Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1204 1577028 1576994 2026-06-27T12:05:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 1499554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Alt Telefon.jpg|thumbnail|Simu ya mezani]] [[Picha:Nokia1100 new.jpg|thumbnail|[[Simu za mikononi]]]] [[picha:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|thumbnail|[[Simujanja]]]] '''Simu''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] <big>سیم</big>, sim, inayomaanisha "[[waya]]") ni [[kifaa]] cha [[elektroniki]] kinachotumika kwa [[mawasiliano]] ya mbali kwa kutumia [[sauti]], [[ujumbe]] wa [[maandishi]], au njia nyingine za [[dijiti|kidijitali]]. Ina uwezo wa kupokea na kutuma taarifa sehemu mbalimbali kupitia [[Intaneti|mtandao]] wa mawasiliano, kama vile simu za mkononi au simu za mezani. Simu pia inaweza kuwa na huduma nyingine kama [[kamera]], kumbukumbu, na uwezo wa kupata mtandao wa [[intaneti]], na hutumika kwa madhumuni mengi kama vile mawasiliano ya binafsi, kazi, au burudani. Awali simu ilihitaji iunganishwe na nyaya, lakini leo hii inaweza kutumia [[redio]]. Hiyo inaitwa [[nyayatupu]], [[siwaya]] au [[simu bila waya]]. ==Historia== Watu wengi wanaamini kuwa simu iligunduliwa mnamo [[1876]] na [[Alexander Graham Bell]],<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |title = Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1875-1876 |accessdate = 2013-07-23 |archive-date = 2015-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203003124/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Uskoti|Mskoti]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 29 aliyeishi nchini [[Marekani]]. Lakini [[Italia|Mwitalia]] [[Antonio Meucci]] alianzisha matumizi ya simu toka mwaka wa [[1871]] hukohuko Marekani. Tangu mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] kuna aina mpya ya simu iliyoenea ambayo ni [[simu za mikononi]]. Ingawa haistahili kweli kuitwa tena "simu" kwa maana asilia kwa sababu hakuna simu, ni aina ya [[mtambo]] wa [[mawasiliano]] uliosambaa haraka sana. Katika nchi nyingi za [[Afrika]] simu hizi zina faida ya pekee kwa sababu zinaruhusu [[mawasiliano]] hata pale ambako nyaya za [[Posta]] hazifiki. ==Namba za simu== Kila simu inapaswa kuwa na namba ya pekee ikiunganishwa katika mtandao wa simu. Isipokuwa ofisi au kampuni inaweza kuwa na namba moja kwa simu zake zote halafu maungio ya simu ya ndani ambako ama mtu au mtambo unaunganisha simu za ndani na mtandao wa nje. Kwa kawaida mtandao wa simu ndani ya nchi inagawiwa kwa maeneo. Maeneo haya yanaweza kugawiwa tena hadi ngazi ya mtandao wa mahali. Kila eneo linafikiwa kupitia namba ya eneo; ndani ya eneo inatosha kutumia namba ya simu yenyewe. '''Mfano:''' simu ya namba 556677 iko mjini Dar es Salaam. Namba ya eneo la Dar es Salaam ni 022. Kufikia simu hii ndani ya eneo la Dar es Salaam inatosha kupiga 556677. Mtu anayetaka kuipigia kutoka Dodoma au Arusha anatangulia namba ya eneo na kupiga 022-556677. Simu za mkononi huunganishwa katika mtandao mkubwa wa kitaifa kufuatana na kampuni inayotoa huduma kama vile Airtel, TIGO au TTC yenye mtandao wake wa pekee. Kwa teknolojia bila waya hakuna haja ya ugawaji wa kieneo. Lakini kwenye simu hizi ni lazima kutumia pia namba ya mtandao muda wote. Kwa kupiga simu ya kawaida kutoka simu ya mkononi ni lazima kutumia muda wote namba ya kieneo hata kama mwenye kupiga yuko mji uleule maana mitandao ni tofauti. ==Tazama pia== * [[Namba za simu Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.kodi-ya-simu.info/nambari-ya-simu.php Kikokotozi cha nambari ya simu kwa simu za kimataifa] {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Mawasiliano]] [[Jamii:Simu]] [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] ofxjl9t48582atogqwrw9nebnfvjs2o 0 1752 1577022 1576988 2026-06-27T12:02:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1496845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox president | honorific-prefix = Mwalimu | name = Julius Nyerere | honorific-suffix = | image = Julius Nyerere cropped.jpg | alt = |imagesize = 150px | order = | office = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 26 Aprili 1964 | term_end = 5 Novemba 1985 | vicepresident = [[Abeid Karume]] <small>(1964–72)</small><br> [[Aboud Jumbe]] <small>(1972–84)</small><br> [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] <small>(1984–85)</small> | predecessor = | successor = [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] | primeminister = [[Rashidi Kawawa]] <small>(1972–77)</small><br/>[[Edward Sokoine]] <small>(1977–80)</small><br/>[[Cleopa Msuya]] <small>(1980–83)</small><br/>[[Edward Sokoine]] <small>(1983–84)</small> <br/>[[Salim Ahmed Salim|Salim A. Salim]] <small>(1984–85)</small> | order2 = | office2 = Rais wa Tanganyika | term_start2 = 9 Desemba 1962 | term_end2 = 25 Aprili 1964 | vicepresident2 = | primeminister2 = [[Rashidi Kawawa]] | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | order3 = | office3 = Waziri Mkuu wa Tanganyika | term_start3 = 1 Mei 1961 | term_end3 = 22 Januari 1962 | president3 = | monarch3 = [[Elizabeth II]] | Governor–General = [[Richard Turnbull (colonial governor)|Richard Turnbull)]] | predecessor3 = Ofisi iliundwa | successor3 = [[Rashidi Kawawa]] | order4 = | office4 = Waziri Kiongozi wa Tanganyika | term_start4 = 2 Septemba 1960 | term_end4 = 1 Mei 1961 | president4 = | monarch4 = [[Elizabeth II]] | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|4|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Butiama]], [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1999|10|14|1922|4|13|df=y}} | death_place = [[London]], [[Uingereza]] | restingplace = [[Butiama]], [[Tanzania]] | nationality = M[[tanzania]] | spouse = [[Maria Nyerere]] | party = [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | relations = | children = 7 | residence = | alma_mater = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] <br> Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh | occupation = | profession = [[Mwalimu]] | religion = [[Ukristo]] ([[Katoliki]]) | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|juliusnyerere.info}} | footnotes = }} {{History of Tanzania}} '''Julius Kambarage Nyerere''' ([[Butiama]], [[Mkoa wa Mara]], pembezoni mwa [[Ziwa Nyanza]], [[13 Aprili]] [[1922]] - [[London]], [[Uingereza]], [[14 Oktoba]] [[1999]]) alikuwa [[rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Tanzania]], na mara nyingi anatajwa kama "Baba wa Taifa" kwa jinsi alivyoathiri nchi hiyo. Kwanza aliongoza [[Tanganyika]] toka mwaka [[1961]] hadi [[1964]] kama [[waziri mkuu]], halafu kama rais; baada ya [[muungano]] wa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar]], aliongoza Tanzania kuanzia mwaka [[1964]] hadi mwaka [[1985]] kama rais. Ndiye mwasisi wa [[itikadi]] ya [[ujamaa]] na kujitegemea iliyotangazwa hasa katika [[Azimio la Arusha]]. Mwalimu Nyerere ni kati ya viongozi wachache wa [[Afrika]] ambao wameacha [[madaraka]] kwa [[hiari]] baada ya kutawala kwa muda mrefu, akiwa bado anapendwa na wananchi walio wengi. Alipostaafu urais mwaka [[1985]] alirudi [[Kijiji|kijijini]] kwake Butiama ambako aliendesha shughuli za [[kilimo]]. Hata hivyo aliendelea kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. Kabla ya kuingia kwenye [[siasa]] alikuwa [[mwalimu]]. [[Kazi]] hiyo ndiyo iliyompatia jina ambalo lilimkaa maisha yake yote la "Mwalimu". Kwa ruhusa ya [[makao makuu]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] duniani, [[Jimbo Katoliki la Musoma]] lilianza kushughulikia [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza [[mwenye heri]] na hatimaye [[mtakatifu]]. Kwa sababu hiyo anaitwa pia "[[mtumishi wa Mungu]]". Baada ya hapo [[Baraza la Maaskofu Katoliki Tanzania]] limepokea [[jukumu]] la kuratibu mchakato huo pamoja na kesi kuhamishiwa [[Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam]] kutokana na Nyerere kuishi muda mrefu [[Jiji|jijini]] humo<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/kitaifa/Maaskofu-Katoliki-Tanzania-kuratibu-mchakato-/1597296-5310510-i48y5n/index.html</ref>. ==Maisha yake== Julius Kambarage Nyerere alizaliwa mwaka [[1922]] katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Butiama]], ambacho sasa ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[wilaya]] [[Wilaya ya Butiama|yenye jina hilohilo]], [[mkoa wa Mara]], Tanzania (wakati ule: [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]]). Alikuwa mmojawapo kati ya watoto 26 wa Nyerere Burito, [[chifu]] wa [[kabila]] la [[Wazanaki]]. Alipokuwa mtoto Nyerere alichunga mifugo ya [[baba]] yake; katika umri wa miaka 12 aliingia [[shule]] akitembea [[kilomita]] 30 hadi [[Musoma]]. Baada ya kumaliza [[shule ya msingi]] aliendelea kusomea shule ya [[wamisionari]] [[Wakatoliki]] huko [[Tabora]]. Katika [[umri]] wa miaka 20 [[ubatizo|alibatizwa]] akawa [[Mkristo]] Mkatoliki hadi mwisho wa maisha yake. Ma[[padri]] wakiona [[akili]] yake kubwa walimsaidia kusomea ualimu huko [[Makerere]], [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] kuanzia mwaka [[1943]] hadi [[1945]]. Akiwa Makerere alianzisha tawi la Umoja wa Wanafunzi Watanganyika, pia alijihusisha na tawi la Tanganyika African Association (TAA). Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya ualimu alirudi Tabora akifundisha shule ya St.Mary. Mwaka [[1949]] alipata skolashipu ya kwenda kusoma kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Edinburgh]], [[Uskoti]], [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], akapata M.A. ya [[historia]] na [[uchumi]] (alikuwa Mtanganyika wa kwanza kusoma katika chuo kikuu cha Uingereza na wa pili kupata [[shahada]] ya [[elimu ya juu]] nje ya Tanganyika). Aliporejea kutoka masomoni, alifundisha Historia, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]] katika shule ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi|St. Francis]] iliyo karibu na [[Dar es Salaam]]. Mwaka [[1953]] alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa chama cha Tanganyika African Association (TAA), chama ambacho alikisaidia kukijenga alipokuwa mwanafunzi katika chuo kikuu cha Makerere. Mwaka [[1954]] alibadilisha jina la chama cha TAA kwenda chama cha [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU), ambacho pia kilikuwa cha kisiasa zaidi kuliko TAA. Ndani ya mwaka mmoja chama cha TANU kikawa tayari chama cha siasa kinachoongoza nchini Tanganyika. Uwezo wa Nyerere uliwashtua viongozi wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] akalazimika kuchagua kati ya siasa na kazi ya ualimu. Nyerere alisikika akijisemea kuwa mwalimu kwa kuchagua na [[mwanasiasa]] kwa [[bahati]] mbaya. Alijiuzulu ualimu<ref>[[Barua ya kujiuzulu ualimu ya Julius Kambarage Nyerere]]</ref> na kuzunguka nchi nzima ya Tanganyika kuzungumza na watu wa kawaida na machifu ili kuleta [[umoja]] katika kupigania [[uhuru]]. Pia alizungumza kwa niaba ya TANU katika Trusteeship Council na Fourth Committee ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UN) huko [[New York]]. Uwezo wake wa kuongea na wa kuunganisha watu ulimwezesha kufanikisha Tanganyika kupata uhuru bila [[umwagaji wa damu]]. Ushirikiano mzuri aliouonyesha aliyekuwa [[gavana]] wa wakati huo, [[Richard Turnbull]], ulisaidia pia kuharakisha upatikanaji wa uhuru. Nyerere aliingia katika [[bunge]] la kikoloni mwaka [[1958]] na kuchaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu mwaka [[1960]]. Mwaka [[1961]] Tanganyika ilipata uhuru wake na tarehe [[9 Desemba]] 1961 Nyerere alichaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu wa [[Tanganyika]] huru; mwaka mmoja baadaye akawa rais wa kwanza wa [[Jamhuri]] ya Tanganyika. Nyerere alikuwa kiungo muhimu katika muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kutengeneza Tanzania mara baada ya [[mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]] mwaka [[1964]] yaliyomtoa madarakani [[sultani]] wa Zanzibar [[Jamshid bin Abdullah]]. [[Image:Julius Nyerere 1977.jpg|thumb|left|Julius Nyerere akiwa mzee mnamo mwaka [[1977]].]] Tarehe [[5 Februari]] 1977 aliongoza chama cha TANU kuungana na [[chama tawala]] cha Zanzibar [[Afro Shirazi Party]] na kuanzisha chama kipya cha CCM ([[Chama cha Mapinduzi]]) akiwa mwenyekiti wake wa kwanza. Nyerere aliendelea kuongoza [[taifa]] hadi 1985 alipomwachia nafasi rais wa pili, [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]]. Aliacha kuongoza Tanzania ikiwa ni mojawapo kati ya nchi maskini zaidi duniani, ingawa yenye huduma za elimu na afya zilizoenea kwa wananchi wengi. Hata hivyo aliendelea kuongoza CCM hadi mwaka [[1990]] na kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. Kwa mfano, inasadikika kuwa Nyerere alishawishi uteuzi wa [[Benjamin W. Mkapa]] kama [[mgombea wa urais]] mwaka [[1995]], ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye [[uchaguzi]]. Nyerere alikaa muda mwingi kwake Butiama akilima [[shamba]] lake. Pamoja na haya alianzisha [[taasisi]] yenye jina lake; mwaka [[1996]] alionekana akiwa [[mpatanishi]] wa pande mbalimbali za [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] huko [[Burundi]]. Tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 aliaga dunia katika [[hospitali]] ya [[St Thomas]] mjini [[London]] baada ya kupambana na [[kansa]] ya [[damu]]. ==Mafanikio== Kati ya mafanikio makubwa ya Nyerere kuna: kujenga umoja wa taifa kati ya watu wa makabila na dini tofauti, na hivyo kudumisha [[amani]] ya muda mrefu tofauti na hali ya [[nchi]] jirani, iliyofanya Tanzania iitwe "kisiwa cha amani". Pia kustawisha [[utamaduni]] wa [[Afrika|Kiafrika]] pamoja na [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]], kushinda [[ubaguzi wa rangi]], kutetea [[usalama wa taifa]] katika [[vita]] dhidi ya mvamizi [[Idi Amin]] wa Uganda. Kutoa mchango kwa vyama vya [[ukombozi]] vya nchi za [[Kusini mwa Afrika]] kama vile: [[Zimbabwe]] ([[ZANU]]), [[Afrika Kusini]] ([[ANC]] na [[PAC]]), [[Namibia]] ([[SWAPO]]), [[Angola]] ([[MPLA]]) na [[Msumbiji]] ([[Frelimo]]). ==Ukosoaji dhidi yake== Nyerere analaumiwa kwa siasa yake ya kiujamaa kuwa ilichelewesha [[maendeleo]] ya kiuchumi wa Tanzania. Siasa yake ya [[ujamaa]] ilishindikana kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya mwaka [[1976]] kwa sababu mbalimbali za nje na za ndani ya nchi. Baada ya kuona kuwa uchumi wa Tanzania hautaweza kusimama kwa siasa ya kijamaa na kuwa hataweza kuvumilia kuendesha nchi kwa siasa nyingine ambazo yeye hakuwa na imani nazo, Nyerere kwa hiari yake mwenyewe aliamua kustaafu nafasi ya urais kuanzia uchaguzi wa mwaka 1985 na kumwachia [[usukani]] Ali Hassan Mwinyi, aliyetawala kwa siasa ya uchumi wa [[soko huria]]. Katika hali ya kukubali [[ukweli]], Nyerere katika [[tafrija]] ya kumwaga alitamka juu ya siasa yake upande wa uchumi: “Nimefeli. Tukubali hivyo.” Kosa lingine ambalo wengine wanaona Nyerere alilifanya ni kumhadaa aliyekuwa [[Rais wa Zanzibar]] Mzee [[Abeid Amaan Karume]] kwa kuziunganisha Tanganyika na Zanzibar, na kuanza kupora [[mamlaka]] ya Zanzibar kidogokidogo. Kwa hivi sasa Wanzanzibari wengi wamechoka na Muungano huo, na wanataka uhuru wa nchi yao ili wapumue. Hata upande wa [[bara]] wananchi wengi wanalalamikia kutoweka kwa Tanganyika na serikali yake. Pia kuna makundi ya [[Waislamu]] wanaomtuhumu kwa kuendesha kwa siri vita dhidi ya dini yao na kupendelea Wakristo katika utoaji wa elimu na madaraka,japo wasomi wengi kwa kipindi cha utawala wake walikuwa Wakristo. ===Sifa zake=== Pamoja na hayo, Nyerere bado anakumbukwa na Watanzania hasa wa hali ya chini kutokana na [[sera]] zake za kujali [[utu]]. Pia ataendelea kukumbukwa na Waafrika barani kote hasa kwa mchango wake mkubwa wakati wa harakati za kupigania uhuru katika nchi mbali mbali barani Afrika. Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni mmoja wa viongozi wachache waadilifu waliokwepa kujilimbikizia [[mali]] pamoja na kutawala kwa miaka zaidi ya 24. Mwishoni mwa maisha yake Nyerere aliishi kama mkulima wa kawaida kijijini kwake Butiama. Alipatwa na [[kansa ya damu]] (leukemia) akafariki Uingereza wakati wa kutibiwa katika mji wa [[London]] tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999. Alizikwa mahali pa kuzaliwa kwake, kijiji cha Butiama. ==Heshima na Tuzo== ===Nishani=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |-- ! colspan=2 | Nishani ! Nchi ! Mwaka ! Ref |- | width="80px" | [[File:Ribbon jose marti.png|80px]] | Nishani ya José Marti | {{flag|Cuba}} | align="center" | 1975 | align="center" |<ref>[http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/granma/1974.html Condecorado Julius K. Nyerere por el Gobierno Revolucionario con la Orden Nacional Jose Marti] LANIC [Latin American Network Information Center] ([[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]]) {{es icon}}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Tai ya Kiazteki (Ukosi) | {{flag|Mexiko}} | align="center" | 1975 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards">[http://www.juliusnyerere.info/index.php/nyerere/about/category/honoraries_and_awards/ Awards / Prices] {{Wayback|url=http://www.juliusnyerere.info/index.php/nyerere/about/category/honoraries_and_awards/ |date=20130323143740 }} Juliusnyerere.info</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Medalha Amílcar Cabral.svg|80px]] | Nishani ya Amílcar Cabral | {{flag|Guinea Bissau}} | align="center" | 1976 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards"></ref> |- | width="80px" | | Nishani ya Eduardo Mondlane | {{flag|Msumbiji}} | align="center" | 1983 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards"></ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Ordem Agostinho Neto.svg|80px]] | Nishani ya Agostinho Neto | {{flag|Angola}} | align="center" | 1985 | align="center" |<ref name="NyerereAwards"></ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|80px]] | Nishani ya Masahaba wa O. R. Tambo (Dhahabu) | {{flag|Afrika Kusini}} | align="center" | 2004 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=59692 |title= Government Gazette |format= [[PDF]] |date= 11 June 2004 |publisher= info.gov.za |language= Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate= 2013-05-19 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927212958/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=59692 |archivedate= 2013-09-27 }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | | Nishani ya Kifalme cha Munhumutapa | {{flag|Zimbabwe}} | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nyerere awarded Zimbabwe’s highest medal|url=http://www.kafoi.com/news/article.php?id=781|author=Maura Mwingira|publisher=Kafoi.com ([[Daily News (Harare)]])|date=18 April 2005|accessdate=17 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041700/http://www.kafoi.com/news/article.php?id=781|archivedate=2013-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/view.asp?vol=251&pubno=v8n4 |title=The Royal Order of Munhumutapa |date=4 October 2005 |work=SADC Today |volume=8 |issue=4, |language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-19 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130413200542/http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/view.asp?vol=251&pubno=v8n4 |archivedate=2013-04-13 }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of the Pearl of Africa (Uganda) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]] | Nishani Ubora wa Lulu ya Afrika (Bwana tukufu) | {{flag|Uganda}} | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" |<ref name= "katonga">{{cite news |title=Museveni honours Nyerere |author= |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/575303 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |date=10 July 2007 |language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205155035/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/575303 |archivedate=2014-12-05 }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of Katonga (Uganda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Katonga | {{flag|Uganda}} | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" |<ref name= "katonga"/> |- | width="80px" | [[File:National Liberation Medal (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Medali ya Ukombozi wa Kitaifa | {{flag|Rwanda}} | align="center" | 2009 | align="center" |<ref name="RwandaNyerere">{{cite news|title=Museveni, Zenawi, Nyerere to receive national honours|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=17153&i=13945|author=Daniel R. Kasule|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|date=3 July 2009|language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013|accessdate=2013-05-19|archivedate=2013-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928010509/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=17153&i=13945}}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Campaign Medal Against Genocide (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Medali ya Kampeni Dhidi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari | {{flag|Rwanda}} | align="center" | 2009 | align="center" |<ref name="RwandaNyerere"/> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis (Namibia) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]] | Nishani ya Kikale cha Welwitschia Mirabilis | {{flag|Namibia}} | align="center" | 2010 | align="center" |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130516132742/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/feature/?n=25923 Tanganyika: Africa’s mecca for liberation movements]Archived from [http://www.dailynews.co.tz/feature/?n=25923 the original] on 16 May 2013</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere (Tanzania) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere | {{flag|Tanzania}} | align="center" | 2011 | align="center" | |- | width="80px" | [[File:National Order of the Republic (Burundi) - ribbon bar.png|80px]] | Nishani ya Kitaifa cha Burundi | {{flag|Burundi}} | align="center" | 2012 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/632623-museveni-gets-prestigious-burundi-award.html |title= Museveni gets prestigious Burundi award |date= 4 July 2012 |work= [[New Vision]] |language= Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate= 2013-05-19 |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928000119/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/632623-museveni-gets-prestigious-burundi-award.html }}</ref> |- | width="80px" | [[File:Order of Jamaica.gif|80px]] | Nishani ya Jamaika | {{flag|Jamaika}} | align="center" | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opm.gov.jm/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |title=Members of the Order of Jamaica (Deceased) |date= |publisher=Government of Jamaica |accessdate=26 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720000525/http://opm.gov.jm/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |archivedate=2016-07-20 }}</ref> |} ===Tuzo=== *1973: [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html |title=List of the recipients of the Jawharlal Nehru Award |date= |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |accessdate=8 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FLP6fz4N?url=http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html |archivedate=2013-03-23 }}</ref> *1982: the Third World Prize *1983: [[Nansen Refugee Award]] *1986: Sir [[Seretse Khama]] [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] Medal *1987: [[Lenin Peace Prize]] *1988: [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Joliot-Curie]] [[World Peace Council prizes|Medal of Peace]] *1992: [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] *1995: [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] {{small|'''Kisha kufa'''}} *2000: Statesman of the 20^th century by the [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] *2009: World Hero of Social Justice by the 63^rd [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|President]] of [[United Nations General Assembly|UNGA]], [[Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342574&CategoryId=14919 |title=Morales Named “World Hero of Mother Earth” by UN General Assembly |date= |work=[[Latin American Herald Tribune]] |accessdate=8 February 2013 |archivedate=2021-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421032225/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342574&CategoryId=14919 }}</ref> *2011: Tanzania Professional Network Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=26101 |title=Kikwete urges local experts to embrace integrity |date=4 December 2011 |work=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]] |location=Tanzania |accessdate=9 February 2013 |archivedate=2013-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516114145/http://dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=26101 }}</ref> == Machapisho yake == *''Freedom and Unity'' (Uhuru na Umoja): Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1952–1965'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1967) *''Freedom and Socialism'' (Uhuru na Ujamaa). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1965-1967 (1968) **Ndamo zimo: "The Arusha Declaration"; "Education for self-reliance"; "The varied paths to socialism"; "The purpose is man"; and "Socialism and development". *''Freedom & Development'' (Uhuru na Maendeleo). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1968-73'' (Oxford University Press, 1974) **Ndani zimo mada za elimu kwa watu wazima; uhuru na maendeleo; kujitegemea; na miaka kumi ya uhuru. *''Ujamaa - Essays on Socialism''' (1977) *''Crusade for Liberation'' (1979) *''Julius Kaisari'', Tafsiri ya mchezo wa [[William Shakespeare]] unaoitwa ''[[Julius Caesar]]'' *''Mabepari wa Venisi'', Tafsiri ya mchezo mwingine wa William Shakespeare, ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Mathayo'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Mathayo]] *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Marko'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Marko]] *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Luka'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Luka]] *''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Yohana'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Yohane]] *''Utenzi wa Matendo ya Mitume'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Matendo ya Mitume]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Makongoro Nyerere]] * [[Maria Nyerere]] * [[Rosemary Nyerere]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ Taasisi ya Mwalimu Nyerere] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ |date=20051105015719 }} *[http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/3226.html Contemporary Africa Database - People/ Nyerere] {{Wayback|url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/3226.html |date=20070930204447 }} * http://www.nathanielturner.com/juliuskambaragenyerere.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.nathanielturner.com/juliuskambaragenyerere.htm |date=20051227034651 }} *[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/479582/-/view/printVersion/-/bkst8sz/-/index.html Mohamed Said: Mwalimu in 1950s Dar (East African October 12 2008)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/479582/-/view/printVersion/-/bkst8sz/-/index.html |date=20110315021926 }} *[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/009.html Nyerere's remarks on Ali Hassan Mwinyi Corrupt practices] *[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/december96/nyerere_12-27.html PBS Interview with Nyerere on the Great Lakes crisis, December 26, 1996] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/december96/nyerere_12-27.html |date=20130923074557 }} *[http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm Infed.org article on Nyerere and his views on education in Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm |date=20070703091502 }} *[http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nyerere.html Jerry Atkin's Nyerere tribute, from InMotion Magazine] *[http://www.southcentre.org/mwalimu/ SouthCentre Nyerere Memorial Site] **[http://www.southcentre.org/mwalimu/speeches/written/written.htm Mwalimu Neyerere Speeches] *[http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/0304jnye.html A translation of Merchant of Venice into KiSwahili] *[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/nyerere/newsart.html Nyerere Obituary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/nyerere/newsart.html |date=20051120184754 }} from the [[African National Congress|ANC]] *[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1065366 NPR Weekend Edition reflection on Nyerere] *[http://www.africasummit.org/about/nyererefellowship.html Julius Nyerere Fellowship] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africasummit.org/about/nyererefellowship.html |date=20061019131749 }} *[http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz Nyererefoundation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ |date=20051105015719 }} *[http://www.mercatornet.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=410 Called to greatness] [[MercatorNet]], 10 November 2006 *[http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=42139 Beatification inquiry for Tanzania's Nyerere (from ''Catholic World News'')] *[http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/guardian/2006/01/24/58455.html Is Nyerere's process to sainthood timely? (from IPP Media)] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/200906110873.html The Julius Nyerere Intellectual Festival Week] by Gacheke Gachihi, ''All Africa'', 11 June 2009 *[http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/student-funding/postgraduate/international/region/nyerere The Julius Nyerere Master's Scholarships (University of Edinburgh)] {{Marais wa Tanzania}} {{Pan-Africanism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyerere, Julius Kambarage}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Afrika|N]] [[Jamii:Watu wa historia ya Tanzania|N]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Tanzania|N]] [[Jamii:Julius Nyerere| ]] [[Jamii:washairi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Kiswahili]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] nxuybhgtshsgfkwgpa696821k4zy268 0 1989 1577016 1577012 2026-06-27T12:00:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Katika Injili ya Luka */ 1577016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Iconnativity.jpg|320px|thumbnail|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] inayoonyesha kuzaliwa kwake [[Kristo]]. [[Yesu]] anaonekana amevikwa [[sanda]] na kulazwa [[kaburi]]ni, kwa maana alizaliwa ili awakomboe watu kwa [[kifo]] chake.]] '''Krismasi''' (pia '''Noeli''') ni [[sikukuu]] ambayo [[Wakristo]] wengi husheherekea kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]] zaidi ya miaka 2000 iliyopita. Kwa kawaida husheherekewa [[tarehe]] [[25 Desemba]] katika [[Ukristo wa magharibi]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> na tarehe [[6 Januari]] katika [[Ukristo wa mashariki|ule wa mashariki]]. [[Martyrologium Romanum]] inatangaza sherehe hiyo kwa maneno haya ya fahari: "[[Karne]] nyingi baada ya [[uumbaji]] wa [[ulimwengu]], ambapo mwanzo [[Mungu]] aliumba [[mbingu]] na [[dunia]] akaunda [[mtu]] kwa [[sura]] yake mwenyewe; tena karne nyingi tangu [[Aliye Juu]], baada ya [[gharika kuu]], alipong'arisha [[upinde wa mvua]] [[wingu|mawinguni]] kama [[ishara]] ya [[agano]] na [[amani]]; karne 21 baada ya [[Abrahamu]], [[baba]] yetu katika [[imani]], kuhama nchi ya [[Ur]] wa [[Wakaldayo]]; karne 13 baada ya [[taifa]] la [[Israeli]] kutoka [[Misri]] chini ya [[Musa]]; miaka [[elfu]] hivi baada ya [[Daudi]] kupakwa [[mafuta]] awe [[mfalme]]; katika [[juma]] la 65 kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[Danieli (Biblia)|Danieli]]; wakati wa [[Olimpiki]] ya 194; katika [[mwaka]] 752 tangu [[Roma]] uundwe; katika mwaka wa 42 wa [[utawala]] wa [[Kaisari]] [[Augusto|Oktaviano Augusto]], huku amani ikitawala duniani kote, Yesu Kristo, Mungu wa [[milele]] na [[Mwana]] wa [[Baba]] wa milele, akitaka kutakasa [[ulimwengu]] kwa ujio wake mtakatifu sana, kisha kutungwa [[mimba]] kwa uwezo wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kupita miezi 9, alizaliwa na [[Bikira Maria]] huko [[Bethlehemu]] wa [[Yudea]] akawa [[binadamu]]: ndiyo Noeli, Kuzaliwa kwa [[Bwana]] wetu Yesu Kristo katika [[mwili]]"<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20650</ref>. == Jina == Kwa [[Kiswahili]] kuna [[jina|majina]] mawili ya kawaida kwa ajili ya sikukuu hii: * '''Krismasi''' kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] lenye maana ya "Christ`s Mass" yaani [[misa]] au [[ibada]] ya [[Kristo]]. * '''Noeli''' kutokana na neno la Kiingereza "Noel" (au "Nowell") ambalo limepokewa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kifaransa]] "Noël". Hilo ni [[ufupisho]] wa neno la [[Kilatini]] "Natalis (dies)", "(siku ya) kuzaliwa". == Historia ya sherehe ya Krismasi == {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} Hakuna hakika kamili ni lini Krismasi ilianza kusheherekewa. Ni sikukuu ya kale katika [[Ukristo]] lakini haikuwepo tangu mwanzo. [[Tarehe]] halisi ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu]] haijulikani kwa sababu [[utamaduni]] wa [[Wayahudi]] wa wakati ule haukuwa na [[sherehe]] au [[kumbukumbu]] ya [[siku ya kuzaliwa]]. Lakini baadaye Ukristo ulienea katika [[Dola la Roma]] kati ya [[taifa|mataifa]] yaliyokuwa na kawaida ya kuzingatia siku ya kuzaliwa. Hivyo ilijitokeza [[hamu]] ya kusheherekea pia sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya sikukuu ya Krismasi. Tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 3]] [[BK]] kuna kumbukumbu ya [[waandishi]] mbalimbali waliojadili tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]]. Habari za kwanza kabisa za makadirio ya tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu zinapatikana kutoka [[Misri]] mnamo [[mwaka]] [[200]] [[BK]]. [[Mwandishi]] Mkristo [[Klemens wa Alexandria]] <ref>''Stromateis'' I, xxi.</ref> alilalamikia [[udadisi]] wa [[wataalamu]] kadhaa wa Misri waliodai kwamba wamekadiria tarehe hiyo katika mwezi [[Mei]], wengine katika [[Aprili]]. Alisema pia kuwa kikundi cha Kikristo cha wafuasi wa [[Basilide]] huko Misri walisheherekea [[Epifania]] pamoja na kuzaliwa kwake Yesu tarehe [[6 Januari]]. Lakini [[kadirio]] la tarehe 25 Desemba lina asili katika Misri pia. Kuanzia mwaka 200 (kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[maandishi]] ya [[Sixtus Julius Africanus]]) wataalamu nchini Misri waliona tarehe 14 [[Nisan]] ya [[kalenda ya Kiyahudi]] ambayo ni sawa na [[25 Machi]] ilikuwa tarehe ya [[kufa]] kwake Kristo na pia siku ya [[utungaji mimba]] wake. Kwa kuongeza miezi [[tisa]] ya [[mimba]] inajitokeza 25 Desemba kama tarehe ya kuzaliwa. Inaonekana tarehe hiyo ilianza kutumika wakati huo. Kwa vyovyote, kuna [[taarifa]] ya mwaka [[204]] kutoka [[Hipoliti wa Roma]] kwamba tarehe 25 Desemba ilikuwa sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo. == Krismasi na sikukuu ya Sol Invictus == Mjini [[Roma ya Kale|Roma]] wakati wa [[karne ya 4]] tarehe ya Krismasi katika Desemba ilitokea pamoja na sikukuu ya [[Wapagani|Kipagani]] iliyoitwa "Siku ya Sol Invictus". Hii ilikuwa sherehe ya [[Jua]] kama [[mungu]] "Sol invictus" (yaani "Jua lisiloshindika"). Hiyo ibada iliingia Roma labda kutoka [[Uajemi]] ambako [[Mithra]] aliabudiwa kama mungu wa [[nuru]]. Waumini wa [[dini]] ya Jua waliona wakati wa Desemba kama kipindi cha pekee kutokana na [[solistasi]] ya mwezi huo; katika [[Nusutufe ya kaskazini|nusutufe ya kaskazini ya Dunia]] urefu wa mchana unapungua na usiku unakuwa mrefu tangu [[sikusare]] ya 21/22 Septemba hadi tarehe 21/22 Desemba; kuanzia siku za 21/22 Desemba [[mchana]] huwa mrefu na nuru inaongezeka. Mwendo huo ulitazamwa kama [[ushindi]] wa nuru = Jua juu ya [[giza]]. Kaisari [[Eliogabalus]] (ambaye alizaliwa [[Syria]] akatawala Roma [[218]] hadi [[222]]) alianzisha sherehe ya sikukuu ya "Kuzaliwa Jua" huko [[Roma]]. Baadaye [[Kaisari Aurelianus]] akaithibitisha rasmi mwaka [[273]]. Wakati wa Kaisari [[Licinius]] ([[308]]-[[324]]) sikukuu hiyo ilikuwa ikiadhimishwa bado tarehe 19 Desemba. <ref>Taz. maandishi yaliyotajwa na Allan S. Hoey katika ukurasa 480 (rejeo 128) wa Official Policy towards Oriental Cults in the Roman Army, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (70) 1939, pp 456-481)</ref>. Hatimaye ikahamishiwa tarehe 25 Desemba. Basi, [[wataalamu]] mbalimbali walidai kwamba [[Kanisa]] lilipachika sikukuu ya [[Kristo]] kwenye tarehe hiyo kwa nia ya kufanya ichukue nafasi ya sikukuu ya "Jua lisiloshindika". Kwa namna yoyote hata katika Ukristo Jua linatazamwa kama [[ishara]] ya Kristo; katika sehemu mbalimbali za [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]] Kristo alifananishwa tayari na Jua na maneno haya yaliandikwa [[muda]] mrefu kabla ya kutokea kwa siku ya Sol Invictus. Mifano ni [[Injili ya Luka]] 1,78 <ref>Nuru ya jua itatujia kutoka mbinguni na kuwaangazia wote </ref> [[Ufunuo wa Yohane|Ufunuo]] 21, 23 <ref>Mwanakondoo ataangaza Yerusalemu badala ya Jua</ref>, [[Malaki]] 4,2 <ref>"kwenu ninyi mnaolicha jina langu, jua la haki litawazukia", maneno yaliyosomwa na Wakristo kama [[utabiri]] wa kuja kwa Kristo</ref>, hivyo katika mashindano na [[dini]] ya kuabudu Jua Wakristo walitumia [[lugha]] ya [[Biblia]] kwa kudokeza Kristo ndiye Jua la kweli. Kutoka Roma, uliokuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Dola la Roma]], [[sherehe]] ya 25 Desemba ilienea kote katika Ukristo. Wakristo wengi husheherekea tarehe [[25 Desemba]] ([[Wakatoliki]] na baadhi ya [[Waprotestanti]] na [[Waorthodoksi]]). Kati ya Waorthodoksi kuna tarehe nyingine, hasa [[6 Januari]] kutokana na tofauti katika [[kalenda]]. == Habari za Krismasi katika Biblia == Habari za Krismasi kama sherehe hazipatikani katika [[Biblia]] kwa sababu zilizotajwa hapa juu na kwa sababu mwanzoni mwa [[Kanisa]] mkazo ulikuwa juu ya [[Kifo cha Yesu|kifo]] na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]], tunavyoona hasa katika [[Nyaraka za Paulo|barua]] za [[Mtume Paulo]]. Baadaye tu, Wakristo walichunguza zaidi asili ya huyo aliyesadikiwa nao kuwa alikufa na kufufuka. Hasa [[vitabu]] viwili vya [[Agano Jipya]] vina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu, yaani [[Injili]] za [[Injili ya Mathayo|Mathayo]] na [[Injili ya Luka|Luka]]. === Katika Injili ya Mathayo === [[Mtume Mathayo|Mathayo]] anasimulia habari hizo katika mlango wa kwanza kuanzia [[aya]] 18<ref>1:18Basi, hivi ndivyo Yesu Kristo alivyozaliwa: Maria, mama yake, alikuwa ameposwa na Yosefu. Lakini kabla hawajakaa pamoja kama mume na mke, alionekana kuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 19 Yosefu, mumewe, kwa vile alikuwa mwadilifu, hakutaka kumwaibisha hadharani; hivyo alikusudia kumwacha kwa siri. 20 Alipokuwa bado anawaza jambo hilo, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Yosefu, mwana wa Daudi, usiogope kumchukua Maria awe mke wako, maana amekuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 21 Atajifungua mtoto wa kiume, nawe utampa jina Yesu, kwa kuwa yeye atawaokoa watu wake kutoka katika dhambi zao." 22 Basi, haya yote yalitukia ili litimie lile neno Bwana alilosema kwa njia ya nabii: 23 "Bikira atachukua mimba, atamzaa mtoto wa kiume, naye ataitwa Emanueli" (maana yake, "Mungu yu pamoja nasi"). 24 Hivyo, Yosefu alipoamka usingizini alifanya kama malaika huyo alivyomwambia, akamchukua mke wake nyumbani. 25 Lakini hakumjua kamwe kimwili hata Maria alipojifungua mtoto wa kiume. Naye Yosefu akampa jina Yesu.</ref> na katika mlango wa pili<ref>2:1 Yesu alizaliwa mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea, wakati Herode alipokuwa mfalme. Punde tu baada ya kuzaliwa kwake, wataalamu wa nyota kutoka mashariki walifika Yerusalemu, 2 wakauliza, "Yuko wapi mtoto, Mfalme wa Wayahudi, aliyezaliwa? Tumeiona nyota yake ilipotokea mashariki, tukaja kumwabudu." 3 Mfalme Herode aliposikia hayo, alifadhaika, yeye pamoja na wakazi wote wa Yerusalemu. 4 Basi akawaita pamoja makuhani wakuu wote na walimu wa Sheria, akawauliza, "Kristo atazaliwa wapi?" 5 Nao wakamjibu, "Mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea. Ndivyo nabii alivyoandika: 6 `Ewe Bethlehemu katika nchi ya Yuda, kwa vyovyote wewe si mdogo kabisa kati ya viongozi wa Yuda; maana kwako atatokea kiongozi atakayewaongoza watu wangu, Israeli."` 7 Hapo, Herode aliwaita faraghani hao wataalamu wa nyota, akawauliza wakati hasa ile nyota ilipowatokea. 8 Kisha akawatuma Bethlehemu akisema, "Nendeni mkachunguze kwa makini habari za mtoto huyo. Mkisha mpata nileteeni habari ili nami niende nikamwabudu." 9 Baada ya kumsikiliza mfalme, hao wataalamu wa nyota wakaenda. Kumbe ile nyota waliyokuwa wameiona upande wa mashariki iliwatangulia hata ikaenda kusimama juu ya mahali pale alipokuwa mtoto. 10 Walipoiona hiyo nyota, walifurahi mno. 11 Basi, wakaingia nyumbani, wakamwona yule mtoto pamoja na Maria mama yake; wakapiga magoti, wakamsujudia. Kisha wakafungua hazina zao, wakampa zawadi: dhahabu, ubani na manemane. 12 Mungu aliwaonya katika ndoto wasimrudie Herode; hivyo wakarudi makwao kwa njia nyingine. 13 Baada ya wale wageni kuondoka, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, mkimbilie Misri. Kaeni huko mpaka nitakapokwambia, maana Herode anakusudia kumwua huyu mtoto." 14 Hivyo, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akaondoka usiku, akaenda Misri. 15 Akakaa huko mpaka Herode alipokufa. Jambo hilo lilifanyika ili neno alilosema Bwana kwa njia ya nabii litimie: "Nilimwita Mwanangu kutoka Misri." 16 Herode alipogundua kwamba wale wataalamu wa nyota walikuwa wamemhadaa, alikasirika sana. Akaamuru watoto wote wa kiume mjini Bethlehemu na kandokando yake wenye umri wa miaka miwili na chini yake wauawe. Alifanya hivyo kufuatana na muda aliopata kujua kutoka kwa wale wataalamu wa nyota. 17 Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyosemwa kwa njia ya nabii Yeremia: 18 "Sauti imesikika mjini Rama, kilio na maombolezo mengi. Raheli anawalilia watoto wake, wala hataki kutulizwa, maana wote wamefariki." 19 Baada ya kifo cha Herode, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto kule Misri, 20 akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, urudi tena katika nchi ya Israeli, maana wale waliotaka kumwua mtoto huyo wamekwisha kufa." 21 Basi, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akarejea katika nchi ya Israeli. 22 Lakini Yosefu aliposikia kwamba Arkelao mwanawe Herode alikuwa mfalme wa Yudea mahali pa baba yake, aliogopa kwenda huko. Naye baada ya kuonywa katika ndoto, alikwenda katika mkoa wa Galilaya, 23 akahamia katika mji uitwao Nazareti. Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyonenwa kwa njia ya manabii: "Ataitwa Mnazare."</ref>. [[Bikira Maria]], [[Mama]] wa Yesu, alipata [[mimba]] wakati alipokuwa [[mchumba]] wa [[Yosefu (mume wa Maria)|Yosefu]]. Yosefu alitaka kumwacha lakini aliambiwa na [[malaika]] aanze kuishi naye na kumkubali [[mtoto]] kama wake kwa kumpa jina "Yesu". [[Mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] waliwatembelea [[kijiji|kijijini]] [[Bethlehemu]] na kuwaletea [[zawadi]] kwa sababu waliona [[nyota]] ya pekee iliyokuwa kwao [[alama]] ya kuzaliwa kwa [[mfalme]] mpya katika [[Uyahudi]] ikawaongoza hadi [[Mji|mjini]] [[Yerusalemu]]. Lakini walipompitia mfalme [[Herode Mkuu]], huyo alikasirika akimwogopa mfalme mpya. Hata hivyo aliwaelekeza Bethlehemu kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[nabii]] [[Kitabu cha Mika|Mika]]. Yosefu alipata tena [[ujumbe]] kutoka kwa [[malaika]] akaondoka na [[mtoto]] na Maria kukimbilia Misri kabla ya [[askari]] wa Herode hawajaweza kumuua Yesu. Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Herode walirudi kutoka Misri lakini hawakuenda tena Bethlehemu bali walihamia [[Nazareti]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Galilaya]]. === Katika Injili ya Luka === Katika [[taarifa]] ya [[Luka mwinjili|Luka]] (mlango wa 1 na 2) Maria alipokea huko Nazareti ujumbe wa [[malaika mkuu]] [[Malaika Gabrieli|Gabrieli]] kwamba atapata mimba halafu [[mtoto]] wa pekee.<ref>1:26 Mnamo mwezi wa sita, malaika Gabrieli alitumwa na Mungu aende kwenye mji uitwao Nazareti huko Galilaya, 27 kwa msichana mmoja aitwaye Maria, mchumba wa mtu mmoja jina lake Yosefu, wa ukoo wa Daudi. 28 Malaika akamwendea, akamwambia, "Salamu Maria! Umejaliwa neema nyingi! Bwana yu pamoja nawe." 29 Maria aliposikia maneno hayo alifadhaika sana, akawaza: maneno haya yanamaanisha nini? 30 Malaika akamwambia, "Usiogope Maria, kwa maana Mungu amekujalia neema. 31 Utachukua mimba, utamzaa mtoto wa kiume na utampa jina Yesu. 32 Yeye atakuwa mkuu na ataitwa Mwana wa Mungu Mkuu. Bwana Mungu atampa kiti cha mfalme Daudi, babu yake. 33 Kwa hivyo atautawala ukoo wa Yakobo milele, na ufalme wake hautakuwa na mwisho." 34 Maria akamjibu, "Yatawezekanaje hayo, hali mimi ni bikira?" 35 Malaika akamjibu, "Roho Mtakatifu atakushukia, na uwezo wake Mungu Mkuu utakujia kama kivuli; kwa sababu hiyo, mtoto atakayezaliwa ataitwa Mtakatifu, Mwana wa Mungu. 36 Ujue pia kwamba hata Elisabeti, jamaa yako, naye amepata mimba ingawa ni mzee, na sasa ni mwezi wa sita kwake yeye ambaye watu walimfahamu kuwa tasa. 37 Kwa maana hakuna jambo lisilowezekana kwa Mungu." 38 Maria akasema, "Mimi ni mtumishi wa Bwana, nitendewe kama ulivyosema." Kisha yule malaika akaenda zake.</ref> Yosefu na Maria walikwenda Bethlehemu kwa sababu ya [[sensa]] iliyowataka kwenda katika mji asili wa [[ukoo]] wa Yosefu, [[mjukuu]] wa [[mfalme Daudi]]. Hapo Yesu alizaliwa katika [[hori]] la kulishia [[wanyama]]; [[wachungaji]] [[bonde|mabondeni]] walitangaziwa na [[malaika]] habari hiyo wakaja kumwona mtoto.<ref>2:1 Siku zile, tangazo rasmi lilitolewa na Kaisari Augusto kuwataka watu wote chini ya utawala wake wajiandikishe. 2 Kuandikishwa huku kulikuwa mara ya kwanza, wakati Kirenio alipokuwa mkuu wa mkoa wa Siria. 3 Basi, wote waliohusika walikwenda kujiandikisha, kila mtu katika mji wake. 4 Yosefu pia alifanya safari kutoka mjini Nazareti mkoani Galilaya. Kwa kuwa alikuwa wa jamaa na ukoo wa Daudi alikwenda mjini Bethlehemu mkoani Yuda alikozaliwa Mfalme Daudi. 5 Alikwenda kujiandikisha pamoja na mchumba wake Maria ambaye alikuwa mja mzito. 6 Walipokuwa huko, siku yake ya kujifungua ikawadia, 7 akajifungua mtoto wake wa kwanza wa kiume, akamvika nguo za kitoto, akamlaza horini kwa sababu hawakupata nafasi katika nyumba ya wageni. 8 Katika sehemu hizo, walikuwako wachungaji wakikesha usiku mbugani kulinda mifugo yao. 9 Malaika wa Bwana akawatokea ghafla, na utukufu wa Bwana ukawaangazia pande zote. Wakaogopa sana. 10 Malaika akawaambia, "Msiogope! Nimewaleteeni habari njema ya furaha kuu kwa watu wote. 11 Kwa maana, leo hii katika mji wa Daudi, amezaliwa Mwokozi kwa ajili yenu, ndiye Kristo Bwana. 12 Na hiki kitakuwa kitambulisho kwenu: mtamkuta mtoto mchanga amevikwa nguo za kitoto, amelazwa horini." 13 Mara kundi kubwa la jeshi la mbinguni likajiunga na huyo malaika, wakamsifu Mungu wakisema: 14 "Utukufu kwa Mungu juu mbinguni, na amani duniani kwa watu aliopendezwa nao!" 15 Baada ya hao malaika kuondoka na kurudi mbinguni, wachungaji wakaambiana: "Twendeni moja kwa moja mpaka Bethlehemu tukalione tukio hili Bwana alilotujulisha." 16 Basi, wakaenda mbio, wakamkuta Maria na Yosefu na yule mtoto mchanga amelazwa horini. 17 Hao wachungaji walipomwona mtoto huyo wakawajulisha wote habari waliyokuwa wamesikia juu yake. 18 Wote waliosikia hayo walishangaa juu ya habari walizoambiwa na wachungaji. 19 Lakini Maria aliyaweka na kuyatafakari mambo hayo yote moyoni mwake. 20 Wale wachungaji walirudi makwao huku wakimtukuza na kumsifu Mungu kwa yote waliyokuwa wamesikia na kuona; yote yalikuwa kama walivyokuwa wameambiwa. 21 Siku nane baadaye, wakati wa kumtahiri mtoto ulipofika, walimpa jina Yesu, jina ambalo alikuwa amepewa na malaika kabla hajachukuliwa mimba.</ref> Baada ya kuzaliwa [[wazazi]] walimpeleka Yesu Yerusalemu katika [[hekalu]] kufuatana na [[sheria]] ya [[Agano la Kale]] ([[Kitabu cha Kutoka]] 13,2; 13,15) halafu wakarudi kwao Nazareti.<ref>2:22 Siku zilipotimia za Yosefu na Maria kutakaswa kama walivyotakiwa na Sheria ya Mose, wazazi hao walimchukua mtoto, wakaenda naye Yerusalemu ili wamweke mbele ya Bwana. 23 Katika Sheria ya Bwana imeandikwa: "Kila mzaliwa wa kwanza wa kiume atawekwa wakfu kwa Bwana." 24 Pia walikwenda ili watoe sadaka: hua wawili au makinda wawili ya njiwa, kama ilivyotakiwa katika Sheria ya Bwana. 25 Wakati huo huko Yerusalemu kulikuwa na mtu mmoja, mwema na mcha Mungu, jina lake Simeoni. Yeye alikuwa akitazamia kwa hamu ukombozi wa Israeli. Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa pamoja naye. 26 Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa amemhakikishia kwamba hatakufa kabla ya kumwona Masiha wa Bwana. 27 Basi, akiongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu, Simeoni aliingia Hekaluni; na wazazi wa Yesu walipomleta Hekaluni mtoto wao ili wamfanyie kama ilivyotakiwa na Sheria, 28 Simeoni alimpokea mtoto Yesu mikononi mwake huku akimtukuza Mungu na kusema: 29 "Sasa Bwana, umetimiza ahadi yako, waweza kumruhusu mtumishi wako aende kwa amani. 30 Maana kwa macho yangu nimeuona wokovu utokao kwako, 31 ambao umeutayarisha mbele ya watu wote: 32 Mwanga utakaowaangazia watu wa mataifa, na utukufu kwa watu wako Israeli." 33 Baba na mama yake Yesu walikuwa wakistaajabia maneno aliyosema Simeoni juu ya mtoto. 34 Simeoni akawabariki, akamwambia Maria mama yake, "Mtoto huyu atakuwa sababu ya kupotea na kuokoka kwa watu wengi katika Israeli. Naye atakuwa ishara itakayopingwa na watu; 35 na hivyo mawazo ya watu wengi yataonekana wazi. Nawe mwenyewe, uchungu ulio kama upanga mkali utauchoma moyo wako." 36 Palikuwa na nabii mmoja mwanamke, mzee sana, jina lake Ana, binti Fanueli, wa kabila la Asheri. Alikuwa ameishi na mumewe kwa miaka saba tangu alipoolewa. 37 Halafu alibaki mjane hadi wakati huo akiwa mzee wa miaka themanini na minne. Wakati huo wote alikaa Hekaluni akifunga na kusali usiku na mchana. 38 Saa hiyohiyo alijitokeza mbele, akamshukuru Mungu, na akaeleza habari za huyo mtoto kwa watu wote waliokuwa wanatazamia ukombozi wa Yerusalemu. 39 Hao wazazi walipokwisha fanya yote yaliyoamriwa na Sheria ya Bwana, walirudi makwao Nazareti, mkoani Galilaya. 40 Mtoto akakua, akazidi kupata nguvu, akajaa hekima, na neema ya Mungu ilikuwa pamoja naye.</ref> Kwa msingi wa habari zilizoandikwa na Luka, kadirio la [[karne ya 20]], lililofanywa na Annie Jaubert ("Le calendrier des Jubilées et de la secte de Qumran. Ses origines bibliques", in Vetus Testamentum, (1953) pp. 250-264) kwa kutegemea [[utafiti]] wa [[Myahudi]] Shemarjahu Talmon juu ya zamu za makuhani hekaluni ("The Calendar Reckoning of the sect from the Judean Desert. Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls", in Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. IV, Jerusalem 1958, pp 162-199), linathibitisha kuwa [[Zakaria (Injili)|Zakaria]] aliweza kupashwa habari ya kuwa atajaliwa [[mtoto]] Yohane alipokuwa hekaluni mwishoni mwa Septemba, hivyo Bikira Maria aliweza kupashwa habari yake mwenyewe miezi sita baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Machi ya mwaka uliofuata na hatimaye kumzaa Yesu miezi tisa baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Desemba. <ref>Taz. https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011538/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/SettoreOvest/caritasovest/25_dicembre.htm</ref> == Habari za Krismasi katika Korani == [[Korani]] pia ina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ([[nabii Isa]]). [[Surah|Sura]] ya tatu (Al Imran, 42-47) ina habari za tangazo la malaika kwa [[Bikira Mariamu]] zinazofanana na Luka 1. Sura ya 19 (Mariamu, 16-34) inarudia tangazo la malaika kwa Mariamu na inasimulia kuzaliwa kwake Yesu chini ya [[mti]] wa [[mtende]], halafu [[majadiliano]] kati ya Mariamu na [[ndugu]] zake. [[Mtoto mchanga]] Yesu akaanza kusema wakati wa kuzaliwa akimtetea mama yake dhidi ya ndugu zake. == Krismasi katika liturujia == Kama kawaida, [[imani]] na [[liturujia]] ya Kikristo zinaitikia haja za [[binadamu]]. Mojawapo ni kukutana na watu wa kupendeza kwa [[wema]] wao. [[Kipindi cha Noeli]] kinatimiza haja hiyo, kwa kuwa kinaadhimisha kuzaliwa kwa mtu mpya kabisa ambaye anatuvutia kwa wema wake na ambaye tukimuona tumemuona [[Mungu]], tena tukimpokea tunazaliwa upya kama wana wa Mungu. “Leo amezaliwa kwa ajili yenu [[Mwokozi]], ndiye Kristo [[Bwana]]”. Tunapoadhimisha Noeli tangazo hilo la malaika kwa wachungaji linatufikia sisi. Si kujidanganya, kana kwamba Yesu angezaliwa leo, wala hatukumbuki tu tukio la zamani, bali [[fumbo]] la kuzaliwa Bwana linatufikia leo katika liturujia na kutuletea [[neema]] zake. Hivyo tunaweza tukazaliwa upya kwa kushiriki kuzaliwa kwa [[kichwa]] chetu. Liturujia inashangilia hivi, “Lo! Mabadilishano ya ajabu! [[Mwana wa Mungu]] anakuwa mtu kusudi mtu awe mwana wa Mungu!”. Tena si binadamu tu, bali [[viumbe]] vyote vinapata [[heshima]] mpya kwa [[Neno wa milele]] kujifanya [[kiumbe]]. == Desturi za Krismasi == Sherehe ya Krismasi imekuwa sikukuu muhimu sana katika tamaduni za mataifa yaliyoathiriwa na [[Ukristo]]. Kuna desturi nyingi zilizojitokeza katika [[karne]] zote za kusheherekea Krismasi. Sehemu ya desturi hizi zimeenea pia nje ya nchi za asili na hata kutumiwa na watu wasiofuata [[imani]] ya Kikristo. * '''[[Pango la Noeli]]''' lililoanzishwa na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] mwaka [[1223]] [[Kijiji|kijijini]] [[Greccio]] ([[Italia ya Kati]]) na kuenea kila mahali kama [[sanaa]] inayoonyesha kwa njia mbalimbali jinsi [[Yesu]] alivyozaliwa. * '''[[Mapambo ya Krismasi]]:''' ni hasa [[nuru]] na [[taa]] za pekee. Alama za nyota kwa kukumbuka nyota iliyopeleka [[mamajusi]] hadi [[Bethlehemu]] inawekwa ndani na nje ya [[nyumba]] na ma[[duka]]. * '''[[Mti wa Krismasi]]''' - ni ishara ya pekee ya Krismasi yenye asili katika [[Ujerumani]] kusini-magharibi ya [[karne ya 16]] hivi. Asili yake iko katika maigizo yaliyosimulia hadithi za Biblia na mti wa [[Paradiso]] unaohusiana na masimulizi ya [[dhambi]] la kwanza na ujumbe wa Kristo kama [[mwokozi]] anayekuja kuondoa dhambi hilo. Kutoka maigizo ya kanisani ishara ya mti uliopambwa ma[[tunda]] uliingia katika nyumba za Wakristo ambako ulipambwa zaidi kwa matunda, [[keki]] tamu na [[pipi]] kwa watoto. Umekuwa mapambo ya nyumbani kwa majira ya Krismasi. Tangu Krismasi kuwa nafasi muhimu kwa [[uchumi]] kuna pia maduka mengi yanayoweka miti hii na katika [[mazingira]] ya ki[[biashara]] uhusiano wake na mti wa Paradiso umesahauliwa mara nyingi. * '''[[Zawadi za Krismasi]]''' - [[Martin Luther]] alitaka kuongeza umuhimu wa Krismasi kwa Wakristo ambao wakati wake walikuwa na desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye siku ya [[Nikolasi wa Myra|Mtakatifu Nikolasi]] tarehe [[6 Desemba]], [[wiki]] 2 kabla ya sikukuu. Hapo Luther alipendekeza kuhamisha zawadi kwa watoto kwenda siku ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ili wamkumbuke zaidi Yesu kuliko [[mtakatifu]] huyo. Hapo alirejea zawadi zilizopelekwa kwa Yesu na [[mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] kufuatana na taarifa ya [[Injili ya Mathayo]] mlango 2. Desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye sikukuu hii ilienea hadi kuwa desturi ya kupeana zawadi kati ya watu wa kila [[umri]]. Katika [[karne ya 20]] desturi ilienea kiasi cha kuwa nafasi muhimu ya [[biashara]]. Katika nchi nyingi mwezi Desemba umekuwa mwezi wa mapato makubwa kushinda miezi mingine. Hata katika [[miji]] mikubwa ya nchi kama [[Dubai]] au [[Japani]] ambako Wakristo ni wachache desturi ya kupeana zawadi imeenea na mapambo ya Krismasi katika maduka yanataka kuwahamasisha wateja kununua zawadi za [[majira]]. * '''[[Baba Krismasi]]''' ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 474-476 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 464-465 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 401-402 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 95-96 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=Christmas in America: A History|first=Penne L.|last=Restad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnJDKfYi3QC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20in%20America%3A%20A%20History&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-19-509300-3}} * ''The Battle for Christmas'', by Stephen Nissenbaum (1996; New York: Vintage Books, 1997). ISBN 0-679-74038-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The Origins of Christmas]'', by Joseph F. Kelly (August 2004: Liturgical Press) ISBN 978-0-8146-2984-0 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Christmas Customs and Traditions]'', by Clement A. Miles (1976: Dover Publications) ISBN 978-0-486-23354-3 * ''The World Encyclopedia of Christmas'', by Gerry Bowler (October 2004: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9 * ''Santa Claus: A Biography'', by Gerry Bowler (November 2007: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&lpg=PP1&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions]'', by William J. Federer (December 2002: Amerisearch) ISBN 978-0-9653557-4-2 * ''St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas'', by Jim Rosenthal (July 2006: Nelson Reference) ISBN 1-4185-0407-6 * ''Just say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties'', by David Comfort (November 1995: Fireside) ISBN 978-0-684-80057-8 * ''4000 Years of Christmas: A Gift from the Ages'', by Earl W. Count (November 1997: Ulysses Press) ISBN 978-1-56975-087-2 * {{cite book|title=The Birth of Christ|first=Peter|last=Sammons|date=May 2006|publisher=Glory to Glory Publications (UK)|isbn=0-9551790-1-7}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Sister project links|v=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|n=Category:Christmas|d=Q19809|b=Category:Christmas recipes}} * {{dmoz|Society/Holidays/Christmas/|Christmas}} * ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22042 Christmas: Its Origin and Associations]'', by William Francis Dawson, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]] {{Bikira Maria}} [[Jamii:Liturujia]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[jamii:Krismasi]] [[Jamii:Rozari]] h74fp2vjfavn3lio64s24cza2tm271b 0 2169 1577247 1426042 2026-06-28T06:49:42Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Nimerekebisha yaliyo badala ya yaliyopo 1577247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugali''' pia '''Sima''' ni [[chakula]] kinacholiwa na jamii za kiafrika. Chakula hiki chenye virutubisho vya [[wanga]] hutokana na unga wa [[nafaka]] (kama [[mahindi]], [[mtama]], [[uwele]]) au [[muhogo]]. Ugali hutayarishwa kwa njia ifuatayo: kwanza unachemsha maji kwenye sufuria baada ya kuchemka unachanganya unga kidogo na maji ya baridi pembeni, kisha tia mchanganyiko huo kwenye maji ya moto yaliyopo jikoni huku ukikoroga. Utatokea mchanganyiko wa unga na maji ambao unaitwa [[uji]], acha uji huo uchemke kwa muda kisha tia unga kiasi kulingana na uji wako huku ukisonga kwa kutumia [[mwiko]]. Endelea kusonga mpaka mchanganyiko ushikamane, mchanganyiko huu ndio hutoa ugali. Kimaeneo kuna aina mbalimbali za ugali kutegemeana na aina za mazao yanayopatikana. *'''Udaga''' ni ugali unaopikwa kwa kuchanganya [[unga]] wa [[muhogo]] na [[ulezi]], hupatikana zaidi maeneo ya [[Musoma]] kwa [[Wakuria]] Ugali huweza kuliwa na mboga ya aina yoyote kama vile [[mboga majani]], [[sukumawiki]], [[samaki]] na [[nyama]]. Kawaida ugali huliwa kwa mikono mitupu. Tonge la ugali hufinyangwa kwa mkono kisha kuchovya kwenye maziwa au mchuzi wa maharage, samaki, au nyama ya ng'ombe. Ugali, mapishi yake na jinsi unavyoliwa, hufanana kwa kiasi fulani na [[foufou]] toka [[Afrika Magharibi]], na [[polenta]] toka [[Italia]]. Ugali hujulikana kama [[nshima]] nchini [[Zambia]] au [[nsima]] nchini [[Malawi]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GElmr9nDSDA Video kuhusu jinsi ya kupika ugali] {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] n30y6hwl285yw9z9aqm1c22ddwxxy0t 0 2391 1577227 1576608 2026-06-28T04:38:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lake Malawi00.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Ziwa Malawi mwaka 1967.]] [[Picha:TZ Nyasa (Malawi).PNG|thumb|250px|right|Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka usiokubaliwa kati ya Tanzania na Malawi. Tanzania inadai mstari mwekundu kuwa sahihi, lakini Malawi inadai ziwa lote hadi [[mwambao]] wa Tanzania. Mpaka kati ya Msumbiji na Malawi hauna matata.]] '''Ziwa Nyasa''' (katika [[Malawi]]: Ziwa '''Malawi'''; katika [[Msumbiji]]: Ziwa '''Niassa''') ni kati ya [[ziwa|maziwa]] makubwa ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] likiwa na nafasi ya [[tatu]] baada ya Ziwa [[Viktoria Nyanza]] na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]]. Ni ziwa la nne kwa ukubwa na la maji baridi duniani kwa ujazo, ziwa la tisa kwa ukubwa duniani kwa eneo na ziwa la tatu kwa ukubwa na la pili kwa kina barani Afrika. Ziwa Malawi ni nyumbani kwa spishi nyingi za samaki kuliko ziwa lingine lolote ulimwenguni,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Protected Areas Programme -|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html|work=www.unep-wcmc.org|accessdate=2026-06-24|archive-date=2008-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ikijumuisha angalau spishi 700 za cichlids. Sehemu ya ziwa la Msumbiji ilitangazwa rasmi kuwa hifadhi na Serikali ya Msumbiji mnamo Juni 10, 2011,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site|url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?200583/Mozambiques-Lake-Niassa-declared-reserve-and-Ramsar-site|work=wwf.panda.org|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en}}</ref> huku Malawi sehemu ya ziwa ikijumuishwa katika Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Ziwa Malawi. Ziwa Malawi ni ziwa la meromictic, kumaanisha kuwa tabaka zake za maji hazichanganyiki. Uwekaji tabaka wa kudumu wa maji ya Ziwa Malawi na mpaka wa oksiki-oksiksi hudumishwa na kemikali ndogo na viwango vya joto. Likijulikana kwa bioanuwai yake ya ajabu, Ziwa Malawi huhifadhi zaidi ya spishi 600 za samaki aina ya cichlid, karibu wote wanapatikana katika ziwa hilo, na kuchangia mojawapo ya viwango vya juu zaidi vya samaki wa maji baridi duniani. Uenezi huu unatokana na kutengwa kwa kijiolojia na makazi mbalimbali ya ziwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na ufuo wa miamba, sehemu za chini za mchanga, na maji wazi, ambayo yamesababisha utofauti wa haraka kati ya cichlidi juu ya nyakati za mageuzi. Mfumo ikolojia wa ziwa unasaidia uvuvi wa ndani ambao hutoa chanzo kikuu cha protini na maisha ya kiuchumi kwa jamii zinazozunguka, ingawa uvuvi kupita kiasi na shinikizo la kimazingira huleta changamoto zinazoendelea. Likiwa limegunduliwa na wagunduzi wa Uropa katikati ya karne ya 19, Ziwa Malawi limekuwa kitovu cha utafiti wa kisayansi kutokana na sifa zake za kipekee za limnolojia, kama vile utabakaji wake wa hali ya juu na hutumika kama rasilimali muhimu kwa utalii na uwezekano wa maendeleo ya umeme wa maji katika eneo hilo. Maelekezo ya mipaka kando ya ziwa mara kwa mara yamesababisha migogoro, hasa kati ya Malawi na Tanzania, ikionyesha umuhimu wake wa kijiografia. == Eneo la Ziwa (Jiografia) == Eneo la ziwa ni [[km²]] 29,600. Lina [[urefu]] wa [[km]] 560 na [[upana]] wa km 50-80, likienea kutoka [[kaskazini]] kuelekea [[kusini]]. Vilindi vyake vinafikia hadi [[mita]] 704 chini ya uwiano wa [[maji]] yake. Ziwa Nyasa linapatikana kati ya nchi za [[Malawi]], [[Msumbiji]] na [[Tanzania]]. Katika [[ziwa]] hilo kuna [[mito]] mbalimbali inayoingiza [[maji]] yake humo kama vile [[mto Lufilyo]], [[mto Mbaka]], [[mto Kiwila]], [[mto Songwe]] n.k. [[Kusini]] mwa ziwa unatoka [[Mto Shire]] unaopeleka [[maji]] kwenye [[Mto Zambezi]] na hatimaye [[Bahari Hindi]]. Ki[[jiolojia]] ziwa ni sehemu ya [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Ziwa Nyasa linajulikana kuwa na aina nyingi za [[samaki]] (zaidi ya 1500). Aina chache tu zinavuliwa kama [[chakula]], lakini aina mbalimbali zinakamatwa na kuuzwa nje ya [[Afrika]] kwa wapenzi wa samaki wa [[rangi]]. ==Historia ya Jiolojia== Ziwa Malawi ni mojawapo ya maziwa makuu ya Bonde la Ufa na ziwa la kale. Ziwa hili lipo katika bonde linaloundwa na ufunguzi wa Ufa wa Afrika Mashariki, ambapo sahani ya tectonic ya Afrika inagawanywa katika vipande viwili. Hii inaitwa mpaka wa tectonics za sahani tofauti. Malawi kwa kawaida inakadiriwa kuwa na umri wa miaka milioni 1-2 (mya),<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Wilson |first=Anthony B. |last2=Teugels |first2=Guy G. |last3=Meyer |first3=Axel |date=2008-04-23 |title=Marine incursion: the freshwater herring of Lake Tanganyika are the product of a marine invasion into west Africa |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2292254/ |journal=PloS One |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=e1979 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001979 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2292254 |pmid=18431469}}</ref> lakini ushahidi wa hivi majuzi zaidi unaonyesha ziwa la zamani sana lenye bonde ambalo lilianza kuunda takriban mya 8.6 na hali ya maji ya kina kilionekana kwanza 4.5 mya. Viwango vya maji vimetofautiana sana kwa muda, kuanzia karibu mita 600 (futi 2,000) chini ya kiwango cha sasa hadi 10-20 m (futi 33–66) juu. Wakati wa vipindi ziwa lilikauka karibu kabisa, na kuacha ziwa moja au mbili tu ndogo kiasi, zenye alkali nyingi na chumvi katika kile ambacho kwa sasa ni sehemu za kina kabisa za Malawi. Kemia ya maji inayofanana na hali ya sasa ilionekana tu miaka 60,000 iliyopita. Vipindi vikuu vya maji ya chini vinakadiriwa kutokea takriban miaka milioni 1.6 hadi 1.0-0.57 iliyopita (ambapo yangeweza kukauka kabisa), 420,000 hadi 250,000-110,000 miaka iliyopita, takriban miaka 25,000 iliyopita na miaka 18,000-10,700 iliyopita.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/18/2/144/1079219?login=false</ref> Wakati wa kilele cha kipindi cha maji ya chini kati ya 1390 na 1860 AD, inaweza kuwa 120-150 m (390-490 ft) chini ya viwango vya sasa vya maji. ==Sifa za maji== Maji ya ziwa ni ya alkali (pH 7.7–8.6) na yana joto la kawaida la uso kati ya 24 na 29 °C (75–84 °F), huku sehemu zenye kina kirefu kwa kawaida huwa kama 22°C (72°F).[22] Thermocline iko katika kina cha mita 40–100 (futi 130–330).<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018210001276?via%3Dihub=</ref> Kikomo cha oksijeni kiko katika kina cha takriban mita 250 (futi 820), na hivyo kuzuia samaki na viumbe vingine vya aerobic kwa sehemu ya juu. Maji ni safi sana kwa ziwa na mwonekano unaweza kuwa hadi mita 20 (futi 66), lakini chini kidogo ya nusu ya takwimu hii ni ya kawaida zaidi na iko chini ya mita 3 (futi 10) katika ghuba zenye matope. Hata hivyo, wakati wa msimu wa mvua wa miezi ya Januari hadi Machi, maji huwa na matope zaidi kutokana na mtiririko wa matope wa mito.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Malawi|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/lakes/lake-malawi.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2021-07-17|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en-US|author=John Misachi July 17 2021 in Bodies of Water}}</ref> ==Ukoloni wa Ulaya== Mfanyabiashara Mreno Candido José da Costa Cardoso alikuwa Mzungu wa kwanza kutembelea ziwa hilo mnamo mwaka 1846.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal|title=Livingstone|last=Jeal|first=Tim|date=1973|publisher=New York, Putnam|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-399-11215-7}}</ref> David Livingstone alifika ziwa hilo mnamo mwaka 1859, na kuliita Ziwa Nyasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Nyasa {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/africa/african-physical-geography/lake-nyasa|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Pia aliirejelea kwa jozi ya majina ya utani: Ziwa la nyota<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_wsAwAAQBAJ&q=%22lake+of+stars%22+livingstone&pg=PP170|title=David Livingstone, Africa's Greatest Explorer: The Man, the Missionary and the Myth|last=Bayly|first=Paul|date=2014-03-27|publisher=Fonthill Media|language=en}}</ref> na Ziwa la dhoruba. Jina la utani la Ziwa la nyota lilikuja baada ya Livingstone kuona taa kutoka kwa taa za wavuvi nchini Malawi kwenye boti zao, zinazofanana na nyota angani kwa mbali. Baadaye, baada ya kukumbwa na mafuriko yasiyotabirika na yenye jeuri sana ambayohuwa yanaenea katika eneo hilo, pia alilitaja kama Ziwa la Dhoruba. Mnamo tarehe 16 Agosti 1914, Ziwa Malawi lilikuwa eneo la vita vifupi vya majini wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Kidunia. Boti ya bunduki ya Uingereza SS Gwendolen, iliyoamriwa na Kapteni Rhoades, ilipokea amri kutoka kwa amri kuu ya Milki ya Uingereza ya "kuzama, kuchoma, au kuharibu" mashua pekee ya bunduki ya Dola ya Ujerumani kwenye ziwa, Hermann von, akiongozwa na Kapteni Wiss. Wafanyakazi wa Rhoades walipata Hermann von Wissmann katika ghuba karibu na Sphinxhaven, katika eneo la maji ya Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani. Gwendolen alizima mashua ya Wajerumani kwa risasi moja ya kanuni kutoka umbali wa takriban mita 1,800 (yadi 2,000). Mgogoro huu mfupi ulisifiwa na The Times nchini Uingereza kama ushindi wa kwanza wa majini wa Milki ya Uingereza katika Vita vya Kwanza vya dunia. == Suala la mipaka ziwani == Malawi lina ufuko mrefu ziwani upande wa [[magharibi]] na kusini, ilhali Tanzania inapakana na kaskazini mwa ziwa na kwenye ufuko wa [[mashariki]], ikifuatwa na Msumbiji. Kuna [[ugomvi]] kati ya Malawi na Tanzania kuhusu mipaka ndani ya ziwa. Mpaka baina ya Malawi (zamani: Nyassaland) na Msumbiji ulipangwa wakati wa [[ukoloni]]. Lakini kuna mzozo kuhusu [[robo]] ya kaskazini-mashariki inayodaiwa na Tanzania kuwa ni eneo lake, ilhali Malawi inaidai pia. Malawi imedai ya kwamba maji yote hadi [[ufukwe|ufukoni]] upande wa Tanzania ni sehemu ya eneo lake la kitaifa. Tanzania imedai ya kwamba mpaka uwe katikati ya ziwa kufuatana na [[desturi]] za kimataifa. Sababu ya mzozo ni maelewano ya [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]]. Wakati wa kuanzishwa kwa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] lakini kabla ya serikali ya [[Ujerumani]] kuchukua koloni mkononi mwake<ref>Koloni ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani ilianzishwa kama koloni ya kibiashara iliyomilikiwa na shirika la binafsi [[Kampuni ya Kijerumani kwa Afrika ya Mashariki]] na bila mipaka maalumu iliyoeleweka. Mnamo 1890 ilipoonekana shirika haliwezi kumiliki maeneo hayo, serikali iliamua kuchukua utawala mkononi mwake moja kwa moja. Katika maandalizi ya hatua hiyo, Ujerumani ilitafuta maelewano na Uingereza kuhusu "mipaka ya maslahi" (spheres of interest) katika Afrika kwa jumla. Hapo nchi hizo mbili zilielewana pia kuhusu maeneo ambayo wakati ule hazikutawaliwa nazo bado. Tazama makala [[Mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar]]</ref>, [[serikali]] za [[Uingereza]] na [[Ujerumani]] zilipatana kuhusu mipaka ya "eneo chini ya athira ya Ujerumani" ("German sphere of influence") kwa kutaja mpaka ulifuata ufuko wa Ziwa Nyasa.<ref>"In East Africa, Germany's sphere of influence is demarcated thus: ... To the south by the line that starts on the coast of the northern border of Mozambique Province and follows the course of the Rovuma River to the point where the Messinge flows into the Rovuma. From here the line runs westward on the parallel of latitude to the shore of Lake Nyasa. Turning north, it continues along the eastern, northern, and western shores of the lake until it reaches the northern bank of the mouth of the Songwe River. " ([http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=782 Anglo-German Treaty (Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty) (July 1, 1890), article I,2] {{Wayback|url=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=782 |date=20120119114434 }}, tovuti ya http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org, mradi wa German Historical Institute Washington, DC, iliangaliwa Machi 2019</ref> Leo inajadiliwa baina ya wanasharia wa kimataifa kama maneno haya yalitaja mipaka halisi ya kiutawala au kama yalikuwa tu mapatano ya awali kuhusu "maeneo chini ya athira" ya nchi husika<ref>[https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1193&context=mjil Tiyanjana Maluwa: Oil Under Troubled Waters?: Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute Between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi Tiyanjana Maluwa], jarida la Michigan Journal of International Law, 2016, ukurasa 360f</ref>. Baada ya mwaka [[1919]] [[Uingereza]] ilitawala [[Tanganyika]] pamoja na [[Malawi]] (Nyassaland), hivyo hakukuwa na shida. Kabla ya uhuru, wakati wawakilishi wa [[TANU]] walichaguliwa tayari kuwa wabunge katika bunge la kikoloni (legislative council) na Julius Nyerere alikuwa waziri mkuu wa Tanganyika tangu 1960, mbunge Chifu Mhaiki alitaka serikali iangalie upya haki za Tanganyika kwa maji ya ziwa. Tarehe 12 Oktoba 1960 waziri mkuu Nyerere alijibu: "Hakuna shaka lolote kuhusu mpaka huu. Tunajua kwamba hakuna tone la maji kwenye Ziwa Nyasa ni mali ya Tanganyika kufuatana na mapatano haya. Hali halisi tungedai serikali jirani ibadilishe mipaka kwa manufaa ya Tanganyika." <ref>"There is no doubt at all about this boundary. We know that not a drop of the water of Lake Nyasa belongs to Tanganyika under the terms of the agreement, so that in actual fact we would be asking a neighboring Government [to] change the boundary in favor of Tanganyika.", Tanganyika Legislative Council, Official Report uk 614-615, kufuatana na James Mayall: The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute. The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), uk 615, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/161618?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents online hapa]</ref>. Chifu Mhaiki alirudia swali lake alipokuwa mbunge katika Bunge la Kitaifa baada ya uhuru wa Tanganyika mwaka 1962 na safari hii waziri mkuu Rashidi Kawawa alijibu tena kwamba hakuna sehemu ya Ziwa Nyasa iliyokuwa ndani ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani, kwamba Uingereza haikubadilisha mipaka hii na kwamba hata kama kuna hasara kwa Tanganyika serikali haiwezi kuanza majadiliano juu ya swali hili na Uingereza au serikali ya Nyasaland kabla ya uhuru wa nchi hii jirani<ref>Maluwa, uk. 373</ref>. Tarehe 3 Januari 1967 serikali ya Tanzania iliandika mara ya kwanza kwa serikali ya Malawi na kuifahamisha kwamba iliona mpaka baina ya nhci hizi ilifuata mstari wa kati wa Ziwa Nyasa. Malawi ilithibitisha kupokelewa kwa barua hii bila kuijibu rasmi. Hata hivyo rais Banda wa Malawi alikataa madai ya tanzania mbele ya bunge lake. [[Polisi]] ya Malawi ilijaribu kutawala [[wavuvi]] na [[feri]] za Tanzania ziwani. Mzozo huu ulisababisha [[risasi]] kufyatuliwa hadi kutulia mwaka 1968. Hadi leo hakuna mapatano rasmi lakini nchi zote [[mbili]] zinaendelea kudai bila kutumia nguvu. Hali halisi Malawi imeheshimu dai la Tanzania, haijasumbua tena wavuvi wala feri za jirani ndani ya robo ya kaskazini-mashariki ya ziwa. Mzozo ulifufuka tena tangu mwaka 2012 baada ya Malawi kutoa vibali vya upelelezi wa gesi na mafuta chini ya ziwa, tendo linalopingwa na Tanzania.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201208130878.html Malawi: Old Border Dispute With Tanzania Over Lake Malawi Flares Up Again]</ref> ==Maisha ya porini== Wanyamapori wanaopatikana ndani na nje ya Ziwa Malawi au Nyasa ni pamoja na mamba wa Nile, kiboko, [[nyani]] na idadi kubwa ya [[tai]] wa Kiafrika wanaolisha samaki kutoka ziwani.<ref>{{Citation|title=Geography & Wildlife|url=http://www.our-africa.org/malawi/geography-wildlife|work=Our Africa|language=en|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref> ===Uvuvi=== Ziwa Malawi kwa milenia limekuwa chanzo kikuu cha [[chakula]] kwa wakazi wa mwambao wake kwa vile maji yake yana samaki wengi. Miongoni mwa aina maarufu zaidi ni aina nne za chambo, inayojumuisha mojawapo ya spishi nne katika jenasi ndogo ya Nyasalapia (Oreochromis karongae, O. lidole, O. saka na O. squamipinnis), pamoja na O. shiranus<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Distribution and Biology of Chambo (Oreochromis spp.) in Lakes Malawi and Malombe.|url=https://www.fao.org/4/ad202e/AD202E00.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> inayohusiana kwa karibu. Aina nyingine zinazosaidia uvuvi muhimu ni pamoja na dagaa wa Ziwa Malawi (Engraulicypris sardella) na samaki aina ya kampango wakubwa (Bagrus meridionalis). Uvuvi mwingi hutoa chakula kwa ongezeko la watu karibu na ziwa, lakini baadhi yao husafirishwa kutoka Malawi. Idadi ya samaki porini inazidi kutishiwa na uvuvi wa kupita kiasi na uchafuzi wa maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Preserving the Future for Lake Malawi|url=http://web.mit.edu/africantech/www/articles/Lake_Malawi.html|work=web.mit.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2019-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930173855/http://web.mit.edu/africantech/www/articles/Lake_Malawi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kushuka kwa kina cha maji ya ziwa kunawakilisha tishio lingine, na inaaminika kuchochewa na uchimbaji wa maji na ongezeko la watu, mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na pia ukataji miti.<ref>{{Citation|last=Banda|first=Mabvuto|title=Rapid drop in Lake Malawi's water levels drives down fish stocks|date=2013-05-22|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/may/22/lake-malawi-water-levels-fish-stocks|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref> Chambo na kampango wamevuliwa kupita kiasi (kampango ilipungua kwa takriban 90% kutoka 2006 hadi 2016, O. karongae na O. squamipinnis kwa takriban 94%, na O. lidole wanaweza kuwa tayari wametoweka<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Geoffrey Kanyerere (Malawi Dept Fisheries) |last2=Titus Phiri (Monkey Bay Fisheries Research Centre) |last3=Shechonge |first3=Asilatu |date=2018-05-22 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis karongae |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61293/148647939 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529045927/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61293/148647939 |archive-date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2026-06-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Titus Phiri (Monkey Bay Fisheries Research Centre) |last2=Geoffrey Kanyerere (Malawi Dept Fisheries) |date=2018-05-22 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis squamipinnis |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60760/148648312 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603175310/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60760/148648312 |archive-date=2025-06-03 |access-date=2026-06-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>) na sasa wako katika hatari kubwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rangers struggle to save endangered fish in Lake Malawi|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/10/27/malawi.overfishing/|work=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en|author=From� David McKenzie and Brent Swails CNN}}</ref> IUCN inatambua aina 117 za cichlids za Malawi kuwa ziko hatarini; baadhi ya hizi zina safu ndogo na zinaweza kuwa na miamba ya pwani yenye urefu wa mita mia chache tu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geographic Patterns|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/freshwater/eastafrica/geographicpatternsea|work=www.iucnredlist.org|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> ==Uogeleaji== Uogeleaji wa pekee wa kilomita 25 katika Ziwa Malawi kati ya Cape Ngomba na Senga Bay umekamilika kwa mara 5 na waogeleaji 16. 1992: Lewis Pugh masaa 9 na dakika 52 (Uingereza/Afrika Kusini)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Internal Waters {{!}} Expeditions|url=http://lewispugh.com/internal-waters/|work=lewispugh.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408015517/http://lewispugh.com/internal-waters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Otto Thanning (Afrika Kusini) masaa 10 na dakika 5 2010: Abigail Brown (Uingereza) masaa 9 na dakika 45 2013: Milko van Gool (Uholanzi) masaa 8 na dakika 46<ref>{{Citation|title=Milko Van Gool thought to be fastest male solo swimmer across North Channel|date=2013-07-30|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-23510169|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-25}}</ref> na Kaitlin Harthoorn (Marekani) masaa 9 na dakika 17 2016: (rekodi ya sasa) Jean Craven (Afrika Kusini), Robert Dunford (Kenya), Michiel Le Roux (Afrika Kusini), Samantha Whelpton (Afrika Kusini), Greig Bannatyne (Afrika Kusini), Haydn Von Maltitz (Afrika Kusini), Douglas Livingstone-Blevins (Afrika Kusini) masaa 7 na dakika 53<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crossing Lake Malawi – MAD Swimmer|url=https://madswimmer.com/crossing-lake-malawi-gallery/|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> 2019: Chris Stapley (Eswatini) na Jay Azran (Afrika Kusini) masaa 8 na dakika 40, Andrew Stevens (Australia) masaa 10 na dakika 50, na Ruth Azran (Afrika Kusini) masaa 11 na dakika 8.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Swimming Cows conquer Lake Malawi in brutal conditions – The Cows|url=http://thecows.co.za/2019/05/09/swimming-cows-conquer-lake-malawi-in-brutal-conditions/|work=thecows.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mwaka huo huo, Martin Hobbs (Afrika Kusini), akawa mtu wa kwanza kuogelea urefu mzima wa Ziwa Malawi (siku 54), na pia kuweka rekodi ya dunia ya kuogelea kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika ziwa hili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Man braves crocodiles, hippos to set world record in 54-day swim across lake|url=https://abcnews.com/International/man-braves-crocodiles-hippos-set-world-record-54/story?id=62626659|work=ABC News|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en|author=A. B. C. News}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Nyasa]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Malawi]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] 942hkjay7dqh6c83c7pev3e6z2ft1ov 0 2656 1577242 1519048 2026-06-28T06:34:52Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Nimerekebisha baadhi ya nomino za mahali ziliandikwa kwa herufi ndogo mfano mali badala ya Mali na nomino zinginezo 1577242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other}} {{Infobox_Country |native_name = <br />Republique du Mali |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Mali |common_name = Mali |image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Mali.svg |image_map = LocationMali.png |national_motto = Taifa moja, Lengo moja, Imani moja (Kifaransa: Un peuple, un but, une foi) |national_anthem = Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali (Kwa Afrika na kwako, Mali) |official_languages = [[Kibambara]] na nyingine 12<ref>Mnamo 22 Julai 2023 lugha ya Kifaransa imeshushwa hadhi na kuwa tu lugha ya kufanya kazi nchini Mali.</ref> |capital = [[Bamako]] |latd=12 |latm=39 |latNS=N |longd=8 |longm=0 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Bamako]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles = [[Orodha ya marais wa Mali|Rais]]<br />[[Waziri Wakuu wa Mali|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Assimi Goïta]]<br />[[Choguel Kokalla Maïga]] |area_rank = ya 23 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area= 1,240,192 |areami²= 478,839 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 1.6% |population_estimate = 21,473,764 |population_estimate_rank = ya 60 |population_estimate_year = 2022 |population_census = 19,329,841 |population_census_year = 2018 |population_density = 11.7 |population_densitymi² = 30.3 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 215 |GDP_PPP = $11.83 billion <!--cia --> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 135 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,000 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 211th |sovereignty_type = [[History of Mali|Uhuru]] |established_events = Tarehe |established_dates = kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br />[[22 Septemba]] [[1960]] |HDI = 0.333 |HDI_rank = 174th |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency = [[CFA franc]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = MLI |time_zone = |utc_offset = 0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +1 |cctld = [[.ml]] |calling_code = 223 |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Mali carte.png|thumbnail|right|250px|Ramani ya Mali]] '''Mali''', rasmi '''jamhuri ya Mali''', ni nchi isiyo na pwani katika Afrika Magharibi, ikiwa na mpaka na [[Algeria]], [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Kodivaa]], [[Guinea]], [[Senegal]], na [[Mauritania]]. Mji mkuu wake na mji mkubwa zaidi, [[Bamako]], ni kitovu cha kiutamaduni na kiuchumi wa nchi hiyo. Kwa idadi ya watu takriban milioni 21.9 (makadirio ya 2023), Mali iko katika nafasi ya 59 kwa watu duniani. Nchi hiyo inajulikana kwa umuhimu wake wa kihistoria kama kitovu cha Milki ya Mali na mji wa kihistoria wa [[Timbuktu]], ambayo ilikuwa kitovu cha kielimu na biashara wakati wa enzi za kati. Sehemu ya juu ni [[Mlima Hombori Tondo]] ([[mita]] 1155 juu ya [[UB]]) ulioko katikati ya nchi. Upande wa [[Kaskazini]] sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Mali ni [[Jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. Wakazi walio wengi huishi [[kusini]], karibu na [[Mito]] [[Senegal (mto)|Senegal]] na [[Niger (mto)|Niger]]. == Jiografia == [[Theluthi]] mbili za eneo la Niger ni jangwa. Maeneo mengine ni ya [[Sahel]] na [[Sudan (kanda la kijiografia)|kanda la Sudan]]. Sehemu za kusini ni hasa tambarare za [[bonde]] la mto Niger. [[Hali ya hewa]] ni tofautitofauti, kulingana na eneo. Kuna kanda tatu: * Kanda la jangwani kaskazini - [[usimbishaji]] chini ya [[mm]] 100 kwa mwaka, [[yabisi]] na yabisi sana. Hapa wanaishi [[wafugaji]] pekee. * Kanda la Sahel: [[mbuga]] nusu yabisi inayobadilika kuwa [[savana]] kusini kwenye [[mvua]] zaidi. Kuna [[kilimo]] kando ya mto Niger. * Kanda la Sudan lina usimbishaji wa mm 1400 . Lina savana ilhali [[miti]] inaongezeka hadi kufika hali ya [[misitu]] kabisa kusini. Kuna [[malighafi]] kama vile [[dhahabu]], [[urani]], [[fosfati]], [[kaolini]], [[chumvi]] na [[chokaa]]. ==Ugatuzi wa nchi== <sup>Makala kuu: [[Mikoa ya Mali]]</sup> Baada ya uhuru Mali ilikuwa na mikoa 8. Tangu mwaka 2016 Mali imegawanywa katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] kumi na eneo la pekee la mji mkuu. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka 2012 ililenga kuwa na mikoa 19<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://malilink.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/20160120-Taoudenit-Cre%CC%81ation..pdf|title=LOI N<sup>o</sup> 2012-017 DU 02 MARS 2012 PORTANT CREATION DE CIRCONSCRIPTIONS ADMINISTRATIVES EN REPUBLIQUE DU MALI|work=Journal officiel de la République du Mali|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=21 February 2017|archivedate=2018-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123125639/http://malilink.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/20160120-Taoudenit-Cre%CC%81ation..pdf}}</ref>, lakini hadi mwaka 2023 kuna mikoa miwili mipya pekee iliyoanzishwa. Kila mkoa unaitwa [[jina]] la mji mkuu wake. Mikoa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] (''cercles'') 56. Wilaya zote zimegawanywa katika [[manispaa]] ''(communes)'' 703 . <ref>{{Citation|title=Loi N°99-035/ Du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Creation des Collectivites Territoriales de Cercles et de Regions|url=http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309073942/http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf|publisher=Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali|language=fr|archive-date=2012-03-09}}.</ref> == Historia == Mali ina [[historia]] ndefu ambayo ni historia ya pamoja ya nchi za kanda la Sahel na kanda la Sudan. Zamani za [[Wafinisia]] na za [[Waroma]] palikuwa na [[mawasiliano]] ya [[biashara]] na nchi za [[Mediteranea]] kupitia [[wanafayabiashara]] Waberberi walioelewa [[njia]] za Sahara. [[Uvamizi]] wa [[Wavandali]] katika Afrika ya Kaskazini ulivuruga mawasiliano hayo. [[Picha:Empire ghana.png|thumbnail|right|Dola la Ghana]] Baada ya uvamizi wa [[Waarabu]] na uenezaji wa Uislamu biashara ilianza upya. Ndio Waberberi Waislamu walioingiza dini mpya hata kusini ya Sahara. Katika eneo la Mali ya leo pamoja na nchi jirani ni hasa madola matatu makubwa yaliyotawala upande wa kusini wa njia za [[Biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara|biashara iliyovuka Sahara]]. === Dola la Ghana === Dola la kwanza lilikuwa Dola la Ghana. Kuanzia [[karne ya 8]] [[BK]] hadi mwaka [[1076]] lilitawala biashara ya [[dhahabu]], [[pembe za ndovu]] na chumvi. [[Mji mkuu]] ulikuwa [[Kumbi Sale]] wenye wakazi 30,000 katika Mauretania ya leo. Taarifa za wanahistoria Waarabu zimeonyesha [[ufalme]] tajiri. [[Utamaduni]] wake haukuwa wa Kiislamu bali wa Kiafrika asilia. Mwisho wake ulianza wakati [[jeshi]] la [[Wamurabitun]] kutoka [[Moroko]] lilivuka jangwa na kuvamia Kumbi Sale. === Milki ya Mali === [[Picha:MALI empire map.PNG|thumbnail|Eneo la Dola la Mali]] [[Milki ya Mali]] ilianza kama ufalme mdogo wa [[Wamalinke]] kando ya Ghana. Wakati wa [[karne ya 13]] ilianza kupanuka chini ya [[mfalme]] [[Sundiata Keita]]. Sundiata mwenyewe alipokea Uislamu mnamo [[1240]] BK na wafalme baada yake waliendela kuwa Waislamu. Mfalme wa Mali aliyejulikana zaidi ndiye [[Mansa Kankan Musa I]] ([[1312]]–[[1337]]). Miaka [[1324]]-[[1325]] [[hija|alihiji]] kwenda [[Makka]]. Alisafiri na dhahabu nyingi sana. Huku [[Misri]] alitoa [[zawadi]] kiasi cha kuharibu [[thamani]] ya dhahabu kwa miaka 12 iliyofuata. Wakati ule mji wa [[Timbuktu]] ulikuwa [[kitovu]] cha biashara na [[elimu]] iliyojulikana kote katika [[umma]] wa Kiislamu hata [[Ulaya]]. Katika [[karne ya 14]] BK uwezo na utawala wa Mali ulipungua na Songhai ilichukua nafasi yake. === Dola la Songhai === [[Picha:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumbnail|Eneo la Dola la Songhai]] Asili ya [[Wasonghai]] ilikuwa [[Nigeria]] ya Kaskazini ya leo. Walipanua utawala wao kuelekea magharibi wakapokea Uislamu wakati wa uvamizi wa Almurabitun. Mnamo mwaka [[1250]] walikuwa chini ya Mali lakini katika [[karne ya 14]] walijipatia [[uhuru]] tena, wakaanza kushika maeneo ya Mali yenyewe. [[Kilele]] cha nguvu yake ilikuwa wakati wa mfalme [[Askia Mohammad I]] katika [[karne ya 16]] walipotawala eneo kubwa kutoka [[Kano]] (Nigeria) hadi pwani ya [[Atlantiki]]. Wakati wake mji wa [[Timbuktu]] ilitembelewa na [[msafiri]] [[Leo Africanus]] aliyeleta baadaye habari za nchi hadi Ulaya. Utawala wao uliporomoka baada ya mashumbulizi kutoka [[Moroko]] mwaka [[1591]]. Wakati ule mataifa ya Ulaya yameshaanza kufika kwenye [[mwambao]] wa Afrika ya Magharibi wakifungua biashara ya moja kwa moja na Ulaya. Umuhimu wa biashara ya kuvuka Sahara ulipungua vikali pamoja na [[faida]] iliyopatikana kwa watawala katika maeneo ya Sahel. === Kipindi cha madola madogo na [[jihadi]] === Kilichofuata kilikuwa kipindi cha madola madogo. Viongozi Waislamu walijaribu mara kadhaa kujenga utawala juu ya eneo lote. Anayejulikana zaidi alikuwa [[Alhaj Omar]] aliyepiga [[vita]] kwa jina la dini ya Kiislamu dhidi ya [[Wabambara]] waliofuata utamaduni na [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]]. Mtoto wa Alhaj Omar aliyeitwa Ahmadu alijaribu kuendeleza jihadi yake. Lakini wakati ule [[Wafaransa]] walianza kuenea katika Afrika ya Magharibi wakamshinda. Mali ikawa [[koloni]] la [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia mwaka [[1895]]. Ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]], na kuanzia [[1920]] ya [[Sudan ya Kifaransa]]. [[Picha:View over Bamako - 20th February 2005.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mji wa [[Bamako]]]] === Uhuru === Mwaka [[1960]] Mali pamoja na Senegal zilipata uhuru kama "[[Shirikisho la Mali]]". Baada ya Senegal kuacha [[umoja]] huo, Jamhuri ya Mali chini ya [[rais]] wa kwanza [[Modibo Keïta]] ikawa nchi ya kujitegemea. Keita alipinduliwa mwaka [[1968]] na [[wanajeshi]] akishtakiwa kuwa ameharibu [[uchumi]] na kujitajirisha. Kiongozi mpya [[Moussa Traoré]] alitawala kama [[dikteta]] wa kijeshi, baadaye kwa msaada wa [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Mabadiliko yaliyotokea kote Afrika tangu mwisho wa [[Ukomunisti]] kuanzia [[miaka ya 1990]] yalisababisha kupinduliwa kwa Traoré katika Machi [[1991]] na kamati ya kijeshi iliyoongozwa na [[Amadou Toumani Touré]]. Katiba mpya ya mwaka [[1992]] iliunda kipindi cha [[kura]] huru alimoshinda Amadou. == Siasa == ===Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kaskazini na maasi ya kijeshi=== Kaskazini mwa Mali kunakaliwa hasa na [[Watuareg]] na baadhi yao hawakupenda kuwa chini ya Mali. Hivyo mara kadhaa kulikuwa na mapigano kati yao na jeshi la nchi. Tangu mwaka 2012 mapigano yameanza upya<ref>[http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-clashes-force-120-000-from-homes-20120222 Mali clashes force 120 000 from homes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190149/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-clashes-force-120-000-from-homes-20120222|date=10 October 2017}}. News24 (22 February 2012). Retrieved 23 February 2012.</ref>. Mwaka huo wanamgambo na wanajeshi walikimbia vita kwenda [[Libya]] na kujiunga na wapiganaji Watuareg waliotangaza mnamo Aprili 2012 uhuru wa eneo la "Azawad" katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Timbuktu|Timbuktu]], [[Mkoa wa Gao|Gao]] na [[Mkoa wa Kidal|Kidal]]. Lakini wanamgambo wa makundi yenye mwelekeo mkali wa Kiislamu kama [[Al-Qaeda]] waliwashinda Watuareg na kushika utawala wakianzisha mfumo wa [[sharia]] ya Kiislamu<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis-idUSBRE85R15720120628|title=Islamists declare full control of Mali's north|author=Tiemoko Diallo|author2=Adama Diarra|work=Reuters|date=28 June 2012|access-date=28 July 2012|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815183330/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis/islamists-declare-full-control-of-malis-north-idUSBRE85R15720120628|url-status=live}}</ref>. Serikali ya Mali iliomba usaidizi wa kijeshi wa Ufaransa uliokubaliwa na [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa azimio na. 2085 ya tarehe 20 Desemba 2012. Jeshi la Kifaransa lilifaulu kuwaondoa wanamgambo Waislamu katika miji yote<ref name="kidal retaken">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/30/french-troops-control-key-airport-in-north-mali/1876543/|title=French Troops Retake Kidal Airport, Move into City|access-date=30 January 2013|work=USA Today|date=30 January 2013}} French troops retake the last remaining Islamist urban stronghold in Mali.</ref> lakini hao waliendelea kujificha kwenye milima. Baada ya mwisho wa kampeni ya Wafaransa nafasi yao ilichukuliwa na jeshi la Umoja wa Mataifa lililoingia kwa jina la "MINUSMA"<ref>United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali</ref> lililokuwa na wanajeshi kutoka nchi 60. Kati ya nchi hizo, 19 ni za Kiafrika ambazo walileta idadi kubwa ya askari. Mapigano yameendelea. Wananchi wengi vijijini walichukua silaha na kuunda vikundi vya wanamgambo kwa kujihami lakini vikundi hivyo vinashambuliana pia.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea jarida|last3=t 1.212.290.4700|first3=NY 10118-3299 USA {{!}}|date=7 December 2018|title="We Used to Be Brothers" {{!}} Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Miaka 2020 na 2021 jeshi la Mali liliasi mara mbili na kupindua serikali za kiraia<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mali timeline: From military coup to interim leaders removed|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/timeline-what-happened-in-mali-since-a-military-coup-in-august|date=25 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525221844/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/timeline-what-happened-in-mali-since-a-military-coup-in-august|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mali President, PM Resign After Arrest, Confirming 2nd Coup in 9 Months|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/mali-president-pm-resign-after-arrest-confirming-2nd-coup-9-months|publisher=VOA News|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529190248/https://www.voanews.com/africa/mali-president-pm-resign-after-arrest-confirming-2nd-coup-9-months|archive-date=29 May 2021|date=26 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>. Kanali [[Assimi Goïta]] alitangazwa kuwa rais mtendaji. [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]] vilisimamisha uanachama wa Mali<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/31/ecowas-suspends-mali-over-second-coup-in-nine-months|date=May 31, 2021|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=June 2, 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606081849/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/31/ecowas-suspends-mali-over-second-coup-in-nine-months|url-status=live}}</ref>. Ufaransa na nchi nyingine zilianza kuondoa wanajeshi katika ushirikiano na jeshi la kitaifa<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahmed|first1=Baba|last2=Larson|first2=Krista|title=French military suspends joint operation with Mali military|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e|work=The Associated Press|date=June 2, 2021|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604051638/https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e|url-status=live}}</ref>. Mnamo Januari 2022 wanajeshi kutoka [[Urusi]] walianza kufika Mali kwa kibali cha serikali ya kijeshi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-01-07|title=Russian military advisors arrive in Mali after French troop reduction|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220107-russian-military-advisors-arrive-in-mali-after-french-troop-reduction|access-date=2022-01-07|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>. == Demografia == Katika maeneo makubwa ya kaskazini wanaishi ma[[kabila]] ya [[Waberberi]], hasa [[Mauri]] na [[Watuareg]] ambao ni [[wahamaji]]. Ndio 10% ya wakazi wa nchi wakikalia [[asilimia]] kubwa za eneo. Kikundi kikubwa ndio [[Wabambara]] (33.3%) katika eneo la [[mji mkuu]] [[Bamako]], halafu wako [[Wafula]], [[Wasoninke]], [[Wasenufo]]/[[Wabwa]], [[Wamandinka]], [[Wadogon]], [[Wasonghai]], [[Watuareg]] na wengineo. === Lugha === Kutokana na [[ukoloni]], [[Kifaransa]] kilikuwa [[lugha rasmi]], lakini sasa kimeshushwa cheo na kuwa [[lugha ya mawasiliano]] tu. [[Kibambara]] ndiyo lugha inayoeleweka na takriban 80% za wakazi, nacho kimefanywa lugha rasmi pamoja na nyingine 12 kati ya [[Lugha asilia|lugha asilia]] 56 [[Orodha ya lugha za Mali|zinazotumika nchini]]. === Dini === [[Uislamu]] ni [[dini]] kubwa nchini (95 % za wakazi). [[Wakristo]] wanafikia 2.3% ([[Wakatoliki]] 1.9% na [[Waprotestanti]] 0.4%). Wachache wanafuata bado [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] (2.5%). [[Ibada]] na [[desturi]] asilia zinapatikana pia katika mazingira ya Waislamu. ==Tazama pia== * [[Shirikisho la Mataifa ya Sahel]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite web|ref=Const|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf|title=Constitution of Mali|language=French|accessdate=2015-09-12|archivedate=2018-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920144209/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf}} A student-translated [http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf English version] {{Wayback|url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf |date=20120912141413 }} is also available. *{{cite book|ref=DiPiazza | last = DiPiazza | first = Francesca Davis | title = Mali in Pictures | publisher=Learner Publishing Group | year = 2006 | location = Minneapolis, Minnesota | isbn = 978-0-8225-6591-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ovt7U_2IC&pg=PA55 }} * {{cite web|ref=Prof|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf |title=Mali country profile|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] |date=January 2005}} ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].'' * {{cite book|ref=Milet|author=Milet, Eric and Manaud, Jean-Luc |title=Mali|url=https://archive.org/details/guidemali0000eric|publisher=Editions Olizane |year=2007|isbn=2-88086-351-1|language=French}} * {{cite book|ref=Velton|author=Velton, Ross|title=Mali|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2004|isbn=1-84162-077-7}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Mali}} {{wikiatlas|Mali}} *{{CIA World Factbook link|ml|Mali}} * {{fr}} [http://www.primature.gov.ml/ Serikali ya Mali tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.primature.gov.ml/ |date=20080602092831 }} * {{fr}} [http://www.sgg.gov.ml/ Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement Malienne] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sgg.gov.ml/ |date=20160222062918 }} *[http://www.slovenskavojska.si/fileadmin/slovenska_vojska/pdf/vojaski_izzivi/svi_15_3.pdf The European Union mission in Mali - Hungary's involvement in the mission] {{Wayback|url=http://www.slovenskavojska.si/fileadmin/slovenska_vojska/pdf/vojaski_izzivi/svi_15_3.pdf |date=20150924102809 }} *[http://uni-nke.hu/uploads/media_items/aarms-vol-12_-issue-2_-2013.original.pdf War at the background of Europe: The crisis of Mali] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mali.htm Mali] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mali.htm |date=20080607085209 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Mali}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881370 Mali profile] from the [[BBC News]] *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MLI/Year/2012/Summary Mali 2012 Trade Summary Statistics] {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Mali]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] is9lzu3nnxaz12464m98ec4ztwegxey 0 3532 1577086 1574625 2026-06-27T12:30:18Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kurekebisha baadhi ya maneno 1577086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km<sup>2</sup> 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km<sup>2</sup> 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km<sup>2</sup> 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; Kidholuo: NamLolwe; Kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza)<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Ukerewe|url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html|work=ntz.info|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref>, ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Viktoria na mgunduzi [[John Hanning Speke,]] Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo mwaka 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na [[Richard Francis Burton]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Alberge|first=Dalya|title=How feud wrecked the reputation of explorer who discovered Nile's source|date=2011-09-10|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/11/burton-speke-african-exploration-nile|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/whitenile0000moor|title=The White Nile|last=Moorehead|first=Alan|date=1960|publisher=New York : Harper|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ekolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Hidrolojia na Limnolojia== Ziwa Viktoria hupokea asilimia 80 ya maji yake kutokana na mvua ya moja kwa moja.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick|title=Tropical inland fisheries|last=Hickling|first=Charles Frederick|date=1961|publisher=[London] Longmans|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wastani wa uvukizi kwenye ziwa ni kati ya mita 2.0 na 2.2 (6 ft 7 in na 7 ft 3 in) kwa mwaka, karibu mara mbili ya mvua ya maeneo ya pembezoni.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|last=Ominde|first=S. H.|last2=Ominde|first2=Simeon Hongo|date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3|language=en}}</ref> Ziwa Viktoria hupokea maji yake ya ziada kutoka mito, na maelfu ya vijito vidogo. Mto Kagera ndio mto mkubwa unaopita katika ziwa hilo, mdomo wake ukiwa kwenye ufukwe wake wa magharibi. Ziwa Viktoria hutiwa maji na Mto Nile karibu na [[Jinja]], Uganda, kwenye ufuo wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|last=Bossche|first=J.-P. vanden|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G. M.|last3=Nations|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=1990|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); [[Ukerewe]] ndicho kisiwa kikubwa cha ziwani kuliko vyote [[bara|barani]] Afrika. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] sqhqug0dd3zo7tv0h1x8fky3q2bncze 0 3736 1577154 1545648 2026-06-27T13:52:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo''' inataja kwa utaratibu wa [[alfabeti]] baadhi ya [[Watakatifu]], yaani watu wanaoheshimiwa na [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]] kama vielelezo vya [[uadilifu]] wa Ki[[injili]]. [[Orodha]] hii inaonyesha pia kila mtakatifu huheshimiwa katika madhehebu gani. [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linaheshimu watakatifu na [[wenye heri]] zaidi ya [[elfu]] [[kumi]], kati yao [[Papa|Mapapa]] 78. Habari fupi za baadhi yao zinatunzwa katika [[kitabu]] rasmi kinachoitwa [[Martyrologium Romanum]]. {{kigezo:Kutangaza watakatifu}} Katika Ma[[kanisa]] ya [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] na ya [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] [[idadi]] ni kubwa zaidi kwa vile hakuna kanuni za kutangaza watakatifu kama zile zinazofuatwa na [[Papa]], ambaye amejiwekea [[mamlaka]] hiyo tangu [[Karne za Kati]]. Hapa wameorodheshwa wanaoheshimiwa walau na Kanisa moja wa [[kundi]] lake. Habari fupi za baadhi yao zinatunzwa katika [[kitabu]] kinachoitwa [[Synaxarion]]. [[Waanglikana]] walimtangaza mtakatifu mmoja tu (Mfalme [[Charles I wa Uingereza]]), lakini wanawatambua watakatifu wengine waliotangazwa kuwa watakatifu, hasa kabla ya [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]], kama wanavyofanya [[Walutheri]] na [[Wamethodisti]]. Madhehebu hayo na mengineyo yana [[marehemu]] wengine ambao bila kutangazwa rasmi wameingizwa katika [[kalenda ya watakatifu]] katika nchi moja au zaidi. == Orodha == __NOTOC__{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=no}} === A === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=10 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=10| [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=10 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=10| [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Abadir, Iraya na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abadiu wa Antinoe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abaidus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mario, Martha, Audifas na Abako|Abako]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abamun wa Tarnut]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abamun wa Tukh]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abanubi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abashade]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abaskhiron]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Abda (askofu)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Abda (padri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogeli na Abdala|Abdala wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Abdala wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Abdas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abdel Messih El-Makari]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Simeoni bar Sabas na wenzake|Abdhaykla]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Abdia wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abdon na Senen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abeluzius]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro, Valabonso na wenzao|Abensi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abersi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Abibi, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abibi na Apoloni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eugeni, Euganda na Abilandi|Abilandi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abili wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ablak]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abnodi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abo wa Tiflis]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi na wenzake|Abondansi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi na Irenei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi wa Como]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu, Ethnus, Akrates, Yakobo na Yohane|Abrahamu, Ethnus na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abrahamu Fukara]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abrahamu wa Arbela]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu wa Ethiopia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abrahamu wa Faiyum]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abrahamu wa Farshut]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yakobo, Abrahamu na Yohane|Abrahamu wa Gamndui]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Abrahamu wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu wa Minuf]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abrahamu wa Skete]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Absadi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abudemi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Achadi wa Mt. Vikta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Achilas wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Achilas wa Skete]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Achile Kiwanuka]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Achilei mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Achindini, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ada wa Ethiopia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adalardo wa Corbie]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adalbert wa Magdeburg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adalbert wa Prague]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adalberto wa Egmond]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adamu wa Fermo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adamu wa Guglionesi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adariki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Adaukti, Januari, Fortunati na Septimi|Adaukti, Januari na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Adauti|Adauti na Felisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Adauti wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Addai]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adelaide Brando]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adelaide wa Italia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adelaide wa Vilich]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Adelari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adelelmo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adelfo wa Metz]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adelfo wa Remiremont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adelino wa Celles]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Adeodatus I|Adeodatus I]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Adiuto, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adiuto wa Cava]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adiutus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adolfo Mukasa Ludigo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adolfo na Yohane]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adolfo wa Arras]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adolfo wa Osnabruck]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adomnani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adoni wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paladi, Kotili, Adrami, Musa, Esas na Palikoni|Adrami]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Adrasti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adriani, Vikta na Sekundili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adriani wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adriani wa Hilvarenbeek]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adriano wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adriano wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Adriano III|Adriano III]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Adrioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aed wa Kildare]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aelredo wa Rievaulx]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aflahos na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Afra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afraate]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodora, Didimo, Afrodisi na Viktorini|Afrodisi, Theodora na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro na Afrodisi|Afrodisi wa Afrika Kaskazini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afrodisi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afrodisi wa Beziers]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asidini na wenzake|Aftoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Aftse|Aftse]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Agabi wa Novara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agabo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agape na Kionia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isicho na wenzake|Agape wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timolai na wenzake|Agape wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basa na wanae|Agapi, Basa na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karteri na wenzake|Agapi wa Sebaste]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agapio, Sekondino na wenzao|Agapio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agapio wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi, Felisi, Agapiti na Emeriti|Agapiti, Gaudensi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Agapiti, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agapiti wa Palestrina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Agapitus I|Agapitus I]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Agapius]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Chon Kyonghyob]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Kim Agi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Kwon Chini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Lin Zhao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatha mfiadini|Agata wa Catania]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Yi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Yi Kannan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Yi Kyongi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agata Yi Sosa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klementi na Agatanjelo|Agatanjelo wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agathius]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Agatho|Agatho (Papa)]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hor, Susia na wanao|Agatho, Hor na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Agatho na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho wa Aleksandria (patriarki)]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Agatho wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili, Eujeni na wenzao|Agatodoro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Agatoni, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoni, Lusia na Diogene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoni mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basa, Paula na Agatonika|Agatonika, Basa na Paula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karpo, Papilo na wenzao|Agatonika wa Pergamo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Agatopo wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatopodo na Theodulo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agileus]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agilolfo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnelo wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnelus mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnes Cao Guiying]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnes Kim Hyochu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnes Le Thi Thanh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnes wa Asizi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnes wa Poitiers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnes wa Praha]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agnes wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agoardi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agostina Pietrantoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agrari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agrikola wa Avignon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitali na Agrikola|Agrikola wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agrikola wa Chalon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agrikola wa Nevers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agripano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Agripiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agripini wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agripino wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agrisi wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aibati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aidani wa Ferns]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aidani wa Lindisfarne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aigulfi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aikardi wa Jumieges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ailbe]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Airaldo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Ajabeli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Masula|Ajabosi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ajeriki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ajilo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ajuture]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agoardi na wenzake|Ajibati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akasi wa Amida]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akasi wa Konstantinopoli]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Akasi wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akasi wa Mileto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Akile wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akilei wa Larissa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akonsi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Jukundi na wenzao|Akra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu, Ethnus, Akrates, Yakobo na Yohane|Akrates, Abrahamu na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Primo, Aksidi na Pasimoni|Aksidi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuli wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akursius]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Prokulo, Eutisi na Akusi|Akusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwila na Priska]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severianus na Akwila|Akwila wa Kaisarea]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwila wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilini, Jemini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilino wa Evreux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Albano Roe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Albano wa Uingereza]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Albano wa Mainz]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Albati wa Trapani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberiko Crescitelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberiko wa Citeaux]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Albert Lutuli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Alberti Chmielowski]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberti wa Louvain]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberto Hurtado]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberto Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberto wa Butrio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberto wa Cashel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberto wa Montecorvino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberto wa Pontida]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alberto wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamari, Felisi, Vikta, Albino na Domati|Albino, Mamari na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Albino wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Albinus wa Angers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Albuino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aldegunda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aldelmo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alderiko wa Le Mans]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aldetruda wa Maubeuge]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aldo mkaapweke]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Alef|Alef]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Papa Aleksanda I|Aleksanda I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda I wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Aleksanda, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfeo, Aleksanda na Zosimo|Aleksanda, Alfeo na Zosimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evensi na wenzake|Aleksanda, Evensi na mwenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Filipo na wenzao|Aleksanda, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda Briant]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Epimako, Aleksanda na wenzao|Aleksanda, Epimako na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Eleuteri na wenzao|Aleksanda, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Patermuti na wenzake|Aleksanda, Patermuti na mwenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda Sauli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta, Felisi na wenzao|Aleksanda, Vikta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Bergamo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Fiesole]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Aleksanda wa Filomelio na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kayo na Aleksanda|Aleksanda wa Frigia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Malko na Aleksanda|Aleksanda, Prisko na Malko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timolai na wenzake|Aleksanda, Timolai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Lyon (+ 177)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Lyon (+ 178)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Makaa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Pidna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Sisili]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksanda wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Aleksandra wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksandra wa Hesse]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Aleksandra wa Misri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksi Falconieri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksi Toth]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Aleksi U Seyong]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aleksi wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Alesi wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfayo na Zakayo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfege wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfege wa Winchester]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfeo, Aleksanda na Zosimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alferi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfio na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfonsa Matathupadathu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfonso Maria Fusco]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfonso Maria wa Liguori]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfonso Rodriguez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roko, Alfonso na Yohane|Alfonso Rodriguez-Olmedo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfonso wa Orozco]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfredi Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alida Mkoma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alipi wa mnarani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alipius wa Thagaste]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alcuin Mtakatifu|Alkwino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Almaki wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nunilona na Alodia|Alodia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Batis na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Beaulieu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Bertran]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aloysius Gonzaga|Alois Gonzaga]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois na Maria Azelia Martin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Maria wa Montfort]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Versiglia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alonio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alpino wa Chalons]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Altifridi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Altmani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alveri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Amabili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amadeo wa Amidei]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Amalberga wa Maubeuge]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amandi wa Bordeaux]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amando na Juniano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amando wa Maastricht]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amansi wa Como]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amansi wa Rodez]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zotiko na Amansyo|Amansi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amaranti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofroni, Amaranti, Kwinti na Lusius|Amaranti, Sofroni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Preieto na Amarino|Amarino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amasio wa Teano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amato Ronconi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Amato wa Habend]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amato wa Nusco]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Amato wa Sion]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amatori, Petro na Ludoviko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amatori wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ambrosi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ambrosi Edwadi Barlow]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ambrosi wa Agaune]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ambrosi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ambrosio Fransisko Ferro]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ambrosio Kibuuka]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Amedeo wa Lausanne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teoduli, Amesi, Felisi na Kornelia|Amesi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Amfamoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amfiani na Vikta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoes wa Skete]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epimako, Aleksanda na wenzao|Amonaria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni Abati]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Amoni, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Amoni, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Lasi na wenzao|Amoni, Emiliani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Dio na Amoni|Amoni, Fausto na Dio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Juliani na Posina|Amoni na Modesti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Amoni, Rufo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tuliani, Antia, Siriaki na Amoni|Amoni, Tuliani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni, Zeno na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni wa Pentapoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Amonito]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ampelius wa Abitina|Ampeli wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ampeli wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ampelio mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Amundi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana (nabii)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana An Jiaozhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana An Xinzhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana Kim Changgum]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana Pak Agi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana Schaeffer]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ana Wang]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Anacletus|Anakleti (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anania wa Arbela]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anania wa Damasko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni bar Sabas na wenzake|Anania wa Uajemi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi balozi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi Dobi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi, Felisi na Digna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Anastasi, Venansi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi wa Persia na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi II wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Anastasi wa Brescia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi wa Schemaris]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi wa Sens]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasi wa Sinai]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Anastasia, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasia wa Sirmio]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastasia wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Papa Anastasius I|Anastasi I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anastazia wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Anatilino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anatalo wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anatoli Kiriggwajjo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anatoli wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anatoli wa Laodikea]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anatolia na Viktoria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Anbes|Anbes]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Andeoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andoki, Tirso na Felisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Andrea|Andrea Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Avellino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Bauer]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Bessette]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Bobola]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Chong Hwagyong]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Corsini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Dung-Lac]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Andrea, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Hubati Fournet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ipasi, Asiani na Andrea|Andrea, Ipasi na Asiani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Kaggwa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Kalibita]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Kim Taegon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea na askari wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Nguyen Kim Thong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Tran Van Thong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Tuong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea wa Krete]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea wa Firenze]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Andrea, Paulo na Dionisya|Andrea wa Lapseki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Masula|Andrea wa Masula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea wa Soveral na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Wang Tianqing]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea Wouters]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea, Yohane, Petro na Antoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrei Rublev]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Androniko, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Androniko na Athanasia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tarako, Probo na Androniko|Androniko, Tarako na Probo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Androniko wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Andropelagia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anemondi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asidini na wenzake|Anempodisto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anfiloki wa Ikonio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Angela Merichi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aniani wa Orleans]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aniano wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anibale Maria di Francia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Anikleto wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Anicetus|Aniseti (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aniseti na Fosyo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi, Morisi na wenzao|Aniseti wa Nikopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aniseto Adolfo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anisi wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anjela wa Foligno]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anjela wa Msalaba]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anjelo wa Acri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anjelo wa Yerusalemu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anjibati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anna Line]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anoni wa Koln]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmeni na wenzake|Anovi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ansberto wa Rouen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anselm wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anselmi wa Lucca]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anselmo wa Nonantola]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ansfridi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ansgar Mtakatifu|Ansgar]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ansovini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ansuero na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antelmi wa Belley]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Anthusa wa Afrika Kaskazini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tuliani, Antia, Siriaki na Amoni|Antia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antidi wa Besancon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antimo na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antimo wa Brantome]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antimo wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Antiokiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko wa Anastasiopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko wa Sulcis]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antipa wa Pergamo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Anto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoliani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Abati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea, Yohane, Petro na Antoni|Antoni, Andrea na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Antoni, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Daniel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Kauleas]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Kim Songu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Maria Claret]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Maria Zakaria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Nguyen Dich]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni Nguyen Huu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Gerace]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Hoornaert]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Kiev]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Lerins]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Mt. Ana]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Nagasaki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi, Morisi na wenzao|Antoni wa Nikopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Padua]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kristofa, Antoni na Yohane|Antoni wa Tlaxcala]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antoni wa Weert]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Tertula na Antonia|Antonia, Emiliani na Tertula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonina wa Nisea]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Antonini, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonini, Nisefori na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonino Fantosati]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonino wa Apamea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonino wa Firenze]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonino wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonino wa Piacenza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonino wa Sorrento]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonio Gonzalez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonio Maria Gianelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonio Maria Pucci]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonio Primaldo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonio Vallesio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Antusa wa Eskihisar]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antusa wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anubu mmonaki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anububisoyo, Joji na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anyesi wa Montepulciano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueti, Severi, Apiani, Donati na Honori|Apiani wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apiani wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apiano wa Comacchio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Apodemi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao|Apolinari, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolinari wa Ierapoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolinari wa Ravenna]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolinari wa Valence]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolo, Protei, Orioni na Plausi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolo (Biblia)|Apolo wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolo wa Bawit]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Apoloni, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abibi na Apoloni|Apoloni na Abibi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apoloni na Filemoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmeni na wenzake|Apoloni, Parmeni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apoloni wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apoloni wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apoloni wa Sardi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolonia wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Apolonio, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprili na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apro wa Toul]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprunkulo wa Langres]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abuna Aregawi|Aragawi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Nimfidi, Saturnini, Taurini, Nemorati na Arapolini|Arapolini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Arato]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Arbasi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arbogasti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ardani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ardo Smaragdo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aredi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ares, Promo na Elia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aresi na Rogati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Aresto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aretha mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arey]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Areyo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Argimiro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Felisi, Narsisi na Argirus|Argirus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arialdo wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ariana mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ariani mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Arioni, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Arioni, Kreskoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aristarko wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aristide wa Athens]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aristo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aristobulo wa Britania]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aristoni wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Aritife]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arjeo, Narsisi na Marselino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkadi, Paskasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senofonte, Maria na wanao|Arkadi wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkadius wa Mauretania]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkanjelo Tadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori, Arkelao na Felisisima|Arkelao, Gregori na Felisisima]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fosyo, Arkelao, Kwirino na wenzao|Arkelao wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriako na Arkelao|Arkelao wa Ostia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkimino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkonsi wa Viviers]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkupo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Armaeli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Armata]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Temeda, Armeni na wenzao|Armeni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Armentari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Armini wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Armogaste]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arnold Janssen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Arnulfi wa Soissons]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Arnulfo wa Gap]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Arnulfo wa Metz]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius na Aroni|Aroni wa Caerleon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arponi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arsasi wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arseni Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arseni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arseni wa Armo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arseni wa Korfu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artelaide]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Artema]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artemi na Paulina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artemis Zatti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asafo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asela wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Asenei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ipasi, Asiani na Andrea|Asiani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asidini na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erodioni, Asinkrito na Flego|Asinkrito]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asisklo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Askla]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asklepiadi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Asklipi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aspasi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aspreno wa Napoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Asteksi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Asteri, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Asteri, Venansi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Asteri na Neoni|Asteri wa Egea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marinus na Asteri|Asteri wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asteri wa Ostia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Astusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atala wa Bobbio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Atalo, Serapioni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Italo, Zotiko, Kamaro, Filipo na Atalo|Atalo, Zotiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasi Bazzekuketta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ireus na Atanasi|Atanasi na Ireus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasi wa Aleksandria|Atanasi I wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasi II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Atanasi wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasi wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasia, Teodosia, Teotista na Eudosia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasia wa Egina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atenodoro wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Atenodoro wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atenodoro wa Syria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atenogene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Atevulfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Athanasi wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Athanasi wa Mlima Athos]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Athenagora wa Athene]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Yustini na Atilano|Atilano Cruz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Atilano|Atilano wa Zamora]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eroni, Atne, Isidori na Dioskoro|Atne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atoni wa Pistoia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Atora]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atrata]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Attalus wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aubati wa Avranches]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Audactus wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mario, Martha, Audifas na Abako|Audifas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Auditori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Audomari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilini, Jemini na wenzao|Augeni, Akwilini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Augin wa Klusma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Frutuosi, Auguri na Euloji|Auguri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Augusta na