kujibu vipi? | journal = European Journal of Public Health | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages=2–4 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 }}</ref> kwa lengo la kudhoofisha imani au mamlaka inayohusishwa na sayansi (mfano katika nadharia ya njama kuhusu ongezeko la joto duniani). Katika nyakati za kisasa, imejadiliwa kuwa siasa za mrengo wa kulia hubeba mwelekeo wa kupinga sayansi. Ingawa baadhi ya watu wamependekeza kuwa hali hii ni ya asili kwa wahafidhina au kwa imani zao, wengine wamehoji kuwa ni "tabia ya kihistoria na kisiasa" ambapo matokeo ya kisayansi yalitokea kupinga au kuonekana kupinga mitazamo ya dunia ya wahafidhina badala ya wale wa mrengo wa kushoto.<ref>Kerr, John Richard. "Kwa nini tunabishana kuhusu sayansi? Kuchunguza sababu za kisaikolojia za kukataa sayansi." (2020), uk. 26</ref><ref>Lewandowsky, Stephan, na Klaus Oberauer. "Kukataa sayansi kwa misingi ya motisha." Current Directions in Psychological Science 25, no. 4 (2016): 217–222 [220]</ref> ===Dini=== {{main|Uhusiano kati ya dini na sayansi}} Katika muktadha huu, kupinga sayansi kunaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa kunategemea hoja za kidini, kimaadili, na kitamaduni. Kwa falsafa ya aina hii ya kupinga sayansi kwa misingi ya dini, sayansi huonekana kama nguvu ya kimada na inayopinga kiroho, inayodhoofisha maadili ya jadi, utambulisho wa kikabila, na hekima ya kihistoria iliyokusanywa, kwa faida ya hoja ya kiakili na kozmopolitanizimu. Maadili ya jadi na ya kikabila yanayoangaziwa hapa yanafanana na yale ya ubaguzi wa rangi wa wazungu katika teolojia ya Utambulisho wa Kikristo. Hata hivyo, mitazamo kama hiyo ya mrengo wa kulia pia imeendelezwa na madhehebu ya kihafidhina ya [[Uislamu]], [[Uyahudi]], [[Uhindu]], na [[Ubuddha]]. Harakati mpya za kidini kama New Age (mrengo wa kushoto) na Falun Gong (mrengo wa kulia wa mbali) pia hukosoa mtazamo wa kisayansi wa dunia kwa kudai kuwa unakuza falsafa ya kupunguza mambo kuwa rahisi, kutokuamini Mungu, au [[kimada]]. Sababu ya mara kwa mara ya hisia za kupinga sayansi ni utheisti wa kidini unaotegemea tafsiri halisi za maandiko matakatifu. Hapa, nadharia za kisayansi zinazopingana na maarifa yanayodaiwa kuwa ya kimungu huonekana kuwa na kasoro. Kwa karne nyingi, taasisi za kidini zimekuwa na mashaka kuhusu kukubali dhana kama heliosentrizimu na mwendo wa sayari, kwa sababu zinapingana na tafsiri kuu ya vifungu mbalimbali vya maandiko. Hivi karibuni, mkusanyiko wa teolojia za uumbaji zinazojulikana kama [[uumbaji]], ikijumuisha nadharia ya muundo wenye akili ya teleolojia, imekuwa ikitolewa na wafuasi wa dini (hasa wahafidhina wa kidini) kama jibu kwa mchakato wa [[mageuzi]] kupitia uteuzi wa asili.<ref>Jon D. Miller, Eugenie C. Scott, Shinji Okamoto ''Public Acceptance of Evolution'' Science 11 Agosti 2006: Vol. 313. no. 5788, uk. 765–766</ref> Moja ya teolojia kali zaidi za uumbaji, uumbaji wa dunia changa, pia hupingana na utafiti katika kozmolojia, jiolojia ya kihistoria, na asili ya uhai. Uumbaji wa dunia changa hupatikana zaidi katika Ukristo wa Kiprotestanti wa kihafidhina, ingawa pia upo katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Uyahudi]], ingawa kwa kiwango kidogo.<ref name=":1" /> Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa imani katika kiroho badala ya dini rasmi inaweza kuwa kiashiria bora cha mtazamo wa kupinga sayansi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last1=Rutjens |first1=Bastiaan T. |last2=Sengupta |first2=Nikhil |last3=der Lee |first3=Romy van |last4=van Koningsbruggen |first4=Guido M. |last5=Martens |first5=Jason P. |last6=Rabelo |first6=André |last7=Sutton |first7=Robbie M. |date=2022-01-01 |title=Kusitasita kwa Sayansi Katika Nchi 24 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19485506211001329 |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |language=EN |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=102–117 |doi=10.1177/19485506211001329 }}</ref> Kwa kiwango ambacho juhudi za kushinda mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi zimekwama, baadhi ya watafiti wanapendekeza mbinu mbadala ya utetezi wa sayansi. Moja ya mbinu hizo inasisitiza umuhimu wa kuelewa kwa usahihi wale wanaokataa sayansi (bila kuwahukumu kama watu wa nyuma au wasioelimika), na pia kujaribu kueneza sayansi kupitia watu wanaoshiriki maadili ya kitamaduni na hadhira lengwa, kama vile wanasayansi wanaoshikilia pia imani za kidini.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Gregg |last2=Hill |first2=Carol |last3=Wolgemuth |first3=Ken |title=Tunahitaji Mabadiliko ya Mtazamo Katika Utetezi wa Sayansi |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |date=2018 |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=16–17}}</ref> ==Maeneo== {{quote box | title = | quote = Kuna ibada ya ujinga nchini Marekani, na imekuwepo daima. Mwelekeo wa kupinga usomi umekuwa mstari wa kudumu unaopita katika maisha yetu ya kisiasa na kitamaduni, ukilea dhana potofu kwamba demokrasia inamaanisha kuwa '''"ujinga wangu ni sawa na maarifa yako"'''. | source = [[Isaac Asimov]], "A Cult of Ignorance", ''Newsweek'', 21 Januari 1980 | align = right | width = 35% | border = 1px | fontsize = 100% | bgcolor = #f0f0ff | title_bg = #f0f0ff | title_fnt = #202060 | qalign = left | salign = right }} Kwa kihistoria, kupinga sayansi kulitokea kama mwitikio dhidi ya umaterializimu wa kisayansi. Karne ya 18 ya Enzi ya Mwangaza ilileta "wazo la mfumo mmoja wa sayansi zote",<ref name="Berlin">Isaiah Berlin, ''The Proper Study of Mankind'', London: Pimlico, 1997, uk. 328</ref> lakini kulikuwepo na watu waliokuwa na hofu kuhusu dhana hiyo, ambao "walihisi kuwa vikwazo vya hoja na sayansi, vya mfumo mmoja unaokumbatia yote... vilikuwa kwa namna fulani vinazuia, kikwazo kwa mtazamo wao wa dunia, minyororo kwa fikra au hisia zao".<ref name="Berlin" /> Kupinga sayansi basi ni kukataa "mfumo wa kisayansi [au mtazamo]... wenye maana kubwa kwamba kile tu kinachoweza kupimika au kuhesabiwa... ndicho halisi".<ref name="Berlin" /> Kwa maana hiyo, ni "shambulio la kina dhidi ya dai la jumla la mbinu mpya ya kisayansi kutawala uwanja mzima wa maarifa ya binadamu".<ref name="Berlin" /> Hata hivyo, positivizimu wa kisayansi (logical positivism) haukanushi uhalisia wa matukio yasiyopimika, bali unasisitiza kuwa matukio hayo hayafai kuchunguzwa kwa mbinu ya kisayansi. Zaidi ya hayo, positivizimu, kama msingi wa kifalsafa wa mbinu ya kisayansi, si mtazamo wa pamoja wala si wa kutawala katika jumuiya ya kisayansi (tazama falsafa ya sayansi]). Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni na mijadala kuhusu mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi yanaonyesha jinsi imani hizi zilivyojikita kwa undani katika vipengele vya kijamii, kisiasa, na kisaikolojia. Utafiti uliochapishwa na Ohio State News mnamo Julai 11, 2022, ulitambua misingi minne kuu inayounga mkono imani za kupinga sayansi: * Mashaka kuhusu uaminifu wa vyanzo vya kisayansi * Utambulisho na makundi yenye mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi * Migongano kati ya ujumbe wa kisayansi na imani binafsi * Tofauti kati ya namna ujumbe wa kisayansi unavyowasilishwa na mitindo ya kufikiri ya mtu binafsi Vipengele hivi vinazidishwa na hali ya kisiasa ya sasa, ambapo itikadi inaathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa jinsi watu wanavyokubali sayansi—hasa katika mada zilizogawanyika kisiasa kama vile chanjo na mabadiliko ya tabianchi. Kisiasa kwa sayansi ni changamoto kubwa kwa afya na usalama wa umma, hasa katika kushughulikia migogoro ya kimataifa kama janga la [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Misingi 4 ya imani za kupinga sayansi – na nini cha kufanya kuhusu hilo |url=https://news.osu.edu/the-4-bases-of-anti-science-beliefs--and-what-to-do-about-them/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Ohio State News |language=sw}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Parsons |first=Lian |date=2020-10-30 |title=Ni nini kilisababisha mwelekeo wa kupinga sayansi Marekani? |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/10/what-caused-the-u-s-anti-science-trend/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=sw}}</ref> ==Vyombo vya Habari vya Kupinga Sayansi== Vyombo vikuu vya habari vinavyohusishwa na kupinga sayansi ni pamoja na tovuti kama Natural News, Global Revolution TV, TruthWiki.org, TheAntiMedia.org, na GoodGopher. Mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi pia imekuwa ikitolewa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii na mashirika yanayojulikana kwa kueneza habari za uongo kama vile vikundi vya wavuti vya Urusi|vikundi vya wavuti.<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska202022">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262356459}}</ref>{{Rp|124}} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2025]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] pm7k7by02ut8ezd27wxz5l3la12u3xf 1576855 1576847 2026-06-26T21:20:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Kupinga Sayansi''' ni mkusanyiko wa mitazamo na aina ya kupinga usomi inayojumuisha kukataa [[sayansi]] na mbinu ya kisayansi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Science and Anti-science|url=https://archive.org/details/scienceantiscien0000holt|author=Gerald Holton |year=1993|isbn=978-0674792999|publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> Watu wenye mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi hawaikubali sayansi kama njia ya lengo (sayansi) lengo inayoweza kutoa maarifa ya ulimwengu (falsafa)|ulimwengu kwa ujumla. Kupinga sayansi hujitokeza kwa kukataa dhana za kisayansi kama vile kukataa mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya tabianchi, kupinga mageuzi na makundi ya kidini|mageuzi ya viumbe, na ufanisi wa [[chanjo]]. Pia hujumuisha pseudoscience, mbinu zinazodai kuwa za kisayansi lakini zinapinga mbinu ya kisayansi. Kupinga sayansi husababisha imani katika nadharia za njama zisizo sahihi na tiba mbadala.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Goertzel |first=Ted |title=Conspiracy theories in science |journal=EMBO Reports |year=2010 |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=493–499 |doi=10.1038/embor.2010.84 |pmid=20539311 |pmc=2897118 }}</ref> Ukosefu wa imani katika sayansi umehusishwa na kuendeleza msimamo mkali wa kisiasa na kutokuamini matibabu ya kitabibu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Hotez |first=Peter J. |date=March 29, 2021 |title=The Antiscience Movement Is Escalating, Going Global and Killing Thousands |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-antiscience-movement-is-escalating-going-global-and-killing-thousands/ |website=Scientific American}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Hotez |first=Peter J. |date=July 28, 2021 |title=Mounting antiscience aggression in the United States |journal=[[PLOS]]|volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=e3001369 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001369 |pmid=34319972 |pmc=8351985 |s2cid=236497855 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Historia== Katika siku za mwanzo za Mapinduzi ya Kisayansi, wanasayansi kama [[Robert Boyle]] (1627–1691) walikumbana na upinzani kutoka kwa watu kama [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679), waliokuwa na mashaka kuhusu iwapo sayansi ni njia sahihi ya kupata maarifa halisi kuhusu dunia. Msimamo wa Hobbes unachukuliwa na Ian Shapiro kuwa ni wa kupinga sayansi: <blockquote> Katika ''Six Lessons to the Professors of Mathematics''...[kilichochapishwa mwaka 1656, Hobbes] alitofautisha kati ya fani 'zinazothibitishwa', kama 'ambazo ujenzi wa mada yake uko mikononi mwa msanii mwenyewe,' na zile 'zisizothibitishwa' 'ambapo sababu zake zinatafutwa.' Tunaweza kujua sababu za kile tunachotengeneza. Hivyo jiometri ni ya kuthibitishwa, kwa sababu 'mistari na maumbo tunayojadili hutolewa na sisi wenyewe' na 'falsafa ya kiraia ni ya kuthibitishwa, kwa sababu tunatengeneza taifa sisi wenyewe.' Lakini tunaweza tu kubashiri kuhusu dunia ya asili, kwa sababu 'hatujui ujenzi wake, bali tunautafuta kupitia athari zake.'<ref>Ian Shapiro, ''[https://shapiro.macmillan.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/skinner-and-pettit.pdf Reflections on Skinner and Pettit],'' Hobbes Studies, 22 (2009), uk. 185–191, nukuu kutoka uk. 190–191</ref> </blockquote> Katika kitabu chake ''Reductionism: Analysis and the Fullness of Reality'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 2000, Richard H. Jones aliandika kuwa Hobbes "aliwasilisha wazo la umuhimu wa mambo yasiyo ya kiakili katika tabia ya binadamu".<ref>Richard H Jones, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sUgnio874NUC Reductionism: Analysis and the Fullness of Reality],'' Lewisburg, Pa: Bucknell University Press, 2000, uk. 199</ref> Jones aliwaweka Hobbes pamoja na wengine anaowaita "wapinga ufinyu wa uchambuzi" na "wanaojali mtu binafsi", wakiwemo Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911), [[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883), Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) na J S Mill (1806–1873), na baadaye akaongeza Karl Popper (1902–1994), John Rawls (1921–2002), na E. O. Wilson (1929–2021) kwenye orodha.<ref>Jones, uk. 213</ref> [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], katika ''Hotuba Kuhusu Sanaa na Sayansi'' (1750), alidai kuwa sayansi inaweza kupelekea mmomonyoko wa maadili. "Rousseau anahoji kuwa maendeleo ya sayansi na sanaa yamesababisha kuporomoka kwa maadili na utu" na "ukosoaji wake wa sayansi una mengi ya kutufundisha kuhusu hatari zinazohusiana na kujitolea kisiasa kwa maendeleo ya kisayansi, na kuhusu njia ambazo furaha ya baadaye ya binadamu inaweza kulindwa".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url= http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI3176656/ |title= Jeffrey J S Black, ''Rousseau's critique of science: A commentary on the Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts'', Boston College, 2005 |access-date= 13 Septemba 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080925234211/http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI3176656/ |archive-date= 25 Septemba 2008 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, Rousseau hakusema katika hotuba zake kuwa sayansi ni ''mbaya kwa lazima'', na alieleza kuwa watu kama [[René Descartes]], [[Francis Bacon]], na [[Isaac Newton]] wanapaswa kuheshimiwa sana.<ref> [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses "Bacon, Descartes na Newton, walimu wa binadamu, hawakuwa na walimu wao wenyewe. Ni mwongozo gani ungeweza kuwapeleka mbali kama vile akili yao ya juu ilivyowaelekeza?"] </ref> Katika hitimisho la hotuba hizo, anasema kuwa watu hao waliotajwa wanaweza kukuza sayansi kwa manufaa makubwa, na kwamba mmomonyoko wa maadili unatokana zaidi na ushawishi mbaya wa jamii kwa wanasayansi.<ref> Tazama: [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses "Lakini mradi nguvu ipo upande mmoja, na maarifa na uelewa upande mwingine, wasomi hawatachunguza mambo makubwa, watawala watafanya vitendo vikubwa kwa nadra zaidi, na watu wataendelea kuwa, kama walivyo, duni, waovu na wenye taabu."] (Rousseau, ''[[Mkataba wa Jamii]] na Hotuba'') </ref> [[William Blake]] (1757–1827) alionyesha upinzani mkubwa katika michoro na maandishi yake dhidi ya kazi za Isaac Newton (1642–1727), na anaonekana kuwa huenda ndiye wa kwanza (na bila shaka maarufu na wa kudumu zaidi) katika kile kinachoonekana na wanahistoria kama mwitikio wa kivutio cha kisanii au Romanticism|kimapenzi dhidi ya sayansi. Kwa mfano, katika shairi lake la mwaka 1795 "Auguries of Innocence", Blake anaeleza uzuri wa robin mwekundu wa Ulaya aliyefungwa katika kile kinachoweza kufasiriwa kama gereza la kihisia la hesabu na sayansi ya Newton.<ref>[http://www.online-literature.com/blake/612/ William Blake, "Auguries of Innocence"]. Tazama kutoka shairi hilo hilo: <blockquote> Inchi ya siafu na maili ya tai <br> Hufanya falsafa ya kilema itabasamu. <br> Yule anayepinga kwa kile anachokiona <br> Hataamini, fanya utakavyo. <br> Jua na mwezi wakitilia shaka, <br> Wangetoweka mara moja. </blockquote> </ref> Newton (Blake)|Mchoro wa Newton wa [[William Blake]] unamwonyesha mwanasayansi "kama shujaa aliyepotoka ambaye macho yake yalielekezwa tu kwenye michoro ya kijiometri isiyo na uhai iliyochorwa ardhini".<ref>[https://www.princeton.edu/~his291/Newton.html Maelezo kuhusu ''Newton'' ya Blake, Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton]</ref> Blake aliamini kuwa "Newton, Bacon, na [[John Locke|Locke]] kwa kusisitiza kwao hoja ya kiakili walikuwa si zaidi ya 'walimu wakuu watatu wa kutokuamini Mungu, au Fundisho la Shetani'...mchoro huo unaendelea kutoka kwenye rangi na furaha upande wa kushoto, hadi kwenye ukame na giza upande wa kulia. Kwa mtazamo wa Blake, Newton huletea si mwanga, bali usiku".<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/learning/worksinfocus/blake/imagin/cast_05.html ''Newton: Mfano wa Binadamu Aliyezuiliwa na Hoja'', Jumba la Sanaa la Tate, London]</ref> Katika shairi la mwaka 1940, W.H. Auden alifupisha mtazamo wa Blake dhidi ya sayansi kwa kusema kuwa al "[alikatisha mahusiano kwa laana, na Ulimwengu wa Newton]".<ref>W.H. Auden, "New Year Letter, 1940", katika ''Collected Poems'', Mhariri Edward Mendelson, London: Faber, 1994, uk. 203</ref> Mwandishi mmoja wa wasifu wa Newton wa hivi karibuni<ref>[https://www.isaac-newton.org/ Stephen D Snobelen, ''Writings on Newton'', 2007]</ref> anamchukulia zaidi kama mwanazuoni wa enzi za Renaissance, [[mchawi]], na mwanfalsafa wa asili kuliko mwakilishi halisi wa Enlightenment|Enzi ya Mwangaza ya kisayansi, kama ilivyotangazwa na [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778) na Newtonianism|Wafuasi wa Newton wengine. Masuala ya kupinga sayansi yanaonekana kuwa hoja ya msingi katika mabadiliko ya kihistoria kutoka kwa "kabla ya sayansi" au "protoscience" kama vile alchemy|alchemia. Fani nyingi zilizotangulia kupokelewa kwa mbinu ya kisayansi, kama [[jiometri]] na [[astronomia]], hazionekani kama kupinga sayansi. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya imani zilizokuwepo ndani ya fani hizo kabla ya mbinu ya kisayansi (kama zile zilizopingwa na [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] (1564–1642)) zinaonekana kuwa zao la mtazamo wa kupinga sayansi. [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] katika ''The Gay Science'' (1882) anahoji ukinzani wa kisayansi: <blockquote> "[...] katika Sayansi, imani haina haki ya uraia, kama inavyosemwa kwa sababu nzuri. Ni pale tu zinapojishusha hadi kuwa dhana ya muda, mtazamo wa majaribio wa muda, au hadithi ya kuongoza, ndipo zinaweza kuruhusiwa kuingia na hata kupata thamani fulani ndani ya eneo la maarifa – lakini daima chini ya uangalizi wa polisi, polisi wa mashaka. Je, hii haimaanishi kwamba, kwa kuzingatia zaidi, imani inaweza kuingia katika sayansi tu pale inapokoma kuwa imani? Je, nidhamu ya roho ya kisayansi haianzi hapa, kwa kutoruhusu mtu kuwa na imani yoyote? Huenda ndivyo ilivyo. Lakini bado mtu lazima aulize ikiwa si kweli kwamba, ili nidhamu hii ianze, imani lazima iwepo tayari, na hata ile ya kuamuru na isiyo na masharti ambayo ilijitolea kwa ajili yake. Ni wazi kuwa Sayansi pia inategemea imani; hakuna Sayansi 'bila dhana za awali'. Swali la iwapo ukweli unahitajika lazima liwe limekubaliwa kabla, na kwa kiwango ambacho kanuni, imani, na msimamo vinaelezwa: 'hakuna kitu kinachohitajika zaidi ya ukweli, na kwa kuhusiana nayo, kila kitu kingine kina thamani ya daraja la pili'".<ref>{{cite book|last= Nietzsche|first= Friedrich|title= The Portable Nietzsche|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=blfwSlxhjvAC&pg=PT278|year= 1977|publisher= Penguin Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1440674198|page= 278}}</ref> </blockquote> Neno "scientism", lililotokana na masomo ya sayansi, lilichukuliwa na kutumiwa na wanajamii na wanasayansi wa falsafa kuelezea mitazamo, imani na tabia za wafuasi wa matumizi ya dhana za kisayansi nje ya fani zake za jadi.<ref> Tazama {{oed | scientism}} OED inarekodi neno hili kutoka mwaka 1870 na maana iliyotolewa hapa kutoka 1871. </ref> Kimsingi, scientism hutangaza sayansi kama njia bora au pekee ya lengo la kuamua thamani za [[maadili]] na [[maarifa]]. Neno scientism hutumiwa kwa kawaida kwa mtazamo wa kukosoa, likimaanisha matumizi ya kisayansi kwa sura tu katika hali zisizofaa kwa mbinu ya kisayansi. Neno hili hutumiwa kwa mtazamo wa dharau, likielekezwa kwa watu wanaoonekana kulichukulia sayansi kama dini. Neno reductionism pia hutumiwa kwa mtazamo kama huo (kama mashambulizi ya kisayansi ya kisirisiri). Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wanasayansi wanajisikia huru kuitwa reductionists, huku wakikubali kuwa kuna mapungufu ya dhana na falsafa katika reductionism.<ref>George J. Klir, ''Facets of Systems Science'', New York: Springer, 1991, uk. 263–265</ref> Hata hivyo, mitazamo isiyo ya reductionist (tazama Emergentism) imeundwa katika fani mbalimbali za kisayansi kama fizikia ya takwimu, nadharia ya machafuko, nadharia ya ugumu, cybernetics, nadharia ya mifumo, biolojia ya mifumo, [[ikolojia]], nadharia ya taarifa, n.k. Fani hizi huamini kuwa mwingiliano mkubwa kati ya vitengo huzalisha matukio mapya katika viwango vya juu ambavyo haviwezi kuelezwa kwa reductionism pekee. Kwa mfano, si muhimu (au haiwezekani kwa sasa) kuelezea mchezo wa chess au mitandao ya jeni kwa kutumia mechanics ya quantum. Mtazamo wa emergentist wa sayansi ("Zaidi ni Tofauti", kwa maneno ya mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya mwaka 1977 Philip W. Anderson)<ref> {{cite journal |title = More Is Different |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1972-08-04_177_4047/page/392 |last = Anderson |first = P. W. |journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] |issn = 1095-9203 |series = New Series |volume = 177 |issue = 4047 |date = 4 Agosti 1972 |pages = 393–396 |jstor = 1734697 |doi = 10.1126/science.177.4047.393 |pmid = 17796623 |bibcode = 1972Sci...177..393A |s2cid = 34548824 }} </ref> umechochewa na mbinu za sayansi ya kijamii ya Ulaya (Durkheim, Marx) ambazo hukataa individualism ya kimetodolojia. ==Siasa== Elyse Amend na Darin Barney wanahoji kuwa ingawa kupinga sayansi inaweza kuwa lebo ya kuelezea hali fulani, mara nyingi hutumiwa kama silaha ya kisiasa, ikitumika kudhalilisha wapinzani wa kisiasa. Kwa hivyo, tuhuma za kupinga sayansi si lazima ziwe na msingi wa kweli.<ref>Amend, Elyse, na Darin Barney. "Getting It Right: Canadian Conservatives and the “War on Science” [Toleo la Awali]." Canadian Journal of Communication 41, no. 1a (2015), uk. 13–14</ref> ===Nanga inayoonekana=== Moja ya maonyesho ya kupinga sayansi ni "kukataa ulimwengu (falsafa)|ulimwengu wa pamoja na... kuhalalisha mbadala", na kwamba matokeo ya utafiti wa kisayansi hayaakisi daima uhalisia wa ndani bali yanaweza kuakisi tu itikadi ya makundi yenye nguvu katika jamii.<ref>Andrew C. Wicks na R. Edward Freeman, ''Organization Studies and the New Pragmatism: Positivism, Anti-Positivism, and the Search for Ethics,'' Organization Science, 9.2, Mar–Apr. 1998, uk. 123–140</ref> Alan Sokal anasema mtazamo huu huunganisha sayansi na mrengo wa kulia wa kisiasa, na huonekana kama mfumo wa imani wa kihafidhina na wa kufuata mkondo, unaokandamiza [[ubunifu]], unaopinga mabadiliko, na unaotenda kwa udikteta. Hii ni pamoja na mtazamo kuwa sayansi ina mtazamo wa dunia wa "mabepari na/au ulaya-centriki na/au uzalendo wa kiume".<ref>Alan D Sokal, ''What the Social Text Affair Does and Does not Prove,'' Critical Quarterly, 40.2, Julai 1998, uk. 3–18</ref> Harakati dhidi ya nyuklia, mara nyingi huhusishwa na mrengo wa kushoto,<ref>Victoria Daubert, Sue Ellen Moran, ''[https://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/N2192.html Asili, malengo, na mbinu za harakati za kupinga nyuklia Marekani],'' Rand, 1985, uk. 16</ref><ref>[[Jeffrey Broadbent]], Vicky Brockman, ''East Asian Social Movements: Power Protest and Change in a Dynamic,'' Springer, 2009, uk. 69</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://marbury.typepad.com/marbury/2011/03/anti-nuclear-campaigners-and-the-qwerty-keyboard.html |title=''Wapinga Nyuklia na Kibodi ya Qwerty,'' Marbury, 31 Machi 2011 |accessdate=2025-09-23 |archive-date=2020-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918101543/https://marbury.typepad.com/marbury/2011/03/anti-nuclear-campaigners-and-the-qwerty-keyboard.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> imekosolewa kwa kupitiliza katika kuonyesha madhara ya [[nishati ya nyuklia]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/james-lovelock-nuclear-power-is-the-only-green-solution-564446.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/james-lovelock-nuclear-power-is-the-only-green-solution-564446.html |archive-date=7 Mei 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work=The Independent | title=Nishati ya nyuklia ndiyo suluhisho pekee la kijani | author=James Lovelock | date=2004-05-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Kuelekea Nyuklia | author=Patrick Moore | date=2006-04-16 }}</ref> na kupunguza madhara ya mazingira ya vyanzo visivyo vya nyuklia ambavyo vinaweza kuzuiwa kupitia nishati ya nyuklia.<ref>Samuel MacCracken, ''The War Against the Atom'', 1982, Basic Books, uk. 60–61</ref> Upinzani dhidi ya viumbe vilivyobadilishwa kijenetiki (GMOs) pia umehusishwa na mrengo wa kushoto.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Durant|first=Darrin|date=2017-07-30|title=Unamwita nani 'mpinga sayansi'? Jinsi sayansi inavyotumikia ajenda za kijamii na kisiasa|url=http://theconversation.com/who-are-you-calling-anti-science-how-science-serves-social-and-political-agendas-74755|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-10|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802184402/http://theconversation.com:80/who-are-you-calling-anti-science-how-science-serves-social-and-political-agendas-74755 |archive-date=2 Agosti 2017 }}</ref> ===Nanga inayoonekana=== Asili ya fikra za kupinga sayansi inaweza kufuatiliwa hadi kwenye mwitikio wa Romanticism dhidi ya Enzi ya Mwangaza, harakati inayojulikana kama Counter-Enlightenment. Romanticism husisitiza kuwa hisia, shauku, na uhusiano wa asili na mazingira ni thamani za msingi, na kuwa fikra za kiakili ni zao tu la maisha ya binadamu. Kupinga sayansi kwa mrengo wa kulia wa kisasa kunajumuisha kukataa mabadiliko ya tabianchi, kupinga mageuzi na makundi ya kidini, na upotoshaji kuhusu chanjo ya COVID-19 na kusitasita.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/06/30/climate_act/index.html Joseph Romm, "Wakonservativu wapinga sayansi lazima wazuiwe", Salon.com, 30 Juni 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216024037/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/06/30/climate_act/index.html |date=16 Desemba 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Chris Mooney| title = Vita ya Republican Dhidi ya Sayansi| publisher = Basic Books| year = 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dolan |first=Eric W. |date=2025-01-17 |title=Uhusiano kati ya tabia ya kisaikolojia na unyanyasaji wa wanasayansi |url=https://www.psypost.org/heightened-psychopathy-cynicism-and-threat-perception-linked-to-harassment-of-scientists/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=PsyPost - Psychology News }}</ref> Ingawa mitazamo hii imejikita katika maeneo ya sayansi yanayoonekana kuchochea hatua za serikali, ni yenye nguvu kiasi cha kuwafanya wahafidhina kupunguza uthamini wao kwa sayansi kwa ujumla.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oreskes |first1=Naomi |last2=Conway |first2=Erik M. |title=Kutoka Kupinga Serikali hadi Kupinga Sayansi: Kwa Nini Wahafidhina Wamegeuka Dhidi ya Sayansi |journal=Daedalus |date=15 Novemba 2022 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=98–123 |doi=10.1162/daed_a_01946 }}</ref> Sifa za kupinga sayansi zinazohusishwa na mrengo wa kulia ni pamoja na kutumia nadharia za njama kuelezea kwa nini wanasayansi wanaamini wanachoamini,<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Pascal Diethelm | author2 = Martin McKee | year = 2009 | title = Kukataa: ni nini na wanasayansi wanapaswa kujibu vipi? | journal = European Journal of Public Health | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages=2–4 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 }}</ref> kwa lengo la kudhoofisha imani au mamlaka inayohusishwa na sayansi (mfano katika nadharia ya njama kuhusu ongezeko la joto duniani). Katika nyakati za kisasa, imejadiliwa kuwa siasa za mrengo wa kulia hubeba mwelekeo wa kupinga sayansi. Ingawa baadhi ya watu wamependekeza kuwa hali hii ni ya asili kwa wahafidhina au kwa imani zao, wengine wamehoji kuwa ni "tabia ya kihistoria na kisiasa" ambapo matokeo ya kisayansi yalitokea kupinga au kuonekana kupinga mitazamo ya dunia ya wahafidhina badala ya wale wa mrengo wa kushoto.<ref>Kerr, John Richard. "Kwa nini tunabishana kuhusu sayansi? Kuchunguza sababu za kisaikolojia za kukataa sayansi." (2020), uk. 26</ref><ref>Lewandowsky, Stephan, na Klaus Oberauer. "Kukataa sayansi kwa misingi ya motisha." Current Directions in Psychological Science 25, no. 4 (2016): 217–222 [220]</ref> ===Dini=== {{main|Uhusiano kati ya dini na sayansi}} Katika muktadha huu, kupinga sayansi kunaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa kunategemea hoja za kidini, kimaadili, na kitamaduni. Kwa falsafa ya aina hii ya kupinga sayansi kwa misingi ya dini, sayansi huonekana kama nguvu ya kimada na inayopinga kiroho, inayodhoofisha maadili ya jadi, utambulisho wa kikabila, na hekima ya kihistoria iliyokusanywa, kwa faida ya hoja ya kiakili na kozmopolitanizimu. Maadili ya jadi na ya kikabila yanayoangaziwa hapa yanafanana na yale ya ubaguzi wa rangi wa wazungu katika teolojia ya Utambulisho wa Kikristo. Hata hivyo, mitazamo kama hiyo ya mrengo wa kulia pia imeendelezwa na madhehebu ya kihafidhina ya [[Uislamu]], [[Uyahudi]], [[Uhindu]], na [[Ubuddha]]. Harakati mpya za kidini kama New Age (mrengo wa kushoto) na Falun Gong (mrengo wa kulia wa mbali) pia hukosoa mtazamo wa kisayansi wa dunia kwa kudai kuwa unakuza falsafa ya kupunguza mambo kuwa rahisi, kutokuamini Mungu, au [[kimada]]. Sababu ya mara kwa mara ya hisia za kupinga sayansi ni utheisti wa kidini unaotegemea tafsiri halisi za maandiko matakatifu. Hapa, nadharia za kisayansi zinazopingana na maarifa yanayodaiwa kuwa ya kimungu huonekana kuwa na kasoro. Kwa karne nyingi, taasisi za kidini zimekuwa na mashaka kuhusu kukubali dhana kama heliosentrizimu na mwendo wa sayari, kwa sababu zinapingana na tafsiri kuu ya vifungu mbalimbali vya maandiko. Hivi karibuni, mkusanyiko wa teolojia za uumbaji zinazojulikana kama [[uumbaji]], ikijumuisha nadharia ya muundo wenye akili ya teleolojia, imekuwa ikitolewa na wafuasi wa dini (hasa wahafidhina wa kidini) kama jibu kwa mchakato wa [[mageuzi]] kupitia uteuzi wa asili.<ref>Jon D. Miller, Eugenie C. Scott, Shinji Okamoto ''Public Acceptance of Evolution'' Science 11 Agosti 2006: Vol. 313. no. 5788, uk. 765–766</ref> Moja ya teolojia kali zaidi za uumbaji, uumbaji wa dunia changa, pia hupingana na utafiti katika kozmolojia, jiolojia ya kihistoria, na asili ya uhai. Uumbaji wa dunia changa hupatikana zaidi katika Ukristo wa Kiprotestanti wa kihafidhina, ingawa pia upo katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Uyahudi]], ingawa kwa kiwango kidogo.<ref name=":1" /> Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa imani katika kiroho badala ya dini rasmi inaweza kuwa kiashiria bora cha mtazamo wa kupinga sayansi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last1=Rutjens |first1=Bastiaan T. |last2=Sengupta |first2=Nikhil |last3=der Lee |first3=Romy van |last4=van Koningsbruggen |first4=Guido M. |last5=Martens |first5=Jason P. |last6=Rabelo |first6=André |last7=Sutton |first7=Robbie M. |date=2022-01-01 |title=Kusitasita kwa Sayansi Katika Nchi 24 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19485506211001329 |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |language=EN |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=102–117 |doi=10.1177/19485506211001329 }}</ref> Kwa kiwango ambacho juhudi za kushinda mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi zimekwama, baadhi ya watafiti wanapendekeza mbinu mbadala ya utetezi wa sayansi. Moja ya mbinu hizo inasisitiza umuhimu wa kuelewa kwa usahihi wale wanaokataa sayansi (bila kuwahukumu kama watu wa nyuma au wasioelimika), na pia kujaribu kueneza sayansi kupitia watu wanaoshiriki maadili ya kitamaduni na hadhira lengwa, kama vile wanasayansi wanaoshikilia pia imani za kidini.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Gregg |last2=Hill |first2=Carol |last3=Wolgemuth |first3=Ken |title=Tunahitaji Mabadiliko ya Mtazamo Katika Utetezi wa Sayansi |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |date=2018 |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=16–17}}</ref> ==Maeneo== {{quote box | title = | quote = Kuna ibada ya ujinga nchini Marekani, na imekuwepo daima. Mwelekeo wa kupinga usomi umekuwa mstari wa kudumu unaopita katika maisha yetu ya kisiasa na kitamaduni, ukilea dhana potofu kwamba demokrasia inamaanisha kuwa '''"ujinga wangu ni sawa na maarifa yako"'''. | source = [[Isaac Asimov]], "A Cult of Ignorance", ''Newsweek'', 21 Januari 1980 | align = right | width = 35% | border = 1px | fontsize = 100% | bgcolor = #f0f0ff | title_bg = #f0f0ff | title_fnt = #202060 | qalign = left | salign = right }} Kwa kihistoria, kupinga sayansi kulitokea kama mwitikio dhidi ya umaterializimu wa kisayansi. Karne ya 18 ya Enzi ya Mwangaza ilileta "wazo la mfumo mmoja wa sayansi zote",<ref name="Berlin">Isaiah Berlin, ''The Proper Study of Mankind'', London: Pimlico, 1997, uk. 328</ref> lakini kulikuwepo na watu waliokuwa na hofu kuhusu dhana hiyo, ambao "walihisi kuwa vikwazo vya hoja na sayansi, vya mfumo mmoja unaokumbatia yote... vilikuwa kwa namna fulani vinazuia, kikwazo kwa mtazamo wao wa dunia, minyororo kwa fikra au hisia zao".<ref name="Berlin" /> Kupinga sayansi basi ni kukataa "mfumo wa kisayansi [au mtazamo]... wenye maana kubwa kwamba kile tu kinachoweza kupimika au kuhesabiwa... ndicho halisi".<ref name="Berlin" /> Kwa maana hiyo, ni "shambulio la kina dhidi ya dai la jumla la mbinu mpya ya kisayansi kutawala uwanja mzima wa maarifa ya binadamu".<ref name="Berlin" /> Hata hivyo, positivizimu wa kisayansi (logical positivism) haukanushi uhalisia wa matukio yasiyopimika, bali unasisitiza kuwa matukio hayo hayafai kuchunguzwa kwa mbinu ya kisayansi. Zaidi ya hayo, positivizimu, kama msingi wa kifalsafa wa mbinu ya kisayansi, si mtazamo wa pamoja wala si wa kutawala katika jumuiya ya kisayansi (tazama falsafa ya sayansi]). Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni na mijadala kuhusu mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi yanaonyesha jinsi imani hizi zilivyojikita kwa undani katika vipengele vya kijamii, kisiasa, na kisaikolojia. Utafiti uliochapishwa na Ohio State News mnamo Julai 11, 2022, ulitambua misingi minne kuu inayounga mkono imani za kupinga sayansi: * Mashaka kuhusu uaminifu wa vyanzo vya kisayansi * Utambulisho na makundi yenye mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi * Migongano kati ya ujumbe wa kisayansi na imani binafsi * Tofauti kati ya namna ujumbe wa kisayansi unavyowasilishwa na mitindo ya kufikiri ya mtu binafsi Vipengele hivi vinazidishwa na hali ya kisiasa ya sasa, ambapo itikadi inaathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa jinsi watu wanavyokubali sayansi—hasa katika mada zilizogawanyika kisiasa kama vile chanjo na mabadiliko ya tabianchi. Kisiasa kwa sayansi ni changamoto kubwa kwa afya na usalama wa umma, hasa katika kushughulikia migogoro ya kimataifa kama janga la [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Misingi 4 ya imani za kupinga sayansi – na nini cha kufanya kuhusu hilo |url=https://news.osu.edu/the-4-bases-of-anti-science-beliefs--and-what-to-do-about-them/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Ohio State News |language=sw}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Parsons |first=Lian |date=2020-10-30 |title=Ni nini kilisababisha mwelekeo wa kupinga sayansi Marekani? |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/10/what-caused-the-u-s-anti-science-trend/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=sw}}</ref> ==Vyombo vya Habari vya Kupinga Sayansi== Vyombo vikuu vya habari vinavyohusishwa na kupinga sayansi ni pamoja na tovuti kama Natural News, Global Revolution TV, TruthWiki.org, TheAntiMedia.org, na GoodGopher. Mitazamo ya kupinga sayansi pia imekuwa ikitolewa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii na mashirika yanayojulikana kwa kueneza habari za uongo kama vile vikundi vya wavuti vya Urusi|vikundi vya wavuti.<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska202022">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262356459}}</ref>{{Rp|124}} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2025]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] 7ldvwh85vzvfknlige4zeid51qliu5g 3 216171 1576696 1576695 2026-06-26T11:59:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576696 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 07:14, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) p4j2j5q7aqh3vunydvoagw3ol4a5swx 0 217300 1576863 1468522 2026-06-27T04:01:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia mbili na kumi''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1210''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia mbili na tisa|1209]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia mbili kumi na moja|1211]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1210 KK]] na [[1210]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 6elu0msu6kihof6ynttzrh86jd841r4 0 221725 1576927 1486425 2026-06-27T09:19:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Maji ya Sapuk''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Sapuk Waterfalls'') ni [[Utalii nchini Tanzania|kivutio cha]] [[utalii]] kinachopatikana katika [[kata]] ya [[Olturoto]], [[Wilaya ya Arusha Vijijini]], [[Mkoa wa Arusha]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. [[Maporomoko ya maji|Maporomoko]] hayo yanatokana na vyanzo vya maji vinavyotiririka kutoka katika [[Mlima Meru]]. Ni moja ya vivutio vya asili vilivyopo karibu na [[jiji]] la [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] vinavyopendwa na watalii kwa kutembea kwa [[Mguu|miguu]] (kiing. hiking). == Jiografia na Mazingira == Eneo hilo lina [[sifa]] ya kuwa na [[baridi]] na [[Uoto asilia|uoto wa asili]] wa [[kijani]] kibichi [[mwaka]] mzima kutokana na [[unyevu|unyevunyevu]] wa mlima Meru. Maporomoko hayo yamezungukwa na [[Msitu|misitu]] ya asili na [[shamba|mashamba]] ya [[kahawa]] yanayomilikiwa na wenyeji wa [[kabila]] la [[Wameru]] na [[Wamasai]]. [[Mazingira]] yanatoa fursa nzuri kwa wapenzi wa [[uasilia]] kuona [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] mbalimbali na [[Mmea|mimea]] ya [[Tropiki|kitropiki]]. == Jinsi ya Kufika == Ili kufika katika maporomoko hayo, mgeni anapaswa kufuata hatua zifuatazo: * Kutokea Arusha Mjini: Msafiri anaweza kutumia [[usafiri wa umma]] ([[daladala]]) zinazoelekea [[Tengeru]] au [[Moshi (mji)|Moshi]] * Kuelekea [[kijiji]] cha Sapuk: unapanda na njia ya [[ofisi]] ya mkuu wa [[wilaya]] kabla ujafikia mataa ya Philips Kutoka [[Barabara Kuu|barabara kuu]] Arusha - Moshi, unachukua [[usafiri]] wa [[Boda boda|bodaboda]] au [[Motokaa|gari]] binafsi kuelekea kijiji cha Sapuk. [[Safari]] hiyo inapita kwenye [[barabara]] za [[vumbi]] zinazopita katikati ya mashamba ya [[ndizi]] na kahawa, ikichukua takriban [[dakika]] 15 mpaka 20. * Kutembea kwa miguu: Hatua ya mwisho inahusisha matembezi ya miguu kwa dakika 30 mpaka 45 kupitia [[njia]] ya kuteremka na kupanda. Inashauriwa kuvaa [[Kiatu|viatu]] imara vya [[michezo]] au vya kupanda [[Mlima|milima]] kwa sababu njia inaweza kuwa na utelezi, hasa wakati wa [[majira ya mvua]]. == Utalii na Uchumi == Maporomoko ya Sapuk yanatoa fursa za kiuchumi kwa jamii ya kijiji cha Sapuk kupitia: * Ada ya kuingia: [[Fedha]] zinazokusanywa hutumika kwa ajili ya miradi ya [[maendeleo]] ya kijiji na [[Hifadhi ya mazingira|utunzaji wa mazingira]]. * [[Ajira]]: [[Ujana|Vijana]] wa eneo hilo hufanya [[kazi]] kama waongozaji watalii na kutoa maelezo ya kina kuhusu [[historia]] ya eneo hilo. * [[Biashara]]: Wenyeji hupata fursa ya kuuza [[bidhaa]] za asili na [[mazao]] kama kahawa safi kwa watalii wanaotembelea eneo hilo. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-arusha}} [[Jamii:wilaya ya Arusha Vijijini]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Tanzania]] kycf1t9pl8rldur5xecwm8sbverk8l5 2 222577 1576726 1488299 2026-06-26T12:22:46Z ~2026-36892-86 90517 nmebadilisha wadhifa na kuweka wadhifa wa donias manyama mayala 1576726 wikitext text/x-wiki =DONIAS MANYAMA MAYALA = He is a machine learning and data analyst proffecialized in data science hny0avlqd30v73d36uyum7apzwupcaa 0 226868 1576849 1539918 2026-06-26T19:48:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leila Aboulela''' FRSL (Kiarabu:ليلى فؤاد ابوالعلا; alizaliwa [[1964]]) ni mwandishi wa hadithi za kubuni, insha na tamthilia mwenye asili ya [[Sudan]] anayeishi [[Aberdeen]], [[Uskoti]]. <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela - Official website|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/|accessdate=2022-04-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Alilelewa huko [[Khartoum]], Sudan, na mnamo 1990 alihamia Uskoti, ambapo alianza kazi yake ya fasihi. Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Aboulela alichapisha riwaya sita na hadithi fupi kadhaa, ambazo zimefanikiwa zimetafsiriwa katika lugha kumi na tano. Riwaya zake maarufu zaidi, ''Minaret'' (2005) na ''The Translator'' (1999) zote zinaangazia hadithi za wanawake Waislamu nchini Uingereza na ziliorodheshwa kwa muda mrefu kwa Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Fasihi ya Dublin na Tuzo ya Chungwa. <ref name=":14">{{Rejea jarida |last=Chambers |first=Claire |year=2009 |title=An Interview with Leila Aboulela |url=https://academic.oup.com/cww/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cww/vpp003 |journal=Contemporary Women's Writing |volume=3 |pages=86–102 |doi=10.1093/cww/vpp003 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-25}}</ref> Kazi za Aboulela zimejumuishwa kwenye machapisho kama vile ''Jarida la Harper'', ''Granta'', ''The Washington Post'' na ''The Guardian'' . ''Redio ya BBC'' imebadilisha kazi yake kwa kiasi kikubwa na kutangaza tamthilia zake kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''The Insider'', ''The Mystic Life'' na tamthilia ya kihistoria ''The Lion of Chechnya'' . <ref name=":22">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela - Literature|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/leila-aboulela|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Uandishi wa vipindi vitano wa redio wa riwaya yake ya mwaka 1999 '', The Translator'', uliorodheshwa kwa Tuzo la Race In the Media (RIMA). <ref name=":22" /> Kazi ya Aboulela inasifiwa na kukosolewa sana kwa uwakilishi wake wa wahamiaji Waislamu Magharibi na changamoto wanazokabiliana nazo. Kazi yake inaathiriwa sana na uzoefu wake kama mhamiaji nchini [[Uingereza]] na magumu aliyopitia wakati wa kutulia kwenye makazi. Kazi yake inajikita kwenye masuala ya kisiasa na mada kama vile utambulisho, mahusiano ya tamaduni nyingi, mgawanyiko wa mashariki-magharibi, uhamiaji, na hali ya kiroho ya Kiislamu. Nathari yake imeshangiliwa na [[J. M. Coetzee|JM Coetzee]], [[Ben Okri]] na Ali Smith . Riwaya yake ya mwaka wa 2023, ''Roho ya Mtoni'', ilisifiwa na [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] kwa "huruma na ufahamu wake wa ajabu". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela Announces First Set of Dates for River Spirit Book Tour|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/02/leila-aboulela-announces-first-set-of-dates-for-river-spirit-book-tour/|date=27 February 2023|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Aboulela alitangazwa tarehe 9 Julai 2025 kama mshindi wa Tuzo ya PEN Pinter, inayotolewa mwaka hadi mwaka na English PEN. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/leila-aboulela-wins-pen-pinter-prize-2025-for-her-extraordinary-writing|title=Leila Aboulela wins PEN Pinter Prize 2025 for her 'extraordinary' writing|work=[[The Bookseller]]|date=9 July 2025|first=Melina|author=Spanoudi}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa mnamo 1964 huko [[Kairo]], Misri, <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela|url=https://literaturfestival.com/en/authors/leila-aboulela/|accessdate=2023-06-22|work=international literature festival berlin|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kwa mama Mmisri na baba Msudani. Aboulela alihamia Khartoum, Sudan akiwa na umri wa wiki sita, ambapo aliishi mfululizo hadi kufikia mwaka 1987. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-12-08|title=Leila Aboulela- Biography|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/about/biography/|accessdate=2022-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144741/http://www.leila-aboulela.com/about/biography/|archivedate=2015-12-08}}</ref>&nbsp;Baba yake Aboulela anatoka katika familia maarufu ya Wasudani - binamu yake ni mshairi Hassan Awad Aboulela - <ref name=":44">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-12-10|title=Writing as Spiritual Offering: A Conversation with Leila Aboulela|first=Keija|author=Parssinen|url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2020/winter/writing-spiritual-offering-conversation-leila-aboulela-keija-parssinen|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=World Literature Today|language=en}}</ref> na alisomea kwenye Chuo cha Victoria huko Misri na Chuo cha Trinity, Dublin . <ref name=":54">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2010-12-17|first=Arifa|author=Akbar|title=Back to Khartoum: Leila Aboulela returns to the land of her fathers|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/back-to-khartoum-leila-aboulela-returns-to-the-land-of-her-fathers-2162261.html|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Mama yake alikuwa profesa [[Takwimu|wa takwimu]] kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Khartoum]] na [[Demografia|mtaalamu wa demografia]] wa kwanza kwenye nchi ya Sudan baada ya kupata Shahada ya Uzamivu kwenye somo hilo kutoka kwenye chuo kikuu huko London. <ref name=":32">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Interview with Leila Aboulela, star of the new generation of British Muslim writers Interviewed by Olatoun Gabi-Williams|url=https://bordersliteratureonline.net/africanpublishing/New-Interview-with-Leila-Aboulela|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=bordersliteratureonline.net}}</ref> Malezi yake ya kitamaduni mbalimbali yalionyeshwa kweneye likizo za kiangazi huko Cairo, ambapo aliweza kuunda uhusiano na familia ya mama yake na kunasa utamaduni wa Wamisri kupitia chakula, vyombo vya habari maarufu, na filamu. <ref name=":32" /> Alipokuwa mtoto alipata elimu kwenye Shule ya Wamarekani ya Khartoum na Shule ya Masista, shule ya sekondari ya kibinafsi ya taasisi ya Wakatoliki. <ref name=":14"/> Alielezea elimu yake kwenye Shule ya Wasudani kama ile yenye "wanafunzi wachache sana wa Wasudani na bila walimu wa Wasudani". <ref name="NationalArabShowcase">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-01-26|title=Deviation from the mean: the move that gave Leila Aboulela something to write home about|first=Malika|author=Browne|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/deviation-from-the-mean-the-move-that-gave-leila-aboulela-something-to-write-home-about-1.1125684|accessdate=6 May 2023|work=The National {{!}} Arab Showcase|language=en}}</ref> Aboulela alikulia akizungumza Kiingereza na Kiarabu; hata hivyo, anakumbuka kuwa mwathirika wa uonevu shuleni kutokana na matumizi yake ya Kiarabu cha Kimisri cha mazungumzo, ambacho alijifunza kutoka kwa mama yake mzazi. <ref name=":32" /> Hapo baadae Aboulela alipata elimu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Khartoum, akahitimu mnamo 1985 akiwa na shahada ya uchumi. <ref name=":14"/> Mwaka wa 1991, alipewa shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi (M.Sc.) na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa (MPhil) kwenye takwimu kutokea [[London School of Economics|Shule ya Uchumi ya London]] . <ref name=":2"/> Tasnifu yake inaitwa ''Mifumo ya Hisa na Mtiririko kwa mfumo wa elimu wa Sudan'' . == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Hadi mwaka wa 2012, Aboulela alikua anaishi Aberdeen, [[Uskoti|Scotland]]. Mume wake, Nadir Mahjoub, mhandisi wa mafuta, ni nusu Msudan, nusu Mwingereza, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Interview with Sudanese-Egyptian writer Leila Aboulela: The challenge of identity in a non-monochrome world - Qantara.de|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-sudanese-egyptian-writer-leila-aboulela-the-challenge-of-identity-in-a-non|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|language=en}}</ref> pia ni kaka mdogo wa mwandishi wa riwaya Jamal Mahjoub, na anahesabiwa miongoni mwa ushawishi kwenye uandishi wake mama yake Mwingereza, marehemu Judith Mahjoub. <ref name="NationalArabShowcase"/> Wana watoto watatu pamoja. <ref name=":54"/> Mwaka wa 1990, Aboulela alihamia Aberdeen pamoja na mume wake na watoto wao, hatua anayoitaja kama msukumo wa riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''The Translator'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela- The Translator Inspiration|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/the-translator/inspiration/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US|archivedate=31 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731170315/http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/the-translator/inspiration/}}</ref> Aboulela alianza safari ya uandikaji mwaka wa 1992 alipokuwa akifanya kazi kama mhadhiri katika Chuo cha Aberdeen na hapo baadaye kama msaidizi wa utafiti kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Aberdeen . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-12-08|title=Leila Aboulela- Biography|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/about/biography/|accessdate=2022-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144741/http://www.leila-aboulela.com/about/biography/|archivedate=2015-12-08}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2006, alirudi Khartoum kumtunza baba yake mgonjwa, ambaye alifariki dunia mnamo 2008. <ref name=":54" /> Kati ya mwaka 2000 na 2012, Aboulela aliishi [[Jakarta]], [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]], [[Abu Dhabi]], na [[Doha]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2005-06-05|title=Keep the faith|authorlink=Anita Sethi|first=Anita|author=Sethi|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jun/05/fiction.features2|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=[[The Observer]]|language=en}}</ref> Aboulela ni Mwislamu mcha Mungu, na imani yake inaeleza mengi kuhusu kazi yake ya maandishi. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Dictionary of African biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis, Jr. Gates|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|oclc=706025122}}</ref> == Kazi ya fasihi == Aboulela aliamua kuanza kuandika kwenye umri wa miaka 28, baada ya kuhamia Aberdeen, Scotland, huku watoto wake wawili wadogo wakichochewa na kazi ya mumewe kwenye machimbo ya mafuta. <ref name=":32"/> Alianza kuandika baada ya kuweka jina lake kwenye kozi ya uandishi wa ubunifu kwenye Maktaba Kuu ya Aberdeen, ambapo alitiwa moyo na kuungwa mkono na mwandishi anayeishi huko, Todd McEwen, ambaye alimpa kazi ya Aboulela kwa mhariri wake. <ref name=":54"/> Aboulela anaandika kwa Kiingereza, uamuzi alioufanya tangu utotoni mwake, na anabainisha kuwa alichagua kujieleza kwa Kiingereza kwa sababu ilikuwa "lugha ya tatu, isiyo nilazimu kuchagua kati ya lugha ya baba yangu na lugha ya mama yangu", akimaanisha Kiarabu cha kawaida cha Misri na Sudan . <ref name=":32" /> Yeye ni mchangiaji mzuri wa mkusanyiko wa vitabu vya mwaka 2019, Watoto Wapya wa Afrika, uliohaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]], inachokusanya kazi za waandishi wanawake 200 wenye asili ya Kiafrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-05|title='New Daughters of Africa' is a must read for aspiring young women writers|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/weekend/-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-must-read-for-aspiring-young-women-writers-241888|accessdate=2022-04-27|first=Tom|author=Odhiambo|work=Nation|language=en}}</ref> Mkusanyiko huo unajumuisha aina kadhaa za vitabu kama vile wasifu, kumbukumbu, barua, hadithi fupi, riwaya, ushairi, tamthilia, ucheshi, uandishi wa habari, insha na hotuba. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=New Daughters of Africa|url=https://myriadeditions.com/books/new-daughters-of-africa-pbk/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Myriad|language=en-GB|archivedate=25 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125001517/https://myriadeditions.com/books/new-daughters-of-africa-pbk/}}</ref> Katika mahojiano ya mwaka wa 2023, Aboulela alitoa maoni yake juu ya riwaya za kihistoria za Kiafrika na kinacho msukuma kutumia vyanzo vilivyoandikwa katika lugha za Kiafrika: <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Aboulela|first=Leila|date=2023-03-07|title='Mainstream history was written by the coloniser…it's time we wrote ours'|url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/03/river-spirit-mainstream-history-was-written-by-the-coloniser-time-we-wrote-ours/|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=African Arguments|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Riwaya === * ''Mtafsiri'' : Ilichapishwa awali mnamo 1999, ''The Translator'', kitabu cha Kiislamu kinachosimulia ''Jane Eyre'', <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='I still feel the need for resistance in my writing': Sudanese author Leila Aboulela|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/i-still-feel-need-resistance-my-writing-sudanese-author-leila-aboulela/|accessdate=2023-03-05|work=Middle East Eye|first=Ilham|author=Essalih|date=5 November 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> ni riwaya ya kwanza ya Aboulela. Kinaelezea hadithi ya mjane wa Sudan huko Scotland ambaye anafanya kazi kama mtafsiri na uhusiano wake na mwajiri wake wa kidunia wa Scotland. <ref name=":44"/> Mwaka wa 2006, ''The Translator'' iliorodheshwa na ''[[The New York Times]]'' kama mojawapo ya Vitabu 100 Vinavyojulikana vya Mwaka . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=100 Notable Books of the Year - The New York Times Book Review - New York Times|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/books/review/20061203notable-books.html|date=4 December 2005|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> * ''Minaret'' : Iliyochapishwa mnamo 2005, ''Minaret'' inamtazama Najwa, ambaye alilazimika kukimbia Sudan na kuishi uhamishoni London kufuatia mapinduzi yaliyopindua utawala wa baba yake, waziri, ambaye alihudumu chini yake. <ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela- Minaret|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/minaret/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Hadithi ya Najwa ni moja ya mlipuko wa kitamaduni, mahaba, hasira dhidi ya Uislamu, na uhamiaji. Pia inaelezea safari ya mwanamke kijana kuishi na kupata makazi kwenye mazingira mapya, yasiyo ya kawaida. <ref name=":6" /> * ''Mashairi ya Alley'' : Ilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 2010, ''Mashairi ya Alley'' ni riwaya ya tatu ya Aboulela na mshindi wa tuzo ya Kitabu cha Mwaka cha Uskoti kwa ajili ya hadithi za kubuni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=BookBrowse|title=Summary and reviews of Lyrics Alley by Leila Aboulela|url=https://www.bookbrowse.com/bb_briefs/detail/index.cfm/ezine_preview_number/5936/lyrics-alley|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=BookBrowse.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2011-11-01|title='Lyrics Alley' by Leila Aboulela|url=https://www.thebottleimp.org.uk/2011/11/lyrics-alley-by-leila-aboulela/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Bottle Imp|language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Mashairi ya Alley'' yamedhihirishwa na maisha ya mjomba wake, mshairi Hassan Awad Aboulela. <ref name=":54"/> Imewekwa kwenye miaka ya baada ya ukoloni nchi ya Sudan enzi ya miaka ya 1950, riwaya hii&nbsp;Inasimulia hadithi ya nchi inayopitia maisha ya familia wenye uwezo wanapopoteza maisha waliyokuwa wamezoea na kupata msiba wa nguvu, ambao hubadilisha mwelekea wao na kuishi milele. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela- Lyrics Alley|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/lyrics-alley/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Wema wa Maadui'' : Ilichapishwa mnamo 2015, ''Kitabu cha Wema wa Maadui'' kinaelezea hadithi ya profesa wa nusu Mrusi, nusu Msudani ambaye anaanza hatua ya kuandika maisha ya mtu mashuhuri wa kihistoria wa Kiislamu, Imam Shamil, ambaye alipata umaarufu kupitia jukumu lake kuu katika harakati za upinzani dhidi ya Urusi za Vita vya Caucasian . <ref name=":7">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-kindness-of-enemies/|title=The Kindness of Enemies {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Kitabu hiki kilichoandikwa mnamo 2010, pia kinashughulikia mada ya maisha kama Mwislamu katika enzi ya baada ya 9/11. <ref name=":7" /> * ''Wito wa Ndege'' : Iliyochapishwa mnamo 2019, ''Wito wa Ndege'' ni hadithi ya wanawake watatu Waislamu wanaosafiri hadi Nyanda za Juu za Uskoti kutembelea kaburi la Lady Evelyn Cobbold, mwanamke wa kwanza Mwingereza kukamilisha hija ya [[Hajj]] kwenda eneo la [[Makka]] . Safari hiyo inabadilika na kuwa moja ya matukio na ugunduzi binafsi kwa wanawake hao. <ref name=":8">{{Rejea tovuti|first=Yelizaveta P.|author=Renfro|title=Bird Summons: A Novel {{!}} Washington Independent Review of Books|url=https://www.washingtonindependentreviewofbooks.com/index.php/bookreview/bird-summons-a-novel|date=6 May 2020|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=www.washingtonindependentreviewofbooks.com}}</ref> Uhuru waliopewa kupitia umbali kutoka nyumbani kwao na mandhari nzuri ya Uskoti unawahamasisha kutafakari maisha yao na maamuzi yaliyowafikisha hapo walipo. <ref name=":8" /> * ''River Spirit'' : Riwaya hii iliyochapishwa mnamo 2023 inafanyika Sudani kwenye miaka ya 1880. Mada kuu ni jumlishi na [[Dola la Mahdi|Vita vya Mahdi]] juu ya utawala wa Anglo-Uturuki na utumwa wa Sudani kwenye karne ya 19. Mbali na watu mashuhuri wa kihistoria kama vile [[Mahdi]] [[Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi|Muhammad Ahmed]] na Gavana Charles Gordon, Abouleila aliwaza wahusika kadhaa wa wanawake kushuhudia majukumu yao kwenye jamii. Mmoja wa wahusika wakuu wa hadithi hiyo ni Akuany, msichana yatima kutokea Kusini, ambaye anauzwa utumwani, na anakuwa sehemu ya kaya ya mfanyabiashara Yaseen. <ref name=":0"/> === Makusanyo ya hadithi fupi === * ''Taa za Rangi'' : Ilichapishwa awali mnamo 2001, ''Taa za Rangi'' ni mkusanyiko wa kwanza wa hadithi fupi ya Aboulela. Una hadithi fupi kiujumla kumi na moja. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTxaAAAAMAAJ|title=Coloured lights|last=Aboulela|first=Leila|date=2001|publisher=Polygon|isbn=9780748662982|location=Edinburgh|language=English|oclc=606546929}}</ref> Mkusanyiko huu unaangazia hadithi za wanawake vijana wa Sudan katika mazingira tofauti, wanapopitia maisha yao wakitafuta maana na umiliki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela- Coloured Lights|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/coloured-lights/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Hadithi nyingi zinaonyesha masiha ya wahamiaji na changamoto za mabadiliko kutoka maisha ya Mashariki hadi utamaduni wa Magharibi. Hadithi fupi ya Aboulela "Jumba la Makumbusho" - ambayo imejumuishwa katika ''Taa za Rangi'' - ilitunukiwa Tuzo ya kwanza ya Caine ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika mwaka wa 2000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=admin|date=2018-08-01|title=The Museum by Leila Aboulela|url=https://projectmyopia.com/the-museum/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Project Myopia|language=en-GB|archivedate=17 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517013618/https://projectmyopia.com/the-museum/}}</ref> Inasimulia hadithi ya mwanafunzi wa Sudan huko Aberdeen na tarehe yake ya kwanza na mwanafunzi mwenzake wa Uskoti. Jumba la makumbusho la jina linarejelea ukosoaji wa hadithi kuhusu maonyesho ya sanaa ya Kiafrika katika majumba ya makumbusho ya Uskoti na urithi wa taasisi za kikoloni. <ref name=":14"/> * ''Kwingineko, Nyumbani'' : Ilichapishwa mnamo 2018, mkusanyiko huu ulipewa tuzo ya Kitabu cha Mwaka cha Hadithi za Saltire na una hadithi fupi kumi na tatu. <ref name=":9">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-07-09|title=Elsewhere, Home by Leila Aboulela – review|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/09/elsewhere-home-leila-aboulela-review|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Guardian|first=Arifa|author=Akbar|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Scotland's National Book Awards 2018: Fiction Shortlist|url=https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Saltire Society|date=6 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> Inaonyesha hadithi za mahusiano ya tamaduni mbalimbali, urafiki, na hasara, ''Kwingineko, Nyumbani'' ni mkusanyiko wa hadithi zinazofuata maisha ya wahusika wanapobadilika na kujibadilisha. <ref name=":11">{{Rejea tovuti|author=BookBrowse|title=Elsewhere Home by Leila Aboulela: Summary and reviews|url=https://www.bookbrowse.com/reviews/index.cfm/book_number/3922/elsewhere-home|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=BookBrowse.com|language=en}}</ref> Hadithi hizo zimewekwa Abu Dhabi, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, na London. <ref name=":11" /> Kwenye ''Pages of Fruit'', mama wa nyumbani mpweke anasafiri hadi kuelekea kwenye tamasha la vitabu la Edinburgh kukutana na mwandishi ambaye anamthamini, lakini anajikuta hana lengo na amekata tamaa kufuatia mkutano wao wa hovyo. <ref name=":9" /> Wakati huo huo, katika ''Something Old, Something New'', Mwislamu Mskoti [[Uongofu|aliyebadili dini]] anatembelea Khartoum kumwona mchumba wake wa Sudan na anaanza kupata shaka kuhusu uhusiano wao anapokabiliwa na hisia zake za tuhuma na hofu ya wageni kwenye nchi ya mbali. <ref name=":9" /> === Maigizo === Aboulela ameandika tamthilia kadhaa za redio, japo nyingi hazijachapishwa kwa njia ya kuchapishwa. Tamthilia zake za ''The Insider, The Mystic Life, The Lion of Chechnya'', na ''The Sea Warrior'' zilitangazwa ndani ya vipindi vya redio vya BBC . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leila Aboulela|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Mystic Life'' ni nakala ya hadithi kutoka kwa mkusanyiko wake wa hadithi fupi, ''Coloured Lights'', huku ''The Lion of Chechnya'' ikisimulia hadithi ya Imam Shamil (1797–1871), kiongozi wa kisiasa wa Kiislamu na mada ya riwaya yake, ''The Kindness of Enemies'' . <ref name=":14"/> Riwaya yake ''The Translator'' na hadithi yake fupi "The Museum" pia ziliingia kuwa mfumo wa tamthilia za redio, huku tamthilia yake ya jukwaani ''Friends and Neighbours'' ikionyeshwa huko Aberdeen mwaka wa 1998. <ref name=":14" /> == Bibliografia == * 1999: ''Mtafsiri'', Grove Press, Black Cat&nbsp;– iliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiarabu na Elkhatim Adl'an <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-translator/|title=The Translator {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> * 2001: ''Taa za Rangi'', Poligoni, Edinburgh <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Twentieth-century economics; an analysis and prediction of the Nation's economy|last=Bjornson|first=Gordon B|date=1968|publisher=Exposition Press|location=New York|language=English|oclc=606}}</ref> * 2005: ''Minaret'', Grove Press, Black Cat – iliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiarabu na Badreldin Hashimi <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/lyrics-alley/|title=Lyrics Alley {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> * 2011: ''Mashairi Alley'', Grove Press&nbsp;– imetafsiriwa kwa Kiarabu na Badreldin Hashimi <ref name=":7">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-kindness-of-enemies/|title=The Kindness of Enemies {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-kindness-of-enemies/ ''The Kindness of Enemies | Grove Atlantic''].</cite></ref> * 2015: Weidenfeld & Nicolson – ''iliyotafsiriwa'' kwa Kiarabu na Badreldin Hashimi <ref name=":7" /> * 2018: ''Kwingineko, Nyumbani'', Vitabu vya Telegramu <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.telegraph.co.uk/Product/Leila-Aboulela/Elsewhere-Home/24870860|title=Elsewhere Home|last=Aboulela|first=Leila|date=2019-12-02|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-4694-6|language=en-gb}}</ref> * 2019: ''Wito wa Ndege'', Weidenfeld na Nicolson <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.weidenfeldandnicolson.co.uk/titles/leila-aboulela/bird-summons/9781474600149/|title=Bird Summons|last=Aboulela|first=Leila|date=2018-09-07|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-1-4746-0014-9|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2023: ''River Spirit'', Grove Atlantic, Vitabu vya Saqi <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/river-spirit/|title=River Spirit {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> == Zawadi na tuzo == * 2000: Tuzo ya Caine kwa Uandishi wa Kiafrika, kwa "Jumba la Makumbusho". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Previous Winners|url=http://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403202202/http://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2000: Tuzo la Kitabu cha Kwanza cha Mwaka cha Saltire Society Scotland (orodha fupi), ''Mtafsiri'' . <ref name=":102">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Scotland's National Book Awards 2018: Fiction Shortlist|url=https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Saltire Society|date=6 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> * 2002: PEN Macmillan Macmillan Tuzo ya Fedha ya PEN (orodha fupi), ''Taa za Rangi'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-04-17|title=Sudanese Novelist Leila Aboulela Becomes International Figure Through Religion, Alienation|url=https://fanack.com/faces-en/leila-aboulela~112336/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Fanack.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo ya Mbio na Vyombo vya Habari (orodha fupi - uundaji wa mfululizo wa tamthilia za redio), ''The Translator'' . <ref name=":102" /> * 2011: Waliochaguliwa kwa Tuzo ya Waandishi wa Jumuiya ya Madola - Ulaya na Kusini mwa Asia, ''Nyimbo za Alley'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lyrics Alley short-listed for Commonwealth Writers' Prize! {{!}} Leila Aboulela|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/important-dates/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US|archivedate=27 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427070428/http://www.leila-aboulela.com/important-dates/}}</ref> * 2011: Mshindi wa Tuzo za Vitabu vya Uskoti, ''Nyimbo za Alley'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-01|title=Lyrics Alley|url=https://scottishpen.org/book/lyrics-alley/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2018: Tuzo ya Kitabu cha Mwaka cha Hadithi za Saltire, ''Kwingineko, Nyumbani'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Scotland's National Book Awards 2018: Fiction Shortlist|url=https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Saltire Society|date=6 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> * 2023: Mwanachama Aliyechaguliwa wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Fasihi * 2025: Tuzo ya PEN Pinter == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Sudan]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Sudan]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p19gady1d9r98wjunwbouj8f0kjmxg9 0 230291 1576975 1574777 2026-06-27T10:14:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1576975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''László Kubala''' ([[10 Juni]] [[1927]] – [[17 Mei]] [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwanasoka]]. Alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa Ferencvárosi TC, ŠK Slovan Bratislava, FC Barcelona, na RCD Espanyol, miongoni mwa vilabu vingine. Akichukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora katika historia, Kubala anachukuliwa kuwa shujaa wa [[Barcelona]]. Alikuwa na uraia wa [[Hungaria]], [[Chekoslovakia]] na [[Uhispania]] na alichezea timu za kitaifa za nchi zote tatu.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/12/02/barcelona-greatest-ever-xi/laszlo-kubala/|title = Barcelona: The greatest ever XI|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url = https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/laszlo-kubala-not-lionel-messi-barcelona-greatest-all-time|title = Why Laszlo Kubala, and not Lionel Messi, is the greatest Barcelona player of all time|date = 16 September 2014|access-date = 11 May 2017|archive-date = 19 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219040350/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/laszlo-kubala-not-lionel-messi-barcelona-greatest-all-time|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/|title=The great refugee: How László Kubala became a Barcelona legend|date=2 February 2017|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027201813/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kubala alijulikana kwa Mpira wa Kuchezesha#Chama cha Soka, umaliziaji wake uliopangwa vizuri na wenye nguvu, na usahihi kutoka mipira ya adhabu ya moja kwa moja. Wakati wa miaka ya 1950, alikuwa mwanachama anayeongoza wa timu ya Barcelona iliyofanikiwa, akifunga mabao 280 katika mechi 345 (ikiwa ni pamoja na mabao yasiyo rasmi). Wakati wa sherehe za miaka mia moja za klabu hiyo mwaka wa 1999, kura ya maoni ya mashabiki ilimtangaza Kubala kuwa mchezaji bora zaidi kuwahi kuichezea klabu hiyo ya Uhispania. Baada ya kustaafu kama mchezaji, alikuwa na vipindi viwili kama kocha wa Barcelona na pia alifundisha timu ya taifa ya soka ya Uhispaniana na timu ya taifa ya Uhispania ya chini ya miaka 21. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1927|2002}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hungaria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Slovakia]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] 7kojezudnc53cgyqgkte6nguouzb8ow 0 232538 1576936 1575385 2026-06-27T09:34:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576936 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fahd Richard Ndzengue Moubeti''' (alizaliwa 7 Julai 2000) ni mchezaji wa [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] anayekichezea klabu ya AP Brera Strumica kama [[winga]]. == Kazi ya klabu == Ndzengue alitoka katika akademia ya CF Mounana, ambapo pia alipata uzoefu wa mashindano ya kimataifa ya klabu kama CAF Champions League na CAF Confederation Cup.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fahd Ndzengue - Soccer Stats, Profile & Career Info {{!}} Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/en/soccer/athlete/fahd-ndzengue/181307|work=GSA Website|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2019 alijiunga na klabu ya Slovenia ya NK Tabor Sežana, na alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza tarehe 10 Novemba 2019 katika mchezo uliomalizika kwa kufungwa 2–0 dhidi ya NK Olimpija Ljubljana. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] gp22qsd7avohn3anmu59dvb584ezwpq 0 234141 1576772 1542418 2026-06-26T13:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jappie Mhango''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mwalimu kutoka Malawi. Aliwahi kuwa Naibu [[Waziri]] wa Ulinzi wa Malawi, baada ya kuteuliwa kushika wadhifa huo mwaka 2014 na aliyekuwa [[Rais]] wa Malawi, Peter Mutharika. Muhula wake ulianza tarehe 23 Juni 2014.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Malawi’s 43 member cabinet list as unveiled by President Mutharika {{!}} Malawi news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/43-member-full-cabinet-list-as-unveiled-by-bingu.html|work=www.nyasatimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-12|archive-date=2011-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210030117/http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/43-member-full-cabinet-list-as-unveiled-by-bingu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Malawians give Mutharika Cabinet size thumps up - The Malawi Oracle Times|date=2014-06-24|url=http://www.orakonews.com/malawians-give-mutharika-cabinet-size-thumps-up/|work=The Malawi Oracle Times|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-12|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235413/http://www.orakonews.com/malawians-give-mutharika-cabinet-size-thumps-up/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Malawi]] hjjyc4w31l12l908cxsnx1ju9fg5vkm 0 240688 1577007 1574623 2026-06-27T11:55:05Z AMATUS V MGONDA 90452 Nimeongeza Picha 1577007 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lac de Ugelmim Yiker entre Akfadou et Chemini (Béjaïa).jpg|thumb|Mandhari katika Ziwa]] '''Ziwa Akfadou''' (lilojulikana pia kama '''Ziwa Jeusi''' na '''Oqlimim Afrakan''' katika lugha ya Kiberber) ni ziwa lililopo katika Milima ya Djurdjura ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Djurdjura nchini [[Algeria]]. Linapatikana kati ya mikoa ya Tizi Ouzou na Béjaïa. Lipo ndani ya [[Msitu]] wa Akfadou karibu na Barabara ya Taifa Na. 34 na linazungukwa na misitu minene ya mialoni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tizi-Ouzou / Virée au Lac Noir de l'Akfadou : une invitation au repos|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281|work=Djazairess|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140046/http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oqlimim Afrakan liko kwenye mwinuko wa takribani mita 1,200 juu ya usawa wa bahari na ni kivutio maarufu kwa watalii wanaopenda mazingira ya asili na utulivu mbali na shughuli za mijini.<ref>{{Citation|title=البحيرة السوداء بأكفادو جوهرة جرجرة التي تسحر العيون|url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883|work=جزايرس|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135745/http://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ziwa lina eneo la takribani hekta 3 na kina cha karibu mita 1. Uso wake huakisi rangi mbalimbali kulingana na hali ya mazingira, ikiwemo samawati ya anga, weupe wa mawingu na kijani kibichi cha miti inayolizunguka. Kizuizi cha bandia kimejengwa upande mmoja wa ziwa ili kudhibiti kiwango cha maji. Baadhi ya miti iliyokuwa kandokando imezama sehemu ndani ya maji kutokana na kiwango hicho cha maji. Eneo la ziwa hutembelewa na familia, makundi ya [[marafiki]] na watembea kwa miguu wanaokuja kupumzika na kufanya matembezi. Wageni wengi hutafuta kivuli chini ya miti inayozunguka ziwa, hasa wakati wa joto. Katika eneo hilo pia hupatikana vyura wanaoruka pamoja na aina mbalimbali za wanyama wa porini. Miongoni mwa simulizi maarufu za eneo hilo ni kuhusu [[mjusi]] mkubwa anayepatikana juu ya shina la mti lililoanguka ndani ya maji, ambaye wageni wengine humwita kwa utani "dinosauri". Karibu na ziwa kuna mabaki ya kijiji cha kale cha '''Mahaqa''', kinachojulikana kwa jina la kienyeji '''Akham Ojhali'''. Tovuti hii ya akiolojia inaaminika kuwa ya enzi za Waroma au hata kabla ya hapo, na bado inaendelea kuwavutia watafiti wanaochunguza historia ya eneo hilo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Algeria}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Algeria]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 7wdd7udggm0k6rbb2hur5w046ej7fyi 0 240960 1576833 1573043 2026-06-26T16:02:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kampala Sqoop''' ni jukwaa la habari la mtandaoni la Uganda linalochapisha habari za kisiasa, biashara, burudani, michezo na masuala ya jumla ya Uganda na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="official">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://kampalasqoop.com/ |title=Ugandan News | Top News headlines in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda - Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="fb">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.facebook.com/kampalaSqoop/ |title=Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Historia == Kampala Sqoop ilianzishwa mwaka 2020 kama jukwaa la habari la mtandaoni nchini Uganda.<ref name="tracxn">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kampalasqoop/ |title=Kampala Sqoop - 2026 Company Profile & Competitors |access-date=2026-06-14 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ni sehemu ya '''Joram Muwonge Group of Companies Ltd''', ambapo inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya majarida huru ya zamani nchini.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="author">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://kampalasqoop.com/author/joram-muwonge/ |title=Joram Muwonge, Author at Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Mhariri mkuu na miongoni mwa waanzilishi ni '''Dr. Joram Muwonge''', ambaye pia ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo. Ofisi zake ziko Makindye, Kampala.<ref name="linkedin">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://ug.linkedin.com/in/dr-muwonge-joram-852329155 |title=Dr. Muwonge Joram - Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="author" /> == Maudhui == Kampala Sqoop inachapisha habari zinazohusu: * Siasa (uchaguzi, bunge, serikali na maendeleo ya kisiasa).<ref name="official" /> * Biashara na uchumi (bajeti, miradi kama PDM, biashara ndogo na uchumi wa taifa).<ref name="official" /> * Burudani na maisha ya watu mashuhuri.<ref name="official" /> * Michezo na masuala ya kijamii.<ref name="official" /> Inafikia hadhira kupitia tovuti yake (kampalasqoop.com), Facebook, X (Twitter), Instagram na YouTube.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="yt">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.youtube.com/kampalasqoop |title=Kampala Sqoop - YouTube |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Kuna tofauti na '''Sqoop.co.ug''', ambayo inazingatia zaidi burudani, mitindo na gossip ya watu mashuhuri.<ref name="sqoop">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/ |title=Home - Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Umuhimu == Jukwaa hili linatoa habari za haraka na za kina kuhusu matukio yanayoathiri Uganda, kama kesi ya Sydney Gongodyo, bajeti ya taifa na maendeleo ya kisiasa.<ref name="official" /> Linaendelea kutoa maoni na ripoti huru kama sehemu ya vyombo vya habari vya Uganda. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://kampalasqoop.com/ Tovuti Rasmi] * [https://www.facebook.com/kampalaSqoop/ Facebook] * [https://x.com/kampalaSqoop X (Twitter)] [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari vya Uganda]] [[Jamii:2020 establishments in Uganda]] fb1p7lrgjroiorxqoymynei5la692zh 0 241018 1576777 1573239 2026-06-26T13:24:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jason Alexander''' (amezaliwa 22 Septemba 2000) ni mchezaji wa ragbi ya muungano kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayekiwakilisha kikosi cha Western Province katika mashindano ya Currie Cup.<ref>{{cite web | url=[https://www.rugbypass.com/players/jason-alexander/](https://www.rugbypass.com/players/jason-alexander/) | title=Jason Alexander | work=Rugby Pass | access-date=24 June 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni hooker. Alexander alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Western Province kwa ajili ya 2021 Currie Cup Premier Division.<ref name="Western Province squad">{{cite web | url=[https://sarugby.online/tournaments/team/id/5722](https://sarugby.online/tournaments/team/id/5722) | title=Western Province squad | publisher=SA Rugby | access-date=16 June 2021 | archive-date=24 June 2021 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201427/https://sarugby.online/tournaments/team/id/5722](https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201427/https://sarugby.online/tournaments/team/id/5722) | url-status=dead }}</ref> Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Western Province katika raundi ya pili ya 2021 Currie Cup Premier Division dhidi ya timu ya Golden Lions.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/lions-hold-on-to-deny-plucky-province/|title=Lions](https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/lions-hold-on-to-deny-plucky-province/|title=Lions) hold on to deny plucky Province|work=SA Rugby Magazine|date=23 June 2021|access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2000|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] edwx81pqy3pb5889nbou9tzu6ysro5v 0 241021 1576854 1573242 2026-06-26T21:19:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lukhanyo Am''' (amezaliwa 28 Novemba 1993) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa muungano wa ragbi kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayekichezea timu ya Mitsubishi Sagamihara DynaBoars kama centre. Am aliwahi pia kuchezea timu ya Sharks na ameichezea Timu ya taifa ya rugby union ya Afrika Kusini. == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Am alichezea akademi ya SKZN Rugby Academy iliyoko Margate, kabla ya kuitwa kwenye kikosi cha vijana cha Under-19 cha Border Bulldogs<ref name="Border Bound">{{cite web |url=[http://www.fever-blue.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=23730](http://www.fever-blue.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=23730) |title=Border Bound |work=South Coast Fever |date=6 Juni 2013 |access-date=9 Mei 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ambacho kilishinda 2012 Under-19 Provincial Championship Division B na kupandishwa daraja kwenda Division A. Alicheza mechi sita na kufunga tries tatu. Baada ya kutumia muda na klabu ya Saracens wakati wa likizo kama sehemu ya programu ya kubadilishana wachezaji kwa kushirikiana na Ubalozi wa Uingereza,<ref name="Exchange programme offers previously disadvantaged players big dreams">{{cite press release |url=[http://www.sarugby.net/news/24574?view=news](http://www.sarugby.net/news/24574?view=news) |title=Exchange programme offers previously disadvantaged players big dreams |publisher=South African Rugby Union |date=15 Januari 2016 |access-date=15 Januari 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> alirejea na kuingizwa kwenye kikosi cha wakubwa cha Border Bulldogs kwa ajili ya mashindano ya 2013 Vodacom Cup. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kitaaluma dhidi ya mabingwa watetezi Western Province huko Paarl.<ref name="DHL Western Province 22-13 Border Bulldogs">{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=104084 |homeid=11624 |awayid=11614 |leagueid=1164 |hometeam=DHL Western Province |homescore=22 |awayscore=13 |awayteam=Border Bulldogs |matchdate=6 Aprili 2013}}</ref> === Southern Kings === Mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2016, Am alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wawili wa Sharks waliojiunga na kikosi cha Southern Kings kwa majaribio kabla ya msimu wa 2016 Super Rugby.<ref name="New recruits as Southern Kings 2016 season starts">{{cite press release |url=[http://www.eprugby.co.za/new-recruits-as-southern-kings-2016-season-starts/](http://www.eprugby.co.za/new-recruits-as-southern-kings-2016-season-starts/) |title=New recruits as Southern Kings 2016 season starts |publisher=Eastern Province Kings |date=4 Januari 2016 |access-date=5 Januari 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Sharks === Baada ya kipindi kizuri na Southern Kings, Am alitarajiwa kuwa mchezaji muhimu katika timu ya Sharks. Alicheza nafasi muhimu katika kufanikisha Sharks kufika robo fainali za 2017, 2018 na 2019 . Mnamo Januari 2020, Am aliteuliwa kuwa nahodha wa Sharks kwa msimu wa 2020 Super Rugby season,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bok centre Am named Sharks captain for 2020 |url=[https://www.news24.com/sport/Rugby/SuperRugby/bok-centre-am-named-sharks-captain-for-2020-20200121](https://www.news24.com/sport/Rugby/SuperRugby/bok-centre-am-named-sharks-captain-for-2020-20200121) |access-date=1 Juni 2021}}</ref> akichukua nafasi ya Tendai Mtawarira aliyestaafu. Am aliondoka Sharks tarehe 5 Novemba 2025 kujiunga na Mitsubishi Sagamihara DynaBoars.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 Novemba 2025 |title=Lukhanyo leaves Sharks |url=[https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/lukhanyo-leaves-sharks/](https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/lukhanyo-leaves-sharks/) |access-date=12 Novemba 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Mnamo 2013, Am alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha South African Barbarians kilichocheza dhidi ya Saracens London.<ref name="South African Barbarians name squad for City clash">{{cite web |url=[http://www.saracens.com/south-african-barbarians-name-squad-for-city-clash/](http://www.saracens.com/south-african-barbarians-name-squad-for-city-clash/) |title=South African Barbarians name squad for City clash |work=Saracens |date=7 Mei 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === South Africa 'A' === '''2016''' Mnamo 2016, Am alichezea South Africa 'A' katika mfululizo wa mechi mbili dhidi ya England Saxons. Alianza kama mchezaji wa akiba katika mechi ya kwanza iliyochezwa Bloemfontein ambapo walifungwa 32–24.<ref>{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=164774 |hometeam=South Africa "A" |awayteam=England Saxons |homescore=24 |awayscore=32}}</ref> Katika mechi ya pili alianza katika kikosi cha kwanza lakini walifungwa 29–26 huko George.<ref>{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=164784 |hometeam=South Africa "A" |awayteam=England Saxons |homescore=26 |awayscore=29}}</ref> '''2021''' Am aliteuliwa kuwa nahodha wa South Africa 'A' katika mechi ya maandalizi dhidi ya British & Irish Lions tarehe 14 Julai 2021, ambapo aliiongoza timu kushinda na pia kufunga try moja. === Afrika Kusini (Springboks) === Am aliitwa kwenye kikosi cha Springboks kwa ajili ya 2017 end-of-year rugby union internationals. Alikuwa mchezaji muhimu katika safu ya nyuma ya timu hiyo, akishirikiana vyema na Damian de Allende. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichoshinda 2019 Rugby Championship. '''Kombe la Dunia 2019''' Am alichaguliwa kwenye kikosi cha 2019 Rugby World Cup. Afrika Kusini ilitwaa ubingwa baada ya kuishinda England 32–12 katika fainali. Am alitoa pasi iliyozaa try ya Makazole Mapimpi, ambayo ilikuwa try ya kwanza katika fainali ya Kombe la Dunia kwa Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/50273291](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/50273291) |title=England 12-32 South Africa: Springboks win World Cup |access-date=3 Novemba 2019}}</ref> '''Ziara ya British & Irish Lions 2021''' Am alicheza katika mechi zote dhidi ya British and Irish Lions. Afrika Kusini ilishinda mfululizo huo na Am alipongezwa kwa ushirikiano wake na Damian de Allende kama moja ya jozi bora za vituo duniani. '''Kombe la Dunia 2023''' Am awali hakuwepo kwenye kikosi cha Kombe la Dunia 2023 kutokana na jeraha, lakini baadaye aliitwa kuchukua nafasi ya Makazole Mapimpi aliyekuwa ameumia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lukhanyo Am replaces Makazole Mapimpi |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Mafanikio == '''Afrika Kusini''' * Bingwa 2019 Rugby Championship * Bingwa 2019 Rugby World Cup * Nahodha South Africa 'A' (2021) * Bingwa Ziara ya British & Irish Lions 2021 * Bingwa 2023 Rugby World Cup * Bingwa 2024 Rugby Championship '''Sharks''' * Bingwa 2023–24 EPCR Challenge Cup * Bingwa Kombe la Currie 2024 == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Am, Lukhanyo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] dabl251pyl099d07773yxiae1ei7gj1 0 241033 1576864 1573546 2026-06-27T04:01:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1332''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na moja|1331]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini tatu|1333]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1332 KK]] na [[1332]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 1qowpybny9qfju604n61yfpjgv7z4lp 0 241036 1576871 1573921 2026-06-27T04:04:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1335''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXXV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na nne|1334]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na sita|1336]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1335 KK]] na [[1335]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] lnijdwcrqmgh2isfl68h3zzrw1je3fb 0 241042 1576870 1573927 2026-06-27T04:03:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1341''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini|1340]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na mbili|1342]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1341 KK]] na [[1341]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] m3pk5vt0haroqcljcwuzceobqk9xuzm 0 241059 1576858 1574033 2026-06-26T22:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Guadeloupe (4).JPG|thumb|Cascade Acomat (Guadeloupe), Ufaransa.]] '''Maporomoko ya Acomat''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika [[Guadeloupe]], [[Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa|eneo la visiwa linalomilikiwa]] na [[Ufaransa]]. Yapo kwenye Mto Grande Plaine, takribani kilomita mbili kutoka barabara ya RN2 katika kisiwa cha Basse-Terre. Maporomoko haya ni maarufu sana kutokana na rangi yake ya kijani-kibichi inayofanana na zumaridi , ambayo hutokana na maji yake safi na mazingira ya mimea mingi ya kijani kibichi na miamba ya asili inayoyazunguka. Kimo chake ni takribani mita 9, na chini yake kuna bwawa la asili ambapo watu huogelea. Eneo lote ni la miamba, mimea mingi, na mazingira ya msitu wa tropiki, jambo linalolifanya kuwa kivutio maarufu cha utalii katika kisiwa cha Basse-Terre.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chute d'Acomat - Pointe-Noire|url=https://fr.guadeloupe-tourisme.com/685/chute-dacomat-pointenoire/|work=fr.guadeloupe-tourisme.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=fr|archive-date=2025-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221201508/https://fr.guadeloupe-tourisme.com/685/chute-dacomat-pointenoire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> = Marejeo = <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ufaransa}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Amerika]] [[Jamii:Guadeloupe]] 4n7m2jdr3vqg61jf5bzi4o9unr24uu6 0 241096 1576818 1575481 2026-06-26T14:34:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Orodha */ 1576818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Danieli]] akipata [[njozi]] ya [[wanyama]] wanne.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokalipti''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Biblia]] na nje yake yalifuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa pekee wa [[nabii|kinabii]] ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa [[Mwisho wa nyakati|mwisho wa nyakati]], kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Orodha== Kati ya maandiko ya namna hiyo, ya awali ni: * [[Kitabu cha Isaya]] 24–27; 33; 34–35; 65–66 * [[Kitabu cha Yeremia]] 33:14–26 * [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] 38–39 * [[Kitabu cha Yoeli]] 3:9–17 * [[Kitabu cha Zekaria]] 12–14 Maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}} ni: * [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] 7–12 Yaliyobaki nje ya [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ni: * [[1 Henoko]] * [[2 Henoko]] * [[3 Henoko]] * [[Ufunuo wa Abrahamu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Adamu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Musa]] * [[Ufunuo wa Shadraka]] * [[Ufunuo wa Sefania]] * [[Ufunuo wa Zerubabeli]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kiaramu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Gabrieli]] * [[Genesis Apocryphon]] * [[2 Baruku]] * [[3 Baruku]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kigiriki wa Danieli]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kigiriki wa Ezra]] * [[Sefer Elijah]] * [[Gombo la Vita]] * [[Kupalizwa kwa Musa]] Katika [[Agano Jipya]] kuna: *[[Injili ya Mathayo]] 24; 25:31-46 *[[Injili ya Marko]] 13 *[[Waraka wa pili kwa Wathesaloniki]] 2 *[[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Timotheo]] 4 *[[Waraka wa pili wa Petro]] 3 *[[waraka wa Yuda|Yuda]] 14-15 *[[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] Yaliyobaki nje ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] ni: * [[Ufunuo wa Goliathi]] * [[Ufunuo wa Paulo]] * [[Ufunuo wa Petro]] * [[Ufunuo wa Pseudo-Methodi]] * [[Ufunuo wa Samueli wa Kalamoun]] * [[Ufunuo wa Stefano]] * [[Ufunuo wa Thoma]] * [[Ufunuo wa Elia]] Hatimaye yaliyofuata [[Ujuzilio]] ni: * [[Ufunuo wa Kignosi wa Petro]] * [[Ufunuo wa kwanza wa Yakobo]] * [[Ufunuo wa pili wa Yakobo]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kikopti wa Paulo]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Rejea kitabu |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] s3wutamvimvvwosn98oghl2t24psatm 0 241112 1576874 1574246 2026-06-27T04:07:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1351''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini|1350]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili|1352]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1351 KK]] na [[1351]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] otaw1m385q4fvy9czehh5ugo0owk593 0 241305 1576826 1575999 2026-06-26T14:52:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu kina mwelekeo wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 2]] au [[karne ya 3]]. Kinadai kusimulia [[siri]] ambazo [[Adamu]] alimfunulia [[Mtoto|mwanae]] [[Seth]] kuhusu [[wokovu]] [[mwisho wa nyakati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ldj0txnnoplbpgc9nnmfcrrz30gt6cv 0 241315 1576809 1576007 2026-06-26T14:06:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (au '''Ufunuo wa Kigiriki wa Baruku''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kati ya [[mwaka]] [[70]] na [[karne ya 3]], ingawa kinajidai kuandikwa na [[nabii Baruku]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 5kjwyz84f8j8206htlpwbdnb7ms7jqu 0 241321 1576820 1576028 2026-06-26T14:37:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 4]] hivi, ingawa kinajidai ni kazi ya [[Mtume Paulo]] na kusimulia alivyotembelea [[mbingu]] na [[jehanum]]. Kiliathiri sana [[Utendi|utenzi]] maarufu wa [[Kiitalia]] wa [[Dante Alighieri]] "[[Divina Commedia]]". ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{wikisource|Apocalypse of Paul, translation by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament''}} * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-paul/ "Apocalypse of Paul"], overview and bibliography by Stephen C. E. Hopkins. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC3.html#BibPaul_Apoc Bibliography on the Apocalypse of Paul], by Eileen Gardiner {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] [[Jamii:fasihi ya Kigiriki]] qwvidzyjp6cahpp71q2aqp8vkt5nm15 0 241322 1576810 1576029 2026-06-26T14:08:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika miaka [[100]]-[[150]], ingawa kinajidai kuwa kazi ya [[Mtume Petro]]. Ni maarufu kwa kufafanua kinaganaga [[tuzo]] za [[Mbingu|mbinguni]] na [[adhabu]] za [[Jehanum|moto wa milele]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last=Bauckham |first=Richard B. |author-link=Richard Bauckham |date=1998 |title=The Fate of the Dead: Studies on the Jewish and Christian Apocalypses |series=Supplements to Novum Testamentum 93 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page= |isbn=9781589832886}} * {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Eric J. |editor-first=Jörg |editor-last=Frey |title=Justice and Mercy in the Apocalypse of Peter: A New Translation and Analysis of the Purpose of the Text |series=WUNT 427 |location=Tübingen |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-16-159030-6 |doi=10.1628/978-3-16-159031-3 }} * {{cite book |editor1-first=Jan N. |editor1-last=Bremmer |editor1-link=Jan N. Bremmer |editor2-first=István |editor2-last=Czachesz |title=The Apocalypse of Peter |date=2003 |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 7 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=90-429-1375-4 |ref=None}}<!-- {{harvid|Bremmer|Czachesz|2003}} --> * {{cite book |last=Buchholz |first=Dennis D. |date=1988 |title=Your Eyes Will Be Opened: A Study of the Greek (Ethiopic) Apocalypse of Peter |location=Atlanta |publisher=Scholars Press |series=[[Society of Biblical Literature]] Dissertation series 97 |isbn=1-55540-025-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart |author-link=Bart Ehrman |date=2022 |title=Journeys to Heaven and Hell: Tours of the Afterlife in the Early Christian Tradition |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-25700-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Kraus |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Nicklas |first2=Tobias |author2-link=Tobias Nicklas |date=2004 |title=Das Petrusevangelium und die Petrusapokalypse: Die griechischen Fragmente mit deutscher und englischer Übersetzung |trans-title=The Gospel of Peter and the Apocalypse of Peter: The Greek Fragments with German and English Translation |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter |series=GCS N.F. 11 |isbn=978-3110176353 |language=de }} * {{cite book |title=The Apocalypse of Peter in Context |date=2024 |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 21 |editor-first=Daniel C. |editor-last=Maier |editor2-first=Jörg |editor2-last=Frey |editor3-first=Thomas J. |editor3-last=Kraus |url=https://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042952096.pdf |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-5208-9 |doi=10.2143/9789042952096 |doi-access=free |ref=None }}<!-- {{harvid|Maier|Frey|Kraus|2024}} --> ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Apocalypse of Peter|Apocalypse of Peter|single=true}}, translation by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'', with quotations from the Sibylline Oracles and writings of the early Church * [http://ntweblog.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/apocalypose-of-peter-greek-text-online.html The Apocalypse of Peter (Greek Akhmim Fragment Text)], transcribed by [[Mark Goodacre]] from [[Erich Klostermann]]'s edition ([http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.htm HTML], [http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.pdf PDF]) * [http://nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-peter/ "Apocalypse of Peter"], overview and bibliography by Cambry Pardee. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC3.html#BibPeter Bibliography of works on the Apocalypse of Peter], by Eileen Gardiner {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] a873fohrha3gdsxa8mp31oehw7k7y14 0 241327 1576795 1576531 2026-06-26T13:42:45Z ~2026-36857-87 90518 Nimeboresha tafsiri ya makala kwa kurekebisha lugha na kutumia maneno ya asili ya Kiswahili. 1576795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Schéma_du_petit_cycle_de_l'eau.png|thumb|Mchoro unaoonyesha hatua mbalimbali za mzunguko mdogo wa maji]] '''Urejelezaji wa maji''' ni mchakato wa kutibu maji yaliyotumika ili yaweze kutumika tena katika shughuli mbalimbali, kama vile kilimo, viwanda na usafi. Njia hii huchangia matumizi bora ya rasilimali za maji, hupunguza upotevu wa maji na hulinda mazingira dhidi ya uchafuzi Mzunguko mdogo wa maji unahusisha hatua saba muhimu zinazowezesha maji kutumika, kutibiwa na kurejeshwa katika mazingira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Office français de la biodiversité]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.ofb.gouv.fr/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Artois-Picardie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau (cycle domestique)|url=https://www.eau-artois-picardie.fr/education-leau-dossiers-thematiques/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=24 juillet 2015|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eau-seine-normandie.fr/les-cycles-de-l-eau/le-petit-cycle-de-l-eau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Eau de Paris]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2022-05/Poster_PetitCycle.pdf|date=2020|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> : # Kuvuta au kuchukua maji kutoka kwenye mazingira ya asili, kwa mfano kutoka kwenye mkondo wa maji au chemichemi ; # Uzalishaji wa maji ya kunywa ili kuyafanya kuwa salama kwa matumizi ya binadamu ; # Kuhifadhi maji ya kunywa katika mabwawa ili kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ; # Ugawaji wa maji safi ya kunywa kwa watumiaji (maeneo ya makazi, kilimo na viwanda) ; # Ukusanyaji na usafirishaji wa maji machafu yanayotumika na sasa ; # Matibabu ya maji machafu (iwe ya pamoja au ya mtu binafsi ) ili kupunguza uchafuzi wa mazingira asilia ; # Baada ya kutibiwa, maji hurudishwa kwenye mito, maziwa au mazingira mengine ya asili. Katika baadhi ya maeneo, yanaweza kutumika tena kwa matumizi mbalimbali kabla ya kurejea katika manzingira. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Maji]] g0nfjlnoc8yophrwdb5djn6pe2qpehc 1576805 1576795 2026-06-26T13:54:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Schéma_du_petit_cycle_de_l'eau.png|thumb|Mchoro unaoonyesha hatua mbalimbali za mzunguko mdogo wa maji]] '''Urejelezaji wa maji''' ni mchakato wa kutibu [[maji]] yaliyokwishatumika ili yaweze kutumika tena katika shughuli mbalimbali, kama vile [[kilimo]], [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na usafi. Njia hiyo huchangia matumizi bora ya [[rasilimali]] za maji, hupunguza upotevu wa maji na hulinda [[mazingira]] dhidi ya [[Uchafuzi wa mazingira|uchafuzi]]. ==Hatua zake== Mzunguko mdogo wa maji unahusisha hatua saba muhimu zinazowezesha maji kutumika, kutibiwa na kurejeshwa katika mazingira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Office français de la biodiversité]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.ofb.gouv.fr/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Artois-Picardie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau (cycle domestique)|url=https://www.eau-artois-picardie.fr/education-leau-dossiers-thematiques/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=24 juillet 2015|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eau-seine-normandie.fr/les-cycles-de-l-eau/le-petit-cycle-de-l-eau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Eau de Paris]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2022-05/Poster_PetitCycle.pdf|date=2020|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref>: # Kuvuta au kuchukua maji kutoka mazingira ya asili, kwa mfano kwenye mkondo wa maji au [[chemchemi]]; # Uzalishaji wa maji ya kunywa ili kuyafanya kuwa [[maji salama|salama]] kwa matumizi ya binadamu; # Kuhifadhi maji ya kunywa katika [[bwawa|mabwawa]] ili kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji; # Ugawaji wa maji salama kwa watumiaji (maeneo ya makazi, kilimo na viwanda); # Ukusanyaji na usafirishaji wa maji machafu yanayotumika na sasa; # Matibabu ya maji machafu (iwe ya pamoja au ya mtu binafsi) ili kupunguza uchafuzi wa mazingira asilia; # Baada ya kutibiwa, maji hurudishwa kwenye [[Mto|mito]], [[ziwa|maziwa]] au mazingira mengine ya asili. Katika baadhi ya maeneo, yanaweza kutumika tena kwa matumizi mbalimbali kabla ya kurejea katika mazingira. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Maji]] emgcav0zyh06mqprlgr0gyqb1g86vrc 0 241328 1576822 1576018 2026-06-26T14:41:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] kifupi cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kinadai kusimulia [[siku]] [[Saba (namba)|saba]] [[Mwisho wa nyakati|za mwisho]] kabla ya [[kiyama]] zitakuwaje. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] l9aopzuq8r7nwb0sqosmc5scbi45dr5 1576823 1576822 2026-06-26T14:42:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] kifupi cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kinadai kusimulia [[siku]] [[Saba (namba)|saba]] [[Mwisho wa nyakati|za mwisho]] kabla ya [[kiyama]] zitakuwaje. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last=Geigenfeind |first=Matthias |chapter=The Apocalypse of Thomas: A New Translation and Introduction |title=New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures |volume=2 |editor-last1=Burke |editor-first1=Tony |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|Eerdmans]] |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-8028-7290-6 |pages=580-604}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Apocalypse of Thomas|The Apocalypse of Thomas|single=true}}, translation and commentary by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'' * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-thomas/ "Apocalypse of Thomas"], overview and bibliography by Tony Burke and Matthias Geigenfeind. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00033096?page=66,67 Codex Clm 4585], at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek of Munich {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 829dd88n7q9zaydt65nhr4emi2vp5q4 0 241331 1576824 1576021 2026-06-26T14:46:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]<ref name="nhl">{{cite book |last1=Schoedel |first1=William R. |title=The Nag Hammadi library in English |date=March 1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780060669294 |pages=242 |url=https://archive.org/details/naghammadilibrar00jame/page/242/mode/2up |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>. Iliandikwa [[mwaka]] [[200]] hivi, ikijidai kusimulia maongezi ya [[Yesu]] na [[Yakobo Mdogo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ropi8m2ve2j9taqsui862pbot4s7cfw 0 241332 1576825 1576022 2026-06-26T14:49:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[Kiyunani]] mwaka [[150]] hivi na inasimulia [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Mtume]] [[Yakobo Mdogo]]<ref name="nhl">{{cite book |last1=Hedrick |first1=Charles W. |title=The Nag Hammadi library in English |date=March 1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780060669294 |pages=249 |url=https://archive.org/details/naghammadilibrar00jame/page/248/mode/2up |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="clare">{{cite web |last1=Hedrick |first1=Charles W. |title=Apocalypse of James, Second |url=https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/162 |website=The Coptic encyclopedia, volume 1 |publisher=Claremont Graduate University. School of Religion |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=S. Kent|title= "Jewish and Gnostic Elements in the Second Apocalypse of James (CG V, 4)" ''Novum Testamentum'' Vol. 17, Fasc. 3|journal=Novum Testamentum|volume=17|issue=3|date=July 1975|publisher=BRILL|location=Provo, Utah|pages=225–237|jstor=1560057|doi=10.2307/1560057}}</ref><ref name="nhl"/><ref name="clare"/>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] jw5ybysjs57g3sr2fynjjbi9ewgwrgh 0 241445 1576846 1576382 2026-06-26T18:54:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Dredge_cropped.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Pamoja na kuongezeka kwa uchafuzi na ukubwa wa majahazi, mara nyingine shughuli za uchimbaji husababisha kutokea kwa tope ambalo hulazimika kuondolewa au kutibiwa.]] [[Faili:Dredge0002.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Endapo kuna tuhuma za uchafuzi, uchunguzi na ufuatiliaji wa tope unapaswa kufanywa kwa njia ya utaratibu na ya mara kwa mara.]] [[Faili:Dépôt_transit_sédiment_Wambrechies_2022c.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ujenzi wa eneo lililofungwa kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi kwa muda mchanga uliotolewa kutoka kwenye mfereji wa Deûle, kwa ajili ya Voies navigables de France (VNF), huko Wambrechies, chini ya mto wa Lille (Februari 2022).]] [[Faili:Pont_escaut.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Katika maeneo ya vita, tope linalochimbwa linaweza kuwa na mabaki ya mabomu ambayo hayajalipuka na yenye sumu.]] Kuchimba tope ni matokeo ya matengenezo ya mifereji au ya mito na bandari. Baada ya kuchimbwa, iwe kwa kuchimba au kwa kufyonza, tope hilo kwa kawaida huwekwa katika mabwawa ya kutulia ambapo hukauka taratibu. Wakati mwingine pia hutupwa baharini linapotoka kwenye mito au maeneo ya pwani, bila athari kubwa za kimazingira. Neno “matope ya mifereji ya maji taka” linaweza pia kumaanisha uchafu unaotokana na usafishaji wa mifereji ya maji taka au matangi ya maji taka. Kwa ujumla, aina hii ya tope huwa na uchafuzi mkubwa zaidi na hubeba hatari kubwa ya maambukizi ya vijidudu. == Matatizo ya mazingira ya uchafuzi wa udongo == Tope la kuchimba<ref>{{Lien web|titre=boues de dragage|url=http://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=18955401|site=gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca|consulté le=2021-01-10}}</ref> (kwa Kiingereza: dredgings ) hapo awali lilikuwa likitumiwa kama mbolea ya ubora wa juu (kama vile tope lenye rutuba la Mto Nile). Kwa kawaida hutokana na nyenzo zilizochafuliwa na mashapo yanayotokana na mmomonyoko wa udongo, lakini leo, hasa katika sehemu za chini ya mito na katika maeneo ya vijijini, pia huwa na virutubisho vingi (vya asili au vinavyotokana na kilimo), pamoja na viuatilifu na aina nyingine za uchafuzi unaotokana na mchujuko wa hewa na mvua, uchujaji kupitia udongo, na matibabu duni ya maji ya majumbani au ya viwandani. Mchakato wa kuchimba mara nyingi hukamata vichafuzi visivyooza na visivyoharibika (kama metali nzito na radionuklidi) au vichafuzi vinavyoendelea kwa muda mrefu ndani ya matope haya. Pia yanaweza kuwa na vijidudu vamizi au viumbe hai. Baadhi ya vijidudu (bakteria) vinaweza kubadilisha metali nzito na kuzifanya kuwa na sumu zaidi, zinazohama kwa urahisi na zinazopatikana kibiolojia, kwa mfano kwa kuzitia methyl (mfano: methilmerkuri). Mara yanapotawanywa kwenye udongo au kurundikwa, matope haya yanaweza kuunda udongo mpya wenye sumu (neosoli au anthroposoli)<ref>van der Lee J, Raepsaet C & Gallien JP (2010) ''[http://afes.fr/afes/egs/EGS_17_3_EGS_17_3_4_web_Bataillard.pdf Mobilité des éléments-traces dans un anthroposol développé sur des sédiments de curage fortement contaminés] {{Wayback|url=http://afes.fr/afes/egs/EGS_17_3_EGS_17_3_4_web_Bataillard.pdf |date=20160304025657 }}'' ; Étude et gestion des sols, Volume17, 3-4 - pages 239 à 254, PDF, 16 pages.</ref>. . '''Matokeo ya vita:''' Katika maeneo ambayo yamepata vita moja au zaidi, hasa katika “eneo jekundu” la Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia, mifereji ilikuwa miongoni mwa malengo makuu ya wapiganaji, hususan maeneo ya madaraja (barabara au reli), milango ya mito, bandari za mito, maeneo ya viwanda au ya kijeshi, pamoja na vituo vya maji. Hii inaeleza kwa nini kiasi kikubwa cha silaha zilizozama au ambazo hazikulipuka bado hupatikana katika maeneo hayo (wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia, katika mazingira yenye unyevunyevu na matope, hadi makombora 8 kati ya 10 hayakulipuka, lakini yaliweza kuzama na kufukiwa ndani ya mashapo). Baada ya muda, silaha hizi zinaweza kuvuja na kutoa vitu vyake vyenye sumu. == Vidokezo na marejeleo == {{Reflist}} == Tazama pia == === Makala zinazohusiana === * Kuchimba visima * Takataka za maji taka * Kuchimba visima * Neosoli === Viungo vya nje === * [http://www.ospar.org/v_publications/download.asp?v1=p00277 Ripoti ya OSPAR 2004 kuhusu utupaji wa taka baharini, ikiwa ni pamoja na tope la kuchimba] (ripoti inapatikana kwa kupakuliwa) [[Jamii:Usafi]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 2ux05v9bdpv2ibmfkyaj8p27t44t9f9 0 241463 1576697 1576419 2026-06-26T12:00:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1576697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa''' '''la''' '''Omatjenne''' ni bwawa lililopo katika Mkoa wa Otjozondjupa nchini [[Namibia]]. Lipo takribani kilomita 15 kaskazini-magharibi mwa mji wa Otjiwarongo na limejengwa kwenye Mto Omatjenne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd [NamWater] :: Infrastructure : Dams : Omatjenne|url=http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/Omatjenne.html|work=www.namwater.com.na|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilijengwa kwa lengo la kuongeza na kuhifadhi maji ya ardhini (groundwater recharge) kwa njia ya bandia. Lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi maji kiasi cha mita za ujazo milioni 5.063 na lilikamilishwa mwaka 1933, wakati Namibia ilikuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Bwawa la Omatjenne lina umuhimu katika usimamizi wa rasilimali za [[maji]], hasa kwa kusaidia kuongeza akiba ya maji ya chini ya ardhi katika eneo hilo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] r3phluy1ts9iqudj3l1v9o1210pqhmv 0 241464 1576698 1576420 2026-06-26T12:01:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Al Massira''' ni bwawa la nguzo za kuhimili [[maji]] (buttress dam) lililopo takribani kilomita 70 kusini mwa mji wa Settat kwenye Mto Oum Er-Rbia katika Mkoa wa Settat nchini [[Moroko]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al Massira Hydroelectric Power Project Morocco - GEO|url=https://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=41617|work=globalenergyobservatory.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilikamilishwa mwaka 1979 na hutumika kutoa maji ya umwagiliaji kwa zaidi ya hekta 100,000 za mashamba katika eneo la Doukkala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barrage Al Massira {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1471|work=rsis.ramsar.org|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en}}</ref> Pia bwawa lina kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji ambacho huzalisha wastani wa gigawati-saa 221 za umeme kwa mwaka. Kituo hicho kilianza kufanya kazi mwaka 1980. Kaskazini mwa bwawa kuu kuna bwawa dogo la mawe (saddle dam) ambalo husaidia kudumisha kiwango cha maji katika hifadhi ya bwawa. Bwawa la Al Massira ni mojawapo ya miradi muhimu ya maji nchini Morocco, likichangia katika umwagiliaji wa kilimo na uzalishaji wa umeme. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamiimaziwa ya Moroko]] ck2czc459cq9pyjt5qlixzlfdum8h5f 0 241465 1576699 1576434 2026-06-26T12:02:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mfereji wa Asagni''' ni [[mfereji]] unaoweza kupitika kwa usafiri wa majini nchini [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. Mfereji huu unaunganisha Mto Bandama na Rasi ya Ébrié (Ébrié Lagoon). Una urefu wa kilomita 18 na ulijengwa mwaka 1923.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Canal d’Asagny|url=https://mapcarta.com/fr/16931180|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=fr}}</ref> Mfereji wa Asagni unapitia ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Assagny, eneo muhimu la hifadhi ya wanyamapori na mazingira ya asili nchini Côte d'Ivoire. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Cote d'Ivoire]] acg7n14w9zp8bgk7haxtaz5654pojjq 0 241466 1576700 1576474 2026-06-26T12:05:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Maji ya Asejire''' ni hifadhi ya [[maji]] iliyopo katika [[Jimbo la Oyo]] kusini-magharibi mwa [[Nigeria]], kwenye Mto Osun, takribani kilomita 30 mashariki mwa jiji la [[Ibadan]]. Hifadhi hiyo ilijengwa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960. Shughuli za kilimo zimepigwa marufuku kabisa katika eneo la vyanzo vya maji vinavyoilisha hifadhi hiyo, na miti imepandwa kandokando ya kingo zake, jambo ambalo limezuia mmomonyoko wa udongo na mrundikano wa mashapo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oyo State Government Partners with China Construction for Asejire Water Dam Rehabilitation.|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/oyo-state-government-partners-with-china-construction-for-asejire-water-dam-rehabilitation/|work=Construction Review|date=2023-10-05|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-US|author=Esther Maina}}</ref> Kutokana na upatikanaji wa maji wa kutosha, hifadhi ya Asejire hubaki na maji mwaka mzima. Hifadhi hii husambaza maji ghafi kwa mitambo ya kusafisha maji ya Asejire na Osegere iliyopo Ibadan. Mradi wa usambazaji wa maji ulikamilika mwaka 1972 na una uwezo wa kuzalisha takribani lita milioni 80 za maji kwa siku. Kati ya kiasi hicho, asilimia 80 hutumika kwa matumizi ya nyumbani == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la Oyo]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Nigeria]] cew6e64yepc33t4znrwikbxf93qjvn6 0 241467 1576701 1576423 2026-06-26T12:06:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Avis''' ni bwawa lililopo nje ya mji wa [[Windhoek]] nchini [[Namibia]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1933 na mamlaka ya kikoloni ya [[Afrika Kusini]], ambayo ilikuwa ikitawala Namibia wakati huo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LATはスピーキング力強化に特化した英会話プログラム|url=https://www.avisdam.org/index.html|work=www.avisdam.org|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=ja}}</ref> Kwa mara ya kwanza, bwawa hili lilijaa maji na kufurika mwezi Aprili mwaka 1934. Baada ya hapo, kiwango cha maji katika bwawa hakikuzidi asilimia 75 ya uwezo wake hadi mwaka 2007. Bwawa la Avis ni mojawapo ya mabwawa ya zamani nchini Namibia na lina umuhimu katika historia ya maendeleo ya rasilimali za maji nchini humo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] hmi5hncbh6fxaqwp06xohhvafh6vgna 0 241468 1576702 1576446 2026-06-26T12:07:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bangala''' lipo kusini-mashariki mwa [[Zimbabwe]], kusini mwa mji wa [[Masvingo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangala Dam|url=https://mapcarta.com/14136574|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilijengwa na kampuni ya Concor kwa lengo la kutoa [[maji]] ya umwagiliaji kwa mashamba ya kilimo ya eneo la Lowveld upande wa kusini-magharibi, karibu na mji wa Triangle. Eneo hilo linajulikana zaidi kwa kilimo cha miwa (sugar cane), ambacho hutegemea sana maji kutoka kwenye bwawa hili kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba makubwa ya viwanda vya sukari. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] j5nqvfitk5p7s3npostd591shvowc6r 0 241469 1576703 1576622 2026-06-26T12:07:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1576703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Banieya''' ni bwawa la udongo (embankment dam) lililopo kwenye [[Mto]] Samou katika Mkoa wa Kindia nchini [[Gine|Guinea]]. Lipo takribani kilomita 16 magharibi mwa mji wa Kindia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arquivo.pt|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm|work=arquivo.pt|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719000622/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilikamilishwa mwaka 1969 kwa lengo la kusambaza maji kwa matumizi mbalimbali, hasa maji ya matumizi ya nyumbani na shughuli za kiuchumi. Mwaka 1988, kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji chenye uwezo wa megawati 5.2 kiliongezwa kwenye sehemu ya chini ya bwawa hilo. Bwawa lingine linalofanana na hilo, linalojulikana kama Bwawa la Kale, liko chini ya mkondo wa Mto Samou na pia lina kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Guinea]] avrj7slf6xxql3mgmuphf5rkbcx4kri 0 241470 1576704 1576623 2026-06-26T12:08:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Barekese''' ni bwawa lililopo kwenye [[Mto]] Ofin katika [[Mkoa wa Ashanti]] nchini [[Ghana]]. Bwawa hili linasambaza maji kwa mtambo mkuu wa kusafisha maji unaohudumia jiji la Kumasi na maeneo yanayolizunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Districts - A repository of all districts in the republic of Ghana|url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/news/?read=31658|work=www.ghanadistricts.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|author=michael ocansey[mike@busylab.com]|archive-date=2015-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417173447/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/news/?read=31658|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bwawa hili husimamiwa na Ghana Water Company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parked Domain name on Hostinger DNS system|url=http://kessbenfm.com/barekese-dam-under-threat-from-encroachers/|work=kessbenfm.com|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Lina mchango mkubwa sana katika upatikanaji wa maji safi, kwani linatoa takribani asilimia 80 ya maji ya kunywa yanayotumiwa na wakazi wa Kumasi na viunga vyake. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Ashanti]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Ghana]] 7gt3c4xpwz67vezxoaw7tyk9dtgbvjc 0 241471 1576705 1576624 2026-06-26T12:08:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1576705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bin el Ouidane''' ni bwawa la aina ya ''arch dam'' lililopo takribani kilomita 28 kusini mwa [[Beni-Mellal|Beni Mellal]] kwenye Mto El-Abid katika Mkoa wa Azilal Province. Bwawa hili lilibuniwa na kampuni ya uhandisi ya Coyne et Bellier na lilijengwa kati ya mwaka 1949 na 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bin El Ouidane Hyroelectric Power Plant Morocco - GEO|url=https://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=41618|work=globalenergyobservatory.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Portail du Secrétariat d'Etat Chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211|work=www.water.gov.ma|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2015-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123090456/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Moroko]] rg7xngfpqd5yinmsdfz406e2dvbw8me 0 241472 1576706 1576485 2026-06-26T12:10:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576706 wikitext text/x-wiki Katika ''hidrolojia'', '''maji yaliyoshikamana''', ni safu nyembamba sana ya maji yanayozunguka nyuso za madini. Molekuli za [[maji]] zina nguvu kubwa [[Chaji ya umeme|ya umeme]], jambo ambalo linamaanisha kuwa zina chaji hasi yenye nguvu katikati na chaji nguchanya yenye nguvu kwenye ncha zake. Hii inafanya molekyuli za maji kushikamana zenyewe kwa zenyewe na kwenye sehemu nyingine zenyi chaji,kama vile madini ya ardhini au biomoculecules. [[Udongo kinamo|Udongo]] hasa una uwezo mkubwa wa kushikamana na molekyuli za maji. Mvuto mkubwa kati ya nyuso hizi husababisha utepe mwembamba sana wa maji (molekuli chache zenye unene) kuunda kwenye uso wa madini. Molekuli hizi za maji hazisongi sana kuliko maji mengine kwenye udongo, na zina athari kubwa kwenye uimara wa dielectric ya udongo na kuyeyuka kwa kuganda<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Soil physics|last=Jury|first=William|last2=Horton|first2=Robert|date=2004|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-05965-3|edition=6th ed|location=Hoboken}}</ref>. Katika biolojia ya molekuli na sayansi ya chakula, maji yaliyofungwa hurejelea kiasi cha maji katika tishu za mwili ambazo zimeunganishwa na makromolekuli au organelles . Katika sayansi ya chakula aina hii ya maji haipatikani kwa shughuli za [[Mikrobiolojia|kibiolojia]] kwa hivyo haitasababisha kupungua kwa ubora au kuongezeka kwa [[Pathojeni|vimelea]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Hidrolojia]] 0swrmr3pwlehivu7i0r8pkktgc0i3er 0 241473 1576707 1576429 2026-06-26T12:11:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bondels''' ni hifadhi ya maji (reservoir) iliyopo nje ya mji wa Karasburg katika [[Mkoa wa Karas]] nchini [[Namibia]]. Lipo takribani kilomita 7 magharibi mwa Karasburg na linazuia Mto Obub. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1959 wakati Namibia ikiwa bado inajulikana kama South West Africa chini ya utawala wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lengo lake kuu ni kusaidia kuongeza maji ya ardhini kupitia mfumo wa kujaza akiba ya maji ya chini ya ardhi (artificial groundwater recharge), hasa kwa manufaa ya Bonde la Bondels. Bwawa lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 1.105 za maji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd [NamWater] :: Infrastructure : Dams : Bondels|url=http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/bondels.html|work=www.namwater.com.na|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Ni bwawa dogo lakini lina umuhimu katika usimamizi wa maji katika eneo hilo la ukame la kusini mwa Namibia. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] 8274m5jkrvpupjsp9pw8wfnchhzwwpw 0 241474 1576708 1576430 2026-06-26T12:12:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bongolo''' ni bwawa lililopo kwenye [[Mto Louetsi]] katika kusini-magharibi mwa [[Gabon]], karibu na eneo la [[Bongolo]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kwa msaada wa uwekezaji kutoka nchini [[Kanada|Canada]]. Mwaka 2020, ilitangazwa kuwa bwawa hilo litakarabatiwa na shirika la nishati na maji la Gabon, Société d’énergie et d’eau du Gabon. Marekebisho hayo yalihusisha kubadilisha mitambo mitano yenye hitilafu pamoja na kuboresha mifumo ya usalama na uendeshaji wa bwawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=afrik21.africa|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-the-seeg-allocates-e10-7m-to-electricity-and-drinking-water-projects/|work=www.afrik21.africa|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en}}</ref> Bwawa la Bongolo lina umuhimu katika uzalishaji wa umeme na usambazaji wa huduma za maji katika eneo hilo la Gabon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gabon starts rehabilitating the Bongolo hydroelectric power station|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/gabon-starts-rehabilitating-the-bongolo-hydroelectric-power-station/|work=Construction Review|date=2020-11-10|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-US|author=patrick mulyungi}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Gabon}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Gabon]] br4inan2n87d8202x7gl76l2agnlii9 0 241475 1576709 1576431 2026-06-26T12:12:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1576709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Buyo''' ni bwawa la udongo (embankment dam) lililopo kwenye Mto Sassandra katika eneo la Bas-Sassandra nchini [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. Bwawa hili lilikamilishwa mwaka 1980 na lina kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji chenye uwezo wa megawati 165. Kiwango hiki cha uzalishaji kinatosha kuhudumia zaidi ya nyumba 111,000 za makazi kwa wastani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An MBendi Profile: An MBendi Industry (Sector) Profile for C�te d'Ivoire: Electrical Power including economic overview and directories of companies, personalities, industry sectors, projects, facilities, news and events.|url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/powr/af/ci/p0005.htm|work=www.mbendi.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|author=MBendi Information Services}}</ref> Bwawa la Buyo lina mchango mkubwa katika sekta ya nishati ya Côte d'Ivoire, likisaidia kuongeza upatikanaji wa umeme nchini humo pamoja na kuimarisha maendeleo ya kiuchumi katika maeneo yanayolizunguka Mto Sassandra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/databases/dams/|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] pyhmdqi55vplnuhvhs6x9htxw2i1rum 0 241476 1576710 1576625 2026-06-26T12:14:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Djibloho''' ni bwawa la aina ya ''gravity dam'' lililopo kwenye [[Mto]] Wele karibu na eneo la Djibloho katika [[Mikoa ya Guinea ya Ikweta|Mkoa]] wa [[Wele-Nzas]] nchini [[Guinea ya IKweta]]. Bwawa hili limejengwa kwa lengo kuu la kuzalisha umeme wa maji na lina kituo cha umeme chenye uwezo wa megawati 120, ambacho husambaza umeme hasa kwa mji mkuu mpya wa Ciudad de la Paz.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Ministro de Minas visita las obras de Djibloho - Página Oficial del Gobierno de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=864|work=www.guineaecuatorialpress.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|author=GUINEA ECUATORIAL|archive-date=2019-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802161005/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=864|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arquivo.pt|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm|work=arquivo.pt|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719000622/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Guinea ya Ikweta]] qahp576nzmo2tdxkkgi0r0m9m1jn3eu 0 241477 1576711 1576626 2026-06-26T12:14:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Elgaada''' ni mojawapo ya mabwawa ya maji yaliyo kaskazini mwa [[Moroko]]. Lipo kwenye eneo la mashariki mwa jiji la [[Fes]]. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi maji takribani mita za ujazo 350,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secrétariat d'Etat Chargé de l'Eau|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/|work=www.water.gov.ma|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221003542/http://www.water.gov.ma/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elgaada Dam hutumika kama chanzo cha maji katika eneo hilo, likisaidia katika usambazaji wa maji na usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji kwa matumizi ya karibu na jiji la Fez. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Moroko]] 8rysxq65a53iymw1fwwz9h1xbxvsd5s 0 241478 1576712 1576435 2026-06-26T12:15:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Foum Gleita''' ni bwawa la aina ya ''arch dam'' lililopo kwenye Mto Gorgol karibu na eneo la [[Foum Gleita]] katika Mkoa wa Gorgol nchini [[Mauritania]]. Bwawa hili lilikamilishwa mwaka 1988 na lengo lake kuu ni kutoa maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/databases/dams/|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Lina uwezo wa kusaidia umwagiliaji wa hadi hekta 4,000 (takribani ekari 9,900) za mazao, jambo linalosaidia sana kilimo katika eneo hilo kame la Mauritania. Bwawa la Foum Gleita ni sehemu muhimu ya usimamizi wa maji na maendeleo ya kilimo katika ukanda wa Gorgol. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Mauritania]] 71kkold9n16jiff1mh8cheblsdx3bhy 0 241479 1576713 1576436 2026-06-26T12:15:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1576713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Friedenau''' ni bwawa la zege la aina ya ''gravity dam'' lililopo katika Mkoa wa Khomas nchini [[Namibia]]. Lipo takribani kilomita 38 kusini-magharibi mwa mji wa [[Windhoek]]. Bwawa hili linazuia Mto Kuiseb na linatumika kutoa maji kwa maeneo ya karibu, ikiwa ni pamoja na mgodi wa Matchless Mine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NamWater Ltd {{!}} NamWater Ltd|url=https://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=68|work=www.namwater.com.na|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 6.723 za [[maji]]. Ujenzi wake ulikamilishwa mwaka 1972 wakati eneo hilo likiwa chini ya utawala wa Afrika Kusini. Bwawa la Friedenau lina umuhimu katika usambazaji wa maji katika eneo lenye hali ya ukame ya katikati ya Namibia. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] 39p1exemxzlj3tkppy4leujudi1r47u 0 241480 1576714 1576627 2026-06-26T12:16:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1576714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Garafiri''' ni bwawa la udongo (embankment dam) lililopo kwenye Mto Konkouré, ambao pia hutengeneza mpaka kati ya Mikoa ya Kindia na Mamou nchini [[Gine|Guinea]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa na kampuni ya ujenzi ya Salini Impregilo kati ya mwaka 1995 na 1999 kwa ajili ya kuzalisha umeme wa maji na kusambaza [[maji]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/databases/dams/|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Kituo chake cha umeme kina uwezo wa megawati 75 (takribani hp 101,000). Mnamo mwaka 2002, kituo hicho kilipata hitilafu, lakini kilirekebishwa muda mfupi baadaye. Bwawa la Garafiri lina mchango mkubwa katika uzalishaji wa umeme na usambazaji wa maji nchini Guinea, hasa katika ukanda wa kati wa nchi hiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Garafiri dam - Salini Impregilo|url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/garafiri-dam.html|work=www.salini-impregilo.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en|archive-date=2016-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029103355/http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/garafiri-dam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Guinea]] t5oiqkf4zq7d3eocts02k4pwxp6xozk 0 241481 1576715 1576438 2026-06-26T12:16:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Gilgel Gibe''' '''I''' ni bwawa la kujazwa mawe (rock-filled embankment dam) lililopo kwenye Mto Gilgel Gibe nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Lipo takribani kilomita 57 kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Jimma katika Mkoa wa Oromia. Lengo kuu la bwawa hili ni kuzalisha umeme wa [[maji]]. Kituo chake cha umeme kina uwezo wa megawati 184, ambazo zinatosha kuhudumia zaidi ya nyumba 123,200 kwa wastani. Bwawa lina urefu wa takribani mita 1,700 na kimo cha mita 40.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa Intelligence: exclusive news on Africa|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/|work=Africa Intelligence|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en}}</ref> Ujenzi wake ulianza mwaka 1988, lakini ulisimama mwaka 1994. Baadaye ulianza tena mwaka 1995 na kampuni mpya ya ujenzi, na kituo cha umeme kilikamilika na kuanza kazi rasmi mwaka 2004. Bwawa la Gilgel Gibe I ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo wa nishati ya Ethiopia, likisaidia kuongeza uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji nchini humo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Ethiopia]] 7wpyqks9fdw7aco2tnw30rl92mxsvrh 0 241482 1576716 1576439 2026-06-26T12:17:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Goreangab''' ni bwawa lililopo katika vitongoji vya kaskazini-magharibi mwa mji wa [[Windhoek]], nchini [[Namibia]]. Bwawa hili linazuia maji ya mito ya muda mfupi (ephemeral rivers), hasa Mto Arebbusch na Mto Gammams, ambao hupitia ndani ya [[Windhoek]]. Hifadhi ya maji ya nyuma ya bwawa ina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 3.6 za [[maji]]. Bwawa la Goreangab lina umuhimu katika usimamizi wa maji mijini, lakini pia liko katika eneo ambalo linahitaji uangalizi kwa sababu maji yake huathiriwa na mtiririko wa maji ya mvua na mazingira ya jiji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AQUASTAT - FAO's Global Information System on Water and Agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/index.html|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] qfiiuo8cvn7cmt2l559kutjpf3oh1k8 0 241483 1576717 1576628 2026-06-26T12:18:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Grand Poubara''' ni bwawa la aina ya ''gravity dam'' lililopo kwenye [[Mto]] Ogooué, takribani kilomita 15 kusini mwa mji wa [[Franceville]] nchini [[Gabon]]. Lengo kuu la bwawa hili ni kuzalisha umeme wa maji. Lina kituo cha umeme chenye uwezo wa megawati 160 (takribani hp 210,000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station - Hydropower - Sinohydro|url=http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131|work=eng.sinohydro.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en|archive-date=2014-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205839/http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bwawa la Grand Poubara lina mchango muhimu katika sekta ya nishati ya Gabon, likisaidia kuongeza uzalishaji wa umeme na kuimarisha upatikanaji wa nishati katika eneo la mashariki mwa nchi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Gabon}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Gabon]] i2ijg0w3tbsam9e5fyahs8hfzo1zs9x 0 241484 1576718 1576441 2026-06-26T12:18:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Gwenoro''' lipo ndani ya ''Shamba la Gwenoro'' nchini [[Zimbabwe]], eneo ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa linamilikiwa na Ian Smith, aliyewahi kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Rhodesia (1919–2007). [[Shamba]] hilo lilichukuliwa hatua kwa hatua na Serikali ya Zimbabwe kati ya mwaka 2002 hadi Desemba 2012.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ian Smith's farm seized in Zimbabwe as Robert Mugabe eyes election|date=2012-12-07|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20645271|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Zimbabwe white ruler's farm seized|url=https://apnews.com/general-news-18867c6718474a1bb2682572d108960b|work=AP News|date=2012-12-10|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en}}</ref> Bwawa hili limejengwa kwenye Mto Runde (uliokuwa ukijulikana kama Mto Lundi) na lina jukumu muhimu la kusambaza maji kwa miji ya karibu ya Gweru na Shurugwi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] gg5ugj9l5os83t4j1jw69xuf7038btq 0 241485 1576719 1576629 2026-06-26T12:19:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Hassan''' I ni bwawa la udongo (embankment dam) lililopo takribani kilomita 19 kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Demnate kwenye Mto Lakhdar katika Mkoa wa Azilal nchini [[Moroko]]. Bwawa hilo lilikamilishwa mwaka 1986<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portail du Secrétariat d'Etat Chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=240|work=www.water.gov.ma|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2011-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183223/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=240|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hassan I Hydroelectric Power Project - GEO|url=https://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=41615|work=globalenergyobservatory.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref>. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Moroko]] 1i3tvwo3cblbkes23xpy4z3v57l5np9 0 241486 1576720 1576637 2026-06-26T12:20:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Naute''' ni bwawa lililopo nje ya mji wa [[Keetmanshoop]] katika [[Mkoa wa Karas]] nchini [[Namibia]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa na kampuni ya Concor kati ya mwaka 1970 na 1972, na likazinduliwa rasmi Septemba 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Trade and Industry - Namibia - Naute Aqua Fish Farms Project|url=http://www.mti.gov.na/subpage.php?linkNo=113|work=www.mti.gov.na|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2009-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101003043/http://www.mti.gov.na/subpage.php?linkNo=113|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lipo kwenye Mto Löwen, ambao ni [[mto]] mdogo unaomwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Fish. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 69 za maji, na linachukuliwa kuwa bwawa la tatu kwa ukubwa nchini Namibia, likiwa chini ya Hardap Dam iliyopo kaskazini yake. Naute Dam lina umuhimu mkubwa katika usambazaji wa maji na pia kusaidia shughuli za kilimo katika eneo hilo la ukame la kusini mwa Namibia. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] 6z8cjyu2lv6olymgfzepa7ss7r17aos 0 241487 1576721 1576447 2026-06-26T12:20:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Nakhla''' ni bwawa la kujazwa mawe (rock-filled embankment dam) lililopo kaskazini mwa [[Moroko]], kusini-mashariki mwa eneo la El Hamma. Lengo kuu la bwawa hili ni kusambaza maji kwa mji wa Tetouan, ambao upo takribani kilomita 20 kusini mwa bwawa hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps?q=Erraouz+Barrage&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=rcs&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&sa=N&tab=wl|work=Google Maps|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilikamilishwa mwaka 1961, na baadaye lilifanyiwa kazi kubwa za kuliboresha na kulitia nguvu zaidi mwaka 1968 ili kuongeza uimara wake na uwezo wa kufanya kazi kwa usalama. Barabara ya P4701 inapita upande wa magharibi wa bwawa hili, ikifanya eneo hilo kuwa rahisi kufikika kwa usafiri na ufuatiliaji wa miundombinu. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Moroko]] tfk2gnoyit65o7p6lry3g080lfecgug 0 241488 1576722 1576636 2026-06-26T12:21:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mulungushi''' ni bwawa lililopo takribani kilomita 50 kusini-mashariki mwa mji wa [[Kabwe, Zambia|Kabwe]] nchini [[Zambia]]. Limejengwa kwenye [[Mto Mulungushi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabwe Kapers|url=http://www.lowdown.co.zm/2003/2003-10/kabwekapersoct2003.htm|work=www.lowdown.co.zm|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2007-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521040841/http://www.lowdown.co.zm/2003/2003-10/kabwekapersoct2003.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilijengwa na Broken Hill Development Company na kufunguliwa rasmi mwaka 1925 na Edward VIII, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa Mkuu wa Wales (Prince of Wales). == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] peymgpmqg8blyohk662u52k7w7jeqi6 0 241489 1576723 1576507 2026-06-26T12:22:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mtshabezi Dam]] hadi [[Lambo la Mtshabezi]]: jina la Kiswahili 1576507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Bwawa la Mtshabezi }} '''Bwawa la Mtshabezi''' ni hifadhi ya maji (reservoir) iliyojengwa kwenye [[Mto]] Mtshabezi nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 11.4 za maji. Baada ya kukamilika na kuanza kutumika kwa bomba la maji lililounganisha Bwawa la Mtshabezi na Mzingwane Dam mwaka 2013, Mtshabezi lilikuwa bwawa la sita kuingizwa katika mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji wa mji wa Bulawayo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mtshabezi pipeline a major Govt intervention|url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/mtshabezi-pipeline-a-major-govt-intervention/|date=2026-06-25|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Bwawa hili lina umuhimu mkubwa katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji kwa wakazi wa Bulawayo, hasa wakati wa vipindi vya ukame na upungufu wa maji. Mfumo wa kuunganisha mabwawa mbalimbali umesaidia kuongeza usalama wa maji kwa mji huo, ambao ni wa pili kwa ukubwa nchini Zimbabwe. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Zimbabwe]] mqfnn5teib6jn8c34c4xp69djj3kxyo 1576725 1576723 2026-06-26T12:22:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Bwawa la Mtshabezi }} '''Lambo la Mtshabezi''' ni hifadhi ya maji (reservoir) iliyojengwa kwenye [[Mto Mtshabezi]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 11.4 za maji. Baada ya kukamilika na kuanza kutumika kwa bomba la maji lililounganisha Bwawa la Mtshabezi na Mzingwane Dam mwaka 2013, Mtshabezi lilikuwa bwawa la sita kuingizwa katika mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji wa mji wa Bulawayo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mtshabezi pipeline a major Govt intervention|url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/mtshabezi-pipeline-a-major-govt-intervention/|date=2026-06-25|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Bwawa hili lina umuhimu mkubwa katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji kwa wakazi wa Bulawayo, hasa wakati wa vipindi vya ukame na upungufu wa maji. Mfumo wa kuunganisha mabwawa mbalimbali umesaidia kuongeza usalama wa maji kwa mji huo, ambao ni wa pili kwa ukubwa nchini Zimbabwe. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] kijyktjmd5b7lgfty2oun0i61hmfnwd 0 241500 1576727 1576467 2026-06-26T12:23:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa''' '''la''' '''Mohamed''' '''V''' ni bwawa la aina ya ''arch-gravity dam'' lililopo takribani kilomita 35 kusini mwa mji wa Zaio kwenye Mto Moulouya katika Mkoa wa Nador.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohamed V Hydroelectric Power Project Morocco - GEO|url=https://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=41614|work=globalenergyobservatory.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramsar Convention - Latest News|url=http://www.ramsar.org:80/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76%5E16152_4000_0__|work=www.ramsar.org|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en|author=21TORR AGENCY gmbh}}</ref> Lengo kuu la bwawa hili ni kutoa maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba yaliyoko chini ya mkondo wa mto, ambapo linasaidia umwagiliaji wa takribani hekta 70,000 za ardhi ya [[kilimo]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Moroko]] nw1wwrgpv3fq22ce0l8xtjaqmrtwhr0 0 241501 1576728 1576486 2026-06-26T12:24:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mita Hills Dam]] hadi [[Lambo la Mita Hills]]: jina la Kiswahili 1576486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mita Hills''' ni bwawa la udongo (embankment dam) lenye kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji na hifadhi ya maji, lililopo karibu na mji wa Kabwe katika Mkoa wa Kati wa [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BdSAAAAMAAJ|title=Great Dams in Southern Africa|last=Olivier|first=Henry|date=1976|publisher=Purnell|isbn=978-0-86843-004-1|language=en}}</ref> Ujenzi wa bwawa hili ulianza mwaka 1955 kwa lengo la kusaidia uzalishaji wa umeme na maendeleo ya viwanda katika eneo la Kabwe na maeneo ya jirani. Mita Hills Dam ni sehemu ya mfumo wa uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji unaojumuisha pia Mulungushi Dam na Lunsemfwa Falls. Miundombinu hii kwa sasa inasimamiwa na Lunsemfwa Hydropower Company. Bwawa hili lina mchango muhimu katika uzalishaji wa umeme nchini Zambia na kusaidia mahitaji ya nishati kwa sekta za viwanda, biashara na matumizi ya nyumbani. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zambia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 7bvdo7950ops6f3o87l76etk9wfsvv3 1576730 1576728 2026-06-26T12:24:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lambo la Mita Hills''' ni bwawa la udongo (embankment dam) lenye kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji na hifadhi ya maji, lililopo karibu na mji wa [[Kabwe, Zambia|Kabwe]] katika [[Mkoa wa Kati (Zambia)|Mkoa wa Kati]] wa [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BdSAAAAMAAJ|title=Great Dams in Southern Africa|last=Olivier|first=Henry|date=1976|publisher=Purnell|isbn=978-0-86843-004-1|language=en}}</ref> Ujenzi wa bwawa hili ulianza mwaka 1955 kwa lengo la kusaidia uzalishaji wa umeme na maendeleo ya viwanda katika eneo la Kabwe na maeneo ya jirani. Mita Hills Dam ni sehemu ya mfumo wa uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji unaojumuisha pia Mulungushi Dam na Lunsemfwa Falls. Miundombinu hii kwa sasa inasimamiwa na Lunsemfwa Hydropower Company. Bwawa hili lina mchango muhimu katika uzalishaji wa umeme nchini Zambia na kusaidia mahitaji ya nishati kwa sekta za viwanda, biashara na matumizi ya nyumbani. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zambia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zambia]] frjf0s3o2tqzsn9jl4wa2rwnegs595d 0 241502 1576731 1576469 2026-06-26T12:25:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mazvikadei''' ni bwawa lililopo nchini [[Zimbabwe]] ambalo hutumika hasa kwa kutoa maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba. Bwawa hili ni la tatu kwa ukubwa nchini Zimbabwe, na lina mchango mkubwa katika kusaidia shughuli za kilimo kwa kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji kwa mwaka mzima. Mbali na umwagiliaji, hifadhi ya maji ya Mazvikadei pia ni muhimu katika usimamizi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] na maendeleo ya kiuchumi katika maeneo yanayolizunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mazvikadei Dam Explained|url=https://everything.explained.today/Mazvikadei_Dam/|work=everything.explained.today|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zambia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zambia]] bgtve4eixze6hph76ymby21mgdo05f2 0 241503 1576732 1576635 2026-06-26T12:26:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Manjirenji''', ambalo zamani lilijulikana kama Lake McDougal, lipo kusini-mashariki mwa [[Zimbabwe]], mashariki mwa mji wa [[Masvingo]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa kwa lengo la kutoa maji ya umwagiliaji kwa mashamba makubwa yaliyoko katika eneo la Lowveld kusini-magharibi mwa bwawa, hasa karibu na mji wa Chiredzi. Zao kuu linalonufaika na maji ya bwawa hili ni miwa, ambayo ni mazao muhimu kwa sekta ya sukari nchini Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe National Water Authority|url=http://www.zinwa.co.zw/htm/manjirenji.htm|work=www.zinwa.co.zw|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618091623/http://www.zinwa.co.zw/htm/manjirenji.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lambo la Manjirenji lina mchango mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kilimo cha umwagiliaji, uzalishaji wa sukari na uchumi wa eneo la Chiredzi na maeneo mengine ya Lowveld. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] bymee7s6erylfsoy1m1qi8jgih7kmr1 0 241504 1576733 1576634 2026-06-26T12:26:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mandraka''' ni bwawa la aina ya ''gravity dam'' lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto Mandraka]] karibu na eneo la [[Mandraka]] nchini [[Madagaska]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa na kampuni ya Kifaransa na kukamilika mwaka 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arquivo.pt|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|work=arquivo.pt|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ujenzi wa bwawa hilo uliunda hifadhi ya maji inayojulikana kama Lake Mandraka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Madagascar {{!}} UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/ecosystem-based-adaptation-madagascar|work=www.unep.org|date=2019-01-21|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> Bwawa la Mandraka ni sehemu muhimu ya miundombinu ya maji nchini Madagascar na limechangia maendeleo ya matumizi ya rasilimali za maji katika Mkoa wa Analamanga. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Madagaska}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Madagaska]] 0mupniv1hg3lt8zzcqci2f67nw29qz2 0 241505 1576734 1576473 2026-06-26T12:27:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa''' '''la''' '''Manchira''' ni bwawa lililopo katika [[Wilaya ya Serengeti]], [[Mkoa wa Mara]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. Lengo kuu la mradi wa bwawa hili ni kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na salama kwa wakazi wa mji wa Mugumu pamoja na vijiji vya jirani vya Kebosongo, Rwamchanga, Morotonga, Bwitengi, Kisangura na Matare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manchira Dam Explained|url=https://everything.explained.today/Manchira_Dam/|work=everything.explained.today|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Bwawa la Manchira lina mchango muhimu katika kuboresha huduma za maji kwa jamii za Wilaya ya Serengeti kwa kusaidia upatikanaji wa maji ya matumizi ya nyumbani na maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi katika eneo hilo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-mara}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:wilaya ya Serengeti]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Tanzania]] 2zlv3f5p92uvmz2b9adr9frubnqabu7 0 241506 1576735 1576633 2026-06-26T12:29:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mai Nefhi''' ni jina la , pamoja na bwawa lililopo katika eneo lililo karibu na mji wa [[Asmara]] nchini [[Eritrea]]. Katika lugha ya [[Kitigrinya]], “Mai Nefhi” linahusishwa na maana ya “maji yaliyotanuka” au “maji yaliyoongezeka”.<ref>{{Citation|title=Haile Selassie|date=2026-06-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&oldid=1360996651|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eritrea Institute of Technology Graduates 1207 Students {{!}}|url=http://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/22160-eritrea-institute-of-technology-graduates-1207-students|work=www.shabait.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-gb|author=shabait Administrator|archive-date=2016-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814182153/http://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/22160-eritrea-institute-of-technology-graduates-1207-students|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bwawa la Mai Nefhi lilikamilishwa mwaka 1970 wakati wa utawala wa Haile Selassie. Hadi leo, bwawa hili linaendelea kuwa chanzo kikuu cha maji kwa mji wa Asmara, likiwa na umuhimu mkubwa katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji kwa wakazi wa mji mkuu wa Eritrea. Lambo la Mai Nefhi ni mojawapo ya miundombinu muhimu zaidi ya maji nchini Eritrea kutokana na mchango wake katika usambazaji wa maji ya matumizi ya nyumbani na maendeleo ya mji wa Asmara. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Eritrea]] 2w804hxjo1k5a6y15m5z5tjaf4j9w4g 1576736 1576735 2026-06-26T12:30:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mai Nefhi''' ni bwawa lililopo katika eneo la Mai Nefhi, karibu na mji wa [[Asmara]] nchini [[Eritrea]]. Katika lugha ya [[Kitigrinya]], “Mai Nefhi” linahusishwa na maana ya “maji yaliyotanuka” au “maji yaliyoongezeka”.<ref>{{Citation|title=Haile Selassie|date=2026-06-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie&oldid=1360996651|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eritrea Institute of Technology Graduates 1207 Students {{!}}|url=http://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/22160-eritrea-institute-of-technology-graduates-1207-students|work=www.shabait.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-gb|author=shabait Administrator|archive-date=2016-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814182153/http://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/22160-eritrea-institute-of-technology-graduates-1207-students|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bwawa la Mai Nefhi lilikamilishwa mwaka 1970 wakati wa utawala wa Haile Selassie. Hadi leo, bwawa hili linaendelea kuwa chanzo kikuu cha maji kwa mji wa Asmara, likiwa na umuhimu mkubwa katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji kwa wakazi wa mji mkuu wa Eritrea. Lambo la Mai Nefhi ni mojawapo ya miundombinu muhimu zaidi ya maji nchini Eritrea kutokana na mchango wake katika usambazaji wa maji ya matumizi ya nyumbani na maendeleo ya mji wa Asmara. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Eritrea]] ft5477j07z58gq8lzcgirbvx9o3ct2o 0 241507 1576737 1576476 2026-06-26T12:31:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Maga''' ni bwawa lililopo kusini mwa [[ziwa Chad]] nchini [[Kamerun]], karibu na mpaka wa [[Chad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&z=13&ll=10.827742,15.065517&spn=0.07739,0.15913&t=k&om=1|work=Google Maps|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=sw-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IW:LEARN {{!}} Documents - Appraisal of the Safety of Maga Dam, Cameroon (March 2002)|url=https://iwlearn.net/documents/6669|work=iwlearn.net|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Bwawa hili lina umuhimu mkubwa katika usimamizi wa maji katika Bonde la Ziwa Chad. Hutumika kudhibiti maji na kusaidia shughuli za kilimo, hasa umwagiliaji katika maeneo ya karibu. Kutokana na eneo lake karibu na Ziwa Chad, Maga Dam ni sehemu muhimu ya miundombinu ya maji inayochangia maendeleo ya kiuchumi na usalama wa chakula kwa jamii zinazotegemea kilimo katika kaskazini mwa [[Kamerun]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Kamerun]] 33vizoiuzvigyrq3dik8a5495ndaiog 0 241508 1576738 1576477 2026-06-26T12:32:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Lamaum''' ni bwawa la kutengenezea [[Umememaji|umeme wa maji]] linalomilikiwa na sekta binafsi lililopo kwenye Mto Catumbela katika [[Benguela (mkoa)|Mkoa wa Benguela]] nchini [[Angola]]. Bwawa hili lilikamilishwa mwaka 1965 likiwa na jukumu muhimu la kuzalisha na kusambaza umeme kwa miji ya Lobito, Benguela na Huambo. Awali, kituo chake cha umeme kilikuwa na uwezo wa megawati 20 (takribani hp 27,000).<ref>{{Citation|title=Lomaum Dam {{!}} dam, Angola {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lomaum-Dam|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref> Bwawa la Lamaum lina mchango mkubwa katika historia ya miundombinu ya nishati ya Angola, hasa katika kusaidia ukuaji wa miji na shughuli za viwanda katika eneo la kati la nchi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Angola}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Angola]] jrc9mnpyk12o2jun0zoi8y01bv1chwz 0 241513 1576739 1576483 2026-06-26T12:34:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Kossou''' ni bwawa la kujazwa udongo (embankment dam) lililojengwa kwenye Mto Bandama, takribani kilomita 32 kaskazini-magharibi mwa mji wa [[Yamoussoukro (mji)|Yamoussoukro]] nchini [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuzalisha umeme wa maji wa megawati 174 (takribani hp 233,000), ambao unatosha kuhudumia zaidi ya nyumba 118,000. Pia, bwawa hili liliunda Ziwa Kossou, ambalo ni ziwa kubwa zaidi nchini Côte d'Ivoire. Kossou Dam ni moja ya miundombinu muhimu ya nishati na maji nchini humo, likisaidia uzalishaji wa umeme na maendeleo ya kilimo katika maeneo yanayolizunguka. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] afsycii6vyiutbgagshndbwtcfzt90j 0 241514 1576740 1576484 2026-06-26T12:36:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Koromojo''' (pia linajulikana kama '''Bwawa la Mwambe''') linarejelea mabwawa mawili ya aina ya ''embankment'' (Upper na Lower) yaliyo kwenye [[Mto Mwabanda]] kaskazini mwa [[Msambweni, Kenya|Msambweni]] katika eneo la kusini-mashariki mwa [[Kenya]]. Bwawa la Upper Koromojo lilijengwa katika miaka ya 1920, huku Lower Koromojo likikamilishwa mwaka 1957 na kampuni ya Associated Sugar. Mabwawa haya yalikuwa na lengo la kusaidia shughuli za kilimo, hasa katika maeneo ya mashamba ya miwa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi ya eneo hilo. Lambo la Koromojo ni mfano wa miundombinu ya mapema ya umwagiliaji na usimamizi wa maji katika ukanda wa pwani ya Kenya, ikichangia maendeleo ya kilimo cha biashara katika kipindi cha karne ya 20.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koromojo Dam Essential Tips and Information|url=https://trek.zone/en/kenya/places/649950/koromojo-dam|work=Trek Zone|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Kenya]] mn00t0u8a5ggspj6fod0fny657dmw5o 0 241515 1576741 1576631 2026-06-26T12:37:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Keddara''' (pia Barrage Keddara) ni bwawa la kujazwa udongo (embankment dam) lililopo takribani kilomita 6 kaskazini-magharibi mwa Keddara kwenye Mto Boudouaou katika [[Wilaya ya Boumerdes]] nchini [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keddara {{!}} Algerie - Hidrotehnika - Hidroenergetika a.d.|url=http://www.hidroenergetika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/|work=www.hidroenergetika.rs|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-gb|author=Branislav Maksin|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715120433/http://www.hidroenergetika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Projects in Serbia {{!}} Hydro-Engineering Projects {{!}} Keddara embankment dam @ SerbiaConstruction.com|url=http://www.serbiaconstruction.com/projects/keddara-embankment-dam/|work=www.serbiaconstruction.com|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilijengwa kati ya mwaka 1982 na 1987 na kampuni ya Kiserbia ya Hidrotehnika. Lengo lake kuu ni kusambaza maji kwa ajili ya matumizi ya majumbani na kilimo, hasa kwa mji wa Algiers, ambao upo takribani kilomita 35 magharibi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Algeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Algeria]] px6och0czoydj5zfi4cz0gdaacd5lfh 0 241516 1576742 1576495 2026-06-26T12:38:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Kasserine''' lilikuwa bwawa la [[Roma ya Kale|Warumi]] lililojengwa katika eneo la Kasserine (zamani likijulikana kama Cillium) nchini [[Tunisia]]. Muundo huu wa kale unarudi [[karne ya 2]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]] na ni mfano wa miundombinu ya maji ya Kirumi iliyotumika kudhibiti na kuhifadhi maji kwa matumizi ya [[kilimo]] na makazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ARCH DAMS|url=https://www.traianvs.net/textos/archdams_en.htm|work=www.traianvs.net|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Tunisia]] [[Jamii:Roma ya Kale]] s4u47qqmsio3jpkhzv8wc1m0eqnx5zd 0 241517 1576743 1576497 2026-06-26T12:39:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Jebel''' Aulia ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto [[Nile Nyeupe]] karibu na mji wa [[Khartoum]] nchini [[Sudan]]. Ujenzi wa bwawa hili ulianza mwaka 1933 na kukamilika mwaka 1937. Wakati wa kukamilika kwake, lilikuwa bwawa kubwa zaidi duniani kwa wakati huo. Bwawa hili lilijengwa katika kipindi cha ukoloni wa Anglo-Egypt Sudan na lilikuwa na lengo kuu la kusaidia usimamizi wa maji ya Nile, hasa kwa ajili ya kilimo na udhibiti wa mtiririko wa [[maji]].<ref>{{Citation|last=SudanTribune|title=White Nile floodwaters engulf new areas, RSF blames army - Sudan Tribune|date=2024-12-23|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295013/|work=Sudan Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref> Jebel Aulia Dam linabaki kuwa moja ya miundombinu ya kihistoria muhimu katika mfumo wa maji wa Mto Nile nchini Sudan. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Sudan}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Sudan]] kkip87jl4wk0j0yz9n9eefb29azdm6e 0 241520 1576744 1576630 2026-06-26T12:40:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Imboulou''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto Léfini, katika mpaka wa Mikoa ya Djoué-Léfini na Plateaux nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Bwawa hili lipo takribani kilomita 300 kaskazini mwa mji mkuu wa [[Brazzaville]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Understanding Police Checks in Australia Matters for Journalists {{!}} Brazzaville Adiac|url=https://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/|work=Why Understanding Police Checks in Australia Matters for Journalists {{!}} Brazzaville Adiac|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Bwawa hilo lilizinduliwa rasmi tarehe 7 Mei 2011 na [[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]]. Imboulou Dam ni mradi muhimu wa uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji nchini humo, ukiwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuongeza upatikanaji wa umeme kwa wananchi na kusaidia maendeleo ya viwanda na uchumi wa taifa. Kwa kuwa ni moja ya miradi mikubwa ya nishati nchini Kongo, bwawa hili limekuwa sehemu muhimu ya juhudi za kuimarisha miundombinu ya umeme na kupunguza upungufu wa nishati katika nchi hiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fichtner Water & Transportation - Assessment of the weir in Beihingen on the Neckar river / Germany|url=http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/on/1/z/1/ukat_id/6/kat_id/3/sprache/e/li/0re_w|work=www.fwt.fichtner.de|accessdate=2026-06-25|author=Fichtner Water & Transportation GmbH|archive-date=2012-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323130507/http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/on/1/z/1/ukat_id/6/kat_id/3/sprache/e/li/0re_w|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] dgsrmuss4xt6rm7yv1yqkirxdczydiu 0 241521 1576745 1576547 2026-06-26T12:41:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Ikere Gorge''' ni bwawa kubwa la udongo (''earth-fill dam'') lililopo katika eneo la Serikali ya Mtaa ya Iseyin, [[Jimbo la Oyo]], kusini-magharibi mwa [[Nigeria]]. Limejengwa kwenye [[Mto Ogun]] na lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 690 za [[maji]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ikere Gorge Dam: A Sleeping Giant That Western Nigeria Must Awaken|url=https://parrotreporters.com/ikere-gorge-dam-a-sleeping-giant-that-western-nigeria-must-awaken/|work=Parrot Reporters|date=2026-01-18|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-US|author=Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Oyo]] mllcps4jgm87ws6yc0aiu8pcyxw1ck5 0 241522 1576746 1576548 2026-06-26T12:43:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Hombolo''' ni bwawa lililopo katika kijiji cha [[Hombolo Bwawani]], katika [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]], nchini [[Tanzania]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1957 na serikali ya kikoloni kwa madhumuni mbalimbali ya maendeleo ya jamii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 1|url=https://www.fao.org/4/t0473e/T0473E10.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-dodoma}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Chamwino]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Tanzania]] aoj6h1p8lsvneuc5o9wd5hborq6ld0i 1576748 1576746 2026-06-26T12:45:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Hombolo''' ni bwawa lililopo katika kijiji cha [[Hombolo Bwawani]], katika [[Wilaya ya Dodoma Mjini]], [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]], nchini [[Tanzania]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1957 na serikali ya kikoloni kwa madhumuni mbalimbali ya maendeleo ya jamii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 1|url=https://www.fao.org/4/t0473e/T0473E10.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-dodoma}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Dodoma Mjini]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Tanzania]] jzyel8ggi72aoyh14jo1w564e6rof1q 0 241523 1576749 1576549 2026-06-26T12:46:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Hassan II''' (pia linajulikana kama '''Lambo la Sidi Said''') ni bwawa la aina ya ''gravity dam'' lililojengwa kwenye Mto Moulouya, takribani kilomita 13 kaskazini mwa Midelt katika Mkoa wa Midelt nchini [[Moroko]]. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi hadi mita za ujazo milioni 400 za maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Moroko]] se38sgvu957si4j9vjdpdpxgryuekr3 0 241524 1576750 1576638 2026-06-26T12:47:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Omatako''' ni bwawa la udongo (''earth-fill embankment dam'') lililopo takribani kilomita 100 kaskazini mwa [[Okahandja]] katika [[Mkoa wa Otjozondjupa]] nchini [[Namibia]]. Bwawa hili limepewa jina kutokana na Omatako Mountains na limejengwa kwenye Mto Omatako, ambao ni mto wa msimu unaotiririka wakati wa mvua. Katika lugha ya Oshiwambo, neno “Omatako” linamaanisha “makalio,” likirejelea umbo la milima ya Omatako inayofanana na sehemu hiyo ya mwili.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NamWater Ltd {{!}} NamWater Ltd|url=https://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=68|work=www.namwater.com.na|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=- The Namibian|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/51389/read/NamWater-opens-Hardap-Dam-sluices|work=The Namibian|language=en|access-date=2026-06-25}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] qruc5y8vgw4isaz77sumk3n99thygpa 0 241525 1576751 1576551 2026-06-26T12:48:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Oanob''' ni bwawa lililopo nje ya mji wa [[Rehoboth]] katika [[Mkoa wa Hardap]] nchini [[Namibia]]. Bwawa hili lipo takribani kilomita 7 kutoka Rehoboth na limejengwa kwenye Mto Oanob. Kazi yake kuu ni kusambaza maji kwa mji wa Rehoboth, ambapo hutoa sehemu kubwa ya maji yanayotumiwa na wakazi wa mji huo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd [NamWater] :: Infrastructure : Dams : Oanob|url=http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/oanob.html|work=www.namwater.com.na|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Lambo la Oanob lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo milioni 34.5 za maji. Ujenzi wake ulikamilika mwaka 1990, ambao pia ulikuwa mwaka wa uhuru wa Namibia. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Namibia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Namibia]] pmsaq333e4a5h7w52el3v66h50pym9a 0 241526 1576752 1576556 2026-06-26T12:48:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kituo cha Umeme wa Maji cha Fincha]] hadi [[Kituo cha Umememaji cha Fincha]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Umeme cha Fincha''' (Fincha Power Station) ni kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji kilichopo karibu na mji wa Fincha katika eneo la magharibi mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Kituo hiki hupokea maji kutoka Chomen Lake na kuyamwaga katika Mto Fincha baada ya kutumika kuzalisha [[umeme]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Tefera |first=Bezuayehu |last2=Sterk |first2=Geert |date=2008-02 |title=Hydropower-Induced Land Use Change in Fincha'a Watershed, Western Ethiopia: Analysis and Impacts |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1659/mrd.0811 |journal=Mountain Research and Development |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |doi=10.1659/mrd.0811 |issn=0276-4741}}</ref> Fincha Power Station kina uwezo wa kuzalisha megawati 100 za umeme (takribani hp 130,000), kiwango kinachotosha kuhudumia zaidi ya nyumba 66,900. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] fi1winoio0ktdjc0fet9fy302fwp91b 1576754 1576752 2026-06-26T12:49:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Umeme cha Fincha''' (Fincha Power Station) ni kituo cha kuzalisha [[umememaji]] kilichopo karibu na mji wa Fincha katika eneo la magharibi mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Kituo hiki hupokea maji kutoka [[Ziwa Chomen|ziwa Chomen]] na kuyamwaga katika [[Mto Fincha]] baada ya kutumika kuzalisha [[umeme]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Tefera |first=Bezuayehu |last2=Sterk |first2=Geert |date=2008-02 |title=Hydropower-Induced Land Use Change in Fincha'a Watershed, Western Ethiopia: Analysis and Impacts |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1659/mrd.0811 |journal=Mountain Research and Development |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |doi=10.1659/mrd.0811 |issn=0276-4741}}</ref> Fincha Power Station kina uwezo wa kuzalisha megawati 100 za umeme (takribani hp 130,000), kiwango kinachotosha kuhudumia zaidi ya nyumba 66,900. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Ethiopia]] ctnjt0k0zpjx06yysgi62aoianxbgyx 0 241527 1576755 1576553 2026-06-26T12:50:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Djorf Torba''' ni bwawa lililopo katika Wilaya ya Kenadsa District, [[Wilaya ya Bechar]] nchini [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Limejengwa kuvuka Mto Oued Guir, takribani kilomita 50 magharibi mwa mji wa Béchar. Bwawa hili hutumika kwa madhumuni ya:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/databases/dams/|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Algeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Algeria]] kdtva4l9c35dtdslxj1ru622ap753u4 0 241528 1576756 1576554 2026-06-26T12:50:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Ain Zada''' ni bwawa la kujazwa udongo (''embankment dam'') lililopo takribani kilomita 10 mashariki mwa Khelil kwenye Mto Bou-Sellam katika [[wilaya ya Bordj Bou Arréridj]] nchini [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ain Zada Dam Explained|url=https://everything.explained.today/Ain_Zada_Dam/|work=everything.explained.today|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilijengwa kati ya mwaka 1982 na 1986. Lengo lake kuu ni kusambaza maji ya kunywa na maji ya umwagiliaji kwa mji wa Sétif, uliopo takribani kilomita 24 magharibi mwa bwawa hilo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Algeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Algeria]] f3n1mli4urvt950swvs2w3ze63ow4wn 0 241529 1576757 1576555 2026-06-26T12:51:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Glassblock''' (pia linajulikana kama Lambo la Bopoma Glassblock) ni mradi wa bwawa lililopendekezwa kujengwa kwenye Mto Mzingwane, kaskazini mwa [[Gwanda]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Mradi huu umebuniwa na wahandisi wa shirika la [[maji]] la taifa la Zimbabwe (ZINWA) na unalenga kujengwa kama bwawa la aina ya ''zoned earth-fill embankment'', lenye urefu wa takribani kilomita 2.5 na kimo cha hadi mita 40.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glassblock Dam identified as urgent solution to Byo’s water shortages|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2025/10/glassblock-dam-identified-as-urgent-solution-to-byos-water-shortages/|work=www.thezimbabwean.co|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] kzqn082rq7sqgkzp3sxeer4jqcc47xv 0 241530 1576761 1576640 2026-06-26T12:59:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mzingwane''' ni bwawa la kuhifadhi maji lililojengwa kwenye mto Mzingwane karibu na [[Esigodini]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani [[mita]] za ujazo milioni 42 za maji na ni mojawapo ya vyanzo muhimu vya maji vinavyohudumia mji wa Bulawayo. Bwawa la Mzingwane lina jukumu muhimu katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji kwa matumizi ya nyumbani na shughuli nyingine za kijamii na kiuchumi katika Bulawayo na maeneo ya jirani. Bwawa hili ni sehemu ya mfumo wa mabwawa unaosaidia kukabiliana na changamoto za upungufu wa [[Majiranukta|maji]] katika kusini-magharibi mwa Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mzingwane Dam|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/mzingwane_dam|work=Grokipedia|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] 4iuevo3f1u3ut4dsd02rmxx4boutz6o 0 241531 1576762 1576642 2026-06-26T12:59:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Oakley Block''' ni [[mradi]] wa [[bwawa]] la kuhifadhi maji uliopendekezwa kujengwa kwenye mto Mzingwane, kusini mwa [[Nicholson]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuunda hifadhi ya maji yenye uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo [[milioni]] 41. Lambo la Oakley Block ni sehemu ya mipango ya Zimbabwe ya kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, kwa lengo la kuongeza upatikanaji wa [[maji]] kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo na shughuli nyingine za [[maendeleo]] katika maeneo yanayozunguka Bonde la Mto Mzingwane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oakley Block Dam|url=https://search.co.zw/wiki/oakley-block-dam/|work=Search Zimbabwe|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] se1gmq256woualafbxwbyqnxphq3scb 1576763 1576762 2026-06-26T13:00:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Oakley Block''' ni [[mradi]] wa [[bwawa]] la kuhifadhi maji uliopendekezwa kujengwa kwenye mto Mzingwane, kusini mwa [[Nicholson]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuunda hifadhi ya maji yenye uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo [[milioni]] 41. Lambo la Oakley Block ni sehemu ya mipango ya Zimbabwe ya kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, kwa lengo la kuongeza upatikanaji wa [[maji]] kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo na shughuli nyingine za [[maendeleo]] katika maeneo yanayozunguka Bonde la Mto Mzingwane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oakley Block Dam|url=https://search.co.zw/wiki/oakley-block-dam/|work=Search Zimbabwe|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] 91mmkhwilc6kp90fogm2iy3sdnqbbtg 0 241532 1576764 1576643 2026-06-26T13:01:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Zhovhe''' ni bwawa la kuhifadhi maji lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto Mzingwane]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo [[milioni]] 133 za maji. Bwawa hili hutumika kusambaza maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba ya kibiashara na pia kutoa maji kwa [[mji]] wa Beitbridge. == Maendeleo == Bwawa la Zhovhe lipo katika eneo la Beitbridge, mashariki mwa barabara kuu ya Beitbridge–Bulawayo, katika Kanda ya Tano ya Zimbabwe. Ni mojawapo ya mabwawa makubwa kumi nchini na limechangia kubadilisha eneo lililokuwa kame kuwa eneo lenye shughuli za [[kilimo]] kupitia miradi ya umwagiliaji. Mbali na kuhifadhi na kusambaza maji, bwawa hili pia lina nyumba ya kulala wageni yenye vyumba 30 inayoweza kuhudumia hadi watu 100, hivyo kuchangia [[maendeleo]] ya [[utalii]] na uchumi wa eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhovhe Dam - Zimbabwe A World Of Wonders|url=https://www.zimbabwetourism.net/listing/zhovhe-dam/|work=www.zimbabwetourism.net|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] 21qio4aei20l6yvi6auecym21j46p72 0 241533 1576765 1576645 2026-06-26T13:02:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Tokwe Mukosi''' (pia linajulikana kama Bwawa la Tugwi Mukosi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dam Levels - Zinwa|url=https://zinwa.co.zw/dam-levels/|date=2026-03-19|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en}}</ref>) ni [[bwawa]] la mawe lenye uso wa zege lililojengwa kwenye Mto Tokwe, chini kidogo ya makutano yake na Mto Mukosi, takribani [[kilomita]] 72 kusini mwa mji wa [[Masvingo]] katika [[Mkoa wa Masvingo]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Bwawa hili lina urefu wa mita 90.3 na limeunda hifadhi ya maji yenye uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo bilioni 1.75, ikiwa ndiyo hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya maji ya ndani nchini Zimbabwe. Pia lina kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji chenye uwezo wa [[megawati]] 12.