Faustina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Augusti, Primo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Caloca]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino na Felisita]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Erlandsson]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Pak Chongwon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Roscelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Schoeffler]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agostino wa Hippo|Augustino wa Hippo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Webster]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Yi Kwanghon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Yu Chinkil]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino Zhao Rong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augusto Andrea]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augusto Chapdelaine]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Augusto wa Bourges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Augusto wa Caserta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aulo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aunakari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aurea wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aurea wa Ostia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aurea wa Paris]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji, Aureli na wenzao|Aureli wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aurelia wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aureliano wa Arles]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aurelius wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aureus wa Mainz|Aureo, Yustina na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Auriga, Klaudia na Rutile]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ausani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustrasi na wenzake|Ausensi, Eustrasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theotimo, Filotheo na wenzao|Ausensi wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ausenti abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ausoni wa Angouleme]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Auspisi wa Toul]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Austindo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Austreberta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Austregesili]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Austremoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Autberi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Autonomo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Autus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aventino wa Chartres]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aventino wa Troyes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oktavi, Solutori na Aventori|Aventori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Avertino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aviti wa Orleans]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Avito wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Avitus mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === B === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Babila na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefina Bakhita|Bakhita]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bakus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Balbina wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Baldomero wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Baldwino wa Rieti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Beato na Banto|Banto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Barakio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isicho na wenzake|Baralo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Barasea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Cho Chungi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Choe Yongi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Cui Lianzhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Han Agi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Kim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Ko Suni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Kwon Hui]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara wa Nikomedia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Yi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbara Yi Chonghui]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbasiani wa Ravenna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Barbato]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Barhadbesaba (padri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Barhadbesaba (shemasi)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Bariko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Barlaam wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Barnaba|Barnaba Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Baronsi na Desideri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Barsanufi wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Barsauma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Barsen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Barsimeo wa Edessa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bartholomayo Chong Munho]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Bartolomayo|Bartolomayo Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bartolomea Capitanio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bartolomeo Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bartolomeo wa Simeri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Basa, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basa na wanae]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basa, Paula na Agatonika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bashinuna]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao|Basiani, Primitivi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano wa Lodi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basila wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basila wa Srijem]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Basili, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Basilia, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na Basilisa|Basilisa wa Galatia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basilisa wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basilei wa Amasea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jovino na Basileo|Basileo wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili, Eujeni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili Mzee]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili na Prokopi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili wa Antiokia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili wa Ostrog]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Basilide wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Basilide wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basilide wa Lori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julianus na Basilisa|Basilisa na Julianus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Basilisa wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basilisko wa Gumenek]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basino wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Amorio|Basoes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Bastami]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Bastamoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Batazoni, Palemoni na Garuma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Batilde]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Batista Varano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Baudeli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bauli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bavo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bazalota na Eufemia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Bazili wa Pario]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isauri, Inosenti na wenzao|Bazili wa Pojani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beano wa Ireland]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Beati, Sirili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beato na Banto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beatriz wa Silva]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Beatus, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beatus wa Vendome]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sharbel na Bebaya|Bebaya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beda Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beda Mhashamu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bega wa Andenne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bega wa Cumbria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Helaniki na Begei|Begei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao|Beliko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Belino wa Padova]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikta Cambiagio Frassinello]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikta Hyong Kyongnyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikta wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Benedikto II|Benedikto II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto Biscop]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto Menni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto Mwafrika]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Zoeradi na Benedikto|Benedikto na Zoeradi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto wa Aniane]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto wa Antella]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto wa Avignon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto wa Herbauge]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto wa Nursia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto, Yohane na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benedikto Yosefu Labre]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benignus wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benilde wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benildo Romancon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Beninyo wa Dijon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beninyo wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Beninyo wa Todi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benito wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benjamini Juliani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Beno wa Meissen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benvenuto Scotivoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Benwadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benyamini na Bejoki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Benyamini I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Benyamini II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Benyamini wa Argol]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Berardo mfiadini|Berardo wa Carbio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Berectina wa Abitina|Berektina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Berengari wa Saint-Papoul]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Beresi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Berkari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Berlinda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernadeta Soubirous]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernadi wa Parma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernard Due Van Vo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardino Realino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardino wa Siena]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardo Tolomei]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardo wa Alzira]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardo wa Corleone]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardo wa Menthon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardo wa Tiron]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernardo wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernika, Prosdoka na Domnina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bernodi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Berta wa Blangy]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bertila wa Maroeil]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bertino wa Sithieu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bertulfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Besa wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu, Priori na Besarioni|Besarioni, Yosefu na Priori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Besarioni wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Besas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bessus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Betari wa Chartres]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Betirani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Betrandi wa Comminges]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Betrandi wa Garrigues]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Betselote na Honori]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Bianori na Silvani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bili wa Vannes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Birgita wa Uswidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Birinus]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Didara, Bisoe na Nor|Bisoe, Didara na Nor]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Bishoy na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Sofia, Dilbamonia, Bistamonia na Warsenofa|Bistamonia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bladolfo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Blaise]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Blandina wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Blani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Blasto na Diogene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Blimondi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bogumili]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bona wa Pisa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonaventura wa Meako]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonfili]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Boniface I|Bonifasi I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Boniface IV|Bonifasi IV]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonifas mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonifasi, Tekla na wanao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Bonifasi wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonifasi wa Sicilibba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonifasia Rodriguez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonito wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bononi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutropi, Zosima na Bonosa|Bonosa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bonoso wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Boris na Gleb]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Bosa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Bosba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Bosimi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Botvidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Branoki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Brauli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Brendan Baharia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bretanioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Brigida wa Kildare]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Brigo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Brinolfo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Brisi wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Brito]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bruno Sserunkuma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bruno wa Cologne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bruno wa Querfurt]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bruno wa Segni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Bruno wa Wurzburg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Buonfiglio wa Monaldi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Burkado wa Wurzburg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === C === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Carlo Acutis]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Cesidio Giacomantonio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Chad wa Mercia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Charles de Foucauld]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Charbel Makhlouf]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Charles I wa Uingereza]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Charles Cho Shinchol]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Charles Garnier]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Charles Hyon Songmun]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nazari na Chelsi|Chelsi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Chi Zhuze]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Cuthbert Mayne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Cuthbert wa Lindisfarne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === D === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Dacianus wa Abitina|Dachani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo, Dada na Kwintiliani|Dada]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dado]] (Ouen wa Rouen)||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dafrosa wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Dagioni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dagobert II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Damaris]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Papa Damasus I|Damasi I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Damasi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Damian de Veuster]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Damiani Nam Myonghyok]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Damiani wa Afrika]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Damiani wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Damiano wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Danakte]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Daniel Comboni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Danieli Fasanella na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Danieli, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Danieli wa Bangor]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Danieli wa Mnarani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi, Morisi na wenzao|Danieli wa Nikopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Danieli wa Padua]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Danilo II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Krisanto na Daria|Daria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasi, Juliani, Reatri, Vinsenti na wenzao|Dasi, Juliani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Dasiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasio wa Silistra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasio, Zotiko na Kayo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasya wa Tanda]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Dasyo wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dativa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Dativus, Nemesiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dativus wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Datulo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Daudi I wa Uskoti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Daudi III]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Daudi Galvan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Daudi Lewis]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Daudi Uribe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Daudi wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Daudi wa Uswidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Daudi wa Wales]] (Dewi)||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karalampo na wenzake|Daukto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Batis na wenzake|David Roldan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Davini wa Lucca]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Defendente]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Defensa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Deikolo abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Deklan wa Ardmore]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dekoroso wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Delfino wa Bordeaux]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Demetri wa Afrika Kaskazini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Demetri wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Demetria, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Demetriani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Demetrius I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Demetrius wa Thesalonike]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Demiana|Demiana na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Demokrito na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko, Yakobo na wenzao|Denis, Fransisko na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Denis wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Denis wa Paris]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Denisi na wenzao|Denisi, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini saba wa Efeso|Denisi wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Denisi wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Denisi wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Deodati wa Nevers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Deodati wa Nola]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Deodato wa Blois]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Deodato wa Ruticinium]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Deogratias wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Baronsi na Desideri|Desideri na Baronsi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Festo na Desideri|Desideri wa Benevento]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Desideri wa Langres]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Desideri wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo| |- |[[Desiree wa Besancon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Desiree wa Bourges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Deusdedit wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Deusdedit wa Montecassino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Devota wa Mariana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Diarmaid]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Didara, Bisoe na Nor]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Didier wa Cahors]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Didimo, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Diodori, Diomede na Didimo|Didimo, Diodori na Diomede]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Lasi na wenzao|Didimo, Emiliani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Didimo Kipofu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodora, Didimo, Afrodisi na Viktorini|Didimo, Theodora na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Didimo wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Diego wa Alkala]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Difilo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Digno]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofia, Dilbamonia, Bistamonia na Warsenofa|Dilbamonia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dimani wa Connor]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dimfna]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Dio na Amoni|Dio, Fausto na Amoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dio Mtendamiujiza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Diodori, Diomede na Didimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Diodori, Kreskoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Diodori na Rodopiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorino, Vikta na wenzao|Diodoro wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Diodoto wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Valeria, Marsia, Diogene na Mika|Diogene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Diogeni na wenzao|Diogeni wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiorensi na Dioklesyani|Dioklesyani wa Osimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Diodori, Diomede na Didimo|Diomede, Diodori na Didimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Diomede, Pristi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Diomede wa Nisea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Dionysius|Dionisi (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Dionisi, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Dionisi, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Demokrito na wenzake|Dionisi, Demokrito na Sekundo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Erakli, Dionisi na Septimi|Dionisi, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dionisi na wenzake (27 Februari)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dionysius Mwareopago|Dionisi Mwareopago]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dionisi Ssebuggwawo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dionisi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epimako, Aleksanda na wenzao|Dionisya, Epimako na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timolai na wenzake|Dionisi wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Andrea, Paulo na Dionisya|Dionisya wa Lapseki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dionisya wa Vita na wenzake|Dionisya wa Vita]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Dionusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dioskoridi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dioskoro I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Dioskoro II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Dioskoro, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Dioskoro, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arseni na wenzake|Dioskoro, Arseni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eroni, Atne, Isidori na Dioskoro|Dioskoro, Eroni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dioskoro mfiadini (20 Agosti)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Vikta wa wenzao|Dioskoro wa Hu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dioskoro wa Qais]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Eutiko, Mauro na Disei|Disei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Disibodo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mames na Diskus|Diskus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dismas Mtakatifu|Dismas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dodati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo na Domasi|Domasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamari, Felisi, Vikta, Albino na Domati|Domati, Mamari na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Domesi Mganga]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Domesi wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donata, Paulina na wenzao|Dominanda]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Migdoni na wenzake|Dominika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Buy Van Uy]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Cam]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Dinh Dat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Guzman]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Henares]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Huyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Ibáñez de Erquicia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Loricatus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Mao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Mau]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Ngon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Nguyen Van Hanh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Nguyen Van Xuyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Nhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Ninh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Pham Thong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Savio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Tori]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Trach]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko Tuoc]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko wa Calzada]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko wa Silos]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko wa Sora]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Domisiani wa Bebron]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Domisyano wa Melitene]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Domni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Domnina wa Ainvarza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Domnini wa Digne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Vinsenti na Domninus|Domninus na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Domnio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasiani na Rogasiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasiani wa Chalons]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lucho, Montano na wenzao|Donasiani wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasiani wa Reims]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasyani, Presidi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Donata, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Donata, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donata, Paulina na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake|Donata, Vikturus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Donati, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Donati, Abundanti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Donati, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epifani, Donati na Rufini|Donati, Epifani na Rufini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grani na wenzake|Donati, Grani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati, Justus na Herenas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Donati, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Donati, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati, Makari na Theodori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Manilo, Donati, Maurila, Lusiani, Viktorini na Nise|Donati, Manilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueti, Severi, Apiani, Donati na Honori|Donati, Mansueti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Donati|Donati na Fortunati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papias na Donati|Donati na Papia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Donati, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Taski, Dubitati, Valensi na Donati|Donati, Taski na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Eusiri na wenzao|Donati, Viktorini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati wa Arezzo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati wa Besancon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati wa Eurea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kopriko, Vikta na Donati|Donati wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Donatila, Abundanti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masima, Donatila na Sekunda|Donatila wa Taburba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donato Mskoti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Primo na Donato|Donato na Primo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donato wa Sisteron]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donini wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donini wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donino wa Fidenza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donino wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donulus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dorimedonti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dorotea na Theofili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dorotea wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Doroteo wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dorotheo wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Dorotheo wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Dorotheo na Gorgoni|Dorotheo wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dorotheo wa Turo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dositeo wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Drogo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Droktovei]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Droside]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Drostano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Metrobi na wenzao|Drusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Taski, Dubitati, Valensi na Donati|Dubitati, Taski na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dunstan wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Dusisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Duthak]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === E === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Eata]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Ebediesi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Ebedjesu (askofu)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Ebedjesu (mmonaki)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Ebedjesu (padri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Ebedjesu (shemasi)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eberigisili]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ebrolfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edbati wa Lindisfarne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edburga wa Winchester]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edda wa Winchester]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edesi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edilburga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edisti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edith Stein]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Editha]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Edmund Rich]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Edmund wa Anglia Mashariki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edmundi Arrowsmith]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Edmundi Campion]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Edmundi Gennings]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Edward Muungamaji]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Edward Shahidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Efebo wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Efrem wa Syria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili, Eujeni na wenzao|Efremu, Basili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Egbert wa Ripon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Egesipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Egidi, Luis, Yohane na Paulo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Egidi mkaapweke]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Egidi Maria wa Mt. Yosefu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Egwini wa Evesham]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ekembodo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eklesio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Ekomei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Ekomini, Peleoniki, Zotiki na mwenzao|Ekomini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ekwisi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eladi wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eladi wa Toledo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Elafa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Speusipo, Elasipo, Melasipo na Leonila|Elasipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eldrado]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Helier Mtakatifu|Eleri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elesbaan]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eleukadio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Eleuteri|Eleuteri (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Eleuteri na wenzao|Eleuteri, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eleuteri wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eleuteri wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eleuteri wa Paris]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eleuteri wa Spoleto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eleuteri wa Tarsia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eleuteri wa Tournai]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ares, Promo na Elia|Elia, Aresi na Promo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elia Facchini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elia na Simeoni Afamarie]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Elia na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Elia, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elia, Paulo na Isidori]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elia Speleota]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elia wa Enna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Eliabu wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Masula|Eliani wa Masula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmeni na wenzake|Eliasi, Parmeni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eliena]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elifi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eligius wa Noyon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elikonida]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Peleo, Nilo na wenzao|Elio, Peleo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eliodori wa Altino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeti (Injili)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeth Ann Seton]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeti Chong Chonghye]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeti Qin Bianzhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeti wa Hungaria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeti wa Schonau]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeti wa Ureno]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elizabeti wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Elizabeti wa Utatu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elpidi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili, Eujeni na wenzao|Elpidi, Basili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermogene na Elpidi|Elpidi na Ermogene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Elpidi, Prisko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asidini na wenzake|Elpidiforo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Eluri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elzeari wa Sabran]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emanueli Gonzalez Garcia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emanueli Le Van Phung]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emanueli Miguez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Batis na wenzake|Emanueli Morales]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emanueli, Sabino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emanueli Trieu Van Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Embakomu]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Emebati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emelia Mtakatifu|Emelia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Emeramo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emerensyana wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emeriko wa Hungaria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emerita wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Emeriti, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi, Felisi, Agapiti na Emeriti|Emeriti, Gaudensi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emeritus wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emeteri na Seledoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emidi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emila na Yeremia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marina, Marsia, Emili na Felisi|Emili, Marina na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emilia wa Vialar]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emilia wa Villeneuve]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliana wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugal na wenzake|Emiliani, Hugal na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Lasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Tertula na Antonia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani wa Cogolla]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani wa Kuziko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani wa Silistra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani wa Valence]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani wa Vercelli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani wa Vita]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasto na Emilio|Emilio na Kasto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emma wa Gurk]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emma wa Lesum]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emmeram wa Regensburg]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Enda wa Aran]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eneko wa Onya]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Engelbert wa Cologne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Engrasya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Enodi wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Enriko wa Osso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eoni wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epafra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epafrodito|Epafrodito wa Filipi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Epafrodito wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eparki wa Angouleme]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epeneto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epifani, Donati na Rufini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Epifani wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epifani wa Salamina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epifanio wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Epikteto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epimako, Aleksanda na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epipodi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epifani wa Salamina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Babila na wenzake|Epoloni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erakla wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Erakli, Dionisi na Septimi|Erakli, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erakli na Paulo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plutarko, Potamiena na wenzao|Eraklide wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erardo Mskoti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erasmo wa Formia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erasto wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusta na Eredina|Eredina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erembati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erentruda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erik IX]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Erkolani wa Brescia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erkolano wa Perugia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erkonvaldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akonsi na wenzake|Erkulano wa Fiumicino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Ermagora|Ermagora]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermelandi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermenfridi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermengild]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermengol wa Urgell]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermes wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermia wa Gumenek]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isauri, Inosenti na wenzao|Ermia wa Pojani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermili na Stratoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermogene na Elpidi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodota na wanae|Ermogene, Theodota na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro na Ermogene|Ermogene wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erodioni, Asinkrito na Flego]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plutarko, Potamiena na wenzao|Erone wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eroni, Atne, Isidori na Dioskoro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paladi, Kotili, Adrami, Musa, Esas na Palikoni|Esas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esiki, Pakomi na Theodori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esiki wa Silistra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esikyo wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Espagathus wa Lyon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Espero, Zoe na wanao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esuperansi wa Cingoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esuperansi wa Ravenna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Esuperi, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severini, Esuperi na Felisiani|Esuperi, Severini na Felisiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esuperi wa Bayeux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esuperi wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esuperi wa Toulouse]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Amorio|Esyo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Etbini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Etelwoldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili, Eujeni na wenzao|Eteri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ethelbert wa Kent]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ethelreda wa Ely]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu, Ethnus, Akrates, Yakobo na Yohane|Ethnus, Abrahamu na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Eubulo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eudokia wa Heliopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Eudoimoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmeni na wenzake|Eudomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eudoni abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karteri na wenzake|Eudosi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasia, Teodosia, Teotista na Eudosia|Eudosia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bazalota na Eufemia|Eufemia na Bazalota]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Eufemia wa Kalsedonia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Eufra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eufrasi na Klarus]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tokwato na wenzake|Eufrasi, Tokwato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eufrasi wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Eufrasia wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eufrasia wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eufroni wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eufrosina wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eugeni, Euganda na Abilandi|Euganda]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Eugeni, Euganda na Abilandi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Migdoni na wenzake|Eugeni, Migdoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustrasi na wenzake|Eugeni, Eustrasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Eugeni wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eugeni wa Toledo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Eugenia, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eugenius wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mena, Hermogene na Eugrafo|Eugrafo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eukari wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Eugene I|Eujeni I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili, Eujeni na wenzao|Eujeni, Basili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eujeni Mazenod]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Eujeni, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eujeni wa Ardstraw]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Tata na wanao|Eujeni wa Damasko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eujeni wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae|Eujeni wa Tivoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eujenia wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eukari wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eukeri wa Lyon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eukeri wa Orleans]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eulalia wa Merida]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eulampi na Eulampia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Eulogi, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eulogi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eulogi wa Edessa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eulogi wa Kordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frutuosi, Auguri na Euloji|Eulogi wa Tarragona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eumasi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eumeni wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eumeni wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Eunisiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Eunuko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani na Eunus|Eunus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Euplo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Eupolo wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Euprepi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eupsiki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eurosia wa Jaca]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Eusebius|Eusebi (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Erakli, Dionisi na Septimi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao|Eusebi, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Eusebi, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Karalampo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Nestabo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Ponsiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi wa Fano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi wa Kaisarea]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Eusebi wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi wa Samosata]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi wa Viktorsberg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebia wa Hamay]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebia wa Marseille]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebius wa Vercelli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusigni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Eusiri na wenzao|Eusiri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustaki wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustasi wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustasi wa Luxeuil]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustasi wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Eustasi wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustasi White]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustoji II]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustoki wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustokia Calafato]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustokya wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustolia na Sopatra]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustorji wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustrasi Mtendamiujiza]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustrasi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustrasi wa Sufres]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutiki wa Como]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutiki wa Marmara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Eutiki wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutiki wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkadi, Paskasi na wenzao|Eutikiani, Arkadina wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stratoni, Filipo na Eutikiani|Eutikiani wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Eutychian|Eutikiano (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Eutiko, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutiko, Fortunati, Saturnini, Marsia, Vikta, Stefano na Januari|Eutiko, Fortunati na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Eutiko, Mauro na Disei|Eutiko, Modesti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutikyo shemasi mdogo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutikyo wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutimi Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutimi wa Sardi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutimio wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutisi wa Nursia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prokulo, Eutisi na Akusi|Eutisi wa Pozzuoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kleoniki na Eutropi|Eutropi wa Amasea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tigri na Eutropi|Eutropi wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutropi wa Orange]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutropi wa Saintes]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutropi, Zosima na Bonosa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutropia wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Eutropia na wenzao|Eutropia wa Reims]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eva wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evagri wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Evangeli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Evaristus|Evaristi (Papa)]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Evaristi wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Evasi, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake|Evasi, Vikturus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evasi na Privati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitoni na wenzake|Evelpisto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evensi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evermodo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Evesi wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtakatifu Evilasius|Evilasius]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodota na wanae|Evodi, Theodota na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evodi wa Rouen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Evodi wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Evolesus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evurzi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ewadi na Ewadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ewen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ewostatewos]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Ezana]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Ezekieli Moreno]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |} === F === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Papa Fabian|Fabiani (Papa)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Fabiani, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fabius]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fahitina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Faina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fakundi na Primitivi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Famiano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fana wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fandila]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fantino Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fantino Mzee]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fara]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fasilides wa Ethiopia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Fausta wa Bourges]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausta wa Kuziko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustina Kowalska]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberata na Faustina|Faustina wa Como]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Faustini, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati|Faustini, Lusius na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini na Jovita]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini na wenzake 44]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogati, Saturnini, Faustini na Marsiali|Faustini, Rogati na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Faustini na Nafiani|Faustini, Saturnini na Nafiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simplisi, Faustini na wenzao|Faustini, Simplisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustiniani wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Dio na Amoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Januari na Marsiali]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto shemasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto wa Riez]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustus wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Febadi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Febe (Biblia)|Febe]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Febronia wa Akhmim]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Febronia wa Nusaybin]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fedele wa Como]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Federiko wa Utrecht]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felichisima wa Todi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felichisimi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felikola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felimi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Felix I|Felisi I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Felix III|Felisi III]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Felix IV|Felisi IV]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Adaukti, Januari, Fortunati na Septimi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Felisi, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Felisi, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andoki, Tirso na Felisi|Felisi, Andoki na Tirso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Felisi, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Felisi, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Filipo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi, Felisi, Agapiti na Emeriti|Felisi, Gaudensi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Felisi, Katulino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Felisi, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Felisi, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Felisi, Kreskoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Felisi, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Lusioli, Fortunati na Marsia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamari, Felisi, Vikta, Albino na Domati|Felisi, Mamari na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marina, Marsia, Emili na Felisi|Felisi, Marina na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi mfiadini (3 Februari)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Feliche Mwafrika|Felisi Mwafrika]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Adauti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Genadi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Regula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Felisi, Narsisi na Argirus|Felisi, Narsisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Felisi, Nemesiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Niseta, Postiniana na Filipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Felisi na wenzao|Felisi, Revokati na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Felisi, Sirili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teoduli, Amesi, Felisi na Kornelia|Felisi, Teoduli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veruli, Sekundini na wenzao|Felisi, Veruli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta, Felisi na wenzao|Felisi, Vikta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Abbir]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Afrika Kaskazini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Como]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Felix wa Cantalice|Felisi wa Cantalice]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji, Aureli na wenzao|Felisi wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Dunwich]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Gerona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Nantes]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Nicosia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Nola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isauri, Inosenti na wenzao|Felisi wa Pojani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Sevilia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Split]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Susa]] (askofu)||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius, Potamia, Krispini, Felisi na Grati|Felisi wa Thagura]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Thibiuca]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi wa Toniza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Fortunati|Felisi wa Vicenza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Felisi wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidelis, Felisia na wanao|Felisia na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Felisiani, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisiani na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severini, Esuperi na Felisiani|Felisiani, Severini na Esuperi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisiani wa Foligno]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisiani wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Primo na Felisiani|Felisiani wa Mentana]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori, Arkelao na Felisisima|Felisisima]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felista Mtakatifu|Felisita]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Felisita, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Augustino na Felisita|Felisita na Augustino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Felisita, Sirili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisita wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ferbuta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ferdinando III wa Kastilia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fereolo wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fermo wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fereoli na Ferusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fereoli wa Grenoble]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fereoli wa Limoges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ferreol wa Uzes|Fereoli wa Uzes]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Feruchi wa Mainz]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fereoli na Ferusi|Ferusi na Fereoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Teodoli, Tekla na Festina|Festina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Festo na Desideri|Festo wa Benevento]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane na Festo|Festo wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiakri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fibisi wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidelis, Felisia na wanao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidelis wa Sigmaringen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fides wa Agen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfio na wenzake|Filadelfi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filani wa Pittenweem]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Filarete wa Seminara]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filastri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fileas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filemoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filibati wa Jumieges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisiani na wenzake|Filipiani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipina Duchesne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo Benizi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo Evans]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gayo, Joviani na Filipo|Filipo, Gayo na Joviani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo Howard]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Italo, Zotiko, Kamaro, Filipo na Atalo|Filipo, Italo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Jukundi na wenzao|Filipo, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo mfiadini (13 Septemba)|Filipo mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo Minh Van Doan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Filipo|Filipo Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo mwinjilisti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo na watoto kumi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo Neri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Niseta, Postiniana na Filipo|Filipo, Niseta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Filipo na wenzao|Filipo, Silano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo Smaldone]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo wa Agira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo na Herme|Filipo wa Marmara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stratoni, Filipo na Eutikiani|Filipo wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo Zhang Zhihe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Filogoni wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filomena wa Roma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filomeno wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filoromus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filothea wa Athene]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Filothei wa Pemdje]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theotimo, Filotheo na wenzao|Filotheo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filotheo wa Durunka]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Fina mtakatifu|Fina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Finano wa Lindisfarne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Finbari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fintano wa Clonenagh]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fintano wa Doon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiorensi na Dioklesyani|Fiorensi wa Osimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiorensi wa Poitiers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasio na Fiorenso|Fiorenso wa Bonn]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiorenso wa Nursia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Eutropia na wenzao|Fiorenso wa Reims]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiorenso wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiorentino wa Bremur]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fiorenzo wa Nebbio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Firmina wa Amelia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Firmini, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Firmini wa Amiens]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Firmini wa Metz]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Firmino wa Mende]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Firmino wa Uzes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Firmus, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Firmus wa Tagaste]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Fisosi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flavi Klementi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flavi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flavia Domitila]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Flaviani, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flaviani wa Autun]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flaviano wa Kostantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flaviano wa Roma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Erodioni, Asinkrito na Flego|Flego]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Florensiani wa Midila]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flora na Maria|Flora wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Florensi wa Cahors]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Florensi wa Orange]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Florensi wa Strasbourg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gereoni na wenzake|Florenti, Gereoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Florenti wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Florentina wa Cartagena]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Floriani wa Lorch]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Floridi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Floro wa Lodeve]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Floskolo wa Orleans]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fokas wa Sinope]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Folko Scotti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Fortunansiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Adaukti, Januari, Fortunati na Septimi|Fortunati, Adaukti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Fortunati, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Fortunati, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati|Fortunati, Faustini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Lusioli, Fortunati na Marsia|Fortunati, Lusioli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Donati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Ermagora|Fortunati wa Akwileya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Lusiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Marsiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati, Felisi, Silvi, Vitalis, Apolo, Isaki na Krotate|Fortunati, Silvi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Eusiri na wenzao|Fortunati, Viktorini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati wa Montefalco]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veruli, Sekundini na wenzao|Fortunati wa Susa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati wa Todi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Fortunati|Fortunati wa Vicenza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunato wa Fano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunatus wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Fortuni, Abundanti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Noblus, Marsia, Hermemfi, Fortuni na Jukundi|Fortuni, Noblus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasyani, Presidi na wenzao|Foskolo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fosyo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Fosyo, Arkelao, Kwirino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Fosyo, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Fosyo wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frambodi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frances Cabrini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Franka]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Franko wa Assergi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransiska wa Roma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransiska wa Sales Aviat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Adauktus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Antoni Fasani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Blanco]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Borja]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Caracciolo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Chieu Van Do]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Choe Kyonghwan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Coll]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko De Geronimo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Diaz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Fogolla]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Gil de Frederich]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Ha Thong Mau]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Isidore Gagelin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Jaccard]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Maria wa Camporosso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Marto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane-Fransisko-Regis Clet|Fransisko Regis Clet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Saveri Maria Bianchi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Serrano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Shoyemon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Solano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Spinelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Trung Von Tran]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko wa Asizi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko wa Laval]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko wa Meako]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko wa Mt. Mikaeli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko wa Paola]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko wa Roye]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko wa Sales]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko, Yakobo na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Xavier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko Zhang Rong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fraterno wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fredegandi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frediani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frezali]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Friardi na Sekondeli|Friardi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fridesvida]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fridolini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frodobati]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Froilano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aigulfi na wenzake|Fronjenti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fronti wa Perigueux]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fronto na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Frontoni wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Fruktuli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frumensi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktoriani, Frumenti na wenzao|Frumenti wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frutuoso wa Braga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Frutuosi, Auguri na Euloji|Frutoso wa Tarragona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Frunumi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fulbati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fulgensyo wa Ruspe]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fuljensi wa Ecija]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fulkrano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fursei abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === G === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Gabrieli Malaika Mkuu]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gabrieli I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Gabrieli II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Gabrieli VII wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Gabrieli Lalemant]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gabrieli Taurin Dufresse]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gabrieli wa Bikira Maria wa Mateso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gabrieli wa Ize]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaetano Catanoso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaetano Errico]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaetano wa Thiene]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Gagus, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Gaiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Gajola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Galatori]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Galdino wa Sala]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Galgano Guidotti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Galikani mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Galinia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Galla wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gall Mtakatifu|Galus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Galus I wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gangolfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Garima|Garima]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Batazoni, Palemoni na Garuma|Garuma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Gaspare Bertoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaspare del Bufalo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi, Felisi, Agapiti na Emeriti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi wa Brescia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi wa Novara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi wa Ossero]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudensi wa Rimini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudioso wa Brescia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaudioso wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaugeriki wa Cambrai]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gaukeri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gavino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ripsime na wenzake|Gayana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hermes na Gayo|Gayo na Hermes]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gayo, Joviani na Filipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Eleuteri na wenzao|Gayo, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gayo wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Gayo, Timotheo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gebardi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gebre Menfes Kidus]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Tekle Hawarjat na Gebre Yohane|Gebre Yohane]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Gelasius I|Gelasi I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Gelasi wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Geltrude Comensoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gemma Galgani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Genadi|Genadi na Felisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Genadi wa Astorga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresentiani, Vikta, Rusula na Generali|Generali]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Genetlio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Genoveva Torres Morales]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[George mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[George El Mozahem]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[George Herbert]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Georgi, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Geranus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gerardino wa Sostegno]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitoni na wenzake|Gerasi, Karitoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Felisi na wenzao|Gerasi, Revokati na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gerasimo wa Yordani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gereoni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gerlako]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Geroldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Geronsi, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Geronsi, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Geronsi wa Cervia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Geronsi wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Geronsi wa Sevilia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gertrudi wa Thuringia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gerulfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gervasi na Protasi|Gervasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Getrude wa Nivelles]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gibriani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Giganti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gilbati wa Caithness]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gilbati wa Meaux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gilbati wa Neuffonts]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gilberti wa Sempringham]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gilda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gildadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gilduino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gimer]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Girgis wa Asiut na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Kunialdi na Gisilari|Gisilari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gisleno]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Givalius]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Giyorgis wa Segla]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Gliseri wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gliseria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Glodesinda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Goar]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Goardo na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gobani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gobati]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Godefrid Duynen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Godefrid wa Melveren]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Godeleva]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Godfredi wa Amiens]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Godfredo wa Cappenberg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Godric wa Finchale]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Goeriki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Golveni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Reinilde, Grimoaldi na Gondolfi|Gondolfi wa Saintes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gondulfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gonsalo Garcia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gonzaga Gonza]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Godehard wa Hildesheim|Gotardo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gordiani wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stratoni, Valeri na wenzao|Gordiani wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gordio wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Gorgoni, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Dorotheo na Gorgoni|Gorgoni wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gorgoni wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gorgonia wa Nazienzi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Gorjo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gosbati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gozelino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grani na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria na Grasya|Grasya]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grasyano wa Tours]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius, Potamia, Krispini, Felisi na Grati|Grati wa Thagura]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grato wa Aosta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Gregori I|Gregori I]] (Mkuu)||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Gregori II|Gregori II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Gregori III|Gregori III]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Gregori VII|Gregori VII]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori, Arkelao na Felisisima]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori Barbarigo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori Grassi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gereoni na wenzake|Gregori Maurus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori Mletamwanga]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori Mtendamiujiza]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori Palamas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Gregori wa Agrigento]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Dekapoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Elvira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Gregori wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Narek]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Nazienzi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Nisa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Spoleto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Tours]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gregori wa Utrecht]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grellan Mtakatifu|Grelan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Reinilde, Grimoaldi na Gondolfi|Grimoaldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Guarino wa Palestrina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Guarino wa Sion]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Guba|Guba]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Gudene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gudula]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gulielmo wa Firenze]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gumbati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gumesindi na Servidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Gumus na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Gundekari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Guntram]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Gurdino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Guria na Samona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwalfadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwenog]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwenole]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwibati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwido Maria Conforti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwido wa Anderlecht]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwido wa Pomposa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gwineari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gyavira Musoke]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |} === H === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Habetdeus wa Teudali]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Habib Girgis]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Habibu wa Edesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hallvard Mtakatifu|Halvard]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Hani (padri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Hani (shemasi)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hedwig wa Andechs]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Hedwiga wa Polandi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Heimo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theofili na Heladi|Heladi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Helaniki na Begei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Helena Mtakatifu|Helena]] ([[mama]] wa [[Konstantino Mkuu]])||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Helena wa Sinope]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Helena wa Uswidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Heliodori na Venusti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Heliodori wa Lambesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Hemerioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Hemeteri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Heming]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Henri II]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Henri Morse]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Henri Walpole]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Henri wa Ufini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Heraklemon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Herakli, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Herakli na Zosimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmeni na wenzake|Herakli, Parmeni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Herakli, Prisko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati, Justus na Herenas|Herenas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Herenia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Heribert wa Cologne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Herma wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Herman wa Alaska]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Hermani Yosefu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao|Herme, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Filipo na Herme|Herme wa Marmara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Herme wa Numidia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Noblus, Marsia, Hermemfi, Fortuni na Jukundi|Hermemfi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hermes na Gayo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hermes wa Vidin]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mena, Hermogene na Eugrafo|Hermogene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Hero]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arseni na wenzake|Heroni, Arseni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hervei]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tokwato na wenzake|Hesiki, Tokwato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hesiki wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Hesiki wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hidulfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Hyginus|Higinius (Papa)]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Hilarius|Hilari I]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grani na wenzake|Hilari, Grani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Migdoni na wenzake|Hilari, Migdoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saloni na wenzake|Hilari, Saloni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilari na Tasyani|Hilari wa Akwileia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilari wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilari wa Bremur]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilari wa Carcassonne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilari wa Mende]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilari wa Poitiers]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilari wa Toulouse]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentini na Hilari|Hilari wa Viterbo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donata, Paulina na wenzao|Hilaria, Donata na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Hilarini, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilarion bin Saturninus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilarioni Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilarioni Mpya]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Proklo na Hilarioni|Hilarioni wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilarioni wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Hilarioni wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilda wa Whitby]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hildegard wa Bingen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Hildemarka]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hilduadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hinemodi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Hinus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Hipeas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Hipoliti, Kreskoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simfroni na Ipoliti|Hipoliti na Simfroni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hipoliti wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Hipus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorata wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Honorati, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao|Honorati, Dominiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Honorati, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorati wa Amiens]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorati wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorati wa Buzancais]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorati wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorati wa Subiaco]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorati wa Vercelli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Honori, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Marinus na wenzao|Honori, Marinus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueti, Severi, Apiani, Donati na Honori|Honori wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honori wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Honorina wa Rouen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hor, Susia na wanao|Hor, Abahor na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Hor, Susia na wanao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Papa Hormisdas|Hormisda (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Horpresi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hortulani wa Afrika Kaskazini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Horus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Hospia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hubati wa Liege]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugal na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugo wa Cluny]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo| |- |[[Hugo wa Lincoln]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugolino mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Hunfridi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === I === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Mtakatifu Ia|Ia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Iader]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ianuaria wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ibrahim El-Gohary]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Ida wa Herzfeld]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko, Yakobo na wenzao|Idefonsi, Fransisko na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ifigenia wa Ethiopia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ignas Delgado y Cebrián]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ignas Kim Chejun]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ignas wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ignas wa Laconi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ignas wa Santhià]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ignas wa Loyola]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti na Ignasi|Ignasi wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ignasi wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ildefonso wa Toledo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ilidi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Iltruda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Iluminata wa Todi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Imbenia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na wenzake|Imeri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tokwato na wenzake|Indaleti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni, Zenoni na wenzao|Ingene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Injenwino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Innocent I|Inosenti I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Inosenti askofu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gereoni na wenzake|Inosenti, Gereoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isauri, Inosenti na wenzao|Inosenti wa Pojani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Inosenti wa Alaska]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Inosenti wa Imakulata]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Inosenti wa Tortona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Invensyo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ipasi, Asiani na Andrea]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ipasi wa Bitinia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ipasi wa Gangra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Iperki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abadir, Iraya na wenzao|Iraya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Irenarki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Irene, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Irene wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Irene wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi na Irenei|Irenei na Abondi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Irenei wa Pentapoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Irenei wa Srijem]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ireneo wa Lyons]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ireus na Atanasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Irmina wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Irmingarda wa Koln]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Isaka Jogues]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Isaka Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isaka wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isaka wa Monteluco]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isaka wa Ninawi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Isaka wa Tiphre]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isarno wa Marseille]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isauri, Inosenti na wenzao|Isauri wa Pojani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Isaya, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isicho na wenzake|Isicho wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidora mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidora Mpumbavu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arseni na wenzake|Isidori, Arseni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Elia, Paulo na Isidori|Isidori, Elia na Paulo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eroni, Atne, Isidori na Dioskoro|Isidori, Eroni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidori wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidori wa Kio]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidori wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidori wa Pelusio]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidori wa Skete]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidoro Mkulima]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isidoro wa Sevila]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Isiko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Isitani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Iskirioni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Iskirioni wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ismidoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ita wa Cluain]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Zotiko, Italiki, Zoilus na Jelati|Italiki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Italo, Zotiko, Kamaro, Filipo na Atalo|Italo, Zotiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Itamari wa Rochester]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Iveta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ivo Helory]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Iyasus Mo'a]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |} === J === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Jakuto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[James Nam]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Janani Luwum]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Felisi, Adaukti, Januari, Fortunati na Septimi|Januari, Adaukti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Januari, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati|Januari, Faustini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Januari na Marsiali|Januari, Fausto na Marsiali]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Filipo na wenzao|Januari, Filipo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Januari, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Januari, Katulino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Januari, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari, Masima na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Januari, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano na Januari|Januari na Mariano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari na Marino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Januari, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari Sanchez Delgadillo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Severi, Sekundi, Januari na Viktorini|Januari, Severi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao|Januari, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ianuarius wa Abitina|Januari wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari mfiadini|Januari wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Januaria, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Januaria, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake|Januaria, Vikturus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Janula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jean Baptiste Con]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jean-Charles Cornay]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jean-Louis Bonnard]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Zotiko, Italiki, Zoilus na Jelati|Jelati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilini, Jemini na wenzao|Jemini, Akwilini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jenesi wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jenesi wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi Edwards]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi Majella]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi Sagredo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi wa Brogne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi wa Corbie]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi wa Macon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi wa Potenza]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeradi wa Toul]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeremari wa Fly]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jerio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermana Cousin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Jermana, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jerlando wa Agrigento]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermani, Selestini na Santina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermaniko wa Filadelfia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasyani, Presidi na wenzao|Jermano, Donasyani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano na Randoaldo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano, Theofilo na Sirili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Servando na Jermano|Jermano wa Cadiz]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano wa Paris]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermeri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jero]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeromu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeromu Emiliani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeromu Hermosilla]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeromu Lu Tingmei]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeromu wa Pratis]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jeromu wa Weert]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jiminyano wa Modena]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joakima wa Vedruna]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Joanisi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[John Henry Newman]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Joja wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Anububisoyo, Joji na wenzao|Joji, Anububisoyo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji Limniota]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji Preca]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji, Aureli na wenzao|Joji wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji wa Koziba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji wa Mitilene]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji wa Suelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji wa Vabres]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jokondiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Jokundi, Sirili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Eutropia na wenzao|Jokundo wa Reims]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jordano Ansalone]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Josaphat Mtakatifu|Josaphat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jose Vaz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Josemaría Escrivá]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Isicho na wenzake|Josipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jovenale wa Narni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gayo, Joviani na Filipo|Joviani, Gayo na Filipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joviani wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joviniani wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jovino na Basileo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini na Jovita|Jovita]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juan Diego]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Judikaeli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Judita Vannini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Judoki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Jukundi, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Jukundi, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Jukundi na wenzao|Jukundi, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Noblus, Marsia, Hermemfi, Fortuni na Jukundi|Jukundi, Noblus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Julia, Katulino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Marinus na wenzao|Julia, Marinus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Julia, Rufo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julia Salzano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Julia wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Verisimo, Masima na Julia|Julia wa Lisboa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Julia wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Juliana, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliana Falconieri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliana wa Cornillon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliana wa Firenze]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliana wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliana wa Norwich]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Siriaki, Largi na wenzao|Juliana wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani Alfredo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Juliani, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasi, Juliani, Reatri, Vinsenti na wenzao|Juliani, Dasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Juliani, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Denisi na wenzao|Juliani, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Juliani na Posina|Juliani, Modesti na Posina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani na Eunus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Juliani, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani Saba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Ainvarza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Aleksandria (patriarki)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Masimiani na Juliani|Juliani wa Beauvais]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Brioude]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Cuenca]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Juliani wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Juliani wa Kapadokia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lucho, Montano na wenzao|Juliani wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Le Mans]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Misri na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Sora]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani na Sesari|Juliani wa Terracina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae|Juliani wa Tivoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juliani wa Toledo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julianus na Basilisa|Julianus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julie Billiart]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Julio Alvarez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Julio wa Silistra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julita na Kwiriko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Julita wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julita wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Julius I|Julius I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Julius, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Julius, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Julius, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marusi, Restiti na Julius|Julius, Marusi na Restiti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Julius, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius na Aroni|Julius wa Caerleon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius wa Novara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius, Potamia, Krispini, Felisi na Grati|Julius wa Thagura]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Junipero Serra]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Polieni, Serapioni na Justili|Justili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Justin mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Justini wa Chieti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae|Justini wa Tivoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Justiniani I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Justiniani II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Justino de Jacobis]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Justino Maria Russolillo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Justo wa Urgell]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Justus wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juventino na Masimino|Juventino wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === K === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Kadoko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Caius|Kaio (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisari wa Bus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Kaldote]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaletriki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Kalide]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Kalimako]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kalimeri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tirso, Leukio na wenzao|Kaliniko wa Apolonia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na Basilisa|Kaliniko wa Galatia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko wa Gangra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na wenzake|Kaliniko wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Kaliniko wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliopi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Kalisti I|Kalisti I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kalisti Caravario]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodota na wanae|Kalisti, Theodota na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Amorio|Kalisto wa Amorio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parteni na Kalogeri|Kalogeri wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kalojero wa Sisilia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Italo, Zotiko, Kamaro, Filipo na Atalo|Kamaro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kameliano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kamili wa Lellis]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kandida Maria wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kandida wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kandida wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Kandidi, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Kandidi, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati|Kandidi, Faustini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kandidi na Piperioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kandidi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kandidi wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kanio wa Atella]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Kanioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kanoaldi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kansyo na wenzake|Kansyanila]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kansyo na wenzake|Kansyano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kansyo na wenzake|Kansyo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kanuti IV]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kanuto Lavard]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Kapitolini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili, Eujeni na wenzao|Kapitoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Kapitulini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaprasi wa Agen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaprasi wa Lerins]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Karalampo na wenzao|Karalampo, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karalampo na wenzake|Karalampo wa Magnesia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karanogi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karas mkaapweke]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Karauno]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karilefi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Karini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Karisa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Karisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karisima]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Karisimi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitoni na wenzake|Karito wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitoni na wenzake|Karitoni wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitoni wa Souka]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Karo, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karoli Borromeo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Karoli wa Mlima Argus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Karolo Lwanga]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Karolo Mkuu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Karolo wa Sezze]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Karpo, Papilo na wenzao|Karpo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundi, Karpofori na wenzao|Karpofori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kartaki wa Lismore]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karteri na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Cassianus wa Abitina|Kasiani wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasiani wa Autun]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasiani wa Imola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasiani wa Tanja]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasiano wa Benevento]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasilda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasimir Mtakatifu|Kasimiri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasio na Fiorenso|Kasio wa Bonn]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasio wa Narni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gereoni na wenzake|Kasius, Gereoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Kasti, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasto na Emilio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastori, Vikta na Rogasiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastori wa Apt]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastori wa Karden]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simproniani na wenzake|Kastori wa mto Sava]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastori wa Tarso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Kastrensi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastrese]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Kastrikio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastrisiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastuli, Modesti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastulo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasyo na Viktorini|Kasyo wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kataldo wa Taranto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katarina wa Uswidi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kateri Tekakwitha]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina Chong Choryom]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina Labouré]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina Tomas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina Volpicelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina wa Genoa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina wa Ricci]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina wa Siena]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katerina Yi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Katharine Drexel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Katula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Katulini, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulus, Tuskus, Valentini na Magarus|Katulus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasio, Zotiko na Kayo|Kayo, Dasio na Zotiko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao|Kayo, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sereali na wenzake|Kayo, Sereali na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kayo na Aleksanda|Kayo wa Frigia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kayo wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kayo na Kremensi|Kayo wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kedroni wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Keladioni wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kelidona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kenelmi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaniko abati|Kenneth]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kentigerno]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao|Keremone, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Keremoni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Kerkas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ketilo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kevin wa Glendalough]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kieran Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kieran wa Saighir]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kiliani wa Wurzburg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kim Iulitta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kinga wa Hungaria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agape na Kionia|Kionia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kiriako mkaapweke]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Espero, Zoe na wanao|Kiriako, Theodulo na wazazi wao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kizito]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klara wa Asizi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klara wa Montefalco]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klarensi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaro wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaro wa Vienne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Klasiki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Krispini, Magina, Yohane na Stefano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Klaudi, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Klaudi, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi wa Condat]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Asteri na Neoni|Klaudi wa Egea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Lupersi na Viktori|Klaudi wa Leon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Auriga, Klaudia na Rutile|Klaudia, Auriga na Rutile]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Klaudia wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Klaudiani, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki na Klaudiani|Klaudiani wa Hierapoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Vikta wa wenzao|Klaudiani wa Hu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papia, Theodori na Klaudiani|Klaudiani wa Perge]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Klaudiano wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudina Thevenet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudio wa Colombiere]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorino, Vikta na wenzao|Klaudio wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simproniani na wenzake|Klaudio wa mto Sava]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Clautus wa Abitina|Klauti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klelia Barbieri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Klementi I|Klemens I]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klemens Maria Hofbauer]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klemens wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klementi na Agatanjelo|Klementi wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klementi wa Ohrid]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kleofa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kleoniki na Eutropi|Kleoniki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kleopatra wa Mlima Tabori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klinio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klod]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klodolfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klotilda malkia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kluthi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emanueli, Sabino na wenzao|Kodrati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kointa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolegus na Kolotus|Kolegus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Koleta Boylet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Koliondola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolmani wa Cloyne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolmani wa Dromore]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolmani wa Kilmacduagh]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolmani wa Orkney]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Koloman wa Stockerau]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolomba wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolomba wa Sens]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolegus na Kolotus|Kolotus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolumba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolumba Kim Hyoim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kolumbani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Koluthi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Koluti, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari, Masima na wenzao|Koneksi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kongal]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Konkordi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konlaedo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kono wa Diano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kono wa Naso]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kononi mtunzabustani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kononi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konrad wa Parzham]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Konradi wa Konstanz]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konrado wa Piacenza]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari, Masima na wenzao|Konsesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grani na wenzake|Konsesi, Grani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saloni na wenzake|Konsesi, Saloni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Konstansi, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konstanti wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gereoni na wenzake|Konstantino, Gereoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konstantino Mkuu]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Amorio|Konstantino wa Amorio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konstantino wa Britania]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini saba wa Efeso|Konstantino wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konstantino wa Gap]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konstantino wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Konstantino wa Murom]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Kontardo wa Este]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Konvoyone]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Patermuti na wenzake|Kopra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kopriko, Vikta na Donati|Kopriko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korbiniani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korentino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Akida Korneli|Korneli (akida)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Korneli wa Wijk-bij-Durstede]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Kornelio|Korneli (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teoduli, Amesi, Felisi na Kornelia|Kornelia, Teoduli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta na Korona|Korona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Korus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Cosmas Mtakatifu|Kosma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kosma Takeya]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kosma I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Kosma II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Kosma III wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Koskoni, Zenoni na Melanipo|Koskoni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kostabile]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kostansi wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kostanso wa Ancona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kostanso wa Aquino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kostanso wa Perugia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paladi, Kotili, Adrami, Musa, Esas na Palikoni|Kotili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kayo na Kremensi|Kremensi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao|Kresensi, Dominiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Kresensi, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Trier|Kresensi, Kostansi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Kresensi, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae|Kresensi wa Tivoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Kresenti, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidelis, Felisia na wanao|Kresenti, Fidelis na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresenti wa Afrika Kaskazini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresenti wa Bizasi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresenti wa Myra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresentiani, Vikta, Rusula na Generali|Kresentiani wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresentiani wa Afrika Kaskazini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Largi na wenzao|Kreshensiani wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni wa Tripoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Kresto, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresto na Papo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Krisanto wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krisanto na Daria|Krisanto wa Roma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao|Krisini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krisogoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Krispini, Magina, Yohane na Stefano|Krispini, Klaudi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispini mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispini na Krispiniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius, Potamia, Krispini, Felisi na Grati|Krispini wa Thagura]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispini na Krispiniani|Krispiniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispino wa Ecija]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispino wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispino wa Viterbo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Krispo wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti, Sabina na Kristeta|Kristeta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kristina wa Bolsena]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kristina wa Persia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Kristofa, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kristofa Magallanes]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leovigildi na Kristofa|Kristofa wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kristofa wa Lisia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kristofa, Antoni na Yohane|Kristofa wa Tlaxcala]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kristos Samra]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Krodegangi wa Metz]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Krodegangi wa Seez]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kromasi wa Aquileia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kronide, Leonsi na Serapioni|Kronide]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Kronio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Krusesi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Ksanthi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tokwato na wenzake|Ktesifoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kukufas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kunegunda wa Luxemburg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kunialdi na Gisilari|Kunialdi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kunibati]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kuro wa Konstantinopoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Kwadrati, Pristi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwadrato wa Athens]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwadrato mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwadrato wa Utica]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwartilosa na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwarto (Biblia)]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Kwarto na Kwinto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Kwieto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofroni, Amaranti, Kwinti na Lusius|Kwinti, Sofroni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Denisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Eleuteri na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Teodoli, Tekla na Festina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani wa Rodez]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo, Dada na Kwintiliani|Kwintiliani wa Silistra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Kwintiliani wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Kwintini, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintino wa Vermand]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilini, Jemini na wenzao|Kwinto, Akwilini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Kwinto, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Kwinto, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwarto na Kwinto|Kwinto wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwiriaki wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Satuli na wenzao|Kwiriako, Marselino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Kwiriani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake|Kwirili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Kwirini, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Kwirini na wenzao|Kwirini wa Vexin]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fosyo, Arkelao, Kwirino na wenzao|Kwirino wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwirino wa Roma (25 Machi)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwirino wa Roma (30 Aprili)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwirino wa Sisak]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Kwirus, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwiteria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === L === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Ladislaus I wa Hungaria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lambati wa Freising]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lambati wa Maastricht]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lambati wa Vence]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lambati wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lamberti wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Lambese]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Lampasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Landelini wa Crespin]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Landelini wa Ettenheim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Landeriki wa Paris]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Landrada]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lanfranko wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lang Yangzhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Largi na wenzao|Largi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Lasi na wenzao|Lasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laudo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Launomaro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laura wa Mt. Katerina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Bai Xiaoman]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Company]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Giustiniani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Han Ihyong]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Huong Van Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Maiorano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti-Maria-Yosefu Imbert]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiali, Laurenti na wenzao|Laurenti, Marsiali na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti wa Brindisi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti na Ignasi|Laurenti wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Wang Bing]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti wa Novara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laurenti Mfiadini|Laurenti wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lauriano wa Vatan]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Laveri wa Grumento|Laveri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lawa-Krestos]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Lazaro wa Bethania]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lazaro wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lazaro wa Kyoto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lazaro wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lazaro wa Serbia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Lea wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leandri wa Sevilia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leandro wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lebna Dengel]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Lebuino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lelia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Leo I|Leo I]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo I wa Cava]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Leo II|Leo II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Leo III|Leo III]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Leo IV|Leo IV]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Leo IX|Leo IX]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Leo, Abundanti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo wa Catania]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leobasi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leodegar wa Autun]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo Ignas Mangin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo Karasuma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo wa Africo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo wa Bayonne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo wa Mantenay]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo wa Mira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leo wa Sens]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leobardi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leobini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leokadia wa Toledo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leokrisya]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leoluka]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonardi Veghel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonardi wa Limoges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonardo Murialdo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonardo wa Portomaurizio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Leonida, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Leonida wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonidas wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonides wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Speusipo, Elasipo, Melasipo na Leonila|Leonila]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonio wa Poitiers]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi, Ipasi na Theoduli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kronide, Leonsi na Serapioni|Leonsi, Kronide na Serapioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi wa Bordeaux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Leonsi wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi, Morisi na wenzao|Leonsi wa Nikopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi wa Tarabulus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsya wa Vita]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leopoldo III wa Austria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leopoldo Mandich]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Leovigildi na Kristofa|Leovigildi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leto wa Nefta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leucho wa Brindisi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Severus na Leucho|Leucho wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leudini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leufridi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tirso, Leukio na wenzao|Leukio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberali wa Altino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberali wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberata mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberata na Faustina|Liberata wa Como]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Liberati wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidelis, Felisia na wanao|Liberati, Fidelis na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitoni na wenzake|Liberiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Liberius|Liberius]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Libertino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Libori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao|Libosi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liboso wa Beja]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lidano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lidia wa Thiatira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lidwina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lidwini wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lifardi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Likano|Likano]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Likarioni na Potamiona|Likarioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji, Aureli na wenzao|Liliosa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Linus|Linus (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lioba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liseri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lisini wa Angers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Liteo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Litifridi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Litori wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liudgeri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lodoviko Pavoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lonjino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Lonjino wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lonjino wa Pamaria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lorcán Ua Tuathail]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lorenzo Ruiz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Louis Martin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luchita]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao|Lucho, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Denisi na wenzao|Lucho, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Lucho, Nemesiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tolomei, Lucho na mwenzao|Lucho, Tolomei na mwenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lucho, Montano na wenzao|Lucho wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Lucius I|Lucius I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ludan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ludmila]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ludolfo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Amatori, Petro na Ludoviko|Ludoviko, Amatori na Petro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ludoviko Ibaraki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ludoviko wa Casoria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ludoviko wa Toulouse]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luigi Guanella]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luigi Orione]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luigi Scrosoppi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luiji Maria Palazzolo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luis IX]] wa [[Ufaransa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Egidi, Luis, Yohane na Paulo|Luis, Egidi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luisa wa Marillac]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka Alonso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka Banabakintu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka Hwang Soktu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka Kirby]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka Loan Ba Vu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka mwinjili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka Thin Viet Pham]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka wa Demenna]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka wa Homs]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka wa Melicuccà]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka wa Messina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Luka wa Nicosia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Lukania]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lukio wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lukio wa Kurene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lukresia wa Merida]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Lukresya, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lulo wa Mainz]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Luperki wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Lupersi na Viktori|Lupersi, Klaudi na Viktori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupisino wa Condat]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupisino wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupo wa Limoges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupo wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupo wa Sistov]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupo wa Troyes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupulo wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lupus wa Sens]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia Filippini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia Kim Kopchu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia Kim Nusia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia Pak Huisun]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia Wang Cheng]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia Wang Wangzhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia wa Sirakusa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusia Yi Zhenmei]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Lusiani, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Lusiani, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Lusiani, Kreskoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Manilo, Donati, Maurila, Lusiani, Viktorini na Nise|Lusiani, Manilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Lusiani, Sabino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Metrobi na wenzao|Lusiani wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Lusiani|Lusiani na Fortunati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Masimiani na Juliani|Lusiani wa Beauvais]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiano na Marsiano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiano wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiano wa Lentini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Lusida, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiferi wa Cagliari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Lusio, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Lusiola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Lusioli, Fortunati na Marsia|Lusioli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati|Lusius, Faustini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Lusius, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofroni, Amaranti, Kwinti na Lusius|Lusius, Sofroni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lutgarda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |} === M === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Mac Cairthinn wa Clogher]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Machani wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi na wenzake|Machano, Abondi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini saba wa Efeso|Machano wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Machano wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Machano wa Konya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Madelberta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mael Ruain]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mael Ruba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulus, Tuskus, Valentini na Magarus|Magarus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Cho]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Du Fengju]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Han Yongi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Ho Kyeim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Kim Obi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Pak Pongson]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Sofia Barat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Son Sobyok]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena wa Canossa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena wa Nagasaki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Yi Yongdok]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magdalena Yi Yonghui]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Krispini, Magina, Yohane na Stefano|Magina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Magino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maglori]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Magneriki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Magnili, Nino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Magnili, Rufo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Magnus wa Fuessen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Magnus wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Magnus wa Orkney]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Magnus wa Trani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Magret Bays]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maimbodo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mainchin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Majoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maior wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Majoriko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makanisi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Makari II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Makari III wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Donati, Makari na Theodori|Makari, Donati na Theodori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Makari, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Aleksandria|Makari Kijana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari Mkuu]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake|Makari, Vikturus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Diogeni na wenzao|Makari wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Collesano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Gent]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Fayum]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Pelekete]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makari wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari, Masima na wenzao|Makaria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makrina Mdogo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makrina Mkubwa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Makrobi, Serapioni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stratoni, Valeri na wenzao|Makrobi wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Makroni wa Thoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Maksimila]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maximilian Kolbe|Maksimiliani Maria Kolbe]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maksimiliani wa Lorch]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maksimiliani wa Tebessa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maksimo Muungamadini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Malakia wa Armagh]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Malardo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini saba wa Efeso|Malko wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Malko na Aleksanda|Malko wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Malko wa Maronia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Malo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maloni wa Rouen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta na Maloso|Maloso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Mamari, Antioko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamari, Felisi, Vikta, Albino na Domati|Mamari, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamas wa Awlatos]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mamas wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Mamasi wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamerto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mames na Diskus|Mames]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Mamili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamlacha]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Mamori, Antioko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Manaeni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mancho wa Evora]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Manea na wenzao|Manea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Manilo, Donati, Maurila, Lusiani, Viktorini na Nise|Manilo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasyani, Presidi na wenzao|Mansueti, Donasyani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueti, Severi, Apiani, Donati na Honori|Mansueti wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueti wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueti wa Urusi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueto wa Toul]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mapaliko na wenzake|Mapaliko]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marana na Sira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Marcha]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marchano Yosefu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marcouf]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Migdoni na wenzake|Mardoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Margareta wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margaret Clitherow]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margaret Ward]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margareta Maria Alacoque]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margareta wa Hungaria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margareta wa Uskoti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margarita Bourgeoys]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margarita wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Margarito Flores]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margerita wa Cesolo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margerita wa Città di Castello]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margerita wa Cortona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Margerita wa Youville]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Mari (padri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Mari (shemasi)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Bikira Maria|Maria (mama wa Yesu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Adolfina Dierk]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Alfonsina Danil]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Amandina wa Moyo Mtakatifu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Ana wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria An Guozhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria An Lihua]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Antonia wa Mt. Yosefu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Bernarda Buetler]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Bertila Boscardin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria binti Saturninus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria De Mattias]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Desolata]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Dominika Mantovani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Dominika Mazzarello]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Du Tianshi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Du Zhauzhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Elizabeti Hesselblad]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Ermelina wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Eufrasia Pelletier]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Eujenia wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Fan Kun]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Fransiska wa Madonda Matano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Fu Guilin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Goretti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Guadalupe Garcia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Guliema Emilia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Guo Lizhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Katharina Kasper]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Klara Nanetti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Kresensya Hoess]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Maajabu wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Magdalena]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Magdalena Postel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Magdalena wa Pazzi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Mikaela Desmaisieres]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Msulubiwa Di Rosa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria na Grasya]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Pak Kunagi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Qi Yu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Rivier]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Senofonte, Maria na wanao|Maria, Senofonte na wanao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Teresa Chiramel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Amani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Bethania]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Maria wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Kleopa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Flora na Maria|Maria wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Msaada]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Msalaba MacKillop]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Mt. Natalia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Mt. Yusto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Mlima Karmeli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Purisima]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Umwilisho Guyart]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Maria wa Yesu Ekaristi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Wang Lizhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Won Kwiim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Yi Indok]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Yi Yonhui]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Yosefa Rossello]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Yosefa wa Moyo wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Zhao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Zhao Guozhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Zheng Xu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Maria Zhou Wuzhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariam Baouardy]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Mariani, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano na Januari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano wa Bourges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Mariano wa Lambesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marina, Marsia, Emili na Felisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marina wa Bitinia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marina wa Omura]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari na Marino|Marino na Januari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marino shemasi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marino wa Tarso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Marinus, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Marinus na wenzao|Marinus, Viktori na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marinus na Asteri|Marinus wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Marinus wa Lambesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Mario, Antioko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mario, Martha, Audifas na Abako|Mario, Martha na wanao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mario wa Bodon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Marjabu wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Markelmo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Markiano II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mwinjili Marko|Marko]] [[Wainjili|Mwinjili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Marko|Marko (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Marko, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Marko, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko Chong Uibae]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati|Marko, Faustini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko Ji Tianxiang]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko Krisini na wenzake|Marko Krisini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko mkaapweke (Libya)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko mkaapweke (mwandishi)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko mkaapweke (Misri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko mtawa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Marko, Prisko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufino, Marko na Valeri|Marko, Rufino na Valeri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko wa Aretusa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko wa Efeso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Marko na Musiani|Marko wa Mesia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko na Marseliani|Marko wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustrasi na wenzake|Marmari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marolo wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maroni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maroni mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plutarko, Potamiena na wenzao|Marsela wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsela wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Marseli, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marseli wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko na Marseliani|Marseliani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselina wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Marcellinus|Marselino (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arjeo, Narsisi na Marselino|Marselino, Arjeo na Narsisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino Champagnat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino na Petro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Satuli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Vinsenti na Domninus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino wa Ancona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino wa Embrun]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Manea na wenzao|Marselino wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Marcellus I|Marselo I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselo wa Apamea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselo wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselo wa Chalon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselo wa Die]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselo wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselo wa Paris]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselo wa Tanja]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Lusioli, Fortunati na Marsia|Marsia, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marina, Marsia, Emili na Felisi|Marsia, Marina na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Noblus, Marsia, Hermemfi, Fortuni na Jukundi|Marsia, Noblus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Valeria, Marsia, Diogene na Mika|Marsia, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Marsiali, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Januari na Marsiali|Marsiali, Fausto na Januari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Filipo na wenzao|Marsiali, Filipo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Marsiali, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiali, Laurenti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogati, Saturnini, Faustini na Marsiali|Marsiali, Rogati na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Marsiali, Silvani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiali wa Limoges]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Marsiali wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melesi, Suzana, Marsiana na Paladia|Marsiana na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiana wa Mauretania]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Marsiani, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fortunati na Marsiani|Marsiani na Fortunati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilini, Jemini na wenzao|Marsiano, Akwilini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Jukundi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko, Marsiano na wenzao|Marsiano, Marko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiri na Marsiano|Marsiano na Martiri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikandro na Marsiano|Marsiano na Nikandro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano wa Kalsedonia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano wa Siracusa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano wa Tortona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marta wa Antiokia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martha binti Pusisi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martha Kim Songim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mario, Martha, Audifas na Abako|Martha, Mario na wanao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martha mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martha wa Bethania]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martha Wang Luoshi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Martin I|Martin I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martin de Porres]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martin-Luc Huin]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Martin Tho]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martin Tinh Duc Ta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martina wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiniani, Saturiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiniani wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prosesi na Martiniani|Martiniani wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiniano wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Braga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Huerta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Kupaa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Msalaba Mtakatifu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Mondragone]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Saujon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martino Wu Xuesheng]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Martinus wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Martiri, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiri na Marsiano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Marubi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marusi, Restiti na Julius]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maruta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maryahb]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masedoni, Patrisia na Modesta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masedoni, Teoduli na Tasiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masensi wa Poitiers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masensi wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masima bikira]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari, Masima na wenzao|Masima, Januari na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Montani na Masima|Masima na Montani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Verisimo, Masima na Julia|Masima wa Lisboa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masima, Donatila na Sekunda|Masima wa Taburba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maximianus wa Abitina|Masimiani wa Abitina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimiani wa Bagai]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Masimiani na Juliani|Masimiani wa Beauvais]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini saba wa Efeso|Masimiani wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Masimiani wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimiano wa Ravenna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimiano wa Siracusa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimiliani wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimino wa Aix]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Juventino na Masimino|Masimino wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimino wa Micy]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimino wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Migdoni na wenzake|Masimo, Migdoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo na Domasi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Masimo padri mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saloni na wenzake|Masimo, Saloni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Masimo, Silvani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tibursi, Valeriani na Masimo|Masimo, Tibursi na Valeriani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Diogeni na wenzao|Masimo wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Asia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Chinon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Cumae]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Tata na wanao|Masimo wa Damasko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Masimo wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Limony]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Nola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Padova]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Masimo wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Riez]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo, Dada na Kwintiliani|Masimo wa Silistra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Torino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Vuchim]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masimo wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maskula]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Materno wa Koln]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Materno wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Mathayo|Mathayo Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mathayo I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mathayo II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mathayo Alonzo Leciniana]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mathayo Correa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mathayo Dac Phuong Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mathayo Gam Van Le]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mathayo Kohioye]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea wa Soveral na wenzake|Mathayo Moreira]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Mathia|Mathia Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Matia Feng De]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Matia Marko]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Matia wa Meako]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Matia wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Matias Mulumba Kalemba]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Matilda wa Ringelheim]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Matlan Tabibu]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Matrona wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Matrona wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Matrona wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Matthew Ayariga]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Maturini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maturus wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maura]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maura wa Troyes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao|Mauriani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Manilo, Donati, Maurila, Lusiani, Viktorini na Nise|Maurila]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maurili]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtakatifu Mauro|Mauro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mauro mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Eutiko, Mauro na Disei|Mauro, Modesti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papia na Mauro|Mauro na Papia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Mauro, Venansi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mauro wa Cesena]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mauro wa Parenzo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mauro wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mauronti abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mauronti wa Marseille]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mavilus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mayolo wa Cluny]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mbaga Tuzinde]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Medadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Medaduli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mederiki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Medilama]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Meinradi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mel]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melani wa Rennes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melania Kijana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Koskoni, Zenoni na Melanipo|Melanipo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Melas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Speusipo, Elasipo, Melasipo na Leonila|Melasipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Melei, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Melei, Serapioni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melesi, Suzana, Marsiana na Paladia|Melesi na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melesi wa Sanaklar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melesyo wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melito wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melito wa Sardi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melki wa Klusma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Melkiori García Sampedro]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko Krisini na wenzake|Melkiori Grodziecki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Memi, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Memi wa Chalons]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Largi na wenzao|Memia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Memno wa Misri]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Memno wa Viza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Memori na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mena, Hermogene na Eugrafo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mena wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mena wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mena wa Molise]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Menandri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Urbani, Theodori na wenzao|Menedemo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Menei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Menelanti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Menelao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Menelei wa Menat]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Menesidei na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Menigni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Merkuri wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epimako, Aleksanda na wenzao|Merkuria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Merkuriali]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Mesto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Meteri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Methodi wa Thesalonike]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Metodi I wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Metodi wa Olimpo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Metras|Metras na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Metrobi na wenzao|Metrobi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Metrofane wa Bizanti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Metroni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Meugan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Meuris wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Meveni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Migdoni na wenzake|Migdoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mijin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Valeria, Marsia, Diogene na Mika|Mika, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mikaeli II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mikaeli III wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mikaeli IV wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mikaeli V wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Mikaeli de la Mora]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli Dinh-Hy Ho]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli Febres]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli Malaika Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli My Huy Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli Garicoits]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli Kozaki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli Kurobioye]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli wa Aozaraza]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli wa Aragave]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli wa Sinnada]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mikaeli wa Watakatifu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Milburga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Miltiades|Miltiades (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Miniato wa Firenze]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Miro wa Kuziko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mirokle]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mirope wa Kio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Misaeli mkaapweke]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Misori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mitri wa Aix]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mitrofani Chi Sung]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Moallem Malati]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Masedoni, Patrisia na Modesta|Modesta, Masedoni na Patrisia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesta wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti Andlauer]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Eutiko, Mauro na Disei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Juliani na Posina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastuli, Modesti na wenzao|Modesti, Kastuli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti na Amoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti wa Trier]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modoaldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mohrael]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Moisei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Molaise]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Molia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Moluag]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Momoli wa Fleury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Monasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Monegunda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Monika]] ([[mama]] wa [[Agostino wa Hippo]])||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Moninne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugal na wenzake|Montani, Hugal na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Montani na Masima]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lucho, Montano na wenzao|Montano wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Monulfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mora wa Benhor]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Morandi wa Cluny]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Morandi wa Douai]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Morisi Duaod]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi, Morisi na wenzao|Morisi wa Nikopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Maurice Mtakatifu|Morisi wa Thebe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Mose, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Moses wa Psammaniu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mosyo wa Bizanti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mosyo wa Homs]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mugagga Lubowa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mukasa Kiriwawanvu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Muredak]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Murita wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Musa, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Musa Mwafrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Musa Mwarabu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paladi, Kotili, Adrami, Musa, Esas na Palikoni|Musa, Palidi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Musa wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Museo, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Musiani Maria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko na Musiani|Musiani wa Mesia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mustiola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Mustoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === N === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Nabore]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Nabori, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Faustini na Nafiani|Nafiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Namfamo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Namfamoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Narno wa Bergamo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Narsete na Yosefu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Narsisa wa Yesu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Arjeo, Narsisi na Marselino|Narsisi, Arjeo na Marselino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Felisi, Narsisi na Argirus|Narsisi, Viktori na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Narsisi wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Joji, Aureli na wenzao|Natalia wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Natei]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nathalan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nazari na Chelsi|Nazari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nazaria Ignasya]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae|Nemesi wa Tivoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Nemesiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nimfidi, Saturnini, Taurini, Nemorati na Arapolini|Nemorati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Neofito wa Nisea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Neofito wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Asteri na Neoni|Neoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Neopuli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Neot Mtakatifu|Neot]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Nepori, Abidiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiniani, Saturiani na wenzao|Nerei, Martiniani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nerei mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Nerses Shnorhali]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Nestabo na wenzao|Nestabo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Nestabo na wenzao|Nestori, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nestori wa Magido]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Nika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikanda mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Nikanda wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikanori mwinjilisti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Nikandro, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikandro na Herme]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikandro na Marsiano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Kwirini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi wa Heeze]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Eutropia na wenzao|Nikasi wa Reims]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Nike]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikodemo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikodemo wa Cirò]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Nikolasi I|Nikola I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola II wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Nikola na Trano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola Owen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola Pieck]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola Politi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola Poppel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola Tavelic]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola wa Flue]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikolasi wa Myra|Nikola wa Mira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola wa Sassoferrato]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola wa Studion]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola wa Tolentino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola wa Trani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikolai wa Japani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Nikolai Velimirovic]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Nikolasi Saggio wa Longobardi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikolasi Thé Duc Bui]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikomedi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikon wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Nikoni wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Nikoni wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikoni wa Sparta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simproniani na wenzake|Nikostrati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nil Sorsky]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Nilamoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Peleo, Nilo na wenzao|Nilo, Peleo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nilo wa Rossano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nilo wa Sinai]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nimattullah Kassab Al-Hardini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nimfidi, Saturnini, Taurini, Nemorati na Arapolini|Nimfidi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ninian Mtakatifu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino wa Georgia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Manilo, Donati, Maurila, Lusiani, Viktorini na Nise|Nise]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Nisefori, Abundanti na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antonini, Nisefori na wenzao|Nisefori, Antonini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Nisefori, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Vikta wa wenzao|Nisefori wa Hu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorino, Vikta na wenzao|Nisefori wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseforo wa Konstantinopoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Niseta, Postiniana na Filipo|Niseta, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseta Mgoti|Nikita]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseta wa Medikion]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseta wa Pojani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseta wa Remesiana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Niseti, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseti wa Besancon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseti wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseti wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Niseti wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Nisia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Nobilitani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Noblus, Marsia, Hermemfi, Fortuni na Jukundi|Noblus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Noe Mawaggali]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Noeli Chabanel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Nonina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akonsi na wenzake|Nono wa Fiumicino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nonoso]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Didara, Bisoe na Nor|Nor, Didara na Bisoe]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Norbert wa Xanten]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nostriano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Notburga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nothelm wa Canterbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Numidiko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Nunesia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nunilona na Alodia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nuno Alvares]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nunzio Sulprizio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |} === O === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Odilo wa Cluny]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Odo wa Cluny]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Odo wa Urgell]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Odrada]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oengus]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oktavi, Solutori na Aventori|Oktavi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oktaviani wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Olaf II Haraldsson]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Olegari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Olga wa Kiev]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Olga wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Olimpia wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oliva wa Anagni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oliva wa Brescia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oliva wa Palermo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oliver Plunkett]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Omobono]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Onesiforo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Onesimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Onesimo Nesib]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Onioni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Onofri wa Panaia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Onorata wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Onorati wa Bennefa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Onufri mkaapweke]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oportuna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optasiani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Optati wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optatus wa Milevi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Optioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Orati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Oreste, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eustrasi na wenzake|Oreste, Eustrasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oreste wa Tyana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oriensi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Orikuli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Orioni, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolo, Protei, Orioni na Plausi|Orioni, Apolo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Orioni wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Orisi mmonaki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ormisda wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Oro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oronsi, Vinsenti na Vikta|Oronsi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Orsisius]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Orso wa Aosta]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Orso wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Orso wa Loches]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Orso wa Ravenna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ortari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Potamoni, Ortasi na Serapioni|Ortasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Orus, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Osburga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oscar Romero]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Oseani wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ositha]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Osmundi wa Salisbury]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ospisi wa Nizza]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Ostriki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oswadi wa York]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oswald wa Northumbria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Otilia wa Alsasya]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Otimus]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Oto mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Oto wa Ariano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Otto wa Bamberg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oyand wa Condat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |} === P === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Pafnusi Mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pafnusi wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Pafnusi wa Nitria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Pafnusi wa Tebe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Pafnusi wa Tentyra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paisius Velichkovsky]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| &nbsp; |- |[[Pakomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Esiki, Pakomi na Theodori|Pakomi, Esiki na Theodori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paladi, Kotili, Adrami, Musa, Esas na Palikoni|Paladi, Kotili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paladi wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paladi wa Uskoti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Melesi, Suzana, Marsiana na Paladia|Paladia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Palemoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Batazoni, Palemoni na Garuma|Palemoni, Batazoni na Garuma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Paladi, Kotili, Adrami, Musa, Esas na Palikoni|Palikoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Palmasi wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Palmato]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pamaki wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pambo wa jangwani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Pambo mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pamfili wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Panfilo wa Beirut]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo wa Sulmona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pankrasi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Pankrasi wa Taormina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pansofi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pantagati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pantaleo wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Pantaleo wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Panteleoni|Pantelewon]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Panteno]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Panteri, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Panteri wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Panubri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Panus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Papa wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa wa Seleukia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Papas, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papia na Mauro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta, Felisi na wenzao|Papia, Vikta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorino, Vikta na wenzao|Papia wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papia, Theodori na Klaudiani|Papia wa Perge]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papias]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Papias, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Papias, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papias na Donati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao|Papias, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Vikta wa wenzao|Papias wa Hu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karpo, Papilo na wenzao|Papilo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papiniani wa Vita]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papiri wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresto na Papo|Papo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abidiani na wenzake|Paposiniki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parakodi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paride wa Teano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parisi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmena mwinjilisti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmeni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parsoma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Parteni wa Lampsaki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parteni na Kalogeri|Parteni wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Pasamona]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkadi, Paskasi na wenzao|Paskasi, Arkadi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pasiano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pasiensi wa Metz]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pasienti wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pasifiko wa San Severino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Pasikrate na Valensyoni|Pasikrate]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Primo, Aksidi na Pasimoni|Pasimoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Paskali I|Paskali I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paskali Baylon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paskari wa Nantes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paskasi Radberti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paskasi wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Pastene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusti na Pastori|Pastori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Patapi wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Peleo, Nilo na wenzao|Patermusi, Peleo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Patermuti na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paterni wa Avranches]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paterni wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paterni wa Vannes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paterniani wa Fano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Paternika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Patrick wa Ireland]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Patrisi Dong Bodi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Masedoni, Patrisia na Modesta|Patrisia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Patroklo wa Troyes]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basa, Paula na Agatonika|Paula, Basa na Agatonika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paula Elizabeti Cerioli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paula Frassinetti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paula Montal]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paula wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki na Paula|Paula wa Urusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkadi, Paskasi na wenzao|Paulilo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donata, Paulina na wenzao|Paulina, Donata na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulina wa Fulda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulina Visintainer]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Pauliniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulino wa Nola]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulino wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulinus wa York|Paulino wa York]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Paulo|Paulo Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Paulo I|Paulo I]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Paulo VI|Paulo VI]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo I wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Paulo, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Aureliani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Paulo, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Paulo, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Chen Changpin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Chong Hasang]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Denn]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Duong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Egidi, Luis, Yohane na Paulo|Paulo, Egidi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Elia, Paulo na Isidori|Paulo, Elia na Isidori]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Eusiri na wenzao|Paulo, Eusiri na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao|Paulo, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Ge Tingzhu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Hanh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Ho Hyob]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Hong Yongju]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Ibaraki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na wenzake|Paulo, Kaliniko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Paulo, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Khoan Khan Pham]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Denisi na wenzao|Paulo, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Paulo, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Lang Fu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Liu Hanzuo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Liu Jinde]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Loc Van Le]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Miki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Mnyofu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Erakli na Paulo|Paulo na Erakli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Nguyen Ngan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Nguyen Van My]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Paulo, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Paulo, Silvani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Suzuki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Tinh Bao Le]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Tong Buong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Paulo wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Tata na wanao|Paulo wa Damasko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Paulo wa Iamnia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentina, Thea na Paulo|Paulo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Kupro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Andrea, Paulo na Dionisya|Paulo wa Lapseki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Metrobi na wenzao|Paulo wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Msalaba]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Narbonne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Prusa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Roma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Tammah]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Paulo wa Tebe]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Trois-Chateaux]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo wa Verdun]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Wu Juan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo Wu Wanshu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Timolai na wenzake|Pauside wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori na Pausilipi|Pausilipi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pavel wa Taganrog]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Pedrog]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Asidini na wenzake|Pegasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Pekida]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pelagia wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pelaji wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pelaji wa Konstanz]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pelegrino Laziosi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu na Pelegrino|Pelegrino wa Antiokia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Isauri, Inosenti na wenzao|Pelegrino wa Pojani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Peleo, Nilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Ekomini, Peleoniki, Zotiki na mwenzao|Peleoniki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pelusius wa Abitina|Pelusi wa Abitina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pelusi wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Penika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karitoni na wenzake|Peoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pere Ermengol]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Pere Sans Jorda]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Peregrini wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Ponsiani na wenzao|Peregrino, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Perfekto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Perpetua Mtakatifu|Perpetua]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Perpetua Hong Kimju]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Marinus na wenzao|Perpetua, Marinus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Perpetui wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao|Persei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Petheko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Petro|Petro Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro I wa Sebaste]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Petro, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Almató]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Amatori, Petro na Ludoviko|Petro, Amatori na Ludoviko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea, Yohane, Petro na Antoni|Petro, Andrea, Yohane na Antoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Petro, Antioko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Apselamo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Aumaitre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Baptista]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Calungsod]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Cho Hwaso]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Choe Changhub]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Choe Hyong]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Chong Wonji]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Claver]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Da]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Peter Damian|Petro Damiani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Dong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Dung Van Dinh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Duong Van Truong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Esqueda]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao|Petro, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Favre]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro-Filibati Maubant]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Fourier]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Fransisko Néron]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro-Henri Dorie]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Hieu Van Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Hong Pyongju]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Juliani Eymard]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na wenzake|Petro, Kaliniko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Kamino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Kanisi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Khanh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Petro, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Petro, Kreskoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Krisologo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Kwon Tugin]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Li Quanhui]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Liu Wenyuan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Liu Ziyu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Malasanch]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Maldonado]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro na Afrodisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Nam Kyongmun]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Nolasco]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Nguyen Khac Tu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Nguyen Van Luu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Nguyen Van Tu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Orseolo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Poveda]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Qui Cong Doan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Regalado]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Petro, Sabino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Severus na Leucho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Peter Chanel|Petro Shanel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Son Sonji]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Spano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Sukejiro]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Thi Van Truong Pham]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Tomaso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Tuan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Tuan Ba Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Tuy Le]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Van Van Doan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Vincioli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Vo Bang Khoa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Vu Van Truat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro III wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro IV wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro VII wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro wa Alkantara]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Anagni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Arbues]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Argo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Assche]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Bearn]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Betancur]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Cava]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Chavanon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Valabonso na wenzao|Petro wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Ethiopia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Petro wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Iberia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro wa Kapitolias]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Andrea, Paulo na Dionisya|Petro wa Lapseki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro na Ermogene|Petro wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Moutiers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Mt. Maria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Narbone]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Dorotheo na Gorgoni|Petro wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Osma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Poitiers]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Manea na wenzao|Petro wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Wang Erman]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Wang Zuolong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa San Gemini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Sebaste]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Petro wa Trevi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro wa Verona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Wu Guosheng]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Wu Anpeng]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Yi Hoyong]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Yi Myongso]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Yu Chongnyul]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Yu Tae-chol]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Zhang Banniu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Zhao Mingzhen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro Zhou Rixin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Petroni wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petronila wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petronio wa Die]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Pia, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Piamun]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Piato]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Piensi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Kwirini na wenzao|Piensya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pier Giorgio Frassati]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Pierio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pierre Borie]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Pierre Dumoulin-Borie]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Pijimi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Pikti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pimeni wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Piniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pinito wa Knoso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Pinuti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pio wa Pietrelcina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Pioni wa Smirna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kandidi na Piperioni|Piperioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Piran Mtakatifu|Piran]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pirmini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pishoi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Basa na wanae|Pisto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Pius I|Pius I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Pius V|Pius V]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Pius X|Pius X]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtakatifu Plasido|Plasido (Mbenedikto)]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plasido na Sigisbati|Plasido wa Disentis]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plato wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plato wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolo, Protei, Orioni na Plausi|Plausi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Plebri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plekelmi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Pleni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Pleosi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Plesi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Plesius]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plutarko, Potamiena na wenzao|Plutarko wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Poemen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Lasi na wenzao|Poemi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Poliano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Polidori Plasden]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Polieni, Serapioni na Justili|Polieni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Polieuto wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Polieuto wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Polikarpo Mtakatifu|Polikarpo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Polikarpo wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Polioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abundanti na wenzake|Polokroni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pompei wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pompili Maria Pirrotti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Pompini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pomponi wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pomponia wa Abitina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pomposa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Ponsiani na wenzao|Ponsiani, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ponsyano Ngondwe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Pontian|Ponsyano (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ponsyano wa Spoleto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ponsyo wa Cimiez]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ponsyo wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Ponsyo wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ponsyo wa Pradleves]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pontio Pilato]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Poponi abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sereali na wenzake|Populi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karalampo na wenzake|Porfiri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Porkari na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Porfiri, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Porfiri, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Porfiri wa Gaza]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Porsiani abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Posesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Posidi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Modesti, Juliani na Posina|Posina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Niseta, Postiniana na Filipo|Postiniana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Julius, Potamia, Krispini, Felisi na Grati|Potamia, Julius na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Potamia, Rufo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plutarko, Potamiena na wenzao|Potamiena wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Likarioni na Potamiona|Potamiona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Potamoni, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Potamoni, Ortasi na Serapioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Potamoni wa Herakleopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabiniani na Potensyani|Potensyani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Potinus wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Potito wa Sardica]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prasede wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Preieto na Amarino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasyani, Presidi na wenzao|Presidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Babila na wenzake|Prilidani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Lasi na wenzao|Prima, Emiliani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Prima, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prima wa Abitina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao|Primiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao|Primitivi, Basiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fakundi na Primitivi|Primitivi na Fakundi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Primitivi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae|Primitivi wa Tivoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Primitivi wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Primo, Aksidi na Pasimoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Primo na Donato]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Primo, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao|Primo, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Primo wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Primo na Felisiani|Primo wa Mentana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prinsipi wa Soissons]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu, Priori na Besarioni|Priori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwila na Priska|Priska (mke wa Akwila)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Priska wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Prisko, Rufo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Malko na Aleksanda|Prisko wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko wa Nocera]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Pristi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake|Privata]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Privati, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evasi na Privati|Privati na Evasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Privati wa Mende]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Marinus na wenzao|Privatula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tarako, Probo na Androniko|Probo, Tarako na Androniko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Probo wa Ravenna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Probo wa Rieti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Proklo na Hilarioni|Proklo wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Proklo wa Bisignano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Proklo wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prokolo wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prokopi Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basili na Prokopi|Prokopi na Basili]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prokopi wa Sazava]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Prokoro mwinjilisti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Satuli na wenzao|Prokula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prokulo, Eutisi na Akusi|Prokulo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ares, Promo na Elia|Promo, Aresi na Elia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Arkadi, Paskasi na wenzao|Promo, Paskasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Proposi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prosdosimi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prosesi na Martiniani|Prosesi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prospa wa Akwitania]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prospa wa Orleans]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prospa wa Reggio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prospa wa Tarragona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Protadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Protasi Chong Kukbo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Gervasi na Protasi|Protasi na Gervasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Protasi wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Protea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apolo, Protei, Orioni na Plausi|Protei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sereali na wenzake|Proteri, Sereali na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Proteri wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Proto, Basiano na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Proto na Yasinto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Proto wa Aquileia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Provino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prudensi wa Tarazona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prudensi wa Troyes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publi wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Publi wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publia wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Parmeni na wenzake|Publio, Parmeni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Vikta, Herme na Papias]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio wa Athene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao|Puplikano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pulkeria wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao|Puplikano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni bar Sabas na wenzake|Pusayk]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pusisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} ===Q=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Quintus wa Abitina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Quodvultdeus]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === R === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Rabanus Maurus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Radegunda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rafaela Maria wa Moyo Mtakatifu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rafaeli Arnaiz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rafaeli Guizar]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rafaeli Kalinowski]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rafaeli Malaika Mkuu]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès|Rafka]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Raimundi Gayrard]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Raimundi Li Quanzhen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Raimundi wa Penyafort]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Raineri wa Split]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rais bikira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ramon Nonat]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ramon wa Fitero]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano na Randoaldo|Randoaldo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ranieri wa Forcona]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ranieri wa Pisa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Raphael wa Brooklyn]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Dasi, Juliani, Reatri, Vinsenti na wenzao|Reatri, Dasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rebeka wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Regiola wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi na Regula|Regula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Regulo wa Senlis]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Reinilde, Grimoaldi na Gondolfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Reinoldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Satuli na wenzao|Rejina, Marselino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rejina wa Alise]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rejinaldo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Rekombi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Rekumbi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Remakli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rembati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teridi na Remedi|Remedi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Remi Isore]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Remi wa Reims]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Remi wa Rouen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Renato Goupil]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Renato wa Sorrento]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Renula]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Reparata]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Respektati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marusi, Restiti na Julius|Restiti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Restituta wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Restituta wa Teniza]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Restituti wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Restitutus wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Retisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Sekunduli na wenzao|Revokati wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revocatus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokata (6 Februari)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Richadi Gwyn]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Richadi wa Andria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Richard Reynolds]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Richard wa Chichester]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Richard wa Sussex]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rikarda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rikardo Pampuri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rikari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rikitrude]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rikovero wa Lippi-Uguccioni|Rikovero]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rinaldo wa Nocera]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Rino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ripsime na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Risini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rita wa Cascia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Robati Lawrence]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Robati Southwell]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Robati wa Chaise-Dieu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Robati wa Molesme]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Robati wa Newminster]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roberto Bellarmino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roderiki na Solomoni|Roderiki wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Roderiko Aguilar]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rodingo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rodolfo wa Gubbio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Diodori na Rodopiani|Rodopiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Rogasyani, Akuta na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donasiani na Rogasiani|Rogasyani na Donasyani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastori, Vikta na Rogasiani|Rogasyani, Kastori na Vikta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Rogasyani, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogatianus wa Abitina|Rogasyani wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogasyani wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donata, Paulina na wenzao|Rogata, Donata na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Rogati, Aprili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogati mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aresi na Rogati|Rogati na Aresi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogati na Suchesi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogati, Saturnini, Faustini na Marsiali]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Rogati, Sirili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogatus wa Abitina|Rogati wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Rogati wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastuli, Modesti na wenzao|Rogato, Kastuli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogeli na Abdala|Rogeli wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Roko, Alfonso na Yohane|Roko Gonzalez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roko wa Montpellier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano Adame]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Romano, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano Mwimbaji]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano wa Blaye]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano wa Condat]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romano wa Rouen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romariki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romedi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Romolo wa Fiesole]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Romualdo Abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timolai na wenzake|Romulo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ronano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rosa Fransiska Molas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rosa Kim Nosa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rosa Venerini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rosa wa Lima]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rosalia Bikira]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roselina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Rosyo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Roza Chen Aixie]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roza Eluvathingal]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roza Fan Hui]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Roza Zhao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Rozikya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rudesindo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rudolf Sherwin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufilo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufina na Sekunda]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusta na Rufina|Rufina wa Sevilia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeri na Rufini|Rufini wa Soissons]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Rufiniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Rufino, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Epifani, Donati na Rufini|Rufino, Epifani na Donati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufino, Marko na Valeri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufino na Rufo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufino wa Asizi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufino na Rufo|Rufo na Rufino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo na Zosimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simplisi, Faustini na wenzao|Rufo, Simplisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo wa Avignon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Tata na wanao|Rufo wa Damasko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ruma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rumoldi wa Mechelen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rupati wa Bingen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rupert wa Salzburg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Rustiko, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Rustiko, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rustiko wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Rustiko wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rustiko wa Lambesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rustiko wa Narbonne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rustiko wa Paris]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rustikula]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Rustisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresentiani, Vikta, Rusula na Generali|Rusula]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Auriga, Klaudia na Rutile|Rutile]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rutilio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Rutuli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === S === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Saba abati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saba Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saba Mgoti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saba Reyes]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Sabiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti, Sabina na Kristeta|Sabina wa Avila]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabina wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Tata na wanao|Sabiniani wa Damasko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabiniani na Potensyani|Sabiniani wa Sens]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabiniani wa Troyes]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Valabonso na wenzao|Sabiniano wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emanueli, Sabino na wenzao|Sabino, Emanueli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino wa Canosa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino wa Minya]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino wa Piacenza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Sabino wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino wa Spoleto]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sadoth na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugal na wenzake|Safo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sagari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saizana]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Salaberga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salib]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Salito]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salome (mke wa Zebedayo)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saloni na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saloni wa Geneva]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Salunus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salutari wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alois Batis na wenzake|Salvatore Lara]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Salvatore wa Belluno]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Salvatore wa Horta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Salvatori, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salvio wa Albi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salvio wa Amiens]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salvio na Superio|Salvio wa Angouleme]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salvius mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Salvus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Guria na Samona|Samona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Samsoni wa Dol]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Samsoni wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Samueli mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Samueli wa Kalamun]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Samueli wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Samweli, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Samweli wa Dabra Wagag]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Samweli wa Waldebba]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Sanami]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko, Yakobo na wenzao|Sancho]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sanctius wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sandali wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermani, Selestini na Santina|Santina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Santino wa Verdun]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta, Urbani na Sapargi|Sapargi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sara na wanae]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Sara wa jangwani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sarmata]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Sarmata, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Sarpando]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saserdosi wa Limoges]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Saserdosi wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Satiro wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Satuli na wenzao|Satuli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Felisi na wenzao|Saturi, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Saturi, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Saturi, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Sekunduli na wenzao|Saturi wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiniani, Saturiani na wenzao|Saturiani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donata, Paulina na wenzao|Saturnina, Donata na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnina wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini (2 Februari)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini (6 Februari)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Saturnini, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Saturnini, Aprili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao|Saturnini, Dominiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Faustini na Nafiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Felisi na wenzao|Saturnini, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Grani na wenzake|Saturnini, Grani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Saturnini, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Saturnini, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Eleuteri na wenzao|Saturnini, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Saturnini, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Satuli na wenzao|Saturnini, Marselino na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiniani, Saturiani na wenzao|Saturnini, Martiniani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nimfidi, Saturnini, Taurini, Nemorati na Arapolini|Saturnini, Nimfidi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao|Saturnini, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogati, Saturnini, Faustini na Marsiali|Saturnini, Rogati na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Sekunduli na wenzao|Saturnini, Sekunduli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao|Saturnini, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini wa Karthago (askofu)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini wa Karthago (padri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Saturnini wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Saturnini wa Lambesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Saturnini wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veruli, Sekundini na wenzao|Saturnini wa Susa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini wa Toulouse]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Saturnini wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturninus wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturninus bin Saturninus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturninus wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturus wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturus wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sava wa Serbia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Saviniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sebaldi wa Nurnberg]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sebastiani mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sebastiani Nam Igwan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sebastiani wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sebi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Sehma|Sehma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Friardi na Sekondeli|Sekondeli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Sekondiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekondina wa Anagni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekondini wa Kordoba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekondino wa Apulia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekondinus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Secunda wa Abitina|Sekunda wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masima, Donatila na Sekunda|Sekunda wa Taburba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Sekundi, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Sekundi, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao|Sekundi, Dominiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Sekundi, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severi, Sekundi, Januari na Viktorini|Sekundi, Severi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao|Sekundi, Silvani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tokwato na wenzake|Sekundi, Tokwato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundi, Karpofori na wenzao|Sekundi wa Albano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adriani, Vikta na Sekundili|Sekundili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Sekundini, Prisko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundini wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veruli, Sekundini na wenzao|Sekundini wa Susa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Demokrito na wenzake|Sekundo, Demokristo na Dionisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Sekundo, Fidensyani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundo wa Asti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundo wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Revokati, Sekunduli na wenzao|Sekunduli wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundulo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekwani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Seledoni, Artilai na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emeteri na Seledoni|Seledoni na Emeteri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Seleni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Selerina wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Selerino wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Celestine I|Selestini I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Celestine V|Selestini V]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermani, Selestini na Santina|Selestini, Jermani na Santina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Seleuko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieronide, Leonsi na wenzao|Seleusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati|Seliani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Seliano, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Selifloria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Selso wa Armagh]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Semproni wa Afrika]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senari wa Avranches]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senatori wa Albano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senatori wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senatro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abdon na Senen|Senen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Seneriko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senofonte, Maria na wanao|Senofonte]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senorina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sensuri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sentola]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Senuthi wa Buasti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Erakli, Dionisi na Septimi|Septimi, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Adaukti, Januari, Fortunati na Septimi|Septimi, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Septimi, Venansi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Septimia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Septimini, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Septimus wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serafino wa Montegranaro]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Serafino wa Sarov]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Serapioni, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kronide, Leonsi na Serapioni|Serapioni, Kronide na Leonsi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirius na Serapioni|Serapioni na Sirius]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Serapioni, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Polieni, Serapioni na Justili|Serapioni, Polieni na Justili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Potamoni, Ortasi na Serapioni|Serapioni, Potamoni na Ortasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sereali na wenzake|Serapioni, Sereali na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni wa Algiers]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini saba wa Efeso|Serapioni wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Vikta wa wenzao|Serapioni wa Hu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorino, Vikta na wenzao|Serapioni wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni wa Pentapoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni wa Thmuis]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Manea na wenzao|Serapioni wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serboni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serdo askofu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Martiniani, Saturiani na wenzao|Serea]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sereali na wenzake|Sereali]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Sereni, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Plutarko, Potamiena na wenzao|Sereno wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sereno wa Marseille]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sergi wa Radonezh]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Sergius I|Serjo I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sergius Mtakatifu|Serjo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donata, Paulina na wenzao|Serotina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Servando na Jermano|Servando]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Servatius Mtakatifu|Servasyo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gumesindi na Servidi|Servidi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Serviliani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sulpisi na Servisyani|Servisyani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veruli, Sekundini na wenzao|Servuli wa Susa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Servulo wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Servulo wa Trieste]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Servus wa Tuburbium]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Servyo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Sesarei, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sesari wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sesari wa Nazianzo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sesari wa Terracina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sesaria wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tokwato na wenzake|Sesili, Tokwato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sesili wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sesilia mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Caecilia wa Abitina|Sesilia wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sesilia Yu Sosa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Sesiliana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Caecilianus wa Abitina|Sesiliani wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Sesiliani wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Setei]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Setimini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Setimino, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Setimo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Setrida]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Severa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Severi, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severi, Sekundi, Januari na Viktorini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mansueti, Severi, Apiani, Donati na Honori|Severi wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severi mfiadini|Severi wa Algeria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Severiani, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundi, Karpofori na wenzao|Severiani wa Albano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severianus na Akwila|Severianus wa Kaisarea]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severini Boesyo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Severini, Esuperi na Felisiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severini wa Bordeaux]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severini wa Paris]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severini wa Tivoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severino Gallo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Severino wa Agaune]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severino wa Koln]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severino wa Noriko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severino wa Settempeda]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severi wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Agde]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Antrodoco]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Auch]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Barcelona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Catania]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Ravenna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severo wa Viza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Severus na Leucho|Severus, Petro na Leucho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Sevi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Shamul wa Taraphia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sharbel na Bebaya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sharda Hawaryat]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Shenuda I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Shenute]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Shibaldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siagri wa Autun]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siagri wa Nice]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sidhom Bishay]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Sidino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sidoni Apolinari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sifredi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sigebati III]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sigimundi Felinski]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sigimundi Gorazdowski]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Plasido na Sigisbati|Sigisbati wa Disentis]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sigismundi wa Bourgogne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sigolena]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sila]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Filipo na wenzao|Silano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silinia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silivi wa Toulouse]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Silo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Silvani, Rufo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvani, Rutuli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Silvani, Sirili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvano wa Gaza na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvano wa Homs]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Silvano wa Lambesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvano wa Levroux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Silvano wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvano wa Terracina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Silverius|Silveri (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Silvester I|Silvesta I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvesta Guzzolini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvesta wa Chalon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvesta wa Troina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Silvi, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvia wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Silvino wa Auchy]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Simako|Simako (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni I wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Simeoni II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Elia na Simeoni Afamarie|Simeoni Afamarie]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni bar Sabas na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni-Fransisko Berneux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni Metafraste]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Simeoni Mirotocivi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Simeoni Mwanateolojia Mpya]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Simeoni Mwenye Haki]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni Mweusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni na Yohane|Simeoni wa Homs]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Simeoni wa Kashkar (padri)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Simeoni wa Kashkar (shemasi)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni wa Mantova]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni wa Mnarani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni wa Mnarani Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni wa Siracusa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni wa Thou]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simetri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Similiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simfroni na Ipoliti|Simfroni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simon Hoa Dac Phan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni Chen Ximan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni-Maria-Yusto Ranfer de Bretenières]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni Mkananayo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni Mshonangozi]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Simoni Qin Chunfu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni wa Crepy]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni wa Kurene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni wa Lara]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni wa Lipnica]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni wa Rojas]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Simoni wa Tapcho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Simplicius|Simplisi (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simplisi, Faustini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Simplisi, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simplisi wa Autun]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simproniani na wenzake|Simplisi wa mto Sava]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simplisi wa Sardinia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simplisiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simproniani na wenzake|Simproniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sindolfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforiani wa Autun]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinkletika]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sipriani wa Genouillac]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sipriani mfiadini|Sipriani wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sipriani na Yustina|Sipriani wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sipriani wa Unizibira]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siprila wa Kurene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marana na Sira|Sira]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sireno wa Sirmio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaka wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaka wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Siriaki, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Apolinari na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Ekomini, Peleoniki, Zotiki na mwenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Largi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Siriaki na Siriaki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tuliani, Antia, Siriaki na Amoni|Siriaki, Tuliani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Valeria, Marsia, Diogene na Mika|Siriaki, Valeria na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki na Klaudiani|Siriaki wa Hierapoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki na Paula|Siriaki wa Urusi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriako wa Buonvicino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriako na Arkelao|Siriako wa Ostia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Siriko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili Bertràn]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Sirili, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili wa Eliopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano, Theofilo na Sirili|Sirili wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili wa Saloniki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili wa Aleksandria|Sirili I wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Sirili IV wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Sirili V wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Sirili VI wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Sirili wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfio na wenzake|Sirini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Sirioni, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Siricius|Sirisi (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veruli, Sekundini na wenzao|Sirisi wa Susa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirius askofu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirius na Serapioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siro na Yohane|Siro wa Canopus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siro wa Genova]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siro wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siro wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sisebuto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Sisenandi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sisini, Martiri na Aleksanda|Sisini wa Kapadokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sisini wa Kuziko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonsi, Morisi na wenzao|Sisini wa Nikopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sisini wa Tantatho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sisoi Mkuu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sisti wa Reims]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Sisto I|Sisto I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Sisto II|Sisto II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Sisto III|Sisto III]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Sito]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siviardi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Skolastika wa Nursia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikasi, Kwirini na wenzao|Skuvikuli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Largi na wenzao|Smaragdo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Migdoni na wenzake|Smeraldi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofia, Dilbamonia, Bistamonia na Warsenofa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofia wa Fermo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofia wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofroni, Amaranti, Kwinti na Lusius]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofroni wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Sokrate]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Solange]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Solemni wa Chartres]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artilai na wenzake|Soli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Solomoni Leclercq]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Solomoni wa Bretagne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Roderiki na Solomoni|Solomoni wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Soluti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oktavi, Solutori na Aventori|Solutori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sosyo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sotere wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Soter|Sotero (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sotero wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sozonti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Spes wa Nursia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Speusipo, Elasipo, Melasipo na Leonila|Speusipo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Spiridoni wa Tremetusia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake|Spisina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sinforosa na wanae|Stakteo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stanislaus mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stanislaus Kazimierczyk]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stanislaus Kostka]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stanislaus Papczynski]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuta na wenzake|Statuniani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Stefano I|Stefano I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano I wa Konstantinopoli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Stefano II wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano Harding]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na wenzake|Stefano, Kaliniko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Krispini, Magina, Yohane na Stefano|Stefano, Klaudi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano Mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano Min Kuk-ka]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta na Stefano|Stefano na Vikta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Marko Krisini na wenzake|Stefano Pongracz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano Theodori Cuenot]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano Vinh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Châtillon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Cuneo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Grandmont]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Hungaria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Nisea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Obazine]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Perm]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Piperi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Stefano wa Rieti]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stefano wa Rossano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugal na wenzake|Sterkori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Karteri na wenzake|Stiriaki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieronide, Leonsi na wenzao|Stratoni, Hieronide na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ermili na Stratoni|Stratoni na Ermili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stratoni, Filipo na Eutikiani|Stratoni wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Stratoni wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stratoni, Valeri na wenzao|Stratoni wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sturmi wa Fulda]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rogati na Suchesi|Suchesi na Rogati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Suibne I]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Suksesi, Kato na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Suksesi na wenzake 17]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Suksesi, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao|Suksesi, Petro na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Suksesi wa Afrika]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Suksesi wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Suksesi wa Numidia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Suksesi wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sulpisi na Servisyani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sulpisi Pius]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sulpisi Severi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sulpisi wa Bourges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Sundofagi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Salvio na Superio|Superi]] |- |[[Hor, Susia na wanao|Susia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Melesi, Suzana, Marsiana na Paladia|Suzana na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Suzana U Surim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Suzana wa Roma]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Switbati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Swithun wa Winchester]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Swithun Wells]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |} === T === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Tabita wa Yopa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tadayo Liu Ruiting]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Talalei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amma Talida|Talida]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trofimo na Talo|Talo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Tamaro, Prisko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tamaro wa Benevento]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tarako, Probo na Androniko|Tarako]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tarasi wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tarsila wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tarsisi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tarsisia wa Rodez]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tasak]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masedoni, Teoduli na Tasiani|Tasiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tasioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Taski, Dubitati, Valensi na Donati]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tasyana wa Urusi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Hilari na Tasyani|Tasyani wa Akwileia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Tata na wanao|Tata]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tatiana Li]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Nimfidi, Saturnini, Taurini, Nemorati na Arapolini|Taurini, Nimfidi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Taurini wa Evreux]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akonsi na wenzake|Taurino wa Fiumicino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teilo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Tekla, Fausto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Teodoli, Tekla na Festina|Tekla, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tekla wa Ikonio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tekla wa Kitzingen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tekle Hawarjat na Gebre Yohane|Tekle Hawarjat]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tekle Haymanot]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Tekusa wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Telesfori|Telesfori (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akuto, Anastasia na wenzao|Telesfori, Akuto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Telika wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao|Telio]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Temeda, Armeni na wenzao|Temeda]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoli wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwintiani, Teodoli, Tekla na Festina|Teodoli, Kwintiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodolfi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoriko Balat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoriko van der Eem]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoriko wa Reims]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodosi abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasia, Teodosia, Teotista na Eudosia|Teodosia]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoto, Tekusa na wenzao|Teodoto wa Ankara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teoduli, Amesi, Felisi na Kornelia|Teoduli, Amesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Masedoni, Teoduli na Tasiani|Teoduli, Masedoni na Tasiani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Teodulo wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodomiro wa Carmona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodoro wa Marseille]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teofane muungamadini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teofilati wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teofilo wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teofilo wa Corte]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teofilo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teofredo abati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Basa na wanae|Teogni]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Teokosi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Teona, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teopempto na Teona|Teona na Teotempto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teopempto na Teona|Teotempto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Teoprepi, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Atanasia, Teodosia, Teotista na Eudosia|Teotista na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teotista|Teotista wa Caccamo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Terensi na wenzake|Terensi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Terensiani wa Todi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa Couderc]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa Eustoki Verzeri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa Kim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa Kim Imi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa Margerita Redi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa wa Kolkata]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]] (wa Lisieux)||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa wa Ureno]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa wa Yesu]] (wa Avila)||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa wa Yesu Jornet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa wa Yesu wa Los Andes]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa Yi Maeim]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teresa Zhang Hezhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Teridi na Remedi|Teridi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tersyo wa Byzacena]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Emiliani, Tertula na Antonia|Tertula, Emiliani na Antonia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tertulino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Teturo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Thadei mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Thea wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentina, Thea na Paulo|Thea wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Themeli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Themistokle wa Myra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theobadi wa Provins]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Theobadi wa Vienne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodgari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Theodoko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodora, Didimo, Afrodisi na Viktorini|Theodora, Didimo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodora Guerin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Theodora, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodora wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Leonida, Karisa na wenzao|Theodora wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodora wa Turo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoreto wa Kuro]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Papa Theodor I|Theodori I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Donati, Makari na Theodori|Theodori, Donati na Makari]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Esiki, Pakomi na Theodori|Theodori, Esiki na Pakomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na wenzake|Theodori, Kaliniko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Theodori, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori na Pausilipi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori na Theofane]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Urbani, Theodori na wenzao|Theodori wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papia, Theodori na Klaudiani|Theodori wa Perge]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori wa Shotep]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori wa Sion]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori wa Sykeon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori wa Tabennese]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoreto wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoriko wa Orleans]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoro I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Amorio|Theodoro Krateros]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoro Trikinas]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoro wa Amasea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoro wa Heraklea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoro wa Kurene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Theodoro wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoro wa Pentapoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoro wa Studion]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Theodoro wa Tarso]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodosi I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Emanueli, Sabino na wenzao|Theodosi, Emanueli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodosi wa Auxerre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodosi wa Kiev]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Theodosia wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodosius Mkuu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Theodota na wanae]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilini, Jemini na wenzao|Theodoto, Akwilini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoto wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodoto wa Marmara]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Theodoto wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Evensi na wenzake|Theodulo, Evensi na mwenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Espero, Zoe na wanao|Theodulo, Kiriako na wazazi wao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatopodo na Theodulo|Theodulo na Agatopodo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Theodulo, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Theodulo wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodori na Theofane|Theofane wa Nisea]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theofani mkaapweke]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Theofani Vénard]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Dorotea na Theofili|Theofili na Dorotea]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theofili na Heladi|Theofili shemasi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Theofili wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni, Zenoni na wenzao|Theofilo, Amoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theofilo Kijana]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theofilo wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Amorio|Theofilo wa Amorio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theofilo wa Bulgaria]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Jermano, Theofilo na Sirili|Theofilo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theofredi wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theogene]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Theogene wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusto na Theoklia|Theoklia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Theoktiste wa Lesbo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Theoma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Theonas, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theonas wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theonas wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Theoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theopista]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Theosebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Theosisti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theotiko wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theotimo, Filotheo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Metrobi na wenzao|Theotimo wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theotoni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Theresia Chen Jinxie]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Thioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Thoma|Thoma Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Thoma Hioji]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thoma wa Cori]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas Aquinas|Thoma wa Akwino]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thoma wa Shenshif]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Thoma wa Tanphot]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas Becket]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas De Van Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas Du Viet Dinh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas Khuong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas More]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas Son Chasuhn]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas Thien Tran]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas Toan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Thomas wa Cantilupe]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Trofimo na Tiberi|Tiberi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tibursi, Valeriani na Masimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tibursi wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tigre]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tigri na Eutropi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Tigrini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tikhon wa Moscow]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Tikhon wa Zadonsk]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Tikoni wa Limassol]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tilone]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Timolai na wenzake|Timolai]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timone mwinjilisti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Januari, Masima na wenzao|Timori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timoteo wa Mauretania]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo I wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo II wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Timotheo IV wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Timotheo Msomaji]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Diogeni na wenzao|Timotheo wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo wa Gaza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theotimo, Filotheo na wenzao|Timotheo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Timotheo wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Zotiko, Italiki, Zoilus na Jelati|Timotheo, Zotiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Tino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Tinus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tipasi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Tiranioni na Zenobi|Tiranioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Tirano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Andoki, Tirso na Felisi|Tirso, Andoki na Felisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tirso, Leukio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tisyano wa Brescia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tisyano wa Oderzo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tito]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Titoes]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Titus Brandsma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Karteri na wenzake|Tobia wa Sebaste]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tokwato na wenzake|Tokwato]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tolemayo bin Eparki]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni, Zenoni na wenzao|Tolomayo wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tolomayo wa Shoka]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Marsiano, Jukundi na wenzao|Tolomea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tolomei, Lucho na mwenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tomais wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tomaso Danki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Tomaso Kozaki]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Tomaso Shen Jihe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Tomaso wa Terreti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Tomaso wa Villanova]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Basiano na wenzake|Tonioni]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Toribio Romo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Torpesi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Toskana]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Trankwilino Ubiarco]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Nikola na Trano|Trano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trasea wa Eumenia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trifilo wa Nikosia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Akwilini, Jemini na wenzao|Trifoni, Akwilini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Trifoni, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trifoni wa Campsada]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trifoni wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Triviero]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Troadi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Trofima]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trofimo na Tiberi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Trofimo, Serapioni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trofimo wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trofimo wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trofimo na Talo|Trofimo wa Laodikea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Troiani wa Saintes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Trudo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Tuboni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tudful]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tukiko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tuliani, Antia, Siriaki na Amoni|Tuliani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Juliani na wenzao|Tulius]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao|Tuno]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Turiavo wa Dol]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Turibi wa Astorga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Turibio wa Mongrovejo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aigulfi na wenzake|Turkari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulus, Tuskus, Valentini na Magarus|Tuskus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === U === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Ubaldeska]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ubaldo wa Gubbio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ugo wa Grenoble]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Ugo wa Rouen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ulpiani wa Turo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ulrich wa Augsburg]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Umile wa Bisignano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Urban I|Urbani I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Marinus na wenzao|Urbani, Marinus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Babila na wenzake|Urbani, Prilidani na Epoloni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Urbani, Sirili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta, Urbani na Sapargi|Urbani, Vikta na Sapargi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Urbani wa Jerba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Urbani, Theodori na wenzao|Urbani wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Optati, Luperki na wenzao|Urbani wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Urbano wa Teano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Urbisi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitali, Valeria na wenzao|Ursichini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ursichini wa Iliriko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ursino wa Bourges]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ursmari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Urso wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ursula Mtakatifu|Ursula na wenzake]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ursula Ledochowska]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Ursus, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Ustazhad na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === V === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Vakari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Valabonso na wenzao|Valabonso]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valdo wa Evreux]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Valensi, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Taski, Dubitati, Valensi