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheap design linked to problems at Tokwe-Mukosi|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2014/02/15/cheap-design-linked-problems-tokwe-mukosi/|work=Nehanda Radio|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-US|author=Nehanda Radio}}</ref> Ujenzi wa bwawa ulianza mwezi Juni mwaka 1998 lakini ulisimama mwaka 2008. Kampuni ya Salini Impregilo ilianza kukamilisha mradi huo mwaka 2011. Mwezi Februari mwaka 2014, mafuriko makubwa yalisababisha sehemu ya upande wa chini wa bwawa kuharibika, jambo lililosababisha kuongezeka kwa maji kwenye hifadhi na kuwafanya zaidi ya watu 20,000 kuhamishwa kutoka maeneo ya juu na chini ya bwawa. Mwezi Juni mwaka 2014, [[ujenzi]] ulisimamishwa tena kutokana na ukosefu wa fedha. Mwezi Mei mwaka 2016, serikali ilitoa dola za Marekani milioni 35 ili kuruhusu kazi kuendelea. Hatimaye, ujenzi wa bwawa ulikamilika mwezi Desemba mwaka 2016, na lilizinduliwa rasmi mwezi Mei mwaka 2017. Bwawa la Tokwe Mukosi ni mojawapo ya miradi mikubwa zaidi ya maji nchini [[Zimbabwe]], likiwa na umuhimu mkubwa katika kuhifadhi maji, umwagiliaji, uzalishaji wa umeme na maendeleo ya [[uchumi]] wa taifa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ROYAL88: Daftar Situs Slot Gacor Hari Ini Slot88 Gampang Menang Depo 10ribu Terpercaya|url=https://www.tugwimukosidam.com/facts/|work=ROYAL88|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] j35c0gyyxy30x5751ozu8w1tqlx026v 0 241534 1576766 1576647 2026-06-26T13:03:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Manyuchi''' ni bwawa linalounda hifadhi ya maji kwenye [[Mto Mwenezi]] kusini mwa [[Zimbabwe]]. Lipo katika [[Wilaya ya Mwenezi]]. Ujenzi wa bwawa hili ulifadhiliwa na Shirika la Maendeleo la Mwenezi. Lengo kuu la ujenzi wake lilikuwa kutoa maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba ya michikichi ya mafuta. Bwawa la Manyuchi lina mchango muhimu katika maendeleo ya [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji kusini mwa Zimbabwe, hasa katika uzalishaji wa michikichi ya mafuta na shughuli nyingine za kilimo katika eneo la Mwenezi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_mechanisms/aij/activities_implemented_jointly/items/1886.php|url=https://unfccc.int/kyoto_mechanisms/aij/activities_implemented_jointly/items/1886.php|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] p2iis3c6q71oafosplb100m2tmtfshp 0 241535 1576767 1576648 2026-06-26T13:04:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mazowe''' (pia linajulikana kama Bwawa la Mazoe) ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto Mazowe nchini [[Zimbabwe]], katika Milima ya Iron Mask, takribani [[kilomita]] 35 kaskazini mwa mji wa [[Harare]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZuuXHVPXnIC&pg=PA69|title=Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe: Proceedings of a Seminar on Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe, Harare Kentucky Airport Hotel, 13-15 January, 1992|last=Matiza|first=T.|last2=Crafter|first2=S. A.|date=1994|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0202-5|language=en}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1920, na lengo lake kuu lilikuwa kutoa maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba ya machungwa ya Mazoe. Mbali na matumizi ya umwagiliaji, bwawa hili pia lilikuwa makazi ya Klabu ya Makasia ya Hunyani na hapo awali lilitumika kwa shughuli za makasia za shule za St. Georges, Prince Edward, Arundel na vilabu vingine. Mazowe Dam ndilo bwawa kubwa pekee lililojengwa kwenye Mto Mazowe na linaendelea kuwa sehemu muhimu ya miundombinu ya maji inayosaidia kilimo na shughuli za burudani nchini Zimbabwe. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] ivf5mwrycukr8n0xg6iroxiap3g62ty 0 241536 1576768 1576649 2026-06-26T13:12:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Osborne''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto Odzi nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Eneo la ujenzi wa bwawa hili lilitambuliwa katika miaka ya 1950 na wahandisi wa mipango kutoka Wizara ya [[Maji]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-01-01 |title=Dam operation for environmental water releases; the case of Osborne dam, Save catchment, Zimbabwe |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474706503001633 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |language=en-US |volume=28 |issue=20-27 |pages=985–993 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.012 |issn=1474-7065}}</ref> Uchunguzi wa kina wa kijiolojia katika maeneo mawili yaliyopendekezwa kwa ujenzi wa bwawa ulikamilika katika miaka ya 1960. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] grr8u8wm32czccweix2d4ixc1tnouwy 0 241538 1576769 1576650 2026-06-26T13:14:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sam Firstenberg | picha = שמוליק סם פירסטנברג.jpg | maelezo = | jina la kuzaliwa = Shmulik Firstenberg | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1950|3|13}} | tarehe ya kufa = | mahali alipofia = | sababu ya kifo = | kazi yake = Mwongozaji wa filamu, mwandishi wa skripti, na mtayarishaji wa filamu | majina-mengine = Shmulik Sam Firstenberg | organization = | ndoa = | watoto = | wazazi = | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha [[Loyola Marymount University]] | lugha = Kiingereza, Kiisrael | kazi maarufu = ''[[American Ninja]]''<br>''[[Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo]]'' | tovuti = {{URL|amfirstenberg.com}} }} '''Sam Firstenberg''' (alizaliwa kama '''Shmulik Firstenberg''' mnamo Machi 13, 1950) ni mwongozaji, mwandishi wa mswada-andishi, na mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]] mwenye asili ya [[Israeli]] na [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kutengeneza filamu za bajeti ya chini za daraja la pili ([[B movie]]) katika kipindi kirefu cha kazi yake. Kati ya filamu hizo ni pamoja na filamu mbili za kwanza za mfululizo wa [[American Ninja]], yaani ''[[American Ninja]]'' na ''[[American Ninja 2: The Confrontation]]'',<ref name="actionflix">{{cite web |last1=Jerva |first1=John M |title=Iconic Director Sam Firstenberg Returns and Talks STORIES FROM THE TRENCHES, 90's Action and More! |url=https://action-flix.com/2020/04/11/exclusive-iconic-director-sam-firstenberg-returns-and-talks-stories-from-the-trenches-90s-action-and-more/ |website=Action Flix|date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> pamoja na ''[[Riverbend (film)|Riverbend]]''<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Roxbury Film Festival]]|url=https://www.roxfilmfest.com/films-and-events/2024/riverbend|title=RETRO FLASHBACK: Riverbend Restored preceded by The War Torn Drum|date=June 22, 2024|location=[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]}}</ref> na ''[[Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Review: Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|author=Variety Staff|date=December 31, 1983|url= https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117789510?refcatid=31 |access-date=March 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E01E7DF1038F93AA25751C1A962948260|last=Maslin |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Maslin |work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Breakin 2 Electric Boogaloo (1984) Screen: 'Breakin' 2'|date=December 19, 1984|access-date=March 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo |author-link=Armond White|author=White, Armond|work=[[New York Press]]|date=August 4, 2010|archive-date=January 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107113527/http://nypress.com/ready-set-jump|url=http://nypress.com/ready-set-jump/|access-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=January 1, 1984 |author-link=Roger Ebert |last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/breakin-2-electric-boogaloo-1984 |access-date=March 22, 2021 }}</ref> Kazi za Firstenberg zinahusisha aina mbalimbali za filamu kama vile vichekesho, mapigano, maigizo, [[science fiction|hadithi za sayansi]], [[filamu za kusisimua]], [[filamu za kutisha]], na tamthilia za muziki.<ref name=NYT/> == Maisha binafsi == Alizaliwa nchini Polandi katika familia ya [[Wayahudi|Kiyahudi]], na alilelewa jijini [[Yerusalemu]]. Ameongoza jumla ya filamu 22 za sinema tangu alipohitimu masomo yake ya juu ya uzamili katika fani ya filamu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha [[Loyola Marymount University]]. == Filmografia == === Mwongozaji === * ''For the Sake of the Dog'' (1979) * ''[[One More Chance (filamu ya 1981)]]'' * ''[[Revenge of the Ninja]]'' (1983) * ''[[Ninja III: The Domination]]'' (1984) * ''[[Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo]]'' (1984) * ''[[American Ninja]]'' (1985) * ''[[Avenging Force]]'' (1986) * ''[[American Ninja 2: The Confrontation]]'' (1987) * ''[[Riverbend (filamu ya 1989)|Riverbend]]'' * ''The Day We Met'' (1990) * ''[[Delta Force 3: The Killing Game]]'' (1991) * ''[[Tropical Heat]]'' (1992) * ''[[American Samurai (filamu ya 1992)|American Samurai]]'' * ''[[Cyborg Cop]]'' (1993) * ''Blood Warriors'' (1993) * ''[[Cyborg Cop II]]'' (1994) * ''[[Operation Delta Force]]'' (1997) * ''[[Motel Blue]]'' (1997) * ''McCinsey's Island'' (1998) * ''[[The Alternate (filamu ya 2000)|The Alternate]]'' * ''Criss Cross'' (2001) * ''Spiders II: Breeding Ground'' (2001) * ''[[Quicksand (filamu ya 2002)|Quicksand]]'' * ''The Interplanetary Surplus Male and Amazon Women of Outer Space'' (2003) * ''[[The Last Kumite]]'' (Hatua za awali tu za maandalizi, kisha nafasi yake ikachukuliwa na [[Ross W. Clarkson]]) === Mwandishi === * ''For the Sake of the Dog'' (1979) * ''One More Chance'' (1983) * ''Cyborg Cop II'' (1994) === Mtayarishaji === * ''The Interplanetary Surplus Male and Amazon Women of Outer Space'' (2003) * ''Groove Street'' (2018) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{official|http://www.samfirstenberg.com/}} * {{IMDb name|0278735}} * [http://ninjadixon.blogspot.co.il/2011/01/to-me-cyborgs-are-magic-interview-with.html To Me Cyborgs Are magic - Interview with Sam Firstenberg] {{Sam Firstenberg|state=collapsed}} {{BD|1950|}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Firstenberg, Sam}} [[Jamii:Waongozaji Filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] 4htswdkbhs9tjbktn6idfz6exk3i3kw 0 241540 1576770 1576653 2026-06-26T13:15:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Mutange''' ni bwawa la kujazwa udongo lililojengwa kwenye Mto Mutange katika kijiji cha Chisina, takribani [[kilomita]] 30 mashariki mwa Gokwe na kilomita 35 kaskazini-magharibi mwa Empress Mine, katika [[Midlands, Zimbabwe|Mkoa wa Midlands]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mutange Dam {{!}} Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ)|url=https://www.idbz.co.zw/project-operations/completed/mutange-dam|work=www.idbz.co.zw|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] nm4h53mmztfgf2y7b6nof16dyluq0g1 0 241541 1576771 1576654 2026-06-26T13:19:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Ngondoma''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto Ngondoma, takribani mita 500 magharibi mwa mji wa Empress Mine katika [[Midlands, Zimbabwe|Mkoa wa Midlands]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Bwawa hili lipo takribani kilomita 67 kaskazini-magharibi mwa mji wa [[Kwekwe]] na [[kilomita]] 54 kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]] kwa njia ya anga. Ngondoma Dam ni sehemu muhimu ya miundombinu ya maji katika Mkoa wa Midlands, likichangia uhifadhi wa maji na kusaidia shughuli mbalimbali za kijamii na kiuchumi katika maeneo yanayolizunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe|url=https://www.fao.org/4/w7560e/w7560e02.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] k4jjkiekk23lhgjhf1twilhsutg4j0u 0 241542 1576773 1576655 2026-06-26T13:19:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa''' '''la''' '''Sebakwe''' ni bwawa lililopo katika [[Midlands, Zimbabwe|Mkoa wa Midlands]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Lilijengwa mwaka 1957 na linamilikiwa na serikali ya Zimbabwe. Bwawa hili liko kwenye Mto Sebakwe ndani ya eneo la Sanyati Catchment Area. Lipo chini ya usimamizi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] za taifa na ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo wa maji wa nchi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kariba Angling Society - Maps Mamina DAm|url=https://www.geocities.ws/karibaangling/mapsebak.html|work=www.geocities.ws|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] dlqr2yfhyy4t95p8mxrcu9s1pz5yxrb 1576774 1576773 2026-06-26T13:20:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa''' '''la''' '''Sebakwe''' ni bwawa lililopo katika [[Midlands, Zimbabwe|Mkoa wa Midlands]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Lilijengwa mwaka 1957 na linamilikiwa na serikali ya Zimbabwe. Bwawa hili liko kwenye Mto Sebakwe ndani ya eneo la Sanyati Catchment Area. Lipo chini ya usimamizi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] za taifa na ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo wa maji wa nchi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kariba Angling Society - Maps Mamina DAm|url=https://www.geocities.ws/karibaangling/mapsebak.html|work=www.geocities.ws|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] 82h9rb2mpjulh7pgbak3nk0t9d8xnmj 0 241543 1576775 1576656 2026-06-26T13:22:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lambo la Kariba''' ni bwawa la aina ya ''double curvature concrete arch dam'' lililojengwa katika Bonde la Kariba kwenye [[Zambezi (mto)|Mto Zambezi]], mpakani mwa [[Zambia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. Lambo hili lina urefu wa mita 128 na urefu wa mita 579. Lilikamilika ili kuunda [[Ziwa Kariba]], ambalo lina urefu wa takribani kilomita 280 na lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani kilomita za ujazo 185 za [[maji]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arquivo.pt|url=https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|work=arquivo.pt|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] fyegxzi3kr601mt6bj2n18fli1fgkg2 1576776 1576775 2026-06-26T13:24:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Lambo la Kariba]] 1576776 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Lambo la Kariba]] 7t9gf3idnnutd9d9xrox5x3lit70ev1 0 241544 1576778 1576658 2026-06-26T13:24:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kituo cha Umeme wa Maji cha Batoka Gorge]] hadi [[Kituo cha Umememaji cha Batoka Gorge]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mradi wa Bwawa la Umeme wa Mto Batoka''' (Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station) ni kituo cha [[umeme]] wa [[maji]] kinachopendekezwa kujengwa kwenye Mto Zambezi, mpakani kati ya Zambia na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-us}}</ref> Mradi huu unapangwa kuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuzalisha umeme wa megawati 2400, na unalenga kuongeza uzalishaji wa umeme katika ukanda huo wa [[Zambezi (mto)|Zambezi]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} <references /> [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Zimbabwe]] or0ydjr6fkynauoua6it5rics3hrqf5 1576780 1576778 2026-06-26T13:26:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Umememaji cha Batoka Gorge''' (Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station) ni kituo cha [[umememaji]] kinachopendekezwa kujengwa kwenye [[Mto Zambezi]], mpakani kati ya [[Zambia]] na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-us}}</ref> Mradi huu unapangwa kuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuzalisha umeme wa megawati 2400, na unalenga kuongeza uzalishaji wa umeme katika ukanda huo wa mto Zambezi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] trbydsjhhqkxssiei3oitjieg76fq8v 1576797 1576780 2026-06-26T13:43:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Umememaji cha Batoka Gorge''' (Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station) ni kituo cha [[umememaji]] kinachopendekezwa kujengwa kwenye [[Mto Zambezi]], mpakani kati ya [[Zambia]] na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-us}}</ref> Mradi huu unapangwa kuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuzalisha umeme wa megawati 2400, na unalenga kuongeza uzalishaji wa umeme katika ukanda huo wa mto Zambezi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Zimbabwe}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zimbabwe]] oi3s5kehyp016geu490yho3wm7qlpv2 0 241545 1576781 1576659 2026-06-26T13:27:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Albasini''' ni bwawa lililopo nje kidogo ya mji wa Louis Trichardt katika Mkoa wa [[Limpopo]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dam Safety Office - Home|url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/|work=www.dwa.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> Bwawa hili lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo 25,200,000 za maji na lina eneo la uso wa takribani kilomita za mraba 3.572. Ukuta wa bwawa una urefu wa mita 34. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] a92afjmwz05rqnu73fko733wan489kl 0 241546 1576783 1576660 2026-06-26T13:31:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Allemanskraal''' ni bwawa lililopo katika [[Dola Huru|Mkoa wa Free State]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], na liko kwenye [[Mto Sand]] . Bwawa hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1960. Lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo 174,500 za maji, na lina eneo la uso wa takribani [[kilomita]] za mraba 26.481. Ukuta wake una urefu wa mita 38.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] 9suy3cgwu7ya41cwbit2xj14gmou6wd 0 241547 1576784 1576661 2026-06-26T13:32:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Alphen''' ni bwawa dogo lililopo kwenye [[Mto Bonte]] karibu na mji wa [[Stellenbosch]] katika [[Rasi ya Magharibi]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Bwawa hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] 9jy2213ylqvodw8xoxz87wyzi9bclg5 0 241548 1576785 1576662 2026-06-26T13:34:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[One More Chance (filamu ya 1981)]] hadi [[One More Chance]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = One More Chance | picha = One More Chance 1983 film.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Jalada la VHS | mwongozaji = [[Sam Firstenberg]] | mwandishi = Sam Firstenberg | mtayarishaji = [[Yoram Globus]]<br />[[Menahem Golan]]<br />[[David Womark]] | nyota = John LaMotta<br />[[Kirstie Alley]] | muziki = David Powell | mpiga_picha = Jonathon Braun<br />Ken Gibb | mhariri = K.V. Hoenig | kampuni_ya_utayarishaji = | msambazaji = [[The Cannon Group|Cannon Film Distributors]] | tarehe_ya_kutoka = {{Film date|1981|01}} | muda = dakika 90 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = | mapato = | imetolewa = }} '''''One More Chance''''' ni filamu ya mwaka 1981 iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na [[Sam Firstenberg]]; filamu hii inatambulika kama kazi yake ya kwanza kama mwongozaji.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=One More Chance|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_more_chance}}</ref> == Hadithi == Mfungwa wa zamani anarudi nyumbani na kukuta familia yake imehama na hana habari kabisa walikoenda. Ni jirani yake pekee anayejua walikohamia, lakini hataki kumpa taarifa hizo hadi pale atakapoonyesha kuwa amebadilika kitabia. == Waigizaji == {| class="wikitable" ! Muigizaji !! Uhusika |- | [[John LaMotta]] || Pete Bales |- | [[Kirstie Alley]] || Sheila |- | Marvin Flint || George |- | Logan Clarke || Carter |- | Wayne Alford || David |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb title|0082850}} {{Sam Firstenberg}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Golan-Globus]] [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na Sam Firstenberg]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1981]] ik2iyru9l2p5zzgtj5nii74u64x4heb 1576787 1576785 2026-06-26T13:34:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1576787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = One More Chance | picha = One More Chance 1983 film.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Jalada la VHS | mwongozaji = [[Sam Firstenberg]] | mwandishi = Sam Firstenberg | mtayarishaji = [[Yoram Globus]]<br />[[Menahem Golan]]<br />[[David Womark]] | nyota = John LaMotta<br />[[Kirstie Alley]] | muziki = David Powell | mpiga_picha = Jonathon Braun<br />Ken Gibb | mhariri = K.V. Hoenig | kampuni_ya_utayarishaji = | msambazaji = [[The Cannon Group|Cannon Film Distributors]] | tarehe_ya_kutoka = {{Film date|1981|01}} | muda = dakika 90 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = | mapato = | imetolewa = }} '''''One More Chance''''' ni filamu ya mwaka 1981 iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na [[Sam Firstenberg]]; filamu hii inatambulika kama kazi yake ya kwanza kama mwongozaji.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=One More Chance|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_more_chance}}</ref> == Hadithi == Mfungwa wa zamani anarudi nyumbani na kukuta familia yake imehama na hana habari kabisa walikoenda. Ni jirani yake pekee anayejua walikohamia, lakini hataki kumpa taarifa hizo hadi pale atakapoonyesha kuwa amebadilika kitabia. == Waigizaji == {| class="wikitable" ! Muigizaji !! Uhusika |- | [[John LaMotta]] || Pete Bales |- | [[Kirstie Alley]] || Sheila |- | Marvin Flint || George |- | Logan Clarke || Carter |- | Wayne Alford || David |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb title|0082850}} {{Sam Firstenberg}} [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na Sam Firstenberg]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1981]] d27lww9uinyftybiwbf5sfbkxsf1lx0 1576788 1576787 2026-06-26T13:35:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1576788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = One More Chance | picha = One More Chance 1983 film.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Jalada la VHS | mwongozaji = [[Sam Firstenberg]] | mwandishi = Sam Firstenberg | mtayarishaji = [[Yoram Globus]]<br />[[Menahem Golan]]<br />[[David Womark]] | nyota = John LaMotta<br />[[Kirstie Alley]] | muziki = David Powell | mpiga_picha = Jonathon Braun<br />Ken Gibb | mhariri = K.V. Hoenig | kampuni_ya_utayarishaji = | msambazaji = [[The Cannon Group|Cannon Film Distributors]] | tarehe_ya_kutoka = {{Film date|1981|01}} | muda = dakika 90 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = | mapato = | imetolewa = }} '''''One More Chance''''' ni filamu ya mwaka 1981 iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na [[Sam Firstenberg]]; filamu hii inatambulika kama kazi yake ya kwanza kama mwongozaji.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=One More Chance|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_more_chance}}</ref> == Hadithi == Mfungwa wa zamani anarudi nyumbani na kukuta familia yake imehama na hana habari kabisa walikoenda. Ni jirani yake pekee anayejua walikohamia, lakini hataki kumpa taarifa hizo hadi pale atakapoonyesha kuwa amebadilika kitabia. == Waigizaji == {| class="wikitable" ! Muigizaji !! Uhusika |- | [[John LaMotta]] || Pete Bales |- | [[Kirstie Alley]] || Sheila |- | Marvin Flint || George |- | Logan Clarke || Carter |- | Wayne Alford || David |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb title|0082850}} {{Sam Firstenberg}} [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na Sam Firstenberg]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1981]] [[Jamii:filamu za Marekani]] d3mwpnclusdzlihb4dui5kyq40sgabd 0 241550 1576789 1576664 2026-06-26T13:36:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Andrew F.C. Turpin''' ni bwawa lililopo kwenye Mto Nyara, kaskazini mwa mji wa Bedford katika Mkoa wa [[Rasi ya Mashariki]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] p340dew5ly4biy477v0smwv1ora130c 0 241551 1576790 1576665 2026-06-26T13:36:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Armenia''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kuvuka [[Mto Leeu]] karibu na mji wa [[Hobhouse]] katika Mkoa wa [[Dola Huru|Free State]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armenia Dam (Free State, 1954)|url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/armenia-dam|work=Structurae|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1954. Lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo 13,000 za maji na lina eneo la uso wa takribani kilomita za mraba 3.933. Ukuta wake una urefu wa mita 22. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] 0yack0rhhpgqznm85gxyjr8sk5rgpnt 0 241552 1576791 1576666 2026-06-26T13:38:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Beervlei''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kuvuka [[Mto Groot (Southern Cape)|Mto Groot]] katika Mkoa wa [[Rasi ya Mashariki]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=beervlei dam - Mountain Passes South Africa|url=https://www.mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za/tags/beervlei-dam.html|work=www.mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> Lilianzishwa mwaka 1957. Lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo 85,800,000 za maji, na eneo lake la uso ni takribani [[kilomita]] za mraba 23.145. Ukuta wa bwawa una urefu wa mita 31. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] iy1r0vs186sy82o685ch3tbckbt1cli 0 241553 1576792 1576671 2026-06-26T13:38:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = Revenge of the Ninja | picha = Revenge_of_the_ninja.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Bango la kuonyesha sinemani | mwongozaji = [[Sam Firstenberg]]<ref name="afi"/> | mwandishi = James R. Silke<ref name="afi"/> | mtayarishaji = [[Menahem Golan]]<ref name="afi"/><br />[[Yoram Globus]]<ref name="afi"/> | nyota = {{Plainlist| * [[Sho Kosugi]] * [[Keith Vitali]] * [[Virgil Frye]] * Arthur Roberts * Ashley Ferrare * Mario Gallo * [[Kane Kosugi]] }} | muziki = [[Robert J. Walsh]]<ref name="afi"/> | mpiga_picha = [[David Gurfinkel]]<ref name="afi"/> | mhariri = [[Mark Helfrich (mhariri wa filamu)|Mark Helfrich]]<ref name="afi"/> | kampuni_ya_utayarishaji = [[The Cannon Group|Cannon Films]]<ref name="afi"/> | msambazaji = [[MGM/UA Entertainment Co.]]<ref name="afi"/> | tarehe_ya_kutoka = {{Film date|1983|9|7|ref1=<ref name="afi"/>}} | muda = dakika 90 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = Dola 700,000<ref name="Electric Boogaloo">{{cite AV media |people= |last=Hartley |first=Mark |date= 2014 |title=[[Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films]] |url= |trans-title= |format= |work= |type= |language= |location= |publisher=Umbrella Entertainment }}</ref> | mapato = Dola milioni 14 ({{estimation}}) | imetolewa = }} '''''Revenge of the Ninja''''' ni filamu ya mapigano ya [[karate]] na [[ninja]] ya Kimarekani ya mwaka 1983 iliyoongozwa na [[Sam Firstenberg]]. Washiriki wakuu wa filamu hii ni [[Sho Kosugi]], [[Keith Vitali]], [[Virgil Frye]], Arthur Roberts, pamoja na [[Kane Kosugi]] katika muonekano wake wa kwanza kabisa kwenye filamu. Kisa cha filamu kinamfuatilia ninja mmoja anayejaribu kumlinda mtoto wake wa pekee dhidi ya genge la wahalifu wasio na huruma. Hii ni sehemu ya pili katika mfululizo wa mkusanyiko wa filamu tatu za ninja ("Trilojia ya Ninja") za kampuni ya [[The Cannon Group|Cannon Films]], ikianza na ''[[Enter the Ninja]]'' (1981) na kumalizika na ''[[Ninja III: The Domination]]'' (1984). Filamu hii ilipata mafanikio makubwa sana kwenye mapato ya masanduku ya tiketi, ingawa ilipokea maoni mchanganyiko kutoka kwa wakosoaji, na imejizolea mashabiki wengi waaminifu baada ya muda kupita. == Kisa == Huko [[Japani]], nyumba ya Cho Osaki inashambuliwa na jeshi la ukoo wa ninja hasimu, jambo linalopelekea kuuawa kwa familia yake yote isipokuwa mama yake na mtoto wake mdogo wa kiume, Kane. Cho anapofika kwenye makazi yake na kugundua mauaji hayo, maninja hao wanajaribu kumuua yeye pia, lakini Cho, ambaye mwenyewe ni ninja mwenye ujuzi wa hali ya juu, analipiza kisasi kwa familia yake na kuwaua maninja wote walioshambulia. Hata hivyo, baada ya hapo, anaapa kuacha maisha ya ninja milele na kuhamia Amerika pamoja na mtoto na mama yake. Akiwa huko, anafungua jumba la maonyesho ya sanaa za Kimashariki kwa msaada wa mshirika wake wa biashara na rafiki yake Mmarekani aitwaye Braden, pamoja na msaidizi wake Cathy. Usiku mmoja, Kane anaangusha kwa bahati mbaya na kuvunja moja ya wanasesere, na kugundua unga mweupe (ambao kiuhalisia ni [[heroin]]) uliokuwa ndani yake. Inadhihirika kuwa Braden anatumia jumba hilo la sanaa kama kichaka cha biashara yake ya kusafirisha dawa za kulevya kwa kificho. Anajaribu kufanya makubaliano na Caifano, ambaye ni bosi wa magenge ya wahalifu, lakini Caifano na Braden wanashindwa kuelewana na hatimaye wanaingia kwenye vita vya kugombea maeneo ya kibiashara. Braden, akijigeuza kuwa ninja aliyevaa kinyago cha fedha cha "shetani", anaanza kuwaua watoa taarifa na ndugu wa Caifano ili kumfanya anywee na kuogopa. Polisi wanachanganyikiwa na mauaji hayo, na mkufunzi pamoja na mtaalamu wa karate wa polisi wa eneo hilo, Dave Hatcher, anapewa jukumu la kutafuta mshauri wa masuala hayo. Dave anamshawishi rafiki yake Cho amwone bosi wake, na Cho anathibitisha kuwa ni ninja tu anayeweza kufanya uhalifu huo, lakini anakataa kuwasaidia polisi zaidi ya hapo.<ref name="Maltin">{{cite book|last=Maltin|first=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Maltin|title=Leonard Maltin's 2012 Movie Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akMCIHi4MPUC|date=6 September 2011|publisher=Penguin Group USA, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-451-23447-6|page=1162}}</ref> Ili kuepuka kulipia 'bidhaa' hizo, Caifano anatuma watu wanne kuiba kwenye jumba hilo la sanaa. Cho anaingia jumbani humo wakati wahalifu hao wakipakia bidhaa kwenye gari la kubebea mizigo (van), anashambuliwa na anaamua kupambana nao kwa mikono. Wasaidizi hao wa wahalifu wanatoroka kwa gari hilo huku Cho akiwafuatia, lakini anashindwa kuwazuia wezi hao wasitoroke. Wakati huo huo, Braden anafika kwa siri kwenye jumba la sanaa la Cho na kukuta limepogolewa. Mama yake Cho na Kane wote wanakutana naye; Braden anamuua mama yake Cho, lakini Kane anafanikiwa kumkwepa. Cho, akiwa amejeruhiwa vibaya, anarudi na kumkuta mama yake ameuawa na mtoto wake amepotea. Ili kumaliza shahidi wa mwisho, Braden anamfanyia Cathy ushawishi wa kisaikolojia—ambaye ana upendo wa siri kwa Cho—ili amtafute na kumleta Kane. Cathy anapozinduka na kupata fahamu zake vizuri, anawasiliana na Cho na kumfahamisha kuhusu usaliti wa Braden na kwamba yeye ni ninja. Akiona mtoto wake pekee aliyesalia yuko kwenye hatari ya kifo, Cho anavunja kiapo chake cha kutofanya vurugu na kuelekea kwenye makao makuu ya Caifano ili kumzuia Braden. Wakati huo huo, Braden anagundua usaliti wa Cathy na anajiandaa kumnyonga. Kane anajikomboa yeye mwenyewe pamoja na Cathy, na wawili hao wanatoa taarifa kwa mamlaka. Braden anafanya shambulio lake la mwisho dhidi ya Caifano na shirika lake, akimwua kila mtu anayekutana naye. Akiwa na hamu ya kumsaidia Cho, Dave naye anakimbilia makao makuu ya Caifano lakini anavamiwa na Braden, ambaye anamjeruhi vibaya hadi kufa. Cho anakimbia kumsaidia rafiki yake huyo mwaminifu, lakini Dave anafia mikononi mwake. Braden na Cho wanapambana pambano la kufa na kupona juu ya jengo refu la ghorofa la Caifano. Baada ya mapambano marefu, Cho anamuua Braden na kuungana tena na mtoto wake pamoja na Cathy wakati filamu ikielekea tamati. == Waigizaji == * [[Sho Kosugi]] kama Cho Osaki * [[Keith Vitali]] kama Dave Hatcher * [[Virgil Frye]] kama Luteni Dime * Arthur Roberts kama Braden * [[Mario Gallo (mwigizaji)|Mario Gallo]] kama Caifano * [[Kane Kosugi]] kama Kane Osaki * Grace Oshita kama Bibi (Grandmother) * Ashley Ferrare kama Cathy * [[John LaMotta]] kama Joe * Don Shanks kama Chief * [[Professor Toru Tanaka]] kama Mtumishi wa Sumo * Joe Pagliuso kama Alberto * Mel Hampton kama Detektif Rios * Oscar Rowland kama Mtoa taarifa mwenye jicho moja * Alan Amiel kama Kiongozi wa ninja wekundu * Shane Kosugi kama Mtoto wa kwanza wa Cho == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb title|0082850}} {{Sam Firstenberg}} [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na Sam Firstenberg]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1983]] 2p8h1r9vzofoaexw31xm44zo2ciiumv 0 241555 1576793 1576669 2026-06-26T13:40:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Binfield Park''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto Tyhume]] karibu na mji wa Alice katika Mkoa wa [[Rasi ya Mashariki]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Bwawa hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1986 na likaanza kufanya kazi rasmi mwaka 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phiri |first=P. |last2=Okeyo |first2=D. O. |date=2015-12-31 |title=In search of potential eco-tourism and eco-femini-tourism artifacts from rural Eastern Cape Province of South Africa : a case of Binfield, Hopefield and Mazotsho village communities of Nkonkobe Municipality |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC-52cbb7c21 |journal=African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance |volume=21 |issue=2.2 |pages=426–440 |doi=10.10520/EJC-52cbb7c21}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] 75ibd7au1l0l81pr61022cfkr52zc0o 0 241556 1576794 1576672 2026-06-26T13:41:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bivane''' (hapo awali lilijulikana kama '''Bwawa la Paris''') ni bwawa la aina ya arch lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto Bivane]] karibu na mji wa [[Vryheid]] katika Mkoa wa [[KwaZulu-Natal]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bivane Dam|url=https://www.bivanedam.co.za/|accessdate=2026-06-26|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bwawa hili lilianzishwa mwaka 2000. Lengo lake kuu ni kutoa maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba na matumizi ya nyumbani. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] e6tdungcmhm38la9rfkzwtlf6hrb2lt 0 241557 1576796 1576673 2026-06-26T13:42:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bloemhof''' ni bwawa lililopo nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], kwenye makutano ya [[Mto Vaal]] na [[Mto Vet]], mpakani mwa [[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)|Mkoa wa North West]] na Mkoa wa [[Dola Huru|Free State]]. Bwawa hili lilikuwa likijulikana awali kama '''Bwawa la Oppermansdrif''' wakati wa ujenzi wake mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloemhof Dam|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/orange/Vaal/bloemhof.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] hd2beghbrg9o76ssy4askru5a20afce 0 241558 1576798 1576674 2026-06-26T13:43:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Blyderivierpoort''' ni bwawa la aina ya gravity-arch lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto Blyde]], katika sehemu ya chini ya Bonde la Blyde (Blyde River Canyon), karibu na mji wa [[Hoedspruit]] katika Mkoa wa [[Mpumalanga]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] mioi8uth3urcjj8fbyto3ocpetbck7c 0 241559 1576799 1576675 2026-06-26T13:44:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bon Accord''' ni bwawa la kujazwa udongo (earth-fill dam) lililojengwa kwenye Mto Apies, takribani kilomita 15 kaskazini mwa mji wa [[Pretoria]] katika Mkoa wa [[Gauteng]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> Bwawa hili lina kingo za udongo na njia ya kumwaga maji ya ziada (spillway) iliyopo pembeni. Eneo linalokusanya maji ya bwawa lina ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 315, na sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ipo ndani ya City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] cvtl7u9lz95y54bxji9t1hk965xs7ep 0 241560 1576800 1576676 2026-06-26T13:45:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bospoort''' ni bwawa la aina ya gravity/earth-fill lililojengwa kwenye Mto Hex, ambao ni tawi la Mto Elands na sehemu ya beseni la Mto Crocodile (Limpopo). Bwawa hili lipo karibu na mji wa [[Rustenburg]] katika Mkoa wa [[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)|North West]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] eyviacq3c515yoqjtbhablfvb2a6sl7 0 241561 1576801 1576677 2026-06-26T13:46:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Brandvlei''' ni bwawa la aina ya kujazwa udongo (earth-fill dam) lililojengwa kwenye Mto Lower Brandvlei katika Mkoa wa [[Rasi ya Magharibi|Western Cape]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Bwawa hili lilikamilika mwaka 1983. Chanzo chake kikuu cha maji ni Mto Holsloot, ambao huingiza maji kwenye hifadhi ya bwawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] npime2m36v7dcc5jdierpjfzhi5dz5m 0 241562 1576802 1576678 2026-06-26T13:47:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Bridle Drift''' ni bwawa la aina ya rock-fill lililojengwa kwenye Mto Buffalo karibu na mji wa [[East London]] katika Mkoa wa [[Rasi ya Mashariki]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1969 na kufanyiwa ukarabati mwaka 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridle Drift RQS DAMS 2004-05-21 - 08:17:50|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/bridle_drift.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] eli5d8vxnj5ghatghh3lq4hqzbig7v7 0 241563 1576803 1576679 2026-06-26T13:47:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Buffeljags''' ni bwawa la aina ya gravity/earth-fill lililojengwa kwenye Mto Buffeljags karibu na mji wa Swellendam katika Mkoa wa [[Rasi ya Magharibi]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1967 na kufanyiwa ukarabati mwaka 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buffeljags {{!}} Xplorio Swellendam|url=https://xplorio.com/swellendam/en/about/areas/buffeljags/|work=Xplorio|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] semk35ilfpdlvot0j8e9thpqxt5cxhr 0 241574 1576804 1576694 2026-06-26T13:48:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576804 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa''' '''la''' '''Buffelspoort''' ni bwawa la aina ya arch lililojengwa kwenye Mto Sterkstroom, ambao ni tawi la Mto Crocodile, katika Mkoa wa [[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)|North West]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lengo kuu la Bwawa la Buffelspoort ni kuhifadhi maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mashamba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] klcduryoxje6lm9l2iuethewb34wyur 0 241575 1576724 2026-06-26T12:22:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mtshabezi Dam]] hadi [[Lambo la Mtshabezi]]: jina la Kiswahili 1576724 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lambo la Mtshabezi]] 0ucejj8xqyhf2bt8ajk4wwvipf7m63n 0 241576 1576729 2026-06-26T12:24:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mita Hills Dam]] hadi [[Lambo la Mita Hills]]: jina la Kiswahili 1576729 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lambo la Mita Hills]] s04jnk7cffoi5dfy68um2boeu887mfl 0 241577 1576753 2026-06-26T12:48:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kituo cha Umeme wa Maji cha Fincha]] hadi [[Kituo cha Umememaji cha Fincha]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576753 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kituo cha Umememaji cha Fincha]] 4zdgpm22xr5atszvafngad4e3xepwmi 0 241578 1576760 2026-06-26T12:58:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Kinamasi]] 1576760 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[kinamasi]] 68c9tbe3gsecek8ddmvq39xu8si04zr 0 241579 1576779 2026-06-26T13:24:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kituo cha Umeme wa Maji cha Batoka Gorge]] hadi [[Kituo cha Umememaji cha Batoka Gorge]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576779 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kituo cha Umememaji cha Batoka Gorge]] arursaown27f27k7sjg1huhhlcsz9rt 0 241580 1576786 2026-06-26T13:34:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[One More Chance (filamu ya 1981)]] hadi [[One More Chance]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576786 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[One More Chance]] twj1wq41ns2d2d6wofzcci6cms8d9yh 0 241582 1576811 2026-06-26T14:15:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Milhamah''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] au [[karne ya 1 KK]], kikibashiri miaka 49 ya [[vita]] vya mwisho kati ya wana wa mwanga na wana wa giza na kutoa maelezo ya kufaa. Kilipatikana tena katika [[Pango (jiolojia)|mapango]] ya [[Qumran]]. ==Tazama pia== * Maandik...' 1576811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Milhamah''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] au [[karne ya 1 KK]], kikibashiri miaka 49 ya [[vita]] vya mwisho kati ya wana wa mwanga na wana wa giza na kutoa maelezo ya kufaa. Kilipatikana tena katika [[Pango (jiolojia)|mapango]] ya [[Qumran]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] nujtl18m4ug36i7rahqh0vbg5os3ebl 0 241583 1576812 2026-06-26T14:22:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Mwanzo Mdogo''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] au [[karne ya 1 KK]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], isipokuwa na [[Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] na [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea|Eritrea]]. Kinasimulia upya habari za vitabu vya [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]] na Kutoka (Biblia)|Kut...' 1576812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Mwanzo Mdogo''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] au [[karne ya 1 KK]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], isipokuwa na [[Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] na [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea|Eritrea]]. Kinasimulia upya habari za vitabu vya [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]] na [[Kutoka (Biblia)|Kutoka]] kwa kuzigawa katika makundi ya miaka 49 kila moja ([[Jubilei]]). ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] 382a8cu4ynqx7rztysenv792yb5rkpe 1576813 1576812 2026-06-26T14:24:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Mwanzo Mdogo''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] au [[karne ya 1 KK]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], isipokuwa na [[Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] na [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea|Eritrea]]. Kinasimulia upya habari za vitabu vya [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]] na [[Kutoka (Biblia)|Kutoka]] kwa kuzigawa katika makundi ya miaka 49 kila moja ([[Jubilei]]). ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * Martin Jr. Abegg. ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible''. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1999. {{ISBN|0-06-060063-2}}. * Matthias Albani, Jörg Frey, Armin Lange. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr5nal2Bq9YC&pg=PP13 Studies in the Book of Jubilees]''. Leuven: Peeters, 1997. {{ISBN|3-16-146793-0}}. * [[Hanoch Albeck|Chanoch Albeck]]. ''{{lang|de|Das Buch der Jubiläen und die Halacha}}'' Berlin: Scholem, 1930. * {{cite book |last=Boccacini |first=Gabriele |year=1998 |title=Beyond the Essene Hypothesis |publisher=Eerdmans}} * {{Cite book|last=Charles|first=Robert Henry|author-link=Robert Henry Charles |title=The Ethiopic Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |year=1895 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last=Charles|first=Robert Henry|author-link=Robert Henry Charles |title=The Book of Jubilees or the Little Genesis |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |location=London |year=1902 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjubileesor00char}} * Gene L. Davenport. ''The Eschatology of the Book of Jubilees'' (SPB 20) Leiden: Brill, 1971. * Albert-Marie Denis. ''{{lang|fr|Concordance latine du Liber Jubilaeorum sive parva Genesis}}'' ({{lang|fr|Informatique et étude de textes}} 4; Louvain: CETEDOC, 1973) * [[August Dillmann]]. "Mashafa kufale sive Liber Jubilaeorum... aethiopice". Kiel, and London: Van Maack, Williams &Norgate, 1859. * August Dillmann, and Hermann Rönsch. ''Das Buch der Jubiläen; oder, Die kleine Genesis''. Leipzig: 1874. * John C. Endres. ''Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Jubilees'' (Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 18) Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1987. {{ISBN|0-915170-17-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Book of Jubilees Among the Apocalypses |year=2008 |first=Todd Russell |last=Hanneken}} * {{cite journal|last=Katsumata|first=Etsuko|date=2012 |title=Abraham the Iconoclast: Different Interpretations in the Literature of the Second Temple Period, the Texts of Rabbinic Judaism, and the Quran|journal=Journal of the Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions|volume=8 |pages=37–58}} * {{cite book |last=Kugel |first=James L. |author-link=James L. Kugel |title=A walk through Jubilees: studies in the Book of Jubilees and the world of its creation |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-900421768-3}} * {{cite journal|author=Jan M.F. van Reeth|title=Le Prophète musulman en tant que Nâsir Allâh et ses antécédents: le "Nazôraios" évangélique et le livre des jubilés|journal=Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica |year=1992 |volume=23|pages=251–274 |doi=10.2143/OLP.23.1.519174}} * Michael Segal. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lrywCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR3 The Book of Jubilees: Rewritten Bible, Redaction, Ideology and Theology]''. Leiden-Boston, 2007. {{ISBN|978-90-04-15057-7}}. * Michel Testuz. ''{{lang|fr|Les idées religieuses du livre des Jubilés}}'' Geneva: Droz, 1960. * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1977 |title=Textual and Historical Studies in the Book of Jubilees |series=Harvard Semitic monographs |volume=14 |publisher=Missoula: Scholars Press}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1989a |title=The Book of Jubilees. A Critical Text |volume=I |place=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-0551-1}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1989b |title=The Book of Jubilees. Translation |place=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-0552-8}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=2000 |chapter=The Book of Jubilees |editor1=L. H. Schiffman |editor2=J. C. VanderKam |title=Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls |volume=I |publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-vUAwAAQBAJ |title=The Book of Jubilees |place=Sheffield |series=Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha |publisher=[[Sheffield Academic Press]] |volume=9 |isbn=978-1-85075-767-2}} * {{cite book |title=Jubilees: A Commentary in Two Volumes |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5064-3848-1}} * {{cite book |title=Jubilees: The Hermeneia Translation |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5064-6704-7 |url=}} * {{cite book |last=Wintermute |first=Orval S. |year=1985 |chapter=Jubilees |title=Old Testament Pseudepigrapha |editor=James H. Charlesworth |place=Garden City, NY |publisher=Doubleday |volume=2 |pages=35–142}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://archive.org/details/bookofjubileesor00char/page/n7 The text translated by R.H. Charles, 1902, with introduction and notes.] * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=582&letter=J ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' entry] * [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08535a.htm The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' view] * [http://www.ntcanon.org/lists.shtml Development of the Canon] * [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/jubilees.html Jubilees at earlyjewishwritings.com] * [http://www.tau.ac.il/~hacohen/Jubil/Jubilp%201.html Ge'ez text of Jubilees (first page)] * [https://www.academia.edu/5955414/Ethiopic_Jubilees_Reading_Guide_11_1-10_The_Rise_of_Civilization Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 11:1-10] * [https://www.academia.edu/6136703/Ethiopic_Jubilees_Reading_Guide_The_Aqedah_17_15-18_16 Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 17:15-18:16] * {{librivox book | title=Book of Jubilees}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] i7k29haer6ghj75fjuuzo97x1wwwp8h 1576814 1576813 2026-06-26T14:25:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1576814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Mwanzo Mdogo''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] au [[karne ya 1 KK]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], isipokuwa na [[Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] na [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea|Eritrea]]. Kinasimulia upya habari za vitabu vya [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]] na [[Kutoka (Biblia)|Kutoka]] kwa kuzigawa katika makundi ya miaka 49 kila moja ([[Jubilei]]). ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * Martin Jr. Abegg. ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible''. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1999. {{ISBN|0-06-060063-2}}. * Matthias Albani, Jörg Frey, Armin Lange. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr5nal2Bq9YC&pg=PP13 Studies in the Book of Jubilees]''. Leuven: Peeters, 1997. {{ISBN|3-16-146793-0}}. * [[Hanoch Albeck|Chanoch Albeck]]. ''{{lang|de|Das Buch der Jubiläen und die Halacha}}'' Berlin: Scholem, 1930. * {{cite book |last=Boccacini |first=Gabriele |year=1998 |title=Beyond the Essene Hypothesis |publisher=Eerdmans}} * {{Cite book|last=Charles|first=Robert Henry|author-link=Robert Henry Charles |title=The Ethiopic Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |year=1895 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last=Charles|first=Robert Henry|author-link=Robert Henry Charles |title=The Book of Jubilees or the Little Genesis |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |location=London |year=1902 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjubileesor00char}} * Gene L. Davenport. ''The Eschatology of the Book of Jubilees'' (SPB 20) Leiden: Brill, 1971. * Albert-Marie Denis. ''{{lang|fr|Concordance latine du Liber Jubilaeorum sive parva Genesis}}'' ({{lang|fr|Informatique et étude de textes}} 4; Louvain: CETEDOC, 1973) * [[August Dillmann]]. "Mashafa kufale sive Liber Jubilaeorum... aethiopice". Kiel, and London: Van Maack, Williams &Norgate, 1859. * August Dillmann, and Hermann Rönsch. ''Das Buch der Jubiläen; oder, Die kleine Genesis''. Leipzig: 1874. * John C. Endres. ''Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Jubilees'' (Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 18) Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1987. {{ISBN|0-915170-17-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Book of Jubilees Among the Apocalypses |year=2008 |first=Todd Russell |last=Hanneken}} * {{cite journal|last=Katsumata|first=Etsuko|date=2012 |title=Abraham the Iconoclast: Different Interpretations in the Literature of the Second Temple Period, the Texts of Rabbinic Judaism, and the Quran|journal=Journal of the Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions|volume=8 |pages=37–58}} * {{cite book |last=Kugel |first=James L. |author-link=James L. Kugel |title=A walk through Jubilees: studies in the Book of Jubilees and the world of its creation |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-900421768-3}} * {{cite journal|author=Jan M.F. van Reeth|title=Le Prophète musulman en tant que Nâsir Allâh et ses antécédents: le "Nazôraios" évangélique et le livre des jubilés|journal=Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica |year=1992 |volume=23|pages=251–274 |doi=10.2143/OLP.23.1.519174}} * Michael Segal. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lrywCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR3 The Book of Jubilees: Rewritten Bible, Redaction, Ideology and Theology]''. Leiden-Boston, 2007. {{ISBN|978-90-04-15057-7}}. * Michel Testuz. ''{{lang|fr|Les idées religieuses du livre des Jubilés}}'' Geneva: Droz, 1960. * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1977 |title=Textual and Historical Studies in the Book of Jubilees |series=Harvard Semitic monographs |volume=14 |publisher=Missoula: Scholars Press}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1989a |title=The Book of Jubilees. A Critical Text |volume=I |place=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-0551-1}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1989b |title=The Book of Jubilees. Translation |place=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-0552-8}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=2000 |chapter=The Book of Jubilees |editor1=L. H. Schiffman |editor2=J. C. VanderKam |title=Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls |volume=I |publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-vUAwAAQBAJ |title=The Book of Jubilees |place=Sheffield |series=Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha |publisher=[[Sheffield Academic Press]] |volume=9 |isbn=978-1-85075-767-2}} * {{cite book |title=Jubilees: A Commentary in Two Volumes |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5064-3848-1}} * {{cite book |title=Jubilees: The Hermeneia Translation |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5064-6704-7 |url=}} * {{cite book |last=Wintermute |first=Orval S. |year=1985 |chapter=Jubilees |title=Old Testament Pseudepigrapha |editor=James H. Charlesworth |place=Garden City, NY |publisher=Doubleday |volume=2 |pages=35–142}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://archive.org/details/bookofjubileesor00char/page/n7 The text translated by R.H. Charles, 1902, with introduction and notes.] * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=582&letter=J ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' entry] * [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08535a.htm The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' view] * [http://www.ntcanon.org/lists.shtml Development of the Canon] * [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/jubilees.html Jubilees at earlyjewishwritings.com] * [http://www.tau.ac.il/~hacohen/Jubil/Jubilp%201.html Ge'ez text of Jubilees (first page)] * [https://www.academia.edu/5955414/Ethiopic_Jubilees_Reading_Guide_11_1-10_The_Rise_of_Civilization Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 11:1-10] * [https://www.academia.edu/6136703/Ethiopic_Jubilees_Reading_Guide_The_Aqedah_17_15-18_16 Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 17:15-18:16] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] 2dxevg582ej5vbgp9gl1zd855eefeyu 1576840 1576814 2026-06-26T17:45:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1576840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Mwanzo Mdogo''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] au [[karne ya 1 KK]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], isipokuwa na [[Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] na [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea|Eritrea]]. Kinasimulia upya habari za vitabu vya [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]] na [[Kutoka (Biblia)|Kutoka]] kwa kuzigawa katika makundi ya miaka 49 kila moja ([[Jubilei]]). ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * Martin Jr. Abegg. ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible''. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1999. {{ISBN|0-06-060063-2}}. * Matthias Albani, Jörg Frey, Armin Lange. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr5nal2Bq9YC&pg=PP13 Studies in the Book of Jubilees]''. Leuven: Peeters, 1997. {{ISBN|3-16-146793-0}}. * [[Hanoch Albeck|Chanoch Albeck]]. ''{{lang|de|Das Buch der Jubiläen und die Halacha}}'' Berlin: Scholem, 1930. * {{cite book |last=Boccacini |first=Gabriele |year=1998 |title=Beyond the Essene Hypothesis |publisher=Eerdmans}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Charles|first=Robert Henry|author-link=Robert Henry Charles |title=The Ethiopic Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |year=1895 |ref=none}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Charles|first=Robert Henry|author-link=Robert Henry Charles |title=The Book of Jubilees or the Little Genesis |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |location=London |year=1902 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjubileesor00char}} * Gene L. Davenport. ''The Eschatology of the Book of Jubilees'' (SPB 20) Leiden: Brill, 1971. * Albert-Marie Denis. ''{{lang|fr|Concordance latine du Liber Jubilaeorum sive parva Genesis}}'' ({{lang|fr|Informatique et étude de textes}} 4; Louvain: CETEDOC, 1973) * [[August Dillmann]]. "Mashafa kufale sive Liber Jubilaeorum... aethiopice". Kiel, and London: Van Maack, Williams &Norgate, 1859. * August Dillmann, and Hermann Rönsch. ''Das Buch der Jubiläen; oder, Die kleine Genesis''. Leipzig: 1874. * John C. Endres. ''Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Jubilees'' (Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 18) Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1987. {{ISBN|0-915170-17-5}}. * {{Rejea kitabu |title=The Book of Jubilees Among the Apocalypses |year=2008 |first=Todd Russell |last=Hanneken}} * {{cite journal|last=Katsumata|first=Etsuko|date=2012 |title=Abraham the Iconoclast: Different Interpretations in the Literature of the Second Temple Period, the Texts of Rabbinic Judaism, and the Quran|journal=Journal of the Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions|volume=8 |pages=37–58}} * {{cite book |last=Kugel |first=James L. |author-link=James L. Kugel |title=A walk through Jubilees: studies in the Book of Jubilees and the world of its creation |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-900421768-3}} * {{cite journal|author=Jan M.F. van Reeth|title=Le Prophète musulman en tant que Nâsir Allâh et ses antécédents: le "Nazôraios" évangélique et le livre des jubilés|journal=Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica |year=1992 |volume=23|pages=251–274 |doi=10.2143/OLP.23.1.519174}} * Michael Segal. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lrywCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR3 The Book of Jubilees: Rewritten Bible, Redaction, Ideology and Theology]''. Leiden-Boston, 2007. {{ISBN|978-90-04-15057-7}}. * Michel Testuz. ''{{lang|fr|Les idées religieuses du livre des Jubilés}}'' Geneva: Droz, 1960. * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1977 |title=Textual and Historical Studies in the Book of Jubilees |series=Harvard Semitic monographs |volume=14 |publisher=Missoula: Scholars Press}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1989a |title=The Book of Jubilees. A Critical Text |volume=I |place=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-0551-1}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=1989b |title=The Book of Jubilees. Translation |place=Leuven |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-0552-8}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=2000 |chapter=The Book of Jubilees |editor1=L. H. Schiffman |editor2=J. C. VanderKam |title=Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls |volume=I |publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-vUAwAAQBAJ |title=The Book of Jubilees |place=Sheffield |series=Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha |publisher=[[Sheffield Academic Press]] |volume=9 |isbn=978-1-85075-767-2}} * {{cite book |title=Jubilees: A Commentary in Two Volumes |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5064-3848-1}} * {{cite book |title=Jubilees: The Hermeneia Translation |last=VanderKam |first=James C. |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5064-6704-7 |url=}} * {{cite book |last=Wintermute |first=Orval S. |year=1985 |chapter=Jubilees |title=Old Testament Pseudepigrapha |editor=James H. Charlesworth |place=Garden City, NY |publisher=Doubleday |volume=2 |pages=35–142}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://archive.org/details/bookofjubileesor00char/page/n7 The text translated by R.H. Charles, 1902, with introduction and notes.] * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=582&letter=J ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' entry] * [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08535a.htm The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' view] * [http://www.ntcanon.org/lists.shtml Development of the Canon] * [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/jubilees.html Jubilees at earlyjewishwritings.com] * [http://www.tau.ac.il/~hacohen/Jubil/Jubilp%201.html Ge'ez text of Jubilees (first page)] * [https://www.academia.edu/5955414/Ethiopic_Jubilees_Reading_Guide_11_1-10_The_Rise_of_Civilization Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 11:1-10] * [https://www.academia.edu/6136703/Ethiopic_Jubilees_Reading_Guide_The_Aqedah_17_15-18_16 Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 17:15-18:16] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] 4ov51vuexkuywda2zwc987h8dk8bpz7 0 241584 1576815 2026-06-26T14:28:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Wasia wa Musa''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa katika [[karne ya 1]] kikidai kusimulia matabiri ya [[siri]] ya [[Musa]] kwa [[Yoshua]] kuhusu [[historia ya Israeli]] na [[mwisho wa nyakati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1576815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Wasia wa Musa''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa katika [[karne ya 1]] kikidai kusimulia matabiri ya [[siri]] ya [[Musa]] kwa [[Yoshua]] kuhusu [[historia ya Israeli]] na [[mwisho wa nyakati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] dfih51m928cpyt7ql220tzj5jxz6ap6 1576816 1576815 2026-06-26T14:31:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Wasia wa Musa''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa na [[Wayahudi|Myahudi]] katika [[karne ya 1]] kikidai kusimulia [[utabiri|matabiri]] ya [[siri]] ya [[Musa]] kwa [[Yoshua]] kuhusu [[historia ya Israeli]] na [[mwisho wa nyakati]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Apocalyptic literature : a reader|last=Reddish, Mitchell Glenn|date=1995|publisher=Hendrickson Pub|isbn=1565632109|oclc=34877180}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Vyanzo== *Tromp, Johannes (1997) ''The Assumption of Moses: A Critical Edition With Commentary'' Brill Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09779-1}} *J. Priest ''Testament of Moses, a new Translation and Introduction'' in ed. James Charlesworth ''The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol 1'' {{ISBN|0-385-09630-5}} (1983) *D. Maggiorotti ''Testamento di Mosè'' in ed. P.Sacchi ''Apocrifi dell'Antico Testamento Vol 4'' {{ISBN|88-394-0587-9}} (2000) ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2124 Text of the ''Assumption of Moses''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230627114545/http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2124 Archived] from the original on June 27, 2023. * [http://www.biblicalaudio.com/ascension.html Ascension (Assumption) of Moses: 2015 Critical Translation with Audio Drama] at biblicalaudio * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508051205/http://ocp.tyndale.ca/assumption-of-moses#1-12 The Online Critical Pseudepigrapha: Latin text] {{Jewish Apocrypha}}{{Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] 4eswws2ldzkkpr2iqbgxji4ps3wjkg5 1576817 1576816 2026-06-26T14:33:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1576817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Wasia wa Musa''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa na [[Wayahudi|Myahudi]] katika [[karne ya 1]] kikidai kusimulia [[utabiri|matabiri]] ya [[siri]] ya [[Musa]] kwa [[Yoshua]] kuhusu [[historia ya Israeli]] na [[mwisho wa nyakati]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Apocalyptic literature : a reader|last=Reddish, Mitchell Glenn|date=1995|publisher=Hendrickson Pub|isbn=1565632109|oclc=34877180}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Vyanzo== *Tromp, Johannes (1997) ''The Assumption of Moses: A Critical Edition With Commentary'' Brill Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09779-1}} *J. Priest ''Testament of Moses, a new Translation and Introduction'' in ed. James Charlesworth ''The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol 1'' {{ISBN|0-385-09630-5}} (1983) *D. Maggiorotti ''Testamento di Mosè'' in ed. P.Sacchi ''Apocrifi dell'Antico Testamento Vol 4'' {{ISBN|88-394-0587-9}} (2000) ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2124 Text of the ''Assumption of Moses''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230627114545/http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2124 Archived] from the original on June 27, 2023. * [http://www.biblicalaudio.com/ascension.html Ascension (Assumption) of Moses: 2015 Critical Translation with Audio Drama] at biblicalaudio * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508051205/http://ocp.tyndale.ca/assumption-of-moses#1-12 The Online Critical Pseudepigrapha: Latin text] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] gifxhaafll5u49c9jj1wz7w1hans9u1 1576842 1576817 2026-06-26T17:53:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Wasia wa Musa''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa na [[Wayahudi|Myahudi]] katika [[karne ya 1]] kikidai kusimulia [[utabiri|matabiri]] ya [[siri]] ya [[Musa]] kwa [[Yoshua]] kuhusu [[historia ya Israeli]] na [[mwisho wa nyakati]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Apocalyptic literature : a reader|last=Reddish, Mitchell Glenn|date=1995|publisher=Hendrickson Pub|isbn=1565632109|oclc=34877180}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Vyanzo== *Tromp, Johannes (1997) ''The Assumption of Moses: A Critical Edition With Commentary'' Brill Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09779-1}} *J. Priest ''Testament of Moses, a new Translation and Introduction'' in ed. James Charlesworth ''The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol 1'' {{ISBN|0-385-09630-5}} (1983) *D. Maggiorotti ''Testamento di Mosè'' in ed. P.Sacchi ''Apocrifi dell'Antico Testamento Vol 4'' {{ISBN|88-394-0587-9}} (2000) ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2124 Text of the ''Assumption of Moses''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230627114545/http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2124 Archived] from the original on June 27, 2023. * [http://www.biblicalaudio.com/ascension.html Ascension (Assumption) of Moses: 2015 Critical Translation with Audio Drama] at biblicalaudio * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508051205/http://ocp.tyndale.ca/assumption-of-moses#1-12 The Online Critical Pseudepigrapha: Latin text] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] 2yzfl2oaas9wteejzcww2hjzlh4o4xg 0 241585 1576827 2026-06-26T15:13:33Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Lucian Freud | jina_halisi = Lucian Michael Freud | heshima_mwisho = OM, CH | picha = LucienFreud.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Freud mwaka 2005 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1922|12|8|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia, Jamhuri ya Weimar (Ujerumani) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|20|1922|12|8|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo...' 1576827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Lucian Freud | jina_halisi = Lucian Michael Freud | heshima_mwisho = OM, CH | picha = LucienFreud.