na Donati|Valensi, Taski na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pasikrate na Valensyoni|Valensyoni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentina, Thea na Paulo|Valentina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulus, Tuskus, Valentini na Magarus|Valentini, Katulus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Valentini, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentini na Hilari|Valentini wa Viterbo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentiniano wa Koira]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentino Berriochoa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentino wa Griselles]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentino wa Passau]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Valentinus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Valeri, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Valeri, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufino, Marko na Valeri|Valeri, Rufino na Marko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeri wa Limoges]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieroni na wenzake|Valeri wa Melitene]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeri na Rufini|Valeri wa Soissons]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Stratoni, Valeri na wenzao|Valeri wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeri wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeri wa Zaragoza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Valeria, Marsia, Diogene na Mika|Valeria, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitali, Valeria na wenzao|Valeria, Vitali na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Valeriana]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hieronide, Leonsi na wenzao|Valeriani, Hieronide na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tibursi, Valeriani na Masimo|Valeriani, Tibursi na Masimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeriani wa Aquileia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeriani wa Cimiez]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeriani wa Tournus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeriano wa Avensano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valeriko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Valero wa Onhaye]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Valteri]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Variko]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Varo na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vatrude]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vedasto wa Arras]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi, Anastasi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Venansi wa Viviers]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vendelini wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vendemiale]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veneri mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Veneri, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veneri wa Milano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Afesi na wenzake|Venusti, Afesi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Venusti, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Venusti, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Heliodori na Venusti|Venusti na Heliodori]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Verano wa Cavaillon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Verano wa Vence]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Verdiana wa Castelfiorentino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Veremundo wa Irache]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Verena wa Zurzach]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Verisimo, Masima na Julia|Verisimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Veronika Giuliani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Veruli, Sekundini na wenzao|Veruli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viatori wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viatori wa Sologne]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simplisi, Faustini na wenzao|Viatrisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viborada]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viche wa Sabrata]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vigbati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vigori]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vijili wa Salzburg]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vijili wa Trento]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Viktor I|Vikta I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Adriani, Vikta na Sekundili|Vikta, Adriani na Sekundili]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Vikta, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta askofu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Vikta, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao|Vikta, Dominiko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Hugal na wenzake|Vikta, Hugal na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastori, Vikta na Rogasiani|Vikta, Kastori na Rogasyani]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Vikta, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lucho, Montano na wenzao|Vikta, Lucho na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mamari, Felisi, Vikta, Albino na Domati|Vikta, Mamari na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta Mauro]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta mfiadini (20 Julai)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta na Korona]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta na Maloso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta na Stefano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nemesiani na wenzake|Vikta, Nemesiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Vikta, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oronsi, Vinsenti na Vikta|Vikta, Oronsi na Vinsenti]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao|Vikta, Publio na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta, Urbani na Sapargi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Afrika]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Asyut]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Campbon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Vikta wa wenzao|Vikta wa Hu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kresentiani, Vikta, Rusula na Generali|Vikta wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorino, Vikta na wenzao|Vikta wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Le Mans]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kopriko, Vikta na Donati|Vikta wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Marseille]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Vikta wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Solothurn]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikta wa Thebe]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Felisi, Narsisi na Argirus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Gereoni na wenzake|Viktori, Gereoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori, Marinus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Lupersi na Viktori|Viktori wa Leon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktori wa Vita]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Viktoria, Fidensyani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Viktoria, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Nino na wenzake|Viktoria, Nino na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktoria wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktoria wa Culusi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktoria wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Victorianus wa Abitina|Viktoriani wa Abitina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktoriani, Frumenti na wenzao|Viktoriani wa Susa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktoriano Pio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Viktorini, Aprili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Eusiri na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Viktorini, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Manilo, Donati, Maurila, Lusiani, Viktorini na Nise|Viktorini, Manilo na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Suksesi na wenzao|Viktorini, Paulo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Severi, Sekundi, Januari na Viktorini|Viktorini, Severi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Theodora, Didimo, Afrodisi na Viktorini|Viktorini, Theodora na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Victorinus wa Abitina|Viktorini wa Abitina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sekundi, Karpofori na wenzao|Viktorini wa Albano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini wa Amiterno]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini wa Camerino]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kasyo na Viktorini|Viktorini wa Clermont]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini, Vikta wa wenzao|Viktorini wa Hu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktorini wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Paulo, Sirili na wenzao|Viktorisi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viktoryo wa Utica]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Vikturus, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vikturus na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vincent Ferrer]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vincent shemasi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vincent wa Lerins]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vincent wa Paulo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vindisiani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Vindomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinebadi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Publio, Saturnini na wenzao|Vinsensia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Vinsenti, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasi, Juliani, Reatri, Vinsenti na wenzao|Vinsenti, Dasi wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Ponsiani na wenzao|Vinsenti, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti Grossi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Vinsenti, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti Maria Strambi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marselino, Vinsenti na Domninus|Vinsenti, Marselino na Domninus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Oronsi, Vinsenti na Vikta|Vinsenti, Oronsi na Vikta]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti Pallotti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti Romano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti Shiwozuka]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vincentius wa Abitina|Vinsenti wa Abitina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti wa Agen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti, Sabina na Kristeta|Vinsenti wa Avila]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti wa Dax]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vinsenti wa Digne]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eobani na wenzake|Vintrungi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Virginia Centurione Bracelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Virginia wa Poitou]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Virjili wa Arles]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Visensiani]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Visensya Gerosa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Visenta Maria Lopez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Visenti Duong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Visenti Liem Pham Hieu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Visenti Madelgari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Visenti Nguyen The Diem]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Visenti Tuong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Visenti Yen Do]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Visia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Visini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Valabonso na wenzao|Vistremundo]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitale wa Castronovo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Artakse na wenzake|Vitali, Artakse na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitali, Valeria na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitali na Agrikola|Vitali wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitali wa Savigny]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Vitalian|Vitaliani (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitaliani wa Capua]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Vitalis, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Felisi, Filipo na wenzao|Vitalis, Felisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaisi na wenzake|Vitalis, Kaisi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao|Vitalis, Klaudiani na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Korus na wenzake|Vikturus, Korus na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitalis wa Gaza]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitalis wa Spoleto]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitesindi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vito wa Pontida]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Kwinto, Simplisi na wenzao|Vitoriko, Kwinto na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lucho, Montano na wenzao|Vitoriko wa Karthago]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitoriko na Fushano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorini wa Ptuj]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitorino, Vikta na wenzao|Vitorino wa Korintho]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitrisi wa Rouen]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vitus Mtakatifu|Vitus]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Vivensioli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viviana wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Viviani wa Saintes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vivina]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vladimir wa Kiev]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Volusiano wa Tours]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vulframi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vulfustani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Vulmari]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === W === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Waanzilishi saba]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wadamun]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Walatta Petros]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Walburga]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Waldebati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Walter wa Esterp]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Walter wa Pontoise]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Walter wa Servigliano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wanas]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Wandrili]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sofia, Dilbamonia, Bistamonia na Warsenofa|Warsenofa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Watoto wa Bethlehemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wenseslaus I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Werburga]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wido wa Acqui]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiho]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wileadi wa Bremen]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wilehadi wa Denmark]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wilfrid wa Ripon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wilfrido]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu Firmati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu na Pelegrino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu Pinchon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu Saggiano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu Tempier]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa Bourges]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa Dijon]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa Eskill]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa Gellone]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa Malavalle]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa Pontoise]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa Vercelli]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiliamu wa York]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wilibaldi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Willibrord Mtakatifu|Wilibrodi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wiligisi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[William Courtet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Winifrida]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Winoko]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wistani]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wolfeius]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wolfgang Mtakatifu|Wolfugang]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo; |} === Y === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Yakobo, Abrahamu na Yohane|Yakobo wa Manug]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yakobo Berthieu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Buzabaliawo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Do Mai Nam]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu, Ethnus, Akrates, Yakobo na Yohane|Yakobo, Ethnus na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Fransisko, Yakobo na wenzao|Yakobo, Fransisko na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Hilari Barbal]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo-Honorati Chastan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Kisai]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Kyushei Tomonaga]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Lacops]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Mdogo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo mkaapweke]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Mkatwakatwa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Mkubwa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo muungamadini]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane na Yakobo|Yakobo na Yohane]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Yakobo wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Yakobo wa Lambesa]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo wa Marka]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo wa Moutiers]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo wa Nisibi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo wa Sarug]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Yan Guodong]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo Zhao Quanxin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yared wa Ethiopia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yarilati]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yasay]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yasinta Marescotti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yasinta Marto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yasinto Casteñeda]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yasinto wa Amasra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yasinto wa Krakau]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Proto na Yasinto|Yasinto wa Misri]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yasinto wa Sabina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abba Yemata|Yemata]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yeremia mfiadini]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Panfilo na wenzake|Yeremia, Panfilo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Petro, Valabonso na wenzao|Yeremia wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yesu Mendez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana Antida Thouret]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana Beretta Molla]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana Delanoue]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana Elizabeti]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana Fransiska wa Chantal]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana Jugan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana mke wa Kuza]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana wa Arc]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana wa Bagno]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana wa Lestonnac]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yoana wa Valois]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohakimu]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohakimu He Kaizhi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohakim Royo|Yohakimu Royo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohakimu Sakakibara]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Yohane I|Yohane I]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yohane II wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane IV wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yohane XIV wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Papa Yohane XXIII|Yohane XXIII]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abondi na wenzake|Yohane, Abondi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Abrahamu, Ethnus, Akrates, Yakobo na Yohane|Yohane, Abrahamu na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yohane Akida]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Alcober]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Almond]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Andrea, Yohane, Petro na Antoni|Yohane, Andrea na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Antoni Farina]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Baptista de La Salle]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Berchmans]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Bosco]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Boste]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Bunyan]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yohane Calabria]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Chen Xianheng]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Climacus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Dat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Eudes]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Fisher]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Fransisko, Yakobo na wenzao|Yohane, Fransisko na wenzao]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane-Fransisko-Regis Clet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Gabrieli Perboyre]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Grande]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Gualberto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Heer]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Hoan Trinh Doan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Houghton]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Isauro]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Jones]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Kalibita]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kaliniko na wenzake|Yohane, Kaliniko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Kasiano]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Kemble]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Kinuya]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Klaudi, Krispini, Magina, Yohane na Stefano|Yohane, Klaudi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Krisostomu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Leonardi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Lloyd]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Macias]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Maria Muzei]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Maria Vianney]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Maron]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Marsiano, Jukundi na wenzao|Yohane, Marsiano na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Chon Changun]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Garcia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Luo Tingyin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Nam Chongsam]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Piamarta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Scalabrini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji wa Rossi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Wu Mantang]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Yi Kwangnyol]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Zhao Mingxi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbatizaji Zhou Wurui]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mbilikimo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mnyamavu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mtendamiujiza]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Yohane|Yohane Mtume]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mvunaji]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mwema]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Mwenyehuruma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane na Festo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane na Yakobo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Nepomuk Neumann]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Ogilvie]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Pak Hujae]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Paulo II]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Egidi, Luis, Yohane na Paulo|Yohane, Egidi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Payne]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Petro Neel]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Plessington]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Rigby]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Roberts]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Sarkander]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Southworth]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Stone]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Thanh Van Dinh]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Twenge]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Afusia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Avila]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Beverley]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Bizane]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Brebeuf]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Brito]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Buonagiunta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Siro na Yohane|Yohane wa Canopus]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Castillo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Chinon]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Damasko]]||Ndiyo<sup>4</sup>||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Dukla]]||Ndiyo<sup>4</sup>||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini saba wa Efeso|Yohane wa Efeso]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Goto]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Grenada]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Mlango wa Shaba|Yohane wa Halki]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Simeoni na Yohane|Yohane wa Homs]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Kapestrano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Yohane wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Kety]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Senofonte, Maria na wanao|Yohane wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Lodi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Matera]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Matha]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Misri]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Montemarano]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Msalaba]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Mungu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Napoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Nepomuk]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Oisterwijk]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Parma (abati)|Yohane wa Parma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Parrano]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Pavia]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Ravenna]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Reom]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Ribera]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Roma]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Sahagun]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yakobo, Abrahamu na Yohane|Yohane wa Samanoud]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yohane wa Saint-Malo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Senhout]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Shanghai na San Francisco]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Kristofa, Antoni na Yohane|Yohane wa Tlaxcala]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Tobolsk]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp; |- |[[Marselino, Manea na wenzao|Yohane wa Tomi]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Triora]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane wa Valence]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Wall]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Wang Guixin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Wang Rui]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Wu Wenyin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Yi Munu]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Yi Yun-il]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Yosefu wa Msalaba]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Zhang Huan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Zhang Tianshen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yohane Zhang Jingguang]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yona wa Marchiennes]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu (mume wa Maria)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu I wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Aprili na wenzake|Yosefu, Aprili na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Barsaba]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Benedikto Cottolengo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Bilczewski]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Cafasso]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Calasanz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Canh Luang Hoang]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Chang Chugi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Chang Songjib]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Cho Yunho]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu El Abah]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yosefu Fernandez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Joseph Freinademetz|Yosefu Freinademetz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Gabrieli wa Rozari]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Han Wonso]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Hien Quang Do]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Im Chipek]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Isabel Flores]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Khang]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Khang Duy Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Luu Van Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Ma Taishun]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Manyanet]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Marchand]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Marello]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Maria Díaz Sanjurjo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Maria Gambaro]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Maria Robles]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Maria Rubio]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Maria Tomasi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Maria wa Yermo]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Moscati]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Mtungatenzi]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Mukasa Balikuddembe]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Narsete na Yosefu|Yosefu na Narsete]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Nghi Kim]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Oriol]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Pham Thong Ta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Pignatelli]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu, Priori na Besarioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Sanchez]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Sebastiani Pelczar]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Thi Dang Le]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Tuan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Tuan Van Tran]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Tuc]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Uyen Dinh Nguyen]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Vien Dinh Dang]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu wa Anchieta]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu wa Arimataya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu wa Copertino]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Abda na Ebediesi|Yosefu wa Kashkar]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu wa Leonessa]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu wa Studion]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Wang Guiji]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Wang Yumei]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Yuan Gengyin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Yuan Zaide]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Zhang Dapeng]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yosefu Zhang Wenlan]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Mtume Yuda Tadei|Yuda Tadei]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusta na Eredina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Katulino na wenzake|Yusta wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusta na Rufina|Yusta wa Sevilia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Sipriani na Yustina|Yustina wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Aureus wa Mainz|Yustina wa Mainz]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yustina wa Padova]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yustini na Kreshensioni]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yustini wa Trier]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yustini na Atilano|Yustino Orona]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Yusto, Apriko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao|Yusto, Bariko na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Donati, Justus na Herenas|Yusto, Donati na Herenas]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusto El-Antony]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yusto na Theoklia]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Yusto na wenzake]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Yusto, Rufo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusti na Pastori|Yusto wa Alcala]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusto wa Aleksandria (askofu)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusto wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusto wa Condat]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusto wa Lyon]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Yusto wa Trieste]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} === Z === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! Mtakatifu ! width=50 | [[Waanglikana]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ! width=50 | [[Waorthodoksi]] ! width=50 | [[Wakatoliki]] |- |[[Zakaria (Injili)]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Zakaria|Zakaria (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zakaria wa Aleksandria]]||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- |[[Zakaria wa mlima Mercurio]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zakayo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Alfayo na Zakayo|Zakayo wa Kaisarea]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zakayo wa Yerusalemu]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zama wa Bologna]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Zatamgeli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zdislava]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Zefirini|Zefirini (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zelia Guerin]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Eusebi, Nestabo na wenzao|Zeno, Eusebi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kreskoni, Zeno na wenzao|Zeno, Kreskoni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Zeno, Serapioni na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Amoni, Zeno na wenzao|Zeno wa Aleksandria]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zeno wa Nikomedia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zeno wa Roma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zeno wa Verona]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo|| Ndiyo |- |[[Zenobi wa Firenze]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Lusiani, Metrobi na wenzao|Zenobi wa Libya]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zenobi wa Saida]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Tiranioni na Zenobi|Zenobi wa Tiro]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Zenoni, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zenoni wa Maiuma]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Koskoni, Zenoni na Melanipo|Zenoni wa Nisea]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Zhang Huailu]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Zita wa Lucca]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Espero, Zoe na wanao|Zoe, Espero na wanao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zoelo wa Listra]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zoeradi na Benedikto|Zoeradi]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo |- |[[Zoilo wa Cordoba]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Zoilo wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Zotiko, Italiki, Zoilus na Jelati|Zoilus, Timotheo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Eutropi, Zosima na Bonosa|Zosima]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Papa Zosimus|Zosimo (Papa)]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Alfeo, Aleksanda na Zosimo|Zosimo, Alfeo na Aleksanda]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Herakli na Zosimo|Zosimo na Herakli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Rufo na Zosimo|Zosimo na Rufo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Isicho na wenzake|Zosimo wa Antiokia]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zosimo wa Karthago]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zosimo wa Palestina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zosimo wa Sirakusa]]||Ndiyo||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zota mfiadini]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatoniki, Zotiki na wenzao|Zotiki, Agatoniki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Siriaki, Ekomini, Peleoniki, Zotiki na mwenzao|Zotiki, Siriaki na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Agatho na wenzake|Zotiko, Agatho na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Dasio, Zotiko na Kayo|Zotiko, Dasio na Kayo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Italo, Zotiko, Kamaro, Filipo na Atalo|Zotiko, Italo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Kastuli, Modesti na wenzao|Zotiko, Kastuli na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zotiko na Amansyo]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Pristi na wenzake|Zotiko, Pristi na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Zotiko, Saturnini na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Zotiko wa Konstantinopoli]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Teodulo, Saturnini na wenzao|Zotiko wa Gortina]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Timotheo, Zotiko, Italiki, Zoilus na Jelati|Zotiko, Timotheo na wenzao]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |- |[[Wafiadini wa Plovdiv|Zotiko wa Plovdiv]]||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo||Ndiyo |} ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] * [[Jamii:Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:orodha za watu]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Antoni van Aken, [[Wamisionari wa Afrika|W.F.]] - Maisha ya Watakatifu - 1912 * P. Sacleux, [[C.S.Sp.]] - Ngano za Hadisi ya Watakatifu - 1930 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021 ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/stindex.php Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakatoliki] *[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/indexsnt.htm Faharasa ya Watakatifu Wakatoliki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/indexsnt.htm |date=20070625171623 }} *[http://www.sspx.ca/Angelus/2003_January/On_The_Canonizations.htm Waliotangazwa na Papa Yohane Paulo II kuwa watakatifu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sspx.ca/Angelus/2003_January/On_The_Canonizations.htm |date=20040804000334 }} *[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/prolog.htm Dibaji ya Ohrid Mkusanyiko wa hadithi kuhusu Watakatifu Waorthodoksi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/prolog.htm |date=20100324092639 }} *[http://www.oca.org/FSlives.asp?SID=4 Habari kuhusu Watakatifu Waorthodoksi katika tovuti ya [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Marekani]]] *[http://st-takla.org/Gallery/Gallery-Saints-01.html Watakatifu Wakopti] *[http://www.cofe.anglican.org/worship/liturgy/commonworship/texts/calendar/holydays.html Kalenda ya Kanisa Anglikana la Uingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/worship/liturgy/commonworship/texts/calendar/holydays.html |date=20100409083619 }} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu Wakristo|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:historia ya Ukristo]] nbtzeuxmrta26ogdz5nd9p3xtef3eyx 0 3825 1577050 1500418 2026-06-27T12:13:06Z The boss Akili 90538 adding some words 1577050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Don Bosco @ Torino, 1880 (original).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Giovanni Bosco.]] '''Giovanni Bosco''' ([[16 Agosti]] [[1815]] – [[31 Januari]] [[1888]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na mwanachama wa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]]. Alijitahidi kwa nguvu zake zote kuwalea [[watoto]] na [[vijana]], hasa [[Wanaume|wa kiume]], wajifunze [[kazi]] na [[maisha]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], akianzisha kwa ajili hiyo ''Shirika la Mt. Fransisko wa Sales'' na, kwa kushirikiana na [[Maria Dominika Mazzarello]], “Shirika la Mabinti wa Maria Msaada wa Wakristo” <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/22600</ref>. Mbinu zake za [[malezi]] ni kwa pamoja: [[akili]], [[dini]], [[hisani]]. Hakutaka kurekebisha vijana kwa ukali, bali kuwakinga dhidi ya maovu kwa wema. [[Upendo]] wake wa ajabu kwa vijana ndio [[siri]] ya mafanikio yake ya ajabu katika malezi. [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[2 Juni]] [[1929]] na [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[1 Aprili]] [[1934]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[31 Januari]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Maisha== ===Utoto=== Giovanni Bosco alizaliwa na Francesco Bosco na [[Margherita Occhiena]] tarehe 16 Agosti 1815 karibu na Castelnuovo d'Asti, leo [[Castelnuovo Don Bosco]]. Baba yake alifariki mwaka 1917 akimuachia mke wake watoto watatu. Ilikuwa miaka migumu kwa maradhi na njaa, lakini mama yake alijitahidi kuwatunza na kuwalea vizuri. Alipokuwa na miaka 9 Yohane alipata [[ndoto]] ya kinabii iliyomtabiria [[utume]] wake kwa vijana. Baadaye [[Mungu]] alizidi kumjalia [[karama]] nyingi za pekee. Kufuatana na ndoto hiyo, Yohane aliamua kuwa padri, ingawa hakuweza kusoma hata shule ya msingi, kwa sababu ilikuwa mbali. Lakini taratibu mama alimfanyia mpango dhidi ya upinzani wa kaka yake. Wakati huohuo alianza utume wake akitumia vipawa vyake vyaajabu. Tarehe 26 Machi [[1826]], siku ya [[Pasaka]], alikubaliwa kupokea [[ekaristi]] ya kwanza kabla ya wakati. ===Seminarini=== [[Picha:Donbosco furbo.jpg|thumb|Don Bosco akiwa padri kijana.]] Alipokwenda Chieri, pamoja na kuendelea vizuri na masomo, alifunga urafiki na [[Luigi Comollo]], kijana mwema aliyemsaidia kuthamini [[wokovu]] wa milele kama jambo muhimu pekee, hata Yohane alifanya kauli mbiu ya maisha yake maneno: "Da mihi animas, caetera tolle" ("Unipe roho za watu, uniondolee mengine yote") yaani nipe roho mengine yote chukua. Kwa shauri la [[Yosefu Cafasso]] tarehe 30 Oktoba [[1835]] aliingia seminari ya Chieri. Tarehe 3 Novemba [[1837]] alianza masomo ya [[teolojia]], na tarehe 29 Machi [[1841]] akapewa [[daraja takatifu]] ya u[[shemasi]], na tarehe 5 Juni 1841 [[upadri]] huko [[Torino]]. Badala ya kuitikia mialiko ya kufanya utume wenye malipo mazuri, mnamo Novemba [[1841]] alijiunga na Bweni la [[Torino]], ambapo padri Luigi Guala, akisaidiwa na Cafasso, alikuwa anakamilisha malezi ya mapadri vijana 45 waweze kukabili ulimwengu wa wakati huo. ===Kukutana na vijana wenye shida=== Huko Torino kulikuwa na watoto 7184 chini ya umri wa miaka 10 waliofanya kazi viwandani. Yohane Bosco aliwatafuta ili kuwasaidia kijamii na kidini. Pamoja na Cafasso alitembelea magereza akashtuka kuona hali ya wafungwa vijana. Kwa wema wake aliwavuta kumuahidia wamuendee mara baada ya kutoka. Tarehe [[8 Desemba]] [[1841]] Bartolomeo Garelli alikuwa wa kwanza kujiunga na kundi lake (Oratorio). Muda mfupi baadaye vijana walikuwa wengi hivi hata akahitaji msaada wa mapadri watatu na vijana wakubwa kadhaa. Hatimaye tarehe 12 Aprili [[1846]] alipata nafasi kwa vijana wake: kibanda na kiwanja huko [[Valdocco]]. ===Kueneza utume kwa vijana=== Mwaka [[1854]] alianzisha shirika la mapadri kwa utume wa vijana ([[kifupi|kifupisho]] chake ni [[SDB]]). Miaka 10 baadaye alianza ujenzi wa [[patakatifu]] pa [[Bikira Maria]] [[Msaada wa Wakristo]] (ndivyo alivyopendelea kumuitamama wa [[Yesu]]). Mwaka [[1872]], pamoja na Maria Dominika Mazzarello, alianzisha shirika la [[Mabinti wa Bikira Maria Msaidizi]], ili walee wasichana kwa roho ileile. Mwaka [[1875]] alituma Wasalesiani wa kwanza huko [[Argentina]], na wakati huohuo alianzisha kundi la watawa wasaidizi aliowaona kama «Wasalesiani wa nje». Yohane Bosco alifariki tarehe 31 Januari [[1888]]. ==Maandishi yake== === Yaliyochapwa na mwaka wake === *1844: ''Cenni storici sulla vita del chierico Luigi Comollo'', Biografia, Opere Edite, Ed. LAS (Libreria Ateneo Salesiano), I,1 *1845: ''Il divoto dell’Angelo Custode'', Novena, OE I,2 *1845: ''Storia Ecclesiastica'', Storia, OE I,3 *1846: ''Giordano Felice, Cenni istruttivi di perfezione'', Biografia, OE II,1 *1846: ''Esercizio di divozione alla misericordia di Dio'', Devozionario, OE II,2 *1847: ''Il giovane provveduto'', Educazione alla fede, OE II,3 *1847: ''Storia Sacra'', Storia, OE III,1 *1848: ''Il Cristiano guidato alla virtù ed alla civiltà'', Catechismo, OE III,2 *1848: ''L'Amico della Gioventù'', Articoli, OE XXXVIII, 3 *1849: ''Il Sistema metrico decimale'', Sistema metrico, OE IV,1 *1849: ''L'Armonia (1849-1863)'', Articoli, OE XXXVIII, 1 *1850: ''Società di mutuo soccorso'', Regolamento, OE IV,2 *1850: ''Breve ragguaglio della festa fattasi nel distribuire il regalo di Pio IX'', Papa, OE IV,3 *1850: ''La Chiesa cattolica-apostolica-romana'', Chiesa, OE IV,4 *1852: ''Catalogo degli oggetti offerti per la Lotteria'', Lotteria, OE IV,5 *1853: ''Avvisi ai Cattolici'', Catechismo, OE IV,6 *1853: ''Il Cattolico istruito nella sua religione'', Catechismo, OE IV,7 *1853: ''Notizie storiche intorno al miracolo del SS. Sacramento'', Racconto, OE V,1 *1853: ''Fatti contemporanei'', Racconto, OE V,2 *1853: ''Dramma. Una disputa tra un avvocato e un ministro protestante'', Dramma, OE V,3 *1853: ''Vita di Santa Zita e di Sant’Isidoro'', Agiografia, OE V,4 *1853: ''Vita infelice di un novello apostata'', Racconto, OE V,5 *1853: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1854'', Almanacco, OE V,6 *1854: ''Il Giubileo'', Giubileo, OE V,10 *1854: ''Catechismo cattolico sulle rivoluzioni'', Catechismo, OE V,7 *1854: ''Conversione di una valdese'', Racconto, OE V,8 *1854: ''Raccolta di curiosi avvenimenti contemporanei'', Racconto, OE V,9 *1854: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1855'', Almanacco, OE VI,1 *1854: ''Ai Contadini'', Galateo, OE VI,2 *1855: ''Maniera facile per imparare la Storia Sacra'', Storia, OE VI,3 *1855: ''Conversazioni tra un avvocato e un curato di campagna'', Catechismo, OE VI,4 *1855: ''La forza della buona educazione'', Racconto, OE VI,5 *1855: ''Vita di San Martino vescovo di Tours'', Agiografia, OE VI,6 *1855: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1856'', Almanacco, OE VI,7 *1855: ''La Storia d’Italia'', Storia, OE VII,1 *1856: ''La chiave del Paradiso'', Educazione alla fede, OE VIII,2 *1856: ''Vita di S. Pancrazio martire'', Agiografia, OE VIII,3 *1856: ''Vita di San Pietro, principe degli Apostoli e primo Papa dopo Gesù Cristo'', OE VIII,4 *1856: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1857'', Almanacco, OE VIII,5 *1856: ''Avvisi alle figlie cristiane'', Educazione alla fede, OE VIII,6 *1857: ''Catalogo degli oggetti posti in lotteria'', Lotteria, OE IX,1 *1857: ''Due conferenze intorno al Purgatorio'', Catechismo, OE IX,2 *1857: ''Vita di S. Paolo apostolo'', Agiografia, OE IX,3 *1857: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Lino, S. Cleto, S. Clemente Papa'', Papa, OE IX,4 *1857: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Anacleto, S. Evaristo, S. Alessandro I Papa'', Papa, OE IX,5 *1857: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Sisto, S. Telesforo, S. Igino, S. Pio I Papa'', Papa, OE X,1 *1857: ''Vita di S. Policarpo'', Agiografia, OE X,2 *1857: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1858'', Almanacco, OE X,3 *1858: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Aniceto, S. Sotero, S. Eleutero, S. Vittore e S. Zefirino'', Papa, OE X,4 *1858: ''Il mese di maggio consacrato a Maria SS. Immacolata'', Maria, OE X,5 *1858: ''Porta teco cristiano'', Educazione alla fede, OE XI,1 *1858: ''Vita del Sommo Pontefice S. Callisto I Papa'', Papa, OE XI,2 *1858: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1859'', Almanacco, OE XI,3 *1859: ''Vita del giovanetto Savio Domenico'', OE XI,4 *1859: ''Vita del Sommo Pontefice S. Urbano I Papa'', Papa, OE XI,5 *1859: ''Vita dei Sommi Pontefici S. Ponziano, S. Antero e S. Fabiano Papa'', Papa, OE XI,6 *1859: ''La persecuzione di Decio e il pontificato di San Cornelio I Papa'', OE XII,1 *1859: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1860'', Almanacco, OE XII,2 *1860: ''Frassinetti Giuseppe, Industrie spirituali'', Educazione alla fede, OE XII,3 *1860: ''Vita e martirio de’ Sommi Pontefici San Lucio I e S. Stefano I Papa'', Papa, OE XII,4 *1860: ''Il pontificato di San Sisto II e le glorie di San Lorenzo martire'', Papa, OE XII,5 *1860: ''Biografia del sacerdote Giuseppe Cafasso'', Biografia, OE XII,6 *1860: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1861'', Almanacco, OE XII,7 *1860: ''Angelina o la buona fanciulla'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIII,1 *1861: ''Esempi edificanti'', Racconto, OE XIII,2 *1861: ''Una famiglia di martiri'', Agiografia, OE XIII,3 *1861: ''Cenno biografico sul giovanetto Magone Michele'', Biografia, OE XIII,4 *1861: ''Il pontificato di S. Dionigi Papa'', Papa, OE XIII,5 *1861: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1862'', Almanacco, OE XIII,6 *1862: ''Il pontificato di S. Felice primo e di S. Eutichiano Papi e Martiri, Papa, OE XIII,7 *1862: ''Una preziosa parola ai figli ed alle figlie'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIII,8 *1862: ''Cenni storici intorno alla vita della B. Caterina De-Mattei da Racconigi'', Agiografia, OE XIV,1 *1862: ''Elenco degli oggetti graziosamente donati a beneficio degli Oratorii'', Lotteria, OE XIV,2 *1862: ''Novella amena di un vecchio soldato di Napoleone I'', Racconto, OE XIV,3 *1862: ''Le due orfanelle'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIV,4 *1862: ''Germano l’ebanista'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIV,5 *1862: ''Specchio della dottrina cristiana cattolica'', Catechismo, OE XIV,6 *1863: ''Il giovane provveduto [nuova edizione]'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIV,7 *1863: ''Il pontificato di S. Caio Papa e Martire'', Papa, OE XIV,8 *1864: ''Il pontificato di S. Marcellino e di S. Marcello Papi e Martiri'', Papa, OE XV,1 *1864: ''Episodi ameni e contemporanei'', Racconto, OE XV,2 *1864: ''Il cercatore della fortuna'', Varietà, OE XV,3 *1864: ''Il pastorello delle Alpi ovvero vita del giovane Besucco Francesco'', Biografia, OE XV,4 *1864: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1865'', Almanacco, OE XV,5 *1864: ''L'Unità Cattolica (1864-1888)'', Articoli, OE XXXVIII,2 *1865: ''La casa della fortuna'', Dramma, OE XVI,1 *1865: ''Dialoghi intorno all’istituzione del Giubileo'', Giubileo, OE XVI,2 *1865: ''La pace della Chiesa ossia il Pontificato di S. Eusebio e S. Melchiade'', Papa, OE XVI,3 *1865: ''Lotteria d'oggetti'', Lotteria, OE XVI,4 *1865: ''Boccalandro Pietro, Storia dell’inquisizione'', Storia, OE XVI,5 *1865: ''Vita della Beata Maria degli Angeli'', Agiografia, OE XVI,6 *1865: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1866'', Almanacco, OE XVI,7 *1866: ''Elenco degli oggetti graziosamente donati a beneficio degli Oratorii'', Lotteria, OE XVII,1 *1866: ''Card. Wiseman, La perla nascosta'', Dramma, OE XVII,2 *1866: ''Marchale Vittorio, Una parola da amico all’esercito'', Racconto, OE XVII,3 *1866: ''Metti Giulio, Daniele e i tre suoi compagni'', Dramma, OE XVII,4 *1866: ''Valentino o la vocazione impedita'', Vocazione, OE XVII,5 *1866: ''Chi è D. Ambrogio?! Dialogo tra un barbiere ed un teologo'', Racconto, OE XVII,6 *1866: ''Pratiche devote per l’adorazione del SS. Sacramento'', Devozionario, OE XVII,7 *1867: ''Vita di S. Giuseppe'', Agiografia, OE XVII,8 *1867: ''Novelle e racconti'', Racconto, OE XVII,9 *1867: ''Il Centenario di S. Pietro Apostolo'', Papa, OE XVIII,1 *1867: ''Vita di San Pietro'', Papa, OE XVIII,2 *1867: ''Societas Sancti Francisci Salesii'', Società Salesiana, OE XVIII,3 *1867: ''Lettera del Sacerdote D. Giovanni Bosco al P. Alessandro Checcucci'', Lettera, OE XVIII,4 *1867: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1868'', Almanacco, OE XVIII,5 *1868: ''Il cattolico provveduto per le pratiche di pietà'', Catechismo, OE XIX,1 *1868: ''I Papi da S. Pietro a Pio IX'', Papa, OE XVIII,6 *1868: ''Notizie storiche intorno al Santuario di nostra Signora della Pieve in vicinanza di Ponzone'', Storia, OE XVIII,7 *1868: ''Notitia brevis Societatis Sancti Francisci Salesii'', Società Salesiana, OE XVIII,8 *1868: ''Severino'', Racconto, OE XX,1 *1868: ''Maraviglie della Madre di Dio'', Maria, OE XX,2 *1868: ''Vita di S. Giovanni Battista'', Agiografia, OE XX,3 *1868: ''Bonetti Giovanni, Vita del giovane Saccardi Ernesto'', Biografia, OE XX,4 *1868: ''Rimembranza di una solennità in onore di Maria Ausiliatrice'', Maria, OE XXI,1 *1868: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1869'', Almanacco, OE XXI,2 *1869: ''La Chiesa Cattolica e la sua gerarchia'', Chiesa, OE XXI,3 *1869: ''Associazione de’ divoti di Maria Ausiliatrice'', Maria, OE XXI,4 *1869: ''I Concili generali e la Chiesa Cattolica'', Chiesa, OE XXII,1 *1869: ''Angelina o l’orfanella degli Appennini'', Educazione alla fede, OE XXII,2 *1869: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1870'', Almanacco, OE XXII,3 *1870: ''Nove giorni consacrati all’Augusta Madre del Salvatore sotto al titolo di Maria Ausiliatrice'', Maria, OE XXII,4 *1870: ''Lemoyne G. B., Biografia del giovane Mazzarello Giuseppe'', Biografia, OE XXII,5 *1870: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1871'', Almanacco, OE XXII,6 *1871: ''Apparizione della Beata Vergine sulla montagna di La Salette'', Maria, OE XXII,7 *1871: ''Corona dei sette dolori di Maria'', Maria, OE XXIII,1 *1871: ''Fatti ameni della vita di Pio IX'', Papa, OE XXIII,2 *1871: ''Storia Ecclesiastica [quarta edizione migliorata]'', Storia, OE XXIV,1 *1871: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1872'', Almanacco, OE XXIV,2 *1872: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1872'', Società Salesiana, OE XXIV,3 *1872: ''Fondamenti della Cattolica Religione'', Catechismo, OE XXIV,4 *1872: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1873'', Almanacco, OE XXV,1 *1873: ''Vita di S. Pancrazio [quarta edizione]'', Agiografia, OE XXV,2 *1873: ''Regulae Societatis S. Francisci Salesii'', Costituzioni, OE XXV,3 *1873: ''Le maraviglie della Madonna di Lourdes - (Ai benemeriti nostri corrispondenti e lettori), Maria, OE XXV,4 *1873: ''Societas S. Francisci Salesii. De Societate S. Francisci Salesii brevis notitia'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,7 *1874: ''Regulae Societatis S. Francisci Salesii (Typis de Propaganda Fide, I)'', Costituzioni, OE XXV,10 *1874: ''Regulae Societatis S. Francisci Salesii (Typis de Propaganda Fide, II), Costituzioni, OE XXV,11 *1874: ''Congregazione particolare dei Vescovi e Regolari, sopra l’approvazione delle Costituzioni della Società Salesiana (marzo 1874)'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,12 *1874: ''Sagra Congregazione de’ Vescovi e Regolari, Consultazione per una Congregazione particolare (marzo 1874)'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,13 *1874: ''Unione cristiana'', Regolamento, OE XXV,14 *1874: ''Regulae seu Constitutiones Societatis S. Francisci Salesii juxta approbationis decretum die 3 aprilis 1874 (Augustae Taurinorum 1874)'', Costituzioni, OE XXV,15 *1874: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1874'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,16 *1874: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1875'', Almanacco, OE XXV,17 *1874: ''Belasio Antonio Maria, Della vera scuola per ravviare la società'', Scuola, OE XXV,5 *1874: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1874'', Almanacco, OE XXV,6 *1874: ''Massimino'', Racconto, OE XXV,8 *1874: ''Cenno istorico sulla Congregazione di S. Francesco di Sales'', Società Salesiana' OE XXV,9 *1875: ''Associazione di opere buone (Unione cristiana)'', Regolamento, OE XXV,18 *1875: ''Il giovane provveduto (quarantesima seconda edizione)'', Educazione alla fede, OE XXVI,1 *1875: ''Il Giubileo del 1875'', Giubileo, OE XXVI,2 *1875: ''Maria Ausiliatrice col racconto di alcune grazie'', Maria, OE XXVI,3 *1875: ''Opera di Maria Ausiliatrice per le vocazioni allo stato ecclesiastico'', Vocazioni, OE XXVII,1 *1875: ''Regole o Costituzioni della Società di S. Francesco di Sales secondo il decreto di approvazione del 3 aprile 1874'', Costituzioni, OE XXVII,2 *1875: ''Sagra Congregazione de’ Vescovi e Regolari, Consultazione per la Congregazione speciale'', Società Salesiana, OE XXVII,3 *1875: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1876'', Almanacco, OE XXVII,4 *1875: ''Ioannis Tamietti, Sancti Hieronymi De Viris illustribus'', Agiografia, OE XXVII,5 *1876: ''Brevi biografie dei confratelli salesiani'', Necrologio, OE XXVII,6 *1876: ''Storia Sacra (edizione decima)'', Storia, OE XXVII,7 *1876: ''Il cercatore della fortuna (seconda edizione)'', Varietà, OE XXVII,8 *1876: ''Il cristiano guidato alla virtù ed alla civiltà (edizione seconda)'', Catechismo, OE XXVIII,1 *1876: ''Cooperatori Salesiani ossia un modo pratico per giovare al buon costume ed alla civile società'', Cooperatori, OE XXVIII,2 *1876: ''Chiala Cesare, Da Torino alla Repubblica Argentina. Lettere dei missionari salesiani'', Missioni, OE XXVIII,3 *1876: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1877'', Almanacco, OE XXVIII,4 *1877: ''Opera di Maria Ausiliatrice per le vocazioni allo stato ecclesiastico'', Vocazioni, OE XXIX,1 *1877: ''Regolamento dell’Oratorio di S. Francesco di Sales per gli esterni'', Regolamento, OE XXIX,2 *1877: ''Regolamento per le case della Società di S. Francesco di Sales'', Regolamento, OE XXIX,3 *1877: ''Regole o Costituzioni della Società di S. Francesco di Sales secondo il decreto di approvazione del 3 aprile 1874'', Costituzioni, OE XXIX,4 *1877: ''Bareris Giulio, La Repubblica Argentina e la Patagonia. Lettere dei Missionari Salesiani'', Missioni, OE XXIX,5 *1877: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1878'', Almanacco, OE XXIX,6 *1877: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1877'', Società Salesiana, OE XXIX,7 *1877: ''Capitolo Generale della Congregazione Salesiana da convocarsi in Lanzo nel prossimo settembre 1877'', Società Salesiana, OE XXVIII,5 *1877: ''Cooperatori Salesiani ossia un modo pratico per giovare al buon costume ed alla civile società'', Cooperatori, OE XXVIII,6 *1877: ''Inaugurazione del Patronato di S. Pietro in Nizza a mare'', Avvenimento, OE XXVIII,7 *1877: ''La nuvoletta del Carmelo'', Maria, OE XXVIII,8 *1878: ''Deliberazioni del Capitolo Generale della Pia Società Salesiana tenuto in Lanzo-Torinese nel settembre 1877'', Società Salesiana, OE XXIX,8 *1878: ''Il più bel fiore del Collegio Apostolico ossia la elezione di Leone XIII'', Papa, OE XXX,1 *1878: ''Regole o Costituzioni per l’Istituto delle Figlie di Maria SS. Ausiliatrice'', Costituzioni, OE XXX,2 *1878: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1878'', Società Salesiana, OE XXX,3 *1878: ''Arrigotti Francesco, Notizie storiche sul convento e sul Santuario di Santa Maria delle Grazie presso Nizza Monferrato'', Storia, OE XXX,4 *1878: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1879'', Almanacco, OE XXX,5 *1878: ''Lotteria di doni diversi a favore dei poveri giovanetti dell’Ospizio di S. Vincenzo de’ Paoli in S. Pier d’Arena'', Lotteria, OE XXX,6 *1879: ''Le scuole di beneficenza dell’Oratorio di S. Francesco di Sales in Torino'', Società Salesiana, OE XXX,7 *1879: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1879'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,1 *1879: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1880'', Almanacco, OE XXXI,2 *1879: ''Lemoyne G. Batt., L’arca dell’alleanza'', Maria, OE XXXI,3 *1879: ''Esposizione alla S. Sede dello stato morale e materiale della Pia Società di S. Francesco di Sales'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,4 *1879: ''L’Oratorio di S. Francesco di Sales'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,5 *1879: ''Scelta di laudi sacre ad uso delle Missioni'', Lodi, OE XXXI,6 *1880: ''Letture amene ed edificanti ossia biografie salesiane'', Biografia, OE XXXI,7 *1880: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1880'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,8 *1880: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1881'', Almanacco, OE XXXI,9 *1881: ''Breve notizia sullo scopo della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXII,1 *1881: ''Biografie. Confratelli chiamati da Dio alla vita eterna nell’anno 1880'', Necrologio, OE XXXII,2 *1881: ''Eccellentissimo Consigliere di Stato'', Lettera, OE XXXII,3 *1881: ''Esposizione del sacerdote Giovanni Bosco agli eminentissimi Cardinali della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXII,4 *1881: ''Favori e grazie spirituali concessi dalla Santa Sede alla Pia Società'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXII,5 *1881: ''L’aritmetica ed il sistema metrico (settima edizione)'', Sistema metrico, OE XXXII,6 *1881: ''Arpa cattolica o raccolta di laudi sacre in onore dei santi e delle sante'', Lodi, OE XXXII,8 *1881: ''Arpa cattolica o raccolta di laudi sacre in onore di Gesù Cristo, di Maria Santissima e dei santi'', Lodi, OE XXXII,9 *1882: ''Biografie 1881'', Necrologio, OE XXXII,10 *1882: ''Biographie du jeune Louis Fleury Antoine Colle'', Biografia, OE XXXII,11 *1882: ''Arpa cattolica o raccolta di laudi sacre sulla passione sulle feste principali e sui novissimi'', Lodi, OE XXXII,7 *1882: ''Deliberazioni del secondo Capitolo Generale della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXIII,1 *1882: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1883'', Almanacco, OE XXXIII,2 *1883: ''Biografie dei Salesiani defunti nel 1882'', Necrologio, OE XXXIII,3 *1883: ''La figlia cristiana provveduta (quarta edizione), Educazione alla fede, OE XXXIII,4 *1883: ''Il cattolico nel secolo [terza edizione]'', Catechismo, OE XXXIV,1 *1883: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1884'', Almanacco, OE XXXIV,2 *1884: ''Cenni sulla vita del giovane Luigi Comollo [seconda edizione]'', Biografia, OE XXXV,1 *1884: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1885'', Almanacco, OE XXXV,2 *1885: ''Il giovane provveduto (101ª edizione), Educazione alla fede, OE XXXV,3 *1885: ''Breve notizia sullo scopo della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVI,1 *1885: ''Biografie dei Salesiani defunti negli anni 1883 e 1884'', Necrologio, OE XXXVI,2 *1886: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1886'', Almanacco, OE XXXVI,3 *1887: ''Deliberazioni del secondo Capitolo Generale delle Figlie di Maria SS. Ausiliatrice'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVI,4 *1887: ''Deliberazioni del terzo e quarto Capitolo Generale della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVI,5 *1887: ''La Storia d’Italia (18ª edizione)'', Storia, OE XXXVII,1 *1888: ''Elenchus privilegiorum'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVII,2 === Barua === * Eugenio Ceria, ''Epistolario di San Giovanni Bosco'', volumi quattro. Dall'anno 1835 al 1880, SEI, Torino 1955-1959; <ref>Sehemu chache zimetafsiriwa katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 45-47</ref> * ''Epistolario. 1., 1835-1863. (1-726)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 1991; * ''Epistolario. 2., 1864-1868. (727-1263)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 1996; * ''Epistolario. 3., 1869-1872, (1264-1714)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 1999; * ''Epistolario. 4., 1873-1875, (1715-2243)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 2003; ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Tanbihi == {{marejeo}} == Filamu == * ''[[Don Bosco (film 1935)|Don Bosco]]'', film, regia di [[Goffredo Alessandrini]], con Gian Paolo Rosmino, Maria Vincenza Stiffi, Roberto Pasetti, Ferdinando Mayer, Vittorio Vaser, Felice Minotti, [[1935]]; * ''[[Don Bosco (film 1988)|Don Bosco]]'', film, regia di [[Leandro Castellani]], con [[Ben Gazzara]], [[Patsy Kensit]], [[Piera Degli Esposti]], [[Philippe Leroy]], [[1988]]; * ''[[Don Bosco (miniserie televisiva)|Don Bosco]]'', sceneggiato in due puntate, regia di [[Lodovico Gasparini]], con [[Flavio Insinna]] e [[Lina Sastri]]. [[Raiuno]], [[22 settembre|22]]-[[23 settembre]] [[2004]]; * ''[[Giovanni, il ragazzo del sogno]]'', film, regia di [[Giuseppe Rolando]], con P. Bramante, [[2005]]. ==Marejeo kwa [[Kiswahili]]== * YOHANE BOSCO, Mtindo wa Malezi-Kinga katika Elimu ya Vijana – tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1988 – ISBN 9976-67-036-2 * S. MATTAPALLY, S.D.B., Don Bosko, Mtu wa Mungu, mtu kwa vijana – tafsiri ya T. Ngalalekumtwa – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1989 – ISBN 9976-67-035-4 * P. AVALLONE, S.D.B. Akili Dini na Ufadhili, Mbinu za Malezi ya Mtakatifu Don Bosco – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1991 – ISBN 9976-67-52-4 * J. BACCHIARELLO, Njozi Arobaini za Don Bosco, tafsiri ya G. Kibodya - BPNP 1991, ISBN 9976-67-047-8 * P. LAPPIN, Mama Don Bosco, Miale ya Jua Kivulini (Mama Margarita) – tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1993 – ISBN 9976-67-077-x * P. LAPPIN, Dominiko Savio (Mtakatifu aliye Kijana) – tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1994 – ISBN 9976-67-085-0 * P. LAPPIN, Hekaya za Don Bosco, tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1994 – ISBN 9976-67-076-1 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 38-39 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 31-33 ==Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * {{cite book|first=Giovanni|last=Bosco|title=Memoirs of the Oratory|location=New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Don Bosco Publications|year=1989|isbn=0899441394}} * {{cite book|last=Amadei|first=Angelo|coauthors=Giovanni Battista Lemoyne, Eugenio Ceria|title=Biographical Memoirs of St. John Bosco|location=New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Don Bosco Publications|year=1965-2004}}. These volumes translate {{cite book|last=id.|title=Memorie Biografiche di San Giovanni Bosco, 19 vol.|location=Turin|publisher=SEI|year=1898-1939}} * {{cite book|first=François|last=Desramaut|title=Don Bosco et son Temps|location=Turin|publisher=SEI|year=1996}} * {{cite book|first=Arthur J.|last=Lenti|title=Don Bosco: History and Spirit|location=Rome|publisher=LAS|year=2007-}} A projected 7-volume series, 4 published to date. * {{cite book|first=Pietro|last=Stella|title=Don Bosco: Religious Outlook and Spirituality|url=https://archive.org/details/donboscoreligiou0000stel|location=New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Salesiana Publishers|year=1996|others=John Drury|isbn=0899441629}} * {{cite book|first=Morand|last=Wirth|title=Don Bosco and the Salesians''. New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Don Bosco Publications|year=1982}} Translation of {{cite book|last=id.|title=Don Bosco e i Salesiani: Centocinquant'anni di storia| location=Turin|publisher=SEI|year=1969}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.sdb.org/ Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (multi-lingual website)] * [http://www.sdb.ph/ Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (Philippine North)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sdb.ph/ |date=20080908025124 }} * [http://www.donbosco-fis.org/ Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (Philippine South)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.donbosco-fis.org/ |date=20120209082106 }} * [http://www.salesians.org.uk/ Salesians of the UK] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027041735/http://geocities.com/salcollbatt/ UK Salesian (alumnus) website] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/07_10_1815-1888-_Bosco,_Giovanni,_Sanctus.html Don Bosco's important writings in original language] * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Statues/Founders/JohnBosco/John%20Bosco.htm Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica] * [http://www.donboscosanto.eu Published Writings (italian)] * [http://www.spysmalta.org/ SPYS - Salesian Pastoral Youth Service] * [http://catholicism.org/don-bosco.html Saint John Bosco: Modern Apostle of Youth] by the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary * [http://www.boscosevakendra.org/ - Development office of the Salesian Province of St.Joseph, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA ( INH )] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boscosevakendra.org/ |date=20120403124342 }} * [http://www.dailynews.lk/epaper/art.asp?id=2011/11/21/pg19_4&pt=p&h= Who is Don Bosco?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/epaper/art.asp?id=2011%2F11%2F21%2Fpg19_4&pt=p&h= |date=20121105180114 }} * [http://www.thisgoldenarrow.com Dream of the Great Ship - Interpretations of Saint John Bosco's Dream of the Two Columns] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thisgoldenarrow.com/ |date=20090124212441 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosco, John}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1815]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1888]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Wasalesiani]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] bm89qi769q2f46eu2p5xt9bppgpgv30 1577057 1577050 2026-06-27T12:16:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] 1500418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Don Bosco @ Torino, 1880 (original).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Giovanni Bosco.]] '''Giovanni Bosco''' ([[16 Agosti]] [[1815]] – [[31 Januari]] [[1888]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na mwanachama wa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]]. Alijitahidi kwa nguvu zake zote kuwalea [[watoto]] na [[vijana]], hasa [[Wanaume|wa kiume]], wajifunze [[kazi]] na [[maisha]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], akianzisha kwa ajili hiyo ''Shirika la Mt. Fransisko wa Sales'' na, kwa kushirikiana na [[Maria Dominika Mazzarello]], “Shirika la Mabinti wa Maria Msaada wa Wakristo” <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/22600</ref>. Mbinu zake za [[malezi]] ni kwa pamoja: [[akili]], [[dini]], [[hisani]]. Hakutaka kurekebisha vijana kwa ukali, bali kuwakinga dhidi ya maovu kwa wema. [[Upendo]] wake wa ajabu kwa vijana ndio [[siri]] ya mafanikio yake ya ajabu katika malezi. [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[2 Juni]] [[1929]] na [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[1 Aprili]] [[1934]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[31 Januari]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Maisha== ===Utoto=== Giovanni Bosco alizaliwa na Francesco Bosco na [[Margherita Occhiena]] tarehe 16 Agosti 1815 karibu na Castelnuovo d'Asti, leo [[Castelnuovo Don Bosco]]. Baba yake alifariki mwaka 1917 akimuachia mke wake watoto watatu. Ilikuwa miaka migumu kwa maradhi na njaa, lakini mama yake alijitahidi kuwatunza na kuwalea vizuri. Alipokuwa na miaka 9 Yohane alipata [[ndoto]] ya kinabii iliyomtabiria [[utume]] wake kwa vijana. Baadaye [[Mungu]] alizidi kumjalia [[karama]] nyingi za pekee. Kufuatana na ndoto hiyo, Yohane aliamua kuwa padri, ingawa hakuweza kusoma hata shule ya msingi, kwa sababu ilikuwa mbali. Lakini taratibu mama alimfanyia mpango dhidi ya upinzani wa kaka yake. Wakati huohuo alianza utume wake akitumia vipawa vyake vyaajabu. Tarehe 26 Machi [[1826]], siku ya [[Pasaka]], alikubaliwa kupokea [[ekaristi]] ya kwanza kabla ya wakati. ===Seminarini=== [[Picha:Donbosco furbo.jpg|thumb|Don Bosco akiwa padri kijana.]] Alipokwenda Chieri, pamoja na kuendelea vizuri na masomo, alifunga urafiki na [[Luigi Comollo]], kijana mwema aliyemsaidia kuthamini [[wokovu]] wa milele kama jambo muhimu pekee, hata Yohane alifanya kauli mbiu ya maisha yake maneno: "Da mihi animas, caetera tolle" ("Unipe roho za watu, uniondolee mengine yote"). Kwa shauri la [[Yosefu Cafasso]] tarehe 30 Oktoba [[1835]] aliingia seminari ya Chieri. Tarehe 3 Novemba [[1837]] alianza masomo ya [[teolojia]], na tarehe 29 Machi [[1841]] akapewa [[daraja takatifu]] ya u[[shemasi]], na tarehe 5 Juni 1841 [[upadri]] huko [[Torino]]. Badala ya kuitikia mialiko ya kufanya utume wenye malipo mazuri, mnamo Novemba [[1841]] alijiunga na Bweni la [[Torino]], ambapo padri Luigi Guala, akisaidiwa na Cafasso, alikuwa anakamilisha malezi ya mapadri vijana 45 waweze kukabili ulimwengu wa wakati huo. ===Kukutana na vijana wenye shida=== Huko Torino kulikuwa na watoto 7184 chini ya umri wa miaka 10 waliofanya kazi viwandani. Yohane Bosco aliwatafuta ili kuwasaidia kijamii na kidini. Pamoja na Cafasso alitembelea magereza akashtuka kuona hali ya wafungwa vijana. Kwa wema wake aliwavuta kumuahidia wamuendee mara baada ya kutoka. Tarehe [[8 Desemba]] [[1841]] Bartolomeo Garelli alikuwa wa kwanza kujiunga na kundi lake (Oratorio). Muda mfupi baadaye vijana walikuwa wengi hivi hata akahitaji msaada wa mapadri watatu na vijana wakubwa kadhaa. Hatimaye tarehe 12 Aprili [[1846]] alipata nafasi kwa vijana wake: kibanda na kiwanja huko [[Valdocco]]. ===Kueneza utume kwa vijana=== Mwaka [[1854]] alianzisha shirika la mapadri kwa utume wa vijana ([[kifupi|kifupisho]] chake ni [[SDB]]). Miaka 10 baadaye alianza ujenzi wa [[patakatifu]] pa [[Bikira Maria]] [[Msaada wa Wakristo]] (ndivyo alivyopendelea kumuitamama wa [[Yesu]]). Mwaka [[1872]], pamoja na Maria Dominika Mazzarello, alianzisha shirika la [[Mabinti wa Bikira Maria Msaidizi]], ili walee wasichana kwa roho ileile. Mwaka [[1875]] alituma Wasalesiani wa kwanza huko [[Argentina]], na wakati huohuo alianzisha kundi la watawa wasaidizi aliowaona kama «Wasalesiani wa nje». Yohane Bosco alifariki tarehe 31 Januari [[1888]]. ==Maandishi yake== === Yaliyochapwa na mwaka wake === *1844: ''Cenni storici sulla vita del chierico Luigi Comollo'', Biografia, Opere Edite, Ed. LAS (Libreria Ateneo Salesiano), I,1 *1845: ''Il divoto dell’Angelo Custode'', Novena, OE I,2 *1845: ''Storia Ecclesiastica'', Storia, OE I,3 *1846: ''Giordano Felice, Cenni istruttivi di perfezione'', Biografia, OE II,1 *1846: ''Esercizio di divozione alla misericordia di Dio'', Devozionario, OE II,2 *1847: ''Il giovane provveduto'', Educazione alla fede, OE II,3 *1847: ''Storia Sacra'', Storia, OE III,1 *1848: ''Il Cristiano guidato alla virtù ed alla civiltà'', Catechismo, OE III,2 *1848: ''L'Amico della Gioventù'', Articoli, OE XXXVIII, 3 *1849: ''Il Sistema metrico decimale'', Sistema metrico, OE IV,1 *1849: ''L'Armonia (1849-1863)'', Articoli, OE XXXVIII, 1 *1850: ''Società di mutuo soccorso'', Regolamento, OE IV,2 *1850: ''Breve ragguaglio della festa fattasi nel distribuire il regalo di Pio IX'', Papa, OE IV,3 *1850: ''La Chiesa cattolica-apostolica-romana'', Chiesa, OE IV,4 *1852: ''Catalogo degli oggetti offerti per la Lotteria'', Lotteria, OE IV,5 *1853: ''Avvisi ai Cattolici'', Catechismo, OE IV,6 *1853: ''Il Cattolico istruito nella sua religione'', Catechismo, OE IV,7 *1853: ''Notizie storiche intorno al miracolo del SS. Sacramento'', Racconto, OE V,1 *1853: ''Fatti contemporanei'', Racconto, OE V,2 *1853: ''Dramma. Una disputa tra un avvocato e un ministro protestante'', Dramma, OE V,3 *1853: ''Vita di Santa Zita e di Sant’Isidoro'', Agiografia, OE V,4 *1853: ''Vita infelice di un novello apostata'', Racconto, OE V,5 *1853: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1854'', Almanacco, OE V,6 *1854: ''Il Giubileo'', Giubileo, OE V,10 *1854: ''Catechismo cattolico sulle rivoluzioni'', Catechismo, OE V,7 *1854: ''Conversione di una valdese'', Racconto, OE V,8 *1854: ''Raccolta di curiosi avvenimenti contemporanei'', Racconto, OE V,9 *1854: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1855'', Almanacco, OE VI,1 *1854: ''Ai Contadini'', Galateo, OE VI,2 *1855: ''Maniera facile per imparare la Storia Sacra'', Storia, OE VI,3 *1855: ''Conversazioni tra un avvocato e un curato di campagna'', Catechismo, OE VI,4 *1855: ''La forza della buona educazione'', Racconto, OE VI,5 *1855: ''Vita di San Martino vescovo di Tours'', Agiografia, OE VI,6 *1855: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1856'', Almanacco, OE VI,7 *1855: ''La Storia d’Italia'', Storia, OE VII,1 *1856: ''La chiave del Paradiso'', Educazione alla fede, OE VIII,2 *1856: ''Vita di S. Pancrazio martire'', Agiografia, OE VIII,3 *1856: ''Vita di San Pietro, principe degli Apostoli e primo Papa dopo Gesù Cristo'', OE VIII,4 *1856: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1857'', Almanacco, OE VIII,5 *1856: ''Avvisi alle figlie cristiane'', Educazione alla fede, OE VIII,6 *1857: ''Catalogo degli oggetti posti in lotteria'', Lotteria, OE IX,1 *1857: ''Due conferenze intorno al Purgatorio'', Catechismo, OE IX,2 *1857: ''Vita di S. Paolo apostolo'', Agiografia, OE IX,3 *1857: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Lino, S. Cleto, S. Clemente Papa'', Papa, OE IX,4 *1857: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Anacleto, S. Evaristo, S. Alessandro I Papa'', Papa, OE IX,5 *1857: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Sisto, S. Telesforo, S. Igino, S. Pio I Papa'', Papa, OE X,1 *1857: ''Vita di S. Policarpo'', Agiografia, OE X,2 *1857: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1858'', Almanacco, OE X,3 *1858: ''Vita de’ Sommi Pontefici S. Aniceto, S. Sotero, S. Eleutero, S. Vittore e S. Zefirino'', Papa, OE X,4 *1858: ''Il mese di maggio consacrato a Maria SS. Immacolata'', Maria, OE X,5 *1858: ''Porta teco cristiano'', Educazione alla fede, OE XI,1 *1858: ''Vita del Sommo Pontefice S. Callisto I Papa'', Papa, OE XI,2 *1858: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1859'', Almanacco, OE XI,3 *1859: ''Vita del giovanetto Savio Domenico'', OE XI,4 *1859: ''Vita del Sommo Pontefice S. Urbano I Papa'', Papa, OE XI,5 *1859: ''Vita dei Sommi Pontefici S. Ponziano, S. Antero e S. Fabiano Papa'', Papa, OE XI,6 *1859: ''La persecuzione di Decio e il pontificato di San Cornelio I Papa'', OE XII,1 *1859: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1860'', Almanacco, OE XII,2 *1860: ''Frassinetti Giuseppe, Industrie spirituali'', Educazione alla fede, OE XII,3 *1860: ''Vita e martirio de’ Sommi Pontefici San Lucio I e S. Stefano I Papa'', Papa, OE XII,4 *1860: ''Il pontificato di San Sisto II e le glorie di San Lorenzo martire'', Papa, OE XII,5 *1860: ''Biografia del sacerdote Giuseppe Cafasso'', Biografia, OE XII,6 *1860: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1861'', Almanacco, OE XII,7 *1860: ''Angelina o la buona fanciulla'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIII,1 *1861: ''Esempi edificanti'', Racconto, OE XIII,2 *1861: ''Una famiglia di martiri'', Agiografia, OE XIII,3 *1861: ''Cenno biografico sul giovanetto Magone Michele'', Biografia, OE XIII,4 *1861: ''Il pontificato di S. Dionigi Papa'', Papa, OE XIII,5 *1861: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1862'', Almanacco, OE XIII,6 *1862: ''Il pontificato di S. Felice primo e di S. Eutichiano Papi e Martiri, Papa, OE XIII,7 *1862: ''Una preziosa parola ai figli ed alle figlie'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIII,8 *1862: ''Cenni storici intorno alla vita della B. Caterina De-Mattei da Racconigi'', Agiografia, OE XIV,1 *1862: ''Elenco degli oggetti graziosamente donati a beneficio degli Oratorii'', Lotteria, OE XIV,2 *1862: ''Novella amena di un vecchio soldato di Napoleone I'', Racconto, OE XIV,3 *1862: ''Le due orfanelle'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIV,4 *1862: ''Germano l’ebanista'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIV,5 *1862: ''Specchio della dottrina cristiana cattolica'', Catechismo, OE XIV,6 *1863: ''Il giovane provveduto [nuova edizione]'', Educazione alla fede, OE XIV,7 *1863: ''Il pontificato di S. Caio Papa e Martire'', Papa, OE XIV,8 *1864: ''Il pontificato di S. Marcellino e di S. Marcello Papi e Martiri'', Papa, OE XV,1 *1864: ''Episodi ameni e contemporanei'', Racconto, OE XV,2 *1864: ''Il cercatore della fortuna'', Varietà, OE XV,3 *1864: ''Il pastorello delle Alpi ovvero vita del giovane Besucco Francesco'', Biografia, OE XV,4 *1864: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1865'', Almanacco, OE XV,5 *1864: ''L'Unità Cattolica (1864-1888)'', Articoli, OE XXXVIII,2 *1865: ''La casa della fortuna'', Dramma, OE XVI,1 *1865: ''Dialoghi intorno all’istituzione del Giubileo'', Giubileo, OE XVI,2 *1865: ''La pace della Chiesa ossia il Pontificato di S. Eusebio e S. Melchiade'', Papa, OE XVI,3 *1865: ''Lotteria d'oggetti'', Lotteria, OE XVI,4 *1865: ''Boccalandro Pietro, Storia dell’inquisizione'', Storia, OE XVI,5 *1865: ''Vita della Beata Maria degli Angeli'', Agiografia, OE XVI,6 *1865: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1866'', Almanacco, OE XVI,7 *1866: ''Elenco degli oggetti graziosamente donati a beneficio degli Oratorii'', Lotteria, OE XVII,1 *1866: ''Card. Wiseman, La perla nascosta'', Dramma, OE XVII,2 *1866: ''Marchale Vittorio, Una parola da amico all’esercito'', Racconto, OE XVII,3 *1866: ''Metti Giulio, Daniele e i tre suoi compagni'', Dramma, OE XVII,4 *1866: ''Valentino o la vocazione impedita'', Vocazione, OE XVII,5 *1866: ''Chi è D. Ambrogio?! Dialogo tra un barbiere ed un teologo'', Racconto, OE XVII,6 *1866: ''Pratiche devote per l’adorazione del SS. Sacramento'', Devozionario, OE XVII,7 *1867: ''Vita di S. Giuseppe'', Agiografia, OE XVII,8 *1867: ''Novelle e racconti'', Racconto, OE XVII,9 *1867: ''Il Centenario di S. Pietro Apostolo'', Papa, OE XVIII,1 *1867: ''Vita di San Pietro'', Papa, OE XVIII,2 *1867: ''Societas Sancti Francisci Salesii'', Società Salesiana, OE XVIII,3 *1867: ''Lettera del Sacerdote D. Giovanni Bosco al P. Alessandro Checcucci'', Lettera, OE XVIII,4 *1867: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1868'', Almanacco, OE XVIII,5 *1868: ''Il cattolico provveduto per le pratiche di pietà'', Catechismo, OE XIX,1 *1868: ''I Papi da S. Pietro a Pio IX'', Papa, OE XVIII,6 *1868: ''Notizie storiche intorno al Santuario di nostra Signora della Pieve in vicinanza di Ponzone'', Storia, OE XVIII,7 *1868: ''Notitia brevis Societatis Sancti Francisci Salesii'', Società Salesiana, OE XVIII,8 *1868: ''Severino'', Racconto, OE XX,1 *1868: ''Maraviglie della Madre di Dio'', Maria, OE XX,2 *1868: ''Vita di S. Giovanni Battista'', Agiografia, OE XX,3 *1868: ''Bonetti Giovanni, Vita del giovane Saccardi Ernesto'', Biografia, OE XX,4 *1868: ''Rimembranza di una solennità in onore di Maria Ausiliatrice'', Maria, OE XXI,1 *1868: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1869'', Almanacco, OE XXI,2 *1869: ''La Chiesa Cattolica e la sua gerarchia'', Chiesa, OE XXI,3 *1869: ''Associazione de’ divoti di Maria Ausiliatrice'', Maria, OE XXI,4 *1869: ''I Concili generali e la Chiesa Cattolica'', Chiesa, OE XXII,1 *1869: ''Angelina o l’orfanella degli Appennini'', Educazione alla fede, OE XXII,2 *1869: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1870'', Almanacco, OE XXII,3 *1870: ''Nove giorni consacrati all’Augusta Madre del Salvatore sotto al titolo di Maria Ausiliatrice'', Maria, OE XXII,4 *1870: ''Lemoyne G. B., Biografia del giovane Mazzarello Giuseppe'', Biografia, OE XXII,5 *1870: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1871'', Almanacco, OE XXII,6 *1871: ''Apparizione della Beata Vergine sulla montagna di La Salette'', Maria, OE XXII,7 *1871: ''Corona dei sette dolori di Maria'', Maria, OE XXIII,1 *1871: ''Fatti ameni della vita di Pio IX'', Papa, OE XXIII,2 *1871: ''Storia Ecclesiastica [quarta edizione migliorata]'', Storia, OE XXIV,1 *1871: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1872'', Almanacco, OE XXIV,2 *1872: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1872'', Società Salesiana, OE XXIV,3 *1872: ''Fondamenti della Cattolica Religione'', Catechismo, OE XXIV,4 *1872: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1873'', Almanacco, OE XXV,1 *1873: ''Vita di S. Pancrazio [quarta edizione]'', Agiografia, OE XXV,2 *1873: ''Regulae Societatis S. Francisci Salesii'', Costituzioni, OE XXV,3 *1873: ''Le maraviglie della Madonna di Lourdes - (Ai benemeriti nostri corrispondenti e lettori), Maria, OE XXV,4 *1873: ''Societas S. Francisci Salesii. De Societate S. Francisci Salesii brevis notitia'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,7 *1874: ''Regulae Societatis S. Francisci Salesii (Typis de Propaganda Fide, I)'', Costituzioni, OE XXV,10 *1874: ''Regulae Societatis S. Francisci Salesii (Typis de Propaganda Fide, II), Costituzioni, OE XXV,11 *1874: ''Congregazione particolare dei Vescovi e Regolari, sopra l’approvazione delle Costituzioni della Società Salesiana (marzo 1874)'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,12 *1874: ''Sagra Congregazione de’ Vescovi e Regolari, Consultazione per una Congregazione particolare (marzo 1874)'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,13 *1874: ''Unione cristiana'', Regolamento, OE XXV,14 *1874: ''Regulae seu Constitutiones Societatis S. Francisci Salesii juxta approbationis decretum die 3 aprilis 1874 (Augustae Taurinorum 1874)'', Costituzioni, OE XXV,15 *1874: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1874'', Società Salesiana, OE XXV,16 *1874: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1875'', Almanacco, OE XXV,17 *1874: ''Belasio Antonio Maria, Della vera scuola per ravviare la società'', Scuola, OE XXV,5 *1874: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1874'', Almanacco, OE XXV,6 *1874: ''Massimino'', Racconto, OE XXV,8 *1874: ''Cenno istorico sulla Congregazione di S. Francesco di Sales'', Società Salesiana' OE XXV,9 *1875: ''Associazione di opere buone (Unione cristiana)'', Regolamento, OE XXV,18 *1875: ''Il giovane provveduto (quarantesima seconda edizione)'', Educazione alla fede, OE XXVI,1 *1875: ''Il Giubileo del 1875'', Giubileo, OE XXVI,2 *1875: ''Maria Ausiliatrice col racconto di alcune grazie'', Maria, OE XXVI,3 *1875: ''Opera di Maria Ausiliatrice per le vocazioni allo stato ecclesiastico'', Vocazioni, OE XXVII,1 *1875: ''Regole o Costituzioni della Società di S. Francesco di Sales secondo il decreto di approvazione del 3 aprile 1874'', Costituzioni, OE XXVII,2 *1875: ''Sagra Congregazione de’ Vescovi e Regolari, Consultazione per la Congregazione speciale'', Società Salesiana, OE XXVII,3 *1875: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1876'', Almanacco, OE XXVII,4 *1875: ''Ioannis Tamietti, Sancti Hieronymi De Viris illustribus'', Agiografia, OE XXVII,5 *1876: ''Brevi biografie dei confratelli salesiani'', Necrologio, OE XXVII,6 *1876: ''Storia Sacra (edizione decima)'', Storia, OE XXVII,7 *1876: ''Il cercatore della fortuna (seconda edizione)'', Varietà, OE XXVII,8 *1876: ''Il cristiano guidato alla virtù ed alla civiltà (edizione seconda)'', Catechismo, OE XXVIII,1 *1876: ''Cooperatori Salesiani ossia un modo pratico per giovare al buon costume ed alla civile società'', Cooperatori, OE XXVIII,2 *1876: ''Chiala Cesare, Da Torino alla Repubblica Argentina. Lettere dei missionari salesiani'', Missioni, OE XXVIII,3 *1876: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1877'', Almanacco, OE XXVIII,4 *1877: ''Opera di Maria Ausiliatrice per le vocazioni allo stato ecclesiastico'', Vocazioni, OE XXIX,1 *1877: ''Regolamento dell’Oratorio di S. Francesco di Sales per gli esterni'', Regolamento, OE XXIX,2 *1877: ''Regolamento per le case della Società di S. Francesco di Sales'', Regolamento, OE XXIX,3 *1877: ''Regole o Costituzioni della Società di S. Francesco di Sales secondo il decreto di approvazione del 3 aprile 1874'', Costituzioni, OE XXIX,4 *1877: ''Bareris Giulio, La Repubblica Argentina e la Patagonia. Lettere dei Missionari Salesiani'', Missioni, OE XXIX,5 *1877: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1878'', Almanacco, OE XXIX,6 *1877: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1877'', Società Salesiana, OE XXIX,7 *1877: ''Capitolo Generale della Congregazione Salesiana da convocarsi in Lanzo nel prossimo settembre 1877'', Società Salesiana, OE XXVIII,5 *1877: ''Cooperatori Salesiani ossia un modo pratico per giovare al buon costume ed alla civile società'', Cooperatori, OE XXVIII,6 *1877: ''Inaugurazione del Patronato di S. Pietro in Nizza a mare'', Avvenimento, OE XXVIII,7 *1877: ''La nuvoletta del Carmelo'', Maria, OE XXVIII,8 *1878: ''Deliberazioni del Capitolo Generale della Pia Società Salesiana tenuto in Lanzo-Torinese nel settembre 1877'', Società Salesiana, OE XXIX,8 *1878: ''Il più bel fiore del Collegio Apostolico ossia la elezione di Leone XIII'', Papa, OE XXX,1 *1878: ''Regole o Costituzioni per l’Istituto delle Figlie di Maria SS. Ausiliatrice'', Costituzioni, OE XXX,2 *1878: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1878'', Società Salesiana, OE XXX,3 *1878: ''Arrigotti Francesco, Notizie storiche sul convento e sul Santuario di Santa Maria delle Grazie presso Nizza Monferrato'', Storia, OE XXX,4 *1878: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1879'', Almanacco, OE XXX,5 *1878: ''Lotteria di doni diversi a favore dei poveri giovanetti dell’Ospizio di S. Vincenzo de’ Paoli in S. Pier d’Arena'', Lotteria, OE XXX,6 *1879: ''Le scuole di beneficenza dell’Oratorio di S. Francesco di Sales in Torino'', Società Salesiana, OE XXX,7 *1879: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1879'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,1 *1879: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1880'', Almanacco, OE XXXI,2 *1879: ''Lemoyne G. Batt., L’arca dell’alleanza'', Maria, OE XXXI,3 *1879: ''Esposizione alla S. Sede dello stato morale e materiale della Pia Società di S. Francesco di Sales'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,4 *1879: ''L’Oratorio di S. Francesco di Sales'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,5 *1879: ''Scelta di laudi sacre ad uso delle Missioni'', Lodi, OE XXXI,6 *1880: ''Letture amene ed edificanti ossia biografie salesiane'', Biografia, OE XXXI,7 *1880: ''Società di S. Francesco di Sales. Anno 1880'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXI,8 *1880: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1881'', Almanacco, OE XXXI,9 *1881: ''Breve notizia sullo scopo della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXII,1 *1881: ''Biografie. Confratelli chiamati da Dio alla vita eterna nell’anno 1880'', Necrologio, OE XXXII,2 *1881: ''Eccellentissimo Consigliere di Stato'', Lettera, OE XXXII,3 *1881: ''Esposizione del sacerdote Giovanni Bosco agli eminentissimi Cardinali della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXII,4 *1881: ''Favori e grazie spirituali concessi dalla Santa Sede alla Pia Società'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXII,5 *1881: ''L’aritmetica ed il sistema metrico (settima edizione)'', Sistema metrico, OE XXXII,6 *1881: ''Arpa cattolica o raccolta di laudi sacre in onore dei santi e delle sante'', Lodi, OE XXXII,8 *1881: ''Arpa cattolica o raccolta di laudi sacre in onore di Gesù Cristo, di Maria Santissima e dei santi'', Lodi, OE XXXII,9 *1882: ''Biografie 1881'', Necrologio, OE XXXII,10 *1882: ''Biographie du jeune Louis Fleury Antoine Colle'', Biografia, OE XXXII,11 *1882: ''Arpa cattolica o raccolta di laudi sacre sulla passione sulle feste principali e sui novissimi'', Lodi, OE XXXII,7 *1882: ''Deliberazioni del secondo Capitolo Generale della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXIII,1 *1882: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1883'', Almanacco, OE XXXIII,2 *1883: ''Biografie dei Salesiani defunti nel 1882'', Necrologio, OE XXXIII,3 *1883: ''La figlia cristiana provveduta (quarta edizione), Educazione alla fede, OE XXXIII,4 *1883: ''Il cattolico nel secolo [terza edizione]'', Catechismo, OE XXXIV,1 *1883: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1884'', Almanacco, OE XXXIV,2 *1884: ''Cenni sulla vita del giovane Luigi Comollo [seconda edizione]'', Biografia, OE XXXV,1 *1884: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1885'', Almanacco, OE XXXV,2 *1885: ''Il giovane provveduto (101ª edizione), Educazione alla fede, OE XXXV,3 *1885: ''Breve notizia sullo scopo della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVI,1 *1885: ''Biografie dei Salesiani defunti negli anni 1883 e 1884'', Necrologio, OE XXXVI,2 *1886: ''Il Galantuomo pel 1886'', Almanacco, OE XXXVI,3 *1887: ''Deliberazioni del secondo Capitolo Generale delle Figlie di Maria SS. Ausiliatrice'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVI,4 *1887: ''Deliberazioni del terzo e quarto Capitolo Generale della Pia Società Salesiana'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVI,5 *1887: ''La Storia d’Italia (18ª edizione)'', Storia, OE XXXVII,1 *1888: ''Elenchus privilegiorum'', Società Salesiana, OE XXXVII,2 === Barua === * Eugenio Ceria, ''Epistolario di San Giovanni Bosco'', volumi quattro. Dall'anno 1835 al 1880, SEI, Torino 1955-1959; <ref>Sehemu chache zimetafsiriwa katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 45-47</ref> * ''Epistolario. 1., 1835-1863. (1-726)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 1991; * ''Epistolario. 2., 1864-1868. (727-1263)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 1996; * ''Epistolario. 3., 1869-1872, (1264-1714)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 1999; * ''Epistolario. 4., 1873-1875, (1715-2243)'', introduzione, testi critici e note a cura di Francesco Motto, Roma, LAS, 2003; ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Tanbihi == {{marejeo}} == Filamu == * ''[[Don Bosco (film 1935)|Don Bosco]]'', film, regia di [[Goffredo Alessandrini]], con Gian Paolo Rosmino, Maria Vincenza Stiffi, Roberto Pasetti, Ferdinando Mayer, Vittorio Vaser, Felice Minotti, [[1935]]; * ''[[Don Bosco (film 1988)|Don Bosco]]'', film, regia di [[Leandro Castellani]], con [[Ben Gazzara]], [[Patsy Kensit]], [[Piera Degli Esposti]], [[Philippe Leroy]], [[1988]]; * ''[[Don Bosco (miniserie televisiva)|Don Bosco]]'', sceneggiato in due puntate, regia di [[Lodovico Gasparini]], con [[Flavio Insinna]] e [[Lina Sastri]]. [[Raiuno]], [[22 settembre|22]]-[[23 settembre]] [[2004]]; * ''[[Giovanni, il ragazzo del sogno]]'', film, regia di [[Giuseppe Rolando]], con P. Bramante, [[2005]]. ==Marejeo kwa [[Kiswahili]]== * YOHANE BOSCO, Mtindo wa Malezi-Kinga katika Elimu ya Vijana – tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1988 – ISBN 9976-67-036-2 * S. MATTAPALLY, S.D.B., Don Bosko, Mtu wa Mungu, mtu kwa vijana – tafsiri ya T. Ngalalekumtwa – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1989 – ISBN 9976-67-035-4 * P. AVALLONE, S.D.B. Akili Dini na Ufadhili, Mbinu za Malezi ya Mtakatifu Don Bosco – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1991 – ISBN 9976-67-52-4 * J. BACCHIARELLO, Njozi Arobaini za Don Bosco, tafsiri ya G. Kibodya - BPNP 1991, ISBN 9976-67-047-8 * P. LAPPIN, Mama Don Bosco, Miale ya Jua Kivulini (Mama Margarita) – tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1993 – ISBN 9976-67-077-x * P. LAPPIN, Dominiko Savio (Mtakatifu aliye Kijana) – tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1994 – ISBN 9976-67-085-0 * P. LAPPIN, Hekaya za Don Bosco, tafsiri ya G. Kibodya – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1994 – ISBN 9976-67-076-1 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 38-39 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 31-33 ==Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * {{cite book|first=Giovanni|last=Bosco|title=Memoirs of the Oratory|location=New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Don Bosco Publications|year=1989|isbn=0899441394}} * {{cite book|last=Amadei|first=Angelo|coauthors=Giovanni Battista Lemoyne, Eugenio Ceria|title=Biographical Memoirs of St. John Bosco|location=New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Don Bosco Publications|year=1965-2004}}. These volumes translate {{cite book|last=id.|title=Memorie Biografiche di San Giovanni Bosco, 19 vol.|location=Turin|publisher=SEI|year=1898-1939}} * {{cite book|first=François|last=Desramaut|title=Don Bosco et son Temps|location=Turin|publisher=SEI|year=1996}} * {{cite book|first=Arthur J.|last=Lenti|title=Don Bosco: History and Spirit|location=Rome|publisher=LAS|year=2007-}} A projected 7-volume series, 4 published to date. * {{cite book|first=Pietro|last=Stella|title=Don Bosco: Religious Outlook and Spirituality|url=https://archive.org/details/donboscoreligiou0000stel|location=New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Salesiana Publishers|year=1996|others=John Drury|isbn=0899441629}} * {{cite book|first=Morand|last=Wirth|title=Don Bosco and the Salesians''. New Rochelle, New York|publisher=Don Bosco Publications|year=1982}} Translation of {{cite book|last=id.|title=Don Bosco e i Salesiani: Centocinquant'anni di storia| location=Turin|publisher=SEI|year=1969}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.sdb.org/ Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (multi-lingual website)] * [http://www.sdb.ph/ Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (Philippine North)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sdb.ph/ |date=20080908025124 }} * [http://www.donbosco-fis.org/ Salesians of Don Bosco Official Website (Philippine South)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.donbosco-fis.org/ |date=20120209082106 }} * [http://www.salesians.org.uk/ Salesians of the UK] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027041735/http://geocities.com/salcollbatt/ UK Salesian (alumnus) website] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/07_10_1815-1888-_Bosco,_Giovanni,_Sanctus.html Don Bosco's important writings in original language] * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Statues/Founders/JohnBosco/John%20Bosco.htm Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica] * [http://www.donboscosanto.eu Published Writings (italian)] * [http://www.spysmalta.org/ SPYS - Salesian Pastoral Youth Service] * [http://catholicism.org/don-bosco.html Saint John Bosco: Modern Apostle of Youth] by the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary * [http://www.boscosevakendra.org/ - Development office of the Salesian Province of St.Joseph, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA ( INH )] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boscosevakendra.org/ |date=20120403124342 }} * [http://www.dailynews.lk/epaper/art.asp?id=2011/11/21/pg19_4&pt=p&h= Who is Don Bosco?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/epaper/art.asp?id=2011%2F11%2F21%2Fpg19_4&pt=p&h= |date=20121105180114 }} * [http://www.thisgoldenarrow.com Dream of the Great Ship - Interpretations of Saint John Bosco's Dream of the Two Columns] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thisgoldenarrow.com/ |date=20090124212441 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosco, John}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1815]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1888]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Wasalesiani]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 86dbay1crjk6ckxaiso1hdk59ctpghb 0 5576 1577245 1483749 2026-06-28T06:44:10Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mushonge Museum, Kamachumu Plateau, Kagera Region, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|420x420px|Mushonge Museum, Kamachumu Plateau, Mkoa wa Kagera, TZ.]] '''Wahaya''' ni [[kabila]] la [[watu]] linalopatikana katika [[Mkoa wa Kagera]], Kaskazini Magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]], kandokando ya [[Ziwa Victoria]] hadi mpakani kwa [[Uganda]]. [[Lugha]] yao ni [[Kihaya]]. Kabila hilo ndilo linalojulikana kuliko yote ya mkoa wa Kagera, ila ndani yake kuna vijikabila vidogovidogo, kama vile Waziba wa [[Kiziba]], Wahamba wa Kihanja, Wayoza wa Kyamutwara (eneo hili linaunganisha Manispaa ya Bukoba) Wakala wa Maruku na Waendangabo wa [[Bugabo]], Wanyaiyangilo wa [[Muleba]], Wasubi wa [[Biharamulo]], [[Walongo]] wa [[Geita]]. Wengine huwafananisha na Wanyambo wa [[Karagwe]] na [[Kyerwa]]. Lakini kimsingi ni makabila mawili tofauti yenye ukaribu: hutofautiana kuanzia historia Yao, lafudhi mpaka majina ya vitu. Tofauti kati ya vijikabila zinatambulika kutokana na mabadiliko madogo madogo tu ya maneno na pia [[lafudhi]] ya Kihaya ya hiyo sehemu, [[chakula]], [[ngoma za asili]], majina ya asili. Mfano: [[Kiazi kitamu|Viazi vitamu]] (Kiswahili) = ebitakuli (Kiziba) = enfuma (Kihamba, Kiyoza na Kinyaihangilo). Wahaya ni maarufu kwa [[uzalishaji]] wa [[ndizi]] na [[kahawa]]. Ni kabila ambalo hupenda sifa, kujisifu na kusifiwa. Pia kabila hilo halitasahaulika kwa jinsi walivyopata shida [[mwaka]] [[1978]] kutokana na [[vita vya Kagera]]. Elimu: kuingia kwa [[wamisionari]] katika [[karne ya 19]] ambao walianzisha [[shule]] nyingi za awali na za kati ambapo ilibidi mtu [[Ubatizo|abatizwe]] ili aweze kupata [[elimu]]. [[Wazazi]] wengi walipeleka [[watoto]] wao kubatizwa na hapo kukaanza mvutano, sababu wamisionari walikuwa [[Wakatoliki]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uswisi]] na [[Walutheri]] kutoka [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uholanzi]]. Ndipo kukaanza mashindano ya kuanzisha shule nyingi ili kupata waumini wengi. Wamisionari pia wakawa mstari wa mbele kufungua [[hospitali]] nyingi kila wilaya na [[chuo cha ufundi|vyuo vya ufundi]]. Ndiyo maana maeneo hayo ya Kagera elimu ni ya juu kwa wakazi wake na huduma za [[afya]] kuliko mikoa jirani. Na [[kilimo]] cha [[kahawa]] kiliwapa wenyeji fedha za kujenga [[nyumba]] bora na kupeleka watoto wao kwenye elimu ya juu zaidi. Pia kulianzishwa chama cha ushirika cha [[mkoa]] ambacho kilianzisha shule za watoto wa [[wakulima]] kuwasomesha na kutoa mikopo. Eneo hilo lilizidi kurutubishwa kushinda maeneo mengine mengi ya nchi kutoa Uchagga. Pia wamisionari walianzisha shule za [[utawa]], [[seminari]] na chuo cha kutoa [[Padri|mapadri]] wao wenyewe. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-utamaduni-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]]. nv8tcwmx1ik61h445jkiros14gagwo1 0 5771 1577080 1529187 2026-06-27T12:27:58Z Mariam Magembe 90539 Nimeongeza picha 1577080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kid at work.jpg|thumb|Machinga wa vinywaji baridi akiwa kazini]] '''Wamachinga''' ni [[kabila]] la watu wa [[Tanzania]] wanaoishi katika [[Mkoa wa Lindi]], [[wilaya]] za [[Wilaya ya Kilwa|Kilwa]] na [[Wilaya ya Lindi vijijini|Lindi]]. [[Lugha]] yao ni [[Kimachinga]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Historia {{!}} Lindi Region|url=https://lindi.go.tz/historia|work=lindi.go.tz|accessdate=2024-01-13}}</ref> Inasadikiwa asili ya kabila hili ni kandokando ya [[ziwa Mkoe]], hasa [[mto Mbwemkuru]] unapoingia [[Bahari|baharini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wamachinga ni kabila la watu wa Tanzania wanaoishi katika Mkoa wa Lindi, wilaya za Kilwa na Lindi|url=https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/wamachinga-ni-kabila-la-watu-wa-tanzania-wanaoishi-katika-mkoa-wa-lindi-wilaya-za-kilwa-na-lindi.1925048/|work=JamiiForums|date=2021-10-25|accessdate=2024-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Wamachinga katika biashara== [[Picha:Handicrafts street-sellers in Huaraz.JPG|thumb|[[Wachuuzi]] aina ya Wamachinga huko [[Huaraz]].]] Kwa kipindi cha [[karne ya 20]] na [[Karne ya 21|21]] wamekuwa maarufu katika [[Miji|miji]] mbalimbali kwa kuuza [[bidhaa]], hasa [[nguo]] za [[mitumba]], wakiwa wamezishika [[Mikono|mikononi]] wakisaka [[mteja|wateja]]. Hali hii imepelekea [[wafanyabiashara]] wa namna hiyo wote kuitwa Wamachinga ingawa baada ya muda mfupi mtindo huu wa [[biashara]] ulianza kuhusisha watu wa [[rika]] na makabila tofauti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hoja Potofu Kumi na Tano Kuhusu Wamachinga|url=https://sautiyaujamaa.wordpress.com/2021/10/22/hoja-potofu-kumi-na-tano-kuhusu-wamachinga/|work=SAUTI YA UJAMAA|date=2021-10-22|accessdate=2024-01-13|language=en|author=Sauti Ya Ujamaa}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-utamaduni-TZ}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Machinga}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Lindi]] cmlxffv94vi1dagfy1a7r3z1gtjbkk8 0 6899 1577075 1119462 2026-06-27T12:25:19Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Serengeti sunset-1001.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Serengeti]] '''Serengeti''' ni jina la: *[[Wilaya ya Serengeti]] ndani ya [[Mkoa wa Mara]], *[[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]]. {{maana}}. [[Jamii:Tanzania]]. [[Jamii:Makala zinazotofautisha maana]]. g1hxn3tgryie95ud52s3edkabx5uoax 1577103 1577075 2026-06-27T12:38:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gladys Gibbs|Gladys Gibbs]] 1119462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Serengeti sunset-1001.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Serengeti]] '''Serengeti''' ni jina la: *[[Wilaya ya Serengeti]] ndani ya [[Mkoa wa Mara]], *[[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]]. {{maana}} [[Jamii:Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Makala zinazotofautisha maana]] mwp97nxvw59r2eru9l0ortonotkwtp3 0 12727 1577026 1576990 2026-06-27T12:04:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1573514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:George H W Bush and Pope John Paul II (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Mtakatifu Yohane Paulo II.]] '''Papa Yohane Paulo II''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: Ioannes Paulus PP. II; kwa [[Kiitalia]]: Giovanni Paolo II; kwa [[Kipolandi]]: Jan Paweł II; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: John Paul II; [[18 Mei]] [[1920]] - [[2 Aprili]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] wa 264 kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] [[1978]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> akidumu katika [[huduma]] hiyo kirefu kuliko Mapapa wengine wote, isipokuwa [[Mtume Petro]] na [[Papa Pius IX]]. Alitokea [[Wadowice]], [[Krakow]], [[Polandi]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> Alimfuata [[Papa Yohane Paulo I]] akiwa Papa wa kwanza asiye [[Italia|Mwitalia]] tangu miaka 455 iliyopita, wakati wa [[Uholanzi|Mholanzi]] [[Papa Adrian VI]] ([[1522]] - [[1523]]), tena Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Polandi]] (na ma[[kabila]] yoyote ya [[Waslavi]]) katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Alifuatwa na [[Papa Benedikto XVI]]. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa '''Karol Józef Wojtyła''' (matamshi: ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔiˈtɨwa). Wengi wanamhesabu kati ya watu walioathiri zaidi [[karne ya 20]], hasa kwa sababu tangu mwanzo wa Upapa wake alipambana na [[Ukomunisti]] uliotesa nchi yake asili na nyinginezo, akachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kikomo chake na kusambaratika kwa [[Urusi]].<ref name="CBCNews">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|title=Pope stared down Communism in homeland - and won|date=Aprili 2005|author=CBC News Online|publisher=Religion News Service|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406174046/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archivedate=2005-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Berlin Wall">{{cite web |url=http://www.writespirit.net/authors/pope_john_paul_ii/pope_john_paul_fall_berlin_wall|title=Pope John Paul II and the Fall of the Berlin Wall|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2008 Tejvan Pettinger, Oxford, UK}}</ref><ref name="Bottum">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp|title=John Paul the Great|last=Bottum|first=Joseph|date=18 Aprili 2005|work=Weekly Standard|pages=1–2|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2009-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706015929/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp}}</ref><ref name="Chronicle2">{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=[[London]]|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw/page/234 234]|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Gorbachev">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/03/pope.gorbachev/index.html|title=Gorbachev: Pope was ‘example to all of us’|date=4 Aprili 2005|work=[[CNN]] |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Memory">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/legacy/index.html|title=John Paul II: A strong moral vision|date=11 Februari 2005|publisher=CNN |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Vilevile alilaumu [[ubepari]] wa nchi za [[magharibi]]<ref>Hastings, Adrian; Alistair Mason; Hugh S. Pyper ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'' Oxford University Press 2000 p. 95 [http://books.google.com/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=Pope+John+Paul+II+criticism+of+capitalism&source=bl&ots=WZvlD5z3nN&sig=5uwyFimxfwqpl-8r_-4UNLBTrQg&hl=en&ei=iZ2rTYeBJMXLgQe98bXzBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCTgy#v=onepage&q=Pope%20John%20Paul%20II%20criticism%20of%20capitalism&f=false Online version] available at [[Google Books]]</ref><ref>Magister, Sandro [http://www.simplysharing.com/pope.htm "Fighting the Faithless West"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.simplysharing.com/pope.htm |date=20110811051240 }} ''The Sunday Oregonian'' 3 Aprili 2005 Retrieved 17 Aprili 2011</ref> na kudai [[haki]] katika jamii zote, akitetea hasa [[uhai]] wa [[binadamu]] na [[uhuru wa dini]]. Upande wa [[dini]], aliboresha uhusiano kati ya Kanisa Katoliki na [[madhehebu]] mengine ya [[Ukristo]]<ref name="Anglican1">{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/news.cfm/2005/4/8/ACNS3967|title=Anglican tributes to Pope John Paul II|work=[http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ Anglican Communion Office]|publisher= Anglican Consultative Council|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> pamoja na ule na dini mbalimbali, kuanzia [[Uyahudi]], [[Ubuddha|Ubudha]], [[Uislamu]]<ref name="AIJAC">{{cite web|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/?id=articles&_action=showArticleDetails&articleID=526|title=AIJAC expresses sorrow at Pope's passing|date=4 Aprili 2005|publisher=[[Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>. Ziara zake 104 kati nchi 129 ulimwenguni kote, mbali na 146 nchini [[Italia]] na 317 katika [[parokia]] za [[Roma]], zilikusanya mara nyingi umati mkubwa (hadi zaidi ya milioni 4 huko [[Manila]], [[Ufilipino]], mwishoni mwa [[siku ya kimataifa ya vijana]]), na kumfanya asafiri kuliko jumla ya mapapa wote waliomtangulia, akiwa mmojawapo kati ya [[viongozi]] wa dunia waliosafiri zaidi. Papa Wojtyła alitangaza [[wenye heri]] 1,340 na [[watakatifu]] 483, ili kuwapa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa leo vielelezo mbalimbali kwa maisha yao ili walenge [[utakatifu]] walioitiwa na [[Mungu]].<ref name="USCCB_Bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml |title=Pope John Paul II: A Light for the World |accessdate=2009-01-01 |publisher=United States Council of Catholic Bishops |year=2003 |archivedate=2011-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624073359/http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml }}</ref><ref name="Moore1">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html|title=Pope John Paul II on course to become Saint in record time|last=Moore|first=Malcolm|date=22 Mei 2008|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref> Idadi hiyo ni kubwa kuliko ile ya waliotangazwa na jumla ya Mapapa wote waliomtangulia walau katika karne tano za mwisho.<ref name="Hollingshead">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/01/catholicism.religion|title=Whatever happened to ... canonising John Paul II?|last=Hollingshead |first=Iain |authorlink=Iain Hollingshead |date=1 Aprili 2006|work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="Gertz">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/octoberweb-only/10-20-52.0.html|title=Christian History Corner: John Paul II's Canonisation Cannon|last=Gertz|first=Steven|date=10 Januari 2003|work=[[Christianity Today]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Beatifications">{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/pope/beatify.htm#10|title=Beatifications During Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate, 1988|last=Walsh|first=Sister Mary Ann|work=From: ‘John Paul II: A Light for the World’, [http://www.popebook.com/ Popebook.com]|publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2008-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211002153/http://www.usccb.org/pope/beatify.htm#10}}</ref><ref name="Vatican1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/index_saints_en.html|title=Table of the Canonisations during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II|publisher=[[The Holy See]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>''Whether John Paul II canonised more saints than all previous popes put together is difficult to prove, as the records of many early canonisations are incomplete, missing, or inaccurate.''</ref> Alikuwa anaongea lugha mbalimbali, zikiwemo za Kipolandi, Kiitalia, [[Kifaransa]], [[Kijerumani]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]], [[Kireno]], [[Kiukraina]], [[Kirusi]], [[Kiserbokroatia]], [[Kiesperanto]], [[Kilatini]] na [[Kigiriki cha kale]].<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web|url=http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm|title=Pope John Paul II|date=20 Oktoba 2008|publisher=The Robinson Library|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135430/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm|=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135430/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm}}</ref> Yohane Paulo II alitangazwa na [[mwandamizi]] wake [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] kuwa [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[1 Mei]] [[2011]],<ref name="CC1">{{cite web|url= http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4969|title=Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : SPECIAL: Popes Pius XII, John Paul II declared 'venerable'|work=catholicculture.org|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="CathLife">{{cite web|url= http://acatholiclife.blogspot.com/2009/12/pope-pius-xii-john-paul-ii-declared.html|title=A Catholic Life: Pope Pius XII, John Paul II Declared Venerable|work=acatholiclife.blogspot.com|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="VenJP">{{cite web|url= http://www.piercedhearts.org/jpii/venerable_jpii.htm|title=Venerable John Paul II|date=19 December 2009work=piercedhearts.org|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="CNA2">{{cite web|url= http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood/|title=John Paul II declared [[Venerable]], moves one step closer to sainthood :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)|work=catholicnewsagency.com|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="BBC-beatify">{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423|title=Pope paves way to beatification of John Paul II|work=bbc.news.co.uk|accessdate=2011-01-14}} </ref> halafu [[Papa Fransisko]] akamtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[27 Aprili]] [[2014]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[22 Oktoba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90026</ref>, kulingana na siku ya kuanza rasmi huduma yake ya Kipapa kwa Misa iliyofanyika katika uwanja mbele ya [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]], [[Vatikani]]. == Maisha == === Miaka ya kwanza === [[Picha:Emilia and Karol Wojtyla wedding portrait.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Picha ya [[ndoa]] ya wazazi wake Emilia na Karol Wojtyla Sr.]] [[Picha:Geb-Haus Papst.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya [[familia]] yake huko [[Wadowice]].]] [[Picha:Dom Rodzinny Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II w Wadowicach1.JPG|thumb|upright|Ua wa nyumba yake.]] Karol Józef Wojtyła alizaliwa [[Wadowice]]<ref name="ShortBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html|title= His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography |date=30 Juni 2005|work=Vatican Press Office|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> nchini [[Polandi]] akiwa mtoto wa tatu na wa mwisho wa Karol Wojtyła,<ref name="CNN6">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html|title=Pope John Paul II 1920-2005|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-01-01|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116090409/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Emilia Kaczorowska, ambaye alikuwa na asili ya [[Lithuania|Kilithuania]], akafariki tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1929]],<ref name="CBN">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/KarolWojtylaPopeJohnPaulTimeline.aspx| title= Karol Wojtyła (Pope John Paul II) Timeline|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]]}}</ref>. Dada yake Olga alikufa kabla Karol hajazaliwa; hivyo, alihusiana sana na kaka yake Edmund, mpaka huyo alipokufa kwa [[tetekuwanga]] kutokana na kazi yake ya [[udaktari]]. Akiwa kijana, Karol alipenda sana [[spoti]] akacheza mara nyingi [[kandanda]] kama [[kipa]].<ref name="CNNBio">{{cite web |url=http://popejohnpaul.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=1 |title=Pope John Paul the most revered human being on earth popejohnpaul.com |publisher=popejohnpaul.com |accessdate=2009-01-01 |archivedate=2021-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505021045/http://popejohnpaul.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=1 }}</ref> Miaka ya malezi yake iliathiriwa na uhusiano mkubwa na [[Wayahudi]] wengi wa Wadowice. Mara nyingi kulikuwa na [[mechi]] kati ya Wakatoliki na Wayahudi, naye alijitolea kuwa kipa wa Wayahudi timu yao ilipopungukiwa wachezaji. Katikati ya mwaka [[1938]], Karol na baba yake walihamia [[Kraków]], alipojiunga na [[chuo kikuu]] maarufu cha "[[Jagiellonian University]]". Huko akisoma [[filolojia]] na lugha 12 tofauti, alijitolea kusaidia kama [[mkutubi]]. Alipolazimishwa kujiunga na [[jeshi]] (36th Infantry Regiment (Polandi)|Academic Legion), alikataa kufyatua risasi. Pia aliigiza na kutunga mwenyewe [[tamthilia]]. Mwaka [[1939]] [[Ujerumani]] wa [[Hitler]] ulivamia Polandi ukafunga chuo kikuu hicho, huku [[wanaume]] wote wakidaiwa kufanya kazi. Hivyo, tangu mwaka [[1940]] hadi [[1944]], Karol alifanya kazi mbalimbali za mikono asije akahamishiwa katika [[makambi ya KZ]].<ref name="ShortBio"/> Baba yake alifariki kwa mpasuko wa moyo mwaka [[1941]], akimuacha peke yake.<ref name="CNN6"/><ref name="CBN"/><ref name = "Stourton5">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/60 60] |year=2006}}</ref> Miaka 40 baadaye alisema,''"Sikuwepo mama alipofariki, sikuwepo kaka alipofariki, sikuwepo baba alipofariki. Kufikia umri wa miaka 20 nilikuwa nimeshapoteza wapenzi wangu wote"''.<ref name = "Stourton5"/> Ndipo alipoanza kufikiria sana [[wito]] wa [[upadri]], ambao polepole ukawa ''‘jambo la ndani lenye hakika ya hali ya juu’''.<ref name = "Stourton6">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/63 63] |year=2006}}</ref> Kwa sababu hiyo, mnamo Oktoba [[1942]], alipiga hodi kwenye nyumba ya [[askofu mkuu] wa [[Kraków]], [[kardinali]] [[Adam Stefan Sapieha]], akaomba asomee upadri.<ref name = "Stourton6"/> Mapema akawa anasoma kwa siri katika [[seminari]] iliyoendeshwa huko kwa maficho. Tarehe [[29 Februari]] [[1944]], Karol aligongwa na [[lori]] la Kijerumani. Tofauti na kawaida, alipelekwa [[hospitali]]ni alipotibiwa wiki mbili. Kunusurika ajali hiyo kulimthibitisha katika wito wake. Tarehe [[6 Agosti]] [[1944]], ‘Black Sunday’, [[askari]] wa [[Gestapo]] walijaribu kukamata wavulana wote wa Kraków wasije wakaanza mapambano dhidi yao<ref name="George Weigel 2001, page 71">[[#Weigel02|George Weigel, "Witness to Hope" - HarperCollins Publishers 2001, page 71]]</ref> kama ilivyotokea [[Warsaw]].<ref name="Norman">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw |url=https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm|publisher=[[Viking Penguin]] |location=80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm/page/253 253]–254|isbn=0-670-03284-0|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="George Weigel 2001, pages 71-21">[[#Weigel02|George Weigel, "Witness to Hope" - HarperCollins Publishers 2001, pages 71-21]]</ref> Karol alifaulu kufichama katika andaki la nyumba iliyokaguliwa na askari, wakati vijana zaidi ya elfu nane walikamatwa siku hiyo.<ref name = "Stourton6"/><ref name="George Weigel 2001, page 71"/><ref name="Norman"/> Halafu akafichama nyumbani kwa askofu mkuu hadi Wajerumani walipofukuzwa tarehe [[17 Januari]] [[1945]].<ref name="Davies72">[[#Davies72|Norman Davies, Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw - Viking Penguin 2004, pages 253-254]]</ref> Hapo wanafunzi waliteka [[seminari]], naye akajitolea kusafisha vyoo vilivyojaa mavi ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Weigel">''Witness to Hope'', [[George Weigel]], [[HarperCollins]] (1999, 2001) ISBN 0-06-018793-X.</ref> Mwezi huohuo, alimuokoa Edith Zierer, binti Myahudi wa miaka 14 ambaye alikuwa amekimbia kambi la [[Częstochowa]] lakini akazimia kwenye [[reli]].<ref name="EdithZ">{{cite web|url=http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html|title=Profile of Edith Zierier (1946)|work=Voices of the Holocaust|publisher=2000 Paul V. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419140949/http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html|archivedate=2008-04-19}}</ref> Karol akampandisha juu ya treni na kumfikisha salama mjini Kraków.<ref name="CNNLive">{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/08/se.01.html|title=CNN Live event transcript|date= 8 Aprili 2005 |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>Roberts, Genevieve., [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215035053/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050403/ai_n13509294 "The death of Pope John Paul II: `He saved my life - with tea, bread'"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 3 Aprili 2005, Retrieved on 2007-06-17.</ref><ref>Cohen, Roger., [http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm " The Polish Seminary Student and the Jewish Girl He Saved"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm |date=20140209190231 }}, ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', 6 Aprili 2005, Retrieved on 2007-06-17.</ref> [[B'nai B'rith]] na makundi mengine ya Kiyahudi yamethibitisha kuwa Karol aliokoa wengine vilevile dhidi ya [[dhuluma]] ya [[Wanazi]]. === Upadri === [[Picha:Karol Wojtyla-wikary w Niegowici.jpg|thumb|Karol Wojtyła akiwa padri huko [[Niegowić]], Polandi, mwaka [[1948]].]] Kisha kumaliza masomo yake seminarini, tarehe [[1 Novemba]] [[1946]] Karol alipewa [[upadirisho]] na kardinali Adam Stefan Sapieha.<ref name = "Stourton7">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London|isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/71 71] |year=2006}}</ref><ref name = "Vatican2">{{cite web| url =http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1946 | title =His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate| publisher =Holy See | accessdate =1 Januari 2008}}</ref> Baada ya hapo alitumwa [[Roma]] akasome [[teolojia]] kwenye [[chuo kikuu cha Kipapa]] ''[[Angelicum]]'',<ref name = "Stourton7"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/> alipojipatia [[digrii]] ya pili na ya tatu katika teolojia. Udaktari huo, ambao ulifuatwa na mwingine, ulipatikana kwa kuchambua ''Fundisho la [[Imani]] kadiri ya Mt. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]]''. Akirudi Polandi katikati ya mwaka 1948 alipangiwa kazi yake ya kichungaji ya kwanza katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Niegowić]], maili 15 kutoka Kraków. Alipofika huko tu, alipiga magoti na kubusu ardhi kama atakapofanya mara nyingi katika safari zake za kimataifa akifika kwenye nchi fulani.<ref name="Chronicle">{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw/page/233 233]|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6}}</ref> Tendo hilo liliiga lile la mtakatifu [[Jean Marie Baptiste Vianney]].<ref name="Chronicle"/> [[Picha:Facade of the main entrance of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) (19May07).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Chuo kikuu cha ''Angelicum'' mjini Roma.]] Mnamo Machi [[1949]] alihamishiwa [[parokia]] ya [[Mtakatifu Florian]] mjini Kraków, akaanza kufundisha [[maadili]] katika [[Jagiellonian University]] halafu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki cha Lublin]]. Wakati huo alikusanya vijana 20 hivi walioanza kujiita ''Rodzinka'', "familia ndogo". Walikuwa wakikutana kwa [[sala|kusali]], kujadili [[falsafa]], na kusaidia [[vipofu]] na [[wagonjwa]]. Polepole kundi hilo lilifikia washiriki 200 hivi, nao wakajiongezea michezo na spoti. Mwaka [[1954]] alipata udaktari wa pili katika falsafa,<ref>[[#Stourton03|Edward Stourton, "John Paul II: Man of History" - Hodder & Stoughton 2006, page 97]]</ref> kwa kutathmini uwezekano wa kufundisha maadili ya Kikatoliki kwa kutumia [[fenomenolojia]] ya [[Max Scheler]]. Lakini serikali ya Kikomunisti ilimzuia asipewe digri hiyo mpaka mwaka 1957.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Wakati huo, Wojtyła aliandika mfululizo wa makala kuhusu mada za Kikanisa katika [[gazeti]] la kila wiki la [[dayosisi|jimbo]] ''[[Tygodnik Powszechny]]''.<ref name="Zenit5">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english|title=John Paul II to Publish First Poetic Work as Pope|date=7 Januari 2003|publisher=ZENIT Innovative Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180119/http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english|archivedate=2014-01-16}}</ref> Katika miaka 12 ya kwanza ya upadri wake alitunga pia [[fasihi]] mpya mbalimbali kuhusu [[vita]], hali ya maisha chini ya Ukomunisti, majukumu ya kichungaji n.k. Lakini alichapisha maandishi hayo kwa kutumia [[jina la bandia]] Andrzej Jawień au Stanisław Andrzej Gruda<ref name="Zenit5"/><ref name="Landry">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicity.com/commentary/landry/00452.html|title=God, the Pope and Michelangelo|last=Landry|first=Fr. Roger J. |date=22 Aprili 2005|publisher=CatholiCity.com |author=The Mary Foundation |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> – tofauti na maandishi yake ya kidini yaliyotolewa kwa jina lake halisi.<ref name="Zenit5"/><ref name="Landry"/> Mwaka [[1960]], Wojtyła alitoa kitabu muhimu cha [[maadilidini]] ''[[Love and Responsibility]]'', akitetea mafundisho ya Kanisa Katoliki kuhusu ndoa kwa kutumia mtazamo wa kifalsafa.<ref name="Wojtyła">[[#Wojtyła69|Wojtyła, Karol. ''Love and Responsibility'']]: 1981</ref> === Askofu na kardinali === [[Picha:Karol Wojtyła - wizytacja zakonu oo. Karmelitów na Piasku w Krakowie 1967.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Juni 1967, akiwa [[askofu]] lakini si kardinali bado.]] Tarehe [[4 Julai]] [[1958]],<ref name = "Vatican2"/> alipokuwa likizo, [[Papa Pius XII]] alimteua [[askofu msaidizi]] wa Kraków. Aliitwa [[Warsaw]] akutane na [[Mkuu wa Maaskofu]] wa Polandi, kardinali [[Stefan Wyszyński]], aliyemuarifu kuhusu uteuzi huo.<ref name = "Rise">{{cite book |first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II |title=Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way |url=https://archive.org/details/riseletusbeonour00john |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2004 Warner Books |isbn=0-446-57781-2 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name = "Stourton8">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/103 103] |year=2006}}</ref> Kisha kukubali kuwa msaidizi wa [[askofu mkuu]] [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], alipewa [[daraja]] ya [[uaskofu]] (akitumia jina la jimbo la zamani la [[Ombi]]) tarehe [[28 Septemba]] 1958.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Akiwa na miaka 38 tu, alikuwa kijana kuliko maaskofu wote wa Polandi. Baada ya kifo cha Baziak mnamo Juni [[1962]], tarehe [[16 Julai]], Karol Wojtyła alichaguliwa asimamie jimbo kama ''Vicar Capitular''.<ref name="ShortBio"/> Wojtyła alishiriki toka mwanzo hadi mwisho [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano]] (1962–[[1965]]),<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/> akichangia hasa hati ''[[Dignitatis Humanae]]'' na ''[[Gaudium et Spes]]''.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Baadaye Wojtyła alishiriki pia vikao vyote vya [[Sinodi ya Maaskofu]].<ref name="ShortBio"/> Tarehe [[13 Januari]] [[1964]], [[Papa Paulo VI]] alimteua [[askofu mkuu]] wa [[Kraków]].<ref name="VaticanNewsService">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html |title= Short biography |publisher=www.vatican.va |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> Halafu, tarehe [[26 Juni]] [[1967]], Paulo VI alimteua kardinali<ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="VaticanNewsService"/> akapewa [[kanisa]] la [[San Cesareo in Palatio]].<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.com/churches/cardinal/130.htm Cardinal Deaconry S. Cesareo in Palatio] Giga Catholic Information</ref> Mwaka 1967 alichangia pia hati ''[[Humanae Vitae]]'' iliyokataza tena [[utoaji mimba]] na [[teknolojia]] ya [[uzazi wa mpango]].<ref name="Memory"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="HV">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html |title=Humanae Vitae |accessdate=2009-01-01|date=25 Julai 1968}}</ref> === Papa === [[Picha:Coat of arms of Ioannes Paulus II.svg|thumb|130|[[Lebo]] yake yenye [[msalaba]] na chini yake herufi M kumaanisha [[Bikira Maria]], mama wa [[Yesu]] aliyemheshimu sana.]] Mnamo Agosti [[1978]], Wojtyła alishiriki uchaguzi wa [[Papa Yohane Paulo I]], aliyefariki baada ya siku 33 tu.<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="Time1978">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html|title=A "Foreign" Pope|date=30 Oktoba 1978|work=Time magazine|page=1|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104001709/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html}}</ref> Uchaguzi wa pili wa mwaka huo 1978 ulianza tarehe [[14 Oktoba]]<ref name="Time1978b">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html|title=A "Foreign" Pope|date=30 Oktoba 1978|work=Time magazine|page=4|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815090521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html}}</ref><ref name="Time1978b"/> na Wojtyła akashinda walipopiga kura mara ya nane. Hapo alijichaguliwa jina la Yohane Paulo II<ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="Time1978b"/> kwa heshima ya watangulizi wake wa mwisho.<ref name="Time1978"/><ref name = "Stourton10">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/171 171] |year=2006}}</ref><ref name="NewPope">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm|title=New Pope Announced|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name = "Stourton10"/><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/The-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II/12309251197005-5/ 1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II]</ref> Akiwa na miaka 58 tu, alikuwa kijana kuliko Mapapa wote waliochaguliwa baada ya [[Papa Pius IX]] mwaka 1846, aliyekuwa na miaka 54.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> [[Ibada]] ya kuanzia rasmi Upapa wake ilifanyika tarehe [[22 Oktoba]] 1978.<ref name="Vatican-bio-en">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |title=Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II |accessdate=2009-01-01|date=30 Juni 2005}}</ref> === Mafundisho === [[Picha:Pope John Paul II.jpg|thumb|left|Papa Yohane Paulo II mwaka 1985.]] Kama papa, moja kati ya kazi zake muhimu ilikuwa kufundisha imani na maadili. Hakuna Papa aliyewahi kuwahubiria watu wengi zaidi. Katika kupokea watu siku 1160 za [[Jumatano]], alifikia watu 17,600,000. Kati ya [[katekesi]] zake alizowapa, maarufu zaidi ni zile juu ya "Teolojia ya [[Mwili]]". Mbali ya vitabu 5, aliandika hati 85. Katika ''[[Novo Millennio Ineunte]]'' alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuanza upya na [[Kristo]] mwanzoni mwa [[milenia ya tatu]]: "Hatutaokolewa na tamko, bali na Nafsi hai." Katika ''[[Veritatis Splendor]]'' alisisitiza umuhimu wa kujua [[ukweli]] ili kufikia [[uhuru]], badala ya kukubali [[dhana]] ya kuwa [[binadamu]] anaweza kuwa na rai tu. Katika ''[[Fides et Ratio]]'' alionyesha haja ya imani na akili kushirikiana ili kujua ukweli. Yohane Paulo II alitoa mafundisho mengi kuhusu [[jamii]] pia, akitetea heshima ya watu wote, kuanzia [[wanawake]], na umuhimu wa familia: ''Jinsi familia inavyokwenda, ndivyo taifa linavyokwenda na ndivyo ulimwengu tunamoishi unavyokwenda''.<ref name="Memory"/>. Hati nyingine zinahusu ''Injili ya Uhai'' (''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'') na ''Ekumeni'' (''Ut Unum Sint''). === Ziara === {| style="width:100%; background: none;" |- | style="width:20%" | | style="width:21%; vertical-align: top; text-align:justify; padding-left: 10px;" | <ref name="Holy See">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/index.htm|title=The Holy See: ''Jubilee Pilgrimages of the Holy Father'' |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Holy See}}</ref> | style="width:1%" | | style="width:58%; vertical-align: top;" |[[Picha:JPIITravelsMap.svg|400px|thumb|left|Ramani inayoonyesha nchi alizotembelea.<!-- (bad info, John Paul II was in Slovakia three times) -->]] |} [[Picha:John Paul II Polish Parliament 1999 5.jpg|thumb|Ziara kwa [[bunge]] la Polandi tarehe [[11 Juni]] [[1999]].]] Wakati wa upapa wake, Yohane Paulo II alisafiri zaidi ya kilometa milioni 1.1<ref name="Chronicle2"/>, akivutia umati mkubwa sana.<ref name="AsiaNews"/><ref>{{cite web| title=Manila World Youth Day |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref><ref name="AsiaNews">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A|title=The Philippines, 1995: Pope dreams of "the Third Millennium of Asia"|date=4 Aprili 2005|publisher=AsiaNews |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="AsiaNews"/> Safari zake nchini Polandi ziliwatia moyo wananchi kuungana dhidi ya dhuluma za Ukomunisti.<ref name="OnThisDay">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_3972000/3972361.stm|title=1979: Millions cheer as the Pope comes home|work=from "On This Day, 2 Juni 1979,"|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01 | date=2 Juni 1979}}</ref><ref name="Memory"/> On later trips to Polandi, he gave tacit support to the organization.<ref name="Memory"/><ref name="CBCNews"/><ref name="Berlin Wall"/><ref name="Bottum"/><ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Gorbachev"/><ref name="OnThisDay"/> Pia alitembelea nchi nyingi ambazo zilikuwa hazijawahi kufikiwa na Papa yeyote, kama vile [[Tanzania]] mwaka [[1990]]. While <ref name="Mexico">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3D91038F933A05754C0A9649C8B63|title=Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings |last=Thompson|first=Ginger|date=30 Julai 2002|work= The New York Times |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Ireland">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4229807.stm|title=Irish remember 1979 Papal visit |date=2 Aprili 2005|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CatholicIreland">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=206&art=569|title=The Pope’s visit to Ireland|publisher=CatholicIreland.net|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2012-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307123117/http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=206&art=569}}</ref><ref name="UK Visit">{{cite web |url=http://www.popejohnpaulii.org.uk/|title=28 May 1982: Pope John Paul II becomes first pontiff to visit Britain|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=[http://www.catholic-ew.org.uk/ Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales]}}</ref><ref name="UK Visit"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Abbott|first=Elizabeth|title=Haiti: The Duvalier Years|url=https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo|publisher=McGraw Hill Book Company|year=1988|pages = [https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo/page/260 260]–262|isbn=0-07-046029-9}}</ref><ref name="PopeEgypt">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm|title=Pope pleads for harmony between faiths |date=24 Februari 2000|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="PopeEgypt"/><ref name="PopeEgypt"/><ref name="Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://www.coptic.net/public/news/2000-10-27.txt|title=Reception of His Holiness Catholicos Karekin II|date=27 Oktoba 2000|publisher=The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2012-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414211255/http://www.coptic.net/public/news/2000-10-27.txt}}</ref><ref name="NewYorkTimes3">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DA113BF932A1575AC0A9679C8B63|title=Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend |last=Henneberger|first=Melinda|date=21 Septemba 2001|work= The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1986]] alikuwa Papa wa kwanza kutembelea [[sinagogi]] (mjini Roma)<ref name="OneAnother">{{cite web|url=http://www.blessingexhibit.org/|title=A Blessing to One Another - Pope John Paul II & The Jewish People|publisher=2007,2009 A Blessing to One Another |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="AIJAC"/><ref name="Sacred">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-great-synagogue.htm |title=''"Great Synagogue, Rome"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2009 Sacred Destinations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm|title=Boston College: ''"Address at the Great Synagogue of Rome"''|date=13 Aprili 1986|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2009 The Trustees of Boston College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611181904/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm|archivedate=2008-06-11}}</ref> [[Picha:-Western Wall.jpg|thumb|[[Ukuta wa Maombolezo]] huko [[Yerusalemu]].]] Mnamo Machi [[2000]], alipotembelea [[Yerusalemu]], akawa Papa wa kwanza kuhiji kwenye [[Ukuta wa Maombolezo]] alipoingiza ujumbe wake ndani ya ufa na kuomba msamaha kwa makosa dhidi ya Wayahudi.<ref name="BBCIsrael"/><ref name="ADL2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf|title=Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation|last=Klenicki|first=Rabbi Leon|date=13 Aprili 2006|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929184402/http://archive.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-29}}</ref><ref name="ADL2006"/><ref name="AIJAC"/><ref name="BBCIsrael">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/26/newsid_4168000/4168803.stm|title=2000: Pope prays for Holocaust forgiveness|date=26 Machi 2000|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="ADL2006"/><ref name="LOT">{{cite web|url=http://www.polishculture-nyc.org/pope_exhibition.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021191718/http://www.polishculture-nyc.org/pope_exhibition.htm|archivedate=2007-10-21|title=A Blessing to One Another: Pope John Paul II and the Jewish People|publisher=2007,2009 A Blessing to One Another|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="LOT"/><ref name="Online News">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html|title=Online News Hour - A Papal Apology|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=©1996-2009 MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.|archive-date=2013-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232251/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ADL2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/updates/Apr-05/040405.html#Article%202|title=Pope John Paul II: ‘An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered’|last=Jacobson|first=Kenneth|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904155150/http://aijac.org.au/updates/Apr-05/040405.html#Article%202|archivedate=2007-09-04}}</ref> Alikuwa pia Papa wa kwanza kuingia [[mskiti]]ni, ([[Damasko]], [[Syria]], mwaka [[2001]]).<ref name="Mosque">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm|title=Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour|last=Plett|first=Barbara|date= 7 Mei 2001|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Mosque"/><ref name="Damascus">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0264qr.htm|title=Pope John Paul II - Address at Omayyad Mosque of Damascus - 6 May 2001|publisher=The Catholic Community Forum and Liturgical Publications of St. Louis, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630103927/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0264qr.htm|archivedate=2006-06-30}}</ref> [[Picha:Wydrome2000.jpg|thumb|[[World Youth Day]] ni adhimisho la kimataifa kwa ajili ya vijana lililoanzishwa na Yohane Paulo II.]] Tangu alipokuwa padri, Yohane Paulo II alikuwa na kipaji cha pekee cha kuvuta vijana<ref name="Bonacci">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0127.html|title=The Pope of the Youth|last=Bonacci|first=Mary Beth|date=5 Mei 2005|work=Crisis Magazine|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2014-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011806/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0127.html}}</ref><ref name="Bauman">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column.php?n=56|title=John Paul II: Pope of the Youth|last=Bauman|first=Michelle|date=2 Aprili 2006|publisher=Catholic News Agency|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412155020/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column.php?n=56}}</ref> <ref name="Bonacci"/> Kwa ajili yao mwaka [[1984]] alianzisha [[World Youth Day]] ili kuwakusanya kwa wiki moja kutoka duniani kote katika kuadhimisha imani kwa furaha.<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="Bonacci"/><ref name="Bauman"/><ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="Bauman"/> Wakati wa Upapa wake aliadhimisha mara 19 siku kama hizo, mara jimboni Roma, mara kwingine kimataifa akikusanya hata vijana milioni kadhaa. Baadaye alianzisha pia mkutano wa kimataifa wa familia (1994).<ref name="ShortBio"/> Katika safari zake, Yohane Paulo II alikutana kwa makusudi mazima na viongozi wa dini na madhehebu</ref><ref name="Teoctist">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/obituaries/02teoctist.html|title=Patriarch Teoctist, 92, Romanian Who Held Out Hand to John Paul II, Dies|last=Brunwasser|first=Matthew|date=2 Agosti 2007|work= The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>ref name="Macedonian">{{cite news|url=http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html|title=Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 2001-05-04b|date=4 Mei 2001|publisher=The Macedonian Press Agency (Hellenic Resources Network)|accessdate=2009-01-01|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116081353/http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Associated">{{cite web|url=http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html|title=Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens|last=Stephanopoulos|first=Nikki|date=28 Januari 2008|publisher=2008,2009 [[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305152451/http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html|archivedate=2008-03-05}}</ref><ref name="Kirby">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4423095.stm|title=John Paul II and the Anglicans |last=Kirby |first=Alex|date=8 Aprili 2005|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Atonement">{{cite web|url=http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php|title=An Introduction to the Parish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church|publisher=2006,2009 Our Lady of the Atonement|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204083407/http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php|archivedate=2009-02-04}}</ref></ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1989/trav_nord-europa_en.htm apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden 1-10 June 1989]</ref> mbalimbali ili kujenga ushirikiano. Tarehe [[27 Oktoba]] [[1986]] alikusanya [[Assisi]] zaidi ya wawakilishi 120 wa dini na madhehebu kutoka dunia nzima kwa siku moja ya kufunga chakula na kusali kwa ajili ya amani.<ref name="Pace preventiva">[[Andrea Riccardi]]. ''La pace preventiva.'' [[Milan]]: San Paolo 2004.</ref> [[Picha:Dalai Lama.jpg|left|thumb|140px|[[Dalai Lama]] wa dini ya [[Buddha]] alikutana mara nane na Papa Yohane Paulo II.]] === Jaribio la kumuua === [[Picha:JohannesPaulII.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Yohane Paulo II.]] Tarehe [[13 Mei]] [[1981]], [[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] alimfyatulia risasi<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75">[[#Dziwisz75|Dziwisz, Bishop Stanisław]]: Conference 13 Mei 2001</ref><ref name="SanFrancisco">{{cite news|title=The 1981 Assassination Attempt of Pope John Paul II, The Grey Wolves, and Turkish & U.S. Government Intelligence Agencies|last=Lee|first=Martin A.|date=14 Mei 2001|publisher=2001, 2009 [http://www.sfbg.com/ San Francisco Bay Guardian]|pages=23, 25|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/ 1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination Attempt]</ref>. Ingawa alilenga vizuri na kumsababisha Papa apotewe na robo tatu za [[damu]] yake, baada ya saa tano za [[operesheni]] Yohane Paulo II alinusurika.<ref name="TimeMag76">[[#TimeMag76|Time Magazine: Pope Half Alive]]: 1982, Page 1</ref><ref name="TimeMag76"/><ref>''Lo Scapolare del Carmelo'' Published by Shalom, 2005 ISBN 88-8404-081-7 page 6</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helpfellowship.org/Pope_John_Paul_II.htm |title=HelpFellowship |publisher=HelpFellowship |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217065951/http://www.helpfellowship.org/Pope_John_Paul_II.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baadaye Papa alisema aliokolewa na [[Bikira Maria]] wa [[Fatima]].<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75"/><ref name="Bertone">[[#Bertone69|Bertone, Tarcisio]]: 2009</ref> Mwaka [[1983]] alimtembelea Mehmet Ali Ağca gerezani na kumsamehe. Nyuma yake dalili mbalimbali zilionyesha uwepo wa [[Urusi]] uliochukia siasa yake nchini Polandi dhidi ya Ukomunisti.<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75"/><ref name="Retire2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6288165.stm|title=Late Pope 'thought of retiring' |date=22 Januari 2007|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Mwaka [[2000]], akiadhimisha [[Jubilei]] kuu, alipigania msamaha wa madeni ya nchi maskini. Mwaka [[2003]] akawa pia mmojawapo kati ya watu waliopinga zaidi vita dhidi ya [[Iraq]]<ref name="Memory"/><ref>John Paul II, "[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/january/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20030113_diplomatic-corps_en.html Address to the Diplomatic Corps]," Vatican, 13 Januari 2003. 2007-02-07.</ref> [[Picha:PapstJPII20040922.jpg|thumb|Papa akiwa mgonjwa sana aliendelea na utume wake ([[22 Septemba]] [[2004]]).]] Baada ya kuugua miaka [[ugonjwa wa Parkinson]] bila ya kuacha [[utume]] wake, mwaka [[2005]] alilazwa mara kadhaa katika [[Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic]] ambapo hatimaye alifariki tarehe [[2 Aprili]]. Maneno yake ya mwisho yalikuwa, ''"pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca"'', ''("Acheni nirudi nyumbani mwa Baba")''.<ref>[[#BBC71|BBC World News Channel]]: 2005, 'Cured' Pope returns to Vatican</ref><ref name="RadioCanada">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2005/04/01/pope-new050401.html|title=John Paul II near death: Vatican|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=CBC Radio Canada |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4399189.stm Frail Pope suffers heart failure]," ''BBC News'', 1 Aprili 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-11.</ref><ref name="BBCLastWords">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257994.stm|title=John Paul's last words revealed|date=18 Aprili 2005|publisher=2005-2009 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/ BBC News]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="BBCLastWords"/><ref>[[#Vatican05|Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2 Aprili 2005) - ''The Holy See'' 2005]]</ref> === Kifo na mazishi === [[Picha:Crowd at Pope's Funeral.jpg|thumb|Umati ulioshiriki [[mazishi]] yake tarehe [[8 Aprili]] [[2005]].]] [[Picha:Funeral St Peters.jpg|thumb|Picha nyingine ya mazishi.]] [[Misa]] ya mazishi yake tarehe [[8 Aprili]] ilivunja rekodi ya washiriki na ya viongozi wa nchi waliohudhuria.<ref name="MsnbcNews2">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12083308/|title=Perhaps ‘Saint John Paul the Great?'|last=Weeke|first=Stephen|date=31 Machi 2006|publisher=2006-2009 [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ msnbc World News]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html|title=''"Pope John Paul II buried in Vatican crypt-Millions around the world watch funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 CNN.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613162604/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html|archivedate=2008-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html|title=The Independent: ''"Millions mourn Pope at history's largest funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 Independent News and Media Limited|location=London|date=8 Aprili 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121502/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html|archivedate=2008-12-01}}</ref><ref name="BBCMiracle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4428149.stm|title=City of Rome celebrates ‘miracle’|last=Holmes|first=Stephanie|date=9 Aprili 2005|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Independent"/><ref name="BBCMiracle"/><ref name="Beltway">{{cite web |url=http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/pope_john_paul_ii_funeral/|title=''"Pope John Paul II Funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 Outside the Beltway}}</ref><ref name="BBCMiracle"/> Kutokana na shangilio la ''"Santo Subito!''" (''"Mtakatifu mara moja!"'') lililotolewa na umati wakati wa mazishi,<ref name="Moore1"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Hollingshead "/><ref name="Hooper1">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/29/catholicism.religion|title=Mystery nun the key to Pope John Paul II's case for Sainthood|last=Hooper|first=John|date=29 Machi 2007 |publisher=2007-2009 [[Guardian News and Media Limited]]|accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="BBC2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4545585.stm|title=BBC News: ''‘On the fast track to Sainthood’'' |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=MMVIII BBC | date=13 Mei 2005 | first=Peter | last=Gould}}</ref><ref name="Hope">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece |title=Hopes raised for Pope John Paul II's beatification -Times Online |publisher=timesonline.co.uk |accessdate=2009-01-01 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Owen |archivedate=2010-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601012524/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece }}</ref> [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] aliruhusu kesi ya kumtangaza mtakatifu iwahi kuanza.<ref name="Hollingshead "/><ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="Canonisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html|title=Response of His Holiness Benedict XVI for the examination of the cause for beatification and canonisation of the servant of God John Paul II|date=9 Mei 2005|work=Vatican News|publisher=2005-2009 ‘Libreria Editrice Vaticana’|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984 |title=John Paul II on fast track for canonisation - Framingham, MA - The MetroWest Daily News |publisher=www.metrowestdailynews.com |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Zenit3">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english|title=John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens in Vatican City|date=28 Juni 2005|work=ZENIT|publisher=Innovative Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607233645/http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english|archivedate=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref name="Kavanaugh">{{cite web|url=http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984|title=John Paul II on 'fast track' for Canonisation|last=Kavanaugh|first=Jennifer|date=3 Aprili 2007|publisher=GateHouse Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Homily-Blonie-Park">{{cite web|title=900,000 gather for Mass with Pope Benedict|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php|date=28 Mei 2006|accessdate=2009-01-01|work=International Herald Tribune|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107042727/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php|archivedate=2013-11-07}}</ref> Baada ya utafiti juu ya ushujaa wa maadili yake,<ref name="abcNews">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html |title=Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track - The World Newser |publisher=blogs.abcnews.com |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref><ref name="Catholic Culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4630 |title=Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Beatification looms closer for John Paul II |publisher=www.catholicculture.org |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref> juu ya maandishi yake na juu ya [[muujiza]] uliomtokea [[sista]] Marie Simon-Pierre wa [[Ufaransa]] kwa maombezi ya Papa,<ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="Vicariato">[[#Vicariato70|Vicariato di Roma]]:A nun tells her story…. 2009</ref> was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".<ref name="Moore1"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="ABC">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm|title=Vatican may have found Pope John Paul's ‘miracle’|date=31 Januari 2006|work=includes material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN and the BBC World Service|publisher=2007 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC (Australia)]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211082939/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm|archivedate=2007-12-11}}</ref><ref name="Trinity">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=42131|title=Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease|date=30 Januari 2006|work=Catholic World News (CWN)|publisher=2009 Trinity Communications|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/world/europe/30vatican.html?_r=2&oref=slogin|title=Nun Who Claims Cure by John Paul II Emerges to Make Her Case|date=30 Machi 2007|agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Metro"/><ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Miracle">{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp|title=''French nun says life has changed since she was healed thanks to JPII''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2007,2009 Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops|archivedate=2009-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407012845/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp}}</ref><ref name="Willan">{{cite web|url=http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php|title=No more shortcuts on Pope John Paul’s road to Sainthood|last=Willan|first=Philip|work=Sunday Herald|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420220822/http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php|archivedate=2007-04-20}}</ref>Sista huyo alimuambia mwandishi Gerry Shaw: "Nilikuwa mgonjwa, sasa nimepona. Nimepona, lakini ni juu ya Kanisa kusema kama umetokea muujiza au la"."<ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Miracle"/> ==Sala yake== Ee Kristo, kichwa na mwokozi pekee, uvute kwako viungo vyako vyote. Uwaunganishe na kuwageuza katika upendo wako, ili Kanisa ling’ae kwa ule uzuri upitao maumbile unaodhihirishwa katika watakatifu wa kila wakati na taifa, katika wafiadini, waungamadini, mabikira na mashahidi wasiohesabika wa Injili! Ee Yesu mtamu, Yesu mwema, Yesu, mwana wa Maria! Amina! ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] == Tanbihi == <div class="references-small"> {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} </div> ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 325-329 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{Refbegin}} <div class="references-small"> * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Berry|first=Jason|authorlink=Jason Berry|coauthors=Gerald Renner|title=Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II|url=https://archive.org/details/vowsofsilenceabu00berr|publisher=Free Press|location=New York, London, Toronto, Sydney|year=2004|isbn=0-7432-4441-9}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw|url=https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm|publisher=Viking Penguin|location=80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL|year=2004|isbn=0-670-03284-0|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Davies72}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=[[Louis de Montfort|de Montfort]]|first=St. Louis-Marie Grignion|coauthors=Mark L. Jacobson (Translator)|title=True Devotion to Mary|publisher=[http://www.avetinepress.com/ Avetine Press] 1023 4th Avenue 204 San Diego, CA 92101|date=2007-2009|isbn=1-59330-470-6|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=de Montfort73}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Duffy|first=Eamon|authorlink=Eamon Duffy|title=Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669|publisher=[http://www.yale.edu/ Yale University Press]|year=2006|edition=Third|isbn=0-300-11597-0|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Yale06}} * {{Rejea kitabu |first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II|title=[[Memory and Identity|''Memory & Identity'' - Personal Reflections]] |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=029785075X |year=2005|ref=Memory77}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=1997, 2006 Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm|title=John Paul II Election Surprises|last=Menachery|first=Prof. George|date=11 Novemba 1978|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Meissen|first=Randall|title=Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great|url=http://www.amazon.com/Living-Miracles-Spiritual-Sons-Great/dp/1933271272|publisher=Mission Network|location=Alpharetta, Ga.|year=2011|isbn=978-1933271279}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.vatican.va/gpII/bulletin/B0183-XX.01.pdf|title=Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato|accessdate=2009-01-01|author=Navarro-Valls, Joaquin|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=''‘The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment.’'' 2005-2009 [http://www.vatican.va/ The Holy See]|language=Italian|ref=Vatican05}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=O'Connor|first=Garry|title=Universal Father: A Life of Pope John Paul II|publisher=2005 [http://www.bloomsbury.com/ Bloomsbury Publishing]|location=36 Soho Square, London|isbn=0747582416|url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor|accessdate=2009-01-01|year=2006|archive-date=2012-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214121842/http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor|dead-url=yes}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last1=Renehan|first1=Edward|authorlink1=Edward Renehan|last2=Schlesinger|first2=Arthur Meier (INT)|title=Pope John Paul II|url=http://books.google.com/?id=OT1oHAAACAAJ|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|date=Novemba 2006|publisher=Chelsea House|isbn=9780791092279|ref=Renehan69}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Stanley|first=George E|title=Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SD1OPgAACAAJ|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|date=Januari 2007|publisher=Fitzgerald Books|isbn=9781424217328|ref=Stanley69}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist) |title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |accessdate=2009-01-01 |ref=Stourton03 |year=2006 }} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Szulc|first=Tadeusz|authorlink=Tad Szulc |title=Pope John Paul II: The Biography|publisher=2007 Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=9781416588863|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{Rejea kitabu|author=The Poynter Institute|authorlink=Poynter Institute|title=Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 - 2 April 2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pXGMNrE015IC|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|edition=First|date=1 Mei 2005|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida]]|isbn=9780740751103|ref=Poynter69}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Weigel|first=George|authorlink=George Weigel|title=Witness to Hope|publisher=[http://www.harpercollins.com/ HarperCollins Publishers]|location=10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY|year=2001|isbn=0-06-018793-X|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Weigel02}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Wojtyła|first=Karol|title=Love and Responsibility|publisher=[[William Collins (publisher)|William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.]]|location=London|isbn=0-89870-445-6|url=http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Wojtyła69|archive-date=2009-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000919/http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&|dead-url=yes}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Yallop|first=David|title=The Power and the Glory|publisher=Constable & Robinson Ltd|location=162 Fulham Palace Road, London|isbn=978-1-84529-673-5|url=http://www.constablerobinson.com/|accessdate=2009-01-01|year=2007}} {{Refend}} </div> == Viungo vya nje == <div class="references-small"> {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * [http://www.vatican.va/ Vatican: the Holy See] * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/index.htm The Holy See - The Holy Father - John Paul II] * [http://www.johnpaulii.va/en/ A tribute to John Paul II in the occasion of his beatification] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johnpaulii.va/en/ |date=20120306205748 }} * [http://www.hramiechoffman.com/preview/ 'Lolek, The Boy Who Became Pope John Paul II'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hramiechoffman.com/preview/ |date=20110712224650 }} * [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/JPII/tributes.html Link to collected tributes, writings and commentary on John Paul II] * [http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books%207.htm Electing a new Pope: The Conclave and all that] * [http://www.papiez-pl.com/ John Paul II Karol Wojtyła Papiez z Polski] {{Wayback|url=http://www.papiez-pl.com/ |date=20170616163756 }} * [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=203665 Pope John Paul II to achieve sainthood] * [http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=40 John Paul II's Visit to Detroit, Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121206044952/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=40 |date=2012-12-06 }} || * [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19781030,00.html Pope John Paul II, ''Time'' Magazine, 30 October 1978] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19781030,00.html |date=20110120225335 }} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT197.HTM John Paul II: text, concordances and frequency list] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1978-2005-_Ioannes_Paulus_II.html John Paul II's Multilingual Opera Omnia] * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Grottoes/JPII/Tomb%20of%20John%20Paul%20II.htm Tomb of John Paul II] * [http://www.watykan.ovh.org/ Pope John Paul II Karol Wojtyła and Benedict XVI] {{Wayback|url=http://www.watykan.ovh.org/ |date=20110419005851 }} * [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=203851 Pope is joyous about beatifying John Paul II] * [http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm Cause for the Beatification and Canonisation of John Paul II] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm |date=20091230032224 }} * {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Popes/J/John_Paul_II/}} * [https://trzeciapielgrzymka.ipn.gov.pl/jp2/introduction/676,Introduction.html Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Polandi], Institute of National Remembrance |}</div> {{Mapapa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yohane Paulo II}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Papa Yohane Paulo II]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Polandi]] [[Jamii:Mapapa wa Karne ya 21]] eiq1k8whf0el5plshwpq0479uibogvs 0 14897 1577155 1576981 2026-06-27T13:53:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1577155 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Francesco.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Mchoro wa zamani wa Fransisko wa Asizi unaoaminiwa kufanana naye kuliko yote]] '''Fransisko wa Asizi''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]] '''Francesco d'Assisi'''; tangu [[Mtoto|utotoni]] [[jina]] la [[ubatizo]] '''Giovanni''', yaani Yohane (Mbatizaji), liliachwa kutumika; pia [[ubini]] '''mwana wa Petro Bernardone''' ulikuja kuachwa baada ya wao kushindana; [[Assisi]], [[Italia]], [[1181]] au [[1182]] - Assisi, [[3 Oktoba]] [[1226]]) alikuwa [[mtawa]] [[shemasi]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Baada ya kuishi [[ujana]] wenye raha, [[Uongofu|aliongokea]] maisha ya [[Injili|Kiinjili]] ili kumtumikia [[Yesu]] [[Kristo]] aliyekutana naye hasa katika watu [[maskini]] na walalahoi, akijifanya [[Ufukara wa hiari|fukara]] vilevile, na hatimaye alitaka kufa uchi ardhini. Akizungukazunguka huko na huko, hadi [[Nchi takatifu]], aliwahubiria watu wa kila aina [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu]] akilenga kuiga kikamilifu kila [[siku]] mfano wa Yesu kwa maneno na matendo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/21750</ref>. Alianzisha jumuiya ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] yenye [[tawi|matawi]] mbalimbali ambayo leo ni [[utawa]] wenye wafuasi wengi kuliko yote wakikadiriwa kukaribia [[milioni]] moja [[Dunia|duniani]] kote. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Gregori IX]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[16 Julai]] [[1228]]. Anaheshimiwa na wengi hata nje ya [[Kanisa]] lake, ambalo limemtangaza [[msimamizi]] wa wanaoshughulikia [[hifadhi ya mazingira]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa tarehe [[4 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha na [[karama]] yake == === Ulaya na Kanisa mwishoni mwa karne XII === Fransisko alipozaliwa, [[Ulaya]] na [[Kanisa]] vilikuwa na hali ya kutatanisha kuliko kawaida, kutokana na mvutano kati ya mapya na ya kale. Mambo ya kale ni yale ya utawala wa ngazi mbalimbali ulioenea kutoka [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia [[karne IX]]: kila mtawala aliweza kugawa eneo lake na kuwakabidhi watawala wa chini akiwadai sehemu ya mapato na hasa msaada wakati wa vita, kufuatana na ahadi yao ya kuwa waaminifu kwake moja kwa moja. Utawala huo ulikuwa ukirithiwa na watoto ambao waliheshimiwa kama masharifu yaani watu wa ukoo bora na kutakiwa wawe hodari vitani. Ili watawale vizuri na kulinda maeneo yao walikuwa wakiishi katika [[ngome]] pamoja na watumishi wao. Watu wa kawaida waliishi mashambani katika hali ngumu sana hata wakaitwa watumwa wa ardhi. Hivyo Ulaya ilikuwa na [[askari]] na [[wakulima]] tu, mbali ya viongozi wa Kanisa na [[watawa]]. Kwa hali ya maisha watawa, ambao walikuwa aina ya [[wamonaki]] tu, na [[makleri]] wa juu walilingana na masharifu, ila makleri wa chini hawakuwa na [[elimu]] wala [[mali]] nyingi. Utajiri wa Kanisa, ambalo lilifikia kumiliki karibu nusu ya ardhi ya Ulaya nzima, uliwapotosha wengi na kuvuta miito ya bandia. Wengi walitambua haja ya [[urekebisho]] ndani ya Kanisa, na juhudi za pekee zilifanywa na wamonaki kama vile Hildebrando (ambaye akawa [[Papa Gregori VII]]) na Mt. [[Petro Damiani]] katika [[karne XI]], halafu na Mt. [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]] katika [[karne XII]] akihimiza kupambana na maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa hata kwa kutohudhuria [[ibada]] za wale wanaoishi vibaya. Jitihada hizo zilifanikiwa kidogo tu, kwa sababu ni vigumu kurekebisha mitindo mibaya iliyoenea, hasa katika mazingira ya [[dini]]. Hali hiyo ilichangia uenezi wa [[Waislamu]] na hasa wa [[Wakatari]] (maana yake Watu Safi); wazushi hao, baada ya kupata wafuasi kwa kushambulia maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa, walikuwa wakifundisha njia ya roho zao kukombolewa. Kwa kuwa eti, ulimwengu huu ni mbaya, si kazi ya [[Mungu]] wetu, ni lazima kujitenga nao kwa kukataa vitendo na vyakula vinavyohusika na [[uzazi]]. Viongozi wa Kanisa walichelewa kuona hatari hizo, mpaka zilipokwishaenea mno: ndipo walipoanza kuzikabili hata kwa [[silaha]] wakishirikiana na baadhi ya watawala. Hata hivyo [[uzushi]] ukaendelea kustawi, kwa kuwa wengi walipenda maisha magumu ya watu hao kuliko yale ya viongozi wa Kanisa; hivyo waliwasaidia wasikamatwe. Uzushi wa aina nyingine ulianza muda mfupi baadaye (karne XI hiyohiyo) huko [[Lyon]] (Ufaransa Kusini). Mchochezi wake ni [[Valdo]], ambaye alikuwa mfanyabiashara, akaguswa na [[Injili]], akawapeleka mabinti wake kuishi [[monasteri]]ni, akauza mali zake, akawagawia [[maskini]], akaanza kuhubiri huko na huko kama walivyofanya wengine kabla yake wakisisitiza [[ufukara]] kama njia bora ya [[wokovu]]. Wengi waliguswa wakajitahidi kushika masharti ya Injili, hata baadhi yao wakaanza kuwashambulia makleri wabaya, kususia ibada zao na kuwapiga pia. Msimamo huo ulipingwa vikali kama [[kiburi]] na [[unafiki]]. Basi Valdo na wengine walipokatazwa na maaskofu wasihubiri tena wakafikia hatua ya kuwakataa. Huko Italia Kaskazini walitokea wengine wakisisitiza kazi kuliko ufukara ([[Mafukara wa Lombardia]] na [[Wahumiliati]], maana yake Walionyenyekea) ambao walikuwa wote watengenezaji wa vitambaa duni vya [[sufu]] kwa ajili ya maskini na ambao walichanga mali na mapato wakiishi kishirika. Mifumo hiyo yote ilionyesha uhai wa dini, na juhudi za [[walei]] wengi kwa urekebisho wa Kanisa. Jambo hilo jipya lilitokana na udhaifu wa makleri, pia na umbali wa wamonaki na maisha ya [[umati]]. Wamonaki pia walianza kushambuliwa kwa kufuata ufukara bandia na kula [[jasho]] la wengine, tena kwa kutoshughulikia [[uchungaji]]. Hivyo walei wakaaanza kujiongoza hata katika mambo ya kiroho. Msingi wa matukio hayo ni miji kupanuka haraka sana. Baada ya [[mwaka 1000]], kitovu cha Ulaya si tena vijijini na mashambani. Waliomiminika mijini walianza kukataa utawala wa ngazi wa zamani na kujichagulia viongozi ambao wadumu muda fulani tu, [[demokrasi]] ikaenea. Miji hiyo huru ikaanza kuvamia maeneo ya jirani ili kuyatawala, ukaweka watawala wa zamani chini yake. Mijini utengano wa [[matabaka]] matatu ya zamani ukawa unapungua: watu wadogo waliojiimarisha ki[[uchumi]] (hasa waliofanya [[biashara]] ya [[bidhaa]] kutoka nchi za mbali) wakazidi kupata nguvu hata kulingana na ma[[sharifu]]. Pamoja na utajiri watu hao walipaswa kujipatia elimu walau kidogo (ndio mwanzo wa kazi ya walimu wa watoto), hata wakatamani walingane kabisa na masharifu kwa kuiga mitindo yao ya Cortesia (maana yake [[Ustaarabu]]) ambayo ilidai kumheshimu [[mwanamke]] fulani kama mtawala wa binafsi, na kwa ajili ya huyo kujifanya wakarimu, wapendevu, wachangamfu, na kutunga nyimbo na mashairi. Mitindo hiyo ilienea kutoka ngome za masharifu hadi [[barabara]] na vichochoro vya mijini, ambapo vikosi vya wavulana vilikuwa vikiwaimbia wasichana. [[Picha:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg|thumb|Makazi ya Fransisko alipokuwa mdogo.]] === Asizi katika karne XII === Kwa asili Asizi ni [[mji]] wa Kirumi ambao ulipata umuhimu kwa sababu unatawala barabara kuu ya mkoa wa Umbria kutoka [[Spoleto]] (makao ya mfalme mdogo aliyekuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu wa [[Ujerumani]]) hadi Perugia mji uliokuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Papa]]. Wakati huo kulikuwa na ushindani mkubwa kati ya Asizi uliokuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu na jirani yake Perugia uliosimama upande wa Papa. Mbali ya hayo ndani ya mji wenyewe yalianza mapigano kati ya mayores (wakubwa, yaani masharifu) na minores (wadogo) yaliyosababisha masharifu wengi kukimbilia Perugia na hivyo kuzidisha [[chuki]] kati ya miji hiyo. Matokeo yake ni mapambano ya mwaka [[1202]] ambayo Fransisko pia aliyashiriki akashikwa mateka kwa mwaka mzima. Mbali ya hao watu wadogo waliotajirika (hasa kwa biashara), Asizi ulikuwa na mafukara, lakini tofauti na wale wa zamani ([[watumwa wa ardhi]]) ambao pamoja na kuwa na maisha magumu hawakukosa [[chakula]] (pia kutokana na [[mshikamano]] wao). Kumbe ufukara wa mijini haukuwa na dawa, uwe umetokana na kukosa [[kazi]] au kulipwa kidogo au kuugua. Ngazi ya mwisho ilikuwa ya watu waliotengwa na jamaa kama vile wakoma. Ili tuelewe mazingira hayo ni lazima tukumbuke kwamba “sifa ya kijamii” (yaani jinsi mtu au neno wanavyotazamwa na [[jamii]] yote) ilikuwa na nguvu sana hata kuwabana wote waseme na kutenda ilivyotarajiwa. Hata hivyo mtu aliweza pia kuchangia au kubadilisha mitazamo ya umati, na Fransisko anajulikana kwa kipawa cha kuelewa, kugusa na kujivutia jamii nzima. === Mfanyabiashara === Maandishi yote yanayomhusu yanasisitiza utajiri mkubwa aliozaliwa nao. Hatuwezi kumuelewa tusipozingatia sana jambo hilo lililomfanya alelewe namna ambayo inatokana na utajiri, inasisitiza umuhimu wa utajiri na kulenga ongezeko la utajiri. Baba yake hakuwa na [[kiwanda]], ila aliweza kutajirika ajabu kwa kusafirisha vitambaa vya thamani kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Ingawa hatuna habari nyingi za hakika kuhusu wazazi na [[malezi]] yake, hiyo inaweza kutosha. Mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa umehesabiwa kuanzia tarehe ya kufa, kwa kupunguza miaka iliyosemekana aliishi. Habari nyingine kuhusu kuzaliwa kwake ziliweza zikatungwa ili kumfananisha na Kristo. Jina lake la [[ubatizo]] Yohane lilibadilishwa na baba yake ili kukumbusha moja kwa moja nchi ya Ufaransa, asili ya utajiri wake (Fransisko = Mfaransa). [[Elimu]] yake ilikuwa ya wastani: alijua kidogo [[Kilatini]], [[Kifaransa]], mashairi na [[Biblia]]. Malezi yake yalimfanya hodari hasa katika [[biashara]] ili aweze kuendesha shughuli zote za baba yake. Na kweli kabla hajaongoka aliiweza sana kazi hiyo. Kama kawaida ya zamani zile, akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 alianza kuhesabiwa mtu mzima na kujihusisha na [[siasa]] na [[vita]] pia ili kushika nafasi ya juu zaidi kama [[sharifu]]. Ndicho kipeo alichojiwekea. Unakumbukwa [[ukarimu]] wake kwa [[maskini]], lakini hata ukarimu huo aliuzingatia ili kutimiza wajibu wa [[ustaarabu]] kuliko kwa kumpendeza [[Mungu]]. Kwa lengo hilohilo la kujitafutia usharifu akawa [[askari]], na akiwa kifungoni Perugia akazidi kuwachangamkia wote, hata sharifu fulani mkorofi. Kuhusu hali iliyotangulia [[uongofu]] wake hatujui zaidi, ila mwenyewe aliona kwamba kuishi kwa kufuata mitindo ya [[ulimwengu]] kunamchukiza Mungu. === Uongofu === [[Picha:Giotto - Legend of St Francis - -05- - Renunciation of Wordly Goods.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giotto]], [[Fransisko anavua hadharani]], Basilika la juu la Asizi]] Jinsi gani [[neema]] ya Mungu ilileta ndani ya mtu huyo mapinduzi yanayotushangaza hata leo? Hatujui vizuri mabadiliko hayo yalichukua muda gani, wala asili yake ni nini, ila kwamba Fransisko alianza kuguswa na [[huruma]] halisi kwa maskini. Mwenyewe alipousimulia uongofu wake katika [[wasia]] alisisitiza hatua ya kushinda [[hofu]] ya wakoma aliyokuwa nayo sana. Basi baada ya kumbusu mmojawao, alichagua kuwa nao badala ya kuwa sharifu, yaani ashuke badala ya kupanda [[daraja]] katika jamii. Baada ya uteuzi huo akasita bado kidogo kabla hajaacha ulimwengu na kujitoa kwa Mungu. Kutokana na hatua hiyo muhimu alianza kufurahia machungu badala ya matamu: ndiyo maisha ya [[toba]] ([[utawa]]). Alipotambua kwamba [[ukoma]] wa roho yake ulitisha kuliko ule wa ngozi ya wagonjwa alianza kuwakaribia kwa [[upendo]] si tu kwa kuwagawia [[mali]], bali hata kwa kuhatarisha [[afya]] yake: akiwa tayari kuambukizwa nao alikuwa pia tayari kutengwa na jamii moja kwa moja kama vile hao. Hivyo kwake neno kuu halikuwa ufukara kama juhudi za kujinyima, bali kama kushiriki kabisa hali ya watu wa mwisho, kwa kuwa hao ni wenzetu kwelikweli na kielelezo cha Kristo. Baadaye, [[Utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo]] ulipoimarika kwa kupata miundo ya [[shirika]], ulisisitizwa ufukara wenyewe, kiasi kwamba kanuni ya kudumu haitaji wakoma wala [[huduma]] kwa maskini. Basi, kwa wasia wake Mt. Fransisko kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena [[karama]] halisi ya uongofu wake pamoja na mengine yaliyoanza kusahaulika, kama vile [[kazi za mikono]]. Jambo la kwanza linaloonyesha wazi neema ya Mungu ikimfanyia kazi ni ile [[ndoto]] iliyomrudisha nyumbani wakati wa kwenda vitani akiwa na miaka 23. Tangu hapo hakuweza kuridhika tena na maisha ya zamani, akawa anafuata mawazo yake mapya badala ya kupiga kelele na wenzake baada ya kuwagharimia [[karamu]] kama mfalme wao. Alijaribu kuishi pangoni na kusali tu, akishinda vishawishi vikali vya kiroho. Siku moja katika kanisa la Mt. Damiano akasikia sauti ya Msulubiwa ikimuagiza arekebishe [[Kanisa]] lake. Ingawa alielewa maneno hayo kama kwamba yanahusu jengo, muhimu ni kwamba akawa amekutana na Msulubiwa ambaye [[mateso]] yake yanajumlisha na kuyatia maana mateso yote ya [[binadamu]]. Kuanzia hapo akaambatana na [[Yesu]] moja kwa moja katika ukweli wa maisha yake duniani: ndivyo unavyoeleweka ugumu wote wa maisha ya Fransisko. Matendo yake yakazidi kumchukiza baba yake aliyeweza kuvumilia [[ubadhirifu]] wake ulipolenga usharifu, lakini si uliposaidia maskini tu. Hivyo baba akamshtaki [[mahakama]]ni, akimpatia hatimaye nafasi ya kujitambulisha mbele ya wote kama askari wa Kristo moja kwa moja: ni kwa sababu alikataa kuhukumiwa na serikali kwa kujidai ni mtumishi wa Mungu, na hivyo ni mtu anayeweza kuhukumiwa na [[Askofu]] tu. Baba alipodai mali zake mbele ya huyo, Fransisko akakubali mara moja akimrudishia pamoja na [[pesa]], [[nguo]] zote na hata jina, akitamka [[hadhara]] ya watu kwamba kuanzia hapo atamuita Baba Mungu tu, si [[Petro Bernardone]] tena. Uamuzi huo wa kishujaa uliowagusa sana wote ulimfanya asiweze kurudi nyuma: amejitoa kwa Mungu moja kwa moja na kuacha hakika ya [[riziki]]. Kubaki [[uchi]] mbele ya wote kulikuwa na maana nyingine pia, kwa sababu kulikuwa ni [[malipizi]] ya hadharani yaliyoweza kutolewa na Kanisa kadiri ya [[sheria]]. Hivyo Fransisko alionyesha nia yake ya kuanza na moja, akitubu [[anasa]] za zamani alizozifuata kwa nguo maridadi. Tena wakati huo lilizingatiwa sana neno la Mt. [[Jeromu]] la “kumfuata uchi Kristo uchi” kuwa ndiyo namna bora ya toba. Basi, kuanzia hapo alishiriki kabisa hali ya wasio na kitu, akisikitikia tu kutozaliwa katika hali hiyo, maana yake ufukara wake ulikuwa wa [[hiari]] na wenye kustahili, hivyo ni utajiri fulani kwa Mungu. === Kufuata mtindo wa Injili === [[Picha:Portiuncula on the Feast of the Pardon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Porsyunkula]] huko Asizi]] Baada ya Fransisko kujitangaza [[mtawa]] ilimbidi atambue atakuwa wa namna gani. Alikataa [[upadri]], lakini si kwa sababu ya kuudharau kama walivyofanya wazushi; kinyume chake, toka mwanzo alijaliwa [[imani]] ya pekee kwa [[ekaristi]] na kwa wanaohusika nayo. Aliuona upadri kuwa ni cheo kikubwa mbele ya Mungu na hata mbele ya watu, naye hakupenda kuheshimiwa wala kuwa na hakika kuhusu riziki. Kwa sababu hiyohiyo hakupenda kuwa [[mmonaki]], ingawa aliwaheshimu [[Wabenedikto]] na kushirikiana nao vizuri. Tena akitaka kuwa kweli mtu wa mwisho na kuwaheshimu wote, hakukubali kushambulia mapadri na wamonaki kwa maovu yao. Baada ya kukataa hali hizo mbili ndani ya Kanisa, alianza kujitafutia maisha asiyoyajua bado na asiyoweza kuelekezwa na mtu yeyote. Basi, akavaa [[kanzu]] ya [[mkaapweke]], lakini alikuwa akirudi mjini kila siku ili kuombaomba mawe ya kutengenezea makanisa na chakula pia. Kwa hiyo hakusogea mbali na watu, bali alizidi kuhusika na maisha ya Asizi, ingawa kwa namna yake, akipokea hasa [[dharau]] alivyokusudia. Maisha yake yote hakuvunja uhusiano na jamii kama walivyofanya watawa wengi, bali akaendelea kuwa [[ndugu]] wa wote na kushiriki maisha yao ya kila siku. Miaka miwili aliyotumia kuyarekebisha makanisa ilikuwa migumu sana kimwili na kiroho tukizingatia pia mahangaiko yake kuhusu [[wito]]. Lakini Mungu akapokea malipizi na [[sala]] yake akamuangazia sehemu ya [[Injili]] aliyoisikia wakati wa [[Misa]]. Enzi hizo [[walei]] wengi walivutiwa na maneno ya Injili ambayo waliyaelewa namna yao, bila ya ufafanuzi wa kitaalamu. Fransisko alifanya vilevile, ndiyo maana maisha yake yakaja kuwapendeza wengi na kuenea kasi ajabu. Dondoo ambalo lilimgusa na kumuangaza hasa ni lile la Yesu kuwatuma [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] wake kwa mara ya kwanza. Tangu hapo alikusudia kufuata Injili hiyo, hata ufukara wake ukapata sura nyingine, yenye kulenga utume. Kutokana na mwanga huo akabadili kanzu yake na kutupa [[viatu]] vyake na kujifungia [[kamba]], ambayo ilikuwa [[ishara]] ya toba, tena haikuweza kuficha pesa (tofauti na [[mshipi]] wa ngozi). Halafu akaanza kuhubiri toba kwa [[unyofu]] uliowagusa wengi. Ndipo Waasizi walipoanza kumuelewa si [[kichaa]], na ndipo alipoanza kupata wafuasi. Wa kwanza alikuwa [[Bernardo wa Quintavalle]], mtu maarufu tena tajiri, wa pili [[Petro Cattani]], padri. Ndio mwanzo wa jamaa iliyokuja kumhangaisha sana, kwa sababu hakuwa na wazo la kuanzisha chochote wala hakupata mtu wa kumuelekeza. Tena wakati huo haikuwa rahisi kukubali padri aongozwe na [[mlei]]. Katika wasia wake Fransisko akikumbuka hatua hiyo muhimu alisisitiza kuwa ndipo Mungu mwenyewe alipomfunulia afuate mtindo wa Injili takatifu, yaani hasa madondoo yale aliyoyakuta katika kufungua mara tatu kitabu cha Misa kilichokuwa juu ya altare: 1) “Ukitaka kuwa mkamilifu, nenda ukauze…” 2) “Msichukue chochote kwa safari…” 3) “Anayetaka kunifuata, ajikane…” Baada ya kusoma hayo, aliwaambia wenzake ndiyo kanuni na maisha ya wale wote watakaowafuata. Ufukara wa Kifransisko ukifuata madondoo hayo ya Injili ni wa moja kwa moja kwa mtawa binafsi na kwa shirika zima. Kwa kuchagua mtindo huo wa Injili takatifu alitofautiana na watawa wale waliofuata tangu karne nyingi mtindo wa Kanisa la mwanzoni wa kuwa na mali zote shirika. Ndivyo walivyofanya wamonaki ambao hawakuwa na chochote chao binafsi, lakini [[monasteri]] zao zilikuwa tajiri, kiasi kwamba wakaanza kushambuliwa kama wanafiki wanaokula [[jasho]] la wengine na kukosa ufukara halisi. Waamini wengi kama Bernardo na padri Petro walitamani mtindo mwingine, pamoja na [[uadilifu]] wa makleri, [[uchungaji]] wenye bidii na ujirani na watu, hasa wenye shida. Mungu aliwachagua watakatifu Fransisko na [[Dominiko Guzman]] ili kuridhisha Wakristo hao. Wote wawili walishika ufukara wa kijumuia pia, ingawa Mt. Fransisko aliusisitiza zaidi akiudai pia kama msimamo katika jamii ili kupigania [[ujamaa]] na [[usawa]] wa binadamu. Hata baada ya wengine kujiunga naye hakushughulikia suala la [[nyumba]]: waliishi kwenye [[pagale]] za makanisa, huku wakizungumziwa sana mjini kwao. Halafu wakaanza kusafiri wakihubiri huko na huko, si kama kawaida ya mapadri, bali kwa kutoa mfano wa ufukara na [[unyenyekevu]], halafu kwa kujibu maswali ya watu waliowashangaa. Polepole waliweza pia kuhimiza toba na [[msamaha]] ili kueneza [[amani]]: muhtasari wa [[mawaidha]] yao ni [[salamu]] ile ambayo Fransisko alidai kufunuliwa na Mungu, “Bwana akujalie amani”. Baada ya jaribio la kwanza la namna hiyo wakaongezeka, naye akawatuma tena wawiliwawili sehemu mbalimbali kisha kuwashirikisha [[mang’amuzi]] yake, kwamba wasikate tamaa kwa kuona ugumu wa baadhi ya watu, wamtegemee Mungu, wahubiri toba kwa nguvu ili kuokoa watu, wadumu watulivu katika [[dharau]]. Walipoulizwa waitwaje walijibu tu kuwa ni watu wa toba kutoka Asizi, yaani hawakujiona kuwa shirika maalumu, bali kundi mojawapo la wale wengi ambao toka zamani walijifunga kufanya toba kwa namna maalumu hadharani. Mwaka huo [[1209]] walipofikia idadi ya 12 walichukua hatua ya kuelekea [[Roma]] ili kuthibitishwa na Papa katika maisha yao na kuruhusiwa naye katika [[utume]] wao, ili kushinda [[upinzani]] uliojitokeza na hasa kujihakikishia njia yao ni njema. Kwa ajili hiyo walipaswa kupanga kikamilifu zaidi wanataka kufanya nini. === Kanuni ya awali === [[File:Habito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kanzu]] iliyotumiwa na Fransisko mwaka [[1215]] hivi.]] Kanuni hiyo ilihitajika ili kujipendekeza kwa Papa na kupata kibali chake. Fransisko katika [[wasia]] akashuhudia kwamba aliandikisha “kwa maneno machache na kwa unyofu, naye bwana Papa akaniimarisha”. Leo hatuna tena kanuni hiyo kwa sababu iliendelea kurekebishwarekebishwa mpaka mwaka [[1221]] ilipotolewa kanuni ndefu ambayo tunayo, tena mpaka mwaka [[1223]] Papa alipothibitisha kwa maandishi toleo la kudumu linalofuatwa na Utawa wa Kwanza mpaka leo. Ni kwamba miaka yote Fransisko alizidi kung’ang’ania azimio lake la kushika kikamilifu mtindo wa [[Injili]] takatifu, lakini pia maisha yalimlazimisha kung’amua haja ya kuulinganisha na hali halisi mbalimbali. Ugumu mwingine wa kazi hiyo kwake ulitokana na kukosa utaalamu wa [[sheria]] uliolitawala Kanisa la zamani zake kwa namna ya pekee. Hivyo hata alipomuachia mwingine uongozi akazidi kudai ndugu wamtii ingawa hana tena [[mamlaka]] juu yao. Alitamani kuwa daima mtu wa mwisho hata shirikani, lakini hakuweza kuachana na wajibu wake kwa shirika lililoanza kwa njia yake. Hata katika safari ya kwenda Roma alimteua Bernardo kuwa kiongozi, lakini mbele ya Inosenti III aliyejitokeza ni Fransisko. Papa huyo alikuwa anakabiliana na matatizo mengi ya Kikanisa na ya kisiasa, lakini yeye, kwa kupitia ngazi mbalimbali (hasa [[Askofu]] [[Guido wa Asizi]] na Kardinali [[Yohane wa Mt. Paulo]]), alifaulu kuongea naye na kukubaliwa. Viongozi hao walijitahidi kwanza kuelekeza mifumo mipya ya kiroho kwenye [[umonaki]], na pili iliposhindikana wakairuhusu mradi isifuate [[uzushi]] bali ikubali kuongozwa na makleri kusudi isivuruge maisha ya Kanisa. Hivyo Mt. Fransisko na wenzake walipokataa kanuni za kitawa zilizokwishakubaliwa, wakaruhusiwa kwa sauti tu wafuate azimio lake na kuhubiri [[toba]]. === Maisha ya Ndugu Wadogo huko Asizi === Kisha kurudi kwa furaha Asizi walibanana katika kibanda fulani huko [[Rivotorto]], halafu wakahamia Porsyunkula. Mahali penyewe panatusaidia sana kuelewa karama ya Kifransisko: si maisha ya kimonaki yanayohitaji kujitegemea kwa mashamba makubwa na [[mifugo]], wala ya [[wakaapweke]] wanaohitaji kuishi mbali na watu, bali ni utawa unaohitaji [[utulivu]] na upweke kwa ajili ya [[sala]], lakini pia unadai uhusiano mkubwa na watu wa nje ili kupata [[riziki]] na hasa kuwajenga kwa mifano na maneno. Hivyo si kati ya watu, wala si mbali nao. [[Mchana]] ndugu walikuwa wakienda mjini kufanya [[kazi]] mbalimbali ndogondogo na kuwahimiza watu waishi kwa [[uadilifu]]. Muda uliobaki, hasa [[usiku]], ulikuwa kwa ajili ya sala upwekeni. Maelezo mengine kuhusu maisha ya wakati huo tunayapata tena katika [[wasia]] ambamo Fransisko ametuachia ukumbusho wa kudumu. Jambo la kwanza ni [[ufukara mkuu]] ambao uliwadai ndugu wote wawaachie [[maskini]] [[mali]] zao. Hivyo jumuia haikuwa na kitu, ikaishi kwa shidashida pembeni mwa [[jamii]] kama watu waliotupwa, wakiridhika na [[kanzu]] moja tu, tena duni sana, wakiiongezea sanasana viraka ndani na nje ili kupunguza [[baridi]], halafu [[kamba]] na [[kaptura]]. Mavazi ya namna hiyo yalikusudiwa kudhihirisha hali ya chini ya ndugu wadogo katika Kanisa na jamii kwa hiyo yalitakiwa kusababisha [[dharau]], si [[heshima]]. Jambo la pili ni maisha ya sala, ambayo yalikuwa tofauti kwa ndugu [[wakleri]] na kwa ma[[bradha]] kutokana na [[elimu]] yao: wa kwanza walijua [[Kilatini]], [[lugha ya liturujia]]; wa pili kwa kawaida hawakujua hata kusoma. Hivyo Fransisko na wakleri wengine walitumia [[Sala ya Kanisa]], wakati mabradha walipangiwa kurudiarudia [[Sala ya Bwana]] mara kadhaa. Kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] Fransisko akazidi kupata [[ujuzi]] wa kidini, ila aliendelea kuchukia jambo moja la elimu ya wakleri, yaani kwamba mara nyingi ujuzi wao waliutumia kuipotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya [[sheria]] na hata ya ujumbe wa Mungu. Aliona kwamba elimu hiyo haitoshi kuwafanya watu watambue na kushika kama yeye uhusiano uliopo kati ya mateso ya walio wengi na yale ya Yesu. Ukweli huo unajulikana na watu wenye [[upendo]], si wenye elimu tu. Ndiyo sababu Fransisko katika [[malezi]] hakusisitiza mafundisho na ujuzi kwa jumla, bali [[mang’amuzi]] na mifano inayogusa mioyo. Upande wao mabradha, kama vile katika mifumo mingine ya wakati huo, walitumia Sala ya Bwana ambayo kwao ilikuwa na uzito wa pekee, kutokana na jinsi Fransisko alivyoongoka kwa kumkataa mzazi wake na kumchagua Mungu tu kuwa baba yake: ndiye tegemeo pekee na ndiye anayewafanya watu wote kuwa ndugu. Juu ya msingi huo wa [[udugu]], tofauti ya sala haikuleta [[ubaguzi]] kazi ya wakleri na mabradha: wote walikuwa wakijiona wajinga na kujiweka chini ya yeyote, unavyosisitiza wasia baada ya kukumbuka namna yao ya kusali. Alipouandikisha ameshamruhusu Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]] awafundishe wanashirika mambo ya [[dini]], lakini anaendelea kuogopa elimu hiyo pia itawavimbisha na kuwasogeza mbali na [[wito]] wao wa [[udogo]], kumbe [[ujinga]] unaleta dharau aliyotamani daima. Hivyo tena katika wasia akataja mara [[kazi ya mikono]], akieleza inavyowapasa wote, hata yeye mwenye [[madonda ya Yesu]]! Katika kusisitiza kazi ndogondogo kama za mwanzoni alitoa sababu mbili: moja ni kufukuza [[uvivu]], kama ilivyofundishwa na [[wamonaki]] toka zamani; lakini inayotajwa kwanza ni maalumu kwa kazi hizo za watu wadogo, yaani kutoa mfano mzuri kwa wanaowaona. [[Wafransisko]] wa kwanza walifanya kazi hivyo, pasipo kulenga [[malipo]] moja kwa moja. Ndiyo sababu mara nyingine hawakulipwa chochote kwa kazi waliyoifanya. Hapo wakaikimbilia “meza ya Bwana” kwa kuombaomba nyumbani kwa watu. Zamani hizo katika Kanisa ilieleweka wazi kuwa [[fukara]] ana haki ya kuishi na kuwa Mungu anamkaribisha [[chakula]] kwa njia ya watu wakarimu. Hata hivyo daima kuombaomba kuna ugumu wake, hasa [[aibu]] na dharau za watu. Lakini hizo zinachangia [[ustawi]] wa [[unyenyekevu]] na udogo kwa kuweka kweli katika ngazi ya mwisho ya jamii. Pamoja na malengo hayo, ni wazi kwamba kwa Fransisko njia ya kawaida ya kujipatia riziki ni kufanya kazi wenyewe, si kutegemea tu kazi ya wengine kama walivyotafsiri baadaye shirikani. Jambo lingine la pekee ambalo Fransisko alilikumbuka katika wasia ni salamu ya [[amani]] aliyofunuliwa na Bwana. Amani hiyo ilihitajika sana, hasa wakati huo wa vitavita, lakini yeye alilenga pia amani ya rohoni, yaani amani ya Kimungu inayoondoa [[dhambi]]. Hivyo salamu yake ya Kiinjili ilikuwa kama [[muhtasari]] wa mahubiri yake. Baada ya kukumbusha hayo yote, wasia unasisitiza ufukara wa majengo (nyumba na vikanisa) ya wafuasi wake, pamoja na msimamo ambao wawe nao, yaani wa kuishi huko kama wageni na wasafiri tu, tayari kuondoka siku yoyote kama walivyofanya huko Rivotorto walipomuachia nafasi [[punda]] wa [[mkulima]] mkorofi. Kwa msingi huohuo wa udogo wasia unaongeza katazo la kwamba watawa wasimkimbilie [[Papa]] wala [[ofisi zake]] ili kupewa [[fadhili]], yaani [[idhini]] ya kutenda tofauti na watu wengine. Katazo hilo kali lilikusudiwa tena kulinda udogo wa jamaa yake. Fransisko toka mwanzo alijichagulia nafasi ya mwisho asipende kushindana wala kujilinda na mtu yeyote. Katika kufafanua katazo hilo alitamka wazi kuwa ndugu wadogo wasiombe fadhili hata kama ni kwa ajili ya kuhubiri. Aliutaka [[utume]], lakini hakupenda uharibu udogo: aliona ni afadhali kuacha utume sehemu fulani kuliko kuacha udogo. Hivyo ni wazi tofauti iliyopo kati yake na [[Dominiko Guzman|Mt. Dominiko]]. [[Mwanzilishi]] huyo wa [[Utawa wa Wahubiri]] alilenga uenezaji wa [[ukweli]], akatafuta njia za kufikia lengo hilo, yaani ubora wa mapadri wake kuhusu elimu na [[utakatifu]]; kwake ufukara ulikusudiwa kuwafanya wahubiri wapokewe katika [[mazingira]] yale tuliyoyaeleza. Ili kufikia lengo hilo alijipatia fadhili nyingi toka kwa Papa, uenezaji wa ukweli usije ukazuiwa na [[mamlaka]] nyingine yoyote. Kumbe Fransisko alifanya tofauti, kadiri ya chaguo lake: alipotambua kuwa [[Bwana]] amewaita yeye na wafuasi wake wakaokoe watu, alijitahidi kufanya hivyo lakini bila ya kuacha nafasi ya mwisho aliyojichagulia. Aliona si rahisi kubaki pembeni mwa jamii na mwa Kanisa (kama vile wakoma na wengineo), na papo hapo kujihusisha kikamilifu na maisha ya jamii (ili kuleta amani) na ya Kanisa (kama shirika kubwa ajabu), lakini kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena katika wasia chaguo la mwanzoni, ambalo ni la maana kwa [[karne]] zote kwa vile daima watakuwepo watu wa mwisho wenye kudharauliwa. === Msanii wa Bwana === Hatuwezi kuelewa vizuri maisha hayo ya mwanzoni tusipozingatia jambo lake lingine ambalo ni la pekee katika [[Kanisa la Magharibi]], yaani tabia ya kupenda viigizo na kuchekesha watu ambayo ilichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa uenezi wa Ufransisko na mafanikio ya utume wake. Fransisko alikuwa mfurahivu si kwa [[silika]] tu wala si kutokana na muungano wake na Mungu tu. Alipenda kufanya mambo ya ajabuajabu kwa makusudi mazima ili kuwashangaza watu na kuwafanya watafute majibu ya maswali yaliyojitokeza ndani mwao. Kwa maana hiyo alipenda kujiita “ioculator” (= mtu wa viigizo na vichekesho, [[msanii]]) wa Bwana. Zamani hizo “msanii” alikuwa mtu anayepata riziki kwa kuchekesha watu akitenda mambo ya ajabuajabu popote pale anapopita: tena haogopi kutoa ujumbe mzito katika vichekesho vyake, kwa kuwa amejiweka pembeni mwa jamii. Basi, Fransisko aliamua kuwa mtu wa namna hiyo kwa ajili ya Bwana, yaani kwa lengo la kuwavuta watu na kuwapasha ujumbe wa toba. Ndiyo njia yake ya kufanya utume. Akiwa kwanza mfanyabiashara hodari alijua vizuri namna ya kuwavuta watu wanunue [[bidhaa]] zake; baadaye akatumia [[kipawa]] hicho ili watu wapokee ujumbe wake. Kwa namna za kuvaa na kutenda, pamoja na kuvumilia dharau, yeye na wenzake waliteka [[roho]] za watu, hata walipoacha [[utani]] na kuhimiza toba wakasikilizwa kuliko wahubiri wa kawaida makanisani. Hivyo walitangaza [[Injili]] mitaani katika mazingira ya watu wa kawaida na kwa mitindo na [[lugha]] vinavyotumika mitaani. Basi, baada ya kumaliza kuikarabati Porsyunkula, walishughulika zaidi mjini wakitoa mfano wao na kuhimiza toba; halafu usiku hasa walikazania sala katika utulivu wa porini. Hivyo polepole Waasizi wakabadili mtazamo wao juu yao na kuanza kuwaheshimu. Ushindi huo ulipatikana kwa [[gharama]] kubwa (dharau, mateso n.k.), lakini ushindi muhimu zaidi ni ule walioupata juu yao wenyewe wakijipatia hivyo [[furaha]] na [[uhuru wa wana wa Mungu]]. === Mt. Klara na Dada Wadogo === Kuanzia karne XI [[wanawake]] wa [[Ulaya]] walishika nafasi za maana kuliko kawaida katika jamii na Kanisa, wakijitokeza pia kwa wingi kufuata [[tapo]] lolote la kiroho la Kikatoliki au la kizushi. Kumbe Fransisko hakupata mwanamke yeyote wa kumfuata kwa walau miaka sita tangu aongoke, na hata baada ya kumpata [[Klara wa Asizi|Mt. Klara]], hakuwapata tena wengi. Sababu ni kwamba hakuwa [[mchungaji]] wa roho bali mtu mwenye kutafuta njia yake, wala hakuwa na mpango wa kuanzisha lolote, bali alitaka kushiriki tu hali ya watu wa mwisho. Basi, kwa wanawake nafasi ya mwisho haikuwa tu ile ya wakoma, bali pia ya ma[[kahaba]] na ya [[wachawi]]. Hivyo kwao chaguo la nafasi ya mwisho lilikuwa gumu zaidi, si tu upande wa mateso bali pia upande wa dharau, mbali ya kwamba lingesababisha masingizio juu ya uhusiano wao na ndugu wa kiume. Klara alizaliwa mwaka [[1193]] au [[1194]], hivyo alikuwa na miaka 12-13 Fransisko alipovua [[utu wa kale]] mbele ya mji mzima katika uwanda ule ambako iko nyumba ya Klara. Kwa hakika huyo akaendelea kusikia habari mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko: alivyopata wafuasi, mmojawao [[Rufino]] binamu wa Klara; alivyokubaliwa na Papa n.k. Hatujui kama ni kwa sababu hizo kwamba alikataa [[ndoa]] mbalimbali mpaka akafikia umri wa miaka 18, wala hatujui kama walikutana mara nyingi kwa mashauri ya kiroho. Ila tunajua kwa hakika kuwa baada ya Klara kukimbia nyumbani usiku na kujiunga na jamaa ya ndugu wadogo, akifuatwa na mdogo wake [[Agnesi wa Asizi|Mt. Agnesi]] baada ya [[wiki]] mbili tu, Fransisko alitimiza [[wajibu]] wa kumlisha kiroho kwa mahubiri, mifano na hata maandishi. Kwa [[ushahidi]] wa Klara tunajua kwamba hata kwake himizo kuu la Fransisko lilikuwa kuambatana moja kwa moja na ufukara wa [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Mapema sana (kabla ya mwanzo wa mwaka [[1213]]) Fransisko aliwaahidia akina Klara kuwashughulikia sawa na ndugu wa kiume, akafanya hivyo mpaka kufa, ingawa kipindi fulani alijizuia asiwatembelee kusudi ndugu wengine wasipate [[kisingizio]] cha kufanya hivyo. Klara aliitikia kwa namna bora ya upendo na [[uaminifu]], akamsaidia kuelewa vizuri zaidi wito wake wa kitume. Kufika kwake kwenyewe kulimfanya Fransisko afikirie sana na kushauriana naye juu ya maisha atakayoyashika. Mara wakatambua njia ya wanawake iwe tofauti na ile ya [[wanaume]]: kwa hiyo Klara akawa [[mmonaki]] na baadaye [[abesi]], ingawa kwa kushika kikamilifu ufukara mkuu na kuhusiana kidugu na wenzake. Tofauti na ndugu wadogo, ambao Fransisko aliwaelekeza wafuate “[[mtindo wa Injili takatifu]]”, yaani Yesu alivyowaagiza [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] waende ([[Math]].10:5-15), aliwaelekeza Waklara kwenye “[[ukamilifu]] wa Injili takatifu”, unaoonyeshwa hasa na [[heri nane]] na [[Hotuba ya mlimani|hotuba nzima ya mlimani]] (Math. 5:1-7:27), bila ya kuwabana kwa mtindo huo wenye vipengele vingi vya pekee. Tofauti inaonekana wazi katika ushahidi wa Askofu [[Yakobo wa Vitry]] ulioandikwa mwaka [[1216]] ukieleza maisha ya Wafransisko yalivyokuwa bado mwanzoni: wote walikuwa wanakula [[jasho]] lao, ila ndugu wa kiume kwa kufanya kazi hasa mjini au vijijini, kumbe akina [[dada]] kwa kubaki katika makao yao. Fransisko aliwahurumia daima wanawake hao waliokubali dharau na magumu ya kila aina. Yeye, ambaye hakusita hata kidogo kufuata tu mtindo wa Injili, katika kuwaongoza alizingatia sana [[udhaifu]] wa [[jinsia]] yao, na kama kwa kulazimishwa tu na Klara alimruhusu kushika magumu mengi: kila mara [[huruma]] ya Fransisko na msimamo imara wa Klara vilikutana katika kumpendeza Mungu. Ni baada tu ya kung’amua msimamo huo, kwamba Fransisko alimuahidia atawatunza sawa na ndugu wa kiume. Mwongozo wake wa uso kwa uso ukawa muhimu kuliko kuwaandikia [[kanuni]] fulani: badala yake mwenyewe alichukua [[jukumu]] la kudumisha ufukara mkuu na udugu katika [[monasteri]] ya kike. === Mkutano mkuu === Huyo Yakobo wa Vitry, pamoja na “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”, wanashuhudia jambo lingine muhimu katika Ufransisko, yaani [[mkutano mkuu]] ambao ulikuwa ukifanyika kwanza mara mbili kwa mwaka kwenye [[sikukuu]] ya [[Pentekoste]] na ya [[malaika Mikaeli]], halafu kwenye Pentekoste tu ya kila mwaka, halafu tena kila baada ya miaka mitatu. Kuhusu wahudhuriaji, kwanza walikuwa ndugu wote, lakini walipoongezeka mno na kuenea mpaka mbali wakaruhusiwa kuhudhuria tu wahudumu wa jamaa. Mahali pa kukutana palikuwa Porsyunkula. Kwa muundo huo Fransisko alitaka kudumisha [[umoja]] kati ya wafuasi wake, kwa kuamua pamoja juu ya sheria na mipango ya shirika, lakini hasa kwa kustawisha upendo wao wa kidugu na kwa kuwarudisha pale walipoanzia, wasije wakasogea mbali mno na wito wao wa asili. Mpaka alipoishi, mwenyewe alikuwa [[moyo]] wa mikutano, awe anasikilizwa au kupingwa katika [[juhudi]] zake za kuokoa mambo makuu ya karama yake mbele ya marekebisho yaliyodaiwa ili kulingana na viongozi wa Kanisa, na wingi wa ndugu wa kila aina na mazingira mapya. Marekebisho hayo yalikuwa yanabadilisha polepole sura ya jamaa, isiwe tena kundi dogo la marafiki wanaodharauliwa, bali shirika linaloeleweka na kuheshimika. Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa ya lazima, lakini akikumbuka siku za nyuma alikuwa na [[hamu]] ya kuzirudia: ndio [[utatanishi]] ambao ulimfadhaisha mpaka mwisho ukaendelea kuvuruga umoja wa utawa wake. Upande mmoja ndugu mdogo anapaswa awe mtu wa mwisho katika Kanisa na jamii, kupenda adharauliwe na wote na kukabili magumu kama ya waliotupwa na wenzao. Upande mwingine anapaswa awe [[mwanakanisa]] akishirikiana na wachungaji na kueneza toba kwa maneno yake pia, ambayo yapokewe kama muhimu kwa [[wokovu]] wa watu. Kushika hayo mawili bila ya moja kumponyoka, ndilo [[jaribio]] la Fransisko. Zaidi ya hayo alikuwa akihimiza mkutano mkuu, ila pengine alikataza wasipite kiasi katika [[malipizi]], kama alivyomkataza Klara. Mwishoni, baada ya kuwabariki wote, alikuwa akichunguza na kuruhusu wahubiri wapya kwa kuzingatia walivyo katika ujuzi wa dini, uwezo wa kusema na hasa ubora wa maisha, kwa kuwa alitaka wafundishe kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno. === Uenezi wa shirika na kujihusisha kwa Kanisa la Roma === Yakobo wa Vitry alieleza [[furaha]] yake na [[mshangao]] akiona [[urahisi]] wa ndugu wadogo kupenya aina zote za watu, tofauti na wamonaki na wakleri. Ustawi wa shirika ulifanya lipate [[nguvu]] katika Kanisa na kuenea kwa [[kasi]] mahali pengi. Watawa hao wapya wakaja kuwavutia pia wanabaraza wa Papa, hata makardinali wakataka kuwa nao nyumbani mwao, na uhusiano na Papa ukawa mkubwa zaidi na zaidi. Wakati huohuo nyumba za Kifransisko zikaanza kuwa za kudumu zaidi, ingawa si mali ya shirika, mpaka zikapata kila moja ndugu ambaye awe [[mlinzi]] wa [[wanajumuia]] wenzake. Kwanza aliwashughulikia Kardinali Yohane wa Mt. Paulo, lakini bila ya kujihusisha mno. Baada ya [[kifo chake]] Fransisko akaona umuhimu wa kuwa na mwingine kama [[mwakilishi]] wa Papa, akamuomba awe Hugolino, Kardinali askofu wa [[Ostia]], aliyemtabiria atakuwa Papa (akaja kuitwa Gregori IX). Huyo alikuwa na mang’amuzi mengi ya kisiasa na ya Kikanisa alipokutana naye huko [[Florence]]; Fransisko vilevile alikuwa ameng’amua mengi kuhusu [[uongozi]] wa shirika, tena kwa [[uchungu]], hasa kuwa hataweza kuliongoza peke yake. Ndiyo sababu ukaanzishwa [[muundo]] wa [[provinsya]], yaani [[kanda]] zilizokuwa kila moja chini ya ndugu fulani kama [[mtumishi]]. Ugawaji wa shirika kikanda ulihitajika hasa baada ya kuvuka milima ya Italia Kaskazini ([[Alps]]) kati ya mwaka [[1215]] na [[1217]]. Mwaka huo iliamuliwa pia kuvuka [[Bahari ya Kati]] ili kuendea [[Nchi Takatifu]]. Katika mkutano mkuu ulioamua hivyo, Fransisko aliwaeleza washiriki kuwa mwenyewe hawezi kubaki nyuma kisha kuwatuma ndugu zake wakabiliane na matatizo mengi, hivyo akajichagulia [[Ufaransa]] akaondoka. Alipofika Florence ndipo alikutana na Hugolino, wakafunga [[urafiki]] wa kudumu wakaheshimiana mpaka kufa. Mazungumzo yao ya awali ni kama picha ya yale yatakayofuata: Kardinali akimshauri Fransisko afuate [[busara]], Mt. Fransisko akieleza motomoto sababu za [[imani]] zinazomuongoza, hatimaye Kardinali akinyamaza kwa kutambua Mt. Fransisko anaongozwa na [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. Hugolino alifaulu kumzuia asiende Ufaransa, shirika lisije likashambuliwa mno na wapinzani wake mbalimbali, lakini Fransisko hakukubali kuacha mpango wa kutuma ndugu kwenye nchi nyingine za Kikristo na hata za [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]], akieleza kuwa Mungu aliyewatuma kwa wokovu wa watu wote atawatunza kokote alivyoahidi. Vivyo hivyo baadaye akakubali kiasi tu mashauri ya Hugolino, asiachane na mambo makuu ya wito wake. Mbali na [[dhana]] ya kwamba Kardinali alipotosha [[mfumo]] wa Kifransisko kwa manufaa ya uongozi wa Kanisa, ukweli ni kwamba Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa akitambua madai yenye msingi ya ndugu wapya (hasa wa nchi za mbali na wasomi); zaidi tena [[wema]] wake ulimfanya ayakubali ili kukwepa kikwazo kinachoweza kusababishwa na mabishano kati ya ndugu. Ndiyo mateso ya miaka kumi ya mwisho ya maisha yake: alizidi kuona [[njia]] bora ya kuelekea utakatifu wa Kiinjili, kumbe wafuasi wake wengi wanashindwa kuikubali au wanakataa kuelekezwa, hata kwa kumpinga na kumdharau waziwazi. Hivyo miaka ya ushindi na uenezi wa shirika, ndiyo miaka michungu zaidi kwake, kiasi kwamba akajaribiwa kukata tamaa na kujiona amedanganyika. Lakini akadumu kutegemea [[maongozi ya Mungu]] kwa shirika lake, akapokea mateso hayo pamoja na ya [[mwili]] kama namna nyingine ya kushiriki hali ya watu wa mwisho, na hasa ya Yesu msulubiwa aliyesalitiwa na wanafunzi wake. Kuhusu uenezi wa shirika nje ya Italia tuna vitabu viwili muhimu kwa kuwa viliandikwa na wahusika, [[Jordano wa Giano]] kuhusu [[Ujerumani]], na [[Thomas wa Eccleston]] kuhusu [[Uingereza]]. Hasa huyo wa pili bila ya kukusudia alionyesha wazi jinsi shirika lilivyozidi kusogea mbali na nia ya Fransisko kadiri mahali palipokuwa mbali na Italia na kadiri miaka ilivyozidi kupita. Kwa vyovyote mwanzoni mwa uenezi huo hali ilikuwa ngumu, hasa kwa sababu hayakufanyika [[maandalizi]] yoyote, tena Fransisko alikataa katakata kuwaombea waliotumwa hati ya [[utambulisho]] toka kwa Papa. Hivyo sehemu nyingine walifukuzwa kama wachawi au wazushi, kwa sababu [[Papa Inosenti III]] alikubali shirika na kanuni lakini kwa [[sauti]] tu. Makubwa zaidi yaliwapata akina [[Berardo mfiadini|Berardo]] waliouawa na Waislamu huko [[Moroko]] ([[1220]]): ndio [[wafiadini]] wa kwanza wa shirika. Matukio hayo yalichangia wazo la kuhitajika maandishi yenye kuthibitisha shirika, kwa kuwa Ndugu Wadogo walikuwa hawaeleweki: si wakaapweke, wala wamonaki, wala [[wakanoniki]], wala mapadri [[wanajimbo]], ila walidai kuwa shirika la kitawa bila ya kufuata mojawapo kati ya kanuni nne zilizokubalika kwa watawa. Ni kwamba Fransisko aliogopa kanuni inayofuata mtindo wa kisheria badala ya mtindo wa Kiinjili: msimamo huo ulikuwa kinyume cha mazoea ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] hasa wakati huo. Mt. Fransisko aliona Injili inazidi kutudai kadiri tunavyoendelea Kiroho, kumbe sheria zinaweza kutekelezwa na kumfanya mtu ajipongeze na kuridhika asijitahidi zaidi. Hasa alijua [[ujanja]] wa [[binadamu]] katika kufafanua sheria ili wakwepe mizigo yake. Hata hivyo Kanisa likamdai kanuni maalumu ili kuondoa wasiwasi juu ya shirika hilo jipya. Upinzani huo pia, uliochochewa na wamonaki na mapadri walioshikilia [[mapokeo]] yao, ulionyesha haja ya kuthibitisha shirika kwa kanuni maalumu. Basi, kazi ilikuwa kuitunga: Fransisko aliziandika zaidi ya moja na kuzijaribu mpaka akatoa ile ya kudumu, akisisitiza hasa ufukara mkuu na kutaka [[pesa]] iepukike. Katika kazi hiyo alisaidiwa na ndugu wataalamu wa sheria, mbali ya mapendekezo ya mikutano mikuu na ya Kardinali Hugolino. Juhudi za Fransisko zililenga kuhakikisha kanuni haitazimisha roho, yaani hamu ya ukamilifu wa Kiinjili. Lakini kabla hajakabili moja kwa moja kazi hiyo aliamua kwenda ng’ambo ya Bahari ya Kati kwa jaribio kuu la maisha yake: kumshuhudia Yesu mbele ya [[sultani]] na ikiwezekana kuuawa kama ndugu mdogo halisi. Akaondoka fukara tena mpole, [[silaha]] zake zikiwa ni imani na upendo tu, tofauti na [[Vita vya msalaba|askari wa msalaba]] waliokuwa wakiuana na Waislamu. === Hamu ya kufia dini na ugonjwa wa Mt. Fransisko === [[Picha:SaintFrancisAssisiWithAlKamil15thCentury.JPG|thumb|Fransisko mbele ya Sultani [[al-Kamil]] ([[karne ya 15]]).]] Hata kabla ya mwaka 1219 Fransisko alifunga [[safari]] aende kumshuhudia Yesu kwa Waislamu: katika mwaka wa sita tangu aongoke (1211) alipanda [[meli]] ambayo ikaishia [[Korasya]]; halafu mwaka [[1214]] hivi akaelekea [[Hispania]] ili kuvukia Moroko lakini akaugua ikambidi arudi nyuma. Ni kwamba kuanzia karne XI, kama matokeo ya [[vita vya msalaba]], Wakristo walipata tena hamu kubwa ya kufia dini, wasiridhike na ile namna ya kumfia Yesu siku hadi siku kwa maisha ya kimonaki. Fransisko pia alitamani kumrudishia Yesu ule upendo mkuu wa kutoa [[uhai]] kwa rafiki yake, lakini hakujitafutia mateso kwa kuwashambulia Waislamu kwa silaha wala kwa matusi, bali alijitahidi kuwaokoa kwa mahubiri yake motomoto lakini yenye [[upole]] pia. Kama vile alivyokuwa mstaarabu kwa wote kabla hajaongoka, akaendelea kuwa hivyo hata kwa Waislamu wakati wa vita vikali kati yao na Wakristo, kwa kuwa alisema, “Mungu ni [[ustaarabu]]”. Alikwenda kwenye [[kambi]] lao kama [[mwanakondoo]] kati ya [[mbwamwitu]], bila ya [[ulinzi]] wala hati ya kumtetea. Mbele ya sultani alibishana na [[shehe]] wake, akaheshimiwa kwa [[ujasiri]] wake wa kuhatarisha uhai wake ili kuokoa watu, na kwa ufukara wake uliomfanya akatae [[zawadi]] yoyote. Ni wazi alikuwa na [[karama]] ya kuvutia watu wowote, hata wasio Wakristo (mpaka leo anayo, ilivyoonekana siku ya kuombea amani iliyokusanya viongozi wa dini zote huko Asizi mwaka [[1986]]). Fransisko alibaki [[Mashariki ya Kati]] ([[Siria]], [[Misri]] na [[Israeli]]) zaidi ya mwaka mmoja. Kabla hajaondoka Italia, akijitambua kuwa [[mkuu wa shirika]] kubwa, aliacha ndugu wawili kama [[makamu]] wake ([[Mathayo wa Narni]] na [[Gregori wa Napoli]]) akiwagawia [[madaraka]]. Lakini kazi iliyokuwa ngumu kwa mwanzilishi mwenyewe ikawashinda, na juhudi zao hazikufaa: k.mf. walitunga sheria mpya kuhusu [[mfungo]] ili zilingane na zile kali za mashirika mengine. Kumbe Fransisko hakuzipenda, akitaka zaidi kufuata Injili inayoruhusu kula vyovyote vilivyoandaliwa kwa watu wa Mungu. Kwake ilikuwa muhimu kuwa fukara kweli, na hivyo kukosa hakika ya kupata kila siku vyakula mbalimbali ambayo ingemdai mtu ajipangie mipaka asije akawa mlafi. Mfungo wa Kifransisko hasa si wa kujichagulia, bali unatokana na maisha yenyewe. Vilevile juhudi za ndugu wengine zilileta [[vurugu]] zikienda kinyume cha nia ya Fransisko ya kutoomba hati za utetezi kutoka kwa Papa na kuhusu namna ya kuhudumia wakoma. Hali ya shirika ikawa ngumu kiasi kwamba bradha Stefano akavuka [[bahari]] bila ya [[ruhusa]] akamuarifu Fransisko, ambaye, kisha kushauriana na [[Petro Cattani]], na kufunuliwa na Mungu la kufanya, akarudi haraka Italia akarudisha hali ya kwanza. Lakini aliona pia umuhimu wa kuwa na Kardinali mmojawapo ambaye alishughulikie shirika akamuomba kwa Papa kama tulivyokwishaeleza. Ndipo pia alipokabili moja kwa moja kazi ya kutunga [[kanuni ya kudumu]]. Kwa ajili hiyo alimuomba [[msaada]] ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[Biblia]], apambe maagizo ya Kanuni kwa maneno hasa ya Injili ili sheria zisizimishe hamu ya ukamilifu: madondoo hayo yanachukua thuluthi moja ya [[Kanuni ya mwaka 1221]]. Lakini tarehe [[29 Septemba]] [[1220]] katika mkutano mkuu Fransisko akachukua hatua nyingine ya kushangaza, alijiuzulu katika wadhifa wa mkuu wa shirika. Sababu ni mbalimbali: hali mbaya ya [[afya]], matatizo ya shirika, hamu ya kurudi chini na kutii badala ya kuwa [[kiongozi]] anayeheshimiwa na Kanisa lote. Pamoja na kuacha uongozi rasmi, hakuacha kuwajibika kama [[kielelezo]] kwa wote na [[mtungasheria]] mkuu. Toka mwanzo waliomfuata hawakuzingatia sheria fulani, bali walikusudia kufanana naye; upande wake hakukubali kuwadanganya kwa kuwaonyesha utakatifu nusunusu au kuridhika na sifa yake bila ya kulingana nayo siku kwa siku. Hasa miaka ya mwisho akakazana asije akawa mtu wa kuheshimiwa badala ya mfano wa kufuatwa. Ndiyo sababu aliacha uongozi rasmi wa shirika ili aweze kuwa kielelezo wazi zaidi cha Ndugu Mdogo hasa katika kutii. Ni vema tujiulize namna gani mfano wake uliweza kuwagusa watu wote. Upande mmoja ni kwamba wanahitajika watu wa Mungu, lakini hasa wasio mbali na jamii bali ni wenye kushiriki mang’amuzi ya watu wa kawaida, na wenye kupatwa na magumu ya maisha ya kila siku, hasa ya maskini. Upande wa pili [[nafsi]] yenyewe ya Fransisko ilivutia wote hata kabla hajaongoka, na [[mvuto]] huo wa ki[[maumbile]] ukaja kuzidishwa na utakatifu aliojaliwa. Uamuzi wake wa moja kwa moja wa kushika nafasi ya mwisho ulisababisha kwanza dharau, lakini baadaye heshima kwa kuwa unagusa mioyo ya wote, ukionyesha tena njia ya Mwana wa Mungu aliyeshiriki kabisa hali ya binadamu jinsi ilivyo kimaisha. Maneno yake mepesi, matendo yake ya kueleweka, mwenendo wake wa kupendeza, salamu yake ya amani, [[kipawa]] chake cha kushirikisha furaha na uchungu, na mengineyo yalichangia ushindi wake. Lakini mwenyewe alilenga zaidi ushindi mwingine, yaani ule wa kuona [[furaha kamili]] katika majaribu ya kila aina, hata kutoka kwa wafuasi wake. Kati ya mateso yaliyomuathiri hatuwezi kusahau yale ya mwili. Wote wanashuhudia kwamba tangu [[ujana]] wake alikuwa dhaifu, lakini baada ya kuongoka akatesa mwili wake kiasi cha kulazimika baadaye auombe umsamehe. Halafu alipokwenda ng’ambo ya bahari alipatwa na [[maradhi]] mawili ya kudumu, [[malaria]] (ambayo haikuwa na [[tiba]] wakati huo) na [[trakoma]] (inayosababisha [[upofu]] wa [[hatua kwa hatua]]). Mbali ya mateso ya maradhi yenyewe, labda ni makali zaidi yale ya [[matibabu]] ambayo aliagizwa na [[ndugu Elia]] na Kardinali, akayavumilia kishujaa kabisa, k.mf. alipochomwa mishipa yote ya [[damu]] kati ya [[sikio]] na [[jicho]] kwa kutumia [[chuma]] cha [[moto]]. Ili ashiriki zaidi mateso ya wakoma na wengineo, na hasa ya Mwana wa Mungu, hakujihurumia kama wagonjwa wengi, bali alizidi kuwahurumia wengine, kama vile ndugu waliomuuguza, wenyeji wake waliosumbuliwa na wageni waliomtembelea, na wagonjwa fukara. Tena hakuacha ukali wa malipizi yake kwa lengo la kuwa mfano bora kwa wanashirika. Nguvu zake za kiroho tu zilimfanya azidi kulishughulikia shirika na kulitungia kanuni katika hali hiyo ya [[ugonjwa]], pamoja na kuandika [[barua]] kwa watu mbalimbali na kudai atembezwe juu ya punda ili atoe ujumbe wa Mungu walau hivyo akishindwa kuhubiri. === Uandishi wa Kanuni === [[File:Regra bulada.jpg|thumb|Kanuni ya kudumu iliyothibitishwa na Papa Honori III tarehe 29 Novemba 1223.]] Kama alivyokubali jamaa yake igeuke kuwa shirika, tena kubwa, Fransisko alipaswa kukubali linahitaji miundo ya kufaa, kama vile mwaka wa [[unovisi]] (ulioagizwa na [[Papa Honori III]] mwaka 1220) na hasa kanuni. Ni vigumu leo kutambua mabadiliko yote yaliyofanyika katika yale maneno machache ya Injili yaliyokubaliwa na Inosenti III kwa sauti tu (1209) mpaka ikathibitishwa kanuni ya kudumu ([[1223]]). Miaka hiyo yote Fransisko alishughulikia [[ufumbuzi]] wa [[suala]] hilo zito, akisaidiwa au kupingwa na watu wengine, hasa wanashirika. Kama kumbukumbu ya kazi hiyo inabaki sanasana [[kanuni isiyothibitishwa]], ambayo inashuhudia hatua iliyofikiwa mwaka 1221, na ambayo iliongoza utungaji wa kanuni ya kudumu. Kwa jumla katika ile isiyothibitishwa, [[sura]] 17 za kwanza ni za zamani kuliko zile zinazofuata. Sura ya mwisho (24) ni sala tu ambayo ilitungwa na Fransisko na kubandikwa kama nyongeza. Kwa nini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa? Nani hakuridhika nayo? Mwenyewe au wafuasi wake au viongozi wa Kanisa? Hakika yeye alipendezwa nayo sana kwa jinsi inavyohimiza kuishi Kiinjili: ndiyo sababu mwishoni aliandika ndugu hawaruhusiwi kuongeza wala kupunguza wala kubadili hiyo kanuni. Kumbe Kanisa lilidai kanuni iwe na sura ya kisheria zaidi. Hivyo kazi ya Fransisko ikaendelea, alivyoshuhudia hasa [[ndugu Leo]] ambaye alikuwa [[karani]] wake na kufuatana naye na [[ndugu Bonisyo]] kwenye [[mlima]] wa [[Fonte Colombo]] ili kukamilisha kanuni majira ya baridi kali kati ya mwaka [[1222]] na 1223. Leo ametueleza upinzani wa akina Elia na uchungu wa Fransisko aliokuwa anautoa katika sala, hasa kutokana na hakika aliyokuwanayo juu ya matakwa ya Mungu kwa shirika lake: alikuwa akitulia tu katika nia yake ya kuzidi kuonyesha kwa matendo yake yale ambayo Yesu alimfunulia. Hata hivyo, ndugu wengi hawakukubali kuyapokea kama sheria kwao. Ilimbidi akubali baadhi ya madai yao, pamoja na mashauri mbalimbali ya Kardinali na labda ya Papa mwenyewe. Lakini, pamoja na kutimiza hivyo udogo wake, hakukubali kuacha yaangushwe mambo makuu ya wito wake. Hivyo kanuni ya kudumu kwa jumla inafuata ile isiyothibitishwa, tena inaonyesha wazi kuwa mwandishi mkuu ni Fransisko, pia mengine yamesisitizwa naye hata kuliko alivyofanya katika kanuni ya muda. Pamoja na hayo, shida kubwa aliyoiona ni kwamba kanuni ya kudumu kwa mtindo wake wa kisheria inaeleweka zaidi, lakini pia inawaruhusu wanasheria kuitafsiri kwa namna inayoiondolea umotomoto wake. Ingawa hakuweza kukwepa maendeleo hayo, mpaka mwisho wa maisha yake alitafuta [[mbinu]] nyingine, kama vile kufanya Porsyunkula iwe kielelezo cha kudumu, [[ndugu Bernardo]] awe mfano bora wa ndugu mdogo baada ya mwanzilishi kufa, na hasa wasia wake mfupi na mrefu ambao karne zilizofuata ukazidi kuchochea uaminifu wa wafuasi wake na kusababisha marekebisho mengi ya shirika. Tarehe [[29 Novemba]] 1223 kanuni ilithibitishwa na Honori III ikawa [[sheria ya Kanisa]] ambayo Fransisko mwenyewe hakuweza kuibadilisha tena. Kwake na kwa Kanisa haukuwepo [[wasiwasi]] kuhusu kanuni kuwa ileile ingawa imerekebishwarekebishwa. Kama vile tangu mwaka 1209 hadi 1223, hata baadaye alidai kuwa ndiyo Injili yenyewe, yaani [[kiini]] chake. Kwa njia ya kanuni hiyo Kanisa lilipokea aina mpya ya utawa isiyofuata sheria za kawaida. Katika kanuni zimeingia kwa pamoja karama ya Fransisko na mamlaka ya Kanisa linalopokea toka kwa Bwana wake zawadi ya [[maisha yaliyowekwa wakfu]] likiifafanua na kuiratibu na kuipa miundo ya kudumu. Fransisko aliufurahia [[uthibitisho]] wa Kanisa akazidi kuwahimiza ndugu zake waifuate hiyo kanuni akiwabariki kwa kila namna. Lakini katika kuielewa tunapaswa kuzingatia pia msimamo wa Kanisa lililoithibitisha. Lenyewe linadai mpaka leo ufafanuzi wake rasmi ubaki mikononi mwake, kama ulivyotolewa na Gregori IX ([[1230]]), [[Papa Nikolasi III|Nikola III]] ([[1279]]), [[Papa Klementi V|Klementi V]] ([[1312]]) na [[Papa Inosenti XI|Inosenti XI]] ([[1679]]). Upande wa Fransisko tukumbuke hakika yake ya kuwa ameangazwa na Mungu aonyeshe upya mtindo wa Injili takatifu kama njia bora ya ukamilifu. Kwa msingi huo aliita kanuni [[kitabu]] cha [[uzima]], [[tumaini]] la wokovu, [[uti]] wa Injili, njia ya ukamilifu, [[ufunguo]] wa [[paradiso]], [[sharti]] la [[agano la milele]]. Kwa njia yake ndugu wanaweza kupata utulivu wa kweli na kuonja [[utamu]] na wepesi wa [[nira]] ya Kristo. Kwa wokovu wao alitaka wajifunze maneno ya kanuni na maana yake, na kuitafakari ili washinde [[ulegevu]] na kutimiza [[ahadi]] zao. Alitaka watumishi wajitahidi kufanya itekelezwe kikamilifu kama alivyojitahidi mwenyewe aliyeandika kuwa wanaoivunja hawahesabu tena kama Wakatoliki wala ndugu zake wala hataki kuwaona mpaka watubu. Mwishowe alitaka kila ndugu mdogo afe akishika kanuni mikononi. Katika wasia aliwakataza pia ndugu wote wasifafanue kanuni wasije wakaipotosha katika [[unyofu]] na [[usafi]] wake. Bila ya shaka hakuweza kumkataza Papa asitoe [[ufafanuzi]], wala hakuwa na nia ya kuzuia maelezo manyofu yenye kulenga [[utekelezaji]] wake mtakatifu. [[Historia]] ya shirika ikaja kushuhudia kuwa unyofu huo mbele ya kanuni ndio uliostawisha utakatifu wa ndugu na utume wao: marekebisho ya mfululizo ya shirika ni kazi ya Roho Mtakatifu anayehuisha shirika la Ndugu Wadogo katika njia ya Injili wasipoachana na unyofu huo. === Maandishi mengine ya Mt. Fransisko === [[File:Manuscrito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|Baraka kwa ndugu Leo, iliyoandikwa na Fransisko kwa mkono wake mwaka 1224]] [[File:Cantico delle Creature.djvu|thumb|Toleo la zamani kuliko yote yanayojulikana ya [[Utenzi wa viumbe]], linalotunzwa katika [[maktaba]] ya [[Konventi takatifu]] ya Mt. Fransisko, huko Asizi.]] Kanuni ndiyo maandishi yaliyojenga zaidi utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo na Kanisa pia. Tunasema ni ya Fransisko ingawa alisaidiwa kuitunga: kwa kiasi fulani ni vilevile kuhusu maandishi yake mengine ya [[Kilatini]] na ya Kiitalia. Kati yake tunaanza kuona mawili yanayotusaidia sana kuelewa historia ya shirika iliyofuata. Ya kwanza ni kanuni fupi kwa [[makao ya upwekeni]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa mwelekeo huo wa Fransisko na wenzake ambao ukawa mwelekeo wa wale wote waliotamani kurudia ufukara na [[unyofu]] wa mwanzoni. Ya pili ni barua kwa Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa msimamo wa mwisho wa Fransisko kuhusu masomo yaliyokuja kushika nafasi kubwa katika shirika na kuchangia tukio la ndugu wengi kuishi mijini katika [[konventi]] kubwa (ndiyo asili ya jina “[[Wakonventuali]]”). Kanuni hiyo fupi iliandikwa kati ya mwaka [[1217]] na [[1221]], yaani wakati kanuni ya muda ilipokomaa kutokana na mang’amuzi ya shirika. Mtindo wa maisha ulikuwa umebadilika: ndugu wengi, badala ya kuishi karibu na miji au vijiji wakifanya kazi na watu [[mchana]] na kukesha kwa Mungu [[usiku]], wamekuwa wanapendelea kuishi mbali na watu ili kusali tu. Kwa ajili hiyo yaliongezeka makao maalumu ya upwekeni ambamo ndugu wanaishi kwa muda fulani wakishika [[desturi]] mbalimbali za [[wamonaki]]. Fransisko aliona umuhimu wa kuuratibu mwelekeo huo ulingane na [[karama]] ya Ndugu Wadogo, kama vile alivyofanya pamoja na Klara kwa wamonaki wake wa kike. Hivyo kanuni hiyo inasisitiza udugu na upendo kati ya [[wakaapweke]], pamoja na udogo. Katika roho hiyo ya Kifransisko zinakubalika desturi zifuatazo za kimonaki: kuwa na [[ugo]], chumba cha binafsi, [[ratiba]] inayofuata vipindi vyote vya [[Sala ya Kanisa]], pamoja na kuamka usiku wa manane kwa [[Kipindi cha Masomo]], na [[kimya kikuu]] hadi [[Sala ya Kabla ya Adhuhuri]]. Fransisko alivutiwa sana na maisha hayo, kwa sababu yalimwezesha kushika ufukara wa pekee, akiishi ma[[pango]]ni kati ya miamba na katika vibanda vya [[fito]]. Sababu nyingine ilikuwa kukwepa usumbufu wa watu waliomtafuta ili kumuona na kumheshimu. Hatujui kanuni hiyo fupi iliendelea kufuatwa mpaka lini, lakini mfumo wa upwekeni ukabaki na kuchochea [[juhudi]] katika shirika hadi leo, mbali ya kwamba desturi hizo zilienea mapema katika konventi zote. [[Barua kwa Mt. Antoni]] iliandikwa baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, yaani mwaka [[1224]] au [[1225]]. Hiyo mistari michache yenye sura ya kisheria ilikuwa [[jibu]] rasmi kwa [[ombi]] la kuruhusiwa awafundishe [[teolojia]] Ndugu Wadogo. Labda Antoni mwenyewe aliombwa afanye kazi hiyo akiwa [[msomi]] wa kwanza katika shirika. Kwa vyovyote hakupenda kuleta jambo jipya utawani pasipo [[ruhusa]] ya mzee wake. Huyo akimjibu aliheshimu [[elimu]] yake kwa kumuita “Askofu wangu”, halafu akamkubalia akitambua ni hatua isiyoepukika, lakini akaweka sharti lilelile linalohusu kazi yoyote, yaani kwamba [[roho ya sala]] na ibada isizimishwe nayo. Ufupi wa barua, pamoja na utovu wa mapambo, unadokeza hali ya ndani ya mwandishi, kwamba aliamua kukubali kama kwa kulazimishwa na maendeleo ya shirika, ingawa anatambua hatari za kibali chake kwa siku za mbele. Basi, akamuachia Antoni jukumu la kuhakikisha masomo yasizimishe roho ya sala, akimuamini huyo mfuasi bora aliyeficha usomi wake kusudi awe ndugu mdogo halisi. Hivyo ni wazi kwamba Fransisko hakuiogopa teolojia yenyewe: hivyo, ingawa alijiita [[mjinga]] kwa kutokuwa na [[elimu ya juu]], alijiongezea mwaka hadi mwaka ujuzi wa Maandiko Matakatifu kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] akajitafutia msaada wa ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]] ili kupamba kanuni ya muda kwa madondoo ya [[Biblia]]. Aliyoyaogopa ni [[kiburi]] cha wasomi, [[majivuno]] ya [[wahubiri]], na hasa [[ujanja]] wa [[wanasheria]], akijua kwamba hayo yote yanazuia [[Neno la Mungu]] lisizae matunda. Alitaka neno lipokewe kwa unyofu jinsi lilivyo na kutekelezwa; basi, njia pekee ya kuweza kufanya hivyo ni sala ya kudumu. Bila ya shaka, Antoni katika kufundisha alitimiza sharti alilowekewa, kama walivyokuja kufanya baada yake [[walimu]] kadhaa, hasa Mt. Bonaventura. Lakini mwaka wa kifo cha Antoni ([[1231]]) waliingia shirikani walimu wa [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Paris]], ambao wakaendelea kufuata mitindo walioizoea nje ya [[Ufransisko]]. Hapo ndugu wadogo kama [[mwenye heri]] [[Egidi wa Asizi]] walilaani mji huo wakisema umeharibu kabisa Asizi, yaani karama ya mwanzoni. Basi, barua hiyo inathibitisha tena [[busara]] ya Fransisko katika kukubali mabadiliko kadhaa asiache kupigania kiini cha karama yake, kuambatana na Yesu aliyeshika nafasi ya mwisho hapa duniani, akishikamana na watu wadogo, si kwa lengo la kuwapatia maendeleo ya kidunia tu, bali hasa kuwarudishia hakika ya kuwa ni wa maana kwa Mungu, kama si kwa watu wenye uwezo. Historia ya karne zilizofuata ikathibitisha ushindi wa Fransisko, yaani [[uhai]] wa karama hiyo katika Kanisa. Kuhusu maandishi mengine aliyotuachia, tukumbuke kwamba [[maradhi]] yalikuja kumzuia kwa kiasi fulani asiendelee kusafiri sana kwa ajili ya [[utume]]. Hasa baada ya kutiwa [[madonda matakatifu]] akaja kuhitaji mfululizo ndugu [[wauguzi]] ambao wakawa hivyo ma[[shahidi]] wa mambo mengi waliyoyaandika hapo baadaye. Walishuhudia [[mateso]] yaliyompata upande wa [[mwili]] na wa [[roho]], yaliyomhusu binafsi na yaliyolihusu shirika na [[upinzani]] ndani yake. Hata katika hali hiyo hakukubali kulegeza maisha yake, akitaka azidi kuwa kielelezo cha ndugu mdogo kwa wote. Vilevile alipopunguza utume wake, hakuacha kuwashughulikia watu walau kwa maandishi. Basi, tutayachambua kidogo kama njia bora ya kumfahamu mwenyewe na mang’amuzi yake. Jambo ambalo linarudiarudia daima ni umuhimu mkuu wa [[Mwili na Damu ya Kristo]]. Fransisko katika maandishi anaonekana [[mwenezaji]] wa pekee wa [[heshima]] kwa [[sakramenti]] hiyo. Katika hilo alifuata maagizo ya [[Mtaguso IV wa Laterano]], lakini alipanga heshima hiyo katika ibada yake kwa Yesu. Kwake ni [[ajabu]] upendo uliomfanya awe [[mwanadamu]] hata akakubali kufa, na ni ajabu zaidi kwamba baada ya kurudi mbinguni anazidi kuitikia padri anapomuita katika [[maumbo]] ya mkate na divai. Kutokana na hayo alidai padri aheshimiwe na kujiheshimu kwa kuishi kitakatifu pamoja na kuadhimisha na kutunza vema Mwili wa Kristo. Kuhusu [[barua]] halisi kwa mtu maalumu zimebaki chache sana; zilizo nyingi zilitumwa kwa viongozi wa shirika, kwa wakuu wa [[serikali]], kwa [[wakleri]] na kwa [[waamini]] wengine wote kwa jumla. Lengo lilikuwa kusisitiza mawazo yake makuu yashikwe na kufanyiwa kazi. [[Barua kwa shirika lote]] ilikusudiwa kukumbusha [[wajibu]] wa kila ndugu kama alivyokuja kufanya katika [[wasia]]. Kwa waamini jumla aliandika mapema barua nyingine ambayo wengi wanaamini kuwa ndio mtindo wa maisha ambayo aliwapendekezea watu wa toba ambao walivutiwa na mfano wake wakaja kuitwa [[Utawa wa Tatu]]. Ndiyo sababu tunaikuta mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Paulo VI]] kwa Wafransisko wa Ulimwenguni, na nusu yake ya kwanza imo pia mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kwa mashirika ya Utawa wa Tatu. Toleo la kwanza la barua hiyo lina sura mbili, kuhusu wanaofanya toba, halafu kuhusu wasiofanya toba. Kwa Fransisko toba ni kumpenda na kumuabudu Mungu kwa nguvu zote na kuzitii [[amri]] zake. Toleo la pili likaongeza mambo mbalimbali, hasa ukurasa juu ya Neno wa Baba ambamo alijumlisha [[fumbo la wokovu]] ili wote waishi kulingana nalo. Tofauti na vijitabu hivyo vyenye sura ya barua ya wazi, kipo kingine cha pekee kilichosababisha wataalamu wabishane sana: ni [[mawaidha]] ishirini na manne ambayo ni kama [[muhtasari]] wa mafundisho ya Kibiblia ambayo Fransisko aliyasisitiza zaidi. Hatujui nani aliyakusanya wala lini. Si ajabu kwamba sura ya kwanza inahusu [[ekaristi]] na kueleza kwa undani imani kutokana na [[maisha ya sala hasa]]. Sura nyingine karibu zote zinahusu njia ya ufukara mkuu na unyenyekevu wa moyo. Kuanzia XIII mawaidha yana mtindo wa [[Heri]], yakichimba zile za [[hotuba ya mlimani]]], isipokuwa XXVII inamchora [[mtumishi wa Mungu]] ambaye maadili yake yamekomaa na kulingana yote, yakishinda vilema. Aina ya mwisho ya maandishi ya Mt. Fransisko ni sala ambazo alizitunga na kuzitumia na ambazo zinatuwezesha kupenya [[siri]] ya roho yake katika uhusiano na Mungu ambao ulifikia vilele visivyoelezeka. Katika maandishi ya aina hiyo hakulenga kuwaelekeza watu wafuate karama yake wala kuwahimiza wamtumikie Mungu, bali ni yeye na Mungu tu, hivyo tunafikia chanzo cha maandishi mengine na cha maisha yote ya Fransisko. Kati ya sala hizo tunaweza kutia maanani [[Sifa za Mungu]] alizoziandika kwa mikono yake kwa faida ya [[ndugu Leo]], huko mlimani [[Alverna]], mara baada ya kung’amua mateso na upendo wa Yesu msalabani. Ni tunda la moto la kumtazama Mungu na kumuitia kwa majina na sifa mbalimbali kutokana na Biblia, liturujia au moyo wenyewe wa Mt. Fransisko: ndivyo alivyozama ndani ya Mungu akirudia kumuelekea na kusema, “Wewe…” [[File:Mount subasio.JPG|thumb|left|Bonde la Umbria likiwa na [[Mlima Subasio]] kwa nyuma: upande wa kushoto inaonekana [[Assisi]] katikati ya mlima.]] Sala nyingine ya pekee aliitunga si kwa Kilatini, bali kwa [[lugha]] yake mwenyewe akiweza hivyo kutokeza kwa urahisi mkubwa zaidi yale aliyokuwanayo moyoni. Ni [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]], [[shairi]] la kwanza la Kiitalia, ambalo alilitunga baada ya usiku wa mateso na majaribu ya kukatisha tamaa mnamo Aprili au Mei 1225, ambapo mwishoni aliahidiwa na Mungu [[uzima wa milele]]. Katika [[furaha]] isiyoelezeka ya kuwa na [[hakika]] hiyo akiwa bado duniani, Fransisko alianza kumsifu Mungu kwa viumbe vyake ambavyo yeye kuliko watakatifu wote alijaliwa kuona vinavyohusiana na [[Muumba]]. Tusisahau hali ya [[afya]] yake wakati huo, ambapo hakuweza kuona kitu wala kuvumilia [[mwanga]], ila alikumbuka kwa [[shukrani]] mazuri yote aliyoyaona hasa katika [[bonde]] la [[Spoleto]], ambalo alisema hajaona mahali pazuri zaidi. Katika utenzi huo hataji viumbe hai isipokuwa binadamu, ambaye anapaswa kumsifu Mungu hasa kwa njia ya [[msamaha]] na [[uvumilivu]]. Basi, alianza akimtukuza Mungu kama alivyozoea, kwa maneno mbalimbali, lakini mara tu akakiri kuwa binadamu hastahili hata kumtaja. Baada ya kutamka wazi jinsi Mungu alivyo Mkuu mno kuliko mtu, akaanza kumsifu kwa ndugu [[jua]]: ndicho [[kiumbe]] kilichomuuma zaidi kwa wakati huo, lakini linammaanisha Mungu kwa namna ya pekee. Halafu akamsifu kwa [[mwezi]], [[nyota]], [[upepo]], [[majira]], [[maji]], [[moto]] na [[ardhi]] inayotuzalia ma[[tunda]], ma[[ua]] na ma[[jani]]. Hatimaye akafunga utenzi akiwahimiza watu kumsifu, kumtukuza, kumshukuru na kumtumikia Mungu kwa unyenyekevu mkubwa. Utenzi huo unapinga [[uzushi]] ambao wakati huo uliambukiza wengi na kuwafanya waone [[ulimwengu]] ni mbaya na unatawaliwa na [[shetani]]. Fransisko hakubishana nao katika [[mihadhara ya dini]] walivyofanya [[Wadominiko]], ila aliimba kwa lugha ya watu wadogo na kwa namna inayovutia juu ya uzuri na faida ya viumbe vinavyotangaza wema wa Muumba. Kwa kupokea ujumbe huo watu walikingiwa uzushi huo. Ndiyo njia ya Ndugu Wadogo katika utume: kuwaelekea watu wadogo kwa namna rahisi inayowasaidia kumgeukia Mungu kwa moyo wote. Usomi uliwazuia wengi wasione njia hiyo wala kuwafikia watu wa kawaida. Kumbe huyo mtu mnyofu, aliyejiita mjinga, aliwaelewa na kuwafikishia ujumbe wa imani. Mtazamo mfurahivu uliomwezesha kuviona vyote kuwa ni ndugu zake, kwa kuwa vimeumbwa na Mungu yuleyule kwa faida ya mtu, ulimfanya asichoke kumshukuru na kuwaalika wote wafanye vilevile. Kuhusu mabaya yanayotokea pia hakuwalaumu mashetani, kwa kusema ndio walioharibu ulimwengu, bali aliwaona kama [[askari]] wa Bwana waliopewa kazi ya kuadhibu makosa ya binadamu. Huyo ndiye mkuu wa viumbe vinavyoonekana, na ndiye aliyeharibu ulimwengu wote kuanzia [[dhambi ya asili]]. Katika maandishi yake Fransisko anatukumbusha kuwa yaliyotupata ni matokeo ya [[dhambi]] zetu, na kuwa tunapaswa kutubu kwa kushiriki kazi ya Mkombozi. Mwenyewe alizingatia sana [[fumbo la msalaba]]: toka mwanzo wa [[uongofu]] wake alimzingatia Yesu katika ukweli wa mateso yake ambayo yalianza pangoni yakaendelea maisha yake yote kabla hayajafikia kilele chake huko [[Kalivari]]. Kwa njia yake ukweli huo pia ukaja kuenea ukifuta uzushi uliomuona Yesu kama [[malaika]] tu. Ukweli huo unadai si imani tu, bali upendo na [[mshikamano]] naye. Kwa misingi hiyo Fransisko hakuweza kushindwa na [[uchungu]] wote wa miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, bali aliugeuza kuwa [[furaha kamili]]. Ndio ushindi wake pamoja na Kristo, uliothibitisha mafundisho yake. Ndivyo alivyoweza kuongeza baadaye mistari mingine katika utenzi huo ili kumsifu Mungu hata kwa ndugu kifo. === Miaka ya mwisho === [[File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kaburi]] la Fransisko huko [[Asizi]].]] Baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, Fransisko alikwenda [[Greccio]] kujitafutia kimya na upweke. Ndipo alipopata wazo la kuadhimisha [[Noeli]] kwa namna mpya ili kuitia maanani zaidi. Kwa msaada wa mtawala wa kijiji hicho, kwa ushirikiano wa wananchi na kwa mahudhurio ya ndugu wengi, liliandaliwa [[pango]] lenye majani makavu, [[ng’ombe]] na [[punda]], halafu ikaadhimishwa [[Misa]] ambapo Fransisko, akiwa shemasi, alisoma Injili na kuhubiri kwa utamu mkubwa. Lengo lilikuwa kuwafanya Wakatoliki wote wakumbuke jinsi [[Mwana wa Mungu]] alivyojishusha duniani, si tu kwa kujifanya mtu, bali pia kwa namna alivyozaliwa na alivyoishi. Chaguo lake la ufukara lilitegemea ukweli wa maisha ya Yesu kama mtu wa mwisho na mtu wa mateso. Baada ya miezi michache ufuasi huo wa moja kwa moja ukaja kuthibitishwa na madonda matano aliyotiwa juu ya [[La Verna]]. Kati ya Greccio na mlima huo, Fransisko alipitia maisha ya Yesu na kuyafanya yawe mang’amuzi yake matamu na ya kutisha pamoja. Ndivyo alivyozidi kutambua ubora wa mifano: kwa kuwa Yesu ametufundisha kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno; upendo tu unaweza kupenya mafumbo yake na kupokea kikamilifu ujumbe uliofichika humo. Kwa upendo wa namna hiyo Fransisko alipanda mlimani ili kuishi na ndugu wachache msituni. Katikati ya mwezi Septemba [[1224]] alifikiwa na [[njozi]] ya pekee ambayo ilimuachia mwilini [[madonda ya Yesu]]. Kwa kuwa yeye aliyaficha akaagiza wenzake pia watunze [[siri]]; baada ya kufa tu watu wengi wakaja kujionea katika [[maiti]] yake ajabu hilo, ambalo liligusa zaidi mioyo kwa sababu ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kutukia duniani. Mbali ya mateso hayo aliyojaliwa Kimungu, miaka ya mwisho ya Fransisko iliendelea kujaa yale ya kibinadamu pia. Kwanza [[maradhi]] ambayo [[matibabu]] aliyoagizwa kuyapata hayakuleta [[nafuu]], bali yalizidi kuharibu na kumtesa: inatosha tukumbuke alivyochomwa kwa [[chuma]] cha [[moto]] kuanzia [[jicho]] hadi [[sikio]]. Halafu juhudi zake za kuendelea kuwa kielelezo cha toba kwa wafuasi wake, ambao upande wao walizidi kumtia uchungu hata katika kumtumikia na kumheshimu. Bila kusahau majaribu ya [[usiku wa roho]] yaliyoendelea mpaka katikati ya mwaka [[1225]], alipoahidiwa [[uzima wa milele]]. Miaka hiyo ina mashahidi wa pekee, yaani ndugu wanne waliomuuguza mfululizo: [[Anjelo Tancredi]], [[Ndugu Leo|Leo]], [[Ndugu Rufino|Rufino]] na [[Yohane wa Masifu]]. Wa kwanza kati yao wanajulikana sana kwa jina la [[Wenzi Watatu]]: baadaye wakaja kuandika kwa [[utiifu]] mambo waliyoyaona na kuyasikia. Kwa njia yao tunaweza kufuata hatua kwa hatua maendeleo ya [[malaria]], iliyomsumbua Fransisko miaka sita mfululizo hata mwisho ikamuua, tena ya [[trakoma]], iliyosababisha [[upofu]] karibu kamili, pamoja na maumivu ya mfululizo yanayofanana na yale ya macho kuwekwa juu ya miiba na kutokwa machozi. Ndugu Elia na Kardinali Hugolino walimshughulikia sana, lakini bure. Pamoja na kutambua jambo hilo, katikati ya mwaka 1224 ndugu Elia alipata njozi na kufunuliwa kuwa Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. [[Safari]] za [[mgonjwa]] zilizidi kupungua kwa wingi na kwa umbali, zikifanyika hasa kwa kujaribu matibabu na kurudi kila mara kwenye Porsyunkula. Hata katika hali hiyo Fransisko hakuacha kulihangaikia shirika lake kadiri alivyoona linasogea mbali na karama yake. Ili awe kielelezo kwa wote alizidi kujinyima mahitaji ya mwili, na kutamani arudie maisha yaliyodharauliwa ya mwanzoni na kutumikia wakoma. Ndipo alipowaambia wenzake, “Ndugu, tuanze kumtumikia Bwana Mungu, kwa kuwa mpaka sasa hatujapiga hatua au ni ndogo sana”. Aliogopa shirika lake litalegea kama mengine mengi, hivyo akatafuta [[mbinu]] za kuliokoa, kusudi kanuni isiwe mwisho wa juhudi za ndugu, bali kichocheo kwa kutafuta ukamilifu. Mbinu mojawapo ni wasia wa Kiroho aliouandika zaidi ya mara moja. Muhimu zaidi ni ule mrefu aliouandika katika wiki za mwisho za maisha yake. Haukukusudiwa kuwa kanuni mpya, ila kusaidia ile iliyoahidiwa kwa Bwana: ni [[kumbukumbu]], [[onyo]] na [[shauri]]. Kwanza ni kumbukumbu za uongofu wa Fransisko na za maisha asili ya shirika ambayo ndugu wote wafananishe nayo maisha yao. Katika kumbukumbu hizo hakutaja mateso yote aliyojaliwa na Mungu, bali alifafanua chaguo lake la kumfuata Yesu fukara kama utajiri pekee anaowaachia watoto wake. Hivyo wasia, ukiunganisha maagizo ya kanuni na mang’amuzi ya mwanzilishi, ukabaki katika shirika kama [[mwiba]] mwilini mwa wanaopenda kulegeza [[kamba]], na kama [[changamoto]] kwa wote kadiri walivyompenda Fransisko, kwa kuwa ndiyo maneno yake ya mwisho aliyoyatoa kwa upendo mkuu akiwa amefanana na Yesu msulubiwa hata mwilini mwake. Ndiyo sababu toka mwanzo wasia ulisababisha shirikani mabishano yaliyohitaji kuingiliwa kati na Mapapa. Upande wa wasia walisimama ndugu waaminifu, ingawa kipindi fulani baadhi yao ([[Fraticelli]]) walipita kiasi hata kujitenga na Kanisa ili kupigania ufukara; baada yao kosa hilo halijarudiwa tena. Baadhi ya marekebisho ya shirika (k. mf. [[Wakapuchini]]) yalijifunga kushika wasia pamoja na kanuni, na hivyo wakafaulu kurudia maisha asili. Pamoja na kumbukumbu, katika wasia tunakuta maonyo ya mwisho ya Fransisko kuhusu kuheshimu mapadri, kufanya [[kazi za mikono]], kuishi kama [[wakimbizi]] katika [[nyumba]] duni, na kutoomba [[fadhili]] yoyote kutoka [[ofisi za Papa]]. Polepole maonyo yakawa mashauri, na hasa shauri kuu lililo lengo la yote yaliyotangulia, kiasi kwamba ni katazo kali. Linahusu ujanja wa wanasheria katika kupotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya kanuni na wasia. Kuyaelewa kunahitaji unyofu uleule wa Fransisko pamoja na nia ya kuyatekeleza. Watakaofanya hivyo watapata [[baraka]] pana kabisa ya Mungu na ya kwake. Kivutio hicho kimejaa upendo wa mzee kwa watoto wake ambao ulijitokeza mara nyingi miaka ya mwisho katika maneno, maandishi na matendo. Mfano mmojawapo ni [[Takwa la Mwisho]] alilomuandikia Klara ili kuwahimiza [[mabibi fukara]] wadumu mpaka mwisho katika maisha na ufukara wa Yesu. Ni kama wasia mfupi kwa wafuasi wake wa kike, ambao hakuwa na wasiwasi juu ya uaminifu wao, lakini aliwaogopea watashauriwa sana na watu wengine (viongozi wa Kanisa na wanashirika) walegeze masharti ya ufukara. Ndiyo sababu aliwaachia maneno hayo kwa maandishi ili wadumu imara katika nia yao. Historia iliyofuata ikaonyesha Fransisko alitabiri vizuri kuhusu Klara na wenzake, waliopaswa kupambana mfululizo na [[kishawishi]] hicho toka kwa viongozi waliowapenda. Ushindi wa Klara katika kutetea kwa uaminifu ufukara mkuu ulipatikana siku ya mwisho kabla hajafa, alipoletewa kanuni yake imethibitishwa na [[Papa Inosenti IV]]. Katika kanuni hiyo, ambayo katika Kanisa ilikuwa ya kwanza kuandikwa na [[mwanamke]], Klara alifuata kwa kiasi kikubwa ile ya Fransisko kama thibitisho la [[umoja]] wa Kiroho katika tofauti za mitindo yao ya maisha; pia alinakili humo wasia huo mfupi alioutumia kama [[silaha]] katika mapambano. Mbali ya maandishi yake, Fransisko alitafuta mbinu nyingine ili kudumisha shirika katika karama yake. Mojawapo ni kuwaagiza watumishi wa shirika watunze Porsyunkula kama kielelezo cha ufukara, kimya na sala ili ndugu wote wakumbuke wanavyopaswa kuishi. Kwa ajili hiyo alitaka wapangwe huko ndugu bora ambao mmojawao akifa, nafasi yake ishikwe na mwingine. Hivyo alisisitiza tena umuhimu wa mifano, ambayo isiwe ya mtu mmojammoja tu, bali ya jumuia nzima pia. Jambo hilo halikutekelezwa mahali pale, lakini katika historia ya shirika tunaona daima ndugu wakiomba ruhusa ya kutekeleza kikamilifu kanuni pamoja na wengine, hasa katika makao ya upwekeni; tunaona pia mchango mkubwa wa jumuia hizo katika kurekebisha kwa mfano wao hali ya utawa mzima. Mfransisko ni ndugu hasa, na maisha yake yanategemea sana jumuia: hawezi kuridhika ashike kanuni kibinafsi katika jumuia iliyolegea; ndiyo sababu ya maombi hayo. Pengine viongozi wenyewe wa shirika walipoona limelegea mno wakaja kuhamasisha wenye nia waunde jumuia za pekee. Namna zote mbili zikazaa matunda tele. Fransisko, baaada ya kuuguzwa katika jumba la Askofu wa Asizi kwa siku kadhaa, aliomba ahamishiwe Porsyunkula ili afie pale alipoanzia maisha mapya. Alikuwa amebaki mifupa na ngozi tu, isipokuwa tumbo na miguu vimevimba kama kwa safura. Ndipo alipotunga [[ubeti]] wa mwisho wa [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]]. Mwaka mmoja kabla ya hapo alikwishaongeza ubeti mwingine juu ya [[msamaha]] ili kuwapatanisha Askofu na [[Meya]] wa Asizi. Basi ubeti juu ya [[kifo]] ukaja kukamilisha utenzi mzima kwa kuchungulia uzima wa milele, ambapo sifa za Mungu zinaimbwa bila ya mwisho. Ndivyo alivyojiandaa kufa katika [[mapenzi ya Mungu]]. Siku za mwisho zilijaa ishara za upendo kwa marafiki wake: njiani alibariki Asizi na kuuombea, akamtabiria Klara kuwa atamuona na kufarijika, akawaita ndugu waliokuwa mbali (hata “kaka” [[Yakopa wa Settesoli]] kutoka Roma), akawagawia vipande vya mkate akifuata mfano wa Yesu. Katika yote alilenga ustawi wa roho zao na wa shirika, tunavyoona hasa katika baraka zake za mwisho alizozitoa kwa kufuata mfano wa mababu wa [[Israeli]] na [[Musa]]. Aliwabariki waliokuwepo na kwa njia yao alikusudia kuwabariki wale wote watakaoingia shirikani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Kati ya wote [[ndugu Bernardo]] alipata baraka ya pekee akaandikiwa maneno yafuatayo yawe kumbukumbu kwa wote siku za mbele: “Ndugu wa kwanza aliyenipa Bwana ni ndugu Bernardo, naye ndiye wa kwanza kutekeleza kikamilifu kabisa Injili takatifu akiwagawia maskini mali zake zote. Kwa hiyo na kwa sifa nyingine nyingi napaswa kumpendelea kuliko ndugu mwingine yeyote katika shirika zima. Ndiyo sababu nataka na kuagiza kadiri ninavyoweza kwamba yeyote atakayekuwa mtumishi mkuu ampende na kumheshimu kama nafsi yangu, na vilevile watumishi wengine wa kanda na ndugu wa shirika lote wamjali kama ni mimi mwenyewe”. Ndiyo mbinu ya mwisho ya Fransisko ili kuzuia utawa wake usipotoke: kumuacha mtu ambaye awe kielelezo kwa viongozi na kwa ndugu wengine badala ya mwanzilishi. Kisha kumuacha huyo mwandamizi (si katika uongozi bali katika kazi muhimu zaidi ya kuwa kielelezo), Fransisko hatimaye aliweza kuaga dunia amemaliza kazi yake na kulazwa [[uchi]] ardhini, [[usiku]] kati ya tarehe 3 na 4 Oktoba 1226. == Maandishi asili kuhusu Fransisko == Baada ya kupitia maisha na maandishi ya Fransisko, ni vema kujua jinsi habari zake zilivyotufikia kwa njia ya maandishi ya watu wengine pia. Baadhi yaliandikwa mapema kabla hajafa. Baadhi ni hati za Kanisa. Baadhi ni mafupi sana na yanamtaja tu katika kusimulia mambo mengine. Baadhi ni kazi ya watu ambao si Wafransisko, tena pengine hawakupenda huo mtindo mpya wa kitawa. Lakini bila ya shaka habari nyingi zaidi zinapatikana katika maandishi ya wafuasi wake. Kati yao ana nafasi ya pekee Klara kwa sababu ya utakatifu wake, ya uhusiano wa ndani na wa muda mrefu na Mt. Fransisko, na ya uaminifu wake katika kumfuata. Maandishi mengine ya Wafransisko yanatofautiana si tu kwa urefu, kwa mtindo, kwa mpangilio au kwa ufasaha, bali pia kwa malengo na mitazamo. Hasa mabishano katika shirika yalifanya kila mmoja akusanye habari zilizompendeza ili kumchora Fransisko kulingana na msimamo wa kikundi chake: ndiyo sababu ni lazima tulinganishe maandishi yote ili kupata ukweli. [[Thoma wa Celano]] ndiye wa kwanza kuandika kitabu cha maisha ya Fransisko. Alifanya kazi hiyo kwa agizo la [[Papa Gregori IX]] akikusanya [[shuhuda]] zilizotolewa katika [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza Fransisko kuwa mtakatifu ([[16 Julai]] [[1228]]) pamoja na kumbukumbu zake mwenyewe za miaka sita aliyoishi karibu naye. Mwaka [[1229]] akamkabidhi Papa kitabu hicho ambacho aliipa uzito hasa miaka miwili ya mwisho ya Fransisko, ambapo utakatifu wake uling’aa kwa namna ya pekee. Pamoja na kufuata mtindo wa wasifu wa watakatifu wa zamani, Thoma alisisitiza mambo mapya ya Fransisko: ufukara, unyofu, unyenyekevu, wema kwa maskini, upendo kwa viumbe, mahubiri yasiyo na mapambo, hata madonda ya Msulubiwa. Kitabu hicho rasmi kilikusudiwa hasa kueneza heshima kwa Fransisko, lakini pia kulitetea shirika lake dhidi ya upinzani wa nje. Kwa kila shirika, heshima inayotolewa kwa [[mwanzilishi]] inaliletea heshima na nguvu katika maisha ya Kanisa, na mara nyingi hata misaada na faida upande wa uchumi. Hivyo tunaelewa mafanikio ya haraka ya ndugu Elia katika kujenga [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko|kanisa kubwa la Mt. Fransisko]] huko Asizi. Kwa kumtukuza, shirika lilijitukuza. Ukweli huo ni wazi katika mwendelezo wa maandishi juu yake pia. Miaka iliyofuata ([[1230]]-[[1234]]) zilitungwa sala na nyimbo za liturujia kwa heshima ya mtakatifu huyo mpya. Kati ya watunzi, [[Julian wa Speyer]] aliandika pia maisha yake ([[1232]]-[[1235]]), hasa kwa ajili ya Wafransisko na ya malezi yao. Wakati huohuo ([[1232]]-[[1239]]) [[Henri wa Avranches]] alitunga maisha ya Fransisko kwa mtindo wa shairi. Katika miaka [[1237]]-[[1239]] sura yake nyingine ilichorwa na kuenezwa na kitabu kidogo, jina lake “[[Agano Takatifu la Mt. Fransisko na Bibi Ufukara]]”. Kichwa chenyewe kinaonyesha wazi kuwa kitabu kinasisitiza upendo wake kwa Ufukara kama [[mchumba]] wake. Humo yeye anaonekana kama fukara mdogo ambaye alimtafuta sana Ufukara, akamuona katika kilele cha mlima anapokaa, hapo wakasimuliana maisha yao na kufunga agano la upendo na uaminifu. Picha hiyo ikazingatiwa sana mpaka leo. Hiyo ilikuwa miaka ya mwisho ya uongozi wa ndugu Elia, ambayo ilizidi kuwa na mabishano kati ya Ndugu Wadogo. Hata baada ya kumuondoa madarakani, mabadiliko ya maisha yakaendelea kufanyika na kusababisha maswali juu ya nia halisi ya mwanzilishi. Ndipo ([[1240]]-[[1241]]) [[Yohane wa Perugia]] alipoandika kitabu juu ya asili ya shirika ili kuamsha ule moto uliowaka mwanzoni kati ya wenzi wa Fransisko. Habari zake ni mpya kwa asilimia 60 na kutegemea hasa ushahidi wa [[mwenye heri Egidi]]. Kwa kuwa Yohane hakujitaja kitabu hicho kinaitwa “[[Kitabu Kisicho na Jina cha Perugia]]”. Miaka ishirini baada ya kifo cha Fransisko hamu ya kujua habari zake ilikuwa imeongezeka ndani na nje ya shirika. Ndiyo sababu wakati wa mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1244]] [[mtumishi mkuu]] mpya aliagiza ndugu wote walete kwa maandishi kumbukumbu yoyote waliyonayo juu yake. Kutokana na agizo hilo vikapatikana vitabu viwili tulivyonavyo hata leo: cha kwanza kilitungwa katika miaka [[1241]]-[[1247]] kikaitwa “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”. Kinategemea sana kitabu cha Yohane wa Perugia lakini kinatia mkazo zaidi juu ya Fransisko mwenyewe na kuonyesha njia ya kuongoka na kufanana na Kristo ambayo aliifuata na ambayo inawafaa wote. Cha pili kinaitwa “[[Mtungo wa Asizi]]” ([[1244]]-[[1260]]) kwa kuwa kinakusanya shuhuda za ndugu mbalimbali walioishi naye, pamoja na kuchukua msimamo dhidi ya mabadiliko shirikani. Lakini kazi ya kuandika upya maisha rasmi ya Fransisko ilikabidhiwa tena kwa Thoma wa Celano, naye akaimaliza mwaka 1247. Kitabu hicho hakikukusudiwa kushika nafasi ya kile alichotangulia kukiandika, bali kukitimiliza kutokana na ushahidi wa wengi, hasa wenzi watatu, waliotuma kumbukumbu zao na za wenzao wa kwanza pamoja na barua kutoka Greccio ([[11 Agosti]] [[1246]]). Kitabu cha pili cha Thoma kilisisitiza utakatifu wa Fransisko kama mkuu kuliko ule wa waanzilishi wengine wote, kwa hiyo ujana wake haukulaumiwa kama mara ya kwanza, Mt. Dominiko anaonyeshwa akimuinamia Fransisko n.k. Vimeongezwa: maneno ya Msulubiwa kwa Fransisko, njozi ya Papa Inosenti III kuhusu kazi yake ya kulitegemeza Kanisa n.k. Fransisko alizidi kulinganishwa na Kristo kama ilivyotarajiwa na wanashirika. Pamoja na hayo kitabu hicho kinatuletea kwa wingi habari za maadili yake, misemo yake na nia zake. Hata hivyo shirika kwa jumla halikuridhika sana; ndiyo sababu katika miaka [[1250]]-[[1252]] Thoma akaandika kitabu chake cha tatu ambacho kinakusanya miujiza tu ya Fransisko ili kuzidi kumtukuza yeye pamoja na shirika lake. Lakini hivyo vitabu vitatu vya Thoma vilionekana kukosa umoja na kuwa virefu mno hasa kwa kuvinakili kwa mikono. Ndicho kisingizio cha kudai maisha ya Fransisko yaandikwe upya katika kitabu kimoja tu. Lengo lingine la ombi hilo lilikuwa kulikinga shirika dhidi ya mashambulizi makali ya walimu wa [[chuo kikuu cha Paris]] waliopinga mambo mapya yaliyoletwa na Ndugu Wadogo, ambao baadhi yao wameambukizwa pia na matabiri ya kizushi ya [[abati]] [[Yohakimu wa Fiore]]. Huyo alipanga [[historia ya wokovu]] kwa namna yake akisema mwaka [[1260]] utakuwa mwanzo wa wakati wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] ambapo Kanisa litafanywa upya na karama zake. Ndipo Wafransisko hao walipochota mawazo mbalimbali ili kuthibitisha umuhimu wa Fransisko katika hatua hiyo na katika historia ya wokovu jumla. [[File:Angelo_sesto_sigillo.jpg|thumb|Mchoro wa Malaika wa mhuri wa sita mwenye madonda matakatifu.]] Basi mwaka huo mkutano mkuu ulimuagiza [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]], mtumishi wa shirika lote, aandike kitabu kipya. Hicho hakina habari mpya ila kinatumia zile za Thoma wa Celano. Tofauti kubwa ni namna alivyozitumia ili kumuonyesha Fransisko kuwa si [[serafi]] tu (alivyosema Celano) bali ni yule [[malaika]] wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama ya Mungu aliye hai aliyetabiriwa na [[Ufu]] 7:2 kuwa atapanda toka [[Mashariki]] kufungua wakati mpya. Kwake Mungu aliye hai ndiye Kristo Msulubiwa, na alama yake ndiyo madonda matano aliyomtia Fransisko. Basi, kama ni hivyo, huyo si mtakatifu mmojawapo tu, bali ana nafasi ya pekee katika historia ya wokovu. Mchoro huo ulikubaliwa kabisa na shirika lote, hivi kwamba mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1266]] ukaweza kuagiza yateketezwe maandishi yote yaliyotangulia kuhusu Fransisko. Lengo lilikuwa wote wamkumbuke tu alivyochorwa na Bonaventura katika kitabu chake rasmi na cha kudumu. Kweli hicho kikanakiliwa sana kwanza kwa mikono, halafu kwa mashine na kufuatwa na wengi katika sanaa, mahubiri na liturujia. Kumbe vitabu vya Celano vikapotea kwa zaidi ya karne tano. Hata ndugu waliopinga mabadiliko ya shirika na msimamo wa kati wa Bonaventura, walimlaumu kwa sababu ya kupunguza habari kadhaa, lakini walipendezwa na jinsi alivyomtukuza Fransisko kuliko watakatifu wote. Kwa kitabu hicho sura yake imeshakamilika. Vitabu vilivyotungwa baadaye, k.mf. “[[Kioo cha Ukamilifu]]” ([[1318]]), havikuweza kuichangia sana, ingawa vinatusaidia kumuelewa zaidi katika majaribu yake, nia yake na roho yake kwa kuwa vinasimulia bila mpango habari mbalimbali ambazo hazikutumiwa zote na vitabu rasmi. Hasa habari juu ya [[upinzani]] uliompata Fransisko ndani ya shirika hazikuweza kuandikwa katika vitabu vyake rasmi, lisije likapata [[aibu]]. Basi, maandishi hayo ya mwishomwisho yaliziba pengo hilo na kutuonyesha ukweli, kama picha iliyofyatuliwa kwa [[kamera]] bila wahusika kujua wala kujipanga. Vitabu hivyo vilichochea upinzani ndani ya shirika na hata dhidi ya uongozi wa Kanisa. Baadaye tena ([[1328]]-[[1343]]) [[Hugolino wa Montegiorgio]] na mwenzake fulani wakatunga “[[Actus]]” (= “Matendo” ya Fransisko na wenzake) ambacho kikatafsiriwa kwa [[Kiitalia]] mwishoni mwa [[karne XIV]]. [[Tafsiri]] hiyo, yenye jina la “[[Fioretti]]” (= “[[Maua Madogo]]”, yaani “[[Visimulizi Bora]]”), ikasifiwa sana kwa uzuri wake, ingawa visimulizi vyake si vyote vya kihistoria. Ni kama [[manukato]] yanayotuvutia kwenye roho na utakatifu wa Fransisko, aliyekwishakufa toka siku nyingi, hivi kwamba anakumbukwa kwa mbali lakini kwa namna ya kupendeza zaidi. Miaka iliyopita imechuja ujumbe wake, ambao hivyo unang’aa kwa namna ya pekee katika kitabu hicho kilichosisitiza jinsi Fransisko alivyofanana na Yesu, wazo lililokazwa na Wafransisko wote wa [[karne XIV]], hasa na [[Bartolomayo wa Pisa]], mwandishi wa “[[Conformitates]]” (= “[[Uwiano Mwingi]]”). == Tarehe za maisha yake == 1182 Mtoto Yohane alizaliwa na kubatizwa. Baba yake, Petro wa Bernardone, akirudi toka safarini akamtajia jina la Fransisko, yaani Mfaransa Mdogo. Baada ya hapo mtoto akalelewa katika anasa, ingawa hatujui kama ujanani aliulinda [[usafi wa moyo]] au sivyo. Kwa tabia alikuwa na uchangamfu na huruma sana kwa maskini ingawa aliogopa wenye ukoma. Pamoja na adabu njema alipewa pia elimu kidogo kupitia mapadri, halafu akawahi kuanza biashara. 1198 Asizi vilianza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe: inawezekana kwamba Fransisko naye alishiriki kushambulia na kubomoa ngome ya kifalme iliyokuwepo juu ya mji huo. 1202 Asizi ulishindwa vitani na jeshi la Perugia; Fransisko mwenyewe akatekwa na kufungwa huko Perugia. Baada ya mwaka mmoja akarudishwa nyumbani kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na kisha kulipiwa pesa nyingi ili aachiliwe; lakini wakati huo wa mateso alianza kukomaa na kubadilika kimawazo. 1204 Fransisko aliendelea kuugua mwaka mzima. 1205 Fransisko aliondoka tena aende vitani kuikomboa nchi takatifu ya Yesu na kujipatia sifa na cheo, lakini kabla hajatoka mkoa wake akarudi Asizi kutokana na njozi na sauti aliyoisikia. Akaenda kuhiji [[mji wa Roma|Roma]] kwenye makaburi ya Mitume, ambapo anabadilishana nguo na fukara na kuanza kuombaomba. Katikati ya mwaka uongofu wake ulikuwa umekomaa: katika [[karamu ya mwisho]] aliyowaandalia wenzake alikuwa akifikiria kuoa bibi ufukara. Alipokutana ghafla na mtu mwenye ukoma akashuka kwenye farasi na baada ya kumsaidia pesa akambusu: ndio ushindi mkuu uliofanya kuanzia hapo kusiwe na kitu cha kumzuia. Karibu na mwisho wa mwaka akamsikia Yesu msalabani akimuambia, “Fransisko, nenda ukarekebishe Kanisa langu, kwa kuwa linataka kubomoka”: ndiyo kazi ya utawa atakaoanzisha, ingawa mwanzoni alielewa tofauti, kwamba arekebishe magofu ya kanisa aliposikia sauti hiyo. 1206 Mwanzoni mwa mwaka, baada ya miezi ya mashindano na wazazi wake, waliokuwa wakimshutumu na kumbembeleza na kumtesa, Fransisko aliitwa hukumuni kwa meya: lakini kama mtu wa Mungu akakataa mahakama ya serikali, hivyo kesi akafanyika mbele ya askofu Guido ambapo alimkataa mzazi wake pamoja na mali za urithi hata akamrudishia nguo zake zote. Baada ya kuishi kidogo kama boi kwa Wabenedikto, akahamia Gubbio ambapo akavaa kanzu ya mkaapweke,akisali na kutumikia wakoma. Mnamo Julai akarudi Asizi arekebishe kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano ambapo alitabiri watakuja kukaa masista watakatifu. 1207 Alirekebisha kanisa la mtakatifu Petro na mwisho lile la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika: kazi za ukarabati zilichukua karibu miaka miwili, kwa kuwa mwenyewe alikuwa akienda kuombaomba mawe ya kujengea, ingawa hakuwa na uzoefu na kazi nzito namna hiyo. 1208 Siku moja wakati wa Misa alisikiliza sehemu ya Injili ambayo Yesu aliwatuma kwa mara ya kwanza mitume wake (Mt. 10:7-10); hapo akaenda kwa padri kupata tafsiri zaidi na maelezo yake, halafu kwa shangwe akaanza kutekeleza, kwa kutupilia mbali mkanda na viatu, kuvaa kamba na kanzu ngumu na kuhubiri toba. Kama siku hiyo, ambapo hatimaye alielewa wito wake, akaendelea daima kuwa mtu wa Injili na mwana wa Kanisa. Tarehe 16 Aprili, baada ya kuhubiri alifuatwa na ndugu Bernardo wa Quintavalle na labda na ndugu Petro Cattani walioamua kujiunga naye; basi akawaongoza kanisani, wakasoma Injili kwa kufungua kitabu mara tatu, wakauza mali zao zote ili kuwagawia maskini kufuatana na waliyoyasoma: ndio mwanzo wa jamaa. Tarehe 23 Aprili ndugu Egidi pia akajiunga nao, na mara wakatawanyika wawiliwawili wahubirie mikoa ya jirani. Ndipo wafuasi walipoongezeka na mwishoni mwa mwaka walifikia kuwa wanane. 1209 Kisha kurudi Asizi wanne wengine wakajiunga nao: hapo wakaamua waende wote Roma ili kupata kibali cha Papa Inosenti III kusudi wawe na hakika ya kuwa maisha yao yanampendeza Mungu, na waeleweke kwa wote kuwa ni Wakatoliki hasa, si wazushi. Baada ya kuvumilia muda fulani wakafaulu kuongea na Papa kwa msaada wa askofu wa Asizi na wa kardinali Yohane wa Mtakatifu Paulo: mara ya kwanza makardinali wengine walibishana na kutaka kupinga ombi hilo; lakini mara ya pili Papa alitoa kwa sauti kibali chake kwa maisha yao ya kitawa na kwa utume wao wa kuhubiri toba. Labda mwaka huohuo Fransisko alianzisha utawa maalumu kwa waamini wanaoishi katika mazingira ya kawaida ya ulimwenguni, waweze kufuata maisha ya Kiinjili kwa ukamilifu mkubwa zaidi. 1210 Jamaa, baada ya kuhama kibanda cha Rivotorto ili kukwepa ugomvi na mkulima mkorofi, walihamia moja kwa moja kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika, ambapo pabaki kielelezo cha kudumu. 1211 Fransisko akaondoka kwa meli aende Sirya akawahubirie Waislamu, lakini safari ikaishia Croatia kutokana na dhoruba; hapo akarudi Italia. 1212 Usiku baada ya Jumapili ya Matawi mtakatifu Klara alitoroka nyumbani, akapokewa na Ndugu Wadogo kwa mienge, akanyolewa kitawa na Fransisko akavikwa kanzu. Baada ya muda akahamia kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano pamoja na mdogo wake mtakatifu Anyesi aliyemfuata utawani: ndio mwanzo wa utawa wa Mabibi Fukara, ambao wanaishi Kifransisko ndani ya monasteri katika sala na kazi za mikono, bila ya kutoka nje wala kufanya utume wowote. 1213 Alifunga Kwaresima nzima katika kisiwa cha ziwa Trasimeno, halafu akazawadiwa mlima La Verna. 1214 Fransisko aliondoka tena kupitia bara akawahubirie Waislamu wa Moroko, lakini njiani huko Hispania akapatwa na ugonjwa mkali akarudi Asizi, alipowapokea utawani wasomi kadhaa: baadhi yao wakashika kweli njia ya udogo, lakini wengine wakaja kuvuruga utawa kwa kutegemea mno akili yao. 1215 Novemba ulifanyika Mtaguso Mkuu wa IV wa Laterano, ambao Fransisko alihudhuria pamoja na maaskofu na wakuu wengine wa mashirika; labda ndipo alipofunga urafiki na mtakatifu Dominiko, mwanzilishi wa Utawa wa Wahubiri. Baadaye akajitahidi sana kutekeleza maagizo ya mtaguso huo. 1216 Siku mbili baada ya kifo cha Inosenti III makardinali walimchagua Honori III. Fransisko aliendelea kuzungukazunguka Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1217 Mkutano mkuu wa Ndugu Wadogo ulipoamua wengine waende kuhubiri nje ya Italia kwa Wakristo na wasio Wakristo, Fransisko akaelekea Ufaransa lakini njiani akazuiwa na kardinali Hugolino akarudi Asizi. Kutokana na kutumwa bila ya maandalizi yoyote, ndugu wengi wakapatwa na matatizo mengi. 1218 Honori III alieneza hati yake maalumu ili kuwahakikisha maaskofu wote kuwa Ndugu Wadogo ni Wakatoliki hasa. 1219 Mkutano mkuu ulituma tena ndugu wakahubiri Injili kwa Wakristo na Waislamu. Hapo Fransisko mwenyewe akaenda kati ya Waislamu wa Misri: hakupenda mwenendo wa jeshi la Kikristo lililopigana nao, akatabiri kuwa watashindwa. Upande wake akaenda kumhubiria sultani, lakini kisha kuona hawezi kumuongoa wala kuuawa naye kishahidi akamuomba ruhusa ya kutembelea mahali patakatifu pa Palestina na Sirya. 1220 Tarehe 16 Januari huko Moroko Waislamu waliwaua ndugu Berardo na wenzake wanne waliokwenda kuwahubiria mpaka misikitini: ndio wafiadini wa kwanza wa Kifransisko. Mnamo Aprili au Mei Fransisko, alipopashwa habari za mageuzi ndani ya shirika huko Italia, akarudi kwa ufunuo wa Mungu ashike tena uongozi, lakini alipoona ugumu wa hali ya utawa, na ya kwamba wengi hawataki kumsikiliza tena, akamuomba Papa alipatie shirika kardinali Hugolino kama msimamizi na mkosoaji. Halafu katika mkutano mkuu akajiuzulu akamteua ndugu Petro Cattani aongoze jamaa kwa niaba yake. 1221 Kwa kuwa Petro Cattani kafa mapema tarehe 30 Mei ikambidi Fransisko amchague makamu mwingine, yaani ndugu Elia Bombarone, wakati wa mkutano mkuu uliohudhuriwa na wanashirika elfu tano na uliopata kuwa mkubwa kuliko yote hadi leo. Kwa kuwa walijitengenezea vibanda vya mikeka kutokana na wingi huo, mkutano unajulikana kama mkutano wa mikeka. Mungu alifanya wasikose chakula hata wengi wakashangaa kwa sababu hayakufanyika maandalizi yoyote. Pamoja na kuamua kupeleka ndugu katika nchi mbalimbali, mkutano huo ulipitisha kanuni ndefu iliyohitajika sana kwa sababu ya hali ya shirika, na hasa ongezeko hilo la ajabu. Lakini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa na Papa kwa sababu fulani. 1222 Fransisko alizunguka sana Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1223 Miezi ya kwanza alikwenda pamoja na ndugu Leo na ndugu Bonisyo kwenye mlima wa Fonte Colombo ili kuandika kanuni fupi na yenye mtindo wa kisheria zaidi kama alivyodaiwa. Upinzani wa ndugu Elia na wengineo ukashindwa katika mkutano mkuu wa Juni, hivyo kanuni ikapelekwa kwa Honori III ambaye akaithibitisha kwa maandishi tarehe 29 Novemba. Katika Misa ya usiku wa Noeli, iliyoadhimishwa huko Greccio katika pango lililoandaliwa na Fransisko, alitokea mtoto Yesu. 1224 Mnamo Julai ndugu Elia alijulishwa katika njozi kwamba Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. Mnamo Agosti Fransisko akapanda mlima La Verna afanye mfungo mpaka sikukuu ya Malaika mkuu Mikaeli; huko upwekeni, akiwa katika malipizi na majaribu makali ya usiku wa roho, akatokewa na Yesu mwenye sura ya serafi msulubiwa akajaliwa mwilini madonda yake matano ya msalabani. 1225 Baada ya kurudi kutoka safarini mwezi wa tatu Fransisko alienda kwa mtakatifu Klara, ambapo akabaki mpaka mwezi wa tano kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na ya matibabu yasiyomsaidia kitu. Katika mateso hayo na majaribu ya Shetani, usiku mmoja akaahidiwa uzima wa milele. Kesho yake asubuhi akamshukuru Mungu kwa kumtungia Wimbo wa Ndugu Jua. Mwezi Juni akawapatanisha askofu na meya wa Asizi kwa kuwaimbishia wimbo huo baada ya kuuongezea ubeti kuhusu msamaha. Halafu akaenda kukaa Rieti kwa ajili ya matibabu mbalimbali aliyoyavumilia yote kwa moyo mkuu. 1226 Kuanzia tarehe 6 Februari alisafiri tena kwa matibabu. Mnamo Aprili huko Siena akazidiwa hata usiku fulani alikubali ombi la kuwaandikia ndugu zake wote wasia mfupi kwa maneno matatu, yaani kwamba wapendane, wafuate ufukara na kulitii Kanisa. Baada ya kupata nafuu akaandika sehemusehemu wasia mrefu zaidi ili kuchochea karama ya shirika. Waasizi wakiogopa kwamba mtakatifu wao atakuja kufa mbali wakafanya mpango wa kumrudisha kwao wakamlaza kwenye nyumba ya askofu, lakini Fransisko alipokaribia kufa akaamua kurudi kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika. Katika hiyo safari yake ya mwisho, katikati ya njia, akabariki mji wake. Halafu kabla hajafa akawabariki wafuasi wake wote, hata wale watakaoingia utawani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Halafu tena akaomba wamlaze ardhini kabisa bila ya nguo afe uchi kama Yesu msalabani tarehe 3 Oktoba; hapo sifa ya madonda yake ikaanza kuenea, na wengi wakaja kuyashuhudia katika maiti yake. Kesho yake, kwa maandamano ya shangwe pamoja na huzuni, akaenda kuzikwa katika [[kanisa kuu]], lakini njiani waliwapitia mtakatifu Klara na wenzake. 1227 Tarehe 19 Machi, baada ya kufa Honori III, kardinali Hugolino alichaguliwa kuwa Papa kama alivyotabiriwa na Fransisko akajichagulia jina la Gregori IX. 1228 Mwenyewe alikwenda Asizi kusudi amtangaze rafiki yake Fransisko kuwa ni mtakatifu mbinguni (16 Julai). 1230 [[Masalia]] ya Fransisko yalihamishiwa katika kanisa kubwa lililojengwa kwa heshima yake: ndio kanisa kuu la shirika lote. ==Sala yake== Ndiwe Bwana Mungu mtakatifu unayetenda maajabu. Wewe una nguvu. Wewe ni mkuu. Wewe ndiwe mkuu kabisa. Wewe ndiwe mfalme mwenyezi. Wewe, Baba mtakatifu, mfalme wa mbingu na nchi. Wewe ni utatu na umoja, Bwana Mungu wa miungu; ndiwe wema, wema wote, wema mkuu, Bwana Mungu hai na wa kweli. Wewe ni pendo, upendo; wewe ni hekima, wewe ni unyenyekevu, wewe ni uvumilivu, wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ni usalama, wewe ni utulivu, wewe ni furaha na heri, wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni haki, wewe ni kiasi, wewe ni mali yetu yote ya kututosha. Wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ndiwe msimamizi, wewe ni mlinzi na mtetezi wetu, wewe ni nguvu, wewe ni burudisho. Wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni imani yetu, wewe ni upendo wetu, wewe ni utamu wetu wote, wewe ni uzima wetu wa milele: Bwana mkuu na wa ajabu, Mwenyezi Mungu, Mwokozi mwenye huruma. ==Sala iliyosambazwa kwa jina lake== Ee Bwana unifanye niwe chombo cha amani yako. Palipo chuki nilete mapendo, Palipo makosa nilete msamaha, Palipo nshaka nilete imani, Pasipo matumaini nilete tumaini, Palipo giza nilete mwanga, Palipo huzuni nilete furaha. Ee Bwana unisaidie nitamani zaidi: Kufariji kuliko kufarijiwa, Kuelewa kuliko kueleweka, Kupenda kuliko kupendwa. Kwa kuwa: Ni katika kutoa ndipo tunapopokea, Ni katika kusamehe ndipo tunaposamehewa, Ni katika kufa ndipo tunapozaliwa katika uzima wa milele. Amina. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo ya [[Kiswahili]]== [[Picha:Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG|thumb|[[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]] mjini Asizi.]] * Ngano za Wenzi Watatu – Kumbukumbu ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi ilivyoandikwa na Ndugu Leo, Rufino na Angelo – [[tafsiri]] ya Ndugu Wafransisko [[Wakapuchini]] – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – [[Tabora]] 1987 * [[Fioretti]] – Visimulizi Kuhusu Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Rikardo Maria, U.N.W.A. n.k. – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Ndanda 1996 – ISBN 9976-63-468-4 * V. TURETTA, Mt. Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Ndugu Wafransisko Wakapuchini – ed. Santuario Porziuncola – [[Assisi]] 1990 * G. NIKOLAI, Ndugu Fransisko wa Asizi – [[Katuni]] zilizotolewa na Ndugu [[Wafransisko]] wa [[Tanzania]] – [[Dar es Salaam]] 1982 * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 361-363 * Sala ya Kanisa ya Ki-fransisko - Benedictine Publications Ndanda - Peramiho, 1996, uk 303-319, 348-374 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 345-346 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 541-543 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 76-77 == Marejeo ya [[lugha]] nyingine == * Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0 * Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books. * Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. * Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) * Robinson, Paschal (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{CathEncy|wstitle=St._Francis_of_Assisi}} * Friar Elias, ''Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti Francisci'', 1226. * Pope Gregory IX, Bulla "Mira circa nos" for the canonization of St. Francis, 19 Julai 1228. * Friar [[Thomas of Celano|Tommaso da Celano]]: ''Vita Prima Sancti Francisci'', 1228; ''Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci'', 1246–1247; ''Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci'', 1252–1253. * Friar [[Julian of Speyer]], ''Vita Sancti Francisci'', 1232–1239. * St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, ''Legenda Maior Sancti Francisci'', 1260–1263. * Ugolino da Montegiorgio, ''Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius'', 1327–1342. * ''Fioretti di San Francesco'', the "[[Little Flowers of St. Francis|Little Flowers of St.&nbsp;Francis]]", end of the 14th&nbsp;century: an anonymous Italian version of the ''Actus''; the most popular of the sources, but very late and therefore not the best authority by any means. * ''The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown)'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1998. ISBN 978-0-385-07544-2 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216793/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi "Saint Francis of Assisi."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/10/041.html "St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html The Life & Miracles of St. Francis of Assisi, the Monk who received the Stigmata of Jesus Christ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html |date=20130724234417 }} * [http://franciscan-archive.org/ The Franciscan Archive] * [http://www.kiswila.com/PFDA/Maadili%20ya%20Mtakatifu%20Fransisko.pdf Maadili ya Mt. Fransisko katika vyanzo kwa Kiswahili] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1182]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1226]] [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:Mashemasi]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] cfcvewmrle1hny7zkp1fzsym0hu2jbc 0 16099 1577056 1263455 2026-06-27T12:15:31Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi na baadhi ya maneno 1577056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:FoodMeat.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Nyama ya wanyama kadhaa.]] '''Nyama''' ni sehemu za [[mwili]] wa [[wanyama]] zinazoliwa kama [[chakula]] au [[kitoweo]]. Kwa [[watu]] wengi nyama ni chakula muhimu kwa sababu ina [[protini]] nyingi ndani yake pamoja na [[mafuta]]. Nyama huliwa baada ya kuipika, kuchoma au kukaanga. Kuna sehemu za [[Dunia]] ambako watu wamezoea kula nyama mbichi wakiteua sehemu lainilaini. kwa mfano, nyama ya kusagwa au [[ini|maini]]. == Uchumi wa nyama == [[Picha:Algerian Butcher.jpg|thumb|Moja ya bucha ya nyama huko Algeria]] [[Gharama]] ya nyama ni kubwa kushinda chakula cha [[mboga]] kwa sababu kiuchumi nyama ni mboga iliyobadilishwa [[umbo]]. Njia yake ni [[wanyama]] kula [[majani]] na majani haya yakikuza mnyama huwa nyama baada ya kuchinjwa. Kwa njia hiyo [[kilogramu]] [[moja]] ya protini ya nyama huhitaji kilogramu 5 hadi 10 za protini ya mboga kama [[lishe]] ya wanyama. Kwa [[lugha]] nyingine [[ekari]] zinazolisha wanyama wa kushibisha watu 100 zinaweza kulisha watu 500 hadi 1,000 kwa njia ya [[nafaka]], [[maharagwe]] n.k. Katika [[mazingira]] asilia hili si tatizo kubwa kwa sababu maeneo [[yabisi]] hayakufaa kwa [[kilimo]] lakini [[wafugaji]] wa kuhamahama waliweza kuzunguka huko na wanyama wao ilhali nchi yenye [[mvua]] na [[rutuba]] ilitumiwa kwa kilimo cha [[mimea]] ya kulisha watu. Kilimo cha kisasa kimebadilisha muundo huo kwa sababu sehemu kubwa ya [[mavuno]] hutumiwa kwa lishe ya wanyama. Tatizo lake linaonekana pale ambako nchi [[tajiri]] kama [[Marekani]] au zile za [[Ulaya]] zinanunua nafaka au maharagwe kote duniani kama lishe ya wanyama wao. Kwa njia hiyo wanasababisha [[bei]] ya vyakula hivi kupanda hata wakazi [[maskini]] wanaona bei ya vyakula zinapanda kushinda uwezo wao. == Historia == Uthibitisho wa [[Paleontolojia]] unaonyesha kuwa nyama ilikuwa sehemu kubwa ya chakula cha binadamu toka kale. Jamii za kale za wawindaji zilipata nyama kwa kuwinda wanyama wakubwa kama [kulungu]] Wanyama ambao sasa ni vyanzo vikuu vya nyama walianza kuliwa toka mwanzo wa [[maendeleo]] ya [[ustaarabu]]: * [[Kondoo]] wanatoka [[Asia Magharibi]]. * [[Ng'ombe]] wana asili ya [[Mesopotamia]] baada ya kuanzishwa kwa kilimo. * [[Nguruwe]] wanaaminika kutoka katika nchi inayojulikana siku hizi kama [[Hungaria]]. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|Meats|Nyama}} {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] ost4utl3xg6h0js9j5unvi9a946fcbn 1577059 1577056 2026-06-27T12:17:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1119573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:FoodMeat.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Nyama ya wanyama kadhaa.]] '''Nyama''' ni sehemu za [[mwili]] wa [[wanyama]] zinazoliwa kama [[chakula]] au [[kitoweo]]. Kwa [[watu]] wengi nyama ni chakula muhimu kwa sababu ina [[protini]] nyingi ndani yake pamoja na [[mafuta]]. Nyama huliwa baada ya kuipika, kuchoma au kukaanga. Kuna sehemu za [[dunia]] ambako watu wamezoea kula nyama mbichi wakiteua sehemu lainilaini, kwa mfano nyama ya kusagwa au [[ini|maini]]. == Uchumi wa nyama == [[Picha:Algerian Butcher.jpg|thumb|Moja ya bucha ya nyama huko Algeria]] [[Gharama]] ya nyama ni kubwa kushinda chakula cha [[mboga]] kwa sababu kiuchumi nyama ni mboga iliyobadilishwa [[umbo]]. Njia yake ni [[wanyama]] kula [[majani]] na majani haya yakikuza mnyama huwa nyama baada ya kuchinjwa. Kwa njia hiyo [[kilogramu]] [[moja]] ya protini ya nyama huhitaji kilogramu 5 hadi 10 za protini ya mboga kama [[lishe]] ya wanyama. Kwa [[lugha]] nyingine [[ekari]] zinazolisha wanyama wa kushibisha watu 100 zinaweza kulisha watu 500 hadi 1,000 kwa njia ya [[nafaka]], [[maharagwe]] n.k. Katika [[mazingira]] asilia hili si tatizo kubwa kwa sababu maeneo [[yabisi]] hayakufaa kwa [[kilimo]] lakini [[wafugaji]] wa kuhamahama waliweza kuzunguka huko na wanyama wao ilhali nchi yenye [[mvua]] na [[rutuba]] ilitumiwa kwa kilimo cha [[mimea]] ya kulisha watu. Kilimo cha kisasa kimebadilisha muundo huo kwa sababu sehemu kubwa ya [[mavuno]] hutumiwa kwa lishe ya wanyama. Tatizo lake linaonekana pale ambako nchi [[tajiri]] kama [[Marekani]] au zile za [[Ulaya]] zinanunua nafaka au maharagwe kote duniani kama lishe ya wanyama wao. Kwa njia hiyo wanasababisha [[bei]] ya vyakula hivi kupanda hata wakazi [[maskini]] wanaona bei ya vyakula zinapanda kushinda uwezo wao. == Historia == Uthibitisho wa [[Paleontolojia]] unaonyesha kuwa nyama ilikuwa sehemu kubwa ya chakula cha binadamu toka kale. Jamii za kale za wawindaji zilipata nyama kwa kuwinda wanyama wakubwa kama [kulungu]] Wanyama ambao sasa ni vyanzo vikuu vya nyama walianza kuliwa toka mwanzo wa [[maendeleo]] ya [[ustaarabu]]: * [[Kondoo]] wanatoka [[Asia Magharibi]]. * [[Ng'ombe]] wana asili ya [[Mesopotamia]] baada ya kuanzishwa kwa kilimo. * [[Nguruwe]] wanaaminika kutoka katika nchi inayojulikana siku hizi kama [[Hungaria]]. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|Meats|Nyama}} {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] ndxiwo0qsus2fljwxn6jc81yiggfede 0 16797 1577018 1472824 2026-06-27T12:00:46Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577018 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Notgeld, Stützerbach, 1921, 10 pfennigs 1.jpg‎|thumb|200px|[[Stempu]] ya [[mwaka]] [[1921]] ikionyesha utengenezaji wa kioo.]] '''Kioo''' ni [[dutu]] imara na ngumu inayopatikana kwa [[umbo]] lolote. Kwa kawaida ni kiangavu na wazi maana yake kinaruhusu kuona yale yaliyopo nyuma yake. Inatengenezwa pia kwa [[rangi]] mbalimbali kwa mfano, kwa ajili ya [[Dirisha|madirisha]] ya [[Kanisa|makanisa]]. Kioo ni dutu [[hobela]], hakina [[fuwele]] ndani yake. Matumizi ya kila [[siku]] ni katika [[chupa]] na madirisha ya kioo. Kioo hutokea kiasili kama [[silika]], inapashwa [[joto]] kali zaidi ya [[Selsiasi|sentigredi]] 2,000. Watu walikuta kioo cha aina hiyo baada ya [[Chamko la volkeno|milipuko]] ya [[volkeno]] au [[moto]] asilia mkali. Walijifunza kuitengeneza kwa kuongeza viungo kadhaa vinavyopunguza kiwango cha kuyeyuka. == Picha za kioo == <gallery> Image:Roman diatretglas.jpg|[[Bilauri]] ya [[Roma ya Kale]] Image:Glas halbvoll.JPG| Image:Glass-Ball.jpg| Image:Chartres2006 046.jpg|Madirisha ya [[kanisa kuu]] la [[Chartres]] </gallery> == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Glass|Kioo}} * [http://www.cmog.org/ Corning Museum of Glass] * [http://www.worldartglass.com/index.asp A comprehensive guide to art glass and crystal around the world] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldartglass.com/index.asp |date=20101226074245 }} * [http://venixe.com/en/glass-working-descriptions/description-of-the-art-of-murano-glass-furnace-and-mol.html Working Description Furnace & Moleria - Murano Glass] * [http://www.glassonweb.com Informative website about the glass industry] * [http://1st.glassman.com/articles/glasscolouring.html Substances used in the Making of Colored Glass] {{Wayback|url=http://1st.glassman.com/articles/glasscolouring.html |date=20051130153852 }} * [http://www.glassfacts.info Almost 400 articles and images about glass (mostly art glass)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.glassfacts.info/ |date=20181022011824 }} {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Kemia]] r36h3vb05rloz1o7q1s126c1kbcs61k 1577042 1577018 2026-06-27T12:10:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 1472824 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Notgeld, Stützerbach, 1921, 10 pfennigs 1.jpg‎|thumb|200px|[[Stempu]] ya [[mwaka]] [[1921]] ikionyesha utengenezaji wa kioo.]] '''Kioo''' ni [[dutu]] imara na ngumu inayopatikana kwa [[umbo]] lolote. Kwa kawaida ni kiangavu na wazi maana yake kinaruhusu kuona yale yaliyopo nyuma yake. Inatengenezwa pia kwa [[rangi]] mbalimbali kwa mfano kwa ajili ya [[Dirisha|madirisha]] ya [[Kanisa|makanisa]]. Kioo ni dutu [[hobela]], hakina [[fuwele]] ndani yake. Matumizi ya kila [[siku]] ni katika [[chupa]] na madirisha ya kioo. Kioo hutokea kiasili kama [[silika]], inapashwa [[joto]] kali zaidi ya [[Selsiasi|sentigredi]] 2,000. Watu walikuta kioo cha aina hiyo baada ya [[Chamko la volkeno|milipuko]] ya [[volkeno]] au [[moto]] asilia mkali. Walijifunza kuitengeneza kwa kuongeza viungo kadhaa vinavyopunguza kiwango cha kuyeyuka. == Picha za kioo == <gallery> Image:Roman diatretglas.jpg|[[Bilauri]] ya [[Roma ya Kale]] Image:Glas halbvoll.JPG| Image:Glass-Ball.jpg| Image:Chartres2006 046.jpg|Madirisha ya [[kanisa kuu]] la [[Chartres]] </gallery> == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Glass|Kioo}} * [http://www.cmog.org/ Corning Museum of Glass] * [http://www.worldartglass.com/index.asp A comprehensive guide to art glass and crystal around the world] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldartglass.com/index.asp |date=20101226074245 }} * [http://venixe.com/en/glass-working-descriptions/description-of-the-art-of-murano-glass-furnace-and-mol.html Working Description Furnace & Moleria - Murano Glass] * [http://www.glassonweb.com Informative website about the glass industry] * [http://1st.glassman.com/articles/glasscolouring.html Substances used in the Making of Colored Glass] {{Wayback|url=http://1st.glassman.com/articles/glasscolouring.html |date=20051130153852 }} * [http://www.glassfacts.info Almost 400 articles and images about glass (mostly art glass)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.glassfacts.info/ |date=20181022011824 }} {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Kemia]] hyujyz07mktpowmve72e1d5iet8lq3z 0 18082 1577259 1477228 2026-06-28T08:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577259 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Grutte_Pier_(Pier_Gerlofs_Donia),_1622,_book_illustration.JPG|thumb|right|350px|Pier Gerlofs Donia.]] '''Pier Gerlofs Donia''' aliishi kuanzia mwaka [[1480]] hadi [[1520]]. Alikuwa jitu lenye miguu ambalo inasemekana alikuwa na urefu wa zaidi ya futi 7. Huyu alipigania uhuru wa [[Friesland]]. Donia pia alikuwa akifahamika kama Grutte Pier, ambayo ina maana ya "Kijana Mkubwa", kwa lugha ya Kifrisia, au Grote Pier, ambayo ina maana sawa tu kwa lugha ya [[Kidutch]]. Huyu tena alikuwa haramia. Jitu hili lilipigana vita dhidi ya watu wa kutoka [[Uholanzi]] na [[Ujerumani]], na Waburgundia. Katika mapambano yake makubwa ya baharini, aliziteka nyara meli zipatazo 28, na akaua takriban watu 500 ambao wote aliowakamata kama mateka. "Kijana Mkubwa" halafu baadaye waliita "Msalaba wa Wadutch". == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.bradandkathy.com/genealogy/tng/getperson.php?personID=I2446&tree=mohr Genealogy - Pier Gerlofs Donia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bradandkathy.com/genealogy/tng/getperson.php?personID=I2446&tree=mohr |date=20080520114043 }} at [http://www.bradandkathy.com/genealogy BradandKathy.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bradandkathy.com/genealogy |date=20080928003940 }} *[http://langenberg-laagland.com/ Genealogy - Pier Gerlofs Donia at Langenberg-Laagland.com] {{Wayback|url=http://langenberg-laagland.com/ |date=20080828022345 }}, see [http://langenberg-laagland.com/histories/greatepierhistory.pdf Pier Gerlofs biography, downloadable PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://langenberg-laagland.com/histories/greatepierhistory.pdf |date=20081028192543 }} *[http://www.verhalenbank.nl/detail_volksverhalen.php?id=CJ044117 DOC Volksverhaal (Meertens Institute)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.verhalenbank.nl/detail_volksverhalen.php?id=CJ044117 |date=20080520075425 }} on the saga {{languageicon|Dutch}} *[http://images.google.nl/imgres?imgurl=http://www.friesland-digitaal.eu/wunseradiel/Kimswerd/guttepier1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.friesland-digitaal.eu/wunseradiel/Kimswerd/gruttepier.html&h=600&w=450&sz=78&hl=nl&start=1&tbnid=YCZXPAfHxWT2uM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgrutte%2Bpier%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dnl%26sa%3DG Another page with a lot of useful information + images of Pier with the Frisian-flag + image's of Piers' statue in Kimswerd, Frisia] {{languageicon|Dutch}} *[http://www.bradandkathy.com/genealogy/tng/getperson.php?personID=I2446&tree=mohr About Piers' family-life, children and descendants] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bradandkathy.com/genealogy/tng/getperson.php?personID=I2446&tree=mohr |date=20080520114043 }} *[http://www.wunseradiel.nl Official website of [[Grutte Pier]]s' village of origin][[Grutte Pier]]s {{Wayback|url=http://www.wunseradiel.nl/ |date=20050614003257 }} {{languageicon|Dutch}} *[http://images.google.nl/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mokumtv.nl/images/Boskamp.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mokumtv.nl/holland4.html&h=161&w=280&sz=9&hl=nl&start=4&um=1&tbnid=NUZBVppjhxdqZM:&tbnh=66&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHans%2BBoskamp%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dnl%26sa%3DN More information about Pier Gerlofs] {{languageicon|Dutch}} *[http://www.fam-potjer.nl/overzicht.php?knop=3 A web page containing loads of information about this family and their deeds and members] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fam-potjer.nl/overzicht.php?knop=3 |date=20080620175927 }} *[http://www.rugbyleeuwarden.nl/wie.html Rugbyclub Greate Pier article] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rugbyleeuwarden.nl/wie.html |date=20080622172548 }} {{languageicon|Dutch}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Donia, Pier Gerlofs}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1480]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1520]] [[Jamii:watu wa Uholanzi]] s9h7dr51s6gi0dcvsaj66w9trxjimb9 0 18137 1577070 1166352 2026-06-27T12:23:21Z The boss Akili 90538 maelezo machache katika aya ya malezi 1577070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schoolgirls in Bamozai.JPG|thumb|[[Darasa]] la [[wasichana]] wa Bamozai, [[Afghanistan]].]] [[File:Hk protest against implementation of national education 6.jpg|thumb|Mwanafunzi darasani akipinga kuingizwa kwa siasa katika nyenzo za kusoma au walimu wanaotumia vibaya jukumu lao kufundisha wanafunzi, kinyume na malengo ya elimu ambayo hutafuta uhuru wa mawazo na kufikiria kwa kina.]] [[File:Jan Steen school class with a sleeping schoolmaster, 1672.jpg|thumb|Jan Steen (1672)]] '''Malezi''' ni [[kazi]] maalumu ya [[muda]] mrefu ambayo [[binadamu]] anamsaidia mwingine kukabili [[maisha]] kwa jumla au sehemu yake mojawapo. Ni kazi inayowapasa kwanza [[wazazi]], ambao wanahitaji msaada wa [[ukoo]], [[kabila]], [[taifa]], [[dini]] na jamii. Ni kazi inayohitaji [[moyo mkuu]] na [[ustahimilivu]] mkubwa. Nchi za [[Afrika]] zilipojikomboa zilikazania [[elimu]] ili kupata mapema [[wataalamu]] kwa kazi na [[huduma]] za [[jamii]]. Hasa siku hizi wengi wameona umuhimu wa kusoma ili kukabili maisha. Ila mara nyingi juhudi hizo hazilengi kujua [[ukweli]], bali kufanikiwa katika kazi na [[uchumi]], na zinaweka pembeni [[maadili]] yaliyokuwa muhimu katika [[malezi ya kimila]]. Hayo yalikusudiwa kuwaandaa [[watoto]] na [[vijana]] kwa maisha, wawe washiriki wa [[ukoo]] na [[kabila]] ambao wamekomaa kiasi cha kuweza kuchukua [[Jukumu|majukumu]] yao. Hata leo bila ya hayo [[ujuzi]] na [[ufundi]] vinaweza kuongezeka, lakini [[ukomavu]] haufikiwi. Hivyo vijana wanachelewa kushika nafasi yao katika ujenzi wa [[jamii]], k.mf. kwa njia ya [[ndoa]]. Badala yake unaenea [[uhuni]] ([[uasherati]], [[bangi]], [[wizi]] na ubakaji) Kwa kuwa [[ujana]] ni kipindi cha mabadiliko ya haraka pande zote, ni vigumu kuumudu sawasawa na kuwa na msimamo. Hasa [[Miji|mijini]] kuna mchanganyiko wa [[watu]] (makabila, [[dini]] n.k.) pamoja na njia hasi za kuishi zinazotokana na ushindani mkubwa, utepetevu katika maadili na upotovu. Katika hali hiyo dini na ukoo si kinga tena. kijana mwenyewe anajichagulia aamini nini na aishi vipi badala ya kufuata tu mazoea ya [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] kama alivyofanya utotoni. Anahitaji kusaidiwa ajibu maswali makuu ya maisha: “Mimi ni nani? Nimetoka wapi? Ninakwenda wapi? Nafikiriwa kuwa wa namna gani?”na ninafanya nini? matatizo yasiyoepukika ya [[umri]] wake. Anahitaji kueleweka na kuthaminiwa, lakini akitafuta hayo anaitwa jeuri, mwenye [[kiburi]] n.k. Hasa siku hizi kati ya [[wazee]] na vijana [[umbali]] ni mkubwa kutokana na mabadiliko ya nyakati (upande wa elimu, [[afya]], uchumi, [[mawasiliano]], [[tunu]] za maisha n.k.). Vijana wanaonelea miundo asili ni mambo ya zamani, hata wakadharau [[utamaduni]] wa [[Babu|mababu]] kama kwamba mambo yake yote yamepitwa na wakati. Kinyume chake wanapokea kwa urahisi mkubwa mawazo mengi ya kigeni kupitia [[vyombo vya upashanaji habari]] na [[mitindo]] mipya inayozuka mijini. Halafu wanatumia muda mwingi kijiweni au katika [[burudani]], kumbe ule wa kukaa na wazee ni mfupi mno: hilo ni pengo lisilozibika, kwa kuwa linawafanya wasifaidi [[mang’amuzi]] ya vizazi vilivyotangulia, kutegemezwa na mashauri wanayoyahitaji, kuungana na [[ndugu]] zao katika kukabili maisha. Wanakuwa jamii tofauti, wageni kati ya watu wao! Maisha ya vijana kwa mtazamo wa sasa yanazidi kuwa tofauti na vijana wa zamani. Nyakati hizi kuna matatizo mengi yawapatayo vijana pamoja na wakati wa [[ubalehe]], uzururaji mitaani, [[wizi]], uvutaji [[bangi]] pamoja na kutumia aina nyingine za [[madawa ya kulevya]]. Wazee wengi wanaona vijana wakiungana ni nafasi tu ya kujenga [[urafiki]] mbaya, si [[haja]] halisi ya [[nafsi]] na ya maisha. Hivyo badala ya kuwasaidia kuchambua mambo wanazidisha hali ya kutoelewana nao. Basi, hatuna budi kulea kwa kuoanisha [[ujuzi]] na ukomavu ili tupate watu tunaowahitaji: watu ambao ni huru kwa ndani na wanaweza kuwajibika kwa [[uadilifu]]. Ili kijana azidi kukomaa kiutu anahitaji kusaidiwa ajifahamu ili kustawisha [[vipawa]] vyake na kupunguza [[kasoro]] zake. [[Utu]] ndio msingi ambao juu yake yanajengwa maisha yote. Mwenye matatizo nafsini mwake anasumbuka na kusumbua watu anaofungamana nao. Basi, ni muhimu awahi kujirekebisha kama inavyobidi kuwahi ili kunyosha [[mti]] ukiwa bado mbichi. Ni lazima aifanyie kazi [[nafsi]] yake kwa [[ustadi]] na [[bidii]] nyingi kuliko [[mkulima]] anavyoshughulikia [[shamba]] lake ili lizae sana. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Category:Elimu jamii]] [[Category:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Malezi]] la2tsj64zuzihhbcu0vrmhdazlbou20 1577083 1577070 2026-06-27T12:29:07Z The boss Akili 90538 muundo 1577083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schoolgirls in Bamozai.JPG|thumb|[[Darasa]] la [[wasichana]] wa Bamozai, [[Afghanistan]].]] [[File:Hk protest against implementation of national education 6.jpg|thumb|Mwanafunzi darasani akipinga kuingizwa kwa siasa katika nyenzo za kusoma au walimu wanaotumia vibaya jukumu lao kufundisha wanafunzi, kinyume na malengo ya elimu ambayo hutafuta uhuru wa mawazo na kufikiria kwa kina.]] [[File:Jan Steen school class with a sleeping schoolmaster, 1672.jpg|thumb|Jan Steen (1672)]] '''Malezi''' ni [[kazi]] maalumu ya [[muda]] mrefu ambayo [[binadamu]] anamsaidia mwingine kukabili [[maisha]] kwa jumla au sehemu yake mojawapo. Ni kazi inayowapasa kwanza [[wazazi]], ambao wanahitaji msaada wa [[ukoo]], [[kabila]], [[taifa]], [[dini]] na jamii. Ni kazi inayohitaji [[moyo mkuu]] na [[ustahimilivu]] mkubwa. Nchi za [[Afrika]] zilipojikomboa zilikazania [[elimu]] ili kupata mapema [[wataalamu]] kwa kazi na [[huduma]] za [[jamii]]. Hasa siku hizi wengi wameona umuhimu wa kusoma ili kukabilina maisha. Ila mara nyingi juhudi hizo hazilengi kujua [[ukweli]], bali kufanikiwa katika kazi na [[uchumi]], na zinaweka pembeni [[maadili]] yaliyokuwa muhimu katika [[malezi ya kimila]]. Hayo yalikusudiwa kuwaandaa [[watoto]] na [[vijana]] kwa maisha, wawe washiriki wa [[ukoo]] na [[kabila]] ambao wamekomaa kiasi cha kuweza kuchukua [[Jukumu|majukumu]] yao. Hata leo bila ya hayo [[ujuzi]] na [[ufundi]] vinaweza kuongezeka, lakini [[ukomavu]] haufikiwi. Hivyo vijana wanachelewa kushika nafasi yao katika ujenzi wa [[jamii]], k.mf. kwa njia ya [[ndoa]]. Badala yake unaenea [[uhuni]] ([[uasherati]], [[bangi]], [[wizi]] na ubakaji) Kwa kuwa [[ujana]] ni kipindi cha mabadiliko ya haraka pande zote, ni vigumu kuumudu sawasawa na kuwa na msimamo. Hasa [[Miji|mijini]] kuna mchanganyiko wa [[watu]] (makabila, [[dini]] n.k.) pamoja na njia hasi za kuishi zinazotokana na ushindani mkubwa, utepetevu katika maadili na upotovu. Katika hali hiyo dini na ukoo si kinga tena. kijana mwenyewe anajichagulia aamini nini na aishi vipi badala ya kufuata tu mazoea ya [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] kama alivyofanya utotoni. Anahitaji kusaidiwa ajibu maswali makuu ya maisha: “Mimi ni nani? Nimetoka wapi? Ninakwenda wapi? Nafikiriwa kuwa wa namna gani?”na ninafanya nini? matatizo yasiyoepukika ya [[umri]] wake. Anahitaji kueleweka na kuthaminiwa, lakini akitafuta hayo anaitwa jeuri, mwenye [[kiburi]] n.k. Hasa siku hizi kati ya [[wazee]] na vijana [[umbali]] ni mkubwa kutokana na mabadiliko ya nyakati (upande wa elimu, [[afya]], uchumi, [[mawasiliano]], [[tunu]] za maisha n.k.). Vijana wanaonelea miundo asili ni mambo ya zamani, hata wakadharau [[utamaduni]] wa [[Babu|mababu]] kama kwamba mambo yake yote yamepitwa na wakati. Kinyume chake wanapokea kwa urahisi mkubwa mawazo mengi ya kigeni kupitia [[vyombo vya upashanaji habari]] na [[mitindo]] mipya inayozuka mijini. Halafu wanatumia muda mwingi kijiweni au katika [[burudani]], kumbe ule wa kukaa na wazee ni mfupi mno: hilo ni pengo lisilozibika, kwa kuwa linawafanya wasifaidi [[mang’amuzi]] ya vizazi vilivyotangulia, kutegemezwa na mashauri wanayoyahitaji, kuungana na [[ndugu]] zao katika kukabili maisha. Wanakuwa jamii tofauti, wageni kati ya watu wao! Maisha ya vijana kwa mtazamo wa sasa yanazidi kuwa tofauti na vijana wa zamani. Nyakati hizi kuna matatizo mengi yawapatayo vijana pamoja na wakati wa [[ubalehe]], uzururaji mitaani, [[wizi]], uvutaji [[bangi]] pamoja na kutumia aina nyingine za [[madawa ya kulevya]]. Wazee wengi wanaona vijana wakiungana ni nafasi tu ya kujenga [[urafiki]] mbaya, si [[haja]] halisi ya [[nafsi]] na ya maisha. Hivyo badala ya kuwasaidia kuchambua mambo wanazidisha hali ya kutoelewana nao. Basi, hatuna budi kulea kwa kuoanisha [[ujuzi]] na ukomavu ili tupate watu tunaowahitaji: watu ambao ni huru kwa ndani na wanaweza kuwajibika kwa [[uadilifu]]. Ili kijana azidi kukomaa kiutu anahitaji kusaidiwa ajifahamu ili kustawisha [[vipawa]] vyake na kupunguza [[kasoro]] zake. [[Utu]] ndio msingi ambao juu yake yanajengwa maisha yote. Mwenye matatizo nafsini mwake anasumbuka na kusumbua watu anaofungamana nao. Basi, ni muhimu awahi kujirekebisha kama inavyobidi kuwahi ili kunyosha [[mti]] ukiwa bado mbichi. Ni lazima aifanyie kazi [[nafsi]] yake kwa [[ustadi]] na [[bidii]] nyingi kuliko [[mkulima]] anavyoshughulikia [[shamba]] lake ili lizae sana. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Category:Elimu jamii]] [[Category:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Malezi]] fds7qvu5j3a22ojaz6vy3r37echg1qu 1577101 1577083 2026-06-27T12:37:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1166352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schoolgirls in Bamozai.JPG|thumb|[[Darasa]] la [[wasichana]] wa Bamozai, [[Afghanistan]].]] [[File:Hk protest against implementation of national education 6.jpg|thumb|Mwanafunzi darasani akipinga kuingizwa kwa siasa katika nyenzo za kusoma au walimu wanaotumia vibaya jukumu lao kufundisha wanafunzi, kinyume na malengo ya elimu ambayo hutafuta uhuru wa mawazo na kufikiria kwa kina.]] [[File:Jan Steen school class with a sleeping schoolmaster, 1672.jpg|thumb|Jan Steen (1672)]] '''Malezi''' ni [[kazi]] maalumu ya [[muda]] mrefu ambayo [[binadamu]] anamsaidia mwingine kukabili [[maisha]] kwa jumla au sehemu yake mojawapo. Ni kazi inayowapasa kwanza [[wazazi]], ambao wanahitaji msaada wa [[ukoo]], [[kabila]], [[taifa]], [[dini]] n.k. Ni kazi inayohitaji [[moyo mkuu]] na [[ustahimilivu]] mkubwa. Nchi za [[Afrika]] zilipojikomboa zilikazania [[elimu]] ili kupata mapema [[wataalamu]] kwa kazi na [[huduma]] za [[jamii]]. Hasa siku hizi wengi wameona umuhimu wa kusoma ili kukabili maisha. Ila mara nyingi juhudi hizo hazilengi kujua [[ukweli]], bali kufanikiwa katika kazi na [[uchumi]], na zinaweka pembeni [[maadili]] yaliyokuwa muhimu katika [[malezi ya kimila]]. Hayo yalikusudiwa kuwaandaa [[watoto]] na [[vijana]] kwa maisha, wawe washiriki wa [[ukoo]] na [[kabila]] ambao wamekomaa kiasi cha kuweza kuchukua [[Jukumu|majukumu]] yao. Hata leo bila ya hayo [[ujuzi]] na [[ufundi]] vinaweza kuongezeka, lakini [[ukomavu]] haufikiwi. Hivyo vijana wanachelewa kushika nafasi yao katika ujenzi wa [[jamii]], k.mf. kwa njia ya [[ndoa]]. Badala yake unaenea [[uhuni]] ([[uasherati]], [[bangi]], [[wizi]] n.k.). Kwa kuwa [[ujana]] ni kipindi cha mabadiliko ya haraka pande zote, ni vigumu kuumudu sawasawa na kuwa na msimamo. Hasa [[Miji|mijini]] kuna mchanganyiko wa [[watu]] (makabila, [[dini]] n.k.) pamoja na njia hasi za kuishi zinazotokana na ushindani mkubwa, utepetevu katika maadili na upotovu. Katika hali hiyo dini ya ukoo si kinga tena: kijana mwenyewe anajichagulia aamini nini na aishi vipi badala ya kufuata tu mazoea ya [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] kama alivyofanya utotoni. Anahitaji kusaidiwa ajibu maswali makuu ya maisha: “Mimi ni nani? Nimetoka wapi? Ninakwenda wapi? Nafikiriwa kuwa wa namna gani?” Kumbe watu wazima wengi wanamsema badala ya kujihusisha naye katika matatizo yasiyoepukika ya [[umri]] wake. Anahitaji kueleweka na kuthaminiwa, lakini akitafuta hayo anaitwa jeuri, mwenye [[kiburi]] n.k. Hasa siku hizi kati ya [[wazee]] na vijana [[umbali]] ni mkubwa kutokana na mabadiliko ya nyakati (upande wa elimu, [[afya]], uchumi, [[mawasiliano]], [[tunu]] za maisha n.k.). Vijana wanaonelea miundo asili ni mambo ya zamani, hata wakadharau [[utamaduni]] wa [[Babu|mababu]] kama kwamba mambo yake yote yamepitwa na wakati. Kinyume chake wanapokea kwa urahisi mkubwa mawazo mengi ya kigeni kupitia [[vyombo vya upashanaji habari]] na [[mitindo]] mipya inayozuka mijini. Halafu wanatumia muda mwingi kijiweni au katika [[burudani]], kumbe ule wa kukaa na wazee ni mfupi mno: hilo ni pengo lisilozibika, kwa kuwa linawafanya wasifaidi [[mang’amuzi]] ya vizazi vilivyotangulia, kutegemezwa na mashauri wanayoyahitaji, kuungana na [[ndugu]] zao katika kukabili maisha. Wanakuwa jamii tofauti, wageni kati ya watu wao! Maisha ya vijana kwa mtazamo wa sasa yanazidi kuwa tofauti na vijana wa zamani. Nyakati hizi kuna matatizo mengi yawapatayo vijana pamoja na wakati wa [[ubalehe]], uzururaji mitaani, [[wizi]], uvutaji [[bangi]] pamoja na kutumia aina nyingine za [[madawa ya kulevya]]. Wazee wengi wanaona vijana wakiungana ni nafasi tu ya kujenga [[urafiki]] mbaya, si [[haja]] halisi ya [[nafsi]] na ya maisha. Hivyo badala ya kuwasaidia kuchambua mambo wanazidisha hali ya kutoelewana nao. Basi, hatuna budi kulea kwa kuoanisha [[ujuzi]] na ukomavu ili tupate watu tunaowahitaji: watu ambao ni huru kwa ndani na wanaweza kuwajibika kwa [[uadilifu]]. Ili kijana azidi kukomaa kiutu anahitaji kusaidiwa ajifahamu ili kustawisha [[vipawa]] vyake na kupunguza [[kasoro]] zake. [[Utu]] ndio msingi ambao juu yake yanajengwa maisha yote. Mwenye matatizo nafsini mwake anasumbuka na kusumbua watu anaofungamana nao. Basi, ni muhimu awahi kujirekebisha kama inavyobidi kuwahi ili kunyosha [[mti]] ukiwa bado mbichi. Ni lazima aifanyie kazi [[nafsi]] yake kwa [[ustadi]] na [[bidii]] nyingi kuliko [[mkulima]] anavyoshughulikia [[shamba]] lake ili lizae sana. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Category:Elimu jamii]] [[Category:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Malezi]] oh5rkxepuxne70z9z7inq1nhb913hlc 0 18444 1577243 1418209 2026-06-28T06:39:08Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi na baadhi ya nomino ziliandikwa kwa herufi ndogo 1577243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Airboy Comics v5 2.jpg|thumb|upright]]'''Kibonzo''', pia '''Katuni''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] ''cartoons'') au '''Komiki''' (kutoka Kiing. ''comics'') ni namna ya kueleza hadithi au habari kwa kutumia picha. Picha hizi mara nyingi zimechorwa ama moja-moja au mfululizo na kueleza habari kwa namna ya kuchekesha. Majadiliano ya [[Wahusika]] kwenye kibonzo huonyeshwa kwa njia za viputo vya maneno. Kuna pia viputo vya dhana vya kuonyesha fikra za Wahusika. Kibonzo huonyeshwa mara nyingi kwenye [[Magazeti]]. Kuna pia [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya vibonzo vilivyokusanywa au vilivyochorwa moja kwa moja kama kitabu. Kati ya vibonzo vinavyojulikana sana kimataifa kuna vile vya [[Walt Disney]] aliyeunda [[Mickey Mouse]] na wenzake. Siku za nyuma vibonzo vya [[Manga]] kutoka [[Japani]] vimepata wasomaji wengi kati ya vijana. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.worldcomics.fi/html/swahili_manual.html Komiki - Hadithi kwa njia ya michoro (Kijitabu kinachofundisha kutunga vibonzo)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldcomics.fi/html/swahili_manual.html |date=20070808184811}} [[Jamii:Sanaa]] 20lq8r35n4yf30xe9axw44oc5kpvjgy 0 18869 1577040 1577011 2026-06-27T12:10:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] 1397363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Protein_mosaic.jpg|thumb|protein model mosaic.]] '''Protini''' ni [[molekuli]] ndefu na sehemu za lazima katika muundo wa [[seli]] za mwili wa [[viumbehai]]. Zinajengwa na [[amino asidi]]. Protini huwajibika kwa maumbile ya seli na kushughulika usafirishaji wa dutu ndani ya seli na kati ya seli za mwili. [[Musuli]] zinaundwa pamoja na protini za pekee zenye uwezo wa kupanua na kujikaza hivyo kuweka msingi wa mwendo. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=whats Protein|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/protein/|accessdate=2025-02-07}}</ref> Protini zinapatikana katika [[wanyama]], [[mimea]], [[fungi]] na [[bakteria]]. == Protini katika chakula == Wanyama wote pamoja na [[binadamu]] huhitaji protini katika [[chakula]] chao kwa sababu hawana uwezo wa kujitengenezea amino asidi zote zinazohitajika kwa kujenga miili yao. Kwa sababu hiyo tunahitaji chakula chenye protini; mahitaji ya mwanadamu ni takriban [[gramu]] 1 ya protini kwa [[kilogramu]] 1 ya [[uzito]] wa [[mwili]] wake; maana yake mtu mwenye uzito wa kilogramu 70 anashauriwa kula gramu 70 za protini kwa siku. [[Tumbo|Tumboni]] mwa binadamu na wanyama protini za chakula huvunjwa kwa asidi asidi ndani yao; kutoka hizi mwili unajenga protini mpya ya aina yake ya pekee. Uhaba wa protini unasababisha [[magonjwa]]; uhaba mkali unaleta [[unyafuzi]]. Unyafuzi unashika hasa [[watoto]] wanaopewa chakula kingi lakini [[kabohidrati]] tu kama [[ugali]] bila [[makundekunde]], [[nyama]] au [[samaki]]. Vyakula vyenye protini nyingi ni * [[nyama]] * [[samaki]] * [[mayai]] * [[maziwa]] na vyakula kutokana na maziwa kama [[jibini]], [[maziwa ya mgando]] * [[jozi (tunda)|Jozi]] * [[makundekunde]] kama [[soya]], [[kunde]], [[maharage]] == Protini katika mlo nyongeza == Kando na chakula, protini huweza kupatikana katika mlo nyongeza ([[:en:diet supplements|diet supplements]]). Kwa mfano whey protein ni mojawapo wa milo nyongeza ambao utaongeza mwili wako protini na kukuwezesha kutimua misuli. '''Umuhimu wa protini katika mlo nyongeza''' * Husibisha na humfanya mtu ahisi amekinai na hivi kupunguza njaa * Hukuza misuli * Humsaidia mtu kukuwa sawa kwa haraka baada ya mazoezi * Hupunguza mafuta mwilini * Kumfanya mtu awe na uzani wa kawaida == Utaalamu == Protini zilitambuliwa na mwanakemia M[[sweden]] [[Jons Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius]] mwaka [[1838]]. == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-kemia}} <!-- interwiki --> [[Jamii:Kemia]] [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Afya]] rhq120nqruxo6pf6s91qbeqbvze4rge 0 19201 1577099 1334515 2026-06-27T12:36:29Z The boss Akili 90538 maelezo machache katika aya ya malezi 1577099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:WikiWed.jpg‎|thumb|right|''[[Pete]]'', [[alama]] ya ndoa.]] '''Ndoa''' ni muungano kati ya [[watu]] wawili au zaidi unaokubaliwa na kuheshimiwa na [[jamii]]. Tukio la kuanzisha ndoa linaitwa [[harusi]], na kabla ya ndoa kuna [[Uchumba|kipindi cha uchumba]] ambapo watu hao wawili walio kubaliana wanachunguzana tabia na kujifunza au kujuana zaidi baina yao. Kama watu wanaohusika wakikomesha ndoa yao kisheria, hali hii inaitwa [[talaka]]. Katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[nchi]] nyingi uhusiano huo ni kati ya [[mwanamume]] mmoja na [[mwanamke]] mmoja tu na unalenga [[ustawi]] wao na [[uzazi]] wa [[watoto]] katika [[familia]]. na kujuana afya ya akili Katika nchi nyingine, hasa za [[Kiislamu]] na za [[Afrika]], inakubalika ndoa kati ya watu wawili ambao mmojawapo ana au anaweza kuwa na mwenzi au wenzi wengine pia ([[mitara]] au upali), hususan ndoa ya mwanamume mmoja na wanawake zaidi ya mmoja. Kumbe kwingine, hasa [[Ulaya]], hilo ni [[kosa la jinai]]. Mara nyingi [[harusi]] inafanyika kwa [[ibada]] maalumu kadiri ya [[dini]] ya wahusika. Baadhi ya [[madhehebu]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] yanatazama ndoa kati ya [[Ubatizo|wabatizwa]] wawili kuwa [[sakramenti]]: rejea [[Ndoa (sakramenti)]]. Hasa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linaamini ndoa haiwezi kuvunjwa kwa talaka kutokana na kauli ya [[Yesu]]: "Mungu alichokiunganisha, binadamu asikitenganishe" ([[Mk]] 10:9). ==Suala la ndoa ya jinsia moja== Tangu [[mwaka]] [[2000]] [[idadi]] inayozidi kuongezeka ya nchi zimeanza kuruhusu ndoa kati ya watu wawili wa [[jinsia]] [[moja]]. Kumbe nchi nyingine zinapinga vikali jaribio hilo kama kinyume cha [[dini]] na [[desturi]] au hata [[maumbile]] yenyewe. [[Tabia]] za [[Ngono|kingono]] kati ya [[wanyama]] wa jinsia moja zimeonekana katika [[spishi]] 500 hivi [[duniani]] kote,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book | author = Bagemihl, Bruce | title = Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity | url = https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-312-25377-6}}</ref><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal">{{cite web| last =Harrold | first =Max | title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity | publisher=[[The Advocate]], reprinted in Highbeam Encyclopedia | date=1999-02-16 | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-53877996.html | accessdate = 2007-09-10}}</ref> lakini wanaosema kuwa [[ushoga]] ni kinyume cha maumbile wanamaanisha maumbile ya binadamu yanayotakiwa kuongozwa na [[akili]] na [[utashi]], si [[silika]] tu kama ilivyo kwa [[viumbehai]] wengine wote. Kwa mfano, wanyama wanazaliana hata wakiwa na undugu, kwa mfano mama na mtoto, lakini kwa binadamu haifai. Vilevile [[ubakaji]] unafanywa na wanyama mbalimbali, lakini kwa binadamu haufai kabisa kwa sababu unasababisha mwathiriwa asiyekubali apitie uchungu na mateso. Hiyo ndiyo sababu [[jamii]] [[Ustaarabu|iliyostaarabika]] haiwezi kuuvumilia ubakaji; waathiriwa na wote ambao wangeweza kuwa waathiriwa wanapaswa kulindwa wasibakwe. Ulinganisho huo wa ndoa ya jinsia moja na ubakaji si kamili kwa kuwa hauhusishi mwathiriwa asiyekubali, anayelazimika kuvumilia uchungu na mateso, na pengine, badala yake wapenzi wa jinsia moja ambao wanazuiwa kuoana wanajisikia uchungu. Hata hivyo, inabidi kulinda [[maadili]] ya jamii ili iweze kustawi dhidi ya tamaa zisizoijenga. [[Takwimu]] zinaonyesha kwamba katika [[ndoa za jinsia moja]] [[uaminifu]] wa [[Moyo|moyoni]] na wa [[mwili|mwilini]] ni mdogo kuliko katika ndoa za jinsia [[mbili]].<ref>Symons suggests that all men are innately disposed to want sexual variation and that the difference between heterosexual and homosexual men is that homosexual men can find willing partners more often for casual sex, and thus satisfy this innate desire for sexual variety. Harris, C. R. (2002). "Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults". Psychological Science. 13 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00402. PMID 11892782.</ref> Uchunguzi mwingi umeonyesha kwamba wanaume waliofunga ndoa za jinsia moja wana kiwango cha talaka cha chini kidogo kikilinganishwa na kile cha watu waliofunga ndoa za jinsia mbili.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199705/lessons-gay-marriage |title=Lessons from a Gay Marriage: Despite stereotypes of gay relationships as short-lived, gay unions highlight the keys to success |author=Marian Jones |work=[[Psychology Today]] |date=1 May 1997 |accessdate=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Demographics of Same-Se">{{cite journal |title=The Demographics of Same-Sex 'Marriages' in Norway and Sweden |last=Andersson |first=Gunnar |url=http://www-same-sex.ined.fr/WWW/04Doc124Gunnar.pdf |journal=Demography |volume=43 |issue=1 |date=February 2006 |pages=79–98 |format=PDF |doi=10.1353/dem.2006.0001 |access-date=2018-06-07 |archive-date=2009-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325054920/http://www-same-sex.ined.fr/WWW/04Doc124Gunnar.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ndoa za wanaume wawili zinasedeka kushinda zile za jinsia mbili na zile za wanawake wawili.<ref>{{cite web|last1=EL|title=Marital Bliss? Gender Gaps...|url=http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/02/27/marital-bliss-gender-gaps-in-dutch-same-sex-divorce-rates/|website=Gender Across Borders|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227131757/http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/02/27/marital-bliss-gender-gaps-in-dutch-same-sex-divorce-rates/|archivedate=2015-12-27}}</ref> Kiwango cha juu cha talaka kati ya wanawake kinapatana na takwimu zinazoonyesha kwamba kwa ujumla wanawake ndio wanaoanzisha talaka zilizo nyingi.<ref>In the Netherlands of the 580 lesbian couples who were married in 2005, 30% were divorced ten years later compared to 18% for heterosexual couples and 15% for gay male couples. {{cite web | url=https://nltimes.nl/2016/03/30/marriages-women-likely-end-divorce |title=Marriages Between Women Most Likely To End In Divorce |author=Janene Pieters |work=NL Times |date=1 March 2016 |accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199705/lessons-gay-marriage |title=Lessons from a Gay Marriage: Despite stereotypes of gay relationships as short-lived, gay unions highlight the keys to success |author=Marian Jones |work=[[Psychology Today]] |date=1 May 1997 |accessdate=20 April 2011}}</ref> Vilevile utafiti fulani umehusianisha kuhalalishwa kwa ndoa za jinsia moja na upungufu mkubwa wa kiwango cha kujaribu [[kujiua]] kwa watoto.<ref name="jamanetwork.com">{{cite web|title=Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2604258|website=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|Journal of the American Medical Association: Pediatrics]]}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite web|title=Study: Teen suicide attempts fell as same-sex marriage was legalized|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/02/20/teen-suicide-down-as-same-sex-marriage-legalized-study/98179684/|website=[[USA Today]]|date=February 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|title=Same-sex marriage laws linked to fewer youth suicide attempts, new study says|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/same-sex-marriage-fewer-youth-suicide|website=[[PBS]]|date=February 20, 2017}}</ref> Hata hivyo, nchi nyingi, hasa za Afrika, hazikubali ndoa za jinsia moja. Sheria za nchi nyingine zinawapa watu wawili wa jinsia moja wanaoishi pamoja [[haki]] karibu zilezile za watu wa ndoa, lakini zinakwepa kuita miungano hiyo "ndoa". ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Uzazi]] qxi70kch9ryruap6cx4qfx0sxm1dqv6 1577121 1577099 2026-06-27T13:10:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577121 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:WikiWed.jpg‎|thumb|right|''[[Pete]]'', [[alama]] ya ndoa.]] '''Ndoa''' ni muungano kati ya [[watu]] wawili au zaidi unaokubaliwa na kuheshimiwa na [[jamii]]. Tukio la kuanzisha ndoa linaitwa [[harusi]], na kabla ya ndoa kuna [[Uchumba|kipindi cha uchumba]] ambapo watu hao wawili walio kubaliana wanachunguzana tabia na kujifunza au kujuana zaidi baina yao. Kama watu wanaohusika wakikomesha ndoa yao kisheria, hali hii inaitwa [[talaka]]. Katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[nchi]] nyingi uhusiano huo ni kati ya [[mwanamume]] mmoja na [[mwanamke]] mmoja tu na unalenga [[ustawi]] wao na [[uzazi]] wa [[watoto]] katika [[familia]]. Katika nchi nyingine, hasa za [[Kiislamu]] na za [[Afrika]], inakubalika ndoa kati ya watu wawili ambao mmojawapo ana au anaweza kuwa na mwenzi au wenzi wengine pia ([[mitara]] au upali), hususan ndoa ya mwanamume mmoja na wanawake zaidi ya mmoja. Kumbe kwingine, hasa [[Ulaya]], hilo ni [[kosa la jinai]]. Mara nyingi [[harusi]] inafanyika kwa [[ibada]] maalumu kadiri ya [[dini]] ya wahusika. Baadhi ya [[madhehebu]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] yanatazama ndoa kati ya [[Ubatizo|wabatizwa]] wawili kuwa [[sakramenti]]: rejea [[Ndoa (sakramenti)]]. Hasa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linaamini ndoa haiwezi kuvunjwa kwa talaka kutokana na kauli ya [[Yesu]]: "Mungu alichokiunganisha, binadamu asikitenganishe" ([[Mk]] 10:9). ==Suala la ndoa ya jinsia moja== Tangu [[mwaka]] [[2000]] [[idadi]] inayozidi kuongezeka ya nchi zimeanza kuruhusu ndoa kati ya watu wawili wa [[jinsia]] [[moja]]. Kumbe nchi nyingine zinapinga vikali jaribio hilo kama kinyume cha [[dini]] na [[desturi]] au hata [[maumbile]] yenyewe. [[Tabia]] za [[Ngono|kingono]] kati ya [[wanyama]] wa jinsia moja zimeonekana katika [[spishi]] 500 hivi [[duniani]] kote,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book | author = Bagemihl, Bruce | title = Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity | url = https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-312-25377-6}}</ref><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal">{{cite web| last =Harrold | first =Max | title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity | publisher=[[The Advocate]], reprinted in Highbeam Encyclopedia | date=1999-02-16 | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-53877996.html | accessdate = 2007-09-10}}</ref> lakini wanaosema kuwa [[ushoga]] ni kinyume cha maumbile wanamaanisha maumbile ya binadamu yanayotakiwa kuongozwa na [[akili]] na [[utashi]], si [[silika]] tu kama ilivyo kwa [[viumbehai]] wengine wote. Kwa mfano, wanyama wanazaliana hata wakiwa na undugu, kwa mfano mama na mtoto, lakini kwa binadamu haifai. Vilevile [[ubakaji]] unafanywa na wanyama mbalimbali, lakini kwa binadamu haufai kabisa kwa sababu unasababisha mwathiriwa asiyekubali apitie uchungu na mateso. Hiyo ndiyo sababu [[jamii]] [[Ustaarabu|iliyostaarabika]] haiwezi kuuvumilia ubakaji; waathiriwa na wote ambao wangeweza kuwa waathiriwa wanapaswa kulindwa wasibakwe. Ulinganisho huo wa ndoa ya jinsia moja na ubakaji si kamili kwa kuwa hauhusishi mwathiriwa asiyekubali, anayelazimika kuvumilia uchungu na mateso, na pengine, badala yake wapenzi wa jinsia moja ambao wanazuiwa kuoana wanajisikia uchungu. Hata hivyo, inabidi kulinda [[maadili]] ya jamii ili iweze kustawi dhidi ya tamaa zisizoijenga. [[Takwimu]] zinaonyesha kwamba katika [[ndoa za jinsia moja]] [[uaminifu]] wa [[Moyo|moyoni]] na wa [[mwili|mwilini]] ni mdogo kuliko katika ndoa za jinsia [[mbili]].<ref>Symons suggests that all men are innately disposed to want sexual variation and that the difference between heterosexual and homosexual men is that homosexual men can find willing partners more often for casual sex, and thus satisfy this innate desire for sexual variety. Harris, C. R. (2002). "Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults". Psychological Science. 13 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00402. PMID 11892782.</ref> Uchunguzi mwingi umeonyesha kwamba wanaume waliofunga ndoa za jinsia moja wana kiwango cha talaka cha chini kidogo kikilinganishwa na kile cha watu waliofunga ndoa za jinsia mbili.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199705/lessons-gay-marriage |title=Lessons from a Gay Marriage: Despite stereotypes of gay relationships as short-lived, gay unions highlight the keys to success |author=Marian Jones |work=[[Psychology Today]] |date=1 May 1997 |accessdate=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Demographics of Same-Se">{{cite journal |title=The Demographics of Same-Sex 'Marriages' in Norway and Sweden |last=Andersson |first=Gunnar |url=http://www-same-sex.ined.fr/WWW/04Doc124Gunnar.pdf |journal=Demography |volume=43 |issue=1 |date=February 2006 |pages=79–98 |format=PDF |doi=10.1353/dem.2006.0001 |access-date=2018-06-07 |archive-date=2009-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325054920/http://www-same-sex.ined.fr/WWW/04Doc124Gunnar.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ndoa za wanaume wawili zinasedeka kushinda zile za jinsia mbili na zile za wanawake wawili.<ref>{{cite web|last1=EL|title=Marital Bliss? Gender Gaps...|url=http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/02/27/marital-bliss-gender-gaps-in-dutch-same-sex-divorce-rates/|website=Gender Across Borders|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227131757/http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/02/27/marital-bliss-gender-gaps-in-dutch-same-sex-divorce-rates/|archivedate=2015-12-27}}</ref> Kiwango cha juu cha talaka kati ya wanawake kinapatana na takwimu zinazoonyesha kwamba kwa ujumla wanawake ndio wanaoanzisha talaka zilizo nyingi.<ref>In the Netherlands of the 580 lesbian couples who were married in 2005, 30% were divorced ten years later compared to 18% for heterosexual couples and 15% for gay male couples. {{cite web | url=https://nltimes.nl/2016/03/30/marriages-women-likely-end-divorce |title=Marriages Between Women Most Likely To End In Divorce |author=Janene Pieters |work=NL Times |date=1 March 2016 |accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199705/lessons-gay-marriage |title=Lessons from a Gay Marriage: Despite stereotypes of gay relationships as short-lived, gay unions highlight the keys to success |author=Marian Jones |work=[[Psychology Today]] |date=1 May 1997 |accessdate=20 April 2011}}</ref> Vilevile utafiti fulani umehusianisha kuhalalishwa kwa ndoa za jinsia moja na upungufu mkubwa wa kiwango cha kujaribu [[kujiua]] kwa watoto.<ref name="jamanetwork.com">{{cite web|title=Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2604258|website=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|Journal of the American Medical Association: Pediatrics]]}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite web|title=Study: Teen suicide attempts fell as same-sex marriage was legalized|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/02/20/teen-suicide-down-as-same-sex-marriage-legalized-study/98179684/|website=[[USA Today]]|date=February 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|title=Same-sex marriage laws linked to fewer youth suicide attempts, new study says|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/same-sex-marriage-fewer-youth-suicide|website=[[PBS]]|date=February 20, 2017}}</ref> Hata hivyo, nchi nyingi, hasa za Afrika, hazikubali ndoa za jinsia moja. Sheria za nchi nyingine zinawapa watu wawili wa jinsia moja wanaoishi pamoja [[haki]] karibu zilezile za watu wa ndoa, lakini zinakwepa kuita miungano hiyo "ndoa". ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Uzazi]] osfhcg7msn4mzglfsesexhtf8ssmmmu 0 19219 1577088 1337607 2026-06-27T12:32:12Z The boss Akili 90538 Maana 1577088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lactancia bebe aire libre.jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akimnyonyesha mwanae. Desturi hiyo inapunguza hatari ya kansa kwa mama na maradhi kwa mtoto, lakini pia inaratibu uzazi.]] '''Uzazi wa mpango''' au '''uzazi wa majira''' maana yake ni njia mbalimbali ambazo [[binadamu]] analenga kuzuia wingi wa [[mimba]] ambao unadhaniwa kuweza kuleta madhara ya aina moja au nyingine kwa ufupi ni mchakato wa kizungu wa kupunguza idadi ya watu Afrika . == Njia za zamani == Ni hasa kumwaga [[shahawa]] nje ya [[tumbo la uzazi]]. Inashuhudiwa na [[Biblia]] ([[Mwa]] 38) kuhusu [[Onani]], [[mwana]] wa [[Yuda (babu)]], aliyetaka kukwepa [[wajibu]] wa kuwazalia [[marehemu]] [[kaka]] zake. Ndiyo sababu alikufa. == Njia za teknolojia == Baadhi ya njia hizo za kuzuia [[uzazi]] ni: [[mipira ya kiume]] na [[Kondomu ya kike|ya kike]] na [[kufunga kizazi]] cha [[mwanamume]] au cha [[mwanamke]]: njia hizo haziui/kuharibu mimba, bali huzuia utungaji wenyewe wa mimba, lakini huwa zinaripotiwa kuwa na madhara kwa baadhi ya wanaozifuata, pia njia hizo zina [[asilimia]] tofauti za ufanisi. Zinaposhindikana, mtu aliyekusudia kukwepa mimba kwa mbinu yoyote anafikia kwa urahisi fulani uamuzi wa [[utoaji mimba|kuiua]]: hivyo hata njia hizo zinaweza zikaandaa mauaji ya halaiki za mimba, ambazo kwa baadhi ya watu ni [[binadamu]] tayari. [[Picha:Emergency contraception 1 pill.jpg|thumb|Kidonge cha kuulia mimba.]] Wengine wanahesabu kama uzazi wa mpango hata tendo la makusudi la kuharibu mimba iliyokwishatungwa ambapo takribani mimba [[milioni]] [[mia]] na zaidi kila [[mwaka]] huharibiwa duniani. Zipo zinazoharibiwa na [[vidonge]], [[Depo-Provera|sindano]], [[poda]], [[vitanzi]]<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/madaktari-wataja-sababu-kitanzi-kupotelea-mwilini-4436504</ref> na [[vipandikizi]], pengine bila ya wahusika kujua wala kutambua kilichotokea, kwa kuwa vifaa hivyo vinatangazwa kama njia za [[uzazi wa majira]] unaopanga upatikanaji wa [[mimba]], kumbe ukweli ni kwamba vinaua mimba zilizokwishaumbwa, mbali ya kwamba vinaharibu [[afya]] ya akina [[mama]]. == Njia za sayansi zisizotumia teknolojia == Pamoja na baadhi ya watu wengine, hasa wa [[dini]] mbalimbali, [[Kanisa Katoliki]] halikubali hata moja kati ya mbinu hizo, ila inaelekeza wale wanaohitaji kuairisha uzazi watumie [[ndoa]] siku zile ambazo mwanamke hawezi kupata mimba (yaani siku zote isipokuwa [[nne]] kwa [[mwezi]], au zaidi ikiwa hana mwendo wa kawaida). Njia hiyo ya asili haina madhara yoyote, wala haijengi [[hofu]] na [[chuki]] kwa mimba, wala haina [[gharama]], hatimaye ina hakika kubwa (98-99% katika mtindo wa kupima [[ute]] wa uke uliovumbuliwa na bwana na bibi [[Billings]]). Njia hiyo inayofuata [[sayansi]] bila [[teknolojia]] inadai [[sadaka]] ya kujizuia kidogo, lakini uwajibikaji wa pamoja wa [[mume]] na [[mke]] unaohitajika unaweza kustawisha [[ushirikiano]] na [[uelewano]] kati yao. Siku ambazo wanapumzika [[tendo la ndoa]], [[upendo]] wao unaweza kujitokeza na kukua kwa njia tofauti (maongezi, matembezi na vitendo vidogovidogo vya mapenzi) bila kutegemea tendo la ndoa tu, kama kwamba ni [[dozi]] inayohitajika mara kwa mara. Kinyume chake, njia za [[teknolojia]] zinategemea uamuzi hata wa mmojawao tu, zinajenga [[ubinafsi]], zinamfanya mwanamume hasa azingatie kujamiiana tu hata mwanamke asiridhike na hivyo asipende kuungana na mumewe tena, zinaelekeza kutembea nje ya ndoa bila ya wasiwasi n.k. Kwa hiyo njia hizo zinachangia sana kufanya ndoa zivunjike, watoto watelekezwe na nchi ziharibike, kama mang’amuzi yanavyoonyesha. Bahati mbaya wanaozitegemea kwa kufaidika ni [[tajiri|matajiri]], nao wako tayari kutumia [[pesa]] nyingi ili kuzieneza hasa katika nchi maskini (k.mf. [[serikali]] ya [[Marekani]] na [[kampuni|makampuni]] yake yanatafuta masoko mapya kwa [[biashara]] yao baada ya wateja wa [[nchi tajiri]] kuanza kung’amua madhara ya vifaa hivyo). [[Picha:Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg|thumb|Vidonge vya uzazi wa mpango.]] [[Picha:Dry condom.jpg|thumb|Kondomu iliyovaliwa.]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Uzazi wa mpango kwa njia asilia]] ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} * [http://mail.shms.edu/home/shmsadmin@mail.shms.edu/Briefcase/WebContent/STL/JES/MoraluseofNFP.pdf ''Moral Use of Natural Family Planning''] {{Wayback|url=http://mail.shms.edu/home/shmsadmin@mail.shms.edu/Briefcase/WebContent/STL/JES/MoraluseofNFP.pdf |date=20140224015924 }} (PDF). Prof. Janet E. Smith (Moral Theologian and Public Speaker). B.A., M.A., Ph.D., School of Theology, Fr. Michael J. McGivney Chair in Life Ethics, Professor of Moral Theology. At SHMS 2001–present. {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{cite web | work =Encyclical of Pope Paul VI |date=July 25, 1968 | url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html | title =Humanae Vitae | publisher =The Holy See |accessdate=2006-06-15}} *{{dmoz|Health/Reproductive_Health/Birth_Control/Natural_Family_Planning/|Natural Family Planning}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Maadili]] [[Jamii:Uzazi wa mpango]] tmqy603g4sxi81xdtb47jvcdaq35mtt 1577109 1577088 2026-06-27T12:39:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1337607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lactancia bebe aire libre.jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akimnyonyesha mwanae. Desturi hiyo inapunguza hatari ya kansa kwa mama na maradhi kwa mtoto, lakini pia inaratibu uzazi.]] '''Uzazi wa mpango''' au '''uzazi wa majira''' maana yake ni njia mbalimbali ambazo [[binadamu]] analenga kuzuia wingi wa [[mimba]] ambao unadhaniwa kuweza kuleta madhara ya aina moja au nyingine. == Njia za zamani == Ni hasa kumwaga [[shahawa]] nje ya [[tumbo la uzazi]]. Inashuhudiwa na [[Biblia]] ([[Mwa]] 38) kuhusu [[Onani]], [[mwana]] wa [[Yuda (babu)]], aliyetaka kukwepa [[wajibu]] wa kuwazalia [[marehemu]] [[kaka]] zake. Ndiyo sababu alikufa. == Njia za teknolojia == Baadhi ya njia hizo za kuzuia [[uzazi]] ni: [[mipira ya kiume]] na [[Kondomu ya kike|ya kike]] na [[kufunga kizazi]] cha [[mwanamume]] au cha [[mwanamke]]: njia hizo haziui/kuharibu mimba, bali huzuia utungaji wenyewe wa mimba, lakini huwa zinaripotiwa kuwa na madhara kwa baadhi ya wanaozifuata, pia njia hizo zina [[asilimia]] tofauti za ufanisi. Zinaposhindikana, mtu aliyekusudia kukwepa mimba kwa mbinu yoyote anafikia kwa urahisi fulani uamuzi wa [[utoaji mimba|kuiua]]: hivyo hata njia hizo zinaweza zikaandaa mauaji ya halaiki za mimba, ambazo kwa baadhi ya watu ni [[binadamu]] tayari. [[Picha:Emergency contraception 1 pill.jpg|thumb|Kidonge cha kuulia mimba.]] Wengine wanahesabu kama uzazi wa mpango hata tendo la makusudi la kuharibu mimba iliyokwishatungwa ambapo takribani mimba [[milioni]] [[mia]] na zaidi kila [[mwaka]] huharibiwa duniani. Zipo zinazoharibiwa na [[vidonge]], [[Depo-Provera|sindano]], [[poda]], [[vitanzi]]<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/madaktari-wataja-sababu-kitanzi-kupotelea-mwilini-4436504</ref> na [[vipandikizi]], pengine bila ya wahusika kujua wala kutambua kilichotokea, kwa kuwa vifaa hivyo vinatangazwa kama njia za [[uzazi wa majira]] unaopanga upatikanaji wa [[mimba]], kumbe ukweli ni kwamba vinaua mimba zilizokwishaumbwa, mbali ya kwamba vinaharibu [[afya]] ya akina [[mama]]. == Njia za sayansi zisizotumia teknolojia == Pamoja na baadhi ya watu wengine, hasa wa [[dini]] mbalimbali, [[Kanisa Katoliki]] halikubali hata moja kati ya mbinu hizo, ila inaelekeza wale wanaohitaji kuairisha uzazi watumie [[ndoa]] siku zile ambazo mwanamke hawezi kupata mimba (yaani siku zote isipokuwa [[nne]] kwa [[mwezi]], au zaidi ikiwa hana mwendo wa kawaida). Njia hiyo ya asili haina madhara yoyote, wala haijengi [[hofu]] na [[chuki]] kwa mimba, wala haina [[gharama]], hatimaye ina hakika kubwa (98-99% katika mtindo wa kupima [[ute]] wa uke uliovumbuliwa na bwana na bibi [[Billings]]). Njia hiyo inayofuata [[sayansi]] bila [[teknolojia]] inadai [[sadaka]] ya kujizuia kidogo, lakini uwajibikaji wa pamoja wa [[mume]] na [[mke]] unaohitajika unaweza kustawisha [[ushirikiano]] na [[uelewano]] kati yao. Siku ambazo wanapumzika [[tendo la ndoa]], [[upendo]] wao unaweza kujitokeza na kukua kwa njia tofauti (maongezi, matembezi na vitendo vidogovidogo vya mapenzi) bila kutegemea tendo la ndoa tu, kama kwamba ni [[dozi]] inayohitajika mara kwa mara. Kinyume chake, njia za [[teknolojia]] zinategemea uamuzi hata wa mmojawao tu, zinajenga [[ubinafsi]], zinamfanya mwanamume hasa azingatie kujamiiana tu hata mwanamke asiridhike na hivyo asipende kuungana na mumewe tena, zinaelekeza kutembea nje ya ndoa bila ya wasiwasi n.k. Kwa hiyo njia hizo zinachangia sana kufanya ndoa zivunjike, watoto watelekezwe na nchi ziharibike, kama mang’amuzi yanavyoonyesha. Bahati mbaya wanaozitegemea kwa kufaidika ni [[tajiri|matajiri]], nao wako tayari kutumia [[pesa]] nyingi ili kuzieneza hasa katika nchi maskini (k.mf. [[serikali]] ya [[Marekani]] na [[kampuni|makampuni]] yake yanatafuta masoko mapya kwa [[biashara]] yao baada ya wateja wa [[nchi tajiri]] kuanza kung’amua madhara ya vifaa hivyo). [[Picha:Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg|thumb|Vidonge vya uzazi wa mpango.]] [[Picha:Dry condom.jpg|thumb|Kondomu iliyovaliwa.]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Uzazi wa mpango kwa njia asilia]] ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} * [http://mail.shms.edu/home/shmsadmin@mail.shms.edu/Briefcase/WebContent/STL/JES/MoraluseofNFP.pdf ''Moral Use of Natural Family Planning''] {{Wayback|url=http://mail.shms.edu/home/shmsadmin@mail.shms.edu/Briefcase/WebContent/STL/JES/MoraluseofNFP.pdf |date=20140224015924 }} (PDF). Prof. Janet E. Smith (Moral Theologian and Public Speaker). B.A., M.A., Ph.D., School of Theology, Fr. Michael J. McGivney Chair in Life Ethics, Professor of Moral Theology. At SHMS 2001–present. {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{cite web | work =Encyclical of Pope Paul VI |date=July 25, 1968 | url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html | title =Humanae Vitae | publisher =The Holy See |accessdate=2006-06-15}} *{{dmoz|Health/Reproductive_Health/Birth_Control/Natural_Family_Planning/|Natural Family Planning}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Maadili]] [[Jamii:Uzazi wa mpango]] ovgqxqhq4bykan7550zvjnfchc3clfl 0 19887 1577111 1564637 2026-06-27T12:41:34Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Alama za uhakifishi 1577111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mafinga''' ({{Audio-IPA|SW-Mafinga.flac|Matamshi}}) ni [[mji]] katika [[Mkoa wa Iringa]], [[Tanzania]]. Eneo hili limepata [[halmashauri]] yake na hadhi ya mji (town) tangu mwaka [[2007]]. Kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika [[mwaka]] wa [[2012], wilaya ina wakazi wapatao 51,902 waishio humo. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/index.html|title=2012 Population and housing census, Population Distribution by Administrative Areas|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzania]]|language=en|accessdate=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511233034/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/index.html|archivedate=2013-05-11}}</ref> Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] walihesabiwa 122,329 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Mafinga iko kando ya [[barabara]] ya [[TANZAM]] kutoka [[Dar es Salaam]] kwenda [[Mbeya]], [[Zambia]] na [[Malawi]]. Wakati wa [[ukoloni]] iliitwa "John`s Corner". Kuna sehemu mbili yaani Mafinga yenyewe na kwa [[umbali]] wa [[kilomita]] 15 iko [[Sao Hill]]. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Mafinga}} {{mbegu-jio-iringa}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Iringa]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mafinga Mjini]] fmwzu18v1q2edrgw39ot69utd6gpdxy 1577124 1577111 2026-06-27T13:12:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Godsplan jr|Godsplan jr]] 1564637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mafinga''' ({{Audio-IPA|SW-Mafinga.flac|Matamshi}}) ni [[mji]] katika [[Mkoa wa Iringa]], [[Tanzania]]. Eneo hili limepata [[halmashauri]] yake na hadhi ya mji (town) tangu mwaka [[2007]]. Kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika [[mwaka]] wa [[2012]], wilaya ina wakazi wapatao 51,902 waishio humo. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/index.html|title=2012 Population and housing census, Population Distribution by Administrative Areas|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzania]]|language=en|accessdate=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511233034/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/index.html|archivedate=2013-05-11}}</ref> Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] walihesabiwa 122,329 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Mafinga iko kando ya [[barabara]] ya [[TANZAM]] kutoka [[Dar es Salaam]] kwenda [[Mbeya]], [[Zambia]] na [[Malawi]]. Wakati wa [[ukoloni]] iliitwa "John`s Corner". Kuna sehemu mbili yaani Mafinga yenyewe na kwa [[umbali]] wa [[kilomita]] 15 iko [[Sao Hill]]. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Mafinga}} {{mbegu-jio-iringa}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Iringa]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mafinga Mjini]] ff9ffgvbf7lwbe0oowgrklwrepgjnmg 0 20771 1577023 1312384 2026-06-27T12:03:04Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muungano''', mbali ya tendo la kuunganika, inaweza kumaanisha **[[Muungano (Chato)]] - [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Chato]] - [[Mkoa wa Geita]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Chamwino)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]] - [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Hai)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Hai]] - [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Kyela)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Kyela]] - [[Mkoa wa Mbeya]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Mbinga)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Mbinga]] - [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Mtwara)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Mtwara Vijijini]] - [[Mkoa wa Mtwara]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Newala)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Newala]] - [[Mkoa wa Mtwara]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Tunduma)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Tunduma]] - [[Mkoa wa Songwe]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Urambo)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Urambo]] - [[Mkoa wa Tabora]] - [[Tanzania]] **[[Muungano (Zanzibar)]] - kata ya [[jiji la Zanzibar]] - [[Tanzania]] {{maana}} trek7uqifm42w7oyp88e62eobog136o 1577045 1577023 2026-06-27T12:11:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1312384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muungano''', mbali ya tendo la kuunganika, inaweza kumaanisha *[[Muungano (Chato)]] - [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Chato]] - [[Mkoa wa Geita]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Chamwino)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]] - [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Hai)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Hai]] - [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Kyela)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Kyela]] - [[Mkoa wa Mbeya]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Mbinga)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Mbinga]] - [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Mtwara)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Mtwara Vijijini]] - [[Mkoa wa Mtwara]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Newala)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Newala]] - [[Mkoa wa Mtwara]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Tunduma)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Tunduma]] - [[Mkoa wa Songwe]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Urambo)]] - kata ya [[Wilaya ya Urambo]] - [[Mkoa wa Tabora]] - [[Tanzania]] *[[Muungano (Zanzibar)]] - kata ya [[jiji la Zanzibar]] - [[Tanzania]] {{maana}} 8werfp82whw5r8u6goeorc9bs33sdid 0 23615 1577081 1279553 2026-06-27T12:28:23Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Baadhi ya maneno 1577081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: BuffaloDowntownCrop.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Mji wa Buffalo, New York]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Buffalo |picha_ya_satelite = Downtown Buffalo05.JPG |pushpin_map = Marekani |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Buffalo katika Marekani |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Buffalo, New York.svg |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_seal = Seal of Buffalo, New York.svg |seal_size = |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Marekani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[New York]] |subdivision_type2 = [[:en:List of counties in |Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[:en:Erie County, New York|Erie]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 272,632 |latd=42 |latm=54 |lats=17 |latNS=N |longd=78 |longm=50 |longs=58 |longEW=W |website = [http://www.city-buffalo.com/ www.city-buffalo.com] }} [[Picha:South Lake.JPG|thumb|right|260px|South Lake]] '''Buffalo''' ni mji mkubwa wa pili katika [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] baada ya [[New York|New York City]]. Mji wa Buffalo uko kando la [[Mto Niagara]]. Anwani ya kijiografia ni 42°54'N na 78°50'W. Idadi ya wakazi ni 272,632 ([[2007]]). Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2007, mji una wakazi wapatao milioni 1.3 wanaoishi katika mji huo. Mji upo M 183 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. Meya wa mji ndiye [[Byron Brown]] aliyechaguliwa mwaka wa [[2005]]. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.city-buffalo.com/ Tovuti ya mji wa Buffalo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.city-buffalo.com/ |date=20101026154424 }} {{mbegu-jio-new-york}} [[Jamii:Miji ya New York]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Erie]] hian3tjl8ss1yf9xxixcdnxpzova87n 0 25604 1577211 1267921 2026-06-27T22:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Bear_Mtn_Bridge.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mto Hudson ]] [[Picha:Hudsonmap.png|thumb|right|250px|Ramani ya [[beseni]] ya mto Hudson]] [[Picha:George Washington Bridge NY.JPG|thumb|right|250px|George Washington Bridge katika [[Manhattan|Manhattan kaskazini]] na [[Fort Lee, New Jersey]]]] '''Mto Hudson''' ni [[mto]] wa [[Marekani]]. == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Hudson River}} * [http://www.riverkeeper.org/ Hudson Riverkeeper] * [http://www.clearwater.org/ Hudson River Sloop Clearwater] * [http://www.scenichudson.org/ Scenic Hudson] * [http://www.hudsonriver.org/ Hudson River Foundation] * [http://www.riverproject.org/ The River Project] * [http://www.hudsonwatch.net/ HudsonWatch.net -- A Web site dealing with General Electric Company's Hudson River/PCB Cleanup and related matters.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hudsonwatch.net/ |date=20140803063837 }} * [http://www.hrwa.org/ Hudson River Watertrail Association] * [http://www.nynjbaykeeper.org/ NY/NJ Baykeeper] * [http://www.bannermanisland.com/ Bannerman Castle Trust] * [http://www.hudsonriver.com/ Hudson River.com] * [http://www.hres.org/ The Hudson River Environmental Society] * [http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/welcome.html Hudson River Maritime Museum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/welcome.html |date=20060701054953 }} * [http://hudsonriverhistory.com/ Hudson River History] * [http://fishkillcreekwatershed.org/ Fishkill Creek Watershed Committee] {{Wayback|url=http://fishkillcreekwatershed.org/ |date=20091016202558 }} * [http://groundworkhudsonvalley.org/ Groundwork Hudson Valley & Saw Mill River Coalition] {{Wayback|url=http://groundworkhudsonvalley.org/ |date=20071008041448 }} * [http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/CP2/CP2-35ed-Ch12_2.pdf Chapter 12] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/CP2/CP2-35ed-Ch12_2.pdf |date=20071201054959 }} Hudson River, ''Coast Pilot 2'', 35th Edition, 2006, Office of Coast Survey, NOAA * [http://www.nauticalcharts.gov/viewer/AtlanticCoastTable.htm NOAA Nautical Charts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nauticalcharts.gov/viewer/AtlanticCoastTable.htm |date=20060902103509 }} numbers 12335 (mile 0) to 13348 (mile 134). * [http://www.hudsonhistorics.com/ Hudson Historics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hudsonhistorics.com/ |date=20090504020126 }} * [http://www.history.rochester.edu/canal/bib/whitford/1906/Chron15.html Chronology - Hudson River] {{Wayback|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/canal/bib/whitford/1906/Chron15.html |date=20110921092319 }} {{geolinks-US-river|([[Upper New York Bay]])|40.7031|-74.0266|([[Lake Tear of the Clouds]])|44.1067|-73.9358}} {{mbegu-jio-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hudson}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:New York]] [[Jamii:New Jersey]] [[Jamii:New York City]] [[Jamii:Mto Hudson| ]] leiafwcz8phiprw2ro6m5msk11islzp 0 26101 1577235 1122432 2026-06-28T06:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:View_of_Oudtshoorn,_South_Africa.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Muonekano wa Mji wa Oudtshoorn]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Oudtshoorn |picha_ya_satelite = View_of_Oudtshoorn,_South_Africa.jpg |pushpin_map = Afrika Kusini |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Oudtshoorn katika Afrika Kusini |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Afrika Kusini]] |subdivision_type1 = [[:Jamii:Majimbo ya Afrika Kusini|Majimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Rasi ya Magharibi]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 76708 |latd=33 |latm=34 |lats=48 |latNS=S |longd=22 |longm=11 |longs=24 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.oudtshoorn.gov.za/ www.oudtshoorn.gov.za] }} '''Oudtshoorn''' ni mji wa [[Afrika Kusini]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[Rasi ya Magharibi]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.oudtshoorninfo.com/ Oudtshoorn Info] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oudtshoorninfo.com/ |date=20130302155108 }} {{mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} {{Commons}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Rasi ya Magharibi]] 9fyt7tawx6yifue6l6v6kuk2pkns4bl 0 26910 1577034 1577002 2026-06-27T12:08:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1412828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Départements de France.svg|thumb|right|500px|[[Ramani]] ya Ufaransa na wilaya zake.]] '''Orodha ya wilaya za Ufaransa''' inataja [[wilaya]] zote 101 za [[Ufaransa|nchi hiyo]]. Kwa [[Kifaransa]] kila moja inaitwa ''Département'' na ni kitengo cha [[utawala]] chini ya mkuu wake ambaye kwa [[lugha]] hiyo anaitwa ''prefect''. Wilaya zimepangwa katika [[mikoa ya Ufaransa|mikoa]] (''region'') 18. Kati yake, departement [[Tisini na sita|96]] tu ziko [[Ufaransa bara]] na [[kisiwa]] jirani cha [[Corsica]], nyingine [[tano|5]] ziko nje ya [[Ulaya]] ambako wakazi wa yaliyokuwa [[Koloni|makoloni]] waliamua kubaki sehemu za Ufaransa na maeneo hayo kupewa hadhi ya departement, wakati huohuo ni pia mikoa. Hizi departments za ng'ambo ni: [[Guadeloupe]] na [[Martinique]] katika [[Karibi]], [[Guayana ya Kifaransa|Guayana]] katika [[Amerika Kusini]], [[Réunion]] na [[Mayotte]]) kwenye [[bahari Hindi]]. ==Historia== Baada ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa|mapinduzi]] ya mwaka [[1789]] Ufaransa yote iligawiwa katika wilaya (kwa Kifaransa "département") zilizoongozwa na mkuu (prefect) aliyekuwa mwakilishi wa [[serikali kuu]]. Tangu mwaka [[1964]] wilaya ziliwekwa chini ya ngazi mpya ya [[mikoa]] ("région"). Tangu mwaka [[1982]] Ufaransa ilianza kutumia mfumo wa [[ugatuzi]] na kuipa mikoa, wilaya na [[kata]] zake kiwango cha [[madaraka]] ya kujitawala. Tangu hapo kila department imepata [[halmashauri]] yake inayochaguliwa na [[raia]] wa eneo lake. == Orodha == Mikoa na wilaya za [[Ufaransa]]: * [[Alsace]] : ** 67 [[Bas-Rhin]] ** 68 [[Haut-Rhin]] * [[Aquitaine]] : ** 24 [[Dordogne]] ** 33 [[Gironde]] ** 40 [[Landes]] ** 47 [[Lot-et-Garonne]] ** 64 [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]] * [[Auvergne]] : ** 03 [[Allier]] ** 15 [[Cantal]] ** 43 [[Haute-Loire]] ** 63 [[Puy-de-Dôme]] * [[Basse-Normandie]] : ** 14 [[Calvados]] ** 50 [[Manche]] ** 61 [[Orne]] * [[Bourgogne]] : ** 21 [[Côte-d'Or]] ** 58 [[Nièvre]] ** 71 [[Saône-et-Loire]] ** 89 [[Yonne]] * [[Bretagne]] : ** 22 [[Côtes-d'Armor]] ** 29 [[Finistère]] ** 35 [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] ** 56 [[Morbihan]] * [[Mkoa wa Kati (Ufaransa)|Centre]] : ** 18 [[Cher]] ** 28 [[Eure-et-Loir]] ** 36 [[Indre]] ** 37 [[Indre-et-Loire]] ** 41 [[Loir-et-Cher]] ** 45 [[Loiret]] * [[Champagne-Ardenne]] : ** 08 [[Ardennes]] ** 10 [[Aube]] ** 51 [[Marne]] ** 52 [[Haute-Marne]] * [[Korsika]] : ** 2A [[Corse-du-Sud]] ** 2B [[Haute-Corse]] * [[Franche-Comté]] : ** 25 [[Doubs]] ** 39 [[Jura (Ufaransa)|Jura]] ** 70 [[Haute-Saône]] ** 90 [[Territoire de Belfort]] * [[Haute-Normandie]] : ** 27 [[Eure]] ** 76 [[Seine-Maritime]] * [[Île-de-France]] : ** 75 [[Paris]] ** 77 [[Seine-et-Marne]] ** 78 [[Yvelines]] ** 91 [[Essonne]] ** 92 [[Hauts-de-Seine]] ** 93 [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ** 94 [[Val-de-Marne]] ** 95 [[Val-d'Oise]] * [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] : ** 11 [[Aude]] ** 30 [[Gard]] ** 34 [[Hérault]] ** 48 [[Lozère]] ** 66 [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] * [[Limousin]] : ** 19 [[Corrèze]] ** 23 [[Creuse]] ** 87 [[Haute-Vienne]] * [[Lorraine]] : ** 54 [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] ** 55 [[Meuse]] ** 57 [[Moselle]] ** 88 [[Vosges]] * [[Midi-Pyrénées]] : ** 09 [[Ariège]] ** 12 [[Aveyron]] ** 31 [[Haute-Garonne]] ** 32 [[Gers]] ** 46 [[Lot]] ** 65 [[Hautes-Pyrénées]] ** 81 [[Tarn]] ** 82 [[Tarn-et-Garonne]] * [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] : ** 59 [[Nord]] ** 62 [[Pas-de-Calais]] * [[Pays de la Loire]] : ** 44 [[Loire-Atlantique]] ** 49 [[Maine-et-Loire]] ** 53 [[Mayenne]] ** 72 [[Sarthe]] ** 85 [[Vendée]] * [[Picardie]] : ** 02 [[Aisne]] ** 60 [[Oise]] ** 80 [[Somme]] * [[Poitou-Charentes]] : ** 16 [[Charente]] ** 17 [[Charente-Maritime]] ** 79 [[Deux-Sèvres]] ** 86 [[Vienne]] * [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] : ** 04 [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]] ** 05 [[Hautes-Alpes]] ** 06 [[Alpes-Maritimes]] ** 13 [[Bouches-du-Rhône]] ** 83 [[Var]] ** 84 [[Vaucluse]] * [[Rhône-Alpes]] : ** 01 [[Ain]] ** 07 [[Ardèche]] ** 26 [[Drôme]] ** 38 [[Isère]] ** 42 [[Loire]] ** 69 [[Rhône]] ** 73 [[Savoie]] ** 74 [[Haute-Savoie]] * [[Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa|Maeneo ya ng'ambo]] ** 971 [[Guadeloupe]] ** 972 [[Martinique]] ** 973 [[Guyana ya Kifaransa]] ** 974 [[Réunion]] ** 976 [[Mayotte]] {{mbegu-jio-Ufaransa}} [[Jamii:Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Ufaransa| ]] [[Jamii:Orodha za kijiografia]] bvo4xoizlmxazbo3d8iffrxc3oujlq1 0 30535 1577031 1435018 2026-06-27T12:06:40Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kwa|jamii za Wikipedia|Msaada:Jamii}} [[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|[[Wasan]], jamii ya [[Wawindaji-wakusanyaji]] [[Afrika Kusini]].]] [[File:Detail of Les tres riches heures - March.jpg|thumb|[[Mkulima]] wa [[karne ya 15]] akitumia [[ng'ombe]] na [[plau]].]] [[File:Dongmen.JPG|thumb|Mfano wa jamii ya watu wanaoishi pamoja ([[China]]).]] '''Jamii''' ni [[istilahi]] inayoelezea uwepo wa pamoja wa [[mwanadamu]] (kwa pamoja, inataja jumla ya mitandao ya kijamii na nguvu ya mitandao yake) ama ni jumuiya ya watu wanaoishi pamoja kwa kufuata taratibu, sheria na kanuni walizojiwekea kwa lengo maalum la kulinda na kukuza tamaduni zao za kimila. Haitaji kila kitu ambacho mtu anafikiria kuwa nacho au hana, bali yale ya mambo ambayo kila mtu anayetenda kwa dhumuni maalumu. Jamii ni watu wanaokaa pamoja na kushirikiana kwa mambo mbalimbali, kwa mfano, masuala ya [[afya]], [[elimu]] na [[ulinzi]]: mambo hayo yanapowakutanisha watu hujenga kitu kinachoitwa jamii, jamii hujenga [[umoja]] na [[upendo]] baina ya watu husika. Jamii bora inahitaji watu wenye upendo: watu wakipendana huweza kuishi na kujenga jamii bora, hivyo ni vyema watu wa sehemu husika wapendane ili waweze kujenga jamii ya namna hiyo. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] 9f13rkdo8d9ts1ps251ljtr5o2jhfkn 1577115 1577031 2026-06-27T12:46:17Z Mariam halfan 90534 Nimehariri alama za uandishi 1577115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kwa|jamii za Wikipedia|Msaada:Jamii}} [[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|[[Wasan]], jamii ya [[Wawindaji-wakusanyaji]] [[Afrika Kusini]].]] [[File:Detail of Les tres riches heures - March.jpg|thumb|[[Mkulima]] wa [[karne ya 15]] akitumia [[ng'ombe]] na [[plau]].]] [[File:Dongmen.JPG|thumb|Mfano wa jamii ya watu wanaoishi pamoja ([[China]]).]] '''Jamii''' ni [[istilahi]] inayoelezea uwepo wa pamoja wa [[mwanadamu]] (kwa pamoja, inataja jumla ya mitandao ya kijamii na nguvu ya mitandao yake) ama ni jumuiya ya watu wanaoishi pamoja kwa kufuata taratibu, sheria na kanuni walizojiwekea kwa lengo maalum la kulinda na kukuza tamaduni zao za kimila. Haihitaji kila kitu ambacho mtu anafikiria kuwa nacho au hana, bali yale ya mambo ambayo kila mtu anayetenda kwa dhumuni maalumu. Jamii ni watu wanaokaa pamoja na kushirikiana kwa mambo mbalimbali, kwa mfano, masuala ya [[afya]], [[elimu]] na [[ulinzi]]: Mambo hayo yanapowakutanisha watu hujenga kitu kinachoitwa jamii, jamii hujenga [[umoja]] na [[upendo]] baina ya watu husika. Jamii bora inahitaji watu wenye upendo: Watu wakipendana huweza kuishi na kujenga jamii bora, hivyo ni vyema watu wa sehemu husika wapendane ili waweze kujenga jamii ya namna hiyo. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] sxmb0b60qiib21d22yliihc2arphaux 1577126 1577115 2026-06-27T13:12:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mariam halfan|Mariam halfan]] ([[User talk:Mariam halfan|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] 1577031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kwa|jamii za Wikipedia|Msaada:Jamii}} [[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|[[Wasan]], jamii ya [[Wawindaji-wakusanyaji]] [[Afrika Kusini]].]] [[File:Detail of Les tres riches heures - March.jpg|thumb|[[Mkulima]] wa [[karne ya 15]] akitumia [[ng'ombe]] na [[plau]].]] [[File:Dongmen.JPG|thumb|Mfano wa jamii ya watu wanaoishi pamoja ([[China]]).]] '''Jamii''' ni [[istilahi]] inayoelezea uwepo wa pamoja wa [[mwanadamu]] (kwa pamoja, inataja jumla ya mitandao ya kijamii na nguvu ya mitandao yake) ama ni jumuiya ya watu wanaoishi pamoja kwa kufuata taratibu, sheria na kanuni walizojiwekea kwa lengo maalum la kulinda na kukuza tamaduni zao za kimila. Haitaji kila kitu ambacho mtu anafikiria kuwa nacho au hana, bali yale ya mambo ambayo kila mtu anayetenda kwa dhumuni maalumu. Jamii ni watu wanaokaa pamoja na kushirikiana kwa mambo mbalimbali, kwa mfano, masuala ya [[afya]], [[elimu]] na [[ulinzi]]: mambo hayo yanapowakutanisha watu hujenga kitu kinachoitwa jamii, jamii hujenga [[umoja]] na [[upendo]] baina ya watu husika. Jamii bora inahitaji watu wenye upendo: watu wakipendana huweza kuishi na kujenga jamii bora, hivyo ni vyema watu wa sehemu husika wapendane ili waweze kujenga jamii ya namna hiyo. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] 9f13rkdo8d9ts1ps251ljtr5o2jhfkn 0 30753 1577036 1535157 2026-06-27T12:08:46Z The boss Akili 90538 1577036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:POPE kyrellos.JPG|thumb|250px|''Mt. Cyril I, [[Patriarki wa Alexandria]].'']] '''Sirili wa Aleksandria''' ([[Theodosios]], [[Misri]], [[370]] hivi - Aleksandria wa Misri, [[444]]) alikuwa [[Patriarki]] wa [[Aleksandria]], [[Misri]] (kuanzia tarehe [[18 Oktoba]] [[412]] hadi [[kifo]] chake) na [[mwanateolojia]]. Alishiriki mabishano ya [[karne ya 4]] kuhusu [[imani]] juu ya [[Yesu Kristo]] akitetea [[dogma]] ya [[umoja]] wa [[Nafsi]] yake ya [[Mungu|Kimungu]] kwa kutegemea daima [[mapokeo]] ya [[Kanisa]] na [[mamlaka]] ya mababu waliomtangulia, hasa [[Atanasi]]. Kwa ajili hiyo aliitwa “mlinzi wa usahihi” wa imani yetu. Mtu wa [[hamaki]] na mwenye uwezo wa kufanikisha mambo yoyote, ni maarufu hasa kwa kumkomesha [[Nestori wa Konstantinopoli]] katika [[Mtaguso wa Efeso]] ([[431]]) uliomtangaza [[Bikira Maria]] kuwa [[Mama wa Mungu]]<ref>Sehemu ya barua yake kuhusu sifa hiyo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 207-209</ref>. Vilevile alikuwa mkali dhidi ya wazushi wengine, [[Wayahudi]] na [[Wapagani]], na hata dhidi ya [[Yohane Krisostomo]]. Kwa kweli ulikuwa wakati mgumu ambapo [[ukweli]] uliweza kushinda [[uzushi]] kutokana tu na [[Mchungaji|wachungaji]] wenye msimamo mkali katika kulinda [[kundi]] la waamini walilokabidhiwa<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/27950</ref>. Tangu zamani anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] na [[babu wa Kanisa]]. Mwaka [[1883]] [[Papa Leo XIII]] alimuongezea sifa ya [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[27 Juni]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Asili na ujana == Sirili alizaliwa katika kijiji cha Theodosios, Misri, karibu na [[El-Mahalla El-Kubra]] ya leo, mwaka 370 hivi. Miaka michache baadaye mjomba wake [[Theofilo wa Aleksandria]] alipata kuwa [[Patriarki]] wa [[Aleksandria]]. Mama yake alibaki karibu na kaka yake, hivyo mtoto alipata malezi mazuri na elimu sanifu ya wakati ule: lugha ([[390]]-[[392]]), fasihi ([[393]]-[[397]]) hatimaye [[teolojia]] na [[Biblia]] ([[398]]-[[402]]). Mwaka [[403]] alitumwa [[Konstantinopoli]] kushiriki “[[Sinodi ya Mwaloni]]” iliyomuondosha Patriarki wa mji huo, [[Yohane Krisostomo]], na kulipatia [[Kanisa la Aleksandria]] kwa mpigo mmoja ushindi dhidi ya wapinzani wake wote wawili, [[Antiokia]] na Konstantinopoli. == Patriarki == [[Picha:Cyril of Alexandria.jpg|thumb|Sirili katika mavazi ya kiaskofu.]] Theofilos alipofariki tarehe 15 Oktoba 412, kisha kuongoza [[Kanisa la Misri]] kwa nguvu sana miaka 27, Sirili alichaguliwa [[Patriarki]] wa Aleksandria baada ya siku tatu. Akitumia mamlaka yake katika [[jiji]] hilo lenye ushindani na fujo, alifaulu kufunga makanisa ya [[Wanovasyani]] na kufukuza [[Wayahudi]] wengi. Pia alitetea kwa nguvu msimamo wa teolojia ya [[Shule ya Aleksandria]] dhidi ya ile ya [[Shule ya Antiokia|Antiokia]] na haki ya Kanisa la Aleksandria kuwa la pili duniani (baada ya [[Kanisa la Roma]]) na la kwanza Mashariki kote dhidi ya Kanisa la Konstantinopoli lililopendelewa na [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Konstantinopoli]] ([[381]]). Hata hivyo mwaka [[417]] au [[418]] alikubali kurudhisha [[ushirika]] nalo ulilovunjika mwaka [[406]], Yohane Krisostomo alipofukuzwa moja kwa moja. Ushindani huo ulikomaa tena mwaka [[428]] alipochaguliwa kuwa Patriarki wa Konstantinopoli [[mmonaki]] mkali [[Nestori]], mwenyeji wa Antiokia kama Yohane huyo. Sirili alipata nguvu dhidi yake pale ambapo [[padri]] wa Antiokia alianza kuhubiri huko Konstantinopoli kwamba [[Bikira Maria]] hastahili kuitwa "Mama wa Mungu," ila “Mama wa Kristo". Waamini walipomshtaki kwa Nestori, huyo akamtetea kwa msingi wa teolojia ya Antiokia iliyosisitiza [[ukweli]] wa [[ubinadamu]] wa [[Yesu]]. Kwenye [[Pasaka]] [[429]], Sirili aliwaandikia [[wamonaki]] barua dhidi ya Nestori ikitetea teolojia ya Aleksandria iliyosisitiza ukweli wa umungu wa Yesu. Nakala ilipofika Konstantinopoli, Nestori alihubiri dhidi yake. Ndio mwanzo wa mawasiliano makali kwa njia ya [[barua]] yaliyozidisha ushindani kati ya wanateolojia wa miji hiyo miwili. Hali hiyo iliwafanya wote wawili wamuombe [[Papa Selestini I]] aingilie kati. Hapo sinodi iliyofanyika [[Roma]] mwaka [[430]] ilikubali hoja za Sirili dhidi ya Nestori. Ili kumaliza mabishano hayo ya hatari, [[Kaisari]] [[Theodosius II]] aliitisha [[mtaguso mkuu]] huko [[Efeso]], palipokuwa upande wa Sirili, ambaye alifungua na kufunga [[Mtaguso wa Efeso]] (431) kabla Nestori na wafuasi wake hawajafika; hivyo, [[mtaguso]] uliagiza Nestori aondoshwe madarakani na kupelekwa uhamishoni. Lakini [[Yohane wa Antiokia]] na wengine wa upande wa Nestori walipofika Efeso siku nne baadaye, walifanya mtaguso wa kwao wakimhukumu Sirili kuwa [[mzushi]], wakidai aondoshwe madarakani. Hapo Theodosius II aliamua kuwaondosha na kuwafunga wote wawili; hivyo alimkamata Sirili, lakini huyo alikimbilia Misri akaleta fujo hadi kwenye [[ikulu]], hata Kaisari alikubali kumfukuza Nestori arudi [[monasteri]]ni Antiokia. Matukio hayo ndiyo chanzo cha [[farakano]] la [[Waashuru]] linalodumu hadi leo. Ili azidi kudhoofisha [[uzushi]] huo, Sirili alipata itolewe [[hukumu]] dhidi ya [[Teodori wa Mopsuestia]], aliyewahi kuwa [[mwalimu]] wa Nestori, lakini baadaye mwenyewe akailaumu hukumu hiyo. Hivyo, mwaka [[433]] alikubali kuafikiana na wafuasi wa teolojia ya Antiokia na kupatana nao. Sirili aliandika sana: kwanza dhidi ya [[Waario]], ila baada ya mwaka 428 alilenga [[Unestori]]. Aliandika vitabu mbalimbali vya [[ufafanuzi]] wa [[Agano la Kale]] ([[Torati]] nzima, [[Kitabu cha Isaya]] na [[Zaburi]]) na [[Agano Jipya]] ([[Injili ya Yohane]] na [[Injili ya Luka|ile ya Luka]]) na vya [[teolojia]], pamoja na [[nyaraka]] rasmi kwa ajili ya [[Pasaka]], [[hotuba]] na [[barua]]. Vitabu hivyo vilienea mapema wakati wa maisha yake hata katika [[tafsiri]] mbalimbali. Katika kutetea msimamo wake, pamoja na shuhuda za Biblia, alitumia kuliko wote waliomtangulia zile za mababu wa Kanisa, na hata [[hoja]] za [[akili]]. Pamoja na hayo, aliona [[imani]] ya [[Taifa la Mungu]], yaani waamini wa kawaida, kama tokeo la mapokeo na hakika ya mafundisho sahihi: “Ni lazima tufafanue kwa watu mafundisho na maelezo ya imani namna isiyolaumika kabisa, na tukumbuke kwamba anayekwaza hata mmoja tu kati ya wadogo wanaomuamini [[Kristo]] atapatwa na [[adhabu]] isiyovumilika”. Mwanzoni alifundisha juu ya [[Yesu]] kwa kumuiga [[Atanasi]], lakini alipozidi kubishana na Nestori alilazimika kutumia misamiati mipya iliyoelekea kukiri uwemo wa hali mbili ndani ya [[Kristo]]. Kwa hiyo katika barua yake ya pili kwa Nestori, iliyokuja kupitishwa na [[Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia]] ([[451]]), aliweka wazi: “Hivyo sisi tunatamka kwamba [[hali]] zilizounganika katika [[umoja]] wa kweli ni tofauti, bali kutoka zote mbili amepatikana Kristo na [[Mwana]] mmoja tu; si kwa sababu tofauti za hali hizo zimefutwa na umoja wake, bali kwa sababu umungu na ubinadamu, vilivyounganika katika umoja usiosemeka wala kufafanulika, vimetupatia [[Bwana]], Kristo na Mwana mmoja”. Katika barua nyingine aliandika, “Mwana ni mmoja tu, Bwana [[Yesu Kristo]] ni mmoja tu, kabla ya [[umwilisho]] wake na baada ya umwilisho vilevile. Kwa kuwa [[Neno]] aliyezaliwa na [[Mungu Baba]] hakuwa Mwana mmoja na aliyezaliwa na [[Bikira Maria]] mwingine; bali tunasadiki kwamba yuleyule aliyezaliwa kabla ya nyakati ndiye aliyezaliwa pia kimwili na [[mwanamke]]”. Sirili alifariki Aleksandria mwaka 444 hivi, lakini mashindano yaliendelea hadi [[Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia]] na mbele zaidi. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 220-222 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 186-187 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 20-21 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * McGuckin, John A. ''St. Cyril of Alexandria and the Christological Controversy''. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2004. ISBN 0-88141-259-7 * Wessel, Susan. ''Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian Controversy:The Making of a Saint and a Heretic''. Oxford 2004. ISBN 0-19-926846-0 == Viungo vya nje == === Maandishi yake === * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0370-0444-_Cirillus_Alexandrinus,_Sanctus.html Maandishi yake yote katika magombo kumi (PG 68-77) [[Patrologia Graeca]] ya [[Jacques Paul Migne]] pamoja na [[faharasa]]] * ''[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/cyril-temples.asp Becoming Temples of God (in Greek original and English]'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_2.shtml Second Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_2.shtml |date=20060912150448 }}'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_3.shtml Third Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius (containing the twelve anathemas)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_3.shtml |date=20080704053517 }}'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_john_union.shtml Formula of Reunion: In Brief (A summation of the reunion between Cyril and John of Antioch)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_john_union.shtml |date=20060910222342 }}'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_johnantioch.shtml The 'Formula of Reunion' between Cyril and John of Antioch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_johnantioch.shtml |date=20080720152747 }}'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_against_nestorius_00_intro.htm Five tomes against Nestorius (Adversus Nestorii blasphemias)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_christ_is_one_01_text.htm That Christ is One (Quod unus sit Christus)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_scholia_incarnation_01_text.htm Scholia on the incarnation of the Only-Begotten (Scholia de incarnatione Unigeniti)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_against_diodore_01_text.htm Against Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia (fragments)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_against_synousiasts_01_text.htm Against the synousiasts (fragments)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_on_luke_00_intro.htm Commentary on the Gospel of Luke]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_on_john_00_eintro.htm Commentary on the Gospel of John]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Cyril_Against_Julian Against Julian the Apostate]'' === Vinginevyo === * [https://dacb.org/stories/egypt/cyril-alexandria/] * [http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_writings.shtml "The Life and Writings of Cyril of Alexandria"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_writings.shtml |date=20081011033343 }} as it relates to the Christological Controversy * [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm Early Church Fathers] Includes text written by Cyril of Alexandria * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100220 St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria] Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] ===Kwa Kiswahili=== *Masomo ya Breviari - ed. Ndanda Mission Press - Ndanda 1978 *Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1989 *MAURICE SOSELEJE – Kalendari Yetu Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la Pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda-Peramiho – Ndanda 1986 - ISBN 9976-63-112-X {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 370]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 444]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] q1yu4cxrv5ibbzh0zpa488ran3fr9kl 1577047 1577036 2026-06-27T12:12:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1535157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:POPE kyrellos.JPG|thumb|250px|''Mt. Cyril I, [[Patriarki wa Alexandria]].'']] '''Sirili wa Aleksandria''' ([[Theodosios]], [[Misri]], [[370]] hivi - Aleksandria wa Misri, [[444]]) alikuwa [[Patriarki]] wa [[Aleksandria]], [[Misri]] (kuanzia tarehe [[18 Oktoba]] [[412]] hadi [[kifo]] chake) na [[mwanateolojia]]. Alishiriki mabishano ya [[karne ya 4]] kuhusu [[imani]] juu ya [[Yesu Kristo]] akitetea [[dogma]] ya [[umoja]] wa [[Nafsi]] yake ya [[Mungu|Kimungu]] kwa kutegemea daima [[mapokeo]] ya [[Kanisa]] na [[mamlaka]] ya mababu waliomtangulia, hasa [[Atanasi]]. Kwa ajili hiyo aliitwa “mlinzi wa usahihi” (wa imani). Mtu wa [[hamaki]] na mwenye uwezo wa kufanikisha mambo yoyote, ni maarufu hasa kwa kumkomesha [[Nestori wa Konstantinopoli]] katika [[Mtaguso wa Efeso]] ([[431]]) uliomtangaza [[Bikira Maria]] kuwa [[Mama wa Mungu]]<ref>Sehemu ya barua yake kuhusu sifa hiyo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 207-209</ref>. Vilevile alikuwa mkali dhidi ya wazushi wengine, [[Wayahudi]] na [[Wapagani]], na hata dhidi ya [[Yohane Krisostomo]]. Kwa kweli ulikuwa wakati mgumu ambapo [[ukweli]] uliweza kushinda [[uzushi]] kutokana tu na [[Mchungaji|wachungaji]] wenye msimamo mkali katika kulinda [[kundi]] la waamini walilokabidhiwa<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/27950</ref>. Tangu zamani anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] na [[babu wa Kanisa]]. Mwaka [[1883]] [[Papa Leo XIII]] alimuongezea sifa ya [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[27 Juni]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Asili na ujana == Sirili alizaliwa katika kijiji cha Theodosios, Misri, karibu na [[El-Mahalla El-Kubra]] ya leo, mwaka 370 hivi. Miaka michache baadaye mjomba wake [[Theofilo wa Aleksandria]] alipata kuwa [[Patriarki]] wa [[Aleksandria]]. Mama yake alibaki karibu na kaka yake, hivyo mtoto alipata malezi mazuri na elimu sanifu ya wakati ule: lugha ([[390]]-[[392]]), fasihi ([[393]]-[[397]]) hatimaye [[teolojia]] na [[Biblia]] ([[398]]-[[402]]). Mwaka [[403]] alitumwa [[Konstantinopoli]] kushiriki “[[Sinodi ya Mwaloni]]” iliyomuondosha Patriarki wa mji huo, [[Yohane Krisostomo]], na kulipatia [[Kanisa la Aleksandria]] kwa mpigo mmoja ushindi dhidi ya wapinzani wake wote wawili, [[Antiokia]] na Konstantinopoli. == Patriarki == [[Picha:Cyril of Alexandria.jpg|thumb|Sirili katika mavazi ya kiaskofu.]] Theofilos alipofariki tarehe 15 Oktoba 412, kisha kuongoza [[Kanisa la Misri]] kwa nguvu sana miaka 27, Sirili alichaguliwa [[Patriarki]] wa Aleksandria baada ya siku tatu. Akitumia mamlaka yake katika [[jiji]] hilo lenye ushindani na fujo, alifaulu kufunga makanisa ya [[Wanovasyani]] na kufukuza [[Wayahudi]] wengi. Pia alitetea kwa nguvu msimamo wa teolojia ya [[Shule ya Aleksandria]] dhidi ya ile ya [[Shule ya Antiokia|Antiokia]] na haki ya Kanisa la Aleksandria kuwa la pili duniani (baada ya [[Kanisa la Roma]]) na la kwanza Mashariki kote dhidi ya Kanisa la Konstantinopoli lililopendelewa na [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Konstantinopoli]] ([[381]]). Hata hivyo mwaka [[417]] au [[418]] alikubali kurudhisha [[ushirika]] nalo ulilovunjika mwaka [[406]], Yohane Krisostomo alipofukuzwa moja kwa moja. Ushindani huo ulikomaa tena mwaka [[428]] alipochaguliwa kuwa Patriarki wa Konstantinopoli [[mmonaki]] mkali [[Nestori]], mwenyeji wa Antiokia kama Yohane huyo. Sirili alipata nguvu dhidi yake pale ambapo [[padri]] wa Antiokia alianza kuhubiri huko Konstantinopoli kwamba [[Bikira Maria]] hastahili kuitwa "Mama wa Mungu," ila “Mama wa Kristo". Waamini walipomshtaki kwa Nestori, huyo akamtetea kwa msingi wa teolojia ya Antiokia iliyosisitiza [[ukweli]] wa [[ubinadamu]] wa [[Yesu]]. Kwenye [[Pasaka]] [[429]], Sirili aliwaandikia [[wamonaki]] barua dhidi ya Nestori ikitetea teolojia ya Aleksandria iliyosisitiza ukweli wa umungu wa Yesu. Nakala ilipofika Konstantinopoli, Nestori alihubiri dhidi yake. Ndio mwanzo wa mawasiliano makali kwa njia ya [[barua]] yaliyozidisha ushindani kati ya wanateolojia wa miji hiyo miwili. Hali hiyo iliwafanya wote wawili wamuombe [[Papa Selestini I]] aingilie kati. Hapo sinodi iliyofanyika [[Roma]] mwaka [[430]] ilikubali hoja za Sirili dhidi ya Nestori. Ili kumaliza mabishano hayo ya hatari, [[Kaisari]] [[Theodosius II]] aliitisha [[mtaguso mkuu]] huko [[Efeso]], palipokuwa upande wa Sirili, ambaye alifungua na kufunga [[Mtaguso wa Efeso]] (431) kabla Nestori na wafuasi wake hawajafika; hivyo, [[mtaguso]] uliagiza Nestori aondoshwe madarakani na kupelekwa uhamishoni. Lakini [[Yohane wa Antiokia]] na wengine wa upande wa Nestori walipofika Efeso siku nne baadaye, walifanya mtaguso wa kwao wakimhukumu Sirili kuwa [[mzushi]], wakidai aondoshwe madarakani. Hapo Theodosius II aliamua kuwaondosha na kuwafunga wote wawili; hivyo alimkamata Sirili, lakini huyo alikimbilia Misri akaleta fujo hadi kwenye [[ikulu]], hata Kaisari alikubali kumfukuza Nestori arudi [[monasteri]]ni Antiokia. Matukio hayo ndiyo chanzo cha [[farakano]] la [[Waashuru]] linalodumu hadi leo. Ili azidi kudhoofisha [[uzushi]] huo, Sirili alipata itolewe [[hukumu]] dhidi ya [[Teodori wa Mopsuestia]], aliyewahi kuwa [[mwalimu]] wa Nestori, lakini baadaye mwenyewe akailaumu hukumu hiyo. Hivyo, mwaka [[433]] alikubali kuafikiana na wafuasi wa teolojia ya Antiokia na kupatana nao. Sirili aliandika sana: kwanza dhidi ya [[Waario]], ila baada ya mwaka 428 alilenga [[Unestori]]. Aliandika vitabu mbalimbali vya [[ufafanuzi]] wa [[Agano la Kale]] ([[Torati]] nzima, [[Kitabu cha Isaya]] na [[Zaburi]]) na [[Agano Jipya]] ([[Injili ya Yohane]] na [[Injili ya Luka|ile ya Luka]]) na vya [[teolojia]], pamoja na [[nyaraka]] rasmi kwa ajili ya [[Pasaka]], [[hotuba]] na [[barua]]. Vitabu hivyo vilienea mapema wakati wa maisha yake hata katika [[tafsiri]] mbalimbali. Katika kutetea msimamo wake, pamoja na shuhuda za Biblia, alitumia kuliko wote waliomtangulia zile za mababu wa Kanisa, na hata [[hoja]] za [[akili]]. Pamoja na hayo, aliona [[imani]] ya [[Taifa la Mungu]], yaani waamini wa kawaida, kama tokeo la mapokeo na hakika ya mafundisho sahihi: “Ni lazima tufafanue kwa watu mafundisho na maelezo ya imani namna isiyolaumika kabisa, na tukumbuke kwamba anayekwaza hata mmoja tu kati ya wadogo wanaomuamini [[Kristo]] atapatwa na [[adhabu]] isiyovumilika”. Mwanzoni alifundisha juu ya [[Yesu]] kwa kumuiga [[Atanasi]], lakini alipozidi kubishana na Nestori alilazimika kutumia misamiati mipya iliyoelekea kukiri uwemo wa hali mbili ndani ya [[Kristo]]. Kwa hiyo katika barua yake ya pili kwa Nestori, iliyokuja kupitishwa na [[Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia]] ([[451]]), aliweka wazi: “Hivyo sisi tunatamka kwamba [[hali]] zilizounganika katika [[umoja]] wa kweli ni tofauti, bali kutoka zote mbili amepatikana Kristo na [[Mwana]] mmoja tu; si kwa sababu tofauti za hali hizo zimefutwa na umoja wake, bali kwa sababu umungu na ubinadamu, vilivyounganika katika umoja usiosemeka wala kufafanulika, vimetupatia [[Bwana]], Kristo na Mwana mmoja”. Katika barua nyingine aliandika, “Mwana ni mmoja tu, Bwana [[Yesu Kristo]] ni mmoja tu, kabla ya [[umwilisho]] wake na baada ya umwilisho vilevile. Kwa kuwa [[Neno]] aliyezaliwa na [[Mungu Baba]] hakuwa Mwana mmoja na aliyezaliwa na [[Bikira Maria]] mwingine; bali tunasadiki kwamba yuleyule aliyezaliwa kabla ya nyakati ndiye aliyezaliwa pia kimwili na [[mwanamke]]”. Sirili alifariki Aleksandria mwaka 444 hivi, lakini mashindano yaliendelea hadi [[Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia]] na mbele zaidi. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 220-222 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 186-187 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 20-21 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * McGuckin, John A. ''St. Cyril of Alexandria and the Christological Controversy''. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2004. ISBN 0-88141-259-7 * Wessel, Susan. ''Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian Controversy:The Making of a Saint and a Heretic''. Oxford 2004. ISBN 0-19-926846-0 == Viungo vya nje == === Maandishi yake === * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0370-0444-_Cirillus_Alexandrinus,_Sanctus.html Maandishi yake yote katika magombo kumi (PG 68-77) [[Patrologia Graeca]] ya [[Jacques Paul Migne]] pamoja na [[faharasa]]] * ''[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/cyril-temples.asp Becoming Temples of God (in Greek original and English]'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_2.shtml Second Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_2.shtml |date=20060912150448 }}'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_3.shtml Third Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius (containing the twelve anathemas)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_to_nestorius_3.shtml |date=20080704053517 }}'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_john_union.shtml Formula of Reunion: In Brief (A summation of the reunion between Cyril and John of Antioch)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_john_union.shtml |date=20060910222342 }}'' * ''[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_johnantioch.shtml The 'Formula of Reunion' between Cyril and John of Antioch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_johnantioch.shtml |date=20080720152747 }}'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_against_nestorius_00_intro.htm Five tomes against Nestorius (Adversus Nestorii blasphemias)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_christ_is_one_01_text.htm That Christ is One (Quod unus sit Christus)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_scholia_incarnation_01_text.htm Scholia on the incarnation of the Only-Begotten (Scholia de incarnatione Unigeniti)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_against_diodore_01_text.htm Against Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia (fragments)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_against_synousiasts_01_text.htm Against the synousiasts (fragments)]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_on_luke_00_intro.htm Commentary on the Gospel of Luke]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_on_john_00_eintro.htm Commentary on the Gospel of John]'' * ''[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Cyril_Against_Julian Against Julian the Apostate]'' === Vinginevyo === * [https://dacb.org/stories/egypt/cyril-alexandria/] * [http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_writings.shtml "The Life and Writings of Cyril of Alexandria"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/cyril_writings.shtml |date=20081011033343 }} as it relates to the Christological Controversy * [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm Early Church Fathers] Includes text written by Cyril of Alexandria * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100220 St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria] Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] ===Kwa Kiswahili=== *Masomo ya Breviari - ed. Ndanda Mission Press - Ndanda 1978 *Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1989 *MAURICE SOSELEJE – Kalendari Yetu Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la Pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda-Peramiho – Ndanda 1986 - ISBN 9976-63-112-X {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 370]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 444]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] 2j1vs8mb7fu25f49zkyt6v8k2evtses 0 31127 1577085 1422258 2026-06-27T12:30:07Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Baadhi ya maneno 1577085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Turkish.town.cesme.jpg|thumb|Mji bora unahitaji mpangilio mzuri wa makazi.]] '''Mji''' ni [[makazi]] ya [[binadamu]] ambayo kwa kawaida ni makubwa zaidi kuliko [[kijiji]] lakini madogo kuliko [[jiji]]. Miji mara nyingi huwa na [[serikali]] ya mitaa iliyo wazi, na hutoa [[huduma]] za msingi na [[miundombinu]] kama vile [[shule]], [[soko]], na [[ofisi]] za utawala. Pia, mara nyingi huwa ni vituo vya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] kwa eneo husika. Ufafanuzi halisi wa mji unaweza kutofautiana kulingana na [[nchi]], na mara nyingi hutegemea idadi ya watu, hadhi ya [[sheria|kisheria]], au sababu za [[historia|kihistoria]]. Katika maeneo mengi, miji imekua kwa muda kutokana na [[biashara]], [[kilimo]], au [[viwanda]], na inaweza kuendelea kukua hadi kuwa maeneo ya mijini makubwa zaidi. Sura maalumu ya miji inategemea mambo mengi, kuanzia [[mazingira]] asili (kama yana [[milima]], ma[[bonde]], [[mito]], [[bandari]] n.k.). Miji ya kwanza ilipatikana [[Mesopotamia]], kama vile [[Uruk]] na [[Ur (Mesopotamia)|Ur]], ingawa kati ya miji inayodumu hadi leo ule wa kale zaidi labda ni [[Yeriko]] ([[Palestina]]). Ukuaji wa ma[[dola]] ulifanya baadhi ya miji ipewe [[hadhi]] ya [[mji mkuu]], kama vile [[Roma (mji)|Roma]] ambao wakati wa [[Yesu]] ulikuwa na wakazi zaidi ya nusu [[milioni]]. Miji yenye wakazi wengi kuliko mingine ni [[Chongqing]], [[Tokyo]], [[Shanghai]], [[Jakarta]], [[Faiyumna]] na [[Varanasi]] n.k. Africa ina Miji mingi muhimu: [[Cairo]], [[Lagos]], [[Kinshasa]], [[Johannesburg]] n.k. == Hadhi ya miji kufuatana na idadi ya wakazi == Kimataifa kulikuwa na makubaliano kwenye mkutano wa kimataifa ya takwimu ya mwaka 1887 ya kuhesabu kila mji mwenye wakazi zaidi ya 100,000 kama "mji mkubwa", miji kati ya wakazi 20,000 na 100,000 kama miji ya wastani na miji kati ya wakazi 5,000 na 20,000 kama miji midogo. Kufuatana na hesabu hii kulikuwa na miji mikubwa 1,700 duniani wakati wa mwaka 2002. Katika Tanzania lugha inayotumiwa kisheria <ref>[http://www.tic.co.tz/media/The_local_government_urban_authorities_act_8-1982.pdf Tanzania LOCAL GOVERNMENT (URBAN AUTHORITIES) ACT, 1982] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tic.co.tz/media/The_local_government_urban_authorities_act_8-1982.pdf |date=20170110195245 }}, fungu 5,4</ref>ni * [[Jiji]] ("city") kwa miji mikubwa sana * [[Manisipaa]] ("municipality") kwa miji ya wastani * Mji ("town") kwa miji midogo. Mkuu wa mji huitwa mwenyekiti kwenye ngazi ya mji wa kawaida, na meya kwenye ngazi za manisipaa na jiji. Wanaongoza mikutano ya Halmashauri ya mji husika. ==Marundiko ya mji makubwa barani Afrika== #Lagos, Nigeria milioni 21.0 #Cairo, Misri milioni 20.4 #Kinshasa, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo milioni 13.3 #Luanda, Angola milioni 6.5 #Nairobi, Kenya milioni 6.5 #Abidjan, Ivory Coast milioni 4.7 #Addis Ababa, Ethiopia milioni 4.6 #Johannesburg, Afrika Kusini milioni 4.4 ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit&int=-1&b_ac=1 Miji mikubwa zaidi nchi kwa nchi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit%26int%3D-1%26b_ac%3D1 |date=20051024015729 }} * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit_pop_cap&int=-1 Kwa kila nchi, asilimia ya watu wanaoishi katika mji wake mkubwa zaidi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit_pop_cap%26int%3D-1 |date=20050711080855 }} * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-52 ''Dictionary of the History of ideas'':] {{Wayback|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-52 |date=20060618130138 }} The City * http://travelpluswine.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/DowntownNairobiKenyaAfrica.jpg {{Wayback|url=http://travelpluswine.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/DowntownNairobiKenyaAfrica.jpg |date=20140222182326 }} {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Miji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:Ustaarabu]] 99z9tmwt4ag0zloxi3jx1h5gpsg4tg3 1577107 1577085 2026-06-27T12:39:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] 1422258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Turkish.town.cesme.jpg|thumb|Mji bora unahitaji mpangilio mzuri wa makazi.]] '''Mji''' ni [[makazi]] ya [[binadamu]] ambayo kwa kawaida ni makubwa zaidi kuliko [[kijiji]] lakini madogo kuliko [[jiji]]. Miji mara nyingi huwa na [[serikali]] ya mitaa iliyo wazi, na hutoa [[huduma]] za msingi na [[miundombinu]] kama vile [[shule]], [[soko]], na [[ofisi]] za utawala. Pia, mara nyingi huwa ni vituo vya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] kwa eneo husika. Ufafanuzi halisi wa mji unaweza kutofautiana kulingana na [[nchi]], na mara nyingi hutegemea idadi ya watu, hadhi ya [[sheria|kisheria]], au sababu za [[historia|kihistoria]]. Katika maeneo mengi, miji imekua kwa muda kutokana na [[biashara]], [[kilimo]], au [[viwanda]], na inaweza kuendelea kukua hadi kuwa maeneo ya mijini makubwa zaidi. Sura maalumu ya miji inategemea mambo mengi, kuanzia [[mazingira]] asili (kama yana [[milima]], ma[[bonde]], [[mito]], [[bandari]] n.k.). Miji ya kwanza ilipatikana [[Mesopotamia]], kama vile [[Uruk]] na [[Ur (Mesopotamia)|Ur]], ingawa kati ya miji inayodumu hadi leo ule wa kale zaidi labda ni [[Yeriko]] ([[Palestina]]). Ukuaji wa ma[[dola]] ulifanya baadhi ya miji ipewe [[hadhi]] ya [[mji mkuu]], kama vile [[Roma (mji)|Roma]] ambao wakati wa [[Yesu]] ulikuwa na wakazi zaidi ya nusu [[milioni]]. Miji yenye wakazi wengi kuliko mingine ni [[Chongqing]], [[Tokyo]], [[Shanghai]], [[Jakarta]], [[Faiyumna]] na [[Varanasi]] n.k. Africa ina miji mingi muhimu: [[Cairo]], [[Lagos]], [[Kinshasa]], [[Johannesburg]] n.k. == Hadhi ya miji kufuatana na idadi ya wakazi == Kimataifa kulikuwa na makubaliano kwenye mkutano wa kimataifa ya takwimu ya mwaka 1887 ya kuhesabu kila mji mwenye wakazi zaidi ya 100,000 kama "mji mkubwa", miji kati ya wakazi 20,000 na 100,000 kama miji ya wastani na miji kati ya wakazi 5,000 na 20,000 kama miji midogo. Kufuatana na hesabu hii kulikuwa na miji mikubwa 1,700 duniani wakati wa mwaka 2002. Katika Tanzania lugha inayotumiwa kisheria <ref>[http://www.tic.co.tz/media/The_local_government_urban_authorities_act_8-1982.pdf Tanzania LOCAL GOVERNMENT (URBAN AUTHORITIES) ACT, 1982] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tic.co.tz/media/The_local_government_urban_authorities_act_8-1982.pdf |date=20170110195245 }}, fungu 5,4</ref>ni * [[Jiji]] ("city") kwa miji mikubwa sana * [[Manisipaa]] ("municipality") kwa miji ya wastani * Mji ("town") kwa miji midogo. Mkuu wa mji huitwa mwenyekiti kwenye ngazi ya mji wa kawaida, na meya kwenye ngazi za manisipaa na jiji. Wanaongoza mikutano ya Halmashauri ya mji husika. ==Marundiko ya mji makubwa barani Afrika== #Lagos, Nigeria milioni 21.0 #Cairo, Misri milioni 20.4 #Kinshasa, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo milioni 13.3 #Luanda, Angola milioni 6.5 #Nairobi, Kenya milioni 6.5 #Abidjan, Ivory Coast milioni 4.7 #Addis Ababa, Ethiopia milioni 4.6 #Johannesburg, Afrika Kusini milioni 4.4 ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit&int=-1&b_ac=1 Miji mikubwa zaidi nchi kwa nchi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit%26int%3D-1%26b_ac%3D1 |date=20051024015729 }} * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit_pop_cap&int=-1 Kwa kila nchi, asilimia ya watu wanaoishi katika mji wake mkubwa zaidi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit_pop_cap%26int%3D-1 |date=20050711080855 }} * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-52 ''Dictionary of the History of ideas'':] {{Wayback|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-52 |date=20060618130138 }} The City * http://travelpluswine.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/DowntownNairobiKenyaAfrica.jpg {{Wayback|url=http://travelpluswine.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/DowntownNairobiKenyaAfrica.jpg |date=20140222182326 }} {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Miji]] [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:Ustaarabu]] rjqmnm3cioua2lm3un3ez5xx73a8fye 0 32087 1577232 1481000 2026-06-28T05:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Old Arts Faculty Building, University of Pretoria.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]]]] Hii ni '''orodha ya vyuo vikuu katika nchi ya Afrika Kusini.''' Mnamo mwaka wa 2004 nchi ya Afrika Kusini ilianza kurekebisha mfumo wake wa [[elimu ya juu]]. Ilianza kuunganisha na kushirikisha vyuo vikuu vidogo na kuunda taasisi kubwa, hii ikiwa ni pamoja kuzipa na kuziainisha taasisi zote za elimu ya juu kama “vyuo vikuu” (hapo awali palikuwa na aina tofauti za taasisi za elimu ya juu). Vyuo vikuu na taasisi zilizofunza ufundi na ambazo zimeshirikishwa na vyuo vingine na hivyo hazipo tena zimeorodheshwa mwisho mwa makala haya. Kuna idadi kubwa ya taasisi nyingine Afrika Kusini- zikiwa za humo nchini na nyingine za kigeni; baadhi hutoa mafunzo ya mbali yaani wanafunzi kusoma na kufanya mitihani wakiwa nje ya chuo ilhali baadhi hutoa stashahada ambazo hazijasajiliwa. Kwa taasisi za masoma baada ya shule za upili tazama taasisi za Afrika Kusini. == Vyuo rasmi vya Afrika Kusini == Vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Kusini vimeainishwa katika sehemu tatu yaani: Vyuo vya kimapokeo vinavyotoa shahada ya nadharia, vyuo vikuu vya teknolojia vinavyotoa shahada za ufundi na vyuo vikuu vinavyotoa shahada ya nadharia na ufundi kwa pamoja. <ref> 2005, [http://www.hesa.org.za/Index_files/Structures.htm HESA Structures,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hesa.org.za/Index_files/Structures.htm |date=20180725033318 }} , Higher Education South Africa. Rudishwa 24 Februari 2006.</ref> ===Vyuo vikuu vya kimapokeo=== * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Fort Hare (Alice, East London)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Free State (Bloemfontein, Qwa-Qwa)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha KwaZulu-Natal (Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Pinetown, Westville)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Limpopo (Polokwane, Ga-Rankuwa)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha North-West (Mafikeng, Mankwe, Potchefstroom, Vanderbijlpark)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria (Pretoria)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes (Grahamstown)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape (Bellville)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand (Johannesburg)]] ===Vyuo vikuu vya nadharia na ufundi=== * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg (Johannesburg)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nelson Mandela Metropolitan (Port Elizabeth, George)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini ( Makao Makuu ya Elimu ya mbali, Pretoria)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Venda (Thohoyandou)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia na Sayansi cha Walter Sisulu ( East London, Butterworth, Mthatha, Queenstown)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Zululand (Empangeni)]] ===Vyuo vikuu vya teknolojia=== * [[Chuo Kukuu cha Teknolojia cha Cape Peninsula (Bellville, Cape Town)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Kati Central ( Bloemfontein, Welkom)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Durban]] (Durban, Pietermaritzburg)) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknilojia cha Mangosuthu (Durban)(Durban)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknilojia cha Tshwane (Pretoria)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknilojia cha Vaal (Vanderbijlpark)]] ==Vyuo vingine vinavyotoa shahada== ===Taasisi za Afrika Kusini === * [[Kampasi (au Chuo) ya CIDI (Johannesburg)]] * [[Taasisi ya Manejimenti Mipango ya Usimamizi ya Cranefield (Pretoria)]] * [[Chuo cha Mipango ya Uuzaji cha IMM Graduate School of Marketing]] * [[Chuo cha Kubuni Uchoraji cha Inscape (Johannesburg)]] * [[Chuo cha Mipango ya Usimamizi cha Afrika Kusini (Durban- Elimu ya mbali)]] * [[Taasisi ya Uzamili ya Midrand (Midrand)]] * {0Chuo cha biashara cha Milpark (Johannesburg){/0} * Regenesys Management (Sandton) [http://www.regenesys.co.za/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.regenesys.co.za/ |date=20091210130043 }} * [[Chuo cha Mafunzo ya Kijeshi Kijeshi cha Afrika Kusini (Saldanha)]] * [http://www.sats.edu.za/ Chuo cha Upadri cha Afrika Kusini (Rivonia- Elimu ya mbali)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sats.edu.za/ |date=20080213104523 }} * [http://www.staugustine.ac.za/ Chuo cha St.Mtakatifu Augustine cha Afrika Kusini (Johannessburg)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.staugustine.ac.za/ |date=20100508163314 }} * Chuo cha Mabadiliko (Grahamstown- elimu ya kimuktadha ya dini) ===Vyuo vya kigeni vinanyotoa shahada Afrika Kusini=== * Chuo cha masomo ya Biashara cha Edinburgh (Roodepoort) * Chuo cha Mipango ya Usimamizi cha Henley, Afrika Kusini (Johannesburg) * Chuo Kikuu cha Luton ( Kupitia Chuo cha Masomo ya Biashara cha Regent, Durban) * [[Chuo cha Monash cha Afrika Kusini (Johannesburg)]] * Chuo Kikuu cha Queensland Kusini (Elimu ya mbali; Kituo saidizi katika mji wa Johannesburg) * Chuo Kikuu cha Sedona (Johannesburg) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Metaphysics (Johannesburg)]] * Chuo Kikuu cha Regent (Kupitia shule ya uungu yaChuo cha Dini cha Doxa Deo) == Vyuo vikuu na vyuo vya teknolojia vya hapo awali == * [[Chuo cha Bond Afrika Kusini (Sandton)]] * [[Chuo Cha Teknolojia cha Border, sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia na Sayansi cha Walter Sisulu]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bophuthatswana, sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha North-West.]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape of Good Hope]], kilibadilishwa na kuitwa Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini 1916. * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Durban-Westville (Durban), sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha KwaZulu-Natal]] * [[Chuo Cha Teknolojia Cha Eastern Cape, sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Walter Sisulu]] * [[Chuo Cha Matibabu ya cha Afrika kusini Kusini (Ga-Rankuwa), Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Limpopo]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kaskazini (Karibu Polokwane), Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Limpopo]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Natal (Pietermaritzburg, Durban), sasa Sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha KwaZulu-Natal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu Cha North-West]] (Mafikeng) (kilichojulikana kama Chuo Kikuu cha Bophuthatswana), Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha North-West. * Chuo Kikuu cha Port Elizabeth, (Port Elizabeth), Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha [[Nelson Mandela]] Metropolitan. * Chuo Kikuu cha Elimu ya juu ya Kikristo cha Potchefstroom (Potchefstroom), Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha North-West. * [[Chuo Kikuu Cha Waafrika cha Rand (Johannesburg), Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]] * [[Chuo cha Teknolojia, Afrika Kusini, Sasa Sehemu ya Unisa.]] * Chuo cha Transvaal ambacho kilizaa Vyuo Vikuu vya Pretoris na Witwatersrand * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Transkei, Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Walter Sisulu]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vista]] (multi-city campus university), Sasa kimeunganishwa na vyuo vingine * [[Chuo cha teknolojia cha Teknolojia cha Witwatersrand, Sasa sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://africa.msu.edu/s_afr_un.htm Technikons katika vyuo vikuu na Afrika ya Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://africa.msu.edu/s_afr_un.htm |date=20100212191654 }} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya Vyuo Vikuu vya}} [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Kusini|!]] [[Category:Orodha ya vyuo vikuu|Afrika Kusini]] e6c1ux01q3ir6xmon79bcsdrgkheb58 0 32241 1577061 1372396 2026-06-27T12:18:19Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2020-12-11-Forst-Benrath.-Foto-09.jpg|thumb|250px|Magogo msituni.]] '''Gogo''' (wingi: '''magogo''') ni [[shina]] la [[mti]] lililokatwa. Mara nyingi huwa na maumbo ya mviringo na linatokana na miti mikubwa. Magogo hutumika kwa kazi mbalimbali kama vile, kuni za kupikia, kutengeneza nguzo za ujenzi wa nyumba za jadi, au kutengeneza samani na vyombo vya nyumbani. Aidha, gogo linaweza kutumiwa kama nyenzo ya kuchonga sanamu na kazi za mikono. {{fupi}}. [[Jamii:Ubao]]. jbw7ni5h9d3bseqrkd5471qf4lrpphj 1577091 1577061 2026-06-27T12:33:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] 1372396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2020-12-11-Forst-Benrath.-Foto-09.jpg|thumb|250px|Magogo msituni.]] '''Gogo''' (wingi: '''magogo''') ni [[shina]] la [[mti]] lililokatwa. Mara nyingi huwa na maumbo ya mviringo na linatokana na miti mikubwa. Magogo hutumika kwa kazi mbalimbali, kama vile kuni za kupikia, kutengeneza nguzo za ujenzi wa nyumba za jadi, au kutengeneza samani na vyombo vya nyumbani. Aidha, gogo linaweza kutumiwa kama nyenzo ya kuchonga sanamu na kazi za mikono. {{fupi}} [[Jamii:Ubao]] 5h18vry0yknalbumo758jluwo55etkb 0 32283 1577095 1518242 2026-06-27T12:35:07Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kurekebisha baadhi ya taarifa 1577095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lionel_Messi_20180626.jpg|thumb|Lionel Messi (2018).]] [[Picha:Iran vs. Argentina match, 2014 FIFA World Cup 37.jpg|thumb|Messi akiangalia goli lake dhidi ya Iran (2014).]] [[Picha:Lionel Messi - Reus.jpg|thumb|Messi akiwa mazoezini 2014]] '''Lionel Andrés Messi''' ([[matamshi]] ya [[Kihispania]]: [ljonel andɾes mesi]; alizaliwa [[24 Juni]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa Taifa la [[Argentina]] anayecheza katika [[klabu]] ya [[Inter Miami]] iliyopo nchini [[Marekani]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Argentina]]. Mara nyingi huchukuliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa nyakati zote, Messi kafanikiwa kuchukua tuzo za Ballon d’Or mara nane, kati ya hizo alichukua nne mfululizo, na rekodi ya kunyakua [[viatu]] vya [[dhahabu]] vya [[Ulaya]] mara sita. Maisha yake yote ya soka la kiushindani ameichezea klabu ya [[Barcelona, PSG na INTER MIAMI]].<ref name="BarcaProfile">{{cite web |title=Profile: Lionel Andrés Messi |publisher=FC Barcelona |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi |access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Marsden |first=Sam |url=http://www.espn.in/football/barcelona/story/3255615/lionel-messi-donates-70k-to-charity-after-winning-libel-case-against-newspaper |title=Messi donates to charity after libel case win |publisher=ESPN |date=2 November 2017|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Ameshinda [[mataji]] 34 yakijumuisha kumi ya [[La Liga]], 4 ya [[UEFA]] [[Champions League]] na 6 ya [[Copas del Rey]], akiwa mfungaji machachari na kiungo mbunifu, Messi ana [[rekodi]] ya [[magoli]] mengi aliyofunga katika [[La Liga]] (419), [[misimu]] katika soka la Ulaya (50) na idadi kubwa ya bao tatu kwa mpigo katika [[UEFA]] (8) na idadi kubwa ya pasi za mwisho La Liga (169) na Copa America (12). Kwa ujumla kafunga magoli 698 katika maisha yake ya uchezaji ndani ya klabu na timu ya taifa.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rémy |last=Lacombe |title=Messi, le Cinquième Élément |magazine=France Football |date=11 January 2016 |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/messi-le-cinquieme-element/623615 |access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Messi makes it four FIFA Ballon d'Or wins in a row |url=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=1910623.html |work=UEFA |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Akiwa mzaliwa kutoka katikati ya Argentina, Messi alipata [[ugonjwa]] wa [[homoni]] ya kukua akiwa [[mtoto]]. Alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] 13, alihamia [[Hispania]] kujiunga na [[Barcelona]], ambao walikubali kulipa [[matibabu]] yake. Baada ya [[mafanikio]] ya [[haraka]] kwenye timu ya watoto ya Barcelona, Messi alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kiushindani akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[2004]]. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Brett |title=Highest-Paid Athletes 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2022/05/11/the-worlds-10-highest-paid-athletes-2022/?sh=41f14e681f6c |website=Forbes |access-date=27 May 2022 }}</ref> Licha ya kuwa katika hatari ya kujeruhiwa wakati wa michezo yake ya awali, alifanikiwa kujijenga kuwa [[mchezaji]] muhimu kwa [[klabu]] ndani ya [[miaka]] [[mitatu]] iliyofuata na kufanikiwa kutwaa taji la Ballon d’Or na mchezaji bora wa mwaka wa [[FIFA]] wa [[2007]], na alirudia mwaka uliofuata. Msimu wake wa kwanza bila vikwazo ni wa [[2008]]-[[2009]], ambapo aliisaidia [[Barcelona]] kunyakua mataji matatu kwa mpigo katika soka la Hispania. Akiwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] 22, Messi alishinda Ballon d'Or na [[tuzo]] ya [[Mchezaji]] bora wa Mwaka ya [[FIFA]]. [[Misimu]] mitatu ya mafanikio ilifuatia, Messi akishinda tuzo za [[FIFA]] Ballons d'Or mara tautu mfululizo, ikiwa ni pamoja na ya [[nne]] ambayo haikukabidhishwa. Katika [[msimu]] wa [[2011]]-[[2012]], aliweka rekodi kwenye [[La Liga]] kuwa mchezaji aliyefunga magoli mengi zaidi ndani ya [[msimu]] mmoja, Mnamo Machi 2012 alijitangaza kama [[mfungaji]] bora wa wakati wote wa [[Barcelona]]. Kwa misimu miwili iliyofuata, alishika nafasi ya pili kwenye kuwania tuzo za Ballon d’Or nyuma ya mshindani wake mkubwa [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. Messi alirudi kwenye kiwango cha juu msimu wa [[2014]]-[[2015]], na kuvunja [[rekodi]] ya [[magoli]] mengi kwa msimu mmoja ndani ya [[La Liga]] na ligi ya mabingwa ulaya [[UEFA]] mwezi Novemba [[2014]]. Kama mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Argentina, Messi anashikilia rekodi ya kuwa mfungaji bora wa muda wowote wa Argentina. Mwaka 2005, alinyanyua kombe la FIFA mashindano ya vijana, akipata tuzo ya mchezaji bora na mfungaji bora pia, alipata medali ya dhahabu katika mashindano ya olimpiki yam waka 2008. Aina ya uchezaji, kukokota mipira na matumizi ya mguu wa kushoto kulipelekea wengi kumfananisha na mtangulizi wake [[Diego Maradona]], ambaye alimtangaza Messi kuwa mrithi wake. Mchezo wake wa kwanza katika timu ya taifa mnamo [[Agosti]] [[2005]], ulimfanya Messi kuwa mchezaji mdogo zaidi wa [[Argentina]] kuwahi kucheza katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] ya [[FIFA]] katika [[toleo]] la [[2006]], na alifika fainali za [[Copa América]] mwaka [[2007]], ambapo alitwaa tuzo ya [[mchezaji]] mdogo wa [[mashindano]] hayo. Kama [[nahodha]] wa timu ya taifa kutoka [[Agosti]] [[2011]], aliiongoza [[Argentina]] kwenye mashindano matatu mfululizo; [[Kombe la Dunia]] la mwaka [[2014]], ambalo alishinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora na [[Copa América]] ya mwaka [[2015]] na 2016. Alitangaza kustaafu kuichezea timu ya taifa mwaka 2016 lakini alibadili maamuzi hayo na kusaidia taifa lake kwenye mashindano ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2018|kombe la dunia la FIFA 2018]] na kushika nafasi ya tatu katika copa Anmerica ya 2019. Kulingana na shirika la mpira la Ufaransa, Messi alitajwa kama mchezaji soka anayelipwa ghali Zaidi mwa miaka mitano kati ya sita kuanzia mwaka [[2009]] hadi 2014, na alitajwa kama mwanamichezo anayelipwa ghali Zaidi na jarida la forbes kwa mwaka [[2019]]. Alikua miongoni mwa watu 100 wenye ushawishi zaidi kwa miaka ya 2011 na 2012. Messi anafadhiliwa na kampuni ya Adidas inayotengeneza vifaa vya michezo kuanzaia mwaka 2006. ==Maisha ya awali== Lionel Andrés Messi alizaliwa tarehe 24 Juni 1987 huko Rosario, ni wa tatu kati ya watoto wanne wa Jorge Messi, meneja wa kiwanda cha chuma, na mke wake Celia Cuccittini, ambaye alifanya kazi katika viwanda vya sumaku. Kwa upande wa baba yake, yeye ni wa asili ya [[Italia]] na Hispania, mjukuu wa wahamiaji kutoka [[Marche]] na [[Catalonia]], na kwa upande wa mama yake, ana asili ya Italia tu. Kukulia katika familia yenye mapenzi makubwa sana na soka, "Leo" alijenga mapenzi ya mchezo huo ntangu umri mdogo, alicheza mara kwa mara na kaka zake wakubwa, Rodrigo na Matías, na binamu zake, Maximiliano na Emanuel Biancucchi, ambao kwa sasa wanacheza mpira wa kulipwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Messi {{!}} Ficha del jugador 20/21 {{!}} Delantero |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/es/futbol/primer-equipo/jugadores/4974/lionel-messi|access-date=1 June 2021|work=FC Barcelona|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Maume |title=Lionel Messi: The World at His Feet |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 July 2014 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minne alijiunga na klabu ya Grandoli, ambapo baba yake mzazi ndie aliyekua mkufunzi wake, ingawa mvuto wake wa kwanza kama mchezaji ulikuja kutoka kwa bibi yake, Celia, ambaye aliongozana naye kwenye mazoezi na mechi. Aliathirika sana na kifo chake kilichotokea muda mfupi kabla ya sherehe ya kuzaliwa kwake akiwa anatimiza umri wa miaka kumi na moja; tangu wakati huo, kama mkatoliki mwenye kujitolea, amekua akishangilia magoli anyofunga kwa kutazama na kuelezea vidole angani kama ishara ya kumuenzi bibi yake.<ref name="Here">{{cite web |first=Wright |last=Thompson |title=Here and Gone: The Strange Relationship between Lionel Messi and His Hometown in Argentina |work=ESPN |date=22 October 2012 |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/eticket/story?page=Lionel-Messi |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> "Wakati ulipomwona ungefikiri: mtoto huyu hawezi kucheza mpira, yeye ni mdogo, yeye ni tete sana, mdogo sana. Lakini mara moja utajua kwamba alizaliwa tofauti, kwamba alikuwa ni jambo la ajabu na kwamba alikuwa akienda kuwa kitu cha kushangaza." -Newell's Old Boys kocha wa kijana Adrián Coria anahisi hisia yake ya kwanza ya Messi mwenye umri wa miaka 12.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jérôme |last1=Cazadieu |first2=Alexandre |last2=Juillard |first3=Frédéric |last3=Traïni |title=Leo Messi: La Légende d'El Enano |trans-title=Leo Messi: The Legend of El Enano |newspaper=L'Équipe via Irish Independent |date=15 November 2008 |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/rosario-the-old-coach-and-the-kid-26496103.html |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Kama msaidizi mkuu wa Newell's Old Boys, Messi alijiunga na klabu ya Rosario akiwa na umri wa miaka sita. Katika kipindi cha miaka sita aliyoichezea Newell's, aliifungia magoli takribani 500 akiwa kama mwanachama wa "Machine ya '87", vijana wa timu hii ambayo ilicheza michezo mingi bila kupoteza walijipa jina kulingana na mwaka wao wa kuzaliwa, mara kwa mara walikua wakifanya maonyesho kwa kuchezea mipira (freestyle) katika michezo mikubwa wakati wa mapunziko. <ref name="Mission">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Hawkey |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lionel-messi-on-a-mission-6d7lwj26fmw |title=Lionel Messi on a Mission |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Maisha yake ya baadaye kama mchezaji wa kimataifa yalitishiwa wakati, akiwa na umri wa miaka 10, alipata ugonjwa wa homoni ya kukua. Bima ya afya ya baba yake ililipia matibabu kwa miaka miwili tu matibabu hayo yaligharimu kiasi cha dola za kimarekani $ 1,000 kwa mwezi, Newell ilikubali kuchangia, lakini baadaye ikatengua tena ahadi zao. Klabu ya Buenos Aires River Plate ilimchukua kutokana na pendekezo la, Pablo Aimar, lakini pia hawakuweza kulipa matibabu yake kutokana na anguko la kiuchumi nchini humo. <ref name="Aimar">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Wilson |title=Pablo Aimar: The Argentinian Wizard Admired by Maradona and Messi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 July 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jul/16/pablo-aimar-next-diego-maradona-argentina-retired-age-35-valencia |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Kwa sababu [[familia]] ya Messi ilikuwa na jamaa huko Catalonia, walijaribu kupanga Messi apate jaribio na klabu ya Barcelona mnamo Septemba 2000. Mkurugenzi wa timu ya kwanza Charly Rexach alitaka kumsajili mara moja, lakini bodi ya wakurugenzi ilikataa; wakati huo ilikuwa si kawaida kwa klabu za Ulaya kusaini wachezaji wa kigeni wa umri mdogo. Mnamo tarehe 14 Desemba, hatimaye Barcelona ilitoa msimamo wake na kukubali usajili wa Messi, na Rexach, bila karatasi nyingine iliyopo, alitoa mkataba juu ya leso. Mnamo Februari 2001, familia yake Messi ilihamia Barcelona, ambapo walipata makazi katika ghorofa moja karibu na uwanja wa klabu, Camp Nou. <ref>{{cite news |title=Messi: Brazil striker Ronaldo my hero |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-brazil-striker-ronaldo-my-hero |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Katika mwaka wake wa kwanza nchini Hispania, Messi mara chache alicheza na Infantiles kutokana na mgogoro wa uhamisho na klabu yake ya awali ya Newell's; akiwa mgeni, alicheza katika mechi za kirafiki tu na mashindano ya katalani. Bila mpira, alijitahidi alipata tabu kujumuika na wachezaji wenzake, alikuwa na utulivu kiasi kwamba wenzake waliamini kuwa alikuwa bubu. Alipata sonona baada ya mama yake kurudi Rosario pamoja na ndugu zake na dada mdogo, María Sol, nay eye kubaki na baba yake Barcelona. <ref name="Serviette">{{cite news |first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=Lionel Messi: How Argentinian Teenager Signed for Barcelona on a Serviette |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/oct/15/lionel-messi-barcelona-decade |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="BoyGenius">{{cite news |first=Jeré |last=Longman |title=Lionel Messi: Boy Genius |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 May 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-boy-genius.html |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Baada ya mwaka akiwa katika shule ya michezo ya Barcelona, La Masia, Messi hatimaye alijiunga na Shirikisho la Soka la Soka la Kihispania (RFEF) mnamo Februari 2002. Sasa aliweza kucheza katika mashindano yote, alianza kujenga urafiki na wachezaji wenzake, kati yao walikuwa Cesc Fàbregas na Gerard Piqué.<ref>{{cite news |first=Pete |last=Jenson |title=Fàbregas, Messi, Piqué: Class of 2002 |newspaper=The Independent |date=27 March 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Alikamilisha tiba yake ya ukuaji wa homoni akiwa na umri wa umri wa miaka 14, Messi akawa sehemu muhimu ya "Timu ya Baby Dream", moja ya timu ya vijana ya Barcelona iliyopata mafanikio sana. Katika msimu wake wa kwanza kamili (2002-03), alikuwa mchezaji bora akiwa na idadi ya bao 36 katika michezo 30 ya Cadet A, ambaye alishinda vikombe vitatu kwa mpigo vikijumuisha kombe la ligi na vikombe vya Hispania na Kikatalani. Mchezo wa fainali wa Copa Catalunya, waliopata ushindi wa 4-1 dhidi ya Espanyol ulisababisha wajulikane kama partido de la máscara. <ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi Could Have Joined Arsenal as a Teenager, Says Arsène Wenger |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/nov/21/arsenal-arsene-wenger-lionel-messi-barcelona |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Wiki moja baada ya kupata jeraha la taya, Messi aliruhusiwa kuanza mchezo akiwa amevaa kifaa maalum cha kumkinga; kifaa hicho kilimbughudhi na aliamua kukitoa, alifunga magoli mawili kabla ya kupumzishwa dakika kumi baadaye, kuelekea mwishoni mwa msimu, alipata ofa ya kujiunga na Arsenal, ikiwa ofa ya kwanza kutoka klabu ya kigeni, lakini wakati Frabregas na Piqué waliondoka kuelekea England, yeye aliamua kubaki Barcelona. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa tuzo ya Ballon d'Or]] p01xjpy6kaij1qgegwksowjyryeijtl 1577120 1577095 2026-06-27T13:09:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1518242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lionel_Messi_20180626.jpg|thumb|Lionel Messi (2018).]] [[Picha:Iran vs. Argentina match, 2014 FIFA World Cup 37.jpg|thumb|Messi akiangalia goli lake dhidi ya Iran (2014).]] [[Picha:Lionel Messi - Reus.jpg|thumb|Messi akiwa mazoezini 2014]] '''Lionel Andrés Messi''' ([[matamshi]] ya [[Kihispania]]: [ljonel andɾes mesi]; alizaliwa [[24 Juni]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Argentina]] anayecheza katika [[klabu]] ya [[Inter Miami]] iliyopo nchini [[Marekani]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Argentina]]. Mara nyingi huchukuliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa nyakati zote, Messi kafanikiwa kuchukua tuzo za Ballon d’Or mara tano, kati ya hizo alichukua nne mfululizo, na rekodi ya kunyakua [[viatu]] vya [[dhahabu]] vya [[Ulaya]] mara sita. Maisha yake yote ya soka la kiushindani ameichezea klabu ya [[Barcelona]].<ref name="BarcaProfile">{{cite web |title=Profile: Lionel Andrés Messi |publisher=FC Barcelona |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi |access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Marsden |first=Sam |url=http://www.espn.in/football/barcelona/story/3255615/lionel-messi-donates-70k-to-charity-after-winning-libel-case-against-newspaper |title=Messi donates to charity after libel case win |publisher=ESPN |date=2 November 2017|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Ameshinda [[mataji]] 34 yakijumuisha kumi ya [[La Liga]], 4 ya [[UEFA]] [[Champions League]] na 6 ya [[Copas del Rey]], akiwa mfungaji machachari na kiungo mbunifu, Messi ana [[rekodi]] ya [[magoli]] mengi aliyofunga katika [[La Liga]] (419), [[misimu]] katika soka la Ulaya (50) na idadi kubwa ya bao tatu kwa mpigo katika [[UEFA]] (8) na idadi kubwa ya pasi za mwisho La Liga (169) na Copa America (12). Kwa ujumla kafunga magoli 698 katika maisha yake ya uchezaji ndani ya klabu na timu ya taifa.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rémy |last=Lacombe |title=Messi, le Cinquième Élément |magazine=France Football |date=11 January 2016 |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/messi-le-cinquieme-element/623615 |access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Messi makes it four FIFA Ballon d'Or wins in a row |url=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=1910623.html |work=UEFA |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Akiwa mzaliwa kutoka katikati ya Argentina, Messi alipata [[ugonjwa]] wa [[homoni]] ya kukua akiwa [[mtoto]]. Alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] 13, alihamia [[Hispania]] kujiunga na [[Barcelona]], ambao walikubali kulipa [[matibabu]] yake. Baada ya [[mafanikio]] ya [[haraka]] kwenye timu ya watoto ya Barcelona, Messi alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kiushindani akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[2004]]. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Brett |title=Highest-Paid Athletes 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2022/05/11/the-worlds-10-highest-paid-athletes-2022/?sh=41f14e681f6c |website=Forbes |access-date=27 May 2022 }}</ref> Licha ya kuwa katika hatari ya kujeruhiwa wakati wa michezo yake ya awali, alifanikiwa kujijenga kuwa [[mchezaji]] muhimu kwa [[klabu]] ndani ya [[miaka]] [[mitatu]] iliyofuata na kufanikiwa kutwaa taji la Ballon d’Or na mchezaji bora wa mwaka wa [[FIFA]] wa [[2007]], na alirudia mwaka uliofuata. Msimu wake wa kwanza bila vikwazo ni wa [[2008]]-[[2009]], ambapo aliisaidia [[Barcelona]] kunyakua mataji matatu kwa mpigo katika soka la Hispania. Akiwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] 22, Messi alishinda Ballon d'Or na [[tuzo]] ya [[Mchezaji]] bora wa Mwaka ya [[FIFA]]. [[Misimu]] mitatu ya mafanikio ilifuatia, Messi akishinda tuzo za [[FIFA]] Ballons d'Or mara tautu mfululizo, ikiwa ni pamoja na ya [[nne]] ambayo haikukabidhishwa. Katika [[msimu]] wa [[2011]]-[[2012]], aliweka rekodi kwenye [[La Liga]] kuwa mchezaji aliyefunga magoli mengi zaidi ndani ya [[msimu]] mmoja, Mnamo Machi 2012 alijitangaza kama [[mfungaji]] bora wa wakati wote wa [[Barcelona]]. Kwa misimu miwili iliyofuata, alishika nafasi ya pili kwenye kuwania tuzo za Ballon d’Or nyuma ya mshindani wake mkubwa [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. Messi alirudi kwenye kiwango cha juu msimu wa [[2014]]-[[2015]], na kuvunja [[rekodi]] ya [[magoli]] mengi kwa msimu mmoja ndani ya [[La Liga]] na ligi ya mabingwa ulaya [[UEFA]] mwezi Novemba [[2014]]. Kama mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Argentina, Messi anashikilia rekodi ya kuwa mfungaji bora wa muda wowote wa Argentina. Mwaka 2005, alinyanyua kombe la FIFA mashindano ya vijana, akipata tuzo ya mchezaji bora na mfungaji bora pia, alipata medali ya dhahabu katika mashindano ya olimpiki yam waka 2008. Aina ya uchezaji, kukokota mipira na matumizi ya mguu wa kushoto kulipelekea wengi kumfananisha na mtangulizi wake [[Diego Maradona]], ambaye alimtangaza Messi kuwa mrithi wake. Mchezo wake wa kwanza katika timu ya taifa mnamo [[Agosti]] [[2005]], ulimfanya Messi kuwa mchezaji mdogo zaidi wa [[Argentina]] kuwahi kucheza katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] ya [[FIFA]] katika [[toleo]] la [[2006]], na alifika fainali za [[Copa América]] mwaka [[2007]], ambapo alitwaa tuzo ya [[mchezaji]] mdogo wa [[mashindano]] hayo. Kama [[nahodha]] wa timu ya taifa kutoka [[Agosti]] [[2011]], aliiongoza [[Argentina]] kwenye mashindano matatu mfululizo; [[Kombe la Dunia]] la mwaka [[2014]], ambalo alishinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora na [[Copa América]] ya mwaka [[2015]] na 2016. Alitangaza kustaafu kuichezea timu ya taifa mwaka 2016 lakini alibadili maamuzi hayo na kusaidia taifa lake kwenye mashindano ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2018|kombe la dunia la FIFA 2018]] na kushika nafasi ya tatu katika copa Anmerica ya 2019. Kulingana na shirika la mpira la Ufaransa, Messi alitajwa kama mchezaji soka anayelipwa ghali Zaidi mwa miaka mitano kati ya sita kuanzia mwaka [[2009]] hadi 2014, na alitajwa kama mwanamichezo anayelipwa ghali Zaidi na jarida la forbes kwa mwaka [[2019]]. Alikua miongoni mwa watu 100 wenye ushawishi zaidi kwa miaka ya 2011 na 2012. Messi anafadhiliwa na kampuni ya Adidas inayotengeneza vifaa vya michezo kuanzaia mwaka 2006. ==Maisha ya awali== Lionel Andrés Messi alizaliwa tarehe 24 Juni 1987 huko Rosario, ni wa tatu kati ya watoto wanne wa Jorge Messi, meneja wa kiwanda cha chuma, na mke wake Celia Cuccittini, ambaye alifanya kazi katika viwanda vya sumaku. Kwa upande wa baba yake, yeye ni wa asili ya [[Italia]] na Hispania, mjukuu wa wahamiaji kutoka [[Marche]] na [[Catalonia]], na kwa upande wa mama yake, ana asili ya Italia tu. Kukulia katika familia yenye mapenzi makubwa sana na soka, "Leo" alijenga mapenzi ya mchezo huo ntangu umri mdogo, alicheza mara kwa mara na kaka zake wakubwa, Rodrigo na Matías, na binamu zake, Maximiliano na Emanuel Biancucchi, ambao kwa sasa wanacheza mpira wa kulipwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Messi {{!}} Ficha del jugador 20/21 {{!}} Delantero |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/es/futbol/primer-equipo/jugadores/4974/lionel-messi|access-date=1 June 2021|work=FC Barcelona|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Maume |title=Lionel Messi: The World at His Feet |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 July 2014 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minne alijiunga na klabu ya Grandoli, ambapo baba yake mzazi ndie aliyekua mkufunzi wake, ingawa mvuto wake wa kwanza kama mchezaji ulikuja kutoka kwa bibi yake, Celia, ambaye aliongozana naye kwenye mazoezi na mechi. Aliathirika sana na kifo chake kilichotokea muda mfupi kabla ya sherehe ya kuzaliwa kwake akiwa anatimiza umri wa miaka kumi na moja; tangu wakati huo, kama mkatoliki mwenye kujitolea, amekua akishangilia magoli anyofunga kwa kutazama na kuelezea vidole angani kama ishara ya kumuenzi bibi yake.<ref name="Here">{{cite web |first=Wright |last=Thompson |title=Here and Gone: The Strange Relationship between Lionel Messi and His Hometown in Argentina |work=ESPN |date=22 October 2012 |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/eticket/story?page=Lionel-Messi |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> "Wakati ulipomwona ungefikiri: mtoto huyu hawezi kucheza mpira, yeye ni mdogo, yeye ni tete sana, mdogo sana. Lakini mara moja utajua kwamba alizaliwa tofauti, kwamba alikuwa ni jambo la ajabu na kwamba alikuwa akienda kuwa kitu cha kushangaza." -Newell's Old Boys kocha wa kijana Adrián Coria anahisi hisia yake ya kwanza ya Messi mwenye umri wa miaka 12.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jérôme |last1=Cazadieu |first2=Alexandre |last2=Juillard |first3=Frédéric |last3=Traïni |title=Leo Messi: La Légende d'El Enano |trans-title=Leo Messi: The Legend of El Enano |newspaper=L'Équipe via Irish Independent |date=15 November 2008 |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/rosario-the-old-coach-and-the-kid-26496103.html |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Kama msaidizi mkuu wa Newell's Old Boys, Messi alijiunga na klabu ya Rosario akiwa na umri wa miaka sita. Katika kipindi cha miaka sita aliyoichezea Newell's, aliifungia magoli takribani 500 akiwa kama mwanachama wa "Machine ya '87", vijana wa timu hii ambayo ilicheza michezo mingi bila kupoteza walijipa jina kulingana na mwaka wao wa kuzaliwa, mara kwa mara walikua wakifanya maonyesho kwa kuchezea mipira (freestyle) katika michezo mikubwa wakati wa mapunziko. <ref name="Mission">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Hawkey |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lionel-messi-on-a-mission-6d7lwj26fmw |title=Lionel Messi on a Mission |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Maisha yake ya baadaye kama mchezaji wa kimataifa yalitishiwa wakati, akiwa na umri wa miaka 10, alipata ugonjwa wa homoni ya kukua. Bima ya afya ya baba yake ililipia matibabu kwa miaka miwili tu matibabu hayo yaligharimu kiasi cha dola za kimarekani $ 1,000 kwa mwezi, Newell ilikubali kuchangia, lakini baadaye ikatengua tena ahadi zao. Klabu ya Buenos Aires River Plate ilimchukua kutokana na pendekezo la, Pablo Aimar, lakini pia hawakuweza kulipa matibabu yake kutokana na anguko la kiuchumi nchini humo. <ref name="Aimar">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Wilson |title=Pablo Aimar: The Argentinian Wizard Admired by Maradona and Messi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 July 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jul/16/pablo-aimar-next-diego-maradona-argentina-retired-age-35-valencia |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Kwa sababu [[familia]] ya Messi ilikuwa na jamaa huko Catalonia, walijaribu kupanga Messi apate jaribio na klabu ya Barcelona mnamo Septemba 2000. Mkurugenzi wa timu ya kwanza Charly Rexach alitaka kumsajili mara moja, lakini bodi ya wakurugenzi ilikataa; wakati huo ilikuwa si kawaida kwa klabu za Ulaya kusaini wachezaji wa kigeni wa umri mdogo. Mnamo tarehe 14 Desemba, hatimaye Barcelona ilitoa msimamo wake na kukubali usajili wa Messi, na Rexach, bila karatasi nyingine iliyopo, alitoa mkataba juu ya leso. Mnamo Februari 2001, familia yake Messi ilihamia Barcelona, ambapo walipata makazi katika ghorofa moja karibu na uwanja wa klabu, Camp Nou. <ref>{{cite news |title=Messi: Brazil striker Ronaldo my hero |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-brazil-striker-ronaldo-my-hero |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Katika mwaka wake wa kwanza nchini Hispania, Messi mara chache alicheza na Infantiles kutokana na mgogoro wa uhamisho na klabu yake ya awali ya Newell's; akiwa mgeni, alicheza katika mechi za kirafiki tu na mashindano ya katalani. Bila mpira, alijitahidi alipata tabu kujumuika na wachezaji wenzake, alikuwa na utulivu kiasi kwamba wenzake waliamini kuwa alikuwa bubu. Alipata sonona baada ya mama yake kurudi Rosario pamoja na ndugu zake na dada mdogo, María Sol, nay eye kubaki na baba yake Barcelona. <ref name="Serviette">{{cite news |first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=Lionel Messi: How Argentinian Teenager Signed for Barcelona on a Serviette |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/oct/15/lionel-messi-barcelona-decade |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="BoyGenius">{{cite news |first=Jeré |last=Longman |title=Lionel Messi: Boy Genius |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 May 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-boy-genius.html |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Baada ya mwaka akiwa katika shule ya michezo ya Barcelona, La Masia, Messi hatimaye alijiunga na Shirikisho la Soka la Soka la Kihispania (RFEF) mnamo Februari 2002. Sasa aliweza kucheza katika mashindano yote, alianza kujenga urafiki na wachezaji wenzake, kati yao walikuwa Cesc Fàbregas na Gerard Piqué.<ref>{{cite news |first=Pete |last=Jenson |title=Fàbregas, Messi, Piqué: Class of 2002 |newspaper=The Independent |date=27 March 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Alikamilisha tiba yake ya ukuaji wa homoni akiwa na umri wa umri wa miaka 14, Messi akawa sehemu muhimu ya "Timu ya Baby Dream", moja ya timu ya vijana ya Barcelona iliyopata mafanikio sana. Katika msimu wake wa kwanza kamili (2002-03), alikuwa mchezaji bora akiwa na idadi ya bao 36 katika michezo 30 ya Cadet A, ambaye alishinda vikombe vitatu kwa mpigo vikijumuisha kombe la ligi na vikombe vya Hispania na Kikatalani. Mchezo wa fainali wa Copa Catalunya, waliopata ushindi wa 4-1 dhidi ya Espanyol ulisababisha wajulikane kama partido de la máscara. <ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi Could Have Joined Arsenal as a Teenager, Says Arsène Wenger |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/nov/21/arsenal-arsene-wenger-lionel-messi-barcelona |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Wiki moja baada ya kupata jeraha la taya, Messi aliruhusiwa kuanza mchezo akiwa amevaa kifaa maalum cha kumkinga; kifaa hicho kilimbughudhi na aliamua kukitoa, alifunga magoli mawili kabla ya kupumzishwa dakika kumi baadaye, kuelekea mwishoni mwa msimu, alipata ofa ya kujiunga na Arsenal, ikiwa ofa ya kwanza kutoka klabu ya kigeni, lakini wakati Frabregas na Piqué waliondoka kuelekea England, yeye aliamua kubaki Barcelona. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa tuzo ya Ballon d'Or]] 09igocnw2xyf7ffg9rlay3m1v3ty08m 0 32403 1577032 1577000 2026-06-27T12:08:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:African_enviroment.jpg|thumbnail|right|200pax|Mazingira ya kiafrika]] '''Mazingira''' ni jumla ya mambo yote yanayomzuguka kiumbe katika [[maisha]] yake kulingana na uhalisia. Kwa hiyo kila unachokiona kipo katika jamii yako cha asilia au kutengezwa ni sehemu ya mazingira yako. Hivyo tunza mazingira yakutunze. Mazingira huweza kuundwa na [[Kitu|vitu]] mbalimbali; yanaweza kuwa ya asili (kama [[misitu]], [[milima]], [[Ziwa|maziwa]], [[bonde|mabonde]], [[mito]], [[bahari]] n.k.) au ya kutengenezwa na [[binadamu]] (kama [[jengo|majengo]], [[kiwanda|viwanda]] n.k.). Hivyo tunapaswa tuwe makini katika Kulinda mazingira yetu kwa sababu vitu vingine huyaharibu mazingira yetu, kama vile [[uchafuzi wa hewa]], [[uchafuzi wa bahari]], [[uchafuzi wa ardhi]], uchimbaji holela, n.k. Tunapaswa kutunza mazingira yetu kwa sababu [[kilimo]], uvuvi, biashara, [[ufugaji]], mvua, n.k. huathiriwa na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Mazingira hutunzwa kwa njia mbalimbali kama vile kupanda [[miti]] kwa wingi, kutunza [[Chanzo (mto)|vyanzo vyetu vya maji]], na kutumia [[maji]] vizuri, hasa katika shughuli za kilimo, ili kuliepuka tatizo la ukame. == Kanuni kuhusu ulinzi wa mazingira == Nchi mbalimbali zina kanuni za ulinzi wa mazingira. Kwa mfano katika nchi ya [[Marekani]], kuna [[kanuni]] kuhusu ulinzi wa wanyama wanaokaribia kutoweka. Kanuni hii iko katika sheria ya ''Endangered Species Act (ESA)'' iliyopitishwa na [[rais]] [[Richard Nixon]] mwaka 1973 nchini Marekani. Pia kuna mkataba wa kimataifa uitwao ''Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)''. Barani [[Afrika]], ulinzi wa mazingira waendeshwa pia japo kuna [[Jangili|majangili]] wanapenda sana kukiuka [[sheria]] ili wajitajirishe kwa kuwinda wanyama kiharamu. ==Kurasa kuhusu neno mazingira== Mazingira yanaweza kuhusu: * [[Hifadhi ya mazingira]] * [[Uharibifu wa mazingira]], vitu vinavyoweza kuchafua mazingira kama vile [[viwanda]], [[wanyama]] n.k. * Kujenga mazingira, [[ujenzi]] wa eneo ili kuwezesha shughuli za [[binadamu]] * Biofizikia ya mazingira, pamoja na mwingiliano wa [[kemikali]] zinayoathiri [[viumbe hai]] * Mifumo ya mazingira, maeneo ya mfumo wa kimwili ambayo yanaweza kuingiliana na mfumo wa mazingira na kubadilishana [[molekuli]], [[nishati]] n.k. * Sanaa ya mazingira * Mazingira pandikizi * Sera ya mazingira * Saikolojia ya mazingira * Ubora wa mazingira * Sayansi ya mazingira, [[utafiti]] wa mwingiliano kati ya hali ya kimwili, kemikali na majumuisho ya vitu vinavyohusu mazingira ya [[biolojia]] * Mfululizo wa mazingira, LPs, kaseti na CD zinazotoa milio ya asili * Maarifa ya mazingira * [[Mazingira ya asili]], [[viumbe hai]] na visivyo hai ambavyo vimetokea kiasili [[duniani]] * Mazingira ya kijamii, [[tamaduni]] ambazo mtu hufuata * [[Ekolojia]], [[ubora]] wa kibiolojia mara kwa mara huchanganywa katika mtazamo wa mazingira kwa ujumla * Harakati za mazingira * Uboreshaji wa mazingira * Orodha ya masuala ya mazingira * [[Mazingira ya Yesu]] Katika [[sayansi]] ya [[kompyuta]]: * Mazingira ya mezani, (kiing. graphical user interface) kwa kompyuta * Mazingira yanayobadilikabadilika, sera ya kutambulisha mchakato wa kimazingira * Mwingiliano wa maendeleo ya mazingira, aina ya [[programu]] za kompyuta ya kusaidia katika kuendeleza [[wataalamu]] wa kompyuta ili kutengeneza programu * Mazingira ya wakati, hali ya [[mashine]] isiyo halisi ambayo inatoa [[huduma]] ya kuprogramu michakato au mipango ya kuprogramu wakati kompyuta ikiendelea kufanya kazi == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.getaway.co.za/environment/conservation-environment/10-endangered-animals-south-africa-can-help/ Wanyama 10 waliohatarini] * [https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/africa/index.htm Mazingira Afrika] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/africa/index.htm |date=20170922181658 }} {{wiktionary}} [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] f8vc5l5jg55vcphmheox3ai0foc86c0 0 32925 1577038 1577006 2026-06-27T12:09:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Martha809|Martha809]] ([[User talk:Martha809|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 1574177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Two left hands forming a heart shape.jpg|thumb|right|Mikono miwili ikiunganika kutengenezea umbo la moyo.]] '''Mapenzi''' ni [[neno]] la [[Kiswahili]] linalojumlisha [[idadi]] kadhaa ya [[hisia]], kuanzia [[mahaba]], [[pendo]] hadi [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu|Kimungu]]. Ni kwamba [[kitenzi]] "kupenda" kinaweza kurejelea aina za hisia, hali na mitazamo tofautitofauti, kuanzia [[ridhaa]] ya jumla ya [[kitu]] ("Napenda [[chakula]] hiki"), hadi [[mvuto]] mkali kati ya [[binadamu]] ("Nampenda [[mume]] wangu"). [[Uanuwai]] wa [[matumizi]] na [[maana]], pamoja na [[utata]] wa hisia zinazohusika, hufanya kuwe na [[ugumu]] katika [[ufafanuzi]], hata kulingana na hali nyingine za kihisia. Ki[[dhahania]], ''mapenzi'' kwa kawaida yanarejelea [[hisia za ndani]], zisizoelezeka, za kudumu kwa mwingine, yakishirikisha hisia tofauti, kutoka [[hamu]] na [[urafiki]] wa kimahaba hadi ukaribu wa kihisia wa [[kifamilia]] na [[kitaamuli]], usioelekea kabisa [[ngono]]<ref name="PlatonicSchool">{{cite book |last=Kristeller |first=Paul Oskar |title=Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays |url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancethoug0000kris_x1t4 |publisher=Princeton University |year=1980 |isbn=0-691-02010-8}}</ref> na hata [[umoja]] wa kina au [[ibada]] ya [[upendo]] wa ki[[dini]]. <ref name="Gita"> {{cite book |last= Mascaró |first=Juan |title=The Bhagavad Gita |url= https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgita0000unse_r9w2 |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2003 |isbn=0-140-44918-3}} (J. Mascaró, translator)</ref> Mapenzi katika aina zake mbalimbali husimamia [[mafungamano]] na, kutokana na umuhimu wake mkuu katika [[saikolojia]], ni mojawapo ya [[maudhui]] yanayopatikana sana katika [[sanaa]]. ==Ufafanuzi== [[File:Columpio Veracruz 059.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mapenzi ya kindugu ([[250]]-[[900]] [[BK]]). Jumba la ukumbusho la Anthropolojia katika [[Xalapa]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]].]] Wakati yanapojadiliwa kidhahania, ''mapenzi'' kwa kawaida yanarejelea pendo kati ya watu, hisia alizonazo mtu kuhusu mtu mwingine. Ingawa [[desturi]] au [[chanzo]] cha mapenzi ni [[suala]] ambalo hujadiliwa mara kwa mara, sura tofauti ya neno hili zinaweza kuwekwa wazi kwa kuamua nini si mapenzi: *kama njia ya kawaida ya kuonyesha [[hisia chanya]] (aina kubwa ya kupenda), mapenzi kwa kawaida hugonganishwa na [[chuki]] (au [[kutojali]]); *kama pendo ambalo linaegemea zaidi kwenye uhusiano wa kirafiki kuliko wa kingono, mapenzi kwa kawaida hugonganishwa na [[tamaa]]; na *kama uhusiano kati ya watu, unaohusisha mahaba, mapenzi hugonganishwa na [[urafiki]], ingawa neno ''mapenzi'' linaweza kutumika pia kwa urafiki wa karibu katika miktadha fulanifulani. Neno la [[Kiingereza]] "love" linaweza kuwa na maana zinazohusiana lakini tofauti kadiri ya miktadha. Kumbe, [[lugha]] nyingine huweza kutumia maneno mbalimbali kueleza [[dhana]] tofauti ambazo Kiingereza hutumia neno "love" tu kurejelea; mfano mmoja ni wingi wa maneno ya [[Kigiriki]] yanayorejelea "mapendo". Tofauti za [[utamaduni]] katika kufafanua mapenzi, hufanya liwe jambo gumu kutoa [[ufafanuzi]] wowote. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Kay |first=Paul |title=What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1984-03_86_1/page/65 |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |volume=86 |issue=1 |month=Machi |year=1984 |pages=65&ndash;79 |doi=10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050}}</ref> Aidha, mawazo kuhusu mapenzi yamebadilika sana kadiri ya wakati. Baadhi ya [[wanahistoria]] wanahusisha dhana za kisasa za mapenzi ya kimahaba na [[Ulaya]] wakati au baada ya [[Karne za Kati]], ingawa kuwepo kwa mahusiano ya kimahaba kabla ya wakati huo kunaonyeshwa na [[ushairi]] wa kimapenzi wa kale. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html |title=Ancient Love Poetry |accessdate=2021-07-17 |archivedate=2007-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072056/http://www.trueopenlove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html }}</ref> Kuna [[mithali]] kadhaa kuhusu mapenzi, mojawapo ikiwa ile ya [[Vergilio]] ya kuwa "Pendo hushinda yote" na ile ya kundi la [[Beatles]] "[[All you need is love]]" (Unachohitaji ni mapenzi tu). [[Mwanafalsafa]] [[Gottfried Leibniz]] alisema mapenzi ni "kuwa na [[furaha]] tele kutokana na furaha ya mwingine." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi |first=Gottfried |last=Leibniz |title=Confessio philosophi |publisher=Wikisource edition |accessdate=Mar 25, 2009}}</ref> ==Mapenzi yasiyohusu mtu maalum== Mtu anaweza kusema anapenda [[nchi]], [[kanuni]] au [[shabaha]] maalumu ikiwa anaithamini sana na kuizingatia kwa makini. Vilevile, katika [[huduma za huruma]] na [[kazi za kujitolea]] "upendo" wa kazi unaweza kutokana na mapenzi yasiyohusishwa na kitu pamoja na [[utu]] na [[imani]] za ki[[siasa]] badala ya mapenzi kati ya watu. Watu pia wanaweza "kupenda" vitu, [[wanyama]], au [[shughuli]] ikiwa watajitolea kujihusisha na vitu vile. Kukiwa na [[tamaa ya kingono]] pia, hali hiyo inaitwa [[parafilia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | last = DiscoveryHealth | first = | title = Paraphilia | url = http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html | accessdate = 2007-12-16 | archivedate = 2007-12-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212105714/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html }}</ref> ==Mapenzi kati ya watu== [[File:Frank Bernard Dicksee - Romeo and Juliet, 1884.jpg|thumb|Wapenzi [[Romeo na Julieta]] walivyochorwa na [[Frank Dicksee]].]] Mapenzi kati ya watu wawili ni hisia za nguvu kuliko ''kumpenda'' mwingine kwa jumla. Mapenzi yasiyotuzwa ni hisia za mapenzi ambazo haziwezi kulipwa au kurudishwa. Mapenzi kama hayo yanaweza kuwepo kati ya [[wanafamilia]], marafiki, na [[wanandoa]]. Pia kuna matatizo kadhaa ya kisaikolojia yanayohusiana na mapenzi. Tangu kale [[historia]], [[falsafa]] na [[dini]] ndizo [[taaluma]] ambazo zimewaza sana suala la mapenzi. Katika [[karne ya 20]], [[sayansi]] ya [[saikolojia]] imeandika mambo mengi juu ya suala hili. Katika miaka ya karibuni, [[saikolojia ya mabadiliko]], [[biolojia ya mabadiliko]], [[anthropolojia]], [[sayansi ya nyuro]] na [[biolojia]] zimezidisha [[ufahamu]] juu ya mapenzi. ===Msingi wa kikemia=== Biolojia ya [[jinsia]] huona mapenzi kama [[hisia]] za [[mamalia]], sawa na [[njaa]] au [[kiu]].<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Thomas | coauthors = Amini, F., & Lannon, R. | title = A General Theory of Love | url = https://archive.org/details/generaltheoryof00lewi | publisher = Random House | year = 2000 |isbn=0-375-70922-3}}</ref> [[Helen Fisher]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[mada]] ya mapenzi, amegawa mapenzi katika sehemu tatu zinazolingana: tamaa, mvuto na pendo. Tamaa huwafunua watu kwa wengine; mvuto wa kimahaba huwahamasisha kuzingatia [[nguvu]] yao kwa kuhusiana kingono; na pendo linahusisha kustahimili mwenzako (au [[mtoto]]) kwa muda wa kutosha kumlea. [[Tamaa]] ni hamu ya mwanzo ya ngono ambayo inaendana na kutolewa kwa wingi kwa [[kemikali]] kama vile [[testosterone]] na [[estrogen]]. Athari hizo huwa hazikai zaidi ya wiki chache au miezi michache. [[Pendo]] ni hamu ya binafsi na ya kimahaba zaidi inayoelekezwa kwa mtu maalum wa kuhusiana kingono, ambayo hutokana na tamaa wakati wajibu kwa mtu huyo unakua. [[Utafiti]] uliofanywa hivi karibuni na [[Sayansi ya nyuro]] umeonyesha kuwa kadiri watu wanavyoendelea kupendana, [[ubongo]] huwa unatoa aina fulani za kemikali, ikiwa ni pamoja na 'pheromones', 'dopamine', 'norepinephrine', na 'serotonin', ambazo hufanya kazi sawa na 'amphetamines', kuchochea [[kiini cha furaha]] kwenye ubongo na kusababisha ongezeko la [[mapigo ya moyo]], kupoteza [[hamu ya kula]] na kulala, na hisia kali za [[msisimko]]. Utafiti umeonyesha kwamba hatua hiyo kwa jumla hudumu kuanzia mwaka mmoja na nusu hadi miaka mitatu. <ref name="human">{{cite book |last=Winston |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Human |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref> Kwa kuwa hatua za tamaa na mvuto huendelea kwa muda tu, hatua ya tatu inahitajika kuelezea mahusiano ya muda mrefu. [[Upendo]] ni [[maingiliano]] ambayo hukuza mahusiano ya kudumu kwa miaka na hata miongo mingi. Upendo kwa jumla umejengwa kwenye [[wajibu]] kama vile [[ndoa]] na [[watoto]], au kuheshimiana kirafiki kulikojengwa kwenye mambo kama vitu mnavyovipenda. Upendo umehusishwa na kuwepo kwa viwango vya juu vya kemikali ('oxytocin' na 'vasopressin') ikilinganishwa na mahusiano ya muda mfupi. <ref name="human"></ref> [[Enzo Emanuele]] na wenzake walieleza kuwa [[molekuli]] ya [[protini]] inayojulikana kama chanzo cha ukuaji wa neva (nerve growth factor = NGF) ina viwango vya juu wakati watu wanapoanza kupendana, lakini viwango hivyo hurudi kwenye vipimo vya awali baada ya mwaka mmoja. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Emanuele, E. |coauthor=Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.; Minoretti, P.; Bertona, M.; & Geroldi, D |year=2005 |title=Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love |url=http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=Sept. 05}}</ref> ===Msingi wa kisaikolojia=== [[File:Sri Lankan woman and child.jpg|thumb|250px|Bibi na mjukuu, [[Sri Lanka]].]] Saikolojia inaonyesha mapenzi kama jambo tambuzi na la kijamii. [[Mwanasaikolojia]] [[Robert Sternberg]] alibuni [[nadharia ya miraba mitatu ya mapenzi]] akasema mapenzi yana vipengele vitatu tofauti: urafiki, kujitoa, na [[uchu]]. Urafiki ni aina ambayo watu wawili huambiana [[siri]] na mambo kadhaa kuhusu [[maisha]] yao binafsi. Kuwajibika, kwa upande mwingine, ni matumaini kuwa uhusiano huo utadumu. Aina ya mwisho na inayopatikana sana ni mvuto wa kingono au uchu. Mapenzi ya uchu ni kama yanavyoonyeshwa katika kupumbazwa kimapenzi pamoja na mapenzi ya kimahaba. Aina zote za mapenzi hutazamwa kama mchanganyiko tofauti wa vipengele hivyo vitatu. Mwanasaikolojia kutoka [[Marekani]], [[Zick Rubin]] alijaribu kutumia [[saikometriki]]. Kazi yake inasema kuwa mapenzi yamejengwa na vipengele vitatu: upendo, kujali na urafiki. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Zick |title=Measurement of Romantic Love |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1970-10_16_2/page/265 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=16 |pages=265&ndash;27 |year=1970 |doi=10.1037/h0029841}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Zick |title=Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/likinglovinginvi00rubi |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Rinehart & Winston |year=1973}}</ref> Kufuatia maendeleo katika [[nadharia za umeme]], kama vile [[sheria ya Coulomb]] ambayo ilionyesha kuwa [[nguvu chanya]] na [[nguvu hasi]] huvutiana, milinganisho katika maisha ya binadamu ilifanywa, kama vile "vitu vilivyo kinyume kuvutiana." Katika karne ya 20, utafiti juu ya mahusiano ya kingono miongoni mwa binadamu umepata kwa jumla kuwa jambo hili si kweli kuhusu tabia za watu kwa sababu hao kwa kawaida kuwapenda wale walio na sifa zinazofanana na zao. Hata hivyo, katika nyanja chache zisizo za kawaida na maalumu, kama vile [[mifumo ya kinga]], inaonekana kwamba binadamu hupendelea binadamu ambao ni tofauti nao (mfano, walio na mfumo wa orthojoni), kwa kuwa jambo hili litasababisha kupata mtoto ambaye ana sifa bora za pande zote mbili. <ref>{{cite book | last = Berscheid | first = Ellen | coauthors = Walster, Elaine, H.| title = Interpersonal Attraction | url = https://archive.org/details/interpersonalatt0000elle | publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Co | year = 1969 | id = CCCN 69-17443 }}</ref> Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[nadharia]] mbalimbali za [[maingiliano ya binadamu]] zimebuniwa na kuelezewa kwa kuzingatia upendo, mahusiano, maingiliano, na mivuto. Baadhi ya wataalamu wa Magharibi hugawanywa katika vipengele viwili vikuu, chenye utu na chenye kujipenda. Mtazamo huo umewakilishwa na [[Scott Peck]], ambaye anasema kuwa mapenzi ni mchanganyiko wa "wasiwasi kuhusu ukuaji kiroho wa mwingine," na kujipenda sahili. <ref name="peck">{{cite book | title=The Road Less Traveled | url=https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_571 | isbn=0-671-25067-1 | last=Peck | first=Scott | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=1978 | page=[https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_571/page/n166 169]}}</ref> Kwa pamoja, mapenzi ni shughuli, si hisia tu. ===Ulinganifu wa mifumo ya kisayansi=== Mifumo ya kibiolojia ya mapenzi huyatazama kama msukumo wa kimamalia, sawa na [[njaa]] au [[kiu]]<ref name="Lewis"></ref>, kumbe saikolojia huyatazama kama jambo linalotegemea zaidi jamii na utamaduni. Pengine kuna [[chembe]] za [[ukweli]] katika mitazamo yote miwili. Hakika mapenzi huathiriwa na [[homoni]], na jinsi watu hufikiri na kutenda katika mapenzi huathiriwa na mawazo yao kuhusu hayo. Mtazamo wa kawaida katika [[biolojia]] ni kwamba kuna misukumo miwili mikuu katika mapenzi: [[mvuto wa kingono]] na [[pendo]]. Pendo kati ya watu wazima huchukuliwa kufanya kazi kwa kuzingatia kanuni sawa na zile zinazomfanya [[mtoto mchanga]] kumpenda mama yake. Mtazamo wa [[jadi]] wa kisaikolojia huangalia mapenzi kama muungano wa [[mapenzi ya kimwenzi]] na [[mapenzi ya kiuchu]]. Mapenzi ya kiuchu ni hamu kubwa, na mara nyingi huandamana na [[mhemko wa kimwili]] (kupumua kwa nguvu, mpigo wa moyo wa kasi); [[mapenzi ya kimwenzi]] ni mapenzi na hisia za kirafiki zisizoandamana na mhemko wa kimwili. Uchunguzi umeonyesha kuwa ubongo wa waliopumbazwa na mapenzi unafanana na ule wa wenye [[ugonjwa wa akili]]. Mapenzi huanzisha shughuli katika eneo la ubongo sawa na njaa, kiu, na [[hamu ya madawa]]. Mapenzi mapya, kwa hiyo, yanaweza kuegemea upande wa mwili kuliko wa hisia. Kadiri wakati unavyopita, athari hizo zinazotokana na mapenzi hukomaa, na maeneo mbalimbali ya ubongo yanaamshwa, hasa yale yanayohusiana na ahadi za muda mrefu. ==Mitazamo ya kitamaduni== ===Uajemi=== : :: ::: ::::''Hata baada ya muda huu wote'' :::::''Jua haliambii ardhi, "ninakudai."'' ::::::''Angalia kinachotokea na Upendo kama huo!'' '''' : :: ::: :::: - ''Linaangaza mbingu nzima.'' (Hafiz) [[Maulana Rumi]], [[Hafez]] na [[Sa'di]] ni ishara za uchu na mapenzi ambazo huwasilishwa na lugha na [[utamaduni wa Kiajemi]]. Neno la Kiajemi linalorejelea mapenzi ni ''eshgh,'' lililotokana na la Kiarabu ''Ishq.'' Katika utamaduni wa Kiajemi, kila kitu kinazungukwa na mapenzi na yote huwa ni kwa ajili ya mapenzi, kuanzia kupenda marafiki na familia, mabibi na mabwana, na hatimaye kufikia upendo wa Kimungu ambao ndio lengo halisi la maisha. Zaidi ya karne saba zilizopita, Sa'di aliandika: : :: ::: ::::''Watoto wa Adamu ni viungo vya mwili mmoja'' :::::''Baada ya kuumbwa kwa kiini kimoja.'' ::::::''Wakati msiba wa wakati unaathiri kiungo kimoja'' :::::::''Viungo hivyo vingine haviwezi kuwa na amani.'' ::::::::''Ikiwa hauna huruma kwa matatizo ya wengine'' :::::::::''Wewe hustahili kuitwa kwa jina la "mtu."'' ===China na tamaduni za jirani=== [[File:Love zh.svg|thumb|The traditional Chinese character for love (愛) consists of a heart (middle) inside of "accept," "feel," or "perceive," which shows a graceful emotion.]] [[Ukonfusio]] kwa desturi ulisisitiza wajibu, mwelekeo na tendo katika uhusiano (km wema kutoka kwa wazazi, [[utiifu wa mzazi]] kutoka kwa watoto, uaminifu kwa mfalme, na kadhalika) kuliko mapenzi yenyewe. Katika kuzingatia hayo, dhana ya "mapenzi" umekuja tu hivi majuzi kutoka [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|Magharibi]]. Hata hivyo, ''[[Ren]]'' (仁) inaweza kuonekana kama wema wa mapenzi, ambayo ni sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kimaadili, na lazima ifuatwe na wote. [[Mozi]] alibuni dhana ya ''Ai'' (爱) iliyotokana na ile ya Kikonfusio ''Ren,'' ambayo inakaribiana zaidi na ile ya kimagharibi ya mapenzi bia. Badala ya kuonyesha mitazamo tofauti kwa watu tofauti, dhana ya [[Mohism]] inasisitiza kumpenda kila mtu, si marafiki au familia pekee, bila kuzingatia kama wao pia watafanya hivyo. Katika lugha ya [[Kichina]] na [[tamaduni za kisasa]], istilahi kadhaa hutumiwa kurejelea dhana ya mapenzi: *''Ai'' (爱) ni kitenzi (km ''Wo Ai Ni'' 我爱你, au "Ninakupenda") na istilahi (kama ''Ai Qing'' 爱情, au "Mapenzi ya Kimahaba"). Neno hili ndilo ambalo linatumiwa sana kurejelea mapenzi, na linaweza kuwa na maana mbalimbali katika mazingira tofauti, kama ilivyo katika Kiingereza. Tangu mwaka 1949, eneo la Bara China limekuwa likitumia neno ''[[wikt:airen|Ai Ren]]'' (爱人, asilia lililomaanisha "mpenzi") kama neno kuu la "mke/mume" (wakati maneno tofauti ya "bibi" na "bwana" yalidumishwa, yalikosa kusisitizwa ili kukuza usawa wa kijinsia); neno ''Ai Renouce '' lina maana dhahania hasi nchini China, jambo ambalo bado linajitokeza miongoni mwa wengi nchini [[Taiwan.]] *Istilahi ''Lian'' (恋) inaelezea hali kupenda na kutegemea ya mtu binafsi inayotokana na mapenzi, na kwa hivyo huwa halitumiki sana likiwa peke yake. Mara nyingi huwa linatumiwa hasa kuelezea mapenzi ya kimahaba au kingono, kama vile "kuwa katika mapenzi" (恋爱, ''Lian Ai),'' "mpenzi" (恋人, ''Lian Ren)'' au [["ushoga"]] (同性恋, ''Tong Xing Lian).'' *Istilahi ''Qing'' (情), au "hisia", mara nyingi inaonyesha "mapenzi" katika muktadha sahihi. Linapotumiwa pamoja na ''Ai'' (爱) neno hili hasa huwa linatumiwa kuelezea mapenzi ya kimahaba, kama katika ''Ai Qing'' 爱情. ''Qing Ren'' (情人) ni istilali ingine inayorejelea "mpenzi", ikimaanisha kuwa kumekuwa na uhusiano wa kingono . *Istilahi ''Gănqíng'' (感情) inajumuisha hisia zilizoko na upendo ambao umekua kutokana na kuwa na uhusiano wa karibu. Ujenzi wa ''gănqíng'' hii, au maingiliano, kwa hivyo ni muhimu katika kuanzisha na kudumisha mapenzi. *''[[Yuanfen]]'' (缘份) ni muungano wa kudura. Mwanzo wa uhusiano wa maana (uwe wa kimahaba au kirafiki) huwa unafikiriwa kuwa mara nyingi unategemea ''yuanfen.'' Mtazamo sawa na huu katika Kiingereza ni "hatima" au "kudura". ===Japani=== Katika [[Ubudha wa Kijapani]], neno ''ai'' (爱) linarejelea mapenzi ya uchu na kujali, na hamu ya msingi. Inaweza kukua kuelekea ama ubinafsi au kutokuwa na ubinafsi na kutaalamika. ''[[Amae]]'' (甘え), neno la Kijapani lenye maana ya "kujihusisha na utegemezi," ni sehemu ya [[utamaduni wa Ujapani]] wa kumlea mtoto. Akina mama wa Kijapani wanatarajiwa kukumbatia na kuendekeza watoto wao, na watoto wanatarajiwa kuwatuza mama zao kwa kuwashikilia na kuwahudumia. Baadhi ya [[wanasosholojia]] wamependekeza kuwa maingiliano ya kijamii ya Kijapani katika maisha ya baadaye yamejengeka juu ya 'amae' ya mama kwa mtoto. ===Ugiriki wa kale=== [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] ina maneno mbalimbali na tofauti: ''philia, eros, agape, storge na xenia.'' Hata hivyo, imekuwa vigumu kihistoria kutofautisha kabisa maana za maneno hayo ya Kigiriki (kama ilivyo kwa lugha nyingine nyingi). Tafsiri ya [[Biblia]] ya Ugiriki ya kale ina mifano ya [[kitenzi]] ''agapo'' kikiwa na maana sawa na ''[[phileo]].'' ''[[Agape]]'' inamaanisha mapenzi'' katika Ugiriki ya sasa kisasa. Neno ''S'agapo'' linamaanisha ''Ninakupenda'' katika Kigiriki. Neno ''agapo'' ni kitenzi ''Ninapenda.'' Kwa jumla linarejelea [[aina]] ya mapenzi ambayo ni "safi", badala ya mvuto wa kimwili unaopendekezwa na ''eros.'' Hata hivyo, kuna baadhi ya mifano ya ''agape'' inayotumika kuleta maana sawa na ''eros.'' Pia imetafsiriwa kama "upendo wa nafsi." ''[[Eros]]'' ni mapenzi ya kimahaba, yaliyo na shauku na hamu. Neno la Kigiriki ''erota'' linamaanisha ''katika mapenzi.'' Ingawa mapenzi ya eros kwa kawaida huwa yanahisiwa kwa mtu, kwa kutafakari yanakuwa ni kuthamini uzuri ndani ya mtu, au hata inakuwa ni kuthamini [[uzuri]] wenyewe. Mapenzi ya eros husaidia nafsi kukumbuka ujuzi wa uzuri na huchangia katika ufahamu wa ukweli wa kiroho. Wapenzi na wanafalsafa wote huchochewa na eros kutafuta ukweli. Baadhi ya tafsiri huyaorodhesha kama "mapenzi ya mwili." ''[[Philia]]'' kama mapenzi ya [[wema]] yasiyo na uchu, ilikuwa ni dhana iliyobuniwa na [[Aristotle]]. Inahusisha uaminifu kwa marafiki, familia na jamii, na inahitaji wema, usawa, na kufahamiana. Philia huchochewa na kwa sababu za kiutendaji; mmoja au wawili wa wahusika kufaidika na uhusiano. Inaweza pia kumaanisha "mapenzi ya akili." ''[[Storge]]'' ni mapenzi ya kawaida, kama wanayohisi wazazi kwa watoto wao. ''[[Xenia]]'' (ξενία ''xenía),'' ukarimu, ulikuwa jambo muhimu sana katika Ugiriki wa kale. Ulikuwa karibu na urafiki wa kitaambiko ulioanzishwa kati ya mwenyeji na mgeni wake, ambao hapo awali wangekuwa hawafahamiani. Mwenyeji alimlisha na kumpatia mgeni malazi, na mgeni alitarajiwa kulipia kwa shukrani pekee. Umuhimu wa jambo hili unaweza kuonekana kupitia [[visasili]] vya Kigiriki, hasa vile vya [[Homer]] ambavyo ni [[Iliad]] na [[Odyssey]]. ===Uturuki=== Katika [[Kituruki]], neno "mapenzi" huwa na maana kadhaa. Mtu anaweza kumpenda Mungu, mtu, wazazi, au familia. Lakini mtu huyo anaweza "kupenda" mtu mmoja tu kutoka jinsia tofauti na yake, jambo ambalo wao hulipatia neno "aşk", yaani mapenzi kwa maana za kimahaba na kingono pekee. Ikiwa Mturuki atasema kuwa yeye anampenda (aşk) mtu, si aina ya mapenzi ambayo mtu anaweza kuhisi kwa wazazi wake, ni ya mtu mmoja tu, na inaonyesha [[ashiki]] kuu. Neno hili hupatikana kwenye [[lugha za Kiturki]], kama zile za [[Azerbaijani]] (Esq) na [[Kazakh]] (ғашық). ===Roma ya Kale (Kilatini)=== [[Lugha]] ya [[Kilatini]] ina vitenzi mbalimbali vinavyolingana na neno la Kiingereza "love." ''Amare'' ndilo neno msingi la ''mapenzi,'' na bado ndilo linalotumiwa kwenye [[Kiitalia]] hadi leo. [[Warumi]] walilitumia kurejelea uhusiano wa kirafiki na wakimahaba au kingono. Kutoka kitenzi hiki tunapata ''amans-'' mpenzi, amator, "mpenzi wa kitaalamu," mara nyingi likiwa na wazo la ziada la uzinzi - na ''amica,'' "mpenzi", na mara nyingi hutumiwa kitafsida kurejelea [[kahaba]]. Neno linalolingana ni ''amor'' (umuhimu wa neno hili kwa Warumi unaonyeshwa katika ukweli kwamba, jina la mji [[Rome-]], katika Kilatini: ''Roma-linaweza'' kutazamwa kama [[anagramu]] ya ''amor,'' neno ambalo lilitumika kama jina la siri la mji katika duru pana nyakati za zamani), <ref> Thomas Köves-Zulauf, Reden und Schweigen, München, 1972.