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Freud mwaka 2005 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1922|12|8|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia, Jamhuri ya Weimar (Ujerumani) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|20|1922|12|8|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = London, Uingereza | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (1933–1938) * Uingereza (1938–2011) }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Shule ya Sanaa ya Kati * Shule ya Uchoraji na Michoro ya East Anglia * Chuo cha Goldsmiths }} | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''Cedric Morris'' (1940) * ''Portrait of Kitty'' (1948–49) * ''Benefits Supervisor Sleeping'' (1995) }} | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Kathleen Epstein (Kitty Garman) (ndoa 1948–1952, talaka) * Lady Caroline Blackwood (ndoa 1952–1959, talaka) }} | watoto = Wengi, akiwemo Annie Freud, Esther Freud, Bella Freud | baba = Ernst L. Freud | ndugu = Familia ya Freud }} '''Lucian Michael Freud''' (8 Desemba 1922 – 20 Julai 2011) alikuwa mchoraji na mchoraji wa michoro ya kiufundi wa [[Uingereza]], aliyebobea katika sanaa ya uwasilishaji wa umbo la mwanadamu, ambaye anajulikana kama mmoja wa wachoraji mashuhuri wa picha za watu wa karne ya 20 nchini Uingereza. Kazi zake za mapema kama mchoraji ziliathiriwa na mtindo wa uvukaji wa mipaka ya fikra, na baadaye na mtindo wa uwasilishaji wa hisia za ndani , lakini kufikia mapema miaka ya 1950, michoro yake ambayo mara nyingi ilionyesha upweke na utengano ilielekea kwenye mtindo wa uhalisia.<ref>"[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/lucian-freud-1120 Lucian Freud 1922–2011]. Tate. Retrieved October 2016</ref> Freud alikuwa mtu wa siri na mwenye kujihadhari sana, na michoro yake, iliyokamilika katika kipindi cha kazi cha miaka 60, mara nyingi ni ya marafiki na familia yake. Kwa ujumla, michoro hiyo ina muonekano wa huzuni na imepakwa rangi nene sana (impasto), na mara nyingi huwekwa katika mazingira ya ndani ya nyumba yanayotia wasiwasi au mandhari ya mijini. Kazi zake zinajulikana kwa kupenya kiakili na kisaikolojia, na mara nyingi huchunguza kwa namna isiyofurahisha uhusiano uliopo kati ya msanii na mwanamitindo wake. Freud alikuwa akichora akitazama moja kwa moja wahusika hai na alijulikana kwa kuwataka wanamitindo wake kukaa kwa muda mrefu na wenye kuchosha sana wakati akichora.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith |first=Roberta |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/arts/design/14freu.html |title=Lucian Freud Stripped Bare|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 December 2007 |access-date=2011-07-22}}</ref><ref>Gayford (2010).</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 28ibq8eoib0ui13r814jqacmulocdyg 0 241586 1576829 2026-06-26T15:30:32Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Piet Mondrian | jina_halisi = Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan | picha = Piet Mondriaan.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mondrian mwaka 1899 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1872|3|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Amersfoort, Uholanzi | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|1944|2|1|1872|3|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = New York City, Marekani | fani = Uchoraji...' 1576829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Piet Mondrian | jina_halisi = Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan | picha = Piet Mondriaan.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mondrian mwaka 1899 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1872|3|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Amersfoort, Uholanzi | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|1944|2|1|1872|3|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = New York City, Marekani | fani = Uchoraji | mafunzo = Rijksakademie (Chuo cha Sanaa, Amsterdam) | harakati = {{plainlist| * De Stijl * Sanaa ya kifasaha (abstract art) }} | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''Evening; Red Tree'' * ''Gray Tree'' * ''Composition with Red Blue and Yellow'' * ''Broadway Boogie Woogie'' * ''Victory Boogie Woogie'' }} | tuzo = | sahihi = Mondrian Signatur.svg }} '''Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan''' (7 Machi 1872 – 1 Februari 1944), aliyejulikana baada ya mwaka 1911 kama '''Piet Mondrian''', alikuwa mchoraji na mwana-nadharia wa sanaa wa [[Uholanzi]], ambaye anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii mashuhuri wa karne ya 20.<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica. [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Piet-Mondrian "Piet Mondrian | Biography, Paintings, & Facts"]. Ilipatikana mnamo Juni 2026.</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa sanaa isiyoshikika ya karne ya 20, kwani alibadilisha mwelekeo wake wa kisanii kutoka uchoraji wa maumbo halisi ya viumbe kwenda kwenye mtindo unaozidi kuwa wa kidhahania, hadi alipofikia hatua ambapo lugha yake ya kisanii ilipunguzwa na kuwa ya vipengele rahisi vya kijiometri. Sanaa ya Mondrian ilikuwa ya kidhahania mno, na ilijikita katika utafutaji wa maadili na uzuri wa ulimwengu wote. Alitangaza mnamo mwaka 1914, "Sanaa iko juu zaidi kuliko uhalisia na haina uhusiano wa moja kwa moja na uhalisia. Ili kukaribia mambo ya kiroho katika sanaa, mtu atatumia uhalisia kwa uchache kadiri iwezekanavyo, kwa sababu uhalisia unapingana na mambo ya kiroho. Tunajikuta mbele ya sanaa isiyoshikika. Sanaa inapaswa kuwa juu ya uhalisia, vinginevyo isingekuwa na thamani kwa mwanadamu."<ref>The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). [https://www.moma.org/artists/4057 "Piet Mondrian | MoMA"]. Ilipatikana mnamo Juni 2026.</ref> Alikuwa mchangiaji wa harakati na kikundi cha sanaa cha ''[[De Stijl]]'', ambacho alikianzisha kwa kushirikiana na [[Theo van Doesburg]]. Alianzisha mtindo usio wa uwasilishaji halisi aliouita ''[[Neoplasticism]]''. Hii ilikuwa sanaa mpya 'safi ya uundaji' ambayo aliamini ilikuwa muhimu ili kuunda 'uzuri wa ulimwengu wote'. Ili kueleza hili, hatimaye Mondrian aliamua kuweka mipaka ya lugha yake ya kimaumbo kwenye rangi tatu kuu (nyekundu, bluu, na manjano), viwango vitatu vikuu (nyeusi, nyeupe, na kijivu), na mwelekeo miwili mikuu (mlalo na wima). Kuwasili kwa Mondrian mjini [[Paris]] kutoka Uholanzi mnamo mwaka 1912 kuliashiria mwanzo wa kipindi cha mabadiliko makubwa. Alikutana na majaribio ya mtindo wa mchemko , na kwa nia ya kujumuika katika kundi la wasanii wa kimapinduzi wa Paris , aliondoa herufi 'a' moja kwenye tahajia ya Kihozi ya jina lake (Mondriaan).<ref>Kunstmuseum Den Haag. [https://www.kunstmuseum.nl/en/collection/piet-mondrian "Piet Mondrian in the collection of Kunstmuseum Den Haag"]. Ilipatikana mnamo Juni 2026.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1872]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1944]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 4umssrfsjqvgblnwp8l0dvsfsswg3kp 3 241588 1576845 2026-06-26T18:18:15Z Vermont 31957 Vermont moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:See my text below]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Roeland P.]] over redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/See my text below|See my text below]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Roeland P.|Roeland P.]]" 1576845 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Roeland P.]] 6fcglwjlzf90slhuo4yqc9ox1jcyacf 0 241589 1576877 2026-06-27T05:33:26Z Castro255 89781 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bwawa la Boskop''' ni bwawa la kujazwa kwa udongo (earth-fill dam) lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto]] Mooi, karibu na mji wa Potchefstroom katika North West. Bwawa hili lilikamilika kujengwa mwaka 1959. Lengo kuu la ujenzi wa bwawa hili ni umwagiliaji wa mashamba na usambazaji wa [[maji]] kwa matumizi ya nyumbani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boskop RQS DAMS 2004-05-21 - 08:13:07|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/boskop.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|acc...' 1576877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Boskop''' ni bwawa la kujazwa kwa udongo (earth-fill dam) lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto]] Mooi, karibu na mji wa Potchefstroom katika North West. Bwawa hili lilikamilika kujengwa mwaka 1959. Lengo kuu la ujenzi wa bwawa hili ni umwagiliaji wa mashamba na usambazaji wa [[maji]] kwa matumizi ya nyumbani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boskop RQS DAMS 2004-05-21 - 08:13:07|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/boskop.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 9cs71sgf5hvsudgxy32l22lsrbbjt0q 1576900 1576877 2026-06-27T08:06:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Boskop''' ni bwawa la kujazwa kwa udongo (earth-fill dam) lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto Mooi]], karibu na mji wa Potchefstroom katika [[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)]]. Bwawa hili lilikamilika kujengwa mwaka 1959. Lengo kuu la ujenzi wa bwawa hili ni umwagiliaji wa mashamba na usambazaji wa [[maji]] kwa matumizi ya nyumbani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boskop RQS DAMS 2004-05-21 - 08:13:07|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/boskop.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2wkrpr4rc3h7bvvw1nwxlm6440rmzb3 0 241590 1576878 2026-06-27T05:46:31Z Castro255 89781 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mradi wa Ingula wa Hifadhi ya Nishati kwa Kusukuma Maji''' (Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme), ambao hapo awali ulijulikana kama Braamhoek, ni kituo cha kuzalisha [[umeme]] kwa mfumo wa hifadhi ya maji kwa kusukuma (pumped-storage power station). Kituo hiki kipo kwenye mteremko wa safu ya milima ya Little Drakensberg, kinachopakana kati ya KwaZulu-Natal na Free State nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd|url=https://www.eskom...' 1576878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mradi wa Ingula wa Hifadhi ya Nishati kwa Kusukuma Maji''' (Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme), ambao hapo awali ulijulikana kama Braamhoek, ni kituo cha kuzalisha [[umeme]] kwa mfumo wa hifadhi ya maji kwa kusukuma (pumped-storage power station). Kituo hiki kipo kwenye mteremko wa safu ya milima ya Little Drakensberg, kinachopakana kati ya KwaZulu-Natal na Free State nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/|work=www.eskom.co.za|date=2025-07-03|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] savp6ifxk4eq8qogb6ttz9ojg20lmlu 1576880 1576878 2026-06-27T06:07:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mradi wa Ingula wa Hifadhi ya Nishati kwa Kusukuma Maji''' (Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme), ambao hapo awali ulijulikana kama Braamhoek, ni kituo cha kuzalisha [[umeme]] kwa mfumo wa hifadhi ya maji kwa kusukuma (pumped-storage power station). Kituo hiki kipo kwenye mteremko wa safu ya milima ya Little Drakensberg, kinachopakana kati ya KwaZulu-Natal na Free State nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/|work=www.eskom.co.za|date=2025-07-03|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 0l6telcurf7gccd3ipzipvjbklnceb1 1576901 1576880 2026-06-27T08:09:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mradi wa Hifadhi ya Maji wa Ingula''' (Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme), ambao hapo awali ulijulikana kama Braamhoek, ni kituo cha kuzalisha [[umeme]] kwa mfumo wa hifadhi ya maji kwa kusukuma (pumped-storage power station). Kituo hicho kipo kwenye mteremko wa safu ya milima ya Little Drakensberg, kinachopatikana kati ya [[KwaZulu-Natal]] na [[Dola Huru|Free State]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/|work=www.eskom.co.za|date=2025-07-03|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 5ir64x8nsqkvkdicv1y60qfgqjnqufz 1576902 1576901 2026-06-27T08:10:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mpango wa Hifadhi ya Maji wa Ingula]] hadi [[Mradi wa Hifadhi ya Maji wa Ingula]]: usahihi wa jina 1576901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mradi wa Hifadhi ya Maji wa Ingula''' (Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme), ambao hapo awali ulijulikana kama Braamhoek, ni kituo cha kuzalisha [[umeme]] kwa mfumo wa hifadhi ya maji kwa kusukuma (pumped-storage power station). Kituo hicho kipo kwenye mteremko wa safu ya milima ya Little Drakensberg, kinachopatikana kati ya [[KwaZulu-Natal]] na [[Dola Huru|Free State]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/|work=www.eskom.co.za|date=2025-07-03|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 5ir64x8nsqkvkdicv1y60qfgqjnqufz 0 241591 1576879 2026-06-27T05:55:48Z Castro255 89781 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bwawa la Greater Brandvlei''' ni bwawa la kujazwa kwa udongo (''earth-fill dam'') lililopo kwenye kijito kinachomwaga maji katika [[Mto]] Breede, karibu na Worcester, katika Magharibi Cape.<ref>{{Citation|title=List of rivers of South Africa|date=2026-05-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa&oldid=1352949487|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> Bwawa hili liliundwa baada ya kuunganishwa kw...' 1576879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Greater Brandvlei''' ni bwawa la kujazwa kwa udongo (''earth-fill dam'') lililopo kwenye kijito kinachomwaga maji katika [[Mto]] Breede, karibu na Worcester, katika Magharibi Cape.<ref>{{Citation|title=List of rivers of South Africa|date=2026-05-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa&oldid=1352949487|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> Bwawa hili liliundwa baada ya kuunganishwa kwa Bwawa la awali la Brandvlei (Ziwa Marais) na Bwawa la Kwaggaskloof kufuatia ukarabati mkubwa uliokamilika mwaka 1989. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] 7chvdfvjxgyta4qzm9mlc3up2rubcbm 1576904 1576879 2026-06-27T08:11:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Greater Brandvlei''' ni bwawa la kujazwa kwa udongo (''earth-fill dam'') lililopo kwenye kijito kinachomwaga maji katika [[Mto Breede]], karibu na [[Worcester, Rasi ya Magharibi|Worcester]], katika [[Rasi ya Magharibi]], [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Citation|title=List of rivers of South Africa|date=2026-05-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa&oldid=1352949487|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> Bwawa hili liliundwa baada ya kuunganishwa kwa [[Bwawa la Brandvlei|Bwawa la awali la Brandvlei]] (Ziwa Marais) na [[Bwawa la Kwaggaskloof]] kufuatia ukarabati mkubwa uliokamilika mwaka 1989. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] pnfaqp3oyhz0zpm6lmb5hhayelkmnqa 0 241592 1576881 2026-06-27T06:21:11Z Castro255 89781 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bwawa la Clanwilliam''' ni bwawa la saruji la aina ya [[uvutano]] bwawa lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto]] Olifants, karibu na Clanwilliam katika Magharibi Cape. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1935, na ukuta wake uliongezwa hadi kufikia urefu wake wa sasa wa [[mita]] 43 (futi 141) mwaka 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preview|url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Pages/Preview.aspx?ItemID=6671|work=www.wrc.org.za|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbeg...' 1576881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Clanwilliam''' ni bwawa la saruji la aina ya [[uvutano]] bwawa lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto]] Olifants, karibu na Clanwilliam katika Magharibi Cape. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1935, na ukuta wake uliongezwa hadi kufikia urefu wake wa sasa wa [[mita]] 43 (futi 141) mwaka 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preview|url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Pages/Preview.aspx?ItemID=6671|work=www.wrc.org.za|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] nt3i5aw9hxmz4yiryi8hieu7alvozxn 1576905 1576881 2026-06-27T08:12:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Clanwilliam''' ni bwawa la saruji la aina ya [[uvutano]] lililojengwa kwenye [[Mto Olifants]], karibu na Clanwilliam katika [[Rasi ya Magharibi]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Bwawa hili lilijengwa mwaka 1935, na ukuta wake uliongezwa hadi kufikia urefu wake wa sasa wa [[mita]] 43 (futi 141) mwaka 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preview|url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Pages/Preview.aspx?ItemID=6671|work=www.wrc.org.za|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] 8zvkkixr5vllob5m6q6hkbekwytya34 0 241593 1576882 2026-06-27T06:36:59Z Castro255 89781 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bwawa la Da Gama''' ni bwawa la mchanganyiko wa kujengwa kwa udongo na saruji ya aina ya [[uvutano]](''earthfill/gravity-type dam'') lililopo kwenye Mto Witwaters, karibu na [[mto]] White katika Mpumalanga nchini [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika]] .<ref>{{Citation|title=Department of Water and Sanitation|date=2025-11-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation&oldid=1321626948|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-0...' 1576882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Da Gama''' ni bwawa la mchanganyiko wa kujengwa kwa udongo na saruji ya aina ya [[uvutano]](''earthfill/gravity-type dam'') lililopo kwenye Mto Witwaters, karibu na [[mto]] White katika Mpumalanga nchini [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika]] .<ref>{{Citation|title=Department of Water and Sanitation|date=2025-11-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation&oldid=1321626948|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] d3gxp35wegr9djxsuvph7kjutwuofq8 1576906 1576882 2026-06-27T08:13:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Da Gama''' ni bwawa la mchanganyiko wa kujengwa kwa udongo na saruji ya aina ya [[uvutano]] (''earthfill/gravity-type dam'') lililopo kwenye [[Mto Witwaters]], karibu na [[mto White]] katika [[Mpumalanga]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Department of Water and Sanitation|date=2025-11-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation&oldid=1321626948|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] jqefb2fc7jjxoh5brtnqt8ldrgpigo1 0 241594 1576884 2026-06-27T06:42:12Z Castro255 89781 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bonde la Maji la Craigie Burn''' ni bwawa aina ya arch/earth-fill lililoko kwenye Mto Mnyamvubu, karibu na Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lilianzishwa mwaka 1963 na lengo lake kuu ni kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji. Hata hivyo, tathmini za hivi karibuni zinaonyesha kuwa bwawa/hifadhi hii inaweza kuwa na hatari kubwa, jambo linalofanya matumizi yake yaliyokusudiwa kuwa na shaka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:1...' 1576884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bonde la Maji la Craigie Burn''' ni bwawa aina ya arch/earth-fill lililoko kwenye Mto Mnyamvubu, karibu na Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lilianzishwa mwaka 1963 na lengo lake kuu ni kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji. Hata hivyo, tathmini za hivi karibuni zinaonyesha kuwa bwawa/hifadhi hii inaweza kuwa na hatari kubwa, jambo linalofanya matumizi yake yaliyokusudiwa kuwa na shaka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] r8nhtcfr1m7ubu42fpnd6ilef7u5k2g 1576907 1576884 2026-06-27T08:14:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bonde la Craigie Burn''' ni bwawa aina ya arch/earth-fill lililoko kwenye [[Mto Mnyamvubu]], karibu na [[Greytown]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lilianzishwa mwaka 1963 na lengo lake kuu ni kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji. Hata hivyo, tathmini za hivi karibuni zinaonyesha kuwa bwawa/hifadhi hii inaweza kuwa na hatari kubwa, jambo linalofanya matumizi yake yaliyokusudiwa kuwa na shaka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RQS South African DAMS index 2004-05-21 - 07:39:17|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za:80/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm|work=www.dwaf.gov.za|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 8e23h7v5h6us69tfkdamhwslefr8z0s 0 241595 1576903 2026-06-27T08:10:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mpango wa Hifadhi ya Maji wa Ingula]] hadi [[Mradi wa Hifadhi ya Maji wa Ingula]]: usahihi wa jina 1576903 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mradi wa Hifadhi ya Maji wa Ingula]] 5mdx1r5hl9c1d4x8c08kc9lve2zavh6 0 241596 1576909 2026-06-27T08:14:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Vanderson (mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu)]] hadi [[Vanderson (mwanasoka)]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1576909 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vanderson (mwanasoka)]] jt2dlwjjjpi6gdnjdqhttooo0vcr2hb 14 241597 1576910 2026-06-27T08:17:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|L]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|L]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Libya|Z]]' 1576910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|L]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|L]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Libya|Z]] 1dacdkeu881czd5e8ev8s9vwpq0ui5v 14 241598 1576911 2026-06-27T08:20:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|Z]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|Z]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Zimbabwe|Z]]' 1576911 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|Z]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|Z]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Zimbabwe|Z]] d5bl1uotroo5r6x5qrs1m6mbqidrk0s 14 241599 1576912 2026-06-27T08:21:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|M]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|M]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Moroko|Z]]' 1576912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|M]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|M]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Moroko|Z]] i5x5kb78v36rxs5s38jd8dvnrvrmdgh 14 241600 1576913 2026-06-27T08:26:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|N]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|N]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Namibia|Z]]' 1576913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|N]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|N]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Namibia|Z]] 7xtpxfmxfcbrnreid9nkew8qzzofjpd 14 241601 1576914 2026-06-27T08:27:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|T]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|T]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Tunisia|Z]]' 1576914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maziwa ya Afrika|T]] [[Jamii:maziwa nchi kwa nchi|T]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Tunisia|Z]] bsadda6a2608er7dbaxp25sgaosndzg 14 241602 1576915 2026-06-27T08:35:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:maporomoko ya maji]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Tanzania|P]]' 1576915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maporomoko ya maji]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Tanzania|P]] ebljf23rcqw3tvh5erdnzfxxc9sn3qw 1576916 1576915 2026-06-27T08:36:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maporomoko]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Tanzania|P]] fmaxgf5yy9lbwq2231v88e37h3d70xv 1576928 1576916 2026-06-27T09:20:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:maporomoko]] [[Jamii:utalii wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Tanzania|P]] p241g420h81lfzfigew8rxthat30qtj 0 241603 1576921 2026-06-27T08:50:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Picha:RusumoFalls1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Maporomoko ya Rusumo.]] '''Maporomoko ya Rusumo''' yanatokana na [[mto Kagera]] ambao ni mpaka wa [[Tanzania]] na [[Rwanda]]. [[Maporomoko ya maji]] hayo ya mita 15 yana upana wa mita 40. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]]' 1576921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:RusumoFalls1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Maporomoko ya Rusumo.]] '''Maporomoko ya Rusumo''' yanatokana na [[mto Kagera]] ambao ni mpaka wa [[Tanzania]] na [[Rwanda]]. [[Maporomoko ya maji]] hayo ya mita 15 yana upana wa mita 40. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] 0t85sfr0vn7jlfjz6h56f21acqr1bzq 1576922 1576921 2026-06-27T08:52:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576922 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:RusumoFalls1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Maporomoko ya Rusumo.]] '''Maporomoko ya Rusumo''' yanatokana na [[mto Kagera]] ambao ni mpaka wa [[Tanzania]] na [[Rwanda]]. [[Maporomoko ya maji]] hayo ya [[mita]] 15 yana [[upana]] wa mita 40. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] s8td9y8mc3drp1besa34kk6ofsdbosh 1576930 1576922 2026-06-27T09:24:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576930 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:RusumoFalls1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Maporomoko ya Rusumo.]] '''Maporomoko ya Rusumo''' yanatokana na [[mto Kagera]] ambao ni mpaka wa [[Tanzania]] na [[Rwanda]]. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[kijiji]] jirani, [[Rusumo]], [[wilaya ya Ngara]], [[mkoa wa Kagera]]. [[Maporomoko ya maji]] hayo ya [[mita]] 15 yana [[upana]] wa mita 40. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wilaya ya Ngara]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] 2vgmaqk1c30b5k1txxmk98yv2oa6itw 0 241604 1576923 2026-06-27T09:02:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maporomoko ya Soni''' yanapatikana katika [[milima ya Usambara]] kutokana na [[mto Mkuzu]] unapoingia [[mto Bangala]] karibu na [[Soni]], [[Mkoa wa Tanga]], [[kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Tanzania]]<ref name="Finke2002">{{cite book|last=Finke|first=Jens|title=Rough guide to Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PA351|accessdate=31 March 2012|date=26 November 2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-783-6|page=351}}</ref>....' 1576923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Soni''' yanapatikana katika [[milima ya Usambara]] kutokana na [[mto Mkuzu]] unapoingia [[mto Bangala]] karibu na [[Soni]], [[Mkoa wa Tanga]], [[kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Tanzania]]<ref name="Finke2002">{{cite book|last=Finke|first=Jens|title=Rough guide to Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PA351|accessdate=31 March 2012|date=26 November 2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-783-6|page=351}}</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{coord|4|50|48|S|38|20|34|E|type:landmark|display=title}} {{mbegu-jio-tanga}} [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] kdxt2mmr0yzu1lvi7styocm822a5h15 1576925 1576923 2026-06-27T09:04:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Soni''' yanapatikana katika [[milima ya Usambara]] kutokana na [[mto Mkuzu]] unapoingia [[mto Bangala]] karibu na [[Soni]], [[Wilaya ya Bumbuli]], [[Mkoa wa Tanga]], [[kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Tanzania]]<ref name="Finke2002">{{cite book|last=Finke|first=Jens|title=Rough guide to Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PA351|accessdate=31 March 2012|date=26 November 2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-783-6|page=351}}</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{coord|4|50|48|S|38|20|34|E|type:landmark|display=title}} {{mbegu-jio-tanga}} [[Jamii:maporomoko ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Bumbuli]] tjvv13bn3oye85po0lczxiufqyynjr8 14 241605 1576933 2026-06-27T09:31:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|L]] [[Jamii:watu wa Libya|C]]' 1576933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|L]] [[Jamii:watu wa Libya|C]] 7554lw62p010dob925l4zu29ibx492r 14 241607 1576935 2026-06-27T09:32:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wanauchumi nchi kwa nchi|I]] [[Jamii:watu wa Italia|U]]' 1576935 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wanauchumi nchi kwa nchi|I]] [[Jamii:watu wa Italia|U]] pddf3ta4hwymiemdxrrgnzht8zv7d0h 14 241608 1576937 2026-06-27T09:34:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:watu wa Afghanistan|C]]' 1576937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:watu wa Afghanistan|C]] 1bysqrio80psjxrl1blqg9ulnhfwpam 14 241609 1576938 2026-06-27T09:35:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:watu wa Antigua na Barbuda|C]]' 1576938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:watu wa Antigua na Barbuda|C]] 6obuyddjf6lycuq955pxljrio2jnmuc 14 241610 1576939 2026-06-27T09:36:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:watu nchi kwa nchi|A]]' 1576939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:watu nchi kwa nchi|A]] aurvn3qm3kyg8hlxql82yog6h6jyibe 1576940 1576939 2026-06-27T09:37:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:watu nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Antigua na Barbuda]] 0ly9wg81bi9g6650u3u2cp2go3uozkq 3 241611 1576941 2026-06-27T09:48:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576941 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ls3wesp3imwlq64qoja4ziu4r41h9ar 3 241612 1576942 2026-06-27T09:48:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576942 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ls3wesp3imwlq64qoja4ziu4r41h9ar 3 241613 1576943 2026-06-27T09:48:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576943 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ls3wesp3imwlq64qoja4ziu4r41h9ar 3 241614 1576944 2026-06-27T09:48:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576944 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ls3wesp3imwlq64qoja4ziu4r41h9ar 3 241615 1576945 2026-06-27T09:48:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576945 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ls3wesp3imwlq64qoja4ziu4r41h9ar 3 241616 1576946 2026-06-27T09:49:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576946 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) t10iao6c5xs9iqgrukqdx5p42zw7qsv 3 241617 1576947 2026-06-27T09:49:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576947 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) t10iao6c5xs9iqgrukqdx5p42zw7qsv 3 241618 1576948 2026-06-27T09:49:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576948 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) t10iao6c5xs9iqgrukqdx5p42zw7qsv 1576966 1576948 2026-06-27T09:59:42Z ~2026-36929-00 90548 /* Inclusivity awareness */ mjadala mpya 1576966 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Inclusivity awareness == Tunapongelea inclusivity awareness, ambayo tunawaongelea watu wenye mahitaji maalumu nimejikita katika watu wenye matatizo ya usikivu ( hearing impairment) nikwa namna gana wanaweza join na watu wengine kwa kutumia lugha ya alama ( sign language) [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-36929-00|&#126;2026-36929-00]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-36929-00|talk]]) 09:59, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) lv8x3xluq7trxe6dhe6o2yq9rg9v7lu 3 241619 1576949 2026-06-27T09:49:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576949 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) t10iao6c5xs9iqgrukqdx5p42zw7qsv 3 241620 1576950 2026-06-27T09:49:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576950 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) t10iao6c5xs9iqgrukqdx5p42zw7qsv 3 241621 1576951 2026-06-27T09:49:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576951 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) t10iao6c5xs9iqgrukqdx5p42zw7qsv 3 241622 1576952 2026-06-27T09:50:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576952 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 1w3mybvdd7agezdgv4werxtlnpep6x8 3 241623 1576953 2026-06-27T09:50:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576953 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 1w3mybvdd7agezdgv4werxtlnpep6x8 3 241624 1576954 2026-06-27T09:50:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576954 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 1w3mybvdd7agezdgv4werxtlnpep6x8 3 241625 1576955 2026-06-27T09:50:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576955 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 1w3mybvdd7agezdgv4werxtlnpep6x8 3 241626 1576956 2026-06-27T09:50:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576956 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 1w3mybvdd7agezdgv4werxtlnpep6x8 3 241627 1576957 2026-06-27T09:50:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576957 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 1w3mybvdd7agezdgv4werxtlnpep6x8 3 241628 1576958 2026-06-27T09:51:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576958 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) n2bg70pw3o38g5q62k5bzd6f54eyjbv 3 241629 1576959 2026-06-27T09:51:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576959 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) n2bg70pw3o38g5q62k5bzd6f54eyjbv 3 241630 1576960 2026-06-27T09:51:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576960 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) n2bg70pw3o38g5q62k5bzd6f54eyjbv 3 241631 1576961 2026-06-27T09:51:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576961 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) n2bg70pw3o38g5q62k5bzd6f54eyjbv 3 241632 1576962 2026-06-27T09:51:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576962 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) n2bg70pw3o38g5q62k5bzd6f54eyjbv 3 241633 1576963 2026-06-27T09:51:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576963 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) n2bg70pw3o38g5q62k5bzd6f54eyjbv 14 241634 1576967 2026-06-27T10:00:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|E]] [[Jamii:watu wa Eswatini|C]]' 1576967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|E]] [[Jamii:watu wa Eswatini|C]] mswdu87pfc362gvhfq789zq2913nkyc 14 241635 1576968 2026-06-27T10:01:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:watu wa Kupro|C]]' 1576968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:watu wa Kupro|C]] 25oxznwif0e13o8mcvwl7jovg0udk7y 14 241636 1576969 2026-06-27T10:02:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|S]] [[Jamii:watu wa St. Kitts na Nevis|C]]' 1576969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|S]] [[Jamii:watu wa St. Kitts na Nevis|C]] jc207aglutpyzm9krwbrik6kmk45e5e 1576971 1576969 2026-06-27T10:07:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Saint Kitts na Nevis]] 1576971 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Saint Kitts na Nevis]] m2zsbpbu38xdfjwogpnvk52bzhimd65 14 241637 1576972 2026-06-27T10:08:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji nchi kwa nchi|S]] [[Jamii:watu wa Saint Kitts na Nevis|C]]' 1576972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji nchi kwa nchi|S]] [[Jamii:watu wa Saint Kitts na Nevis|C]] k0qhkemkhd5hpbeqh3dvl9fygdug1vj 14 241638 1576974 2026-06-27T10:10:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:watu nchi kwa nchi|S]] [[Jamii:Saint Kitts na Nevis]]' 1576974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:watu nchi kwa nchi|S]] [[Jamii:Saint Kitts na Nevis]] r94t4ehd3p0w6m54vkvtj968tlgne1l 14 241639 1576976 2026-06-27T10:14:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|T]] [[Jamii:watu wa Taiwan|C]]' 1576976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|T]] [[Jamii:watu wa Taiwan|C]] dpnp56k0snqolouv47u36l8s3l038o1