</ref> na ambalo ni pia linatumika katika wingi kuashiria mahusiano ya kimapenzi na matukio ya kingono. Kutoka kwenye kiini kile bado tunapata ''amicus'' - "rafiki" na ''Amicitia,'' "urafiki" (unaojengwa kwenye ushirika, na kulingana wakati mwingine kwa karibu na "uwiwa" au "ushawishi"). [[Cicero]] aliandika makala inayoitwa ''[[de Amicitia]],'' ambayo inazungumzia wazo hili kwa urefu fulani. [[Ovid]] aliandika mwongozo wa kupendana uitwao ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'' ambao unazungumzia, kwa kina, kila kitu kutoka masuala ya uhusiano nje ya ndoa hadi masuala ya wazazi wanaomnyima mtu uhuru. Wakati mwingine Kilatini hutumia neno ''Amare'' katika sehemu ambazo huzua utata. Hata hivyo, katika Kilatini kwa jumla kuna maneno ''placere'' au ''delectāre,'' ambayo hutumiwa zaidi katika miktadha isiyo rasmi, na neno la mwisho la ''delectāre'' likitumiwa mara nyingi katika ushairi wa kimapenzi wa [[Catullus]]. Neno ''Diligere'' mara nyingi linazua wazo la "kuwa na upendo wa," "kuheshimu," na kwa nadra sana hutumiwa kurejelea mapenzi ya kimahaba. Neno hili linaweza kufaa kuelezea urafiki wa watu wawili. [[Nomino]] inayolingana ''diligentia,'' hata hivyo, ina maana ya "bidii" au "uangalifu," na ina uhusiano mdogo sana wa kisemantiki na kitenzi hicho. ''Observare'' ni kisawe cha ''diligere;'' licha ya kuwa na asili moja na Kiingereza, kitenzi hicho na nomino inayolingana, ''observantia,'' mara nyingi huashiria "heshima" au "upendo." Neno ''[[Caritas]]'' hutumika katika tafsiri za Kilatini za [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] kwa maana ya "upendo wenye hisani"; maana hiyo, hata hivyo, haipatikani katika [[maandiko ya Kirumi]] ya [[Upagani|Kipagani]]. ==Maoni ya dini== ===Dini za Kiabrahamu === [[File:Ahava.jpg|thumb|left|200px|"LOVE sculpture" 1977 ya Robert Indiana, 'spelling ahava in Israel']] ====Uyahudi==== Katika [[Kiyahudi]], Ahava ndilo neno linalotumika sana kurejelea upendo kati ya watu na upendo wa Mungu. [[Uyahudi]] unatumia ufafanuzi mpana wa upendo, kati ya watu na kati ya mtu na Mungu. Kuhusu upendo kati ya watu, [[Torati]] inasema, "Mpende jirani yako kama ujipendavyo" ([[Mambo ya Walawi]] 19:18). Kuhusu upendo wa pili, mtu ameamuriwa kumpenda Mungu "kwa moyo wako wote, kwa roho yako yote na kwa nguvu zako zote" ([[Kumb]] 6:5), zilizochukuliwa na [[Mishna]] ([[ufafanuzi]] wa [[sheria)]] za Wayahudi kurejelea mema, mtu kuwa tayari kutoa maisha yake kama dhabihu badala ya kutenda makosa fulani makubwa, mtu kuwa tayari kutoa mali yake yote kama sadaka, na kumshukuru Mungu licha ya mashaka (Berakhoth 9:5). [[Fasihi ya Marabi]] hutofautiana katika jinsi upendo huu unaweza kuendelezwa, kwa mfano, kwa kutafakari matendo ya Mungu au kushuhudia makuu yaliyoumbwa. Na kuhusu upendo kati ya washirika wa ndoa, jambo hili huchukuliwa kama kiungo muhimu cha maisha: "Ishi maisha na mke umpendaye" [[Kitabu cha Mhubiri]] 9:9). Kitabu cha [[Biblia]] ''[[Wimbo Ulio Bora]]'' huchukuliwa kama [[fumbo]] la upendo wa kindoa kati ya Mungu na taifa lake, lakini kwa kawaida wasomaji hukiona kama wimbo wa mapenzi. [[Rabi]] [[Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler]] ([[karne ya 20]]) hunukuliwa mara nyingi kwa kufafanua upendo kwa mtazamo wa Wayahudi unaosema upendo ni "kutoa bila kutarajia kupokea" (kutoka ''Michtav'' ''me-Eliyahu,'' Vol. 1). ====Ukristo==== [[File:Giovanni Baglione - The Divine Eros Defeats the Earthly Eros.jpg|thumb|right|Mapenzi matakatifu dhidi ya mapenzi ya kiulimwengu, mchoro wa [[Giovanni Baglione]] wa mwaka [[1602]]-[[1603]].]] Uelewa wa [[Ukristo]] unasema kwamba [[upendo]] hutoka kwa [[Mungu]]. Mapenzi ya [[mwanamume]] na [[mwanamke]] ("eros" katika Kigiriki) na mapenzi yasiyo na ubinafsi kwa wengine ("agape") mara nyingi hulinganishwwa kama mapenzi ya "kupaa" na "kushuka", lakini hatimaye ni jambo moja. <ref name="vatican1">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html |author=Pope Benedict XVI |title=papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est.}}</ref> Kuna maneno kadhaa ya Kigiriki yanayorejelea "mapenzi" ambayo yanatajwa katika duru za Wakristo. * ''[[Agape]]'': Katika [[Agano Jipya]], agape ni ya [[hisani]], isiyo na [[ubinafsi]] wala ma[[sharti]]. Ni mapenzi ya [[wazazi]], ambayo yanajenga [[wema]] katika [[dunia]], ni vile [[Mungu]] anavyoonekana kuwapenda wanadamu, na huonekana kama aina ya mapenzi ambayo Wakristo hutamani kuonyesha kwa mtu mwingine. * ''[[Phileo]]'': Pia katika Agano Jipya, ''phileo'' ni itikio la binadamu kwa kitu ambacho hufurahisha. Pia yanajulikana kama "mapenzi ya kindugu." * Maneno mengine mawili yanayorejelea mapenzi katika lugha ya Kigiriki ambayo ni: ''[[eros]]'' (mapenzi ya kingono) na ''[[storge]]'' (mapenzi ya mtoto kwa mzazi), hayakutumika katika [[Agano Jipya]]. [[Wakristo]] wanaamini kwamba ''kumpenda Mungu kwa moyo wako wote, akili, na nguvu na kumpenda [[jirani]] yako kama ujipendavyo'' ni mambo mawili muhimu katika maisha, [[amri kuu]] ya [[Torati]], kulingana na mafundisho na maisha ya [[Yesu]] (taz. [[Injili ya Marko]] sura ya 12, Aya 28-34). [[Mtakatifu]] [[Agostino wa Hipo]] aliyafupisha haya alipoandika ''"Umpende Mungu, halafu ufanye utakavyo."'' [[Mtume Paulo]] alitukuza upendo kama kitu muhimu kulilo vyote. Huku akielezea upendo katika [[shairi]] maarufu katika [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wakorintho]] aliandika, ''"Upendo huvumilia, upendo ni mwema,'' ''hauna wivu, haujivuni, hauna kiburi.'' ''Si ufidhuli, hauna majivuno, haukasirishwi kwa haraka, hauhesabu mabaya uliotendewa.'' ''Upendo haufurahii maovu bali hufurahia ukweli.'' ''Upendo daima hulinda, daima huamini, daima huwa na matumaini, na daima huvumilia."'' ([[1 Kor]] 13:4-7). [[Mtume Yohane]] aliandika, ''"Kwa maana Mungu aliupenda ulimwengu hata akamtoa [[Mwana]] wake wa pekee, ili kila mtu amwaminiye asipotee bali awe na [[uzima wa milele]].'' '' Maana Mungu hakumtuma Mwanawe ulimwenguni ili auhukumu [[ulimwengu]], bali ulimwengu uokolewe katika yeye.'' ''Kila mtu amwaminiye hahukumiwi, lakini yeyote asiyemuamini tayari ana hatia kwa sababu yeye hajaamini [[jina]] la [[Mwana pekee wa Mungu]]."'' ([[Yoh]] 3:16-18). Yohane pia aliandika, ''"Marafiki zangu, hebu tupendane kwani upendo hutoka kwa Mungu.'' ''Kila mtu anayependa amezaliwa wa Mungu na anamjua Mungu.'' ''Yeyote asiyependa hamjui Mungu, kwa sababu Mungu ni upendo."'' ([[1 Yoh]] 4:7-8). Mtakatifu Augustino anasema ni lazima mtu aweze kutambua tofauti kati ya upendo na tamaa. Tamaa ni kujihusisha katika jambo kupindukia, bali kupenda na kupendwa ndilo jambo ambalo amelitafuta maisha yake yote. Hata anasema, ''"Nilikuwa nimependana na upendo."'' Hatimaye, akawa anampenda Mungu na kupendwa naye. Augustino anasema kuwa yule anayeweza kukupenda kwa ukweli na [[ukamilifu]] ni Mungu, kwa sababu upendo kwa binadamu unaruhusu [[udhaifu]] kama vile ''"[[wivu]], [[wasiwasi]], [[hofu]], [[hasira]], na [[ushindani]]."'' Kulingana na Augustino, kumpenda Mungu ni ''"kufikia amani ambayo ni yako."'' ([[Maungamo ya Mtakatifu Augustino]]). [[Wanateolojia]] Wakristo humwona Mungu kama chanzo cha upendo, ambao huonekana katika binadamu na mahusiano yao ya upendo. Msomi mkubwa wa Biblia [[C. S. Lewis]] aliandika kitabu kinachoitwa ''[[The Four Loves]].'' [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] aliandika [[waraka]] wake wa kwanza kuhusu [["Mungu ni upendo"]]. Humo alisema kuwa mwanadamu, aliyeumbwa kwa mfano wa Mungu ambaye ni upendo, anaweza kupenda; kujitoa kwa Mungu na wengine ([[agape]]) na kwa kupokea na kuhisi upendo wa Mungu kupitia [[tafakuri]] (Eros). Maisha haya ya upendo, kulingana na yeye, ni maisha ya watakatifu kama [[Bikira Maria]] na [[Mama Teresa]] wa [[Kolkata]] na ni mwelekeo ambao Wakristo huchukua wanapoamini kuwa Mungu anawapenda. <ref name="vatican1"></ref> ====Uislamu na Uarabu==== Kwa kiwango fulani, mapenzi hayahusishi mtazamo wa Kiislamu wa maisha kama undugubia ambao unahusisha wale wote ambao wanashika [[imani]] ya Kiislamu. Hakuna sehemu inayosema Mungu ni upendo, lakini miongoni mwa majina 99 ya [[Allah]], kuna jina ''Al-Wadud,'' au "Anayependa," ambalo hupatikana katika Sura 11:90 na vilevile Sura 85:14. Linamtaja Mungu kama "aliyejaa fadhili." Wale wote ambao wanaamini wana mapenzi ya Mungu, lakini kwa kiasi gani au juhudi zipi amemfurahisha Mungu inamtegemea mtu binafsi. ''[[Ishq]],'' au mapenzi ya kiungu, ni msisitizo wa [[Usufi]]. [[Wasufi]] huamini kwamba mapenzi ni makadirio ya kiini cha Mungu kwa ulimwengu. Mungu anatamani kutambua uzuri, na kama mtu aangaliavyo kwenye kioo ili kujiona, Mungu "hujiangalia" kwenye mienendo ya asili. Kwa kuwa kila kitu kinaonyesha Mungu, shule ya usufi huzingatia kuona uzuri ndani ya kinachoonekana kuwa kibaya. Usufi mara nyingi unajulikana kama dini ya upendo. Mungu katika usufi hutajwa kwa majina matatu makuu, ambayo ni mpenzi, mpendwa, na kipenzi, na neno la mwisho kati ya maneno haya likijitokeza sana katika ushairi wa kisufi. Mtazamo wa kawaida wa Usufi ni kwamba kupitia mapenzi, wanadamu wanaweza kurudia usafi na neema yao ya awali. Watakatifu wa Usufi wanasifika kwa kuwa "walevi" kutokana na upendo wao wa Mungu; ndio maana mvinyo unatajwa sana katika mashairi na muziki wa kisufi. ===Dini za Mashariki=== ====Ubudha==== Katika [[Ubudha]], [[K&amp;#257;ma]] ni mapenzi ya kimihemko na kingono. Ni kikwazo katika njia ya [[kutaalamika]], kwani yana ubinafsi. ''[[Karu&amp;#7751;ā]]'' ni huruma na rehema, ambayo hupunguza mateso ya wengine. Huenda sambamba na hekima na ni muhimu kwa kutaalamika. ''Adveṣa'' na ''[[Metta]]'' ni mapenzi ya ukarimu. Mapenzi haya hayana masharti na yanahitaji mtu kwa kiasi fulani awe amejikubali. Mapenzi haya ni tofauti kabisa na yale ya kawaida, ambayo kwa kawaida huwa yanahusu upendo na ngono na ambayo ni nadra yawepo bila kujifikiria. Badala yake, katika Ubudha inarejelea uhisani wa ustawi wa wengine usio wa kibinafsi. Maadili ya [[Bodhisattva]] katika Ubudha wa Mahayana yanahusisha kujinyima kamili ili kuchukua mzigo wa mateso ya dunia. Kichocheo kikuu alicho nacho mtu ili kuchukua njia ya Bodhisattva ni wazo la wokovu ndani yake, mapenzi ya kiutu kwa viumbe wote. ====Uhindu==== Katika [[Ubanyani]], ''[[k&amp;#257;ma]]'' ni mapenzi matamu ya kingono, yaliyohuishwa na mungu [[Kamadeva.]] Kwa shule nyingi za kihindu, huu ndio mwisho wa tatu ''[[(artha)]]'' katika maisha. Mara nyingi [[Kamadeva]] huonyeshwa pichani kashika [[upinde]] wa [[miwa]] na [[mshale]] wa [[maua;]] yeye huweza hata kubebwa na kasuku mkubwa. Yeye huwa ameandamana na mke wake [[rati na sahibu wake Vasanta]], mkubwa wa msimu wa kuchipua Sanamu za mawe za Kaama na rati zinaweza kuonekana kwenye mlango wa hekalu ya Chenna Keshava katika [[Belur]], huko [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. ''Määrä'' ni jina lingine la ''kama.'' Tofauti na ''kama, prema'' {{ndash}} au ''Prem'' {{ndash}} yanarejelea mapenzi yaliyoinuliwa. ''[[Karuna]]'' ni huruma na rehema, ambazo humchochea mtu kusaidia kupunguza mateso ya wengine. [[Bhakti]] ni istilahi ya ''Kisanskriti'', inayomaanisha "mapenzi ya ibada kwa Mungu mkuu." Mtu anayefuata ''bhakti'' anaitwa ''bhakta.'' Waandishi wa [[Kihindi]], wanateolojia, wanafalsafa wametambua aina tisa za ''[[bhakti]]'', ambazo zinaweza kupatikana katika kitabu cha [[Bhagavata Purana]] and works cha [[Tulsidas.]] Kazi ya kifalsafa ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'' iliyoandikwa na [[mwandishi]] asiyejulikana (anayefikiriwa kuwa [[Narada]]), inatambua aina [[kumi na moja]] za mapenzi. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mapendo}} ==Vyanzo== *{{cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Saint Augustine Confessions|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998}} *{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelove00hele}} *{{cite book|last=Singer|first=Irving|title=The Nature of Love|subtitle=in three volumes|publisher=Random House|year=1966|edition= v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984|isbn=0-226-76094-4}} *{{cite journal|author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=A triangular theory of love|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1986-01_93_1/page/n124|year=1986|journal=Psychological Review|volume=93|page=119&ndash;135|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119}} *{{cite journal|author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1987-11_102_3/page/331|year=1987|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=102|page=331&ndash;345|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331}} *{{cite book|last=Tennov|first=Dorothy|title=Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lovelimerence00tenn|location=New York|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1979|isbn=0-812-86134-5}} *{{cite book|author=Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd|title=The World of Psychology|edition=5th|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|page=402&ndash;403}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wiktionary|affect|affective}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414121753/http://personality-project.org/revelle/publications/gilboa.pdf Personality and the Structure of Affective Responses] * {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm |title=Affect and Script Theory - Silvan S. Tomkins |first=Brian |last=Lynch |access-date=2008-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915175735/http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-02-19 |archivedate=2008-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915175735/http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121194322/http://www2.bc.edu/~russeljm/publications/Russell1980.pdf Circumplex Model of Affect] * [http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/99/2/229.pdf Affect and Memory] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Maadili]] h5rp1v6ulr2mge5z3ourfxuqmfbwmbv 0 36678 1577206 1316467 2026-06-27T16:18:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Giovanni in Laterano 2021.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Basilika]] la [[Yohane Mbatizaji|Mtakatifu Yohane]] huko Laterano ambamo mtaguso ulifanyika.]] {{Kigezo:Mitaguso mikuu ya Kanisa Katoliki}} '''Mtaguso wa pili wa Laterano''', uliofanyika kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[4 Aprili|4]] hadi [[11 Aprili]] [[1139]] chini ya [[Papa Inosenti II]] ([[1130]]-[[1143]]), unahesabiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kuwa [[mtaguso mkuu]] wa [[kumi]]. Ni wa pili kufanyika [[Magharibi]], kwenye [[Kanisa kuu la Roma]] ([[Italia]]). == Historia == Mtaguso ulihitajika kutokana na [[farakano]] lililotokea mwaka [[1130]] alipofariki [[Papa Honori II]] ([[1124]]-[[1130]]): hapo ma[[kardinali]] waligawanyika kuhusu [[Mapatano ya Worms]], ambayo mwaka [[1122]] yalikuwa yamekomesha [[Mashindano kuhusu uteuzi wa maaskofu]]. Isitoshe, kulikuwa na ushindani kati ya [[koo]] mbili za [[Roma]], yaani Frangipane na Pierleoni. Tarehe [[14 Februari]] [[1130]], makardinali 16 waliosimama upande wa familia ya Frangipane walimchagua Gregorio Papareschi, aliyejiita Papa [[Inosenti II]]. Saa chache baadaye, Pietro Pierleoni alichaguliwa na makardinali wengine na kujiita papa [[Anakleti II]]. Hatimaye, kwa msaada wa [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]], Inosenti II alishinda na kukubaliwa na wengi, ingawa hakuweza kuhamia Roma mpaka baada ya mpinzani wake kufa ([[1138]]). [[Mtaguso]] ulipaswa kurekebisha matokeo ya farakano hilo. Basi Inosenti II alifungua kikao na kuondoa madarakani ma[[askofu]] waliomfuata mpinzani wake. Halafu papa alikusudia kuendeleza juhudi za [[urekebisho]] za [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Laterano]]. Hivyo zikapitishwa kanuni 30, ambazo nyingi kati yake zilikuwa za kurudia zile za zamani kuhusu usimoni, mapadri wenye wake n.k. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikisource|Second_Lateran_Council|Text of the Second Lateran Council}} *[http://www.legionofmarytidewater.com/faith/ECUM10.HTM Second Lateran Council] {{Wayback|url=http://www.legionofmarytidewater.com/faith/ECUM10.HTM |date=20100130105308 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Mitaguso]] [[Jamii:Roma]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ulaya]] [[Jamii:1139]] 6n58v11a7zipcy1zxq4j2ue4h0znl1i 0 39850 1577246 1574667 2026-06-28T06:46:14Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577246 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yamaha SR 500 Köln-20140321-RM-100226.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] SR baiskeli ya mtindo wa kawaida]] [[Faili:IndiaMotorcycle.jpg|thumb|300px|Watu wawili juu ya pikipiki nchini Uhindi]] [[Faili:URAL650-SPORTSMAN.jpg|thumb|300px|Pikipiki ya Kirusi yenye behewa ya kando]] [[Faili:Italian professional motorcycle racer and multiple MotoGP World Champion Valentino Rossi in action in the day 1 of Qatar test at the Losail International Circuit. (33220830442).jpg|thumb|300px|Pikipiki ya michezo wakati wa mashindano ya mbio]]. '''Pikipiki''' {{Audio|LL-Q7838 (swa)-Byera04-Pikipiki.wav|pronunciation}} ni chombo cha usafiri chenye [[magurudumu]] mawili kinachoendeshwa kwa nguvu ya [[injini]], ama ya mwako ndani ama ya [[umeme]]. Chanzo cha pikipiki kilikuwa [[baisikeli]] iliyoboreshwa kwa kuongezwa injini. ==Injini== Pikipiki ndogo huwa mara nyingi na injini ya mapigo mawili lakini kubwa huwa na injini za mapigo manne. Mara nyingi ni injini za [[petroli]] kuna pia za [[diseli]]. Injini za umeme zimeanza kutumiwa juzijuzi tu zinaenea polepole katika nchi zilizoendelea. Nguvu ya injini hupelekwa kwenda gurudumu la nyuma kwa njia ya mnyororo. Pikipiki kubwa huwa pia na mhimili kutoka injini hadi gurudumu la nyuma. ==Uwezo wa pikipiki== Kwa kawaida pikipiki huendeshwa na mtu mmoja lakini inaweza kuchukua pia abiria mmoja1 au wawili ingawa ni 1 tu anayeruhusiwa. Pikipiki inaweza kusafirisha hata mizigo midogo. Kuna pia mabehewa ya kando yanayoongezwa kando la pikipiki au trela inayovutwa nayo. == Aina za pikipiki == Pikipiki za barabara sawa (street motorcycle): muundo wa pikipiki hizi huziwezesha kutumia barabara za lami. Pikipiki za barabara za vijijini (off-road bike): hizi huweza kutumia barabara zisizo na ukarabati Pikipiki za barabara zote (dual bikes): hizi huweza kutumia barabara za lami au za vijiji. ==Pikipiki na motokaa== Pikipiki zilijitokeza wakati ule kama [[motokaa]]. Mtu mmoja husafiri kwa gharama kidogo kwa pikipiki kuliko kwa gari. Tofauti na magari pikipiki haina kinga dhidi ya mvua, baridi au joto kali. Lakini pikipiki ni nyepesi na kwa sababu hiyo huwa na mbio kushinda motokaa. Hata hivyo ni hatari zaidi kuitumia kwa sababu dereva hana kinga dhidi ya ajali. Kwa sababu hiyo kuna nguo za kinga kama kofia ya pikipiki na nyingine. ==Matumizi ya pikipiki== [[File:Zémidjan Parakou 2.jpg|thumb|[[Boda boda]] ([[Benin]]).]] Kimsingi pikipiki hutengenezwa kwa kumbeba dereva pamoja na abiria 1. * [[Boda boda]] za pikipiki hubeba abiria kama [[teksi]]. * Pikipiki hutumiwa hasa mjini kubeba mizigo midogo kama spea au barua kati ya ofisi na maduka. * Migahawa yenye huduma ya kuwapelekea wateja chakula hadi nyumbani husafirisha mara nyingi kwa pikipiki wakipokea maagizo kwa njia ya simu. * Wakulima wasio na uwezo wa kununua gari hubeba mazao hadi sokoni kwa pikipiki. * Katika nchi zilizoendelea watu wenye motokaa hutumia pikipiki mara nyingi kwa burudani au michezo. == Historia ya pikipiki == Pikipiki ya kwanza iliyotumia [[petroli]] na mfumo wa internal combustion iliitwa Daimler Raitwagen na ilitengenezwa na [[Wajerumani]] wawili kwa jina [[Gottlieb Daimler]] na [[Wilhelm Maybach]] mwaka [[1885]] nchini Ujerumani. [[Vita vya kwanza vya dunia]] vilichangia pakubwa katika uboreshaji wa pikipiki. [[Wanajeshi]] waliona kuwa walikuwa wakitumia muda mrefu sana kusafiri kwa [[miguu]] au [[farasi]] na kwa hiyo, mahitaji ya pikipiki yakaweza mengi. Kampuni ya Harley-Davidson ilijipata ikitumia takribani asilimia hamsini ya wakati wake katika kutengeneza pikipiki za wanajeshi waliokuwa kwenye vita. == Pikipiki za leo == Hivi leo, utengenezaji wa pikipiki umechukuliwa sana na Wahindi pamoja na Wajapani. Nchi za Afrika na Asia zimekuwa zikinunua pikipiki kwa wingi kwa minajili ya usafiri haswa kwenye barabara zisizo lami, zenye mawe ambako magari hayawezi yakapenya. Hizi pikipiki za porini huweza kusafiri katika mazingira magumu, kutumia mafuta yasiyo mengi na kupenya vijijini visivyo na barabara nzuri (zenye makorongo na mawe). ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{Commonscat|Motorcycles}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Usafiri| ]] n0ctjnttyxsbcusbwlg3lptli1wx4iw 10 63993 1577212 901155 2026-06-27T23:05:35Z Milenioscuro 13385 updated map 1577212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1}}} | jina = Côte d'Ivoire | top = 11 | bottom = 4 | left = -9 | right = -2 | image = Côte d'Ivoire adm location map.svg | image1 = Côte d'Ivoire relief location map.jpg }}<noinclude><!-- -- -- The above switch-statement branches by text in parameter #1, -- returning the associated value after each equals sign ("="). --> {{Location map/Info}} == How to use an alternative map == This template normally displays the map shown above as '''image''': *<tt>{{{{PAGENAME}}|image}}</tt>. The ''AlternativeMap'' parameter in [[Kigezo:Location map]] can be used to display {{#if:{{{{PAGENAME}}|image2}}|one of the following images|the following image}}: *<tt>{{{{PAGENAME}}|image1}}</tt> {{#if:{{{{PAGENAME}}|image2}}| *<tt>{{{{PAGENAME}}|image2}}</tt> }} Further instructions and examples can be found at [[Kigezo:Location map#Using Alternative Map]]. [[Jamii:Location map]] </noinclude> gpv3oct899exhka1a6wpaymy6uhcirk 0 64165 1577252 1143677 2026-06-28T08:05:52Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Agnéby.svg]] → [[File:Agnéby Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Agnéby<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Agnéby Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Agnéby katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 4 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Agboville (mji)|Agboville]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 9093 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 525,211 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =05|latm =56|lats = |latNS =N |longd=04|longm=13|longs= |longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sphereinfo.com/longitude~latitude/ivory_coast |title=Ivory Coast Cities Longitude & Latitude |publisher=sphereinfo.com |accessdate=18 Novemba 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913021146/http://www.sphereinfo.com/longitude~latitude/ivory_coast |archivedate=2012-09-13 }}</ref> }} '''Mkoa wa Agnéby''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de l'Agnéby) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika kusini-mashariki ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 525.211. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kati ya makabila ya mkoa ni Waattie na Waabe. Kuna tarafa nne ambazo ni * [[Tarafa ya Adzopé|Adzopé]], * [[Tarafa ya Agboville|Agboville]], * [[Tarafa ya Akoupé|Akoupé]], * [[Tarafa ya Yakassé-Attobrou|Yakassé-Attobrou]]. Makao makuu yako [[Agboville]]. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 0lgv97g0wd7qw486pt18ty1h4p0vob7 0 64167 1577253 1143686 2026-06-28T08:12:38Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Bas-Sassandra.svg]] → [[File:Bas-Sassandra Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Bas-Sassandra<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Bas-Sassandra Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Bas-Sassandra katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 5 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[San-Pédro (mji)| San-Pédro]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 26.969 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1.395.233 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =5|latm =30|lats = |latNS =N |longd=6|longm=40|longs= |longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sphereinfo.com/longitude~latitude/ivory_coast |title=Ivory Coast Cities Longitude & Latitude |publisher=sphereinfo.com |accessdate=18 Novemba 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913021146/http://www.sphereinfo.com/longitude~latitude/ivory_coast |archivedate=2012-09-13 }}</ref> }} '''Mkoa wa Bas-Sassandra''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Bas-Sassandra) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika kusini-magharibi ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 1.395.233. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small>. Kuna tarafa tano ambazo ni * [[Tarafa ya Guéyo | Guéyo]], * [[Tarafa ya San-Pédro | San-Pédro]], * [[Tarafa ya Sassandra | Sassandra]]. * [[Tarafa ya Soubré | Soubré]], * [[Tarafa ya Tabou | Tabou]]. Makao makuu yako [[San-Pédro]]. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 4wjsifwj1znktmnpz8upvlsq7ibdmfc 0 64168 1577254 1064643 2026-06-28T08:17:16Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Denguélé.svg]] → [[File:Denguélé Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Denguélé<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Denguélé Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Denguelé katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 4 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Odienné (mji)| Odienné]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 21.000 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 222.446 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =9|latm =30|lats = |latNS =N |longd=7|longm=25|longs= |longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Denguélé''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Denguélé) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika kaskazini-magharibi ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 222.446. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa nne ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Madinani | Madinani]], *[[Tarafa ya Minignan | Minignan]], *[[Tarafa ya Odienné | Odienné]], *[[Tarafa ya Samatiguila | Samatiguila]]. Makao makuu yako [[Odienné]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] t8yym6q29gvzr95bituwsgbsxrj12u4 0 64172 1577257 1064645 2026-06-28T08:32:25Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Lacs.svg]] → [[File:Lacs Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Lacs <br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Lacs Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Lacs katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 5 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Yamoussoukro (mji)| Yamoussoukro]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 8.663 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 476.173 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =6|latm =50|lats = |latNS =N |longd=5|longm=10|longs= |longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Lacs ''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région des Lacs) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika kitovu cha nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 476.173. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa tano ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Attiégouakro | Attiégouakro]], *[[Tarafa ya Didiévi | Didiévi]], *[[Tarafa ya Tiébissou | Tiébissou]], *[[Tarafa ya Toumodi | Toumodi]], *[[Tarafa ya Yamoussoukro | Yamoussoukro]], Makao makuu yako [[Yamoussoukro]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] cf8323ok4qughtzmshdx9edq9zjfwv2 0 64173 1577258 1064646 2026-06-28T08:38:39Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Lagunes.svg]] → [[File:Lagunes Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Lagunes<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Lagunes Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Lagunes katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 7 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Abidjan (mji)| Abidjan]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 12.949 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 3.733.362 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =5|latm =25|lats = |latNS =N |longd=4|longm=20|longs= |longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Lagunes''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région des Lagunes) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika Kusini ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 3.733.362. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa saba ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Abidjan | Abidjan]], *[[Tarafa ya Alépé | Alépé]], *[[Tarafa ya Dabou | Dabou]], *[[Tarafa ya Grand-Lahou | Grand-Lahou]], *[[Tarafa ya Jacqueville | Jacqueville]], *[[Tarafa ya Sikensi | Sikensi]], *[[Tarafa ya Tiassalé | Tiassalé]], Makao makuu yako [[Abidjan]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] p8bd4bsunamji02kttil9g7gd6u00gl 0 64175 1577255 1064640 2026-06-28T08:22:19Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Dix-Huit Montagnes.svg]] → [[File:Dix-Huit Montagnes Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Montagnes<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Dix-Huit Montagnes Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Montagnes katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 6 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Man (mji)| Man]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 16.600 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 936.502 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =7|latm =20|lats = |latNS = N |longd=7|longm=40|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Montagnes ''' au Mkoa wa Dix-Huit Montagnes (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région des Montagnes au Région des Dix-Huit Montagnes) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika magharibi ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 936.502. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa sita ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Bangolo | Bangolo]], *[[Tarafa ya Biankouma | Biankouma]], *[[Tarafa ya Danané | Danané]], *[[Tarafa ya Kouibly | Kouibly]], *[[Tarafa ya Man | Man]], *[[Tarafa ya Zouan-Hounien | Zouan Hounien]]. Makao makuu yako [[Man]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] j5zbx7tx8tdk3hmp91pngmbmtwoywed 0 64176 1577268 1064647 2026-06-28T09:20:24Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Moyen-Cavally.svg]] → [[File:Moyen-Cavally Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Moyen-Cavally <br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Moyen-Cavally Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Moyen-Cavally katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 4 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Guiglo (mji)| Guiglo]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 14.150 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 508.728 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =6|latm =25|lats = |latNS = N |longd=7|longm=30|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Moyen-Cavally''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Moyen-Cavally) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika magharibi ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 508.728. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa nne ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Bloléquin|Bloléquin]], *[[Tarafa ya Duékoué|Duékoué]], *[[Tarafa ya Guiglo|Guiglo]], *[[Tarafa ya Toulépleu|Toulépleu]], Makao makuu yako [[Guiglo]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] tc4ui744r5lxnkduhe7pvafwpvhukpm 0 64177 1577271 1064648 2026-06-28T09:31:51Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Moyen-Comoé.svg]] → [[File:Moyen-Comoé Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Moyen-Comoé<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Moyen-Comoé Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Moyen-Comoé katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 3 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Abengourou (mji)| Abengourou]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 6.900 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 394.741 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =6|latm =30|lats = |latNS = N |longd=3|longm=25|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Moyen-Comoé''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Moyen-Comoé) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika Mashariki ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 394.741. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa tatu ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Abengourou|Abengourou]], *[[Tarafa ya Agnibilékrou|Agnibilékrou]], *[[Tarafa ya Bettié|Bettié]], Makao makuu yako [[Abengourou]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] p8iy4f7uyezx54ly1eplw64sxlnt5im 0 64178 1577265 1064649 2026-06-28T09:15:33Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - N'zi-Comoé.svg]] → [[File:N'zi-Comoé Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa N'zi-Comoé<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = N'zi-Comoé Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa N'zi-Comoé katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 8 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Dimbokro (mji)| Dimbokro]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 19.480 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 633.922 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =7|latm =15|lats = |latNS = N |longd=4|longm=10|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa N'zi-Comoé ''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du N'zi-Comoé) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika kitovu cha nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 633.922. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa nane ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Arrah | Arrah]], *[[Tarafa ya Bocanda | Bocanda]], *[[Tarafa ya Bongouanou | Bongouanou]], *[[Tarafa ya Daoukro | Daoukro]], *[[Tarafa ya Dimbokro | Dimbokro]], *[[Tarafa ya M'Bahiakro | M'Bahiakro]], *[[Tarafa ya M'Batto | M'Batto]], *[[Tarafa ya Prikro | Prikro]]. Makao makuu yako [[Dimbokro]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 0xfn792h8olwy68cqfqwj1041m25o2w 0 64181 1577261 1064650 2026-06-28T08:53:13Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Savanes.svg]] → [[File:Savanes Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Savanes<br /> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Savanes Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Savanes katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 7 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Korhogo (mji)|Korhogo]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 40.430 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 929.673 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =9|latm =30|lats = |latNS = N |longd=5|longm=30|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Savanes''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région des Savanes) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika Kaskazini ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 929.673. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa saba ambazo ni * [[Tarafa ya Boundiali|Boundiali]], * [[Tarafa ya Ferkessédougou|Ferkessédougou]], * [[Tarafa ya Korhogo|Korhogo]], * [[Tarafa ya Kouto|Kouto]], * [[Tarafa ya Ouangolodougou|Ouangolodougou]], * [[Tarafa ya Sinématiali|Sinématiali]], * [[Tarafa ya Tengréla|Tengréla]], Makao makuu yako [[Korhogo]]. == Marejeo == <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] rpijfrouysaun65y37snqkmnjqcua64 0 64183 1577270 1064651 2026-06-28T09:27:43Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Sud-Bandama.svg]] → [[File:Sud-Bandama Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Sud-Bandama<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Sud-Bandama Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Sud-Bandama katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 4 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Divo (mji)| Divo]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 10.727 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 682.021 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = { |latd =5|latm =40|lats = |latNS = N |longd=5|longm=30|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Sud-Bandama''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Sud-Bandama) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika Kusini ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 682.021. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa nne ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Divo | Divo]], *[[Tarafa ya Guitry | Guitry]], *[[Tarafa ya Lakota | Lakota]], *[[Tarafa ya Fresco | Fresco]]. Makao makuu yako [[Divo]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] kpwp5tjgqqqcvmkg75vpvovcx21ybvu 0 64185 1577263 1064653 2026-06-28T09:09:25Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Vallée du Bandama.svg]] → [[File:Vallée du Bandama Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Vallée du Bandama<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Vallée du Bandama Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Vallée du Bandama katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 7 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Bouaké (mji)| Bouaké]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 28.200 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1.080.432 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =8|latm =15|lats = |latNS = N |longd=4|longm=50|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Vallée du Bandama''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de la Vallée du Bandama) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika kitovu cha nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 1.080.432. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa saba ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Béoumi | Béoumi]], *[[Tarafa ya Botro | Botro]], *[[Tarafa ya Bouaké | Bouaké]], *[[Tarafa ya Dabakala | Dabakala]], *[[Tarafa ya Katiola | Katiola]], *[[Tarafa ya Niakaramandougou | Niakaramandougou]], *[[Tarafa ya Sakassou | Sakassou]]. Makao makuu yako [[Bouaké]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] t1gj96bwjjgmyf9hbvrpvo3ugo8nije 0 64188 1577262 1064654 2026-06-28T09:00:45Z Milenioscuro 13385 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - Zanzan.svg]] → [[File:Zanzan Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name 1577262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Zanzan<br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Zanzan Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Zanzan katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] |coordinates_region = CI |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 7 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Bondoukou (mji)| Bondoukou]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 38.131 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1998 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 700.999 |timezone =[[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =8|latm =30|lats = |latNS = N |longd=3|longm=15|longs= |longEW= W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Zanzan''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Zanzan) ni moja kati ya mikoa 19 ya huko nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]], kabla ya 2011. Iko katika kaskazini-mashariki ya nchi. Mwaka 1998 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 700.999. <small><ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Namba za sensa ya mwaka 1998 kufuatana na]</ref></small> Kuna tarafa saba ambazo ni *[[Tarafa ya Bondoukou | Bondoukou]], *[[Tarafa ya Bouna | Bouna]], *[[Tarafa ya Koun-Fao | Koun-Fao]], *[[Tarafa ya Nassian | Nassian]], *[[Tarafa ya Sandégué | Sandégué]], *[[Tarafa ya Tanda | Tanda]], *[[Tarafa ya Transua | Transua]]. Makao makuu yako [[Bondoukou]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 2zvu1weezydi4xwq8rgde9o3xl4sli0 0 65845 1577017 1577014 2026-06-27T12:00:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1280428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Teresa-de-Lisieux.jpg|thumb|[[Picha]] halisi ya Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, [[1896]].]] '''Utoto wa kiroho''' ni njia ya [[maisha ya kiroho]] inayofundisha kufuata [[Injili]] ya [[Yesu]] kwa kujifanya wadogo. [[Mwalimu wa Kanisa|Mwalimu]] bora wa njia hiyo ni [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]], aliyeiita ''njia ndogo''<ref>{{fr}} {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ|title=Histoire d'une âme. Manuscrits autobiographiques |author=Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus |publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf|Cerf]] |location=Paris |year=1985 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ&q=%22petite+voie%22 236, 302] |isbn=2-20402076-1 }} {{access-date|12 May 2022}}</ref>. Njia ya utoto wa Kiroho iliyofundishwa naye<ref>{{cite book|last=Cumming|first= Owen F.|title=Prophets, Guardians, and Saints: Shapers of Modern Catholic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vlpV3ynyjkC&q=therese+of+lisieux+most+popular+catholic+saints&pg=PA178|access-date=24 May 2013|year=2006|publisher=Paulist Press|location=Mahwah, N.J.|isbn=978-0-8091-4446-4}}</ref> inadhihirisha [[utume]] wake wa kulea [[binadamu]] wa wakati huu. Njia hiyo inafuata sifa njema za [[umbile]] la [[mtoto]]<ref>Therese found a passage from [[Kitabu cha Methali|Proverbs]] that struck her with particular force: "Whosoever is a little one, let him come to me" (Proverbs 9:4). She was struck by another passage from the [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Book of Isaiah]]: "you shall be carried at the breasts, and upon the knees they shall caress you. As one whom the mother caresseth, so will I comfort you." (Isaiah 66:12–13</ref> na kulingana na mafundisho ya [[teolojia]] kuhusu [[neema inayotia utakatifu]], [[maadili ya kumiminiwa]] na [[vipaji vya Roho Mtakatifu]]. Tutachimba hayo kwa kuzingatia sifa hizo za mtoto, sifa kuu za [[mtoto wa Mungu]] na tofauti zilizopo kati ya utoto wa Kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile. Hivyo tutaona [[mwanga]] mwingi kuhusu [[teolojia ya neema]]. ==Sifa za kimaumbile za mtoto== Mbali ya kasoro ndogondogo, mtoto kwa kawaida ni sahili na anafahamu [[udhaifu]] wake. Hasa kama [[ubatizo|amebatizwa]] na kulelewa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], [[unyofu]] unajitokeza ndani yake: anasema anavyowaza na anaeleza bila ya mizunguko anavyotaka, asiogope watu watasema nini; haigizi kwa [[ujanja]] bali anajionyesha alivyo. Halafu anafahamu udhaifu wake, kwa kuwa peke yake hawezi kitu, bali anawategemea [[wazazi]] na inampasa apokee vyote toka kwao; kujifahamu dhaifu ni aina ya [[unyenyekevu]]. Ujuzi huo unaelekeza kutekeleza [[maadili ya Kimungu]] kwa dhati na [[usahili]]. Kwanza mtoto anaelekea kusadiki anayoambiwa na wazazi wanapomzungumzia [[Mungu]] na kumfundisha [[sala|kusali]]. Anaelekea kuwatumainia wanapomfundisha kumtegemea Mungu kabla hajajifunza sala ya tumaini katika [[katekisimu]] na kuitumia [[asubuhi]] na [[jioni]]. Hatimaye mtoto anawapenda wazazi kwa [[moyo]] kwa kuwa anawawia vyote, na ikiwa hao ni Wakristo kweli wanaelekeza moyo huo mdogo kwa Mungu, kwa [[Yesu]] na kwa [[Bikira Maria|Mama yake]]. Katika unyofu huo, katika ujuzi wa udhaifu wake na katika utekelezaji sahili wa maadili ya Kimungu mna kiini cha [[maisha ya Kiroho]] ya hali ya juu. Ndiyo sababu Yesu, alipotaka kuwafundisha [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]] umuhimu wa unyenyekevu, alimuita mtoto katikati yao akasema, “Amin, nawaambia: [[Uongofu|Msipoongoka]] na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia kamwe katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Nyakati hizi wengine wameona kutimia [[utabiri]] wa [[Papa Pius X]], “Kutakuwa na watakatifu kati ya watoto” walioalikwa mapema kupokea [[ekaristi]] mara nyingi. Kwa kawaida mtoto akifikia [[ubalehe]], anapotewa na usahili wake na ujuzi wa udhaifu wake; anataka kujifanya [[mtu mzima]] kabla ya wakati, na ndani mwake vinaanza kujitokeza [[undumakuwili]] na [[kiburi]]. Akisifu [[maadili]], si yale ya Kimungu, bali [[nguvu]] inayodhihirisha anavyoanza kukomaa, pamoja na [[busara]] fulani ambayo haitofautishi vizuri na ile ya bandia na inaweza ikawa ujanja tu wa kuficha kasoro. Baadaye, magumu ya maisha yatamkumbusha udhaifu wake; pengine atagongana na utovu wa [[haki]] ambao utamuonyesha thamani ya [[adili]] hilo; atasikitikia ma[[singizio] na hivyo atavumbua thamani ya unyofu. Hatimaye, akiendelea kusali ataelewa maneno ya [[Bwan]]: “Pasipo mimi ninyi hamwezi kufanya neno lolote” ([[Yoh]] 15:5), na maana ya dhati ya [[Baba Yetu]] itadhihirika kwake kwa namna mpya. Atarudia sala hiyo ya utoto wake akitumia pengine [[dakika]] kumi kuisali mara moja kutoka kilindi cha moyo wake: hapo atakuwa ameona tena njia yake. ==Maadili makuu ya mtoto wa Mungu== Maadili hayo ni yale yanayokuza sifa za umbile la mtoto lakini si kasoro zake, tuwe tulivyo kadiri ya [[neema ipitayo maumbile]], si kadiri ya kasoro zetu. Kwanza mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kuwa sahili na mnyofu, kukwepa [[unafiki]] na [[uongo]] asijaribu kuonekana tofauti na alivyo. “[[Taa]] ya [[mwili]] ni [[jicho]]; basi jicho lako likiwa safi, mwili wako wote utakuwa na [[nuru]]” (Math 6:22). Maana yake, ikiwa mtazamo wa [[roho]] ni mnyofu, na [[nia]] ni nyofu, maisha yote yatajaa [[mwanga]]. Mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kujitambua daima dhaifu na mhitaji, akikumbuka mfululizo kwamba [[Baba]] yetu ametuumba kwa [[hiari]] toka [[utovu wa vyote]], na kwamba pasipo neema hatuwezi kufanya lolote kuelekea utakatifu na [[wokovu]]. Akikua katika unyenyekevu huo atazidi [[imani|kusadiki]] [[Neno la Mungu]] kwa dhati, kuliko watoto wanavyosadiki maneno ya wazazi wao. Atakuwa na imani isiyoogopa watu na atakayojivunia kuwa nayo; mara nyingine imani hiyo itapenya ma[[fumbo]] pasipo mifuatano ya mawazo; ataishi kulingana nayo na kuyaonja, akiyatazama kwa [[mshangao]] kama mtoto anavyomtazama machoni baba yake mpendwa. Akifuata njia hiyo, mtoto wa Mungu ataona [[tumaini]] lake likiimarika siku kwa siku na kugeuka [[kujiachilia]] katika mikono ya Baba ambayo ni kama [[lifti]] inayotuinua hadi kwake. Hatimaye, mtoto wa Mungu atampenda kila siku zaidi, kwa ajili yake mwenyewe, si kwa ajili ya [[fadhili]] zake, kama vile mtoto mwema anavyompenda [[mama]] yake kuliko ma[[bembelezo]] anayompatia. Mtoto wa Mungu anampenda Baba katika ma[[jaribu]] kama katika [[furaha]], naye wakati mgumu anakumbuka [[wajibu]] wa kumpenda kwa nguvu zote hata kwa roho yote na kuunganika naye mfululizo ili [[ibada|kumuabudu]] katika [[Roho Mtakatifu|Roho]] na [[ukweli]]. Jambo hilo la mwisho linathibitisha kuwa mara nyingi katika majaribu njia ya utoto inadai [[ushujaa]], [[adili la nguvu]] pamoja na [[kipaji cha nguvu]]. Tunaliona hilo hasa mwishoni mwa maisha ya Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, alipopitia [[usiku wa roho]] kwa imani ya ajabu akiwaombea wasiosadiki, kwa kujiachilia kikamilifu kwa upendo safi na wa nguvu uliomfikisha hadi [[muungano wa kutugeuza]]. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka hivyo inalinganisha maadili yanayoonekana kupingana: [[upole]] na nguvu, unyofu na busara. Katika [[ulimwengu]] unaoonekana kupotoka tunahitaji busara, lakini pia nguvu hata [[kifodini|kufia dini]] kama mahali pengi katika [[karne XX]]: ili tuwe nazo ni lazima tuwe na vipaji vya [[kipaji cha shauri|shauri]] na nguvu, ambavyo ili tuwe navyo tuzidi kuwa wanyofu na watoto mbele ya Mungu na ya Mama Maria. Kadiri tunavyoacha kuwa watoto kwa watu, tunapaswa kuwa watoto kwa Mungu. Kutoka kwake tu tunaweza kupata nguvu na busara tunazozihitaji katika mapambano ya nyakati hizi. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka vizuri inalinganisha pia unyenyekevu halisi na hamu ya kuzama kwa upendo katika mafumbo ya wokovu, ambako si [[karama]] ya pekee kama [[njozi]] na fadhili nyingine za nje ambazo hazikupatikana katika maisha ya mtakatifu huyo <ref>In May 1897, Therese wrote to Father Adolphe Roulland, "My way is all confidence and love." To Maurice Bellière she wrote, "and I, with ''my way'', will do more than you, so I hope that one day Jesus will make you walk by the same way as me." {{blockquote|Sometimes, when I read spiritual treatises in which perfection is shown with a thousand obstacles, surrounded by a crowd of illusions, my poor little mind quickly tires. I close the learned book which is breaking my head and drying up my heart, and I take up Holy Scripture. Then all seems luminous to me; a single word uncovers for my soul infinite horizons; perfection seems simple; I see that it is enough to recognize one's nothingness and to abandon oneself, like a child, into God's arms. Leaving to great souls, to great minds, the beautiful books I cannot understand, I rejoice to be little because only children, and those who are like them, will be admitted to the heavenly banquet.</ref>. ==Kinachotofautisha utoto wa kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile== “Ndugu zangu, msiwe watoto katika [[akili]] zenu; lakini katika [[uovu]] mgeuzwe [[watoto wachanga]], bali katika akili zenu mkawe watu wazima” (1Kor 14:20). Basi, tofauti ya kwanza kati ya aina hizo mbili za utoto ni [[ukomavu]] katika kupima mambo. Lakini ipo nyingine: kwamba upande wa maumbile, kadiri mtoto anavyokua anatakiwa [[kujitegemea]], kwa sababu siku moja wazazi watamuacha peke yake. Kumbe upande wa neema, kadiri mtoto wa Mungu anavyokua anaelewa kuwa hataweza kamwe kujitegemea bali kumtegemea Mungu tu. Kadiri anavyokua anatakiwa kuishi kwa [[uvuvio]] maalumu wa Roho Mtakatifu, ambaye kwa vipaji vyake anafidia kasoro za maadili, hivi kwamba hatimaye mtu anatendewa na Mungu kuliko kutenda mwenyewe, na wakati uliopangwa ukifika ataingia tumboni mwa Baba ambamo ataona [[heri]] yake. [[Kijana]] akikua anawaacha wazazi ili kuanza maisha yake; kisha kufikia [[utu uzima]] hawategemei tena, bali anawategemeza. Kinyume chake mtoto wa Mungu akikua anazidi kumtegemea asitake tena kufanya chochote peke yake, pasipo miangaza na mashauri ya Baba yake. Hapo maisha yote yanakolezwa na sala: ndilo fungu bora ambalo hatanyang’anywa kamwe. “Kubaki wadogo ni kujitambua si kitu, ni kutarajia yote toka kwa Mungu mwema, kama vile mtoto anavyotarajia yote toka kwa baba yake; ni kutohangaikia chochote, ni kutolenga [[faida]]. Hata kati ya ma[[fukara]], mpaka mtoto ni mdogo anapewa anavyovihitaji, lakini akishakua tu baba hataki tena kumlisha bure, hivyo anamuambia, ‘Sasa fanya kazi, unaweza kujitegemea’. Basi, ili nisiambiwe maneno hayo, sikutaka kamwe kukua, nikijiona siwezi kujitegemea katika kupata [[uzima wa milele]] [[mbinguni]]. Hivyo nimebaki daima [[mdogo]], asiye na [[kazi]] nyingine isipokuwa kuchuma ma[[ua]] ya upendo na ya [[sadaka]] nimtolee Mungu mwema ili kumpendeza. Tena kuwa mdogo ni kutoamini kuwa maadili ninayoyatekeleza ni ya kwangu, kana kwamba naweza kitu, bali ni kukiri kuwa Mungu mwema anaweka [[hazina]] hiyo ya maadili mikononi mwa mtoto wake ili aitumie atakavyohitaji, ikibaki daima [[mali]] ya Mungu mwema” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Ndivyo ulivyosema [[mtaguso wa Trento]], “[[Wema]] wa Mungu kwetu ni mkubwa hivyo hata atake [[zawadi]] zake zitugeukie [[stahili]] zetu”. Tunaweza kumtolea yale tu anayotupa; ila tunayoyapokea kama neema tunamtolea kama stahili, ibada, sala, fidia na [[shukrani]]. “Hatimaye kuwa wadogo ni [[kutokata tamaa]] kwa kasoro zetu, kwa sababu watoto wanaanguka mara nyingi, lakini ni wadogo hivi hata wasiweze kuumia sana” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Katika mafundisho hayo, ya juu kuliko mifuatano yoyote ya mawazo ya kibinadamu, linang’aa hasa lile la neema ambalo [[mababu wa Kanisa]] na [[wanateolojia]] waliandika mengi juu yake, na ambalo humo limetekelezwa kwa usahili na udhati na mtu aliyekubali kuongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu hadi bandari ya wokovu. Wenye heri wanateolojia watakaoweza kuongoa watu wengi kama mtakatifu huyo alivyofanya! “Tuseme nini sisi wenye [[ndevu]] na udhaifu pamoja, tuliowaona [[wasichana]] kuingia ufalme wa mbinguni kwa [[upanga]], wakati [[hasira]] inatushinda, kiburi kinatuvimbisha na [[uchu wa madaraka]] unatuvuruga?” ([[Gregori Mkuu]]). Hakika Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu ameelekeza njia nyofu inayofikisha juu sana. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Descouvemont |first=Pierre |author-link=:fr:Pierre Descouvemont |others=Helmuth Nils Loose (photography) |title=Therese and Lisieux |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=0-8028-3836-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/thereselisieux00desc |url-access=registration }} (Toronto, ON: Novalis {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) (Dublib, Ireland: Veritas Publications {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) * {{cite book|last=Gaucher|first=Guy |author-link=Guy Gaucher |title=The Spiritual Journey of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |location=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Todd |year=1987 |isbn=0-232-51713-4}} * {{citation|last=Gaucher |first=Guy |title=Story of a Life: St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhEWx2yKIykC |isbn=978-0-06-063096-6}} *{{cite book|first=Ida Friederike|last=Görres|author-link=Ida Friederike Görres|title=The Hidden Face. A Study of St. Thérèse of Lisieux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PupAAAAAYAAJ |publisher=[[Pantheon Books|Pantheon]] |location=New York City|year=1959|edition=8th|isbn=0-89870927-X}} *{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Kathryn|author-link=Kathryn Harrison|title=Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Penguin Life|publisher=Penguin|year=2003 |isbn=978-1-10-165126-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HHcPeumWs4C&pg=PA21}} * {{citation|last=Johnson |first=Vernon |author-link=Vernon Johnson |title=Spiritual Childhood: The Spirituality of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Ignatius Press |edition=3rd |year=2001 |orig-year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhMnjGoDuoEC |isbn=9780898708264 }} {{ISBN|0-89870-826-5}} * {{citation|last=LaForest |first=Ann |author-link=<!--Ann Laforest--> |title=Therese of Lisieux: the way to love |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlzcK9VqTEsC |isbn=9781580510820 }} {{ISBN|1-58051-082-5}} * {{citation|last=Monahan |first=Joan |author-link=<!--Joan Monahan--> |title=St. Therese of Lisieux: Missionary of Love |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5JaMF5Y7VEC |isbn=9780809167104 }} {{ISBN|0-8091-6710-7}} * {{citation|last=Nevin |first=Thomas R. |author-link=<!--Thomas R. Nevin--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2T6B7s6R-4C |isbn=9780198041962 }} {{ISBN|0-19-530721-6}} * {{citation|last=O'Connor|first=Patricia |author-link=<!--Patricia O'Connor ()--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Press |year=1983}} {{ISBN|0-87973-607-0}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Keating |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Keating |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ |publisher=Lantern Books |year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytbGMpXnD-UC |isbn=9781930051201 }} {{ISBN|1-930051-20-4}} * {{cite book|last=O'Madagain |first=Murchadh |author-link=<!--Murchadh O'Madagain--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering |publisher=Saint Paul Publications |year=2003 }} {{ISBN|0-854396-65-9}} * {{cite book|last=Tonnelier |first=Constant |author-link=<!--Constant Tonnelier--> |title=15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=New City Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MOSQpDBTPsC |isbn=9781565483910 }} {{ISBN|978-1-56548-391-0}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Therese-of-Lisieux}} {{Refend}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] [[it:Teresa di Lisieux#La spiritualità di Teresa]] 4v0b6r1g02ae27zqjxs38qdy2fwdaib 1577127 1577017 2026-06-27T13:12:54Z Emmy05 90536 /* */ ongezeko la maneno kwenye aya 1577127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Teresa-de-Lisieux.jpg|thumb|[[Picha]] halisi ya Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, [[1896]].]] '''Utoto wa kiroho''' ni njia ya [[maisha ya kiroho]] inayofundisha kufuata [[Injili]] ya [[Yesu]] kwa kujifanya wadogo. [[Mwalimu wa Kanisa|Mwalimu]] bora wa njia hiyo ni [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]], aliyeiita ''njia ndogo au Ua dogo la carmel''<ref>{{fr}} {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ|title=Histoire d'une âme. Manuscrits autobiographiques |author=Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus |publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf|Cerf]] |location=Paris |year=1985 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ&q=%22petite+voie%22 236, 302] |isbn=2-20402076-1 }} {{access-date|12 May 2022}}</ref>. Njia ya utoto wa Kiroho iliyofundishwa naye<ref>{{cite book|last=Cumming|first= Owen F.|title=Prophets, Guardians, and Saints: Shapers of Modern Catholic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vlpV3ynyjkC&q=therese+of+lisieux+most+popular+catholic+saints&pg=PA178|access-date=24 May 2013|year=2006|publisher=Paulist Press|location=Mahwah, N.J.|isbn=978-0-8091-4446-4}}</ref> inadhihirisha [[utume]] wake wa kulea [[binadamu]] wa wakati huu. Njia hiyo inafuata sifa njema za [[umbile]] la [[mtoto]]<ref>Therese found a passage from [[Kitabu cha Methali|Proverbs]] that struck her with particular force: "Whosoever is a little one, let him come to me" (Proverbs 9:4). She was struck by another passage from the [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Book of Isaiah]]: "you shall be carried at the breasts, and upon the knees they shall caress you. As one whom the mother caresseth, so will I comfort you." (Isaiah 66:12–13</ref> na kulingana na mafundisho ya [[teolojia]] kuhusu [[neema inayotia utakatifu]], [[maadili ya kumiminiwa]] na [[vipaji vya Roho Mtakatifu]]. Tutachimba hayo kwa kuzingatia sifa hizo za mtoto, sifa kuu za [[mtoto wa Mungu]] na tofauti zilizopo kati ya utoto wa Kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile. Hivyo tutaona [[mwanga]] mwingi kuhusu [[teolojia ya neema]]. ==Sifa za kimaumbile za mtoto== Mbali ya kasoro ndogondogo, mtoto kwa kawaida ni sahili na anafahamu [[udhaifu]] wake. Hasa kama [[ubatizo|amebatizwa]] na kulelewa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], [[unyofu]] unajitokeza ndani yake: anasema anavyowaza na anaeleza bila ya mizunguko anavyotaka, asiogope watu watasema nini; haigizi kwa [[ujanja]] bali anajionyesha alivyo. Halafu anafahamu udhaifu wake, kwa kuwa peke yake hawezi kitu, bali anawategemea [[wazazi]] na inampasa apokee vyote toka kwao; kujifahamu dhaifu ni aina ya [[unyenyekevu]]. Ujuzi huo unaelekeza kutekeleza [[maadili ya Kimungu]] kwa dhati na [[usahili]]. Kwanza mtoto anaelekea kusadiki anayoambiwa na wazazi wanapomzungumzia [[Mungu]] na kumfundisha [[sala|kusali]]. Anaelekea kuwatumainia wanapomfundisha kumtegemea Mungu kabla hajajifunza sala ya tumaini katika [[katekisimu]] na kuitumia [[asubuhi]] na [[jioni]]. Hatimaye mtoto anawapenda wazazi kwa [[moyo]] kwa kuwa anawawia vyote, na ikiwa hao ni Wakristo kweli wanaelekeza moyo huo mdogo kwa Mungu, kwa [[Yesu]] na kwa [[Bikira Maria|Mama yake]]. Katika unyofu huo, katika ujuzi wa udhaifu wake na katika utekelezaji sahili wa maadili ya Kimungu mna kiini cha [[maisha ya Kiroho]] ya hali ya juu. Ndiyo sababu Yesu, alipotaka kuwafundisha [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]] umuhimu wa unyenyekevu, alimuita mtoto katikati yao akasema, “Amin, nawaambia: [[Uongofu|Msipoongoka]] na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia kamwe katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Nyakati hizi wengine wameona kutimia [[utabiri]] wa [[Papa Pius X]], “Kutakuwa na watakatifu kati ya watoto” walioalikwa mapema kupokea [[ekaristi]] mara nyingi. Kwa kawaida mtoto akifikia [[ubalehe]], anapotewa na usahili wake na ujuzi wa udhaifu wake; anataka kujifanya [[mtu mzima]] kabla ya wakati, na ndani mwake vinaanza kujitokeza [[undumakuwili]] na [[kiburi]]. Akisifu [[maadili]], si yale ya Kimungu, bali [[nguvu]] inayodhihirisha anavyoanza kukomaa, pamoja na [[busara]] fulani ambayo haitofautishi vizuri na ile ya bandia na inaweza ikawa ujanja tu wa kuficha kasoro. Baadaye, magumu ya maisha yatamkumbusha udhaifu wake; pengine atagongana na utovu wa [[haki]] ambao utamuonyesha thamani ya [[adili]] hilo; atasikitikia ma[[singizio] na hivyo atavumbua thamani ya unyofu. Hatimaye, akiendelea kusali ataelewa maneno ya [[Bwan]]: “Pasipo mimi ninyi hamwezi kufanya neno lolote” ([[Yoh]] 15:5), na maana ya dhati ya [[Baba Yetu]] itadhihirika kwake kwa namna mpya. Atarudia sala hiyo ya utoto wake akitumia pengine [[dakika]] kumi kuisali mara moja kutoka kilindi cha moyo wake: hapo atakuwa ameona tena njia yake. ==Maadili makuu ya mtoto wa Mungu== Maadili hayo ni yale yanayokuza sifa za umbile la mtoto lakini si kasoro zake, tuwe tulivyo kadiri ya [[neema ipitayo maumbile]], si kadiri ya kasoro zetu. Kwanza mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kuwa sahili na mnyofu, kukwepa [[unafiki]] na [[uongo]] asijaribu kuonekana tofauti na alivyo. “[[Taa]] ya [[mwili]] ni [[jicho]]; basi jicho lako likiwa safi, mwili wako wote utakuwa na [[nuru]]” (Math 6:22). Maana yake, ikiwa mtazamo wa [[roho]] ni mnyofu, na [[nia]] ni nyofu, maisha yote yatajaa [[mwanga]]. Mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kujitambua daima dhaifu na mhitaji, akikumbuka mfululizo kwamba [[Baba]] yetu ametuumba kwa [[hiari]] toka [[utovu wa vyote]], na kwamba pasipo neema hatuwezi kufanya lolote kuelekea utakatifu na [[wokovu]]. Akikua katika unyenyekevu huo atazidi [[imani|kusadiki]] [[Neno la Mungu]] kwa dhati, kuliko watoto wanavyosadiki maneno ya wazazi wao. Atakuwa na imani isiyoogopa watu na atakayojivunia kuwa nayo; mara nyingine imani hiyo itapenya ma[[fumbo]] pasipo mifuatano ya mawazo; ataishi kulingana nayo na kuyaonja, akiyatazama kwa [[mshangao]] kama mtoto anavyomtazama machoni baba yake mpendwa. Akifuata njia hiyo, mtoto wa Mungu ataona [[tumaini]] lake likiimarika siku kwa siku na kugeuka [[kujiachilia]] katika mikono ya Baba ambayo ni kama [[lifti]] inayotuinua hadi kwake. Hatimaye, mtoto wa Mungu atampenda kila siku zaidi, kwa ajili yake mwenyewe, si kwa ajili ya [[fadhili]] zake, kama vile mtoto mwema anavyompenda [[mama]] yake kuliko ma[[bembelezo]] anayompatia. Mtoto wa Mungu anampenda Baba katika ma[[jaribu]] kama katika [[furaha]], naye wakati mgumu anakumbuka [[wajibu]] wa kumpenda kwa nguvu zote hata kwa roho yote na kuunganika naye mfululizo ili [[ibada|kumuabudu]] katika [[Roho Mtakatifu|Roho]] na [[ukweli]]. Jambo hilo la mwisho linathibitisha kuwa mara nyingi katika majaribu njia ya utoto inadai [[ushujaa]], [[adili la nguvu]] pamoja na [[kipaji cha nguvu]]. Tunaliona hilo hasa mwishoni mwa maisha ya Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, alipopitia [[usiku wa roho]] kwa imani ya ajabu akiwaombea wasiosadiki, kwa kujiachilia kikamilifu kwa upendo safi na wa nguvu uliomfikisha hadi [[muungano wa kutugeuza]]. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka hivyo inalinganisha maadili yanayoonekana kupingana: [[upole]] na nguvu, unyofu na busara. Katika [[ulimwengu]] unaoonekana kupotoka tunahitaji busara, lakini pia nguvu hata [[kifodini|kufia dini]] kama mahali pengi katika [[karne XX]]: ili tuwe nazo ni lazima tuwe na vipaji vya [[kipaji cha shauri|shauri]] na nguvu, ambavyo ili tuwe navyo tuzidi kuwa wanyofu na watoto mbele ya Mungu na ya Mama Maria. Kadiri tunavyoacha kuwa watoto kwa watu, tunapaswa kuwa watoto kwa Mungu. Kutoka kwake tu tunaweza kupata nguvu na busara tunazozihitaji katika mapambano ya nyakati hizi. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka vizuri inalinganisha pia unyenyekevu halisi na hamu ya kuzama kwa upendo katika mafumbo ya wokovu, ambako si [[karama]] ya pekee kama [[njozi]] na fadhili nyingine za nje ambazo hazikupatikana katika maisha ya mtakatifu huyo <ref>In May 1897, Therese wrote to Father Adolphe Roulland, "My way is all confidence and love." To Maurice Bellière she wrote, "and I, with ''my way'', will do more than you, so I hope that one day Jesus will make you walk by the same way as me." {{blockquote|Sometimes, when I read spiritual treatises in which perfection is shown with a thousand obstacles, surrounded by a crowd of illusions, my poor little mind quickly tires. I close the learned book which is breaking my head and drying up my heart, and I take up Holy Scripture. Then all seems luminous to me; a single word uncovers for my soul infinite horizons; perfection seems simple; I see that it is enough to recognize one's nothingness and to abandon oneself, like a child, into God's arms. Leaving to great souls, to great minds, the beautiful books I cannot understand, I rejoice to be little because only children, and those who are like them, will be admitted to the heavenly banquet.</ref>. ==Kinachotofautisha utoto wa kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile== “Ndugu zangu, msiwe watoto katika [[akili]] zenu; lakini katika [[uovu]] mgeuzwe [[watoto wachanga]], bali katika akili zenu mkawe watu wazima” (1Kor 14:20). Basi, tofauti ya kwanza kati ya aina hizo mbili za utoto ni [[ukomavu]] katika kupima mambo. Lakini ipo nyingine: kwamba upande wa maumbile, kadiri mtoto anavyokua anatakiwa [[kujitegemea]], kwa sababu siku moja wazazi watamuacha peke yake. Kumbe upande wa neema, kadiri mtoto wa Mungu anavyokua anaelewa kuwa hataweza kamwe kujitegemea bali kumtegemea Mungu tu. Kadiri anavyokua anatakiwa kuishi kwa [[uvuvio]] maalumu wa Roho Mtakatifu, ambaye kwa vipaji vyake anafidia kasoro za maadili, hivi kwamba hatimaye mtu anatendewa na Mungu kuliko kutenda mwenyewe, na wakati uliopangwa ukifika ataingia tumboni mwa Baba ambamo ataona [[heri]] yake. [[Kijana]] akikua anawaacha wazazi ili kuanza maisha yake; kisha kufikia [[utu uzima]] hawategemei tena, bali anawategemeza. Kinyume chake mtoto wa Mungu akikua anazidi kumtegemea asitake tena kufanya chochote peke yake, pasipo miangaza na mashauri ya Baba yake. Hapo maisha yote yanakolezwa na sala: ndilo fungu bora ambalo hatanyang’anywa kamwe. “Kubaki wadogo ni kujitambua si kitu, ni kutarajia yote toka kwa Mungu mwema, kama vile mtoto anavyotarajia yote toka kwa baba yake; ni kutohangaikia chochote, ni kutolenga [[faida]]. Hata kati ya ma[[fukara]], mpaka mtoto ni mdogo anapewa anavyovihitaji, lakini akishakua tu baba hataki tena kumlisha bure, hivyo anamuambia, ‘Sasa fanya kazi, unaweza kujitegemea’. Basi, ili nisiambiwe maneno hayo, sikutaka kamwe kukua, nikijiona siwezi kujitegemea katika kupata [[uzima wa milele]] [[mbinguni]]. Hivyo nimebaki daima [[mdogo]], asiye na [[kazi]] nyingine isipokuwa kuchuma ma[[ua]] ya upendo na ya [[sadaka]] nimtolee Mungu mwema ili kumpendeza. Tena kuwa mdogo ni kutoamini kuwa maadili ninayoyatekeleza ni ya kwangu, kana kwamba naweza kitu, bali ni kukiri kuwa Mungu mwema anaweka [[hazina]] hiyo ya maadili mikononi mwa mtoto wake ili aitumie atakavyohitaji, ikibaki daima [[mali]] ya Mungu mwema” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Ndivyo ulivyosema [[mtaguso wa Trento]], “[[Wema]] wa Mungu kwetu ni mkubwa hivyo hata atake [[zawadi]] zake zitugeukie [[stahili]] zetu”. Tunaweza kumtolea yale tu anayotupa; ila tunayoyapokea kama neema tunamtolea kama stahili, ibada, sala, fidia na [[shukrani]]. “Hatimaye kuwa wadogo ni [[kutokata tamaa]] kwa kasoro zetu, kwa sababu watoto wanaanguka mara nyingi, lakini ni wadogo hivi hata wasiweze kuumia sana” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Katika mafundisho hayo, ya juu kuliko mifuatano yoyote ya mawazo ya kibinadamu, linang’aa hasa lile la neema ambalo [[mababu wa Kanisa]] na [[wanateolojia]] waliandika mengi juu yake, na ambalo humo limetekelezwa kwa usahili na udhati na mtu aliyekubali kuongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu hadi bandari ya wokovu. Wenye heri wanateolojia watakaoweza kuongoa watu wengi kama mtakatifu huyo alivyofanya! “Tuseme nini sisi wenye [[ndevu]] na udhaifu pamoja, tuliowaona [[wasichana]] kuingia ufalme wa mbinguni kwa [[upanga]], wakati [[hasira]] inatushinda, kiburi kinatuvimbisha na [[uchu wa madaraka]] unatuvuruga?” ([[Gregori Mkuu]]). Hakika Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu ameelekeza njia nyofu inayofikisha juu sana. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Descouvemont |first=Pierre |author-link=:fr:Pierre Descouvemont |others=Helmuth Nils Loose (photography) |title=Therese and Lisieux |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=0-8028-3836-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/thereselisieux00desc |url-access=registration }} (Toronto, ON: Novalis {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) (Dublib, Ireland: Veritas Publications {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) * {{cite book|last=Gaucher|first=Guy |author-link=Guy Gaucher |title=The Spiritual Journey of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |location=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Todd |year=1987 |isbn=0-232-51713-4}} * {{citation|last=Gaucher |first=Guy |title=Story of a Life: St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhEWx2yKIykC |isbn=978-0-06-063096-6}} *{{cite book|first=Ida Friederike|last=Görres|author-link=Ida Friederike Görres|title=The Hidden Face. A Study of St. Thérèse of Lisieux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PupAAAAAYAAJ |publisher=[[Pantheon Books|Pantheon]] |location=New York City|year=1959|edition=8th|isbn=0-89870927-X}} *{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Kathryn|author-link=Kathryn Harrison|title=Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Penguin Life|publisher=Penguin|year=2003 |isbn=978-1-10-165126-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HHcPeumWs4C&pg=PA21}} * {{citation|last=Johnson |first=Vernon |author-link=Vernon Johnson |title=Spiritual Childhood: The Spirituality of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Ignatius Press |edition=3rd |year=2001 |orig-year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhMnjGoDuoEC |isbn=9780898708264 }} {{ISBN|0-89870-826-5}} * {{citation|last=LaForest |first=Ann |author-link=<!--Ann Laforest--> |title=Therese of Lisieux: the way to love |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlzcK9VqTEsC |isbn=9781580510820 }} {{ISBN|1-58051-082-5}} * {{citation|last=Monahan |first=Joan |author-link=<!--Joan Monahan--> |title=St. Therese of Lisieux: Missionary of Love |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5JaMF5Y7VEC |isbn=9780809167104 }} {{ISBN|0-8091-6710-7}} * {{citation|last=Nevin |first=Thomas R. |author-link=<!--Thomas R. Nevin--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2T6B7s6R-4C |isbn=9780198041962 }} {{ISBN|0-19-530721-6}} * {{citation|last=O'Connor|first=Patricia |author-link=<!--Patricia O'Connor ()--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Press |year=1983}} {{ISBN|0-87973-607-0}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Keating |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Keating |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ |publisher=Lantern Books |year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytbGMpXnD-UC |isbn=9781930051201 }} {{ISBN|1-930051-20-4}} * {{cite book|last=O'Madagain |first=Murchadh |author-link=<!--Murchadh O'Madagain--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering |publisher=Saint Paul Publications |year=2003 }} {{ISBN|0-854396-65-9}} * {{cite book|last=Tonnelier |first=Constant |author-link=<!--Constant Tonnelier--> |title=15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=New City Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MOSQpDBTPsC |isbn=9781565483910 }} {{ISBN|978-1-56548-391-0}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Therese-of-Lisieux}} {{Refend}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] [[it:Teresa di Lisieux#La spiritualità di Teresa]] l2w1d04eab0n8tb1okh1rzg0d36oim4 1577128 1577127 2026-06-27T13:13:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Emmy05|Emmy05]] ([[User talk:Emmy05|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1280428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Teresa-de-Lisieux.jpg|thumb|[[Picha]] halisi ya Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, [[1896]].]] '''Utoto wa kiroho''' ni njia ya [[maisha ya kiroho]] inayofundisha kufuata [[Injili]] ya [[Yesu]] kwa kujifanya wadogo. [[Mwalimu wa Kanisa|Mwalimu]] bora wa njia hiyo ni [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]], aliyeiita ''njia ndogo''<ref>{{fr}} {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ|title=Histoire d'une âme. Manuscrits autobiographiques |author=Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus |publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf|Cerf]] |location=Paris |year=1985 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CQAmAQAAIAAJ&q=%22petite+voie%22 236, 302] |isbn=2-20402076-1 }} {{access-date|12 May 2022}}</ref>. Njia ya utoto wa Kiroho iliyofundishwa naye<ref>{{cite book|last=Cumming|first= Owen F.|title=Prophets, Guardians, and Saints: Shapers of Modern Catholic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vlpV3ynyjkC&q=therese+of+lisieux+most+popular+catholic+saints&pg=PA178|access-date=24 May 2013|year=2006|publisher=Paulist Press|location=Mahwah, N.J.|isbn=978-0-8091-4446-4}}</ref> inadhihirisha [[utume]] wake wa kulea [[binadamu]] wa wakati huu. Njia hiyo inafuata sifa njema za [[umbile]] la [[mtoto]]<ref>Therese found a passage from [[Kitabu cha Methali|Proverbs]] that struck her with particular force: "Whosoever is a little one, let him come to me" (Proverbs 9:4). She was struck by another passage from the [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Book of Isaiah]]: "you shall be carried at the breasts, and upon the knees they shall caress you. As one whom the mother caresseth, so will I comfort you." (Isaiah 66:12–13</ref> na kulingana na mafundisho ya [[teolojia]] kuhusu [[neema inayotia utakatifu]], [[maadili ya kumiminiwa]] na [[vipaji vya Roho Mtakatifu]]. Tutachimba hayo kwa kuzingatia sifa hizo za mtoto, sifa kuu za [[mtoto wa Mungu]] na tofauti zilizopo kati ya utoto wa Kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile. Hivyo tutaona [[mwanga]] mwingi kuhusu [[teolojia ya neema]]. ==Sifa za kimaumbile za mtoto== Mbali ya kasoro ndogondogo, mtoto kwa kawaida ni sahili na anafahamu [[udhaifu]] wake. Hasa kama [[ubatizo|amebatizwa]] na kulelewa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], [[unyofu]] unajitokeza ndani yake: anasema anavyowaza na anaeleza bila ya mizunguko anavyotaka, asiogope watu watasema nini; haigizi kwa [[ujanja]] bali anajionyesha alivyo. Halafu anafahamu udhaifu wake, kwa kuwa peke yake hawezi kitu, bali anawategemea [[wazazi]] na inampasa apokee vyote toka kwao; kujifahamu dhaifu ni aina ya [[unyenyekevu]]. Ujuzi huo unaelekeza kutekeleza [[maadili ya Kimungu]] kwa dhati na [[usahili]]. Kwanza mtoto anaelekea kusadiki anayoambiwa na wazazi wanapomzungumzia [[Mungu]] na kumfundisha [[sala|kusali]]. Anaelekea kuwatumainia wanapomfundisha kumtegemea Mungu kabla hajajifunza sala ya tumaini katika [[katekisimu]] na kuitumia [[asubuhi]] na [[jioni]]. Hatimaye mtoto anawapenda wazazi kwa [[moyo]] kwa kuwa anawawia vyote, na ikiwa hao ni Wakristo kweli wanaelekeza moyo huo mdogo kwa Mungu, kwa [[Yesu]] na kwa [[Bikira Maria|Mama yake]]. Katika unyofu huo, katika ujuzi wa udhaifu wake na katika utekelezaji sahili wa maadili ya Kimungu mna kiini cha [[maisha ya Kiroho]] ya hali ya juu. Ndiyo sababu Yesu, alipotaka kuwafundisha [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]] umuhimu wa unyenyekevu, alimuita mtoto katikati yao akasema, “Amin, nawaambia: [[Uongofu|Msipoongoka]] na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia kamwe katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Nyakati hizi wengine wameona kutimia [[utabiri]] wa [[Papa Pius X]], “Kutakuwa na watakatifu kati ya watoto” walioalikwa mapema kupokea [[ekaristi]] mara nyingi. Kwa kawaida mtoto akifikia [[ubalehe]], anapotewa na usahili wake na ujuzi wa udhaifu wake; anataka kujifanya [[mtu mzima]] kabla ya wakati, na ndani mwake vinaanza kujitokeza [[undumakuwili]] na [[kiburi]]. Akisifu [[maadili]], si yale ya Kimungu, bali [[nguvu]] inayodhihirisha anavyoanza kukomaa, pamoja na [[busara]] fulani ambayo haitofautishi vizuri na ile ya bandia na inaweza ikawa ujanja tu wa kuficha kasoro. Baadaye, magumu ya maisha yatamkumbusha udhaifu wake; pengine atagongana na utovu wa [[haki]] ambao utamuonyesha thamani ya [[adili]] hilo; atasikitikia ma[[singizio] na hivyo atavumbua thamani ya unyofu. Hatimaye, akiendelea kusali ataelewa maneno ya [[Bwan]]: “Pasipo mimi ninyi hamwezi kufanya neno lolote” ([[Yoh]] 15:5), na maana ya dhati ya [[Baba Yetu]] itadhihirika kwake kwa namna mpya. Atarudia sala hiyo ya utoto wake akitumia pengine [[dakika]] kumi kuisali mara moja kutoka kilindi cha moyo wake: hapo atakuwa ameona tena njia yake. ==Maadili makuu ya mtoto wa Mungu== Maadili hayo ni yale yanayokuza sifa za umbile la mtoto lakini si kasoro zake, tuwe tulivyo kadiri ya [[neema ipitayo maumbile]], si kadiri ya kasoro zetu. Kwanza mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kuwa sahili na mnyofu, kukwepa [[unafiki]] na [[uongo]] asijaribu kuonekana tofauti na alivyo. “[[Taa]] ya [[mwili]] ni [[jicho]]; basi jicho lako likiwa safi, mwili wako wote utakuwa na [[nuru]]” (Math 6:22). Maana yake, ikiwa mtazamo wa [[roho]] ni mnyofu, na [[nia]] ni nyofu, maisha yote yatajaa [[mwanga]]. Mtoto wa Mungu anatakiwa kujitambua daima dhaifu na mhitaji, akikumbuka mfululizo kwamba [[Baba]] yetu ametuumba kwa [[hiari]] toka [[utovu wa vyote]], na kwamba pasipo neema hatuwezi kufanya lolote kuelekea utakatifu na [[wokovu]]. Akikua katika unyenyekevu huo atazidi [[imani|kusadiki]] [[Neno la Mungu]] kwa dhati, kuliko watoto wanavyosadiki maneno ya wazazi wao. Atakuwa na imani isiyoogopa watu na atakayojivunia kuwa nayo; mara nyingine imani hiyo itapenya ma[[fumbo]] pasipo mifuatano ya mawazo; ataishi kulingana nayo na kuyaonja, akiyatazama kwa [[mshangao]] kama mtoto anavyomtazama machoni baba yake mpendwa. Akifuata njia hiyo, mtoto wa Mungu ataona [[tumaini]] lake likiimarika siku kwa siku na kugeuka [[kujiachilia]] katika mikono ya Baba ambayo ni kama [[lifti]] inayotuinua hadi kwake. Hatimaye, mtoto wa Mungu atampenda kila siku zaidi, kwa ajili yake mwenyewe, si kwa ajili ya [[fadhili]] zake, kama vile mtoto mwema anavyompenda [[mama]] yake kuliko ma[[bembelezo]] anayompatia. Mtoto wa Mungu anampenda Baba katika ma[[jaribu]] kama katika [[furaha]], naye wakati mgumu anakumbuka [[wajibu]] wa kumpenda kwa nguvu zote hata kwa roho yote na kuunganika naye mfululizo ili [[ibada|kumuabudu]] katika [[Roho Mtakatifu|Roho]] na [[ukweli]]. Jambo hilo la mwisho linathibitisha kuwa mara nyingi katika majaribu njia ya utoto inadai [[ushujaa]], [[adili la nguvu]] pamoja na [[kipaji cha nguvu]]. Tunaliona hilo hasa mwishoni mwa maisha ya Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu, alipopitia [[usiku wa roho]] kwa imani ya ajabu akiwaombea wasiosadiki, kwa kujiachilia kikamilifu kwa upendo safi na wa nguvu uliomfikisha hadi [[muungano wa kutugeuza]]. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka hivyo inalinganisha maadili yanayoonekana kupingana: [[upole]] na nguvu, unyofu na busara. Katika [[ulimwengu]] unaoonekana kupotoka tunahitaji busara, lakini pia nguvu hata [[kifodini|kufia dini]] kama mahali pengi katika [[karne XX]]: ili tuwe nazo ni lazima tuwe na vipaji vya [[kipaji cha shauri|shauri]] na nguvu, ambavyo ili tuwe navyo tuzidi kuwa wanyofu na watoto mbele ya Mungu na ya Mama Maria. Kadiri tunavyoacha kuwa watoto kwa watu, tunapaswa kuwa watoto kwa Mungu. Kutoka kwake tu tunaweza kupata nguvu na busara tunazozihitaji katika mapambano ya nyakati hizi. Njia ya utoto ikieleweka vizuri inalinganisha pia unyenyekevu halisi na hamu ya kuzama kwa upendo katika mafumbo ya wokovu, ambako si [[karama]] ya pekee kama [[njozi]] na fadhili nyingine za nje ambazo hazikupatikana katika maisha ya mtakatifu huyo <ref>In May 1897, Therese wrote to Father Adolphe Roulland, "My way is all confidence and love." To Maurice Bellière she wrote, "and I, with ''my way'', will do more than you, so I hope that one day Jesus will make you walk by the same way as me." {{blockquote|Sometimes, when I read spiritual treatises in which perfection is shown with a thousand obstacles, surrounded by a crowd of illusions, my poor little mind quickly tires. I close the learned book which is breaking my head and drying up my heart, and I take up Holy Scripture. Then all seems luminous to me; a single word uncovers for my soul infinite horizons; perfection seems simple; I see that it is enough to recognize one's nothingness and to abandon oneself, like a child, into God's arms. Leaving to great souls, to great minds, the beautiful books I cannot understand, I rejoice to be little because only children, and those who are like them, will be admitted to the heavenly banquet.</ref>. ==Kinachotofautisha utoto wa kiroho na ule wa kimaumbile== “Ndugu zangu, msiwe watoto katika [[akili]] zenu; lakini katika [[uovu]] mgeuzwe [[watoto wachanga]], bali katika akili zenu mkawe watu wazima” (1Kor 14:20). Basi, tofauti ya kwanza kati ya aina hizo mbili za utoto ni [[ukomavu]] katika kupima mambo. Lakini ipo nyingine: kwamba upande wa maumbile, kadiri mtoto anavyokua anatakiwa [[kujitegemea]], kwa sababu siku moja wazazi watamuacha peke yake. Kumbe upande wa neema, kadiri mtoto wa Mungu anavyokua anaelewa kuwa hataweza kamwe kujitegemea bali kumtegemea Mungu tu. Kadiri anavyokua anatakiwa kuishi kwa [[uvuvio]] maalumu wa Roho Mtakatifu, ambaye kwa vipaji vyake anafidia kasoro za maadili, hivi kwamba hatimaye mtu anatendewa na Mungu kuliko kutenda mwenyewe, na wakati uliopangwa ukifika ataingia tumboni mwa Baba ambamo ataona [[heri]] yake. [[Kijana]] akikua anawaacha wazazi ili kuanza maisha yake; kisha kufikia [[utu uzima]] hawategemei tena, bali anawategemeza. Kinyume chake mtoto wa Mungu akikua anazidi kumtegemea asitake tena kufanya chochote peke yake, pasipo miangaza na mashauri ya Baba yake. Hapo maisha yote yanakolezwa na sala: ndilo fungu bora ambalo hatanyang’anywa kamwe. “Kubaki wadogo ni kujitambua si kitu, ni kutarajia yote toka kwa Mungu mwema, kama vile mtoto anavyotarajia yote toka kwa baba yake; ni kutohangaikia chochote, ni kutolenga [[faida]]. Hata kati ya ma[[fukara]], mpaka mtoto ni mdogo anapewa anavyovihitaji, lakini akishakua tu baba hataki tena kumlisha bure, hivyo anamuambia, ‘Sasa fanya kazi, unaweza kujitegemea’. Basi, ili nisiambiwe maneno hayo, sikutaka kamwe kukua, nikijiona siwezi kujitegemea katika kupata [[uzima wa milele]] [[mbinguni]]. Hivyo nimebaki daima [[mdogo]], asiye na [[kazi]] nyingine isipokuwa kuchuma ma[[ua]] ya upendo na ya [[sadaka]] nimtolee Mungu mwema ili kumpendeza. Tena kuwa mdogo ni kutoamini kuwa maadili ninayoyatekeleza ni ya kwangu, kana kwamba naweza kitu, bali ni kukiri kuwa Mungu mwema anaweka [[hazina]] hiyo ya maadili mikononi mwa mtoto wake ili aitumie atakavyohitaji, ikibaki daima [[mali]] ya Mungu mwema” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Ndivyo ulivyosema [[mtaguso wa Trento]], “[[Wema]] wa Mungu kwetu ni mkubwa hivyo hata atake [[zawadi]] zake zitugeukie [[stahili]] zetu”. Tunaweza kumtolea yale tu anayotupa; ila tunayoyapokea kama neema tunamtolea kama stahili, ibada, sala, fidia na [[shukrani]]. “Hatimaye kuwa wadogo ni [[kutokata tamaa]] kwa kasoro zetu, kwa sababu watoto wanaanguka mara nyingi, lakini ni wadogo hivi hata wasiweze kuumia sana” (Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu). Katika mafundisho hayo, ya juu kuliko mifuatano yoyote ya mawazo ya kibinadamu, linang’aa hasa lile la neema ambalo [[mababu wa Kanisa]] na [[wanateolojia]] waliandika mengi juu yake, na ambalo humo limetekelezwa kwa usahili na udhati na mtu aliyekubali kuongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu hadi bandari ya wokovu. Wenye heri wanateolojia watakaoweza kuongoa watu wengi kama mtakatifu huyo alivyofanya! “Tuseme nini sisi wenye [[ndevu]] na udhaifu pamoja, tuliowaona [[wasichana]] kuingia ufalme wa mbinguni kwa [[upanga]], wakati [[hasira]] inatushinda, kiburi kinatuvimbisha na [[uchu wa madaraka]] unatuvuruga?” ([[Gregori Mkuu]]). Hakika Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu ameelekeza njia nyofu inayofikisha juu sana. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Descouvemont |first=Pierre |author-link=:fr:Pierre Descouvemont |others=Helmuth Nils Loose (photography) |title=Therese and Lisieux |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=0-8028-3836-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/thereselisieux00desc |url-access=registration }} (Toronto, ON: Novalis {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) (Dublib, Ireland: Veritas Publications {{ISBN|2-890-88862-2}}) * {{cite book|last=Gaucher|first=Guy |author-link=Guy Gaucher |title=The Spiritual Journey of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |location=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Todd |year=1987 |isbn=0-232-51713-4}} * {{citation|last=Gaucher |first=Guy |title=Story of a Life: St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhEWx2yKIykC |isbn=978-0-06-063096-6}} *{{cite book|first=Ida Friederike|last=Görres|author-link=Ida Friederike Görres|title=The Hidden Face. A Study of St. Thérèse of Lisieux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PupAAAAAYAAJ |publisher=[[Pantheon Books|Pantheon]] |location=New York City|year=1959|edition=8th|isbn=0-89870927-X}} *{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Kathryn|author-link=Kathryn Harrison|title=Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Penguin Life|publisher=Penguin|year=2003 |isbn=978-1-10-165126-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HHcPeumWs4C&pg=PA21}} * {{citation|last=Johnson |first=Vernon |author-link=Vernon Johnson |title=Spiritual Childhood: The Spirituality of St. Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=Ignatius Press |edition=3rd |year=2001 |orig-year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhMnjGoDuoEC |isbn=9780898708264 }} {{ISBN|0-89870-826-5}} * {{citation|last=LaForest |first=Ann |author-link=<!--Ann Laforest--> |title=Therese of Lisieux: the way to love |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlzcK9VqTEsC |isbn=9781580510820 }} {{ISBN|1-58051-082-5}} * {{citation|last=Monahan |first=Joan |author-link=<!--Joan Monahan--> |title=St. Therese of Lisieux: Missionary of Love |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5JaMF5Y7VEC |isbn=9780809167104 }} {{ISBN|0-8091-6710-7}} * {{citation|last=Nevin |first=Thomas R. |author-link=<!--Thomas R. Nevin--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2T6B7s6R-4C |isbn=9780198041962 }} {{ISBN|0-19-530721-6}} * {{citation|last=O'Connor|first=Patricia |author-link=<!--Patricia O'Connor ()--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Press |year=1983}} {{ISBN|0-87973-607-0}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Keating |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Keating |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ |publisher=Lantern Books |year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytbGMpXnD-UC |isbn=9781930051201 }} {{ISBN|1-930051-20-4}} * {{cite book|last=O'Madagain |first=Murchadh |author-link=<!--Murchadh O'Madagain--> |title=Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering |publisher=Saint Paul Publications |year=2003 }} {{ISBN|0-854396-65-9}} * {{cite book|last=Tonnelier |first=Constant |author-link=<!--Constant Tonnelier--> |title=15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux |publisher=New City Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MOSQpDBTPsC |isbn=9781565483910 }} {{ISBN|978-1-56548-391-0}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=St. Thérèse of Lisieux |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Therese-of-Lisieux}} {{Refend}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] [[it:Teresa di Lisieux#La spiritualità di Teresa]] 4v0b6r1g02ae27zqjxs38qdy2fwdaib 0 66045 1577249 1536695 2026-06-28T07:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Saint Patrick (window).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mt. Patrick katika [[kioo]] cha rangi.]] [[File:Saint Patrick's grave Downpatrick.jpg|thumb|Mahali panapodhaniwa kuwa alifanyiwa [[mazishi]] huko [[Downpatrick]].]] '''Patrick wa Ireland''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] Patricius) aliishi kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[387]] hivi hadi [[tarehe]] [[17 Machi]] [[461]]<ref>''Common Worship: Services and Prayers for the Church of England'', The Calendar, p. 7</ref> (wengine wanasema [[493]]<ref>[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Patrick|''St Patrick'']] in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1913).</ref>). Ni maarufu kama [[Mkristo]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] aliyepata kuwa [[mmisionari]] mkuu wa [[Ireland]] na anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[msimamizi]] wa [[kisiwa]] hicho <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/26400</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa tarehe ya [[kifo]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Maisha== Kati ya [[maandishi]] yake, zimetufikia [[barua]] mbili, ambamo tunapata habari za kuaminika juu yake, tofauti na nyingine nyingi ambazo zinatia shaka.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macthéni |first=Muirchú maccu |last2=White |first2=Newport John Davis |title=St. Patrick, his writings and life |publisher=The Macmillan Company |location=New York |year=1920 |pages=31–51, 54–60 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1OZlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 16 hivi huko [[Wales]], alitekwa na ma[[haramia]] kutoka Ireland na kufanywa [[mtumwa]] kisiwani huko. Baada ya miaka 6 alifaulu kukimbia na kurudi kwenye [[familia]] yake. Lakini akajisikia [[wito]] wa [[umisionari|kuinjilisha]] wakazi wa kisiwa hicho, hivyo baada ya kujiandaa katika [[monasteri]] ya [[Ufaransa]] akarudi huko kama [[askofu]] akafanya kazi hasa kaskazini na magharibi akitangaza kwa bidii [[Injili]] kwa wote na kuongoza kwa nguvu [[Kanisa]] lake.<ref>[http://www.churchyear.net/stpatrick.html All About Saint Patrick's Day] ''Church Year'' Retrieved 2011-02-20</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/26400</ref> ==Sala yake== Kristo uwe nami, Kristo uwe ndani mwangu, Kristo nyuma yangu, Kristo mbele yangu, Kristo karibu nami, Kristo ili unitawale, Kristo, ili unifariji na kunifundisha, Kristo pamoja nami, Kristo juu yangu, Kristo katika amani, Kristo katika hatari, Kristo moyoni mwa wote wanaonipenda, Kristo mdomoni mwa rafiki na mgeni. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 94-95 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 77-78 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 29 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{Refbegin}} *{{Citation |authorlink=Peter Robert Lamont Brown |last=Brown |first=Peter |title=The rise of Western Christendom : triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000 |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |year=2003 |isbn=0-631-22138-7 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=J. B. Bury |last=Bury |first=John Bagnell |title=Life of St. Patrick and his Place in History |location=London |year=1905}} *{{Citation |authorlink=Francis John Byrne |last=Byrne |first=Francis J. |title=Irish Kings and High-Kings. |publisher=Batsford |location=London |year=1973 |isbn=0-7134-5882-8}} *{{Citation |authorlink=Thomas Cahill |last=Cahill |first=Thomas |title=How the Irish Saved Civilization |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-385-41849-3}} *{{Citation |last=Charles-Edwards |first=T. M. |authorlink=Thomas Charles-Edwards |title=Early Christian Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-36395-0 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=Ken Dark |last=Dark |first=Ken |title=Britain and the end of the Roman Empire |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |year=2000 |isbn=0-7524-2532-3}} *{{Citation |last=De Paor |first=Liam |title=Saint Patrick's World: The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Dublin |year=1993 |isbn=1-85182-144-9 }} *{{Citation |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Seán, |title=Atlas of Irish History |publisher=Gill and Macmillan |location=Dublin |year=1997 |isbn=0-7171-3093-2 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=David Dumville |last=Dumville |first=David |contribution=The Death date of St. Patrick" |editor-first=David |editor-last=Howlett |title=The Book of Letters of Saint Patrick the Bishop. |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Dublin |year=1994 |isbn=1-85182-136-8 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=Richard A. Fletcher |last=Fletcher |first=Richard |title=The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371&ndash;1386 AD. |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |year=1997 |isbn=0-00-686302-7 }} *{{Citation |last=Hood |first=A. B. E |title=St. Patrick: his Writings, and Muirchú's Life |publisher=Phillimore | location=London and Chichester |year=1978 |isbn=0-85033-299-0 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=Kathleen Hughes (historian) |last=Hughes |first=Kathleen |title=Early Christian Ireland: Introduction to the Sources |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |year=1972 |isbn=0-340-16145-0 }} *{{Citation |last=Iannello |first=Fausto |title=Note storiche sull’Epistola ad Milites Corotici di San Patrizio |journal=Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti, classe di Lettere, Filosofia e Belle Arti |volume=84 |year=2008 |pages=275&ndash;285 }} *{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Patrick|last=Moran|first=Patrick Francis Cardinal}} *{{Citation |authorlink=Carmel McCaffrey |last=McCaffrey |first=Carmel |title=In Search of Ancient Ireland |publisher=Ivan R Dee |location=Chicago |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-56663-525-7 }} *{{Citation |last=MacQuarrie |first=Alan |title=The Saints of Scotland: Essays in Scottish Church History AD 450&ndash;1093 |publisher=John Donald |location=Edinburgh |year=1997 |isbn=0-85976-446-X }} *{{Citation |authorlink=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |last=Ó Cróinín |first=Dáibhí |title=Early Medieval Ireland: 400&ndash;1200 |publisher=Longman |location=London |year=1995 |isbn=0-582-01565-0 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=Thomas O'Loughlin |last=O'Loughlin |first=Thomas |title=Saint Patrick: The Man and his Works |publisher=S.P.C.K. |location=London |year=1999 }} *{{Citation |last=O'Loughlin |first=Thomas |title=Celtic Theology |publisher=Continuum |location=London |year=2000 }} *{{Citation |last=O'Loughlin |first=Thomas |title=Discovering Saint Patrick |publisher=Orbis |location=New York |year=2005 }} *{{Citation |last=O'Loughlin |first=Thomas |contribution=The Capitula of Muirchu's Vita Patricii: do they point to an underlying structure in the text? |journal=Analecta Bollandiana |volume=123 |year=2005 |pages=79&ndash;89 }} *{{Citation |last=O'Loughlin |first=Thomas |title=The myth of Insularity and nationality in Ireland |editor-first=J. F. |editor-last=Nagy |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Dublin |year=2007 |pages=132&ndash;140 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=T. F. O'Rahilly |last=O'Rahilly |first=T. F. |title=The Two Patricks: A Lecture on the History of Christianity in Fifth-Century Ireland |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |location=Dublin |year=1942 }} *{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21562 |title=Patrick (fl. 5th cent.) |accessdate=2007-02-17 |author=Stancliffe, Claire |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2004 |month= |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} *{{Citation |authorlink=Charles Thomas (historian) |last=Thomas |first=Charles |title=Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 |publisher=Batsford |location=London |year=1981 |isbn=0-7134-1442-1 }} *{{Citation |last=Wood |first=Ian |title=The Missionary Life: Saints and the Evangelisation of Europe 400-1050 |publisher=Longman |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=0-582-31213-2 }} *{{Citation |authorlink=Barbara Yorke |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |title=The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c.600&ndash;800 |publisher=Longman |location=London |year=2006 |isbn=0-582-77292-3 }} {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Saint Patrick}} *[http://stpatricksday.com/history/stpatrick/ Writings of Saint Patrick] *[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18482 The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick], edited by James O'Leary, 1880, from [[Project Gutenberg]]. *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=89 Page devoted to the life of St. Patrick at Catholic.org] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/saints/patrick_1.shtml BBC: Religion & Ethics, Christianity: Saint Patrick (Incl. audio)] *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0387-0493-_Patricius,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patristica Latina with analytical indexes] *[http://www.ottmar-mickmann.de Oase Sankt Patrick] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ottmar-mickmann.de/ |date=20140103190742 }} *[http://www.ucc.ie/celt CELT] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt |date=20170325183244 }}: Corpus of Electronic Texts at [[University College Cork]] includes Patrick's [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/L201060/index.html ''Confessio''] and [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/L201061/index.html ''Epistola''], as well as various lives of Saint Patrick. *[http://www.confessio.ie Saint Patrick's Confessio Hypertext Stack] {{Wayback|url=http://www.confessio.ie/ |date=20200923221034 }} as published by the Royal Irish Academy Dictionary of Medieval Latin from Celtic Sources (DMLCS) freely providing digital scholarly editions of St Patrick's writings as well as translations and digital facsimiles of all extant manuscript copies. Tafsiri ya Kiswahili ya sehemu yake inapatikana katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 89-91. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Patrick wa Ireland}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 380]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 461]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Wamisionari]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ireland]] 0235mekyjli3bkqikyjb4ax1gndvog0 0 66321 1577046 1407635 2026-06-27T12:11:57Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kubadilisha baadhi ya maneno 1577046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu''' ([[kifupi]]: '''KKS''') ni [[kamusi]] ya [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]] iliyotolewa mara tatu na [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wa [[Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili|TUKI]] (sasa [[Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili|TATAKI]]) kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]]. Inaorodhesha [[Lemma|vidahizo]] (maneno) kwenye kurasa 646, pamoja na maelezo, orodha ya vibadala, kurasa za picha, jedwali za vivumishi na viwakilishi na orodha ya majina ya nchi. Kamusi hii inakusanya [[neno|maneno]] ya Kiswahili sanifu na kuyaeleza kwa lugha yenyewe ya Kiswahili, ikiongoza kwa Kiswahili sanifu. ==Marejeo== * Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Oxford University Press. 1981. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Kamusi za Kiswahili]] aj67icp0agtr2rtidw72gikm06v1fe8 0 69613 1577226 1487393 2026-06-28T04:24:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577226 wikitext text/x-wiki ^{Kwa maana nyingine ya neno hili tazama [[noti (maana)]]} [[Picha:Jiao_zi.jpg|thumb|300px|Karatasi ya pesa ya kwanza kutoka China.]] '''Noti ya benki''', [[kifupi]]: '''noti''', ''(kutoka [[Kiingereza]] "banknote")'' kwa kawaida ni kipande cha [[karatasi]] (pia: [[plastiki]]) kinachochapishwa na kuonyesha [[namba]] fulani na [[jina]] la [[pesa]] ya nchi fulani. Inakubaliwa kama njia ya malipo halali. Pamoja na [[sarafu]] ni [[pesa taslimu]] ya nchi fulani. Kwa kawaida vipande vya [[sarafu]] au pesa taslimu metalia huwa na viwango vidogo zaidi na noti huwa na viwango vikubwa zaidi. == Usalama wa noti za benki == Tangu noti zianze kutolewa, wahalifu wamejaribu kutengeneza noti bandia wakiiga zile zinazotolewa na benki rasmi. Kwa sababu hiyo [[benki kuu]] na [[serikali]] zinajitahidi kutoa noti ambazo ni vigumu kuziiga. Hapo wanatumia karatasi za pekee zisizopatikana [[duka|madukani]], wanachapisha kwa [[rangi]] zisizosomewa na [[mashine]] ya [[fotokopi]], wanaingiza [[nyuzi]] za [[metali]] ndani ya karatasi na kadhalika. Tangu mwisho wa [[karne ya 20]] nchi kadhaa zimeanza kutoa noti za plastiki badala ya karatasi. Hizi zina [[gharama]] kubwa zaidi ya kuzitengeneza lakini hadi sasa usalama ni mkubwa zaidi, ni vigumu sana za kuigwa, pia hazichakai haraka kama vile noti za karatasi. == Historia ya noti za benki == Chanzo cha [[historia]] ya noti za benki ni [[barua]] zinazoahidi kulipa kiasi fulani cha pesa kwa mtu yeyote anayeshika barua ile. Kwa hiyo noti zilikuwa sawa na [[hundi]] za leo. === Barua badala ya sarafu nzito === Kwa [[asili]] vipande vya [[metali adili]] kama [[dhahabu]] au [[fedha]] vilitumiwa kama pesa vikipimwa kuwa na [[uzito]] fulani, kwa mfano "pound" ya [[Uingereza]] ilikuwa sawa na uzito wa "[[pauni]]" au [[ratili]] moja ya fedha. Wakati [[uchumi]] ulipoongezeka watu walianza kutumia viasi vikubwa vya pesa na hii ilikuwa kazi ngumu kutokana na uzito wa sarafu nyingi. Hapo [[wafanyabiashara]] waliacha sarafu zao kwa mtu aliyeaminiwa na kushika barua kutoka kwake iliyothibitisha ya kwamba alishika kiasi fulani kwa niaba ya mwingine. Pale ambapo watu waliaminiana waliweza kutumia barua hizo kama malipo badala ya sarafu zenyewe. === China === Serikali ya kwanza ya kutoa pesa ya karatasi ilikuwa [[nasaba ya Song]] nchini [[China]] mnamo [[mwaka]] [[960]]. Noti hizo zilikuwa na [[maandishi]] yaliyomwahidia mwenye kuishika ya kwamba atapewa kiasi fulani cha fedha akiipeleka noti za benki kwa idara ya fedha ya serikali. Kimsingi hii ilibaki muundo wa noti hadi karne ya 20 yaani zilikuwa ahadi za serikali au za benki kubwa kumpatia mwenye noti kiasi fulani cha dhahabu au fedha. Tatizo la pesa ya karatasai tangu mwanzo lilikuwa kwamba serikali yenye matatizo iliweza kuendelea kuchapisha noti mpya kata kama haikuwa na [[akiba]] ya dhahabu au fedha ya kutosha. Hili halikuwa tatizo mara moja kwa sababu hali halisi noti zilifanya kazi zake kama [[thamani]] ya noti zote ililingana na thamani ya [[bidhaa]] zilizopatikana katika nchi fulani. Lakini kama serikali iliendelea kuchapisha pesa hovyo watu walianza kuona ya kwamba pesa haina thamani tena na [[bei]] zilianza kupanda haraka sana. === Ulaya === Katika [[Ulaya]] pesa ya karatasi ya kwanza iliyotolewa na serikali au kwa niaba ya serikali ilianza kupatikana tangu [[karne ya 16]] katika [[Uholanzi]] na [[Ufaransa]]. Mara kwa mara majaribio hayo ya kwanza yalivurugika kutokana na kuchapisha noti nyingi mno na kushuka kwa thamani ya pesa hiyo. Noti za benki zilianza kuwa kawaida hata kwa watu wa kawaida wakati wa [[karne ya 19]]. Mwanzoni [[benki kuu]] ya kila nchi kisheria ilipaswa kuwa na akiba ya dhahabu au fedha iliyolingana ama na noti zote au angalau na sehemu kubwa zake. Masharti hayo yalifutwa polepole kwa sababu ilionekana ya kwamba kama kiasi cha noti hakizidi thamani ya bidhaa nchini uchumi unaendelea bila mvurugo. Tena baada ya kupatikana kwa [[mawasiliano]] ya kisasa kama [[simu]] na [[intaneti]] kiasi kikubwa cha ahadi za kulipana inazunguka katika uchumi na hizo ahadi zinafanya kazi kama pesa, hata kama si pesa taslim. == Viungo vya Nje == {{wiktionary}} ;Picha za benknoti za dunia * [http://www.banknoteworld.com/ Ron Wise's Banknote World] * [http://www.worldpapermoney.org worldpapermoney.org Online World Paper Money Museum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldpapermoney.org/ |date=20190512090631 }} * [http://www.banknotewiki.com/ Bank Note Wiki - A collectors wiki that any user can edit] {{Wayback|url=http://www.banknotewiki.com/ |date=20070701212053 }} * [http://numismondo.com Numismondo - World Paper Money Picture Catalog] {{Wayback|url=http://numismondo.com/ |date=20170429134335 }} * [http://public.fotki.com/sanmiguel/world_banknotes/ Gallery describing who/what is featured on modern world banknotes] {{Wayback|url=http://public.fotki.com/sanmiguel/world_banknotes/ |date=20070625161805 }} * [http://www.bank-note.ru World Banknotes issued since 1961 illustrated catalogue] ;Benknoti za plastiki * [http://www.polymernotes.org Polymer Bank Notes of the World] * [http://www.polymernotes.de Polymer Bank Notes in German by Thomas Krause] ;Vyama vya watu wanaokusanya aina nyingi za benknoti * [http://www.banknotebank.com/ Banknotebank.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.banknotebank.com/ |date=20191230051308 }} * [http://www.theibns.org/ International Bank Note Society] * [http://www.apnaonline.ca/ Atlantic Provinces Numismatic Association] ;Wachapishaji * [http://www.bep.treas.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bep.treas.gov/ |date=19970530190833 }} * [http://www.noteprinting.com/ Note Printing Australia] * [http://www.cbnco.com/ Canadian Bank Note Company Ltd] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cbnco.com/ |date=20200820222345 }} * [http://www.gi-de.com/ Giesecke & Devrient] * [http://www.delarue.com/ Thomas de la Rue] {{Wayback|url=http://www.delarue.com/ |date=20110204000722 }} * [http://www.oberthur.com/ François-Charles Oberthur] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oberthur.com/ |date=20121124001819 }} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Pesa]] 7xlm73em1kzv3kmev917c8f9hdb33gj 0 72871 1577020 1576986 2026-06-27T12:02:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] 1576985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Basketball.jpeg|thumb|right|Mpira wa kikapu.]] '''Mpira wa kikapu''' ni aina ya [[michezo|mchezo]] unaopendwa katika sehemu nyingi za [[dunia]] na watu wengi hutamani mchezo huu. Mara nyingi hufanywa [[ukumbi]]ni wakati [[timu]] [[mbili]] za wachezaji wanajaribu kuingiza [[mpira]] katika [[kikapu]] cha timu nyingine. Vikapu viko mwishoni mwa upande mwembamba wa [[uwanja]] kwa [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 3.05. Kila timu huwa na wachezaji 5 uwanjani na hadi wachezaji wa kando 7 walio tayari kuchukua nafasi ya mchezaji mwingine muda wowote. Kila [[goli]] katika kikapu cha upande mwingine linahesabiwa kama [[pointi]] 2 au 3, kutegemeana na [[umbali]] wa kurusha. Goli la [[penati]] huleta pointi 1 tu. ==Historia== [[Mchezo]] huu ulianzishwa na [[mwalimu]] [[James Naismith]] kwenye [[chuo]] cha [[Springfield College]] huko [[Massachusetts]] mwaka [[1891]]Alibuni mchezo huo kwa ajili ya [[wanafunzi]] wake ili wapate ma[[zoezi]] wakati wa [[kipupwe]] waliposhindwa kucheza nje. Mpira wa kikapu ulienea haraka kwenye vyuo vya [[Marekani]], na katika [[karne ya 20]] pia nje ya vyuo. Mwaka [[1936]] mchezo huu ulikubaliwa kwenye [[michezo ya olimpiki]]. Hadi leo ligi muhimu zaidi duniani ni ile ya [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]]. [[Picha:Uwanja wa mpira wa kikapu.jpg|thumbnail|350px|Vipimo vya uwanja wa mpira wa kikapu]] ==Kanuni za mpira wa kikapu== [[Shabaha]] ya mchezo ni kushinda vikapu vingi kuliko timu nyingine. Mpira unaotumiwa kimataifa ni [[mpira wa ngozi]] au [[mata]] [[sintetiki]] wenye [[kipenyo]] cha [[milimita]] 749 hadi 780 na [[uzito]] wa [[gramu]] 567 hadi 650. Uwanja huwa na vipimo vya mita 28 kwa 15. Wakati wa mchezo kuna ma[[refa]] 2-3 uwanjani. Kando ya uwanja hukaa waamuzi wengine wanaoshika wakati na [[miniti]] za magoli na makosa. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} * [http://www.fiba.com FIBA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fiba.com/ |date=19961104154421 }}, Fédération Internationale de Basketball / International Basketball Federation * [http://www.iwbf.org IWBF], International Wheelchair Basketball Federation {{wikt}} {{michezo}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Category:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] kjwn77tri6zzwzs4p9q2ycznaqhghkh 0 75457 1577035 1577004 2026-06-27T12:08:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1426878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NewZealand-Stamp-1933-Health.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Stempu]] ya [[posta]] ya [[New Zealand]], mnamo mwaka [[1933]].]] [[File:Borch Lady washing hands.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mwanamke]] akinawa [[mikono]] [[1655]] hivi.]] [[File:Smallpox eradication team.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Donald Henderson]] na wenzake katika kukinga watu dhidi ya [[ndui]] mwaka [[1966]].]] '''Afya''' ni hali ya kujisikia vizuri ki[[mwili]], ki[[akili]], ki[[roho]] na ki[[utu]] bila kusumbuliwa na [[ugonjwa]] wowote. Afya ya [[binadamu]] itakuwa njema kama atafuatilia kanuni na taratibu bora za afya. Hiyo inajumuisha mlo kamili, yaani [[chakula]] chenye [[virutubishi]] vyote, vikiwemo [[protini]], [[wanga]] na [[mafuta (chakula)|mafuta]] (hiyo iwe katika [[asilimia]] ndogo sana). Pia anatakiwa awe msafi mwilini na mazingira yake, kama vile kwa kuoga na kusafisha mazingira yanayomzunguka. Mandhari yenye [[hewa]] safi pia husaidia katika kuhifadhi afya ya binadamu katika mwili na akili. Mazingira mara nyingi huchukuliwa kuwa jambo muhimu katika hali ya afya ya binadamu. Hii inajumuisha mazingira ya asili, mazingira ya kujengwa, na mazingira ya kijamii. Pia mambo kama vile maji safi na hewa, makazi salama, huchangia afya nzuri, hasa kwa afya ya [[Mtoto|watoto]] wachanga na watoto.<ref>http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/</ref> [[Utafiti]] umeonyesha kuwa ukosefu wa maeneo ya burudani husabsabisha kupungua kwa afya na ustawi.<ref name="doi.org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech.2007.062414| title = Faida za maeneo ya burudani kwenye afya}}</ref> Pia anatakiwa kuwa na afya ya kiroho yaani kuishi kadiri ya mafundisho ya [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kama vile: kupendana na wengine, kuthaminiana na kuacha [[dhambi]]: mara nyingi hizo zinadhuru afya ya mwili pia. == Fafanuzi za afya == Sawa na suala la ugonjwa, hakuna elezo kamili kuhusu hali ya afya. * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) lilitoa ufafanuzi ufuatao: "Afya ni hali ya [[ustawi]] kamili kimwili, kiroho na ki[[jamii]] na zaidi ya kukosa ugonjwa." <ref name="who.int">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(12)981.pdf| title = WHO definition of Health}}</ref> * [[Mwanafalsafa]] [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]: "Afya ni [[kiwango]] cha ugonjwa kinachoniruhusu kutekeleza [[shughuli]] zangu muhimu." * [[Mwanasosholojia]] [[Talcott Parsons]]: "Afya ni hali ya [[mtu]] kuwa na [[uwezo]] bora wa kutekeleza shughuli alizofundishwa kukubali kama [[wajibu]] wake." <ref name="cliffsnotes.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/health-and-medicine/sociological-perspective-on-health| title = Makala inayomnukuu Talcott Parsons}}</ref> * Kwa watu wengi ni hali ya kutosumbuliwa na [[maumivu]] na [[udhaifu]], pamoja na uwezo wa kutumia sehemu zote za mwili. Ni wazi ya kwamba [[hisia]] hii ni tofauti kati ya mtu na mtu. ==Majukumu== [[Serikali]] zinatarajiwa kuandaa [[wataalamu]] wa mambo ya afya na kujenga [[hospitali]] nyingi hata [[kijiji|vijijini]] kwa sababu watu wengi hupoteza maisha kwa kukosa [[huduma]] za afya: hii itasaidia kupunguza [[Kifo|vifo]]. Watu wanatakiwa kuwa na ustadi wa kufanya [[mazoezi]] kwa wingi. Hata mjamzito anapaswa kufanya mazoezi, ingawa si [[kazi]] ngumu. Pia kula [[mlo]] bora wakati wote ili kuepukana na [[magonjwa]] yanayotokana na ukosefu wa [[chakula]] fulani ([[virutubishi]]). == Tanbihi == <references /> ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.who.int World Health Organization] * [http://www.nhs.uk UK National Health Service] * [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH OECD Health Statistics] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/health.htm Health and Medical Information] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/health.htm |date=20090703134146 }} from the University of Colorado {{mbegu-tiba}} [[Jamii:Afya]] mts7igajcytm2knruwfz5vjl5l4mhcb 0 76533 1577025 1576989 2026-06-27T12:04:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] 1307248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = | caption1 = [[Miti]] ikikua katika [[Hoh Rainforest]] | image2 = Aerial image of Grand Prismatic Spring (view from the south).jpg | caption2 = Picha toka [[anga]]ni ya [[mikrobi]] kwenye [[Grand Prismatic Spring]] huko [[Yellowstone National Park]] }} '''Uhai''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]; pia '''uzima'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''life'') kwa maana ya [[biolojia]] ni jumla ya [[tabia]] zinazotofautisha [[kiumbehai]] na [[maada|mata]] kwa jumla. Hata hivyo kila uhai ulioweza kuchunguzwa na [[sayansi]] unapatikana pamoja na mata. Kati ya tabia hizo kuna uwezo wa kushawishiwa na [[mazingira]], kujipanga, kukua, [[metaboli]] na kuzaa. Kila tabia peke yake haifanyi uhai, kwa sababu mojamoja zinaweza kutokea pia kwa [[mata]] isiyo hai: [[fuwele]] zinakua, [[ulimi wa moto]] una umbo maalumu na ndani yake kuna aina ya metaboli inayobadilisha [[molekuli]] za [[nta]] pamoja na [[oksijeni]] ya [[hewa]]ni [[Dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi kabonia]] na [[maji]]. Kwa hiyo ni jumla ya tabia zinazothibitisha uwepo wa uhai, lakini hadi leo [[wataalamu]] hawajapatana bado ni ma[[sharti]] gani yanayohitajika, kwa sababu kuna tofauti kati ya viumbehai ambazo hazifanani katika tabia zote kwa pamoja. Uhai unapatikana kwa umbo la viumbehai wanaopangwa katika vikundi vinavyofanana kati yao. Kila kiumbehai hufanywa na vitengo hai ndani yake vinavyoitwa [[seli]]. == Dunia kama mahali pa uhai == [[Dunia]] yetu ni [[sayari]] pekee inayojulikana mpaka sasa ambapo [[binadamu]] na viumbehai vingine wanaweza kuishi. [[File:Broek in Waterland, woonhuis aan het Ee.jpg|thumb|[[Nyumba]] ni moja ya sehemu ya kuishi kama jamii.]] Kuna sababu mbili: # dunia yetu ina [[umbali]] na [[jua]] unaofaa kwa maisha kwa sababu sayari zilizoko karibu zaidi na jua (k.m. [[Zuhura]]) zina [[joto]] kubwa mno na sayari zilizoko mbali zaidi kama [[Mrihi]] ni [[baridi]] mno. # dunia yetu ina [[angahewa]] yenye [[asilimia]] 78 ya [[naitrojini]], asilimia 21 ya [[oksijini]] na asilimia 1 ya aina nyinginezo za [[hewa]], na kwa sababu hii uhai na maisha yanamakinika katika [[ardhi]], kinyume na sayari nyinginezo. ==Asili ya uhai na uenezi wake== Inakadiriwa kwamba dunia ina miaka [[bilioni]] 4.54, na kwamba uhai uliweza kujitokeza juu yake walau miaka bilioni 3.5 iliyopita, baada ya ganda la la nje la dunia ilikauka. Ushahidi wa zamani zaidi ulipatikana huko [[Greenland]] (mabaki ya viumbe hai wa miaka bilioni 3.7 iliyopita). Hata hivyo wataalamu wengine wanakadiria miaka bilioni 4.25 na hata 4.4 iliyopita. Jinsi uhai ulivyoweza kuanza haijajulikana, ingawa zimependekezwa [[dhana]] mbalimbali. Hakika, baada ya kuanza, uhai umejitokeza kwa namna nyingi sana ambazo zimeainishwa na [[wanabiolojia]]. Uhai umeweza kustawi au kudumu katika mazingira tofauti sana, lakini zaidi ya 99% za [[spishi]] zote zilizowahi kutokea (zaidi ya bilioni 5) kwa sasa zimetoweka. Makadirio kuhusu zile zilizopo yanataja spishi [[milioni]] 10 hadi 14: kati ya hizo, milioni 1.2 tu zimechunguzwa, wakati zaidi ya asilimia 90 bado. ==Tazama pia== * [[Uzima wa milele]] {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] g955lbeudxo79iobstt55hit76m5v9m 0 77008 1577118 1199911 2026-06-27T13:04:08Z Emmy05 90536 /* */nyongeza Neno moja 1577118 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Textile bandages stapled 1.jpg|thumb|Vifaa vya kuzuia damu ya hedhi.]] '''Hedhi''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] حيض) ni kipindi maalumu katika [[mzunguko wa mwanamke]] mwenye [[umri]] wa kuzaa. Wakati huo, ambao kwa kawaida unarudi kila baada ya [[mwezi]] mmoja hivi, yeye hutokwa na [[damu]] chafu kwenye [[uke]]. ==Maelezo ya sayansi== Sababu ya damu kutoka ni kwamba, [[kijiyai]] kilichokomaa na kutoka nje ya [[kifuko cha vijiyai]] kisipopata [[mbegu ya mwanamume]] baada ya [[siku]] [[moja]] kinaharibika harakaharaka; hapo [[ngozi nyembamba ya tumbo la uzazi]], iliyotanuka kwa damu ili kupokea na kulisha [[mimba]], inachanikachanika na kutoa damu. Kumbe mbegu ikikifikia kijiyai, mimba inapatikana na kujishikiza kwenye [[ukuta|kuta]] za [[tumbo la uzazi]] ili iendelee kukua; hapo damu haitoki na [[mama]] anaweza kujihisi [[mja mzito]]. Mizunguko mingi ya hedhi huwa na siku kadhaa za mwanzo ambapo mimba haiwezi kupatikana (muda wa kutoshika mimba kabla ya kudondosha kijiyai), halafu siku ambazo mimba inaweza kutungika, na kisha siku kadhaa tu kabla ya hedhi ambazo mimba haiwezi kutungika (muda wa kutoshika mimba baada ya kijiyai kudondoshwa). Siku ya kwanza ya kuvuja damu inahesabiwa kuwa siku ya kwanza ya mzunguko wa hedhi. Mbinu mbalimbali za kufahamu uwezo wa kushika mimba huhesabu kwa njia tofauti kidogo kipindi ambapo kuna uwezekano wa kupata mimba, yaani hutumia [[ishara]] za msingi za uwezekano huo, [[historia]] ya mzunguko, au zote mbili. == Dysmenorrhea == ''Dysmenorrhea'' ni [[jina]] la kitabibu kwa [[maumivu]] kipindi cha hedhi, ambayo hutokana na kusinyaa kwa [[misuli]] ya [[mji wa mimba]] wakati wa hedhi ili kuruhusu kumeguka kwa ukuta wa mfuko wa mimba na kutoa damu iliyochanganyika na kijiyai ambacho hachikurutubishwa nje. Maumivu haya yamegawanyika katika aina mbili. === Maumivu ya hedhi aina ya kwanza ya kawaida (Primary Dysmenorrhea) === Maumivu haya ni ya kawaida kabisa kwa wanawake wanapopitia kipindi hiki ambacho hujirudia kila mwezi. Maumivu kwa kawaida huanza kati ya siku moja ama [[mbili]] kabla ya hedhi kuanza kutoka, mwanamke hujiskia mamumivu haya kwenye tumbo la chini, kwenye [[nyonga]] na [[kiuno]] kwa ujumla. Maumivu haya yanaweza kuwa madogo au yakawa makali sana na huisha ndani ya masaa 12 mpaka 72 huku yanaweza kuambatana na kutapika na kupata [[kizunguzungu]]. Kwa wanawake wengi maumivu haya, ambayo ni ya kawaida kabisa, hupungua kadiri [[umri]] unavyokwenda na pia pale mwanamke akijifungua. === Maumivu aina ya pili yasiyo ya kawaida (Secondary Dysmenorrhea) === Maumivu haya hutokana na tatizo fulani la kiafya kwenye via vya uzazi vya mwanamke, kama vile [[uvimbe]] ambayo si wa saratani ndani ya mfuko wa mimba (uterine fibroids), kukua kwa [[tishu]] laini za mfuko wa mimba kuelekea kwenye viungo vingine kama [[uke]] na [[mifuko ya vijiyai]] (endometriosis) na pia kupanuka kwa ukuta wa [[uterasi]] kutokana na kukua kwa tishu za ndani za uterasi kuelekea ukuta wa nje (adenomyosis). Maumivu haya yasiyo ya kawaida yanaweza pia kusababishwa kwa athari za [[bakteria]] ama [[virusi]] katika via vya uzazi. Kwa kawaida maumivu haya huanza mapema zaidi wakati wa hedhi ya huchukua muda mrefu zaidi kuisha ukilinganisha na maumivu ya kawaida (primary dysmenorrhea), na pia maumivu haya yanakuwa hayaambatani na kutapika, kuharisha, kizunguzungu wala kukosa nguvu na ganzi. === Maumivu kipindi cha hedhi kwa kiasi kikubwa hulenga viungo hivi === * Via vya uzazi - kama maumivu yako hutokana na kukua zaidi kwa tishu za uterasi, basi maumivu husambaa hadi kwenye tumbo la uzazi. * Tumbo la chini — huathirika pia na maumivu haya kwa kiasi kikubwa, kama maumivu haya hutokana na kukua kwa tishu za uterasi, basi mwanamke anahisi kama ameunguzwa na kitu cha [[moto]] katika tumbo. * Kiuno - [[maumivu ya kiuno]] mara nyingi hutokana na kukua kwa tishu za uterasi kuelekea uke na mifuko ya vijiyai. * Miguu - maumivu yanaweza pia kutokea kwenye [[mapaja]] yakishuka chini ya [[miguu]] na kufanya mwanamke kushindwa kutembea. * Maumivu ya [[saikolojia|kisaikolojia]] hutokea pia kwa kiwango kukubwa kwa wanawake ambao maumivu yao ya hedhi hutokanana na tishu za uterasi kukua bila mpangilio: wanawake hawa hupata [[msongo wa mawazo]] kutokana na kufikiri kwamba ** Pengine tatizo la uvimbe haliwezi kupona na hakuna [[dawa]] ** Ama hawataweza kupata [[mtoto]] kwa siku za baadae ** Mahusiano yao na marafiki ama wapenzi yatavunjika kama wakijua ana tatizo la uvimbe ** Ama kufikiri jinsi ambavyo hawatafanya [[kazi]] zao kwa ufanisi na kutofurahia [[maisha]] kama mwanzo, walipokuwa wazima. === Chanzo cha maumivu kipindi cha hedhi === Maumivu hayo hutokana na kitendo cha misuli ya uterasi kukaza na kusinyaa kupitia, kitendo hiki huratibiwa na [[homoni]] ya prostaglandins. Ni kawaida kwa uterasi ambao ni mfuko unaobeba mimba kusinyaa kipindi chote cha mzunguko wa hedhi ambacho huchukua siku 28. Lakini tofauti ni kwamba wakati wa kutoa hedhi yenyewe mfuko huu husinyaa na kujikaza zaidi na hivyo kukatisha [[hewa]] safi ya [[oksijeni]] kufika kwenye misuli ya mfuko huu wa mimba. Maumivu ni matokeo ya kukosekana kwa muda kwa hewa ya oksijeni kwenye baadhi ya misuli ya uterasi. === Cha kufanya pale unapopata maumivu kipindi cha hedhi === Kuna njia nyingi ambazo husaidia kupunguza maumivu ya hedhi ambazo unaweza kutumia ukiwa [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] kwako pasipo kwenda [[hospitali]]. Kama mauvimu ni makali sana unaweza: * Kumeza dawa za kukata maumivu kama [[aspirini]] na ibuprofen kwa ahueni ya haraka. Lakini dawa hizi zitumike kwa uangalifu: zisiwe na nia ya kutumika kila mara kwani madhara yake ni makubwa kiafya. * Tumia [[maji]] vuguvugu kukandakanda mahali pa tumbo la chini ukiwa umelala chali. * Usitumie [[vinywaji]] na [[vyakula]] vyenye [[kafeini]], mfano [[chai]] au [[kahawa]]. * Fanya [[masaji]] upande wa kiuno na sehemu ya tumbo la chini. * Pata muda mwingi wa kupumzika. * Weka [[ratiba]] ya kufanya [[mazoezi]] mara kwa mara: tafiti zinasema wanawake wanaofanya mazoezi hupunguza maumivu ya hedhi kwa kiwango kikubwa ukilinganisha na wasiofanya mazoezi. === Lini unatakiwa kumuona daktari ili kupata matibabu na ushauri zaidi === Kama maumivu yako ni makali kuliko kawaida na yanachukua zaidi ya siku [[tatu]] hakikisha unamwona [[daktari]] wako haraka, kwa sababu yawezekana maumivu yako si ya kawaida na yaweza kuwa una uvimbe ama [[maambukizi]] ya bakteria na virusi kwenye mfuko wa mimba, hivyo kuwahi hospitali kutasaidia kutibu tatizo lako mapema kabla halijawa kubwa. Pia inashauriwa kuwahi kumwona daktari kwa sababu ukuaji wa tishu za mfuko wa mimba unahusishwa na kusababisha [[saratani]] ya [[shingo ya kizazi]], hivyo kujua chanzo cha tatizo lako mapema kutasaidia kulitibu mapema. ==Tazama pia== * [[Ufahamu wa uwezo wa kushika mimba]] * [[Uzazi wa mpango]] * [[Uzazi wa mpango kwa njia asilia]] {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Uzazi]] [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Damu]] fg3a4p0l4ap3rx90fsejib8lmj51ez0 0 82689 1577239 1382220 2026-06-28T06:30:11Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hekaya''' (pia hujulikana kama '''hikaya''', kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni [[hadithi]], [[kisa]], [[Ngano (hadithi)|ngano]] au [[kioja]], [[ajabu]] au tukio lolote la kustaajabisha. Mfano maarufu wa hekaya kwa [[Kiswahili]] ni zile za [[Abunuwasi]]. {{Fasihi simulizi}} {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Fasihi]]. htcs2wgkt557sy5r4o2bzvyfd504ju0 0 85080 1577237 1119187 2026-06-28T06:27:49Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577237 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:African children.jpg|thumb|Mtoto akicheza kando ya bahari]] '''Pwani''' ni ukanda ulio pembezoni na unaopakana na [[bahari]], mara nyingi huanzia kwenye fukwe hadi [[umbali]] kadhaa kuelekea [[bara]]ni. Baadhi ya maeneo yaliyo pwani ya nchi za Waswahili pia huitwa hivyo 'pwani', na mbali sana na ufukwe panaitwa bara. Hali kadhalika watu waishio maeneo ya pwani huitwa watu wa pwani. {{mbegu-jio}}. [[Jamii:Jiografia]]. j9qyflli32dn2pktserl4lxj9gsvxt8 0 87049 1577015 1577009 2026-06-27T11:59:11Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] aqoekw78y2mmfxkyi4s8atjt6e80xr4 1577021 1577015 2026-06-27T12:02:30Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1577021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Sifa za kikemikali== Lake Kivu is a meromictic lake containing a freshwater surface layer that becomes more saline with depth, with a salinity approaching 6 g/kg near the bottom. Along with Cameroonian Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun, Lake Kivu is one of three that are known to undergo limnic eruptions (where overturn of deepwater stratified layers releases dissolved carbon dioxide). Around the lake, researchers found evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, presumably caused by outgassing events. The trigger for lake overturns in Lake Kivu is unknown, but volcanic activity and changes in climate are both suspected. The gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes is unique to each lake. In Lake Kivu's case, it includes methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), as a result of lake water interaction with volcanic hot springs. The amount of methane contained at the bottom of the lake is estimated to be 65 cubic kilometres (16 cu mi). If burned in a modern combined-cycle generating plant, that amount of methane would generate around 40,000 megawatts for an entire year, which is equivalent to the power output equivalent to six times that of the Grand Coulee Dam at peak springtime power. The lake also holds an estimated 256 cubic kilometres (61 cu mi) of carbon dioxide which, if released in an eruption event, could suffocate all of the inhabitants of the lakeshore. The water temperature is 24 °C (75 °F), and the pH is about 7 in the anoxic region, and around 9 in the oxygenated waters.[13] The methane is reported to be produced by microbial reduction of the volcanic CO2. A future overturn and gas release from the deep waters of Lake Kivu would result in catastrophe, dwarfing the historically documented lake overturns at the much smaller Lakes Nyos and Monoun. The lives of the approximately two million people who live in the lake basin area would be threatened ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] c8qhrqawkezb6j2a8qwvqkq8zlpq9lz 1577029 1577021 2026-06-27T12:06:02Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dioksidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa, na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangetishiwa ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] dmqpvfzylqwl0ay7i2hxud6dried4zy 1577033 1577029 2026-06-27T12:08:09Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Sifa za kikemikali */ 1577033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] pf2kg35g59unlgjyogc7nn2g3053rv1 1577051 1577033 2026-06-27T12:13:39Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] khpj63da2xql4w7leqfvzxj3y7n3jlo 1577060 1577051 2026-06-27T12:17:35Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 5qmcq1i2g6lql9sc816mp7sqci14xsm 1577071 1577060 2026-06-27T12:23:53Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 2dghjoqdopve5gmw19782whcgcldmgw 1577084 1577071 2026-06-27T12:29:16Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 97zdiytnajqszwhtna62swp6q4ozxep 1577096 1577084 2026-06-27T12:35:18Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza paragraph 1577096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ===Jiografia ya Binadamu=== Baadhi ya kilomita za mraba 1,370 (529 sq mi) au asilimia 58 ya maji ya ziwa hilo yako ndani ya mipaka ya DRC. Makazi katika mwambao wa ziwa hilo ni pamoja na Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu nchini Rwanda. Mapema mwaka wa 2025, wakati wa kampeni ya M23, makazi yote katika upande wa Kongo wa mwambao wa ziwa yalichukuliwa na wanajeshi wa Rwanda na M23 Movement, na mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Goma ulitekwa mnamo Januari na makazi yote yalikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa M23 mwanzoni mwa Machi. Mnamo Machi 12, M23 ilitua kwenye kisiwa cha Idjwi, na kukikalia bila upinzani ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] tvlw1w34sss02im5loe3jffehvzb1rp 1577108 1577096 2026-06-27T12:39:46Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1577108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ===Jiografia ya Binadamu=== Baadhi ya kilomita za mraba 1,370 (529 sq mi) au asilimia 58 ya maji ya ziwa hilo yako ndani ya mipaka ya DRC. Makazi katika mwambao wa ziwa hilo ni pamoja na Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu nchini [[Rwanda]]. Mapema mwaka wa 2025, wakati wa kampeni ya M23, makazi yote katika upande wa Kongo wa mwambao wa ziwa yalichukuliwa na wanajeshi wa Rwanda na M23 Movement, na mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Goma ulitekwa mnamo Januari na makazi yote yalikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa M23 mwanzoni mwa Machi. Mnamo Machi 12, M23 ilitua kwenye kisiwa cha Idjwi, na kukikalia bila upinzani.<ref>https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres</ref> ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 8ex3r2rpau9ujwl008w4kq5y03420pm 1577113 1577108 2026-06-27T12:42:58Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1577113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ===Jiografia ya Binadamu=== Baadhi ya kilomita za mraba 1,370 (529 sq mi) au asilimia 58 ya maji ya ziwa hilo yako ndani ya mipaka ya DRC. Makazi katika mwambao wa ziwa hilo ni pamoja na Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu nchini [[Rwanda]]. Mapema mwaka wa 2025, wakati wa kampeni ya M23, makazi yote katika upande wa Kongo wa mwambao wa ziwa yalichukuliwa na wanajeshi wa Rwanda na M23 Movement, na mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Goma ulitekwa mnamo Januari na makazi yote yalikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa M23 mwanzoni mwa Machi. Mnamo Machi 12, M23 ilitua kwenye kisiwa cha Idjwi, na kukikalia bila upinzani.<ref>https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025|url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025|work=Critical Threats|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini. Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 8l2alvr46rtnxilwsthspvmzgfcap39 1577114 1577113 2026-06-27T12:46:03Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1577114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ===Jiografia ya Binadamu=== Baadhi ya kilomita za mraba 1,370 (529 sq mi) au asilimia 58 ya maji ya ziwa hilo yako ndani ya mipaka ya DRC. Makazi katika mwambao wa ziwa hilo ni pamoja na Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu nchini [[Rwanda]]. Mapema mwaka wa 2025, wakati wa kampeni ya M23, makazi yote katika upande wa Kongo wa mwambao wa ziwa yalichukuliwa na wanajeshi wa Rwanda na M23 Movement, na mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Goma ulitekwa mnamo Januari na makazi yote yalikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa M23 mwanzoni mwa Machi. Mnamo Machi 12, M23 ilitua kwenye kisiwa cha Idjwi, na kukikalia bila upinzani.<ref>https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025|url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025|work=Critical Threats|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sommer |first=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa. Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] pl87w0cfntybq5eo0lx7yktfhr3h222 1577116 1577114 2026-06-27T12:48:31Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1577116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ===Jiografia ya Binadamu=== Baadhi ya kilomita za mraba 1,370 (529 sq mi) au asilimia 58 ya maji ya ziwa hilo yako ndani ya mipaka ya DRC. Makazi katika mwambao wa ziwa hilo ni pamoja na Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu nchini [[Rwanda]]. Mapema mwaka wa 2025, wakati wa kampeni ya M23, makazi yote katika upande wa Kongo wa mwambao wa ziwa yalichukuliwa na wanajeshi wa Rwanda na M23 Movement, na mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Goma ulitekwa mnamo Januari na makazi yote yalikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa M23 mwanzoni mwa Machi. Mnamo Machi 12, M23 ilitua kwenye kisiwa cha Idjwi, na kukikalia bila upinzani.<ref>https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025|url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025|work=Critical Threats|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sommer |first=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa.<ref>https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf</ref> Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno. Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 4fy3y4twz4i0iasm19i95ut6jxvcx4m 1577117 1577116 2026-06-27T12:54:18Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Nimeongeza rejeo 1577117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ===Jiografia ya Binadamu=== Baadhi ya kilomita za mraba 1,370 (529 sq mi) au asilimia 58 ya maji ya ziwa hilo yako ndani ya mipaka ya DRC. Makazi katika mwambao wa ziwa hilo ni pamoja na Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu nchini [[Rwanda]]. Mapema mwaka wa 2025, wakati wa kampeni ya M23, makazi yote katika upande wa Kongo wa mwambao wa ziwa yalichukuliwa na wanajeshi wa Rwanda na M23 Movement, na mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Goma ulitekwa mnamo Januari na makazi yote yalikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa M23 mwanzoni mwa Machi. Mnamo Machi 12, M23 ilitua kwenye kisiwa cha Idjwi, na kukikalia bila upinzani.<ref>https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025|url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025|work=Critical Threats|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sommer |first=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa.<ref>https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf</ref> Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wenz |first=John |date=2020-10-07 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |issn=2575-4459}}</ref> Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] keq7zqzqz9kdfdzuj8c22303ph4c8l2 1577216 1577117 2026-06-28T01:16:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1577216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Ziwa Kivu | image = LakeKivu satellite.jpg | caption = [[Picha]] ya ziwa kutoka [[Anga|angani]] (kwa ruhusa ya [[NASA]]). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|0|S|29|0|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes]], [[Meromictic]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Ruzizi River]] | catchment = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | length = {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KivuLak.html Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda], [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition. 2001-05.</ref> | width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | area = {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name=Columbia/> | depth = {{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|480|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|500|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1460|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = [[Idjwi]] | cities = [[Goma]], Congo<br>[[Bukavu]], Congo<br>[[Kibuye, Rwanda]]<br>[[Cyangugu]], Rwanda | reference = }} [[Faili:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa Kivu likiwa na mji wa [[Goma]] kwa nyuma, Kongo.]] [[Faili:Lake Kivu shoreline at Gisenyi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Watu ufukoni mwa [[Gisenyi]], Rwanda.]] '''Ziwa Kivu''' ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|title=Natural wonders of the world|last=Scheffel|first=Richard L.|last2=Wernert|first2=Susan J.|date=1980|publisher=New York : Reader's Digest|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5}}</ref> Liko mpakani kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Rwanda]], katika [[tawi]] la [[magharibi]] la [[Bonde la Ufa]].<ref>https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/37/3/371/693411?login=false</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanatoka kupitia [[mto Ruzizi]] unaoelekea [[kusini]] hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2020-06-15|accessdate=2026-06-27|language=en-US|author=Victor Kiprop in Environment}}</ref> Hapo awali, Ziwa Kivu lilitiririka kuelekea kaskazini, na kuchangia Nile Nyeupe.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |date=2012 |title=The impact of the geologic history and paleoclimate on the diversification of East african cichlids |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408716/ |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=574851 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465}}</ref> Takriban miaka 13,000 hadi 9,000 iliyopita, shughuli za volkeno zilizuia mkondo wa Ziwa Kivu hadi kwenye mkondo wa maji wa Mto Nile. [[Volkeno|Volkano]] hiyo ilitokeza milima, kutia ndani Virunga, iliyopanda kati ya Ziwa Kivu na Ziwa Edward, kuelekea kaskazini.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> [[Maji]] kutoka Ziwa Kivu kisha kulazimishwa kusini chini Ruzizi. Hii, kwa upande wake, iliinua kiwango cha Ziwa Tanganyika, ambalo lilifurika chini ya Mto Lukuga. Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya maziwa matatu duniani, pamoja na Ziwa Nyos na Ziwa Monoun, ambayo hupitia milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa (CO2)). Chini ya ziwa pia kuna methane (CH4). Ikiwa mlipuko wa limnic utatokea, maisha ya watu milioni mbili wanaoishi karibu yatakuwa hatarini. ==Jiografia== Ziwa Kivu ni takriban kilomita 42 (26 mi) urefu na 50 km (31 mi) kwa upana wake. Umbo lake lisilo la kawaida hufanya kupima eneo lake sahihi la uso kuwa ngumu; limekadiriwa kufunika eneo la jumla la kilomita za mraba 2,700 (1,040 mi mraba), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la nane kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]]. Uso wa ziwa upo kwenye kimo cha mita 1,460 (4,790 ft) juu ya usawa wa bahari. Ziwa hili lina nafasi ya kukumbwa na mlipuko wa limnic kila baada ya miaka 1000. Ziwa hili lina kina cha juu cha meta 475 (futi 1,558) na kina cha wastani cha mita 220 (futi 722), na kulifanya kuwa ziwa la ishirini kwa kina kirefu duniani kwa kina cha juu zaidi, na la kumi na tatu kwa kina kirefu cha kina cha wastani. Kitanda cha ziwa kinakaa juu ya bonde la ufa ambalo linavutwa polepole, na kusababisha shughuli za volkeno katika eneo hilo. [[Kisiwa]] cha kumi kwa ukubwa duniani katika ziwa, Idjwi, kiko katika Ziwa Kivu. ===Jiografia ya Binadamu=== Baadhi ya kilomita za mraba 1,370 (529 sq mi) au asilimia 58 ya maji ya ziwa hilo yako ndani ya mipaka ya DRC. Makazi katika mwambao wa ziwa hilo ni pamoja na Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu nchini [[Rwanda]]. Mapema mwaka wa 2025, wakati wa kampeni ya M23, makazi yote katika upande wa Kongo wa mwambao wa ziwa yalichukuliwa na wanajeshi wa Rwanda na M23 Movement, na mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Goma ulitekwa mnamo Januari na makazi yote yalikuwa chini ya udhibiti wa M23 mwanzoni mwa Machi. Mnamo Machi 12, M23 ilitua kwenye kisiwa cha Idjwi, na kukikalia bila upinzani.<ref>https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025|url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025|work=Critical Threats|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> ==Sifa za kikemikali== Ziwa Kivu ni ziwa la meromictic lililo na tabaka la uso wa maji baridi ambalo huwa na chumvi nyingi na kina, na chumvi inakaribia 6 g/kg karibu na chini.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Sommer |first=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Pamoja na Ziwa Nyos la Kameruni na Ziwa Monoun, Ziwa Kivu ni mojawapo ya matatu ambayo yanajulikana kuwa na milipuko ya limnic (ambapo kupinduka kwa tabaka za maji ya kina kirefu hutoa dioksidi kaboni iliyoyeyushwa). Karibu na ziwa, watafiti walipata ushahidi wa kutoweka kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya nchi takriban kila miaka elfu, ambayo huenda ilisababishwa na matukio ya nje ya gesi. Kichochezi cha kupinduka kwa ziwa katika Ziwa Kivu hakijulikani, lakini shughuli za volkeno na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yote yanashukiwa.<ref>https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf</ref> Kemikali ya gesi ya maziwa yanayolipuka ni ya kipekee kwa kila ziwa. Kwa upande wa Ziwa Kivu, linajumuisha methane (CH4) na kaboni dayoksaidi (CO2), kama matokeo ya mwingiliano wa maji ya ziwa na chemchemi za moto za volkeno.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Wenz |first=John |date=2020-10-07 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |issn=2575-4459}}</ref> Kiasi cha methane kilichomo chini ya ziwa kinakadiriwa kuwa kilomita za ujazo 65 (16 cu mi). Ikiwa kikichomwa katika mtambo wa kisasa wa kuzalisha kwa mzunguko wa pamoja, kiasi hicho cha methane kingezalisha takriban megawati 40,000 kwa mwaka mzima, ambayo ni sawa na pato la umeme sawa na mara sita ya Bwawa la Grand Coulee katika kilele cha nishati ya majira ya kuchipua. Ziwa hili pia lina wastani wa kilomita za ujazo 256 (cu mi 61) za kaboni dioksidi ambayo, ikiwa itatolewa katika tukio la mlipuko, inaweza kuwakosesha pumzi wakaazi wote wa ufuo wa ziwa. Joto la maji ni 24 °C (75 °F), na pH ni takriban 7 katika eneo lisilo na oksijeni, na karibu 9 katika maji yenye oksijeni. Methane inaripotiwa kuzalishwa kwa kupunguza vijiumbe vya CO2 ya volkeno. Kupinduka kwa siku za usoni na kutolewa kwa gesi kutoka kwa kina kirefu cha maji ya Ziwa Kivu kungesababisha maafa na kufanya mapinduko ya ziwa yaliyorekodiwa kihistoria kwenye maziwa madogo zaidi ya Nyos na Monoun. Maisha ya takriban watu milioni mbili wanaoishi katika eneo la bonde la ziwa yangekuwa hatarini. Viini kutoka eneo la Ghuba ya Bukavu katika ziwa hilo hufichua kwamba sehemu ya chini ina amana za madini adimu ya monohydrocalcite iliyounganishwa na diatomu, juu ya mchanga wa sapropelic na maudhui ya juu ya pyrite. Hizi zinapatikana kwa vipindi vitatu tofauti. Tabaka za sapropeli zinaaminika kuwa zinahusiana na kutokwa kwa hidrothermal na diatomu kwenye kuchanua ambayo ilipunguza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi chini vya kutosha kusababisha monohydrocalcite. Wanasayansi wanakisia kwamba mwingiliano wa kutosha wa volkeno na maji ya chini ya ziwa ambayo yana viwango vya juu vya gesi yangepasha joto maji, kulazimisha methane kutoka majini, kuzua mlipuko wa methane, na kusababisha kutolewa kwa karibu wakati huo huo wa dioksidi kaboni, ingawa kuingia kwa mita za ujazo milioni 1 za lava wakati wa mlipuko wa Januari 2002 hakukuwa na athari. Kisha kaboni dioksidi ingeweza kukosa hewa ya idadi kubwa ya watu katika bonde la ziwa wakati gesi zinaendelea kutoka kwenye uso wa ziwa. Inawezekana pia kwamba ziwa linaweza kutoa tsunami ziwa kwani gesi hulipuka kutoka humo. Hatari iliyoletwa na Ziwa Kivu ilianza kueleweka wakati wa uchambuzi wa matukio ya hivi majuzi zaidi katika Ziwa Nyos. Methane ya Ziwa Kivu awali ilifikiriwa kuwa tu maliasili ya bei nafuu kwa mauzo ya nje, na kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati nafuu. Mara tu njia zilizosababisha kupinduka kwa ziwa zilipoanza kueleweka, ndivyo ufahamu wa hatari ambayo ziwa lilileta kwa wakazi wa eneo hilo. Bomba la majaribio liliwekwa katika Ziwa Nyos mwaka 2001 ili kuondoa gesi kutoka kwenye kina kirefu cha maji, lakini suluhisho kama hilo kwa Ziwa Kivu kubwa zaidi lingekuwa ghali zaidi. Takriban tani milioni 510 za metriki (tani 500×106) za kaboni dioksidi katika ziwa ni chini kidogo ya asilimia 2 ya kiasi kinachotolewa kila mwaka na uchomaji wa mafuta ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo, mchakato wa kuifungua unaweza kuwa na gharama zaidi ya kujenga na kuendesha mfumo. Tatizo hili linalohusishwa na kuenea kwa methane ni lile la mazuku, neno la Kiswahili "upepo mbaya" kwa ajili ya kutoa gesi ya methane na kaboni dioksidi ambayo inaua watu na wanyama, na inaweza hata kuua mimea ikiwa katika mkusanyiko wa juu wa kutosha. ===Uvunaji wa Methane=== Ziwa Kivu hivi karibuni limepatikana kuwa na takriban bilioni 55 za m3 (trilioni 1.9 cu ft) za gesi iliyoyeyushwa kwenye kina cha mita 300 (futi 1,000). Hadi mwaka wa 2004, uchimbaji wa gesi hiyo ulifanywa kwa kiwango kidogo, huku gesi iliyotolewa ikitumika kuendesha vichomea katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza bia cha Bralirwa huko Gisenyi. Kuhusu unyonyaji mkubwa wa rasilimali hii, serikali ya Rwanda imefanya mazungumzo na vyama kadhaa ili kuchimba methane kutoka ziwani. Mnamo 2011 ContourGlobal, kampuni ya nishati yenye makao yake makuu nchini Uingereza ililenga masoko yanayoibukia, ilipata ufadhili wa mradi ili kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa methane. Mradi huu unaendeshwa kupitia shirika la ndani la Rwanda liitwalo KivuWatt, kwa kutumia jukwaa la mashua ya baharini ili kuchimba, kutenganisha, na kusafisha gesi zinazopatikana kutoka kwenye ziwa kabla ya kusukuma methane iliyosafishwa kupitia bomba la chini ya maji hadi kwenye injini za gesi za pwani. Hatua ya kwanza ya mradi, kuwezesha "genset" tatu kando ya ziwa na kusambaza MW 26 za umeme kwenye gridi ya taifa, imekamilika. Awamu inayofuata inalenga kupeleka jenasi tisa za ziada katika MW 75 ili kuunda uwezo wa jumla wa MW 101. Aidha, Kampuni ya Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited ilitunukiwa Mkataba wa Makubaliano na Uzalishaji Umeme (PPA) mwaka 2015, kuzalisha MW 50 za umeme kwa kutumia Methane ya Ziwa Kivu. Mradi huu ulitarajiwa kuanza kujengwa mwaka 2019, na umeme wa kwanza (Awamu 1 - 14 MW) utazalishwa katika robo ya kwanza ya 2020. Kiwanda kilipangwa kufanya kazi kikamilifu mwaka 2021. Symbion Power imenunua kipunguzo kingine kwa MW 25 zaidi na kwa sasa wanajadiliana kuhusu PPA na Kikundi cha Umeme cha Rwanda ambacho kinaweza kupeleka MW 8 za umeme kwenye Gridi miezi sita baada ya PPA kusainiwa. Makubaliano haya yapo kwenye tovuti ya mtambo asilia wa majaribio unaojulikana kama KP1. Mbali na kusimamia uchimbaji wa gesi, KivuWatt pia itasimamia mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme na kuuza nishati ya umeme kwa serikali ya Rwanda chini ya Makubaliano ya Muda mrefu ya Kununua Umeme (PPA). Hii inaruhusu KivuWatt kudhibiti toleo la nishati iliyounganishwa kiwima kutoka mahali pa uchimbaji hadi mahali pa kuuza kwenye gridi ya taifa. Uchimbaji unasemekana kuwa wa gharama nafuu na rahisi kwa sababu mara tu maji yenye gesi nyingi yanapotolewa, gesi zilizoyeyushwa (haswa kaboni dioksidi, sulfidi hidrojeni na methane) huanza kutoa maji kadri shinikizo la maji linavyopungua. Mradi huu unatarajiwa kuongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati nchini Rwanda kwa zaidi ya mara 20, na utaiwezesha Rwanda kuuza umeme kwa nchi jirani za Afrika. Kampuni hii ilitunukiwa mkataba wa mwaka wa 2011 wa Africa Power kwa uvumbuzi katika mipango ya ufadhili iliyopata kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali vya mradi wa KivuWatt. Kiwanda cha kuzalisha umeme cha $200 milioni kilikuwa kikifanya kazi kwa MW 26 mwaka wa 2016 ==Biología na Uvuvi== Wanyama wa samaki katika Ziwa Kivu ni duni na spishi 28 zilizofafanuliwa, pamoja na spishi nne zilizoletwa. Wenyeji hao ni nyasi wa Ziwa Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), aina nne za barb (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, Afrika Mashariki yenye ncha nyekundu, Enteromius apleurogramma, redspot barb, E. kerstenii na Pellegrin's barb, E. pellegrini), kambare aina ya Amphilius (Clapinus Nicecephalus), aina mbili aina ya C. tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) na 15 endemic cichlids Haplochromis. Mwingine c. Aina 20 ambazo huenda hazijaelezewa za cichlidi zinajulikana kutoka ziwani. Aina zilizoletwa ni siklidi tatu, tilapia ya longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapia yenye madoadoa ya buluu (O. leucostictus) na tilapia ya redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), na clupeid, dagaa wa Ziwa Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon) Sardine ya ndani au Ndaine inajulikana 'Isambaza'. Hifadhi inayoweza kutumiwa ya dagaa ya Ziwa Tanganyika ilikadiriwa kuwa tani 2,000-4,000 za metric (tani 2,000-3,900) kwa mwaka. Ilianzishwa katika Ziwa Kivu mwishoni mwa 1959 na mtaalamu wa kilimo wa Ubelgiji Alphonse Collart. Jaribio la kutambulisha mimea kama hiyo ya Ziwa Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) wakati huo huo halikufaulu. Kwa sasa, Ziwa Kivu ndilo ziwa pekee la asili ambalo L. miodon, dagaa hapo awali ilizuiliwa Ziwa Tanganyika, imeletwa awali ili kujaza niche tupu. Kabla ya utangulizi, hakuna samaki wa planktivorous aliyekuwepo kwenye maji ya pelagic ya Ziwa Kivu. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wavuvi katika ziwa hilo ilikuwa 6,563, ambapo 3,027 walihusishwa na uvuvi wa pelagic na 3,536 na uvuvi wa jadi. Mgogoro mkubwa wa silaha katika eneo jirani kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ulisababisha kupungua kwa mavuno ya uvuvi. Kufuatia utangulizi huu, dagaa imepata umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na lishe kwa wakazi wa kando ya ziwa lakini kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mfumo ikolojia, kuanzishwa kwa samaki wa planktivorous kunaweza kusababisha marekebisho muhimu ya muundo wa jamii ya plankton. Uchunguzi wa hivi majuzi ulionyesha kutoweka katika miongo ya mwisho ya malisho makubwa, Daphnia curvirostris, na utawala wa jamii ya mesozooplankton na aina tatu za cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis na Tropocyclops confinis. Uchunguzi wa kwanza wa kina wa phytoplankton ulitolewa mwaka wa 2006. Likiwa na wastani wa klorofili ya kila mwaka katika safu iliyochanganyika ya 2.2 mg m−3 na viwango vya chini vya virutubishi katika eneo la euphotic, ziwa hili ni la oligotrophic. Diatomu ndilo kundi kubwa katika ziwa, hasa wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi wa kuchanganya kina. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua, safu ya maji iliyopangwa, yenye mwanga mwingi na upatikanaji wa virutubishi kidogo, hupendelea kutawala kwa sainobacteria yenye idadi kubwa ya picplankton ya picha. Uzalishaji halisi wa msingi ni 0.71 g C m−2 d-1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a-1) Uchunguzi wa chembe za urithi wa mabadiliko ulionyesha kwamba sikrilidi kutoka kwa maziwa ya Virunga kaskazini (k.m., Edward, George, Victoria) zingetokea katika "proto-ziwa Kivu", ambayo ni ya zamani zaidi kuliko shughuli kali za volkeno (miaka 20,000-25,000 iliyopita) ambayo ilikata uhusiano. Mwinuko wa milima magharibi mwa ziwa (ambayo kwa sasa ni Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, mojawapo ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya sokwe wa nyanda za chini mashariki (au Grauer's) duniani), pamoja na mwinuko wa ufa wa mashariki (uliopo mashariki mwa Rwanda) ungewajibika kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka katikati mwa Rwanda katika Ziwa Kivu halisi. Dhana hii ya "proto-lake Kivu" ilipingwa na ukosefu wa ushahidi thabiti wa kijiolojia, ingawa saa ya molekuli ya cichlid inapendekeza kuwepo kwa ziwa la zamani zaidi kuliko miaka 15,000 inayotajwa. Ziwa Kivu ni makazi ya spishi nne za kaa wa maji baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili zisizo za asili (Potamonautes lirrangensis na P. mutandensis) na endemics mbili (P. bourgaultae na P. idjwiensis).[45] Miongoni mwa maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa, Ziwa Tanganyika na Ziwa Victoria ni maziwa mengine pekee yenye kaa wa maji baridi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kivu}} [[Jamii:Ziwa Kivu]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Rwanda]] 4p0mpyjcsp1r91whs2tjrn273ji9u5c 0 87684 1577234 1120921 2026-06-28T06:18:25Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg|thumbnail|right|200pax|Janga la tetemeko la ardhi]] '''Majanga''' ni matukio yanayompata [[mtu]], mara nyingi kama [[matokeo]] ya kufanya jambo ambalo si la kawaida katika jamii. Baadhi ya [[jamii]] zinaamini kuwa majanga hutokana na [[nguvu za giza]] au [[mikosi]] kutoka kwa [[wazazi]] au watu wenye [[mamlaka]] juu ya mhusika. {{mbegu}}. [[Jamii:Maisha]]. gq7mfc7g3o0cjsd30ggv5lkbaznrbnm 0 88605 1577207 1074360 2026-06-27T16:32:01Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maleba''' ni [[mavazi]] maalumu yanayovaliwa katika nafasi za pekee. Kwa mfano [[wasanii]] katika [[maonyesho]], [[mahafali]] wanapotunukia [[shahada]] au [[vyeti]], [[watu]] wanapofanya [[kazi]] mbalimbali, kwa mfano [[upishi]], [[udaktari]] na nyinginezo. {{mbegu-utamaduni}}. [[Jamii:Mavazi]]. 7uvqff8m838pkn4968x8e6agbsa83ok 0 89713 1577290 1468654 2026-06-28T10:43:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashid Ali Abdallah''' (amezaliwa [[2 Desemba]] [[1959]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] [[Mtanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama cha kisiasa]] cha [[Civic United Front]] ([[CUF]]). Amechaguliwa kuwa [[Wabunge wa Tanzania 2015|mbunge]] wa [[Tumbe]] kwa miaka [[2015]] – [[2020]].<ref name="ParliamentTzRashid">Parliament of Tanzania. "Hon. Rashid Ali Abdallah – MP for Tumbe". Bunge Polis. https://polis.bunge.go.tz/contributions/1916</ref><ref name="AFRECAbdallah">African Energy Commission (AFREC). "Rashid Ali Abdallah". https://au-afrec.org/leadership/rashid-ali-abdallah{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ASEANAbdallah">ASEAN Energy Business Forum. "Rashid Ali Abdallah – Executive Director". https://asean-aebf.com/portfolio/rashid-ali-abdallah</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Bunge la Tanzania]] qz72uc92kcmxx2ku1n3plpb7wsvu8dv 0 91297 1577068 1315297 2026-06-27T12:21:20Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Baadhi ya maneno 1577068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shoe BNC.jpg|thumb|[[Jozi]] la viatu rasmi.]] [[File:Skor från 1700- till 1960-talet - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0056302.jpg|thumb|[[Maonyesho]] ya aina mbalimbali za viatu.]] '''Kiatu''' ni [[bidhaa]] yenye lengo la kulinda na kustarehesha [[mguu]] wa [[binadamu]] wakati wa kufanya [[shughuli]] mbalimbali. Pia kutumika kama bidhaa ya [[Pambo|mapambo]] na [[mitindo]], hasa kutokana na aina mbalimbali sana, tena tofauti kati ya [[utamaduni]] mmoja na utamaduni mwingine. Zaidi ya hayo, mitindo mara nyingi imefanya wengi kubuni mambo kama vile, viatu vya [[kisigino|visigino]] virefu au tambarare. Tofauti ya [[gharama]] yake inatumika pia kujenga matabaka kati ya watu. Viatu viliivyotolewa na wabunifu maarufu vinaweza kuwa vya [[Kifaa|vifaa]] ghali, na kuuzwa kwa [[Mia|mamia]] au hata [[Elfu|maelfu]] ya [[dola za Marekani]]. Baadhi ya viatu vinaundwa kwa madhumuni maalum, kama vile [[buti]] iliyoundwa mahsusi kwa ajili ya kupanda [[milima]] au kuteleza juu ya [[theluji]]. Kwa kawaida, viatu vimefanywa kutoka [[ngozi]], [[Ubao|mbao]] au [[turubai]], lakini pia vinazidi kufanywa kutoka [[mpira]], [[plastiki]] n.k. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Mavazi]] 1r8fjq0khsd64emu74dmum9js0vwbzd 1577097 1577068 2026-06-27T12:35:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shoe BNC.jpg|thumb|[[Jozi]] la viatu rasmi.]] [[File:Skor från 1700- till 1960-talet - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0056302.jpg|thumb|[[Maonyesho]] ya aina mbalimbali za viatu.]] '''Kiatu''' ni [[bidhaa]] yenye lengo la kulinda na kustarehesha [[mguu]] wa [[binadamu]] wakati wa kufanya [[shughuli]] mbalimbali. Pia kutumika kama bidhaa ya [[Pambo|mapambo]] na [[mitindo]], hasa kutokana na aina mbalimbali sana, tena tofauti kati ya [[utamaduni]] mmoja na utamaduni mwingine. Zaidi ya hayo, mitindo mara nyingi imefanya wengi kubuni mambo kama vile, viatu vya [[kisigino|visigino]] virefu au tambarare. Tofauti ya [[gharama]] yake inatumika pia kujenga matabaka kati ya watu. Viatu vilivyotolewa na wabunifu maarufu vinaweza kuwa vya [[Kifaa|vifaa]] ghali, na kuuzwa kwa [[Mia|mamia]] au hata [[Elfu|maelfu]] ya [[dola za Marekani]]. Baadhi ya viatu vinaundwa kwa madhumuni maalum, kama vile [[buti]] iliyoundwa mahsusi kwa ajili ya kupanda [[milima]] au kuteleza juu ya [[theluji]]. Kwa kawaida, viatu vimefanywa kutoka [[ngozi]], [[Ubao|mbao]] au [[turubai]], lakini pia vinazidi kufanywa kutoka [[mpira]], [[plastiki]] n.k. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Mavazi]] 59mptroyomgkcqp006q2973gh783ny5 0 91962 1577236 1008316 2026-06-28T06:23:56Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Baadhi ya maneno na alama za uandishi 1577236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Football4.png|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Jezi uwanjani.]] '''Jezi''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] "jersey") ni [[vazi]] au [[nguo]] inalovaliwa na mchezaji au [[wachezaji]] pindi wakiwa wanacheza [[uwanjani]], hasa katika mchezo fulani mfano, mchezo wa [[mpira wa miguu]], [[mpira wa kikapu]], [[mpira wa wavu]] na [[voliboli]]. Pia inaweza kutumika kama sare katika nafasi nyinginezo mbalimbali. ==Madhumuni ya jezi== *1. Kutambulisha [[timu]] za wachezaji wakiwa uwanjani. *2. Iwe rahisi kumtambua mchezaji akiwa uwanjani au akifanya kosa. {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mavazi]] a2bnn3qjhh9dgnoydw87k883tryy2b3 0 92731 1577037 1134143 2026-06-27T12:08:52Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Knickers1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Chupi za kike.]] '''Chupi''' ni [[nguo]]/[[vazi]] dogo ambalo huvaliwa ndani kwa ajili ya kukinga [[viungo vya uzazi]] vya [[wanawake]] na [[wanaume]]. Chupi huwa tofauti kadiri ya [[jinsia]]. {{mbegu-utamaduni}}. [[Jamii:Mavazi]]. rsskw7nc1mfyhiy2dag0fn3it9nyfgh 1577048 1577037 2026-06-27T12:12:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1011031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Knickers1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Chupi za kike.]] '''Chupi''' ni [[nguo]]/[[vazi]] dogo ambalo huvaliwa ndani kwa ajili ya kukinga [[viungo vya uzazi]] vya [[wanawake]] na [[wanaume]]. Chupi huwa tofauti kadiri ya [[jinsia]]. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Mavazi]] so6xias5zqsprhz0joqpqqo9jnny1cy 0 93380 1577089 1428795 2026-06-27T12:32:25Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi na baadhi ya maneno 1577089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Big_Foot_(6225546731).jpg|thumb|Alama asili katika [[mazingira]] inayodokeza na kuthibitisha uwepo wa [[mtu]] hivi karibuni.]] [[File:Biohazard.svg|thumb|Alama ya [[hatari ya kibiolojia]] haihusiani nayo kabisa.]] '''Alama''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] "sign"<ref>New Oxford American Dictionary</ref>) ni [[kitu]], [[mchoro]], [[maandishi]], [[kifaa]] ambacho hutambulisha kitu kingine, [[tukio]], sehemu n.k. Baadhi yake ni [[asili]], kwa mfano [[radi]] ya [[umeme]] na [[dalili]] za [[ugonjwa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/184308| title = Roderick M. Chisholm "Sextus Empiricus and Modern Empiricism" ''Philosophy of Science'', Jul., 1941, Vol. 8, No. 3 pp. 371-372| jstor = 184308}}</ref> Baadhi zimetungwa na [[binadamu]], kwa mfano, vituo katika maandishi na vitendo vya [[mikono]] wakati wa kuongea.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Woo | first=B. Hoon | title = Augustine's Hermeneutics and Homiletics in ''De doctrina christiana''| journal= Journal of Christian Philosophy | year=2013 | volume=17 | url=https://www.academia.edu/5228314 |pages=103–106}}</ref> [[File:Zodiac German Woodcut.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Ishara za Zodiac za Magharibi]] [[File:DurbanSign1989.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Ishara kwenye pwani huko Durban katika enzi ya ubaguzi wa rangi Afrika Kusini inaonyesha pwani ya ubaguzi wa rangi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/184308| title = Roderick M. Chisholm "Sextus Empiricus and Modern Empiricism" ''Philosophy of Science'', Jul., 1941, Vol. 8, No. 3 pp. 371-372| jstor = 184308}}</ref> ]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Lugha]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] hn7nnsw5jj3gb8l10o7ucfrvoxoal7i 0 93931 1577030 1576999 2026-06-27T12:06:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1520165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jogger-jogging-sport-marathon (23698806383).jpg|thumb|Watu wakikimbia mchakamchaka.]] [[Picha:Physical exercises.jpg|thumb|Mazoezi ya viungo.]] '''Mazoezi ya mwili''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''physical exercises'') ni vitendo vinavyofanywa aghalabu na [[watu]] ili kuuweka [[mwili]] katika hali ya [[afya]] nzuri na kuwa tayari kwa ajili ya jambo maalumu. Mazoezi ni pia shughuli za kimwili zinazofanywa kwa makusudi ya kuboresha afya na ustawi wa mwili. Mazoezi hujumuisha mfululizo wa harakati za mwili zinazofanywa kwa njia ya kimyakimya au kwa kutumia vifaa vya mazoezi ili kuimarisha misuli, kukuza uvumilivu, na kuboresha mzunguko wa damu. Kwa kawaida, mazoezi hufanywa kwa utaratibu maalum na kwa kuzingatia kanuni za kimatibabu na ushauri wa wataalamu wa mazoezi ya mwili ili kuepuka majeraha au matatizo ya kiafya. Kwa jumla, inafaa kuanza mazoezi hayo kwa [[dakika]] [[kumi]] kama mwili haujazoea kuyafanya, halafu polepole kuongeza [[muda]] huo uwe dakika [[mia na hamsini]]. ==Aina za Mazoezi== Kuna aina mbalimbali za mazoezi ambayo hufanywa na watu kulingana na malengo yao binafsi na mahitaji ya mwili. Baadhi ya aina za mazoezi maarufu ni pamoja na: # Mazoezi ya Cardiovascular: Hizi ni aina za mazoezi ambayo huongeza mapigo ya moyo na kuboresha mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu. Mifano ni kama kukimbia, kuogelea, au kutumia baiskeli ya mazoezi. # Mazoezi ya Kujenga Misuli: Haya ni mazoezi yanayolenga kuimarisha na kukuza misuli ya mwili kwa kutumia uzito au upinzani. Mifano ni kama kunyanyua vyuma, push-up, na squat. # Mazoezi ya Urefu na Upana: Haya ni mazoezi yanayolenga kuongeza urefu na upana wa mwili kwa kutumia mbinu za kurefusha misuli kama yoga au pilates. # Mazoezi ya Kuleta Uimara: Haya ni mazoezi yanayolenga kuimarisha viungo na kuzuia majeraha kwa kusaidia kudumisha usawa na kujiamini. ==Manufaa ya Mazoezi== Mazoezi huwa na manufaa mengi kwa afya ya mwili na akili. Baadhi ya manufaa ya kawaida ni pamoja na: # Kupunguza Hatari za Magonjwa: Mazoezi husaidia kupunguza hatari ya magonjwa ya moyo, kisukari, na shinikizo la damu. # Kuongeza Nguvu na Uvumilivu: Kwa kufanya mazoezi mara kwa mara, misuli huimarika na uvumilivu wa mwili huongezeka. # Kuboresha Moyo na Mzunguko wa Damu: Mazoezi hurekebisha mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu na kuongeza uwezo wa moyo kufanya kazi. # Kupunguza Mafuta Mwilini: Mazoezi ya kudumu husaidia katika kuchoma kalori na kupunguza mafuta mwilini. ==Ufanyaji wa Mazoezi== Ni muhimu kufanya mazoezi kwa usahihi na kwa muda unaofaa ili kupata matokeo bora na kuzuia majeraha. Inashauriwa kuanza na mazoezi madogo na kuongeza taratibu kiwango cha mazoezi kadri unavyoendelea kuzoea. Aidha, ni muhimu kuzingatia lishe bora na kunywa maji ya kutosha ili kuhakikisha mwili unapata virutubisho vya kutosha na kuepuka ukosefu wa maji mwilini. ==Hitimisho== Mazoezi ni sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya afya na ustawi. Kwa kuzingatia aina sahihi za mazoezi na ushauri wa wataalamu, watu wanaweza kufurahia faida za kiafya na kuwa na maisha marefu yenye furaha. Hata hivyo, kabla ya kuanza mpango wa mazoezi, ni vyema kupata ushauri wa kitaalamu hasa kama kuna matatizo ya kiafya au vikwazo vya kimwili vilivyopo. ==Mifano ya mazoezi== # Kutembea ("jogging" kwa Kiingereza) # Kucheza [[dansi]] # Kukwea [[milima]] # Kuendesha [[baiskeli]] # Kuogelea # Kucheza [[tennis]], [[basketball]] au [[football]] # Kucheza na [[kamba]] ya battle rope #Mazoezi ya mwili mzima ya machine za kisasa za mtetemo<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Ritzmann|first=Ramona|last2=Kramer|first2=Andreas|last3=Bernhardt|first3=Sascha|last4=Gollhofer|first4=Albert|date=2014-02-26|title=Whole Body Vibration Training - Improving Balance Control and Muscle Endurance|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089905|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=e89905|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089905|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC3935964|pmid=24587114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/whole-body-vibration/faq-20057958|title=Is whole-body vibration an effective workout?|last=Laskowski|first=Edward R.|date=|format=|accessdate=7 July 2018|Web=Mayo Clinic|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.vibrationmachine.reviews/tech/frequency.php|title=KnockYourVibe: Frequency of vibration machines and its impact on the human body|author=Sudeshna Dey|date=|language=en-US|work=KnockYourVibe - Learn about Whole Body Vibration Machines|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2018-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604235947/http://www.vibrationmachine.reviews/tech/frequency.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wa mazoezi== Mazoezi yana umuhimu sana katika mwili wa [[binadamu]] kwa kuwa: # mazoezi kama vile [[kunyanyua vyuma]] huimarisha [[mifupa]] na [[misuli]] # mazoezi huboresha upatikanaji wa [[hewa]] na [[virutubishi]] kwenye [[seli]] za mwili # mazoezi husaidia kuzuia [[maradhi]] na magonjwa kama vile [[saratani]] na pia usizeeke mapema # mazoezi huboresha mfumo wa kupata [[usingizi]] # mazoezi huongeza [[nguvu]] mwilini. # Mazoezi hupunguza uwezekano wa kupata maradhi makali kama vile shinikizo la damu, bolisukari # Mazoezi huweza kupunguza uzani wa kupindukia kwa wale ambao wako katika hali hii. Kwa sababu hizo tunashauriwa kufanya mazoezi ili miili yetu iwe imara na yenye [[afya]] nzuri. Tunashauriwa tufanye mazoezi kila [[asubuhi]] na [[mchana]], kwa [[kunyoosha]] [[viungo]] kwa namna mbalimbali, ili kupunguza [[mawazo]], na pia ili kuuweka [[mwili]] sawa, kuongezeka kwa [[ukuaji]], kuzuia [[kuzeeka]], [[kuimarisha misuli]] na [[mfumo wa moyo]], [[kuvumilia ujuzi]] wa [[mashindano]], [[kupoteza uzito]], na pia [[kufurahia]]. == Kujilinda wakati wa mazoezi == * Fanya mazoezi mepesi kabla na baada ya zoezi lako kuu ili mwili upate [[joto]] kwanza na uweze kutulia baada ya mazoezi. * Kunywa [[maji]] mengi == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == <!--Sidebar templates--> {{Sister project links|display=Exercise|commons=Category:Physical exercises|q=Exercise|wikt=exercise|voy=no|n=no|s=no|v=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|b=no|d=no}} <!--List of external links--> * [https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/ Adult Compendium of Physical Activities] – a website containing lists of [[Metabolic Equivalent of Task]] (MET) values for a number of physical activities, based upon {{PMID|8292105|10993420|21681120|leadout=and}} * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html MedLinePlus Topic on Exercise and Physical Fitness] * [http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/PH8 Physical activity and the environment] – guidance on the promotion and creation of physical environments that support increased levels of physical activity. * [https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/physical_exercise.htm Science Daily's reference on physical exercise] {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Afya]] tmjhbm0n5wa6wcemu7kp3r5fnnd82a0 0 118344 1577213 1255481 2026-06-28T00:23:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mto | jina = Mto Salawin | picha = Salawin river at Mae Sam Laep.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | chanzo = Barafuto kwenye Nyanda za Juu za Tibet | mdomo = Bahari ya Andamani | nchi = | urefu = [[kilomita|km]] 2,815 | kimo = [[mita|m]] 5,350 | matawimto = | matawimto kulia = Mito Nam Pang, Yunzalin, Pāng | matawimto kushoto = Mito Gyaing, Moei, Pai, Yuam | mkondo = [[mita ya ujazo|m<small>³</small>]] 4,978 | eneo = [[kilomita ya mraba|km<small>₂</small>]] 324,000 | watu = | miji = }} '''Mto Salawin''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Salween''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa katika [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki]]. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] chake kipo [[Tibet]] ([[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]]) halafu unapita [[Myanmar]] na [[Uthai]] kwenye mwendo wake wa takriban [[kilomita]] 2,400<ref>[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/basins/salween/index.stm Salween Basin, Year: 2011, Water Report 37], tovuti ya Aquastat ya [[FAO]]</ref>. [[Jina|Majina]] yake hutofautiana kadiri ya nchi ambako unapita: Watibet huuita Nag Qu, pale China huitwa 怒江 Nù Jiāng, pale Myanmar Thanlwin Myit (pamoja na majina mengine) na mwishoni katika Uthai Maenam Salawin (แม่น้ำสาละวิน). Mto huo unatokea kwenye [[Nyanda za Juu]] za Tibet na kuelekea [[magharibi]] mwanzoni. Lakini baadaye unageuka [[mashariki]] na [[kusini]] ukiishia katika [[Bahari ya Andamani]] huko [[Mawlamyaing]], Myanmar. Kwa njia ya kilomita 120 hivi mto huu ni mpaka baina ya Uthai na Myanmar, sehemu yake ya mwisho kabla ya [[bahari]] unarudi tena ndani ya Myanmar. ==Marejeo== <references/> ===Marejeo mengine=== *[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1083 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas] at whc.unesco.org *[http://www.eoearth.org/article/Three_Parallel_Rivers_of_Yunnan_Protected_Areas,_China Three Parallel Rivers Protected Area] at www.eoearth.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219022354/http://nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/china/work/art13268.html Nature Conservancy: Gongshan Nature Reserve] [[The Nature Conservancy]] *[http://www.rwesa.org/ Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rwesa.org/ |date=20191022192210 }} *[http://www.river.com/nujiang/nujiang.html NuJiang River Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.river.com/nujiang/nujiang.html |date=20120813012600 }} *[http://www.salween.unibe.ch Hydrometeorological Approach to the Upper Salween River (USRB)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.salween.unibe.ch/ |date=20160303214902 }} - copyright by Dr. Christophe Lienert, Geographical Institute of the University of Berne and Kunming Institute of Botany *[http://www.chinariversproject.org China Rivers Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chinariversproject.org/ |date=20190315010035 }} *[http://www.lastdescents.com Last Descents River Expeditions] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lastdescents.com/ |date=20190908183648 }} *[http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/salween/salweensummary.html A history of first raft and kayak descents of the Salween in Tibet and Yunnan, China.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/salween/salweensummary.html |date=20191028012843 }} ===Viungo vya Nje=== {{Commons category|Salween River}} * Phoel, Cynthia M., "Bargaining Power", in ''Oxfam Exchange'', Fall 2004. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051231042736/http://www.salweenwatch.org/ Salween River Watch NGO] *[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1083 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas] *[http://www.eoearth.org/article/Three_Parallel_Rivers_of_Yunnan_Protected_Areas,_China Three Parallel Rivers Protected Area] *[http://www.river.com/nujiang/nujiang.html NuJiang River Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.river.com/nujiang/nujiang.html |date=20120813012600 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828063459/http://salweenfirstdescent.com/ Salween First Descent] *[http://www.salweenwatch.org/index.php?view=article&id=51%3Arecent-dam-and-water-diversion-plans&tmpl=component&print=1&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=60 Water Diversion from the Salween to the Chaophraya River] {{Wayback|url=http://www.salweenwatch.org/index.php?view=article&id=51%3Arecent-dam-and-water-diversion-plans&tmpl=component&print=1&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=60 |date=20211208154422 }} *[http://www.burmapartnership.org/2014/04/joint-statement-of-concern-by-shan-civil-society-organizations-regarding-public-meeting-by-burmese-government-and-hydrochina-to-promote-dams-on-the-salween-and-nam-ma-rivers/ Joint Statement of Concern by Shan Civil Society Organizations Regarding Public Meeting by Burmese Government and Hydrochina to Promote Dams on the Salween and Nam Ma Rivers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.burmapartnership.org/2014/04/joint-statement-of-concern-by-shan-civil-society-organizations-regarding-public-meeting-by-burmese-government-and-hydrochina-to-promote-dams-on-the-salween-and-nam-ma-rivers/ |date=20191022192157 }} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uthai]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Myanmar]] [[Jamii:Mito ya China]] dcwp1jrmv51lt7h27pvvct4sduu2nnj 0 118736 1577244 1091526 2026-06-28T06:42:07Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi na namba hizo nimeweka mimi. 1577244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Egyptian Alexandria Jews. Choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen in Samuel Menashe synagogue. Alexandria.jpg|thumb|Kwaya ya [[Kiyahudi]] huko [[Aleksandria]], [[Misri]].]] '''Kwaya''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] "choir" au "quire") ni [[kundi]] la [[waimbaji]] au [[uimbaji]] wa [[watu]] kwa pamoja. Kuna aina mbalimbali za kwaya lakini hapa tunaorodhesha baadhi tu ya aina hizo. 1, Kwaya ya [[wanawake]]: Hii ni kwaya inayojumuisha wanawake (watu wa [[jinsia]] ya kike) pekee bila wanaume (watu wa jinsia ya kiume). Kwaya ya namna hii kwa kawaida huwa na [[sauti]] [[mbili]] tu, yaani sauti ya kwanza (Soprano) na sauti ya pili (Alto). 2, Kwaya ya [[watoto]]: Hii ni kwaya inayoundwa na watoto tu. Kwaya hii nayo kwa kawaida huwa na sauti mbili kama ilivyo kwaya ya wanawake pekee. 3, Kwaya ya [[wanaume]]: Aina hii ya kwaya hujumuisha wanaume pekee. Hii pia huwa na sauti moja hadi mbili kwa kawaida, lakini wakati mwingine huwa hata na sauti zote [[nne]]. Hii sasa si kwa kwaya ya wanaume tu bali hata kwaya ya wanawake pia hata ya watoto kufuatia maendeleo ya kimuziki [[wataalamu]] wameendelea kugundua uwezekano wa kutengeneza sauti zote nne kama ilivyo katika kwaya ya mchanganyiko. 3, Kwaya ya mchanganyiko: Hii hujumuisha wote, wanaume na wanawake hata na watoto pia. Kama yalivyo maelezo ya hapo juu; aina hii ya kwaya kwa kawaida huwa na sauti zote nne yaani yaani sauti ya kwanza (Soprano), sauti ya pili (Alto), sauti ya tatu (Tenor) na sauti ya nne (Bass). {{mbegu-muziki}}. [[Jamii:Muziki]]. r001omnnp9bujrucnlmlk9k6dzouuhn 0 121365 1577039 1577008 2026-06-27T12:09:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Human Heart.png|thumb|Moyo wa binadamu.]] '''Ugonjwa wa moyo''' ni [[maradhi]] yanayoushambulia na kuudhoofisha [[moyo]]. Moyo ni kiungo kinachosukuma [[damu]] katika [[mwili]] wa [[kiumbehai]], hasa [[wanyama]]. [[Damu]] hiyo huwa na vitu kama [[oksijeni]], [[homoni]], [[seli za damu]] na [[virutubishi]] mbalimbali kutoka katika [[vyakula]] anavyokula. Ugonjwa wa moyo mara nyingi huwapata [[binadamu]] kuliko wanyama wengine. ==Visababishi vya ugonjwa== Ugonjwa wa moyo huweza husababishwa na [[tabia]] au namna mtu anavyoishi, magonjwa mbalimbali pamoja na aina ya [[chakula]] anachokula mtu huyo. Kwa upande wa tabia mtu anaweza kupata ugonjwa wa moyo kupitia unywaji [[pombe]] kupita kiasi, uvutaji wa [[sigara]] na [[uvivu]] wa kufanya [[Mazoezi ya mwili|mazoezi]]. Mazoezi humsaidia mtu awe mwenye [[afya]] kwani mazoezi hudhoofisha viini vya magonjwa mbalimbali vilivyo ndani ya [[mwili]] wa binadamu. Ugonjwa wa moyo pia husababishwa na matatizo katika [[mlo]] wa mtu, hasa katika kuzidisha (kuongeza) viwango vinavyohitajika na mwili. Kuzidisha viwango vya chakula ni kama kula vyakula vyenye [[mafuta]] mengi ambapo mafuta hayo huweza kujaa [[Mwili|mwilini]] hata mpaka kwenye moyo na kusababisha kuziba kwa [[Mishipa ya damu|mshipa wa damu]] hivyo kufanya moyo ushindwe kufanya kazi vizuri. Magonjwa ambayo huweza kuuathiri moyo ni kama ugonjwa wa [[kisukari]] pamoja na [[shinikizo la damu]]. Ugonjwa wa kisukari husababishwa na mwili kushindwa kuongoza kiwango cha [[sukari]] katika [[damu]]. Shinikizo la damu pia huchangia kupelekea kwa ugonjwa wa moyo kwani huasababisha [[Mishipa|mshipa]] mbalimbali ndani ya moyo kuweza kupasuka. ==Tahadhari== Ili kuepukana na ugonjwa wa moyo binadamu anashauriwa kwanza ale mlo kamili, afanye [[mazoezi]] angalau mara moja au mbili kila siku, kujiepusha na unywaji wa pombe na [[kilevi|vilevi]] vingine pamoja na uvutaji wa sigara ambao husababisha hata magonjwa ya [[mapafu]] pia kuepuka kutumia vyakula venye kiasi kikubwa cha mafuta na sukari. Mwanadamu pia anashauriwa apate [[tiba]] iliyo kamili pale anapogundulika kuwa na magonjwa makubwa, hasa kisukari na shinikizo kubwa la damu. Pia inashauria mtu kufanya [[uchunguzi]] (check up) mara kwa mara ili kuweza kujua afya yake inavyoendelea: hii itamsaidia kuyajua na kuyawahi magonjwa kabla hayajawa makubwa. ==Athari== Ugonjwa wa moyo husababisha [[kifo]] kwani moyo ndio kiungo kikuu cha kusukuma damu, hivyo kinaposhindwa kufanya kazi hupelekea mwisho wa [[maisha]] ya kiumbe hai huyo. {{mbegu-tiba}} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Moyo]] f4hkgf6b1a4eawewnmvys0plbk05t5z 0 121607 1577072 1521020 2026-06-27T12:24:13Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kurekebisha maneno 1577072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mohamed Chande Othman.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Chande.|112x112px]] '''Mohamed Chande Othman''' (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1952]]) ni [[Wakili]] na [[Jaji Mkuu]] wa zamani wa [[Tanzania]]. Kimataifa anaheshimiwa sana kwa uelewa wake wa kina wa [[siasa]], [[sheria]] na vipimo vingine vinavyohusiana na Sheria ya Kimataifa ya Kibinadamu, Sheria kuhusu Wakimbizi, Sheria ya Makosa ya Jinai na Ushuhuda, na Utunzaji wa [[Amani]]. Alishikilia nyadhifa mbalimbali kama mshauri mtaalam na [[mwendesha mashtaka]] wa [[UN]] katika [[Mahakama]] za uhalifu kama UNDP Kambosya, (UNTAET). Hivi sasa yeye ni mkuu wa Jopo la Wataalam wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] linaloangalia habari mpya juu ya [[kifo]] cha [[Dag Hammarskjölds]].<ref>https://archives.un.org/content/death-dag-hammarskj%C3%B6ld</ref> ==Elimu== * '' LL.B. (Mhe), Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam | Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 1974 '' * '' M.A. (Mahusiano ya Kimataifa) Chuo Kikuu cha Webster Geneva | Chuo Kikuu cha Webster, Geneva, Uswisi, 1982 '' * '' Cheti,Hague Academy of International Law, Uholanzi, 1983 '' ==Wasifu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP10/ICC-ASP-10-INF.2-Add.1-ENG.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-02-23 |archivedate=2020-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926131441/https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP10/ICC-ASP-10-INF.2-Add.1-ENG.pdf }}</ref>== ===Nafasi za kiwango cha juu cha Umoja wa Mataifa<ref>https://www.un.org/sg/en/search/node/Mohamed%20Chande%20Othman</ref>=== *Mkuu wa Jopo la Wataalam wa Umoja wa Mataifa, anayeshtakiwa na tathmini na uchunguzi wa habari mpya zinazohusiana na kifo cha kutisha cha Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa UN [Dag Hammarskjöld]] (tangu Machi 2015).<ref>https://archives.un.org/content/death-dag-hammarskj%C3%B6ld</ref> *Baraza la [[Haki za binadamu|Haki za Binadamu]] la UN:<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LBIndex.aspx</ref>Mwanachama wa Tume ya kiwango cha juu cha Uchunguzi katika Hali nchini Lebanon kufuatia Mzozo wa Silaha wa Israeli-Lebanon (2006) *Baraza la Haki za Binadamu la UN:<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LBIndex.aspx</ref>Mtaalam huru juu ya hali ya haki za binadamu huko Sudan (2009-2010). Anatembelea Sudani Kusini na eneo la Abyei. ===Nafasi za Idara ya Sheria Tanzania=== *Jaji Mkuu wa Tanzania (Desemba 2010 - Januari 2017) *Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu (Desemba 2003 - Oktoba 2004) *Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufaa (Agosti 2004 - Februari 2008) ===Uzoefu mwingine wa Kisheria na Utaalam=== *Mshauri wa wataalam wa Kikundi cha Afrika cha Haki na uwajibikaji - Wayamo Foundation. *Mshauri Mwandamizi wa Marekebisho ya Kisheria na Haki kwa UNDP Kambodiya. *Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Rais ya Uchunguzi juu ya Uhamaji wa Wachungaji na Mifugo yao kutoka Bonde la Usanga huko Ihefu, [[Mbarali|Wilaya ya Mbarali]], [[Tanzania]]. *Mwendesha Mashtaka wa Umma kwa [[Benki ya Tanzania]] ==Tazama pia== *[[Jaji Mkuu wa Tanzania]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mahakimu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Majaji wa Tanzania]] gitkyh67h30ok7muxywgebzuc8j0ssf 1577073 1577072 2026-06-27T12:24:57Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Alama za uhakifishi 1577073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mohamed Chande Othman.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Chande.|112x112px]] '''Mohamed Chande Othman''' (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1952]]) ni [[Wakili]] na [[Jaji Mkuu]] wa zamani wa [[Tanzania]]. Kimataifa anaheshimiwa sana kwa uelewa wake wa kina wa [[siasa]], [[sheria]] na vipimo vingine vinavyohusiana na Sheria ya Kimataifa ya Kibinadamu, Sheria kuhusu Wakimbizi, Sheria ya Makosa ya Jinai na Ushuhuda na Utunzaji wa [[Amani]]. Alishikilia nyadhifa mbalimbali kama mshauri mtaalam na [[mwendesha mashtaka]] wa [[UN]] katika [[Mahakama]] za uhalifu kama UNDP Kambosya, (UNTAET). Hivi sasa yeye ni mkuu wa Jopo la Wataalam wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] linaloangalia habari mpya juu ya [[kifo]] cha [[Dag Hammarskjölds]].<ref>https://archives.un.org/content/death-dag-hammarskj%C3%B6ld</ref> ==Elimu== * '' LL.B. (Mhe), Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam | Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 1974 '' * '' M.A. (Mahusiano ya Kimataifa) Chuo Kikuu cha Webster Geneva | Chuo Kikuu cha Webster, Geneva, Uswisi, 1982 '' * '' Cheti,Hague Academy of International Law, Uholanzi, 1983 '' ==Wasifu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP10/ICC-ASP-10-INF.2-Add.1-ENG.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-02-23 |archivedate=2020-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926131441/https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP10/ICC-ASP-10-INF.2-Add.1-ENG.pdf }}</ref>== ===Nafasi za kiwango cha juu cha Umoja wa Mataifa<ref>https://www.un.org/sg/en/search/node/Mohamed%20Chande%20Othman</ref>=== *Mkuu wa Jopo la Wataalam wa Umoja wa Mataifa, anayeshtakiwa na tathmini na uchunguzi wa habari mpya zinazohusiana na kifo cha kutisha cha Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa UN [Dag Hammarskjöld]] (tangu Machi 2015).<ref>https://archives.un.org/content/death-dag-hammarskj%C3%B6ld</ref> *Baraza la [[Haki za binadamu|Haki za Binadamu]] la UN:<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LBIndex.aspx</ref>Mwanachama wa Tume ya kiwango cha juu cha Uchunguzi katika Hali nchini Lebanon kufuatia Mzozo wa Silaha wa Israeli-Lebanon (2006) *Baraza la Haki za Binadamu la UN:<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LBIndex.aspx</ref>Mtaalam huru juu ya hali ya haki za binadamu huko Sudan (2009-2010). Anatembelea Sudani Kusini na eneo la Abyei. ===Nafasi za Idara ya Sheria Tanzania=== *Jaji Mkuu wa Tanzania (Desemba 2010 - Januari 2017) *Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu (Desemba 2003 - Oktoba 2004) *Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufaa (Agosti 2004 - Februari 2008) ===Uzoefu mwingine wa Kisheria na Utaalam=== *Mshauri wa wataalam wa Kikundi cha Afrika cha Haki na uwajibikaji - Wayamo Foundation. *Mshauri Mwandamizi wa Marekebisho ya Kisheria na Haki kwa UNDP Kambodiya. *Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Rais ya Uchunguzi juu ya Uhamaji wa Wachungaji na Mifugo yao kutoka Bonde la Usanga huko Ihefu, [[Mbarali|Wilaya ya Mbarali]], [[Tanzania]]. *Mwendesha Mashtaka wa Umma kwa [[Benki ya Tanzania]] ==Tazama pia== *[[Jaji Mkuu wa Tanzania]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mahakimu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Majaji wa Tanzania]] jia57voc5bnt4u01n7f60dyfbeuei69 1577102 1577073 2026-06-27T12:38:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mnenda Jr|Mnenda Jr]] ([[User talk:Mnenda Jr|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1521020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mohamed Chande Othman.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Chande.|112x112px]] '''Mohamed Chande Othman''' (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1952]]) ni [[wakili]] na [[Jaji Mkuu]] wa zamani wa [[Tanzania]]. Kimataifa anaheshimiwa sana kwa uelewa wake wa kina wa [[siasa]], [[sheria]] na vipimo vingine vinavyohusiana na Sheria ya Kimataifa ya Kibinadamu, Sheria kuhusu Wakimbizi, Sheria ya Makosa ya Jinai na Ushuhuda, na Utunzaji wa [[Amani]]. Alishikilia nyadhifa mbalimbali kama mshauri mtaalam na [[mwendesha mashtaka]] wa [[UN]] katika [[mahakama]] za uhalifu kama UNDP Kambosya, (UNTAET). Hivi sasa yeye ni mkuu wa Jopo la Wataalam wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] linaloangalia habari mpya juu ya [[kifo]] cha [[Dag Hammarskjölds]].<ref>https://archives.un.org/content/death-dag-hammarskj%C3%B6ld</ref> ==Elimu== * '' LL.B. (Mhe), Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam | Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 1974 '' * '' M.A. (Mahusiano ya Kimataifa) Chuo Kikuu cha Webster Geneva | Chuo Kikuu cha Webster, Geneva, Uswisi, 1982 '' * '' Cheti,Hague Academy of International Law, Uholanzi, 1983 '' ==Wasifu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP10/ICC-ASP-10-INF.2-Add.1-ENG.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-02-23 |archivedate=2020-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926131441/https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP10/ICC-ASP-10-INF.2-Add.1-ENG.pdf }}</ref>== ===Nafasi za kiwango cha juu cha Umoja wa Mataifa<ref>https://www.un.org/sg/en/search/node/Mohamed%20Chande%20Othman</ref>=== *Mkuu wa Jopo la Wataalam wa Umoja wa Mataifa, anayeshtakiwa na tathmini na uchunguzi wa habari mpya zinazohusiana na kifo cha kutisha cha Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa UN [Dag Hammarskjöld]] (tangu Machi 2015).<ref>https://archives.un.org/content/death-dag-hammarskj%C3%B6ld</ref> *Baraza la [[Haki za binadamu|Haki za Binadamu]] la UN:<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LBIndex.aspx</ref>Mwanachama wa Tume ya kiwango cha juu cha Uchunguzi katika Hali nchini Lebanon kufuatia Mzozo wa Silaha wa Israeli-Lebanon (2006) *Baraza la Haki za Binadamu la UN:<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LBIndex.aspx</ref>Mtaalam huru juu ya hali ya haki za binadamu huko Sudan (2009-2010). Anatembelea Sudani Kusini na eneo la Abyei. ===Nafasi za Idara ya Sheria Tanzania=== *Jaji Mkuu wa Tanzania (Desemba 2010 - Januari 2017) *Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu (Desemba 2003 - Oktoba 2004) *Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufaa (Agosti 2004 - Februari 2008) ===Uzoefu mwingine wa Kisheria na Utaalam=== *Mshauri wa wataalam wa Kikundi cha Afrika cha Haki na uwajibikaji - Wayamo Foundation. *Mshauri Mwandamizi wa Marekebisho ya Kisheria na Haki kwa UNDP Kambodiya. *Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Rais ya Uchunguzi juu ya Uhamaji wa Wachungaji na Mifugo yao kutoka Bonde la Usanga huko Ihefu, [[Mbarali|Wilaya ya Mbarali]], [[Tanzania]]. *Mwendesha Mashtaka wa Umma kwa [[Benki ya Tanzania]] ==Tazama pia== *[[Jaji Mkuu wa Tanzania]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mahakimu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Majaji wa Tanzania]] b78lfto6v6fppye0yq84hqjgraqf95x 0 121926 1577289 1576312 2026-06-28T10:22:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577289 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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|date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] m3xuvnniz81iglgnj7rqd5cgtmg5pia 0 124273 1577076 1397494 2026-06-27T12:26:39Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577076 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Hestemøj.jpg|thumb|Kinyesi cha [[farasi]].]], '''Kinyesi''' (kutoka [[kitenzi]] ''kunya''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''shit'') ni [[uchafu]] unaotolewa na [[wanyama]] kama mabaki ya [[chakula]] baada ya [[Mmeng'enyo wa chakula|mmeng'enyo]]. ==Angalia pia== * [[Kinyesi cha binadamu]] ==Viungo vya nje== ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{wikt|kinyesi}} {{Commons|Feces}} {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] gncshyg6gg26ejijl4tc458rfvzokmc 1577104 1577076 2026-06-27T12:38:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:~2025-18642|~2025-18642]] 1397494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Hestemøj.jpg|thumb|Kinyesi cha [[farasi]].]] '''Kinyesi''' (kutoka [[kitenzi]] ''kunya''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''shit'') ni [[uchafu]] unaotolewa na [[wanyama]] kama mabaki ya [[chakula]] baada ya [[Mmeng'enyo wa chakula|mmeng'enyo]]. ==Angalia pia== * [[Kinyesi cha binadamu]] ==Viungo vya nje== ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{wikt|kinyesi}} {{Commons|Feces}} {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] f0t2zw9nx1cr957c4dx6z5b3t5qtdni 0 126081 1577215 1334648 2026-06-28T00:57:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lesbos topo.png|thumb|Lesbo ilivyo.]] '''Mutilene''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Μυτιλήνη, Mytilíni) ni [[mji]] wa [[Ugiriki]], [[makao makuu]] ya [[kisiwa]] cha [[Lesbo]] katika [[Bahari ya Aegean]] chenye eneo la [[Km²]] 1,633. {{wide image|Panorama Mytilini.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Mji kutoka [[Bahari|baharini]].}} Una wakazi 29,656 ([[2011]]) wanaotegemea zaidi [[uvuvi]] na [[utalii]]. [[Mwaka]] [[58]] [[Mtume Paulo]], katika [[safari]] yake ya [[tatu]] ya [[Umisionari|kimisionari]], aliabiri kutoka huko hadi [[Samos]] akielekea [[Yerusalemu]]<ref>[[Mdo]] 20:14 And when he met us at Assos, we took him on board and came to Mitylene. 15 We sailed from there, and the next day came opposite Chios. The following day we arrived at Samos and stayed at Trogyllium. The next day we came to Miletus. 16 For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus, so that he would not have to spend time in Asia; for he was hurrying to be at Jerusalem, if possible, on the Day of Pentecost.</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Mytilene}} *[http://www.mytilini.gr/ Official website] *[http://www.lesvoscalendars.eu/ Calendar of Lesvos] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lesvoscalendars.eu/ |date=20200219220034 }} *[http://www.lesvosgreece.gr/en Tourist Guide of Mytilene-Lesvos] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lesvosgreece.gr/en |date=20200128080115 }} {{safari za Mtume Paulo}} {{mbegu-jio-Ugiriki}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Ugiriki]] [[Category:Miji ya Biblia]] [[Category:Mtume Paulo]] o1etr6fi065htk3ijmyqi6f3nn3ydm3 0 135730 1577267 1523776 2026-06-28T09:18:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Kampuni|jina=Powercomputers Telecommunications Limited|jina_la_kampuni=Powercomputers Telecommunications Limited|aina_ya_kampuni=Teknolojia|ilipoanzishwa=2001|waanzishi=Shakil Dharamsi|idadi ya vituo=11|hudma=Machine za elektroniki vya fedha(EFD),Vifaa vya Kompyuta, Programu ya Biashara, Mafunzo ya Kompyuta, Ufundi wa Teknolojia|nchi=Tanzania|mji=Dar Es Salaam}} '''Powercomputers Telecommunications Limited''' ni [[kampuni]] ya [[teknolojia]] na msambazaji wa Mashine za Risiti za Kielektroniki (EFD) iliyoidinishwa na ''[[Mamlaka ya Mapato ya Tanzania]] (Tanzania Revenue Authority)''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mamlaka ya Mapato Tanzania - Wasambazaji wa Mashine za Risiti za Kielektroniki|url=https://www.tra.go.tz/swahili/index.php/e-fiscal-devices-efd/352-efd-suppliers|work=www.tra.go.tz|accessdate=2021-05-16}}</ref> nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kampuni hiyo ilianzishwa [[mwaka]] [[2001]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tzonline.org/clipping/pdf/powercomputers.pdf |title=The Guardian Tanzania - Powercomputers: Leading in Total IT Solutions |accessdate=2021-05-16 |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516060342/http://www.tzonline.org/clipping/pdf/powercomputers.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>, [[makao makuu]] ni katika [[jiji]] la [[Dar es Salaam]], pamoja na [[Tawi|matawi]] 11 katika [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|mikoa]] za [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]], [[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]], [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]], [[Moshi (mji)|Moshi]], [[Manyara]], [[Bukoba (mji)|Bukoba]], [[Iringa (mji)|Iringa]], [[Morogoro (mji)|Morogoro]], [[Lindi (mji)|Lindi]], [[Mtwara (mji)|Mtwara]], [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]]. [[Picha:Mashine_ya_risiti_ya_elektroniki_-_Tanzania.png|thumb|Mashine ya risiti ya elektroniki iliyouzwa na Powercomputers.]] == Historia == Kampuni ya Powercomputers ni kampuni mojawapo ya kwanza katika sekta ya [[teknolojia]] katika nchi ya Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> Pamoja na kuuza bidhaa za [[Tarakilishi|komputa]] na programu za kibiashara, kampuni hii ina kituo cha mafunzo iliyosajiliwa na NACTE ''(National Council For Technical Education)''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Registered and Accredited Institutions – The National Council for Technical Education (NACTE)|url=https://www.nacte.go.tz/index.php/registration/registered-institutions/|accessdate=2021-05-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516060344/https://www.nacte.go.tz/index.php/registration/registered-institutions/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=New Tanzanian Centre Set For a Bright Future|url=https://www.nccedu.com/new-tanzanian-centre-set-bright-future/|work=NCC Education|date=2011-06-06|accessdate=2021-05-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> Zaidi na [[huduma]] hizo, kampuni hiyo inaajiri Watanzania zaidi ya 80, katika kazi za [[wataalamu]]. [[Wizara ya Ujenzi, Uchukuzi na Mawasiliano|Waziri ya Ujenzi na Uchukuzi]], [[Isack Kamwelwe]] alipongeza kampuni za Kitanzania zilizokuwa na wataalmu, kuliko kampuni za kigeni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Engineer Kamwelwe’s says local engineers to undertake Dar Port’s eSWS|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/business/engineer-kamwelwe%E2%80%99s-says-local-engineers-undertake-dar-port%E2%80%99s-esws|work=www.ippmedia.com|accessdate=2021-05-16|language=en}}</ref> == Usambazaji za Mashine za Risiti za Kielektroniki (EFD) == [[:en:Tanzania_Revenue_Authority|Mamlaka ya Mapato Tanzania]] ilichagua kampuni kumi kusambaza mashine za risiti elektroniki vya fedha (EFD), mojawapo ikiwa kampuni ya Powercomputers Telecommunications Limited. Mashine za Risiti za Kielektroniki zinasaidia mamlaka za [[serikali]] kukusanya [[kodi]], pamoja na kuongeza [[takwimu]] za [[biashara]] nchini. Mashine hizo zinapatikana kwa kutumia wazalishaji wafuatao: * Incotex 118 * Incotex 300SM * HCP BEST * HCP Prima Pamoja na kuuza mashine hizo, kampuni hiyo inawaelimisha Watanzania wote jinsi za kutumia mashine hizo kwa njia za [[video]] katika [[Mtandao wa kijamii|mtandao]] wa [[Youtube]].<ref>{{Citation|title=EFD Incotex 181 Jinsi ya kuuza kwa mteja bila TIN Powercomputers|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0auzPoInGs0|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=EFD Tremol S Namna ya kutoa X Report Powercomputers|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adi_Uk5HPa0|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:kampuni za teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za Tanzania]] q2azbpbgz64zmn0pjk36myluhyvswy3 0 137240 1577041 1528828 2026-06-27T12:10:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:منارة سيدي خريبيش - panoramio.jpg|thumb| Mnara wa taa wa Benghazi ]] [[Faili:Italian Lighthouse - Benghazi.jpg|thumb|Mnara wa taa wa Benghazi uliojengwa mnamo mwaka 1922]] '''Mnara wa Taa wa Benghazi''' ni [[mnara wa taa]] unaotumika na unapatikana katika pwani ya nchini [[Libya]] ndani ya kitongoji cha eneo la Sidi Khrebish huko [[Benghazi]] .<ref name=wol>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lightphotos.net/photos/displayimage.php?album=111&pid=8107|title=Libya - Benghazi Lighthouse - World of Lighthouses|website=www.lightphotos.net}}</ref> Namba yake ya NGA ni 21508 == Historia == Mnara huu wa taa ulijengwa mnamo mwaka [[1922]] wakati wa [[ukoloni]] wa [[Italia]] huko [[Libya]] na ulizinduliwa mnamo mwaka [[1928]], ni moja wapo ya alama za zamani na maarufu za kihistoria za [[Benghazi]]. Pamoja na kuongoza meli, ulitumika pia kama mnara wa maji. Mnara huu wa taa unaurefu wa mita 22 (72 futi) naurefu wamita 41 (135 futi). Taa hii inaanuwai ya 17 (nautical mile ).<ref name=wol/> Mnara wa taa ulipata uharibifu wakati wa Vita vya dunia vya pili, lakini uliharibiwa vibaya zaidi hivi karibuni katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Libya. Baadhi ya wapinzani (Waisilamu) wa kamanda wa jeshi Khalifa Hafter walijificha katika mnara wa taa, na baadaye walitumia kuzika wafu wao karibia 200 . Mashambulio ya angani yaligonga chumba cha juu na kuitoa taa iliyoanguka lakini haikuharibiwa. Mnamo mwaka [[2014]], saa ya kipenyo cha mita 5 katika rangi ya bendera ya kitaifa iliingizwa upande wa baharini wa taa, mchango kutoka kwa mfanyabiashara Abubakr Sheikh,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2014/02/18/benghazi-lighthouse-sets-the-time-for-locals/|title=Benghazi lighthouse sets the time for locals|website=Libya Herald|accessdate=2021-06-06|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606121954/https://www.libyaherald.com/2014/02/18/benghazi-lighthouse-sets-the-time-for-locals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> licha ya upinzani kutoka kwa jamii ya usanifu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://en.minbarlibya.org/2019/02/07/streets-and-statues-political-symbolism-in-benghazi/|title=Streets and Statues: Political Symbolism in Benghazi – Libya Tribune|accessdate=2021-06-06|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606121953/http://en.minbarlibya.org/2019/02/07/streets-and-statues-political-symbolism-in-benghazi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Ukarabati== Mradi wa ukarabati uliotangazwa mnamo mwaka [[2019]] ulikusudia kurudisha mnara wa taa katika hali yake ya asili, na ulikadiriwa kuchukua miezi 13 hadi 17. Mradi huo ulianzishwa na kufadhiliwa na mamlaka ya mitaa ya Benghazi, ambayo ni sehemu ya serikali ya mpito ya mashariki ya [[Libya]], inayoongozwa na Abdullah al-Thinni.<ref>[https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1424416 War-damaged Benghazi lighthouse undergoes restoration | Reuters Archive Licensing<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[Jamii: Mnara wa Taa nchini Libya]] odwwkdd2sbz0khl7kpfjmg9ktyuvvko 0 138641 1577264 1428144 2026-06-28T09:12:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wappen Pommern.svg|thumb|100px|[[Ngao]] ya Pomerania.]] [[File:Pomeraniamap.png|thumb|280px|Mgawanyo wa Pomerania.]] '''Pomerania''' (''Pomorze'', ''Pommern'', ''Pòmòrskô'') ni eneo la kihistoria Kusini kwa [[Bahari ya Baltiki]]. Kwa sasa imegawanywa kati ya nchi za [[Polandi]] na [[Ujerumani]]. [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Gdańsk]] na [[Szczecin]]. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Pomerania|Pomerania}} ===Utamaduni na historia=== * [http://www.zamek.szczecin.pl/ Pomeranian dukes castle in Szczecin (Polish, German, English)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060131095122/http://www.archiv-vegelahn.de/pommern.html Pomeranian (German)] * {{CathEncy|wstitle=Pomerania}} * [http://www.lexikus.de/index.php?PHPSESSID=fdmldjf2hu80lbmk50u3cjcga4&page=thema&thema=9 Collection of historical eBooks about Pomerania (German)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lexikus.de/index.php?PHPSESSID=fdmldjf2hu80lbmk50u3cjcga4&page=thema&thema=9 |date=20090112005707 }} ===Ramani=== * [[:de:Bild:Provinz Pommern 1905.png|Map of Pomerania as in 1905, in German Wikipedia]] * [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Frombork-foto/Sd687_i.jpg Woiewództwa Pomorskie i Małborskie oraz Pomerania Elektorska, G.B.A.Rizzi-Zannoni 1772] {{Wayback|url=http://www.frombork.art.pl/Frombork-foto/Sd687_i.jpg |date=20130309021557 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080505052433/http://feefhs.org/maps/gere/ge-pomer.html FEEFHS Map Room: German Empire – East (1882) – Pommern (Pomerania), Prussia] * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/pomerania.htm Pomerania in 1789] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/pomerania.htm |date=20210624144613 }} {{mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Polandi]] [[Jamii:Ujerumani]] 7mtbch57exujx6jlmc5bzbljrehgbuv 0 140742 1577228 1522565 2026-06-28T04:50:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''O Meu Marido Está a Negar''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[maandishi]] ya mnamo mwaka 2007 kuhusu [[mchezo]] wa jina moja, ulioandikwa na kuongozwa na [[Rogério Manjate]]. [[Filamu]] na [[tamthilia]] zote zinajadili maswala ya [[VVU]] / [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]].<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:5zAkKjP_VB8J:www.ctorio.org.br/prog-conf.doc+O+meu+marido+esta+a+negar&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiiRA38NXuryQPKVHZNAzIP-TX-KWyWu99QjdOHuo7Srh33doCcNVR_50_-MCuKSYWlBFcE2RFIKEqI4upkRdq2eZB03KPHIM3LlKhdRU7wkGIUiE3ST7GG3Tc-IAK8cQGGjjqX&sig=AHIEtbQL5Nc0jwk6dcG6jWMwysyDfdH2sg "Centro de Teatro do Primido"] Iliwekwa mnamo 08-08-2021</ref> [[Manjate]] aliongoza [[filamu]] fupi iliyoshinda tuzo ya ''"Nakupenda"'', pia kuhusu [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] / [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]], mwaka huo huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home • Centre for Creative Arts|url=https://cca.ukzn.ac.za/|work=Centre for Creative Arts|accessdate=2021-08-08|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804145136/https://cca.ukzn.ac.za/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kichwa cha filamu kinamaanisha ''"Mume Wangu Amekataa"''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - le leader mondial du cinéma africain et diaspora|url=http://africine.org/|work=Africiné|accessdate=2021-08-08|language=fr|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309182853/http://www.africine.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Muhtasari wa filamu == [[Hermínia]] anagundua kuwa yeye ni [[mama]] mwenye [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] anapoenda kufanya uchunguzi wa ujauzito. Gabriel, mumewe, anajua juu ya [[ugonjwa]] wake na anaukubali lakini anakataa kuchukua [[Kipimo|vipimo]]. Kwa [[muda]] mrefu kama anavyofanya, haina maana kwa Hermnia kufuata [[Tiba|matibabu]]. Anafikiria kwamba ikiwa ataona [[mchezo]] juu yake, anaweza kubadilisha mawazo yake. O Meu esta a negar ni inaangalia maonyesho ya maingiliano ya The Teatro do Oprimido (jukwaa la Waliokandamizwa) na malengo yake: Kuwafanya wasikilizaji kujua kuhusu [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]] na kusaidia kubadilisha tabia zao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=El FCAT 2017 apuesta por consolidarse como evento transfronterizo único|url=https://fcat.es/2017/03/fcat-2017-evento-transfronterizo-unico/|work=FCAT 2021|date=2017-03-20|accessdate=2021-08-08|language=es-ES|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609055327/https://fcat.es/2017/03/fcat-2017-evento-transfronterizo-unico/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:USLWA]] [[Jamii:Filamu]] [[Jamii:Kenya]] [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] eiynyb4eq93euu964aumv061q4e0pdo 0 146915 1577193 1524522 2026-06-27T15:24:06Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577193 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rwakoojo Robina Gureme.jpg|thumb|Robina Gureme Rwakoojo]] '''Robina Gureme Rwakoojo''' ni [[mwanasheria]] kutoka nchini [[Uganda]], ambaye kwa sasa anafanya [[kazi]] kama [[mbunge]] mwakilishi wa [[wanawake]] katika [[Wilaya ya Gomba]] [[Magharibi|Magharib]]<nowiki/>i katika [[bunge]] la kumi na moja la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=100 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archivedate=2021-04-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430205903/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=100 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.mpscanug.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020ParliamentScorecard-2018-2019-draft-FINAL.pdf-Sent-for-Print-2020-7-21.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archivedate=2022-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207063844/https://www.mpscanug.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020ParliamentScorecard-2018-2019-draft-FINAL.pdf-Sent-for-Print-2020-7-21.pdf }}</ref> == Marejeo == # "Parliament of Uganda". ''www.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 2021-03-31. # ''The Parliamentary Performance Scorecard 2018- 2019'' (PDF). Plot 7 Kulubya Close, off Prince Anne Drive Bugolobi, P. O. Box 25898, Kampala | website: www.aflinstitute.net: Africa Leadership Institute. 2018. pp. 61, 74, 82, 120, 123, 146, 616, 715, 737. ISBN <bdi>978-947478-111-0</bdi>. [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] 01a31j916fprwg6aqomy3t75rp5n8di 0 146954 1577196 1511147 2026-06-27T15:27:45Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Dorcus Acen |picha = Acan Dorcas.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Dorcus Acen |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwanasiasa |nchi = {{flag|Uganda}} }} '''Dorcus Acen''' (anajulikana kama ''Dorcas Acen'' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Uganda]] na mwakilishi wa [[wanawake]] wa [[wilaya ya Alebtong]] kwenye [[bunge]] la kumi na moja la nchini [[Uganda]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=30 women line up for 9 Lango Woman MP seats|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/30-women-line-up-for-9-lango-woman-mp-seats-1899912|work=Monitor|date=2020-07-19|accessdate=2022-03-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Alebtong NRM Chairperson Faces Dismissal for Supporting Independent Candidates :|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/alebtong-nrm-chairperson-faces-dismissal-for-supporting-go-foward-independent-candidates|work=Uganda Radionetwork|accessdate=2022-03-01|language=en}}</ref>. Alisimama kama mwakilishi wa wanawake wa [[wilaya]] ya [[Alebtong]] katika bunge la kumi la Uganda kama mwanasiasa wakujitegemea hivyo alishindwa na [[Christine Acen]] aliyejiunga na vuguvugu la taifa la upinzani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NRM legislator who failed PLE recalled from parliament|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-legislator-who-failed-ple-recalled-from-parliament-1659766|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-17|accessdate=2022-03-01|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:FFD22]] l9m11g2f4k8lumjbpvccvg1p7avt9ha 0 148307 1577190 1521741 2026-06-27T15:16:10Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Naheed A. Farid 2022.jpg|thumb|Farid mwaka [[2022]]]] '''Naheed''' '''Farid''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Afghanistan]]. Yeye ni mshiriki mdogo kabisa katika [[bunge]] la Afghanistan.Kwa kuhofia maisha yake, alikimbia Afghanistan baada ya serikali ya Afghanistan kuanguka na [[Taliban]] kuchukua udhibiti.<ref>{{Citation|title='The Taliban would've killed me if they found me'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-58513998|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Many Prominent Afghan Female Leaders Have Fled Or Are Now Hiding|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/afghanistan-taliban-takeover-many-prominent-afghan-female-leaders-have-fled-or-are-now-hiding-2540005|work=NDTV.com|accessdate=2022-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Afghanistan: The View From Parliament {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/afghanistan-the-view-parliament|work=www.wilsoncenter.org|accessdate=2022-03-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://addo.org.af/Festival/En/8-Naheed%20Farid.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-03-24 |archivedate=2021-11-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115160046/http://addo.org.af/Festival/En/8-Naheed%20Farid.pdf }}</ref> == Marejeo. == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afghanistan]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] qfebg50x1jievobk6mwwuwzepumpcev 0 149080 1577233 1335444 2026-06-28T06:11:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oscar Mbongeni Ndlovu''' ni mtayarishaji wa rekodi, podcaster na DJ wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anatunga muziki wa nyumbani unaojumuisha vipengele vya deep house, deep tech, Nu Jazz, broken beat na Lounge music. <ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/do-not-sleep-on-this-fresh-talent-oscar-mbo/ |title=Do Not Sleep On This Fresh Talent, Oscar Mbo|work=Zkhiphani|accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref> Anajulikana sana kwa uhusika wake wa kuanzisha na kuigiza katika podikasti ya burudani, ''The Ashmed Hour show''.<ref name="sowetan 2019">{{cite news|author=Thango Ntwasa|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sebenza-live/2019-11-08-how-dj-oscar-mbo-is-using-different-avenues-to-create-listenership-and-open-up-the-industry/ |title=How DJ Oscar Mbo is using different avenues to create listenership and open up the industry|work=Sowetan Live|date=8 November 2019|accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Oscar Mbo alizaliwa Pretoria na kukulia Kriel, Mpumalanga magharibi mwa Witbank ambapo ndipo alitumia muda wake mwingi wa utotoni.<ref name=":1"/> ==Kazi== Mnamo Septemba 2019, alitoa EP yake ya kwanza, ''Life & Love'' na baadaye Novemba akazindua albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Golden Power''. Na ni mwanachama wa kikundi cha watatu cha Golden Boys Entertainment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://shomag.com/oscar-mbo-release-his-second-studio-album-titled-for-the-groovists/ |title=Oscar Mbo Releases His Second Studio Album Titled 'For The Groovists'|work=Sho Magazine|date=24 October 2020|accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref> Pia ameshirikishwa kwenye Kaya FM Platinum Friday na T-Bose. Metro FM, TransAfrica Radio na kwenye kipindi cha televisheni cha muziki cha Vuzu, ''Hit Refresh''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scrolla.africa/oscar-mbo-defying-a-clubless-world/ |title=Oscar Mbo – defying a clubless world |work=iol.co.za |accessdate=10 April 2021 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520095506/https://scrolla.africa/oscar-mbo-defying-a-clubless-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Diskografia== * ''Love & Life EP'' (2019) * ''Golden Power'' (2019) * ''For The Groovists'' (2020) * ''Defenders of House'' (2021) ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] pjada156h6q74x6laq70wyr5qjy2d7c 0 150068 1577214 1521485 2026-06-28T00:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musa Sukwene''' ni [[mwimbaji]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], [[asili]] yake ni Witbank [[jimbo]] la [[Mpumalanga]], alishinda msimu wa tisa wa ,mashindano ya Idols Afrika Kusini mwaka [[2013]]. <ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-27-up-close-and-personal-with-idols-sas-musa-sukwene Rhodé Marshall, "Up, close and personal with Idols SA winner Musa Sukwene"], ''Mail&Guardian'', 27 November 2013.</ref> Tarehe [[3 Disemba]] ilibainika kuwa Sukwene alikuwa amesainiwa na ''About Entertainment''. <ref>[http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/?IDStory=58425 "About Entertainment to represent Idols SA winner, Musa Sukwene"], Media Update, 3 December 2013.</ref> == Kazi == Mnamo [[2016]], [[albamu]] yake ya pili ya studio ''Mr. Serious'' ilitolewa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Musa Sukwene drops new album 'Mr Serious'|url=https://www.theedgesearch.com/2016/05/musa-sukwene-drops-new-album-mr-serious.html?m=1|publisher=TheEdgeSearch}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ALBUM OF THE WEEK: Musa Sukwene second studio album ‘Mr Serious’ {{!}} YoMzansi|url=https://www.yomzansi.com/2016/05/09/album-of-the-week-musa-sukwene-second-studio-album-mr-serious/|publisher=YoMzansi|date=2016-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na baadae iliidhinishwa na hadhi ya platinamu mara tatu kwa mauzo ya nakala 90,000. == Orodha ya kazi za muziki == === ''Albamu za studio'' === * ''Dream'' ([[2014]]) * ''Mr. Serious'' ([[2016]]) * ''Musa'' ([[2018]]) * ''Backroom ([[2022]])'' == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2s7zj0iptd1n4o3y3q1fmjv4n7jihvf 0 158855 1577092 1520719 2026-06-27T12:34:45Z Martha809 90543 Maelezo machache kwenye Aya ya mimba za utotoni 1577092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mimba za utotoni''' ni [[mimba]] kwa [[mwanamke]] aliye chini ya [[umri]] usiofaa kupata [[ujauzito]] katika [[jamii]] fulani. Umri huo ni wa miaka 20, kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) ambalo linapenda kuchelewesha na kupunguza [[uzazi]] kwa jumla.<ref name=WHO2004>{{cite book|title=Adolescent Pregnancy|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9241591454|page=5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42903/1/9241591455_eng.pdf|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Mnamo [[2015]], takribani wanawake 47 kati ya 1,000 walikuwa na watoto chini ya umri huo, huku wengine milioni 3.9 walikuwa wametoa mimba. Mara nyingi hutokea zaidi [[Kijiji|vijijini]] kuliko [[Mji|mijini]] kwa sababu vijijini hawana elimu ya kutosha kuhusu mimba za utotoni. Mimba inaweza kutokea kwa [[Tendo la ndoa|kujamiiana]] baada ya kuanza kwa urutubishwaji wa yai la mwanamke, ambapo inaweza kuwa kabla ya [[hedhi]] ya kwanza lakini kwa kawaida hutokea baada ya mwanzo wa hedhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/teen/expert/periods/pre_period.html|title=Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Never Had Her Period?}}</ref> Kwa [[wasichana]] walio na [[lishe bora]], hedhi ya kwanza hufanyika karibu na [[umri]] wa miaka 12 au 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/589004_3|title=Medscape: Medscape Access}}</ref> ==Athari za kiafya== Wasichana wajawazito wanakabiliwa na masuala mengi yanayohusiana na ujauzito kama wanawake wengine wote. Kuna wasiwasi wa ziada kwa wale walio chini ya umri wa miaka 15 kwani wana uwezekano mdogo wa kuwa na maendeleo ya kimwili ili kuendeleza mimba yenye [[afya]] au kujifungua.<ref name=savethechildren>{{cite journal | author = Mayor S |title = Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries | journal = BMJ | volume = 328 | issue = 7449 | pages = 1152 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15142897 | pmc = 411126 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a }}</ref> Athari kama [[uzito]] mdogo wa kujifungua na upungufu wa [[damu]] zinaambatana na umri wa kibiolojia, kwani huzingatiwa wakati wa kujifungua hata baada ya kukidhi sababu nyingine kama vile ufikiaji wa utunzaji wa kabla ya kujifungua.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO | title = Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related? | journal = Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 395–398 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15203579 | doi = 10.1080/01443610410001685529 | s2cid = 43808921 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Abalkhail BA | title = Adolescent pregnancy: Are there biological barriers for pregnancy outcomes? | journal = The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association | volume = 70 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 609–625 | year = 1995 | pmid = 17214178 }}</ref> Kumbe kwa wasichana wenye umri wa miaka 15-19, hatari huhusishwa zaidi na sababu za kijamii na za kiuchumi kuliko athari za kibiolojia kulingana na umri wao<ref name=makinson>{{cite journal | author = Makinson C | title = The health consequences of teenage fertility | journal = Family Planning Perspectives | volume = 17| issue = 3 | pages = 132–139 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2431924 | doi = 10.2307/2135024 | jstor = 2135024 }}</ref>, ingawa ulimwenguni kote, matatizo yanayohusiana na ujauzito ndiyo yanayosababisha vifo vingi miongoni mwa wanawake wenye umri huo. ==Sababu na uzuizi== Mimba za utotoni zinahusishwa na masuala ya kijamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na viwango vya chini vya [[elimu]],[[umaskini]] na ndoa za utotoni. Mimba za utotoni katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]] kwa kawaida huwa nje ya [[ndoa]] na mara nyingi huhusishwa na [[maadili]] mabovu na unyanyapaa wa kijamii<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/26326035|title=Young mothers face stigma and abuse, say charities|work=BBC News|date=2014-02-25}}</ref>. Katika nchi hizo takribani wanawake milioni 2.5 walio chini ya umri wa miaka 16 na wanawake milioni 16 wenye umri wa miaka 15 hadi 19 hupata watoto kila mwaka. Mimba za utotoni katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]] mara nyingi hutokea ndani ya ndoa na karibu [[nusu]] yake huwa zimepangwa. Hata hivyo, katika jamii hizo, mimba zinaweza kuambatana na [[utapiamlo]] na huduma duni za [[afya]] na kusababisha matatizo ya kiafya <ref name=Ori2016>{{cite journal|last1=Oringanje|first1=Chioma|last2=Meremikwu|first2=Martin M|last3=Eko|first3=Hokehe|last4=Esu|first4=Ekpereonne|last5=Meremikwu|first5=Anne|last6=Ehiri|first6=John E|title=Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|pages=CD005215|date=3 February 2016|issue=2|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3|pmid=26839116|pmc=8730506|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100259-5|location=Paris|pages=18}}</ref>. ==Utamaduni== Viwango vya mimba za utotoni ni vya juu zaidi katika jamii ambazo ni [[desturi]] kwa wasichana kuolewa wakiwa na umri mdogo ambapo wanahimizwa kuzaa watoto mara tu wanapofika wakati wa kushika ujauzito. Kwa mfano, katika baadhi ya nchi za [[Afrika]], [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Kusini kwa]] [[Jangwa la Sahara]], mimba za utotoni mara nyingi hutazamwa kama [[baraka]] kwa sababu ni uthibitisho wa uwezo wa kuzaa kwa mwanamke husika. Nchi ambazo ndoa za utotoni ni kawaida hupata viwango vya juu vya mimba za utotoni. Katika nchi ya [[India]], ndoa za utotoni na mimba ni kawaida zaidi katika jamii za [[jadi]] za vijijini kuliko mijini. Vijana wengi hawafundishwi maadili kuhusu [[jinsia]] wale mbinu za [[Uzazi wa mpango|kudhibiti uzazi]] na jinsi ya kushughulika na watu wanaowashinikiza kufanya ngono kabla ya kuwa tayari. Vijana wengi wanaojamiiana hawana ukomavu wala utambuzi wa kutosha.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = MacLeod | first1 = C. | title = The 'Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research – Part 2 | journal = South African Journal of Psychology | volume = 29 | pages = 8–16 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1177/008124639902900102 | s2cid = 144455158 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:WikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 Arusha]] [[Jamii:Ujana]] [[Jamii:uzazi]] 5c10sq50kfj9ep2zde3uqbfse7pmzkp 1577110 1577092 2026-06-27T12:40:04Z The boss Akili 90538 Uchambuzi 1577110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mimba za utotoni''' ni [[mimba]] kwa [[mwanamke]] aliye chini ya [[umri]] usiofaa kupata [[ujauzito]] katika [[jamii]] fulani. Umri huo ni wa miaka 20, kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) ambalo linapenda kuchelewesha na kupunguza [[uzazi]] kwa jumla.<ref name=WHO2004>{{cite book|title=Adolescent Pregnancy|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9241591454|page=5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42903/1/9241591455_eng.pdf|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Mnamo [[2015]], takribani wanawake 47 kati ya 1,000 walikuwa na watoto chini ya umri huo, huku wengine milioni 3.9 walikuwa wametoa mimba. Mara nyingi hutokea zaidi [[Kijiji|vijijini]] kuliko [[Mji|mijini]] kwa sababu vijijini hawana elimu ya kutosha kuhusu mimba za utotoni. Mimba inaweza kutokea kwa [[Tendo la ndoa|kujamiiana]] baada ya kuanza kwa urutubishwaji wa yai la mwanamke, ambapo inaweza kuwa kabla ya [[hedhi]] ya kwanza lakini kwa kawaida hutokea baada ya mwanzo wa hedhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/teen/expert/periods/pre_period.html|title=Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Never Had Her Period?}}</ref> Kwa [[wasichana]] walio na [[lishe bora]], hedhi ya kwanza hufanyika karibu na [[umri]] wa miaka 12 au 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/589004_3|title=Medscape: Medscape Access}}</ref> ==Athari za kiafya== Wasichana wajawazito wanakabiliwa na masuala mengi yanayohusiana na ujauzito kama wanawake wengine wote. Kuna na matatizo ya akili hasa wasiwasi, msongo wa mawazo hasa ziada kwa wale walio chini ya umri wa miaka 15 kwani wana uwezekano mdogo wa kuwa na maendeleo ya kimwili ili kuendeleza mimba yenye [[afya]] au kujifungua.<ref name=savethechildren>{{cite journal | author = Mayor S |title = Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries | journal = BMJ | volume = 328 | issue = 7449 | pages = 1152 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15142897 | pmc = 411126 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a }}</ref> Athari kama [[uzito]] mdogo wa kujifungua na upungufu wa [[damu]] zinaambatana na umri wa kibiolojia, kwani huzingatiwa wakati wa kujifungua hata baada ya kukidhi sababu nyingine kama vile ufikiaji wa utunzaji wa kabla ya kujifungua.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO | title = Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related? | journal = Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 395–398 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15203579 | doi = 10.1080/01443610410001685529 | s2cid = 43808921 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Abalkhail BA | title = Adolescent pregnancy: Are there biological barriers for pregnancy outcomes? | journal = The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association | volume = 70 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 609–625 | year = 1995 | pmid = 17214178 }}</ref> Kumbe kwa wasichana wenye umri wa miaka 15-19, hatari huhusishwa zaidi na sababu za kijamii na za kiuchumi kuliko athari za kibiolojia kulingana na umri wao<ref name=makinson>{{cite journal | author = Makinson C | title = The health consequences of teenage fertility | journal = Family Planning Perspectives | volume = 17| issue = 3 | pages = 132–139 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2431924 | doi = 10.2307/2135024 | jstor = 2135024 }}</ref>, ingawa ulimwenguni kote, matatizo yanayohusiana na ujauzito ndiyo yanayosababisha vifo vingi miongoni mwa wanawake wenye umri huo. ==Sababu na uzuizi== Mimba za utotoni zinahusishwa na masuala ya kijamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na viwango vya chini vya [[elimu]],[[umaskini]] na ndoa za utotoni. Mimba za utotoni katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]] kwa kawaida huwa nje ya [[ndoa]] na mara nyingi huhusishwa na [[maadili]] mabovu na unyanyapaa wa kijamii<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/26326035|title=Young mothers face stigma and abuse, say charities|work=BBC News|date=2014-02-25}}</ref>. Katika nchi hizo takribani wanawake milioni 2.5 walio chini ya umri wa miaka 16 na wanawake milioni 16 wenye umri wa miaka 15 hadi 19 hupata watoto kila mwaka. Mimba za utotoni katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]] mara nyingi hutokea ndani ya ndoa na karibu [[nusu]] yake huwa zimepangwa. Hata hivyo, katika jamii hizo, mimba zinaweza kuambatana na [[utapiamlo]] na huduma duni za [[afya]] na kusababisha matatizo ya kiafya <ref name=Ori2016>{{cite journal|last1=Oringanje|first1=Chioma|last2=Meremikwu|first2=Martin M|last3=Eko|first3=Hokehe|last4=Esu|first4=Ekpereonne|last5=Meremikwu|first5=Anne|last6=Ehiri|first6=John E|title=Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|pages=CD005215|date=3 February 2016|issue=2|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3|pmid=26839116|pmc=8730506|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100259-5|location=Paris|pages=18}}</ref>. ==Utamaduni== Viwango vya mimba za utotoni ni vya juu zaidi katika jamii ambazo ni [[desturi]] kwa wasichana kuolewa wakiwa na umri mdogo ambapo wanahimizwa kuzaa watoto mara tu wanapofika wakati wa kushika ujauzito. Kwa mfano, katika baadhi ya nchi za [[Afrika]], [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Kusini kwa]] [[Jangwa la Sahara]], mimba za utotoni mara nyingi hutazamwa kama [[baraka]] kwa sababu ni uthibitisho wa uwezo wa kuzaa kwa mwanamke husika. Nchi ambazo ndoa za utotoni ni kawaida hupata viwango vya juu vya mimba za utotoni. Katika nchi ya [[India]], ndoa za utotoni na mimba ni kawaida zaidi katika jamii za [[jadi]] za vijijini kuliko mijini. Vijana wengi hawafundishwi maadili kuhusu [[jinsia]] wale mbinu za [[Uzazi wa mpango|kudhibiti uzazi]] na jinsi ya kushughulika na watu wanaowashinikiza kufanya ngono kabla ya kuwa tayari. Vijana wengi wanaojamiiana hawana ukomavu wala utambuzi wa kutosha.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = MacLeod | first1 = C. | title = The 'Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research – Part 2 | journal = South African Journal of Psychology | volume = 29 | pages = 8–16 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1177/008124639902900102 | s2cid = 144455158 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:WikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 Arusha]] [[Jamii:Ujana]] [[Jamii:uzazi]] tbkguhg3v3e4mh926thwekp3cjvgrl6 1577123 1577110 2026-06-27T13:11:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Martha809|Martha809]] 1577092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mimba za utotoni''' ni [[mimba]] kwa [[mwanamke]] aliye chini ya [[umri]] usiofaa kupata [[ujauzito]] katika [[jamii]] fulani. Umri huo ni wa miaka 20, kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) ambalo linapenda kuchelewesha na kupunguza [[uzazi]] kwa jumla.<ref name=WHO2004>{{cite book|title=Adolescent Pregnancy|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9241591454|page=5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42903/1/9241591455_eng.pdf|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Mnamo [[2015]], takribani wanawake 47 kati ya 1,000 walikuwa na watoto chini ya umri huo, huku wengine milioni 3.9 walikuwa wametoa mimba. Mara nyingi hutokea zaidi [[Kijiji|vijijini]] kuliko [[Mji|mijini]] kwa sababu vijijini hawana elimu ya kutosha kuhusu mimba za utotoni. Mimba inaweza kutokea kwa [[Tendo la ndoa|kujamiiana]] baada ya kuanza kwa urutubishwaji wa yai la mwanamke, ambapo inaweza kuwa kabla ya [[hedhi]] ya kwanza lakini kwa kawaida hutokea baada ya mwanzo wa hedhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/teen/expert/periods/pre_period.html|title=Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Never Had Her Period?}}</ref> Kwa [[wasichana]] walio na [[lishe bora]], hedhi ya kwanza hufanyika karibu na [[umri]] wa miaka 12 au 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/589004_3|title=Medscape: Medscape Access}}</ref> ==Athari za kiafya== Wasichana wajawazito wanakabiliwa na masuala mengi yanayohusiana na ujauzito kama wanawake wengine wote. Kuna wasiwasi wa ziada kwa wale walio chini ya umri wa miaka 15 kwani wana uwezekano mdogo wa kuwa na maendeleo ya kimwili ili kuendeleza mimba yenye [[afya]] au kujifungua.<ref name=savethechildren>{{cite journal | author = Mayor S |title = Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries | journal = BMJ | volume = 328 | issue = 7449 | pages = 1152 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15142897 | pmc = 411126 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a }}</ref> Athari kama [[uzito]] mdogo wa kujifungua na upungufu wa [[damu]] zinaambatana na umri wa kibiolojia, kwani huzingatiwa wakati wa kujifungua hata baada ya kukidhi sababu nyingine kama vile ufikiaji wa utunzaji wa kabla ya kujifungua.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO | title = Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related? | journal = Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 395–398 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15203579 | doi = 10.1080/01443610410001685529 | s2cid = 43808921 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Abalkhail BA | title = Adolescent pregnancy: Are there biological barriers for pregnancy outcomes? | journal = The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association | volume = 70 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 609–625 | year = 1995 | pmid = 17214178 }}</ref> Kumbe kwa wasichana wenye umri wa miaka 15-19, hatari huhusishwa zaidi na sababu za kijamii na za kiuchumi kuliko athari za kibiolojia kulingana na umri wao<ref name=makinson>{{cite journal | author = Makinson C | title = The health consequences of teenage fertility | journal = Family Planning Perspectives | volume = 17| issue = 3 | pages = 132–139 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2431924 | doi = 10.2307/2135024 | jstor = 2135024 }}</ref>, ingawa ulimwenguni kote, matatizo yanayohusiana na ujauzito ndiyo yanayosababisha vifo vingi miongoni mwa wanawake wenye umri huo. ==Sababu na uzuizi== Mimba za utotoni zinahusishwa na masuala ya kijamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na viwango vya chini vya [[elimu]],[[umaskini]] na ndoa za utotoni. Mimba za utotoni katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]] kwa kawaida huwa nje ya [[ndoa]] na mara nyingi huhusishwa na [[maadili]] mabovu na unyanyapaa wa kijamii<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/26326035|title=Young mothers face stigma and abuse, say charities|work=BBC News|date=2014-02-25}}</ref>. Katika nchi hizo takribani wanawake milioni 2.5 walio chini ya umri wa miaka 16 na wanawake milioni 16 wenye umri wa miaka 15 hadi 19 hupata watoto kila mwaka. Mimba za utotoni katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]] mara nyingi hutokea ndani ya ndoa na karibu [[nusu]] yake huwa zimepangwa. Hata hivyo, katika jamii hizo, mimba zinaweza kuambatana na [[utapiamlo]] na huduma duni za [[afya]] na kusababisha matatizo ya kiafya <ref name=Ori2016>{{cite journal|last1=Oringanje|first1=Chioma|last2=Meremikwu|first2=Martin M|last3=Eko|first3=Hokehe|last4=Esu|first4=Ekpereonne|last5=Meremikwu|first5=Anne|last6=Ehiri|first6=John E|title=Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|pages=CD005215|date=3 February 2016|issue=2|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3|pmid=26839116|pmc=8730506|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100259-5|location=Paris|pages=18}}</ref>. ==Utamaduni== Viwango vya mimba za utotoni ni vya juu zaidi katika jamii ambazo ni [[desturi]] kwa wasichana kuolewa wakiwa na umri mdogo ambapo wanahimizwa kuzaa watoto mara tu wanapofika wakati wa kushika ujauzito. Kwa mfano, katika baadhi ya nchi za [[Afrika]], [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Kusini kwa]] [[Jangwa la Sahara]], mimba za utotoni mara nyingi hutazamwa kama [[baraka]] kwa sababu ni uthibitisho wa uwezo wa kuzaa kwa mwanamke husika. Nchi ambazo ndoa za utotoni ni kawaida hupata viwango vya juu vya mimba za utotoni. Katika nchi ya [[India]], ndoa za utotoni na mimba ni kawaida zaidi katika jamii za [[jadi]] za vijijini kuliko mijini. Vijana wengi hawafundishwi maadili kuhusu [[jinsia]] wale mbinu za [[Uzazi wa mpango|kudhibiti uzazi]] na jinsi ya kushughulika na watu wanaowashinikiza kufanya ngono kabla ya kuwa tayari. Vijana wengi wanaojamiiana hawana ukomavu wala utambuzi wa kutosha.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = MacLeod | first1 = C. | title = The 'Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research – Part 2 | journal = South African Journal of Psychology | volume = 29 | pages = 8–16 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1177/008124639902900102 | s2cid = 144455158 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:WikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 Arusha]] [[Jamii:Ujana]] [[Jamii:uzazi]] 5c10sq50kfj9ep2zde3uqbfse7pmzkp 0 159565 1577112 1516798 2026-06-27T12:42:11Z The boss Akili 90538 Uandishi 1577112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth L. "Ken" Bowles''' ([[1929]] - [[15 Agosti]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[Tarakilishi|kompyuta]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana sana kwa kazi yake ya kuanzisha na kuongoza mradi wa UCSD Pascal, alipokuwa profesa wa sayansi ya kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, San Diego ( UCSD ) <ref name="bowles2004">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Some Insights for UCSD Pascal Generation|author=Bowles|first=Ken|date=2004-10-22|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt|format=PPT|accessdate=2022-09-24|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192816/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt}}</ref> == Elimu == Bowles alipokea [[Uzamivu|PhD]] yake chini ya Henry G. Booker katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mnamo [[1955]] <ref name="webio">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker Biographies|work=UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium|publisher=[[University of California San Diego]]|date=22 October 2004|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html|accessdate=15 February 2011|archivedate=2017-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231200109/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html}}</ref> kwa masomo ya rada ya [[Mianga ya aurora|Aurora Borealis]] .  == Ajira == Kuanzia mwaka wa [[1960]], Bowles alifanya kazi katika Maabara ya Uenezi wa Redio Kuu, Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Viwango, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Some Insights for UCSD Pascal Generation|author=Bowles|first=Ken|date=2004-10-22|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt|format=PPT|accessdate=2022-09-24|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192816/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt}}Bowles, Ken (2004-10-22). [http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt "Some Insights for UCSD Pascal Generation"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt |date=20160304192816 }}</ref> ambapo alielekeza matumizi ya ujenzi na utafiti wa Jicamarca Radio Observatory karibu na Lima Peru. Kazi hiyo ilihusisha matumizi makubwa ya kompyuta kwa uchanganuzi wa dunia na sumaku. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker Biographies|work=UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium|publisher=[[University of California San Diego]]|date=22 October 2004|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html|accessdate=15 February 2011|archivedate=2017-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231200109/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html}}[http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html "Speaker Biographies"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html |date=20171231200109 }}. ''UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium''. [[Chuo Kikuu cha California San Diego|University of California San Diego]]. 22 October 2004</ref> Mnamo [[1965]], Bowles alialikwa na Prof. Henry Booker ili kumsaidia kuanzisha Idara ya Umeme huko UCSD . Walipewa jukumu la kuanzisha na kuandaa idara mpya ya uhandisi wa fizikia (AEP). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker Biographies|work=UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium|publisher=[[University of California San Diego]]|date=22 October 2004|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html|accessdate=15 February 2011|archivedate=2017-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231200109/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html}}[http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html "Speaker Biographies"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html |date=20171231200109 }}. ''UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium''. [[Chuo Kikuu cha California San Diego|University of California San Diego]]. 22 October 2004</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ Mawasilisho ya 25 ya Muungano] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306235001/http://ucsdmag.ucsd.edu/magazine/vol1no3/features/pascal.htm UCSD Pascal na Mapinduzi ya PC] na Christine Foster * [http://www.moorecad.com/standardpascal/p2.html Pascal-P2] {{Wayback|url=http://www.moorecad.com/standardpascal/p2.html |date=20220924030152 }} * [http://pascal.hansotten.com/index.php?page=ucsd-p-system Pascal kwa Mashine Ndogo, UCSD Pascal] {{Wayback|url=http://pascal.hansotten.com/index.php?page=ucsd-p-system |date=20140506233347 }} * [https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/javas-forgotten-forbear/ Java's Forgotten Forebear] * [http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/news/news_releases/release.sfe?id=2621 Hadithi ya heshima ya Ken Bowles kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California San Diego] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] dytvb9oi2otvksp09eucsvciixbps6l 1577125 1577112 2026-06-27T13:12:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1516798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth L. "Ken" Bowles''' ([[1929]] - [[15 Agosti]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[Tarakilishi|kompyuta]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana sana kwa kazi yake ya kuanzisha na kuongoza mradi wa UCSD Pascal, alipokuwa profesa wa sayansi ya kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, San Diego ( UCSD ). <ref name="bowles2004">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Some Insights for UCSD Pascal Generation|author=Bowles|first=Ken|date=2004-10-22|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt|format=PPT|accessdate=2022-09-24|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192816/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt}}</ref> == Elimu == Bowles alipokea [[Uzamivu|PhD]] yake chini ya Henry G. Booker katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mnamo [[1955]] <ref name="webio">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker Biographies|work=UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium|publisher=[[University of California San Diego]]|date=22 October 2004|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html|accessdate=15 February 2011|archivedate=2017-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231200109/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html}}</ref> kwa masomo ya rada ya [[Mianga ya aurora|Aurora Borealis]] .  == Ajira == Kuanzia mwaka wa [[1960]], Bowles alifanya kazi katika Maabara ya Uenezi wa Redio Kuu, Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Viwango, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Some Insights for UCSD Pascal Generation|author=Bowles|first=Ken|date=2004-10-22|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt|format=PPT|accessdate=2022-09-24|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192816/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt}}Bowles, Ken (2004-10-22). [http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt "Some Insights for UCSD Pascal Generation"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ppt/KenBowles.ppt |date=20160304192816 }}</ref> ambapo alielekeza matumizi ya ujenzi na utafiti wa Jicamarca Radio Observatory karibu na Lima Peru. Kazi hiyo ilihusisha matumizi makubwa ya kompyuta kwa uchanganuzi wa dunia na sumaku. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker Biographies|work=UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium|publisher=[[University of California San Diego]]|date=22 October 2004|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html|accessdate=15 February 2011|archivedate=2017-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231200109/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html}}[http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html "Speaker Biographies"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html |date=20171231200109 }}. ''UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium''. [[Chuo Kikuu cha California San Diego|University of California San Diego]]. 22 October 2004</ref> Mnamo [[1965]], Bowles alialikwa na Prof. Henry Booker ili kumsaidia kuanzisha Idara ya Umeme huko UCSD . Walipewa jukumu la kuanzisha na kuandaa idara mpya ya uhandisi wa fizikia (AEP). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker Biographies|work=UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium|publisher=[[University of California San Diego]]|date=22 October 2004|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html|accessdate=15 February 2011|archivedate=2017-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231200109/http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html}}[http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html "Speaker Biographies"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/bios.html |date=20171231200109 }}. ''UCSD Pascal Reunion Symposium''. [[Chuo Kikuu cha California San Diego|University of California San Diego]]. 22 October 2004</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/Pascal/ Mawasilisho ya 25 ya Muungano] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306235001/http://ucsdmag.ucsd.edu/magazine/vol1no3/features/pascal.htm UCSD Pascal na Mapinduzi ya PC] na Christine Foster * [http://www.moorecad.com/standardpascal/p2.html Pascal-P2] {{Wayback|url=http://www.moorecad.com/standardpascal/p2.html |date=20220924030152 }} * [http://pascal.hansotten.com/index.php?page=ucsd-p-system Pascal kwa Mashine Ndogo, UCSD Pascal] {{Wayback|url=http://pascal.hansotten.com/index.php?page=ucsd-p-system |date=20140506233347 }} * [https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/javas-forgotten-forbear/ Java's Forgotten Forebear] * [http://jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/news/news_releases/release.sfe?id=2621 Hadithi ya heshima ya Ken Bowles kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California San Diego] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] 3k968sclitlmdf5l89mszildckrwcy9 0 160916 1577222 1253591 2026-06-28T03:34:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: San Nicodemo - Statua01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sanamu]] ya Mt. Nikodemo.]] '''Nikodemo wa Cirò''' (pia: '''wa Mammola'''; [[Cirò]], [[Mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Calabria]], [[Italia]], [[900]] hivi – [[Gerace]], Calabria, [[25 Machi]] [[990]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] wa [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]] maarufu wa [[adili|maadili]] na [[ugumu wa maisha]], halafu [[mkaapweke]] na [[mlezi]] wa [[wamonaki]] [[kusini]] mwa [[Italia]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90976</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. Tarehe ya [[kifo]] chake ndiyo [[sikukuu]] yake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == * David Paul Hester. ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Monasticism_and_spirituality_of_the_Ital.html?id=3_ySPQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Monasticism and Spirituality of the Italo-Greeks].'' ''Volume 55 of Analekta Vlatadōn.'' Patriarachal Institute for Patristic Studies [Patriarchikon Hidryma Paterikon Meleton], 1992. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons-inline|Category:San Nicodemo da Cirò (Mammola (RC)) }} * [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90976 Santi e Beati] {{it}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185413/http://www.comunemammola.it/servizi%20culturali/arte%20e%20immagini%20del%20sagro/santuariosannicodemo.htm Page on the Sanctuary from the official site of the Comune di Mammola]{{it}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080719115026/http://www.prolocomammola.org/san_nicodemo_maggio.htm Page on the Sanctuary from the official site of the Pro Loco di Mammola]{{it}} * [http://digilander.libero.it/ortodossia/Nicodemo.htm Vita di san Nicodemo ''l’Umile] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ortodossia/Nicodemo.htm |date=20110609211433 }}'', digilander.libero.it/ortodossia {{it}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 900]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 990]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:Wabazili]] [[Jamii:Wakaapweke]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] anc2sal9kulbx4ejnmsmaz5csgjcrev 0 171607 1577220 1521958 2026-06-28T02:29:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazeem Bartman''' (amezaliwa 13 Agosti [[1993]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa Afrika Kusini ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji wa timu ya "Forward Madison" katika "USL League One". == Kazi == Bartman alicheza soka timu ya chuo kikuu huko "Tyler Junior College", ambapo alikuwa akicheza kwa miaka miwili kabla ya kuhamia "University of South Florida" mwaka 2015.[ref]{{cite web|url=http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=210163395|title=USF Athletics|website=www.gousfbulls.com|accessdate=2023-06-12|archive-date=2016-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124100210/http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=210163395|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bartman alicheza na timu ya "USL PDL" ya "Michigan Bucks" mwaka 2013.[ref]{{cite web|url=http://soccerstats.us/bios/nazeem-bartman/|title=Nazeem Bartman – SoccerStats.us|website=soccerstats.us|accessdate=2023-06-12|archive-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914102303/http://soccerstats.us/bios/nazeem-bartman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarehe 17 Januari 2017, Bartman aliteuliwa katika raundi ya nne (nafasi ya 73 kwa jumla) ya "2017 MLS SuperDraft" na "Vancouver Whitecaps FC".[ref]{{cite web|url=http://www.eightysixforever.com/2017/1/17/14302734/whitecaps-select-jorge-gomez-sanchez-and-nazeem-bartman-in-superdraft-3rd-and-4th-round|title=Whitecaps Select Jorge Gomez Sanchez and Nazeem Bartman in SuperDraft 3rd and 4th round|date=17 January 2017|publisher=|accessdate=2023-06-12|archivedate=2023-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612161835/https://www.eightysixforever.com/2017/1/17/14302734/whitecaps-select-jorge-gomez-sanchez-and-nazeem-bartman-in-superdraft-3rd-and-4th-round}}</ref] Alisaini mkataba na "Whitecaps FC 2" tarehe 27 Aprili 2017.[ref]{{cite web|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/wfc2/post/2017/04/26/wfc2-sign-nazeem-bartman|title=Whitecaps FC sign forward Nazeem Bartman to USL contract|date=27 April 2017|publisher=}}</ref> Mwezi Julai 2020, baada ya kucheza na timu za "National Independent Soccer Association" kama vile "Atlanta SC" na "Stumptown Athletic", Bartman alifanya mchezo na timu ya "Louisiana Krewe FC" wakati wa mashindano ya "NISA Independent Cup".[ref]{{cite web |title=Review our goals!! Here Nazeem Bartman's goal. |url=https://twitter.com/lakrewefc/status/1287598195258916866 |website=Twitter |publisher=Louisiana Krewe FC |accessdate=1 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref] Alifunga bao dhidi ya "Gaffa FC" katika nusu fainali ya Mkoa wa "Central Plains", na hatimaye alifunga penalti wakati wa matuta, kabla ya timu kupoteza kwa matokeo ya 3-3 (8-9 kwa penalti). Mwaka 2021, Bartman alirejea kucheza na timu ya "Des Moines Menace".[ref]{{cite web |url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/46356929?subseason=731558 |title=Des Moines Menace - 2021 Regular Season - Roster - # - Nazeem Bartman - |website=www.uslleaguetwo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627223249/https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/46356929?subseason=731558 |archive-date=2021-06-27 |accessdate=2023-06-12 |archivedate=2021-06-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627223249/https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/46356929?subseason=731558 }} </ref> Tarehe 16 Machi 2022, Bartman alisaini mkataba na klabu ya "USL League One" ya "Forward Madison FC".[ref]{{cite web | url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1215645 | title=Forward Madison FC Sign South African Attacker Nazeem Bartman | date=16 March 2022 }}</ref] Tarehe 6 Juni 2022, Bartman aliteuliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa wiki ya 10 ya msimu wa "USL League One" baada ya kufunga bao na kutoa pasi ya msaada katika ushindi wa 2-1 wa Madison dhidi ya "FC Tucson".[ref]{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1228310|title=USL League One Team of the Week – Week 10|website=uslleagueone.com|date=6 June 2022|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] to11d7xotg25f1vc5wxxv7r18j05jwv 0 176845 1577062 1429262 2026-06-27T12:18:38Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kurekebisha manemo yasiyohitajika 1577062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bakwata''' ni jina la Baraza Kuu la Waislamu Tanzania. Baraza hili linawakilisha maslahi ya Waislamu nchini [[Tanzania]] na linajihusisha na masuala mbalimbali yanayohusu [[Uislamu]] na [[jamii]]. Bakwata ni kifupi cha neno Baraza Kuu la Waislamu [[Tanzania]] na ni mojawapo ya taasisi za kidini nchini Tanzania. Taasisi kama hizi zinaweza kuwa na majukumu ya kutoa miongozo ya kidini, kusimamia masuala ya ibada, na kushiriki katika masuala ya kijamii na kiuchumi kwa mujibu wa mafundisho ya [[Dini]] ya Kiislamu<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Tanzania-BAKWATA-Summary-Sep2012.pdf | title = BAKWATA Summary|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= | date = Septemba 2012|website= arcworld.org |publisher= |accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Uislamu]] o9k578mr9bxzeuyjj2cs2bt3v85h4t5 0 177201 1577205 1323903 2026-06-27T15:48:14Z VICTOR KILITI 66429 /* */ 1577205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Sumbawanga Vijijini]] katika [[Mkoa wa Rukwa]], [[Tanzania]]. Kata inaundwa na [[Kijiji|vijiji]] vya Ikozi, Chituo, Kazwila, Tentula na Lula. Ukiachana na Laela (mji mdogo), Mpui, na Kaengesa, Ikozi inafuata kwa ukubwa katika vijiji vilivyopo kwenye [[Barabara Kuu|barabara kuu]] ya [[Tunduma]]-[[Sumbawanga (mji)|Sumbawanga]] vilivyopo mkoa wa Rukwa. Kijiji cha Ikozi kina shule tatu za msingi, mbili za umma (Ikozi na Kazwila) na moja ya binafsi huku ikiwa na sekondari mbili, moja ya binafsi (Fingwa Sekondari) na nyingine ya umma (Ikozi sekondari) Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka 2022 wakazi wa kata walihesabiwa kuwa 12,500 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz, uk 150</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Sumbawanga vijijini}} {{Mbegu-jio-rukwa}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Rukwa]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Sumbawanga Vijijini]] 8gcmb0wban2rsy60dwgd9rhsnywc7bl 0 181332 1577217 1333517 2026-06-28T01:26:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Beatrice1.jpg|thumb|Mediatrices AHISHAKIYE, mjumbe wa Bunge la Rwanda.]] '''Médiatrice Ahishakiye''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1978 nchini [[Rwanda]]) ni mwanasiasa wa Rwanda, kwa sasa ni [[Mbunge]] wa Bunge la Wawakilishi katika Bunge la [[Rwanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-30 |archive-date=2026-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212105921/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ahishakiye anawakilisha Mkoa wa Kusini na wilaya yake ni ''Huye''. Ahishakiye awali alifanya kazi kama mwalimu katika shule mbalimbali, alikuwa mkuu wa shule ya sekondari, ana hudumu kama katibu wa baraza la Wilaya ya [[Gisagara]], na kama mwanachama wa baraza la Wilaya ya Gisagara. Katika uchaguzi wa bunge wa mwaka 2018, Ahishakiye alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Kike wa Bunge la Wawakilishi katika Bunge la Rwanda.<ref>https://boo.world/database/profile/1072666/m%C3%A9diatrice-ahishakiye-personality-type</ref> == Elimu == Ana shahada ya kwanza katika Psikolojia-pedagogia. == Kazi == * Kutoka 2018 hadi sasa: Mbunge * Kutoka 2011-2018: Mjumbe wa Baraza la Wilaya * Kutoka 2011-2016: Mwenyekiti wa sheria katika SNF (Ngazi ya Wilaya) * Kutoka 2011-2016: Katibu wa Baraza la Wilaya * Kutoka 2009-2011: Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Sekta * Kutoka 2009-2018: Mkuu wa Shule * Kutoka 2001-2010: Mwenyekiti wa Mahakama ya Gacaca katika Sekta ya Muhororo * Kutoka 2000 - 2003: Mwalimu katika EP MUHORORO.[https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles] {{Wayback|url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles |date=20260212105921 }} == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Rwanda]] qh9i1tc5s1aiaacbklfav97q144vydz 0 186032 1577198 1515847 2026-06-27T15:29:05Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jorelyn Carabalí USWNT v Colombia Mar 7 2026-159 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Carabalí akiwa na Kolombia mwaka 2026]] '''Jorelyn Daniela Carabalí Martínez''' (alizaliwa [[18 Mei]] [[1997]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=¡Prendió motores! Deportivo Cali trabaja para ser protagonista en la Liga Femenina|url=https://www.elpais.com.co/deportivo-cali/prendio-motores-trabaja-para-ser-protagonista-en-la-liga-femenina.html|work=Noticias de Cali, Valle y Colombia - Periodico: Diario El País|date=2023-01-10|accessdate=2024-09-16|language=spanish|author=El País}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Kolombia]], ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] katika klabu ya [[ Brighton & Hove Albion]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/3681427/jorelyn-carabali-signs-for-albion/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-09-16 |archive-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914200831/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/3681427/jorelyn-carabali-signs-for-albion/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Uingereza (WSL) na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Kolombia]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kolombia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] 89vhbi0zh02zyneuhtue25nzxnhq39c 0 186393 1577204 1539945 2026-06-27T15:39:00Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lucía Moral.jpg|thumb|Lucía Moral]] '''Lucía Moral Ruíz''' (alizaliwa [[11 Februari]] [[2004]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uhispania]], ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya [[Atletico Madrid]], inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Uhispania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lucía Moral derriba la puerta|url=https://as.com/futbol/femenino/lucia-moral-derriba-la-puerta-n/|work=Diario AS|date=2023-04-03|accessdate=2024-09-21|language=es|author=Marta Griñán}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Así es Lucía Moral 'Wifi', cordobesa y campeona de Europa de fútbol femenino dos veces consecutivas|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/andalucia/cordoba/lucia-moral-wifi-cordobesa-campeona-europa-futbol-20230731114409-nts.html|work=Diario ABC|date=2023-07-31|accessdate=2024-09-21|language=es}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]] g6kufwp9vy3kg7d1t98xs917cnoegjf 0 186453 1577194 1352751 2026-06-27T15:25:08Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577194 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:2018 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships (25855589217).jpg|thumb|Robert Grant akishiriki katika Mashindano ya Ndani ya Ulaya 2021.]] '''Robert Grant''' (alizaliwa [[31 Januari]] [[1996]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Italia]] mzaliwa nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 400 na za mita 400 za kuruka viunzi.<ref name=IAAF>{{cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/italy/robert-grant-14520517|title=Robert Grant - Athlete profile|publisher=worldathletics.org|accessdate=8 March 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] fju1bsbj6cmpmtesk1eyoqhgossuzco 0 186883 1577191 1353974 2026-06-27T15:21:32Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aawatif hayar 1.jpg|thumb|Kodisha mwaka 2021]] '''Aawatif Hayar''' ni Waziri wa Mshikamano, Ushirikiano wa Jamii na Familia wa [[Moroko]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri tarehe 7 Oktoba 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aawatif Hayar, Morocco's New Minister of Solidarity, Social Integration |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/10/344825/aawatif-hayar-moroccos-new-minister-of-solidarity-social-integration |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Morocco World News |date= 8 October 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Praise Morocco for Legislation Prohibiting Discrimination, Ask about High Maternal Mortality and Female Illiteracy Rates in Rural Areas |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/06/experts-committee-elimination-discrimination-against-women-praise-morocco |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> ==Elimu== Hayar ana Shahada ya Uzamili katika Uhandisi wa Umeme ([[1992]]) kutoka Paris-Saclay University na Shahada ya Uzamivu katika Usindikaji wa Ishara na Mawasiliano ya Simu ([[2001]]) kutoka Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Polytechnic ya Toulouse. Ana taaluma ya uhandisi inayojikita katika mifumo ya mawasiliano ya simu na usindikaji wa ishara, maeneo ambayo huhusisha uchambuzi na uboreshaji wa ubora wa mawimbi katika [[teknolojia]] za mawasiliano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aawatif Hayar |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37294011100 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Moroko]] gxlrrbph7qca4hc95oqhg4xsahhxlm6 0 187398 1577201 1464210 2026-06-27T15:35:33Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bella Shmurda 2021.jpg|thumb|Bella Shmurda]] '''Abiola Ahmed Akinbiyi''' (aliyezaliwa [[27 Januari]] [[1996]]), anayejulikana kama Bella Shmurda ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = BELLA SHMURDA- THE BUILDUP TO HIGH TENSION|url=https://guardian.ng/life/bella-shmurda-the-buildup-to-high-tension/|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Guardian| date = 11 Julai 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Sare|first=Watimagbo| date = 2022-10-02| title = Bella Shmurda's Mom Says A Prayer For Him On His 25th Birthday|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wnxOBFu8-dQ&t=311s|access-date=2022-10-02|website=YouTube.com}}</ref> == Uhisani kupitia Dangbana Republik == Mwezi [[Oktoba]] [[2021]], Bella Shmurda alijibu video iliyosambaa mtandaoni ikimuonyesha mtoto wa shule ya awali akiimba wimbo wa [[Olamide]] na yeye uitwao ''Triumphant'' kutoka katika [[albamu]] ya [[Olamide]] ''Carpe Diem''. Shmurda aliamua kumfadhili mtoto huyo kwa kumpatia ufadhili wa masomo ya shule ya msingi. Ufadhili huo ulianza rasmi mwezi [[Novemba]] [[2021]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2021|title=Singer Bella Shmurda gives boy who performed song scholarship|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/singer-bella-shmurda-gives-boy-who-performed-song-scholarship/|access-date=17 November 2021|website=The Nation|language=en-US}}</ref> Aidha, siku ya kuzaliwa kwake mwezi [[Januari]] [[2022]], alitangaza kuwa kupitia [[kundi]] lake, angeanzisha mpango wa kuwalisha watu elfu moja wasiojiweza katika jamii ya Ojo ambako alikulia, kila mwaka katika siku yake ya kuzaliwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=Singer Bella Shmurda recounts birth experience on birthday|url=https://punchng.com/singer-bella-shmurda-recounts-birth-experience-on-birthday/|access-date=4 February 2022|website=PunchNG|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1996]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] cxblr2lr9fb2qgsuf461lzkci000olq 0 188519 1577027 1576993 2026-06-27T12:05:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/The boss Akili|The boss Akili]] ([[User talk:The boss Akili|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1426880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afya ya akili''' inahusisha ustawi wa kihisia, [[Saikolojia|kisaikolojia]], na [[Jamii|kijamii]], ambayo inaathiri [[utambuzi]], mtazamo, na tabia. Kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO)]], ni "hali ya ustawi ambapo mtu anatambua uwezo wake, anaweza kukabiliana na msongo wa kawaida wa maisha, anaweza kufanya kazi kwa tija na kwa ufanisi, na anaweza kuchangia katika jamii yake". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being| title = Health and Well-Being|work=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=2023-08-09}}</ref> Pia, afya ya akili inaathiri jinsi mtu anavyoshughulikia msongo, mahusiano ya kijamii, na maamuzi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2021-11-23| title = About Mental Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm|accessdate=2022-04-11|work=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|language=en-us}}</ref> Afya ya akili inajumuisha ustawi wa binafsi, kujiamini, uhuru, uwezo, utegemezi wa kizazi na kizazi, na kutimiza uwezo wa mtu kiakili na kihisia, miongoni mwa mengine. <ref name="WHO">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf?ua=1| title = The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope|publisher=WHO|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] [[Jamii:saikolojia]] c0j1512amg6zie6chvydxh4yhc2suy4 0 191621 1577195 1368401 2026-06-27T15:26:07Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Eleonora Marchiando.jpg|thumb|Eleonora Marchiando kwenye jukwaa la mbio za kupokezana vijiti za mita 4 × 400 Istanbul 2023]] '''Eleonora Marchiando''' (alizaliwa [[27 Septemba]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Italia]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://aostasera.it/notizie/sport/eleonora-marchiando-vola-ai-campionati-europei-assoluti-di-atletica/ |title=Eleonora Marchiando vola ai Campionati Europei assoluti di atletica |publisher=}}</ref> Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mita 400 kwa wanawake katika Mashindano ya Ndani ya Riadha ya [[Ulaya]] ya mwaka [[2021]]. Alishiriki katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[2020]], katika vikwazo vya mita 400. <ref>{{cite web |title=Athletics MARCHIANDO Eleonora |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1413417-marchiando-eleonora.htm |accessdate=2024-11-25 |archive-date=2021-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731183729/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1413417-marchiando-eleonora.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] nuzyvi2hyw7ppmbeuf9f2dhwgwhdosx 0 192474 1577203 1466356 2026-06-27T15:38:02Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:LAbdu (cropped).jpg|thumb|Latifah Abdu]] '''Latifah Iesha Abdu''' (amezaliwa [[18 Oktoba]] [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Kanada]] anayecheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya En Avant Guingamp ya wanawake na timu ya taifa ya [[wanawake]] ya Kanada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.surreynowleader.com/sports/huge-accomplishment-for-south-surreys-coastal-fc-girls-team-2940874|title='Huge accomplishment' for South Surrey's Coastal FC girls team|first=Nick|last=Greenizan|date=October 10, 2018|work=[[Surrey Now-Leader]]|accessdate=2024-12-01|archive-date=2024-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203085757/https://www.surreynowleader.com/sports/huge-accomplishment-for-south-surreys-coastal-fc-girls-team-2940874|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaniercollege.qc.ca/athletics/abdu-haakman-named-athletes-of-the-week/|title=Abdu & Haakman Named Athletes of the Week|date=November 14, 2019|work=[[Vanier College]]|accessdate=2024-12-01|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204061558/https://www.vaniercollege.qc.ca/athletics/abdu-haakman-named-athletes-of-the-week/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=libre>{{cite web|url=https://www.charentelibre.fr/sport/football/asj-soyaux/foot-une-jeune-attaquante-signe-a-soyaux-6018805.php|title=Foot: une jeune attaquante signe à Soyaux|language=fr|trans-title=Football: a young attacker signs for Soyaux|date=September 25, 2020|work=Charente Libre}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] e3yk6pvndrjhofufl53ccujjnltems0 0 192791 1577199 1370416 2026-06-27T15:33:31Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lorenzo Milesi.jpg|thumb|Lorenzo Milesi katika Giro d'Italia 2024]] '''Lorenzo Milesi''' (alizaliwa [[19 Machi]] [[2002]]) ni mwendesha baiskeli wa Italia, ambaye kwa sasa anaendesha Timu ya UCI WorldTeam Movistar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://firstcycling.com/rider.php?r=120038 | title=Lorenzo Milesi | work=FirstCycling.com | accessdate=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15334/2003306/276|title=Beltrami TSA Tre Colli|work=UCI.org|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|accessdate=31 January 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210131225852/https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15334/2003306/276|archivedate=31 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DEVELOPMENT TEAM DSM |url=https://www.uci.org/team-details/17367 |website=UCI |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tuttobiciweb.it/article/2022/12/05/1670240548/team-dsm-lund-andersen-onley-e-milesi-neoprof | title=TEAM DSM. LUND ANDERSEN, ONLEY E MILESI, TRE TALENTI PROMOSSI AL WORLDTOUR | work=tuttobiciweb.it | date=5 December 2022 | accessdate=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/team-details/19545|title=Movistar Team|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]]|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]] f8qhm225d5rcwuf7bd71cjxcn3zb4on 0 193830 1577202 1417795 2026-06-27T15:36:28Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:2021 UEC Track Jun & U23 European Championships 532.jpg|thumb|Gasparrini mwaka 2021]] '''Eleonora Camilla Gasparrini''' (alizaliwa [[25 Machi]] [[2002]]) ni mtaalamu wa riadha na mwendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] barabarani wa Italia, ambaye kwa sasa anaendesha Timu ya Dunia ya Wanawake ya UCI ya Timu ya UAE ADQ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15408/1002134/277|title=Valcar – Travel & Service|work=UCI.org|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128195521/https://www.uci.ch/road/teams/TeamDetail/15408/1002134/277|archive-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ilchisolino.it/2018/08/intervista-a-eleonora-gasparrini-un-cuore-che-corre-sulle-due-ruote/|title=“Intervista a Eleonora Gasparrini: un cuore che corre sulle due ruote .”|work=ilchisolino.it|date=13 August 2018|access-date=30 July 2021|language=it|archive-date=2023-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715035420/https://ilchisolino.it/2018/08/intervista-a-eleonora-gasparrini-un-cuore-che-corre-sulle-due-ruote/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uci.org/team-details/17691 | title=UAE Team ADQ | work=UCI.org | accessdate=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=PCS>{{cite web|url= https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/eleonora-camilla-gasparrini |title= Eleonora Gasparrini|work=ProCyclingStats|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]] ftei4ts7kl8u0hz3j5brny6d5er90z0 0 194594 1577058 1521425 2026-06-27T12:16:41Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kurekebisha maneno yaliyokosewa 1577058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mufti wa Tanzania''' ni kiongozi mkuu wa [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]] nchini, ambaye anahusika na masuala ya [[dini|kidini]] na kutoa mwongozo wa kisheria kuhusu [[Uislamu]]. Mufti anawaongoza [[Waislamu]] wa [[Tanzania]], akiwajibika kusimamia [[dini]] na kuhakikisha kwamba [[maadili]] ya Kiislamu yanaheshimiwa. Pia ofisi ya Mufti ina jukumu la kuwaunganisha Waislamu na [[Serikali]], na kutoa muongozo kuhusu masuala ya [[jamii|kijamii]] na kimaadili<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://bakwata.or.tz/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-12-11 |archive-date=2025-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321093606/https://bakwata.or.tz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Mufti wa Tanzania anahusiana na [[Bakwata]]] (Baraza la Waislamu Tanzania), ambalo ni chombo cha juu kinachosimamia masuala ya Uislamu katika nchi. Mufti pia anahusika katika kutangaza [[sikukuu]] za Kiislamu kama vile [[Idd el Fitr]] na [[Eid al-Adha]], pamoja na kutoa fatwa (maamuzi ya kidini). Kwa sasa, Sheikh [[Abubakar Zubeir]] ndiye Mufti wa Tanzania, akichukua nafasi ya mtangulizi wake. ==Tanbihi== {{mbegu-Islam}} [[Jamii:Uislamu nchini Tanzania]] [[Jamii:viongozi wa kiislamu]] 0axl3voogsda06yqorwhi8y14f59zbv 0 194679 1577192 1520704 2026-06-27T15:22:46Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:MillieEHale1923.png|thumb|Millie E. Hale, kutoka katika chapisho la mwaka [[1923]]]] '''Millie Essie Gibson Hale''' ([[27 Februari]] [[1881]] – [[6 Juni]] [[1930]]) alikuwa muuguzi, mwasisi wa [[hospitali]], mhamasishaji wa kijamii, na mfanyakazi wa kiraia wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hale, Millie E.|url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-36987|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Oxford African American Studies Center|date=2013|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36987|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1|last1=Willis|first1=Laticia Ann Marie}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1881]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1930]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] h1eiyzb7fsq5qebsvvxb33zefnienij 0 195467 1577188 1413051 2026-06-27T15:13:40Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577188 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Isak Andic i Ermay (cropped).jpg|thumb|Andiç mwaka [[2010]]]] '''Isak Andic Ermay''' ([[1 Oktoba]] [[1953]] – [[14 Desemba]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Uturuki]] na [[Hispania]]. Mnamo mwaka [[1984]], yeye na kaka yake ''Nahman'' walianzisha duka la mavazi la ''Mango''. Kama mshikamano mkubwa wa Mango, ''Andic'' alikuwa na thamani ya ''dola bilioni 4.5'' za [[Marekani]] wakati wa kifo chake, na kumfanya kuwa tajiri zaidi huko [[Catalonia]] na miongoni mwa matajiri wakubwa nchini [[Hispania]]. <ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/The-worlds-50-Richest-Jews-31-40 "The world's 50 Richest Jews: 31–40"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221035945/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/The-worlds-50-Richest-Jews-31-40|date=21 February 2014}}. Jerusalem Post. 26 February 2015.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Hispania]] 0owhre4dobh1vgw6uu91ywqmalu1xtq 0 198539 1577288 1523987 2026-06-28T10:22:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raffaella Petrini''' (amezaliwa [[Roma]], [[15 Januari]] [[1969]]<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-11/sr-raffaella-petrini-appointed-secretary-general-of-governorate.html|work=[[Vatican News]]|title=Sr Raffaella Petrini appointed Secretary General of Vatican Governorate|date=4 November 2021| access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> ) ni [[mtawa]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] la [[Italia]] ambaye tangu [[Machi]] [[2025]] amehudumu kama [[Rais|raisi]] wa Tume ya Kipapa na Gavana wa Dola la Mji wa [[Vatikano]]. Kuanzia [[2021]] hadi 2025 alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Gavana wa Dola la Mji wa Vatikano. Ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza kushikilia nafasi hizo mbili, ambazo ni miongoni mwa nafasi za juu zaidi katika serikali ya Vatikano. Pia ni mwanachama wa ''Franciscan Sisters of the Eucharist''. == Wasifu == Raffaella Petrini alihitimu [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya [[sayansi ya siasa]] kutoka ''Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali (LUISS)'' mjini Roma.<ref name=repubblica/><ref name=pais/> Kisha alisomea katika shule ya ''Barney School of Business'' ya Chuo Kikuu cha [[Hartford]] (Connecticut), akipata shahada ya uzamili katika tabia za shirika mwaka [[2001]].<ref>{{cite web | access-date = 1 March 2025 | url = https://www.hartford.edu/news/press-releases/2021/11/ns-barney-raffaella-petrini-01.aspx | date = 17 November 2021 | title = UHart Graduate Appointed First Female Secretary-General of Vatican City State | website = University of Hartford}}</ref><ref name=angelicum/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Coppen |first=Luke |date=13 July 2022 |title=Who are the women appointed to the Vatican's Dicastery for Bishops? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/who-are-the-women-appointed-to-the |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=The Pillar}}</ref> Mnamo [[2008]] alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Kipapa cha Mtakatifu Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum), ambapo alipata shahada ya juu (licentiate) mwaka [[2011]] na shahada ya udaktari mwaka [[2014]].<ref name=angelicum>{{cite web | access-date = 1 March 2025 | url = https://angelicum.it/alumni-spotlight/sister-raffaella-petrini/ | website = Angelicum | title = Alumni: Sr. Raffaella Petrini, F.S.E. | archive-date = 2025-02-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250220171900/https://angelicum.it/alumni-spotlight/sister-raffaella-petrini/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa [[profesa]] katika chuo hicho na kufundisha masomo ya uchumi wa ustawi na [[sosholojia]] ya michakato ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]].<ref name="repubblica">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/11/04/news/suor_raffaella_petrini_donne_vaticano-325084928/|work=[[la Repubblica]]|title=Vaticano, per la prima volta una suora nominata segretario del Governatorato|date=4 November 2021|first=Paolo|last= Rodari | access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="pais">{{Rejea habari|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-11-04/el-papa-nombra-a-una-mujer-como-numero-dos-del-gobierno-del-vaticano.html|work=[[El País]]|title=El Papa nombra a una mujer como 'número dos' del Gobierno del Vaticano|date=4 November 2021|first=Daniel|last=Verdú | access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> Kuanzia [[2005]] hadi [[2021]], Petrini alifanya kazi katika Kongregesheni ya Uinjilishaji wa Mataifa.<ref name=repubblica /> Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] 2021, [[Papa Fransisko]] alimteua kuwa Katibu Mkuu wa [[Gavana]] wa Jimbo la Jiji la Vatikano,<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 5 November 2021| publisher = Holy See Press Office | date=4 November 2021|url =https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/11/04/0720/01529.html|title = Rinunce e nomine, 04.11.2021}}</ref> na hivyo kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo.<ref name="repubblica" /> Papa alisisitiza baadaye kwamba alikuwa mwanamke mwenye cheo cha juu zaidi katika dola dogo kuliko zote duniani.<ref>{{cite news | work=Reuters | title = Exclusive: Pope to give women a say in appointment of bishops | date= 6 July 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-pope-give-women-say-appointment-bishops-2022-07-06/ | access-date = 16 July 2022}}</ref> Mnamo [[13 Julai]] [[2022]], Papa Fransisko aliwateua wanawake kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa wanachama wa Dikasteri ya Maaskofu, akiwemo Petrini, [[Yvonne Reungoat]], na [[María Lía Zervino]].<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 15 July 2022 | work = National Catholic Reporter | date = 13 July 2022 | url = https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/news/news/pope-francis-names-three-women-vatican-office-recommends-new-bishops | title = Pope Francis names three women to Vatican office that recommends new bishops | first = Christopher | last = White }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=13 July 2022 |title=Rinunce e nomine, 13.07.2022 |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2022/07/13/0533/01074.html |access-date=14 July 2022 |website= Holy See Press Office }}</ref> Mnamo [[15 Februari]] 2025, Papa Fransisko alimteua Petrini kuwa Gavana wa Dola la Mji wa Vatikano, uteuzi ulioanza rasmi tarehe [[1 Machi]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Vatican News |title=Pope Francis: A woman will head the Vatican Governatorate |date=19 January 2025 |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-01/pope-francis-interview-fazio-woman-governatorate-head.html |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | publisher=Holy See Press Office | access-date = 15 February 2025 | date= 15 February 2025 | language = it | title = Rinunce e nomine, 15.02.2025 | url =https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/15/0137/00291.html }}</ref> Ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2025/02/15/woman-governor-vatican-city-249941 |title=Pope Francis appoints an Italian nun as the first woman governor of Vatican City |date=15 February 2025 |first=Girard |last=O'Connell |work=[[America (magazine)|America]] |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> Mamlaka yake Ilisitishwa kisheria kufuatia kifo cha Papa Fransisko mnamo Aprili 2025.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Beltrán |first=Edgar |title=Who stays in the Roman curia? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/who-stays-in-the-roman-curia |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=The Pillar |language=en}}</ref> Mrithi wake, [[Papa Leo XIV]], alithibitisha nafasi yake mnamo 9 Mei, siku moja baada ya kuanza rasmi kazi yake ya Upapa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Review |first=Global Banking and Finance |date=9 May 2025|title=Pope Leo temporarily confirms Vatican heads in current roles |url=https://www.globalbankingandfinance.com/POPE-LEO-VATICAN-fd81d996-a441-4092-8c80-fa1926f8a5cd |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Global Banking And Finance Review |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1969]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] a73rogicodjqqasdtoi7y3m9jty6c3k 0 198720 1577223 1522217 2026-06-28T03:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nikola Paunic (photo by Djuradj Vujcic) - WC.jpg|thumb|Paunic nahodha wa Toronto FC Academy mwaka 2012.]] '''Nikola Paunic''' (aliyezaliwa Oktoba 13, [[1993]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.varsityblues.ca/roster.aspx?rp_id=4065|title = Nikola Paunic - Men's Soccer - University of Toronto Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=209170961|title=Nikola Paunic - Men's Soccer - USF Athletics}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Davidson|first=Neil|date=January 12, 2015|title=MLS Superdraft to feature several Canadian soccer stars|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/soccer/2015/01/12/mls_superdraft_to_feature_several_canadian_soccer_stars.html|access-date=2021-04-04|website=thestar.com|publisher=[[Toronto Star]]|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] mtr9neonqqhl34uum9pw8n8q3i8o1ai 0 199425 1577024 1431326 2026-06-27T12:03:48Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Nimeoongeza maneno 1577024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiswahili Mufti''' ni aina ya [[Kiswahili]] cha kawaida kisichofungamana na vyanzo sanifu. Yaani, kinachozungumzwa katika muktadha wa [[jamii|kijamii]], kikijumuisha maneno ya mitaani, misamiati ya kikanda, na maneno yanayotumika katika mazungumzo yasiyo rasmi. Kiswahili Mufti huzungumzwa haswaa barani [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] n.k. Ingawa Swahili Mufti haitumiki kama Kiswahili sanifu kilivyo rasmi, inashikilia nafasi muhimu katika mawasiliano ya kila siku ya wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili, hasa nchini Kenya. Inawakilisha hali ya kuendelea kwa Kiswahili na utajiri wa kitamaduni na kijamii wa wazungumzaji wa eneo husika. ==Ufafanuzi na matumizi== Swahili Mufti linahusiana na Kiswahili cha kila siku kilichozungumzwa na sehemu za [[Kenya]]. Lugha hii hutumia maneno ya msimu, methali, na maneno ya kikanda ambayo ni sehemu ya mazungumzo ya kila siku. Swahili Mufti hutumika katika mazingira ya kijamii, sokoni, mitaani, na kati ya vikundi vya vijana na familia, na hivyo kuonyesha matumizi ya Kiswahili kisicho rasmi. == Tofauti kati ya sanifu na Mufti == Tofauti kuu kati ya Swahili Mufti na Kiswahili Sanifu ni katika utaratibu na matumizi: * '''Kiswahili Sanifu''' ni Kiswahili kilichorahisishwa na kuandikwa kwa kutumia sarufi na msamiati uliokubaliwa na mamlaka ya lugha. Hutumika katika mazingira rasmi kama vile serikali, vyombo vya habari, elimu, na fasihi. * '''Swahili Mufti''', kwa upande mwingine, ni Kiswahili kinachozungumzwa kila siku, kinachojumuisha slengu, methali, na maneno yanayotumika katika mazungumzo ya kawaida. Ni lugha inayojumuisha lugha ya mitaani na sehemu ya jamii inayozungumza Kiswahili. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Difference between Kiswahili mufti and Sanifu|url=https://www.answers.com/fiction/What_is_the_difference_between_kiswahili_mufti_and_kiswahili_sanifu|accessdate=2025-02-09}}</ref> == Muktadha na historia== Neno "Mufti" linapotumika katika muktadha huu, linahusiana na kusema Kiswahili kinachojulikana kwa ufanisi na hali ya kisasa. Hivyo, Swahili Mufti inahusishwa na lugha ya mitaani, lakini pia ni lugha inayozungumzwa kwa ufanisi na urembo katika jamii. Hii ni lugha ambayo hutumiwa katika muktadha wa kijamii na inaonyesha utamaduni wa Kiislamu na Kiswahili wa maeneo ya pwani. == Mfano == '''Kuja Hapa''' - Mufti '''Njoo hapa''' - Sanifu ^{Mifano zaidi yahitajika} ==Tazama Pia== Kiswahili Sanifu [[Kiswahili|Lugha ya Kiswahili]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Lugha]] [[Jamii: Kiswahili]] dtsn355fa4tbxkkp8n53qkgcvetolp3 0 201892 1577221 1401797 2026-06-28T03:32:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nikki Lane''' (alizaliwa [[17 Oktoba]], [[1983]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mwandishi wa [[nyimbo]] wa [[muziki]] wa nchi kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>[https://www.countrymusicnews.de/biografien/8400-nikki-lane ''Nikki Lane''], Andreas Graban, countrymusicnews.de, 4. February 2016 (German)</ref><ref name=songwriter>{{cite web | url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2011/09/nikki-lane-walking-the-line/ | title=Nikki Lane: Walking The Line | work=American Songwriter | date=September 1, 2011 | accessdate=December 1, 2014 | author=Maloney, Sean | archive-date=2019-09-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919150435/https://americansongwriter.com/2011/09/nikki-lane-walking-the-line/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2014/07/5-nashvilles-finest-nikki-lake-rebel/ | title=Nikki Lane Kicks Up Some Dust | work=American Songwriter | date=July 22, 2014 | accessdate=December 2, 2014 | author=Terich, Jeff | archive-date=2016-03-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326045456/http://americansongwriter.com/2014/07/5-nashvilles-finest-nikki-lake-rebel/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] d1weuah5mzr08nj9dvahfylh0zhg4u1 0 204554 1577189 1516119 2026-06-27T15:15:03Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Julie Delpy at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|Delpy katika Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Toronto la mwaka 2024]] '''Julie Delpy''' (matamshi wa Kifaransa: [ʒyli dɛlpi]; alizaliwa [[21 Desemba]] [[1969]]) ni mwigizaji, mwandishi wa skrini, na [[mkurugenzi]] wa filamu wa Ufaransa na [[Marekani]]. Alisoma uundaji wa filamu katika Shule ya [[Sanaa]] ya Tisch ya NYU na ameongoza, kuandika, na kuigiza katika filamu zaidi ya 30, ikiwa ni pamoja na "''Europa Europa''" ([[1990]]), "Voyager" (1991), "''Three Colours: White''" ([[1993]]), trilojia ya "Before" ([[1995]], [[2004]], [[2013]]), "An American Werewolf in Paris" ([[1997]]), na "''2 Days in Paris''" ([[2007]]).<ref name="Julie Delpy Biography">{{cite news|title=Julie Delpy Biography|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/18491/Julie-Delpy/biography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129201402/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/18491/Julie-Delpy/biography|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2008|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Hal Erickson|author-link=Hal Erickson (author)|date=2008|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="madison.mrmovietimes.com">{{cite web|title=Julie Delpy Movie and Career Information|url=http://madison.mrmovietimes.com/celebrity/Julie-Delpy.html|website=Movie Times|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070804/http://madison.mrmovietimes.com/celebrity/Julie-Delpy.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amependekezwa kwa Tuzo tatu za César, Tuzo mbili za Jumuiya ya Wakosoaji wa Filamu Mtandaoni, na Tuzo mbili za Academy. Alihamia Marekani mnamo 1990 na akawa raia wa Marekani mnamo [[2001]]. Mnamo [[1984]], akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nne, Delpy aligunduliwa na mkurugenzi wa filamu Jean-Luc Godard, ambaye alimudu igiza katika "Détective" ([[1985]]). Miaka miwili baadaye alicheza jukumu la kichwa katika "''La Passion Béatrice''" ([[1987]]) ya Bertrand Tavernier na akapendekezwa kwa Tuzo ya César ya Mwigizaji Anayetarajia Zaidi. Alitumia pesa zake za filamu kulipia safari yake ya kwanza kwenda New York City. Delpy alikua mtu maarufu wa kimataifa baada ya kuigiza katika filamu ya 1990 "Europa Europa" iliyoongozwa na Agnieszka Holland. Katika filamu hiyo, anaigiza kijana mwenye msimamo wa Nazi anayempenda shujaa, Solomon Perel, bila kujua kwamba ni Myahudi. Hakuongea Kijerumani, kwa hivyo aliigiza jukumu lake kwa [[Kiingereza]] na mazungumzo yake yalibadilishwa.<ref>Kieslowski, Krzysztof. ''Kieslowski on Kieslowski''. Edited by Danusia Stok. London: Faber and Faber, 1998, p. 212.</ref><ref>Insdorf, Annette. ''Double Lives, Second Chances: the Cinema of Krzysztof Kieslowski''. New York: Hyperion, 1999, pp. 153-165.</ref> Baadaye Delpy alionekana katika filamu kadhaa za Hollywood na Ulaya, zikiwemo "Voyager" ([[1991]]) na "The Three Musketeers" ([[1993]]). Mnamo [[1993]], aliigizwa na mkurugenzi Krzysztof Kieślowski kwa jukumu la kike la kuongoza katika "Three Colours: White," filamu ya pili katika trilojia ya Kieślowski ya "''Three Colours.''" Pia alionekana kwa ufupi katika filamu zingine mbili - "Blue" na "Red" - katika jukumu lile lile. Mwaka huo huo, pia alionekana na Brendan Fraser na Donald Sutherland katika kipengele cha Percy Adlon "Younger and Younger." Mnamo [[1994]], aliigiza pamoja na Eric Stoltz katika filamu ya kwanza ya mkurugenzi Roger Avary "Killing Zoe," filamu ya wizi wa kizazi cha X iliyovutia wengi. Alipata kutambuliwa zaidi kwa jukumu lake pamoja na Ethan Hawke katika "Before Sunrise" ([[1995]]) ya mkurugenzi Richard Linklater. Ilipokea maoni mazuri sana na ilichukuliwa kuwa moja ya filamu za maana zaidi za harakati za filamu huru za miaka ya '90. Mafanikio yake yalisababisha Delpy kuigizwa katika filamu ya Marekani ya 1997 "An American Werewolf in Paris." Alirudia jukumu lake la Céline kutoka "Before Sunrise," kwa kuonekana kwa muda mfupi kwa uhuishaji katika "Waking Life" ([[2001]]), na tena katika [[filamu]] za mwendelezo "Before Sunset" ([[2004]]) na "Before Midnight" (2013). Filamu ya kwanza ya ufuatiliaji ilimudu shindia Delpy, ambaye aliandika hati hiyo pamoja na wengine, uteuzi wake wa kwanza wa Tuzo ya Academy kwa Hati Bora Iliyorekebishwa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goupil|first=Hélène|title=The Zen of Julie Delpy|url=http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2007/10/01/the-zen-of-julie-delpy.html|work=France Today|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708102232/http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2007/10/01/the-zen-of-julie-delpy.html| archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa [[2001]], alionekana pamoja na mcheshi Martin Short katika filamu fupi ya dakika 30 "CinéMagique," kivutio cha maonyesho ya ukumbi kilichowasilishwa mara kadhaa kila siku katika Walt Disney Studios Park huko Disneyland Paris. Alihudhuria ufunguzi wa bustani hiyo Machi [[2002]] na uzinduzi wa kivutio hicho cha msingi wa filamu, ambapo aliigiza kama Marguerite - mwigizaji wa kike ambaye mhusika wa Short, George, anampenda anapojikwaa kupitia filamu nyingi za kitambo. "''CinéMagique''" ilishinda tuzo ya [[2002]] ya Themed Entertainment Association kwa Kivutio cha Mandhari Bora.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/before_sunrise/|title=Before Sunrise Movie Reviews, Pictures&nbsp;– Rotten Tomatoes |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=27 January 1995 |access-date=29 July 2010}}</ref> Mnamo 2009, Delpy aliigiza katika "The Countess" kama mhusika wa kichwa Elizabeth Báthory. Filamu yake ya tatu kama mkurugenzi, pia ilimudu husisha Daniel Brühl na William Hurt.<ref>{{cite news|last=Puig|first=Claudia|title=Julie Delpy's '2 Days' has its moments|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2007-08-09-2-days-in-paris_N.htm|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Julie Delpy Biography (1969-)|url=http://www.fullissue.com/index.php/julie-delpy-biography-1969.html|work=Full Issue|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322021635/http://www.fullissue.com/index.php/julie-delpy-biography-1969.html|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|title=Cate Blanchett Developing 'Cancer Vixen' at HBO|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/cate-blanchett-developing-cancer-vixen-427983|access-date=15 September 2013|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=12 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Worldview to Finance Julie Delpy's 'A Dazzling Display of Splendor'|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/worldview-to-finance-julie-delpys-a-dazzling-display-of-splendor-1201086368/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=17 September 2014|date=4 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thewrap.com/julie-delpy-hollywood-dumps-women-sometimes-wish-african-american/|title=Julie Delpy Says Hollywood Dumps on Women Most: 'I Sometimes Wish I Were African American' (Video)|newspaper=Thewrap |date=22 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Julie Delpy sorry for Hollywood diversity comments|url=https://ew.com/article/2016/01/23/julie-delpy-sorry-comments-hollywood-diversity/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=EW.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907215651/https://ew.com/article/2016/01/23/julie-delpy-sorry-comments-hollywood-diversity/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09wvpbm|title=Steven Spielberg, Julie Delpy, Virtual Reality, The Film Programme - BBC Radio 4|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] lrub243l464rcbkq56dtyjgp0wujv4b 0 204678 1577200 1448643 2026-06-27T15:34:47Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Olsson Betty.jpg|thumb|Betty Olsson]] '''Betty Eugenia Olsson''' ([[1871]]-[[1950]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa amani kutoka [[Uswidi]] na [[Norrköping]] aliajiriwa kama mhasibu katika kampuni ya nguo. Mwaka [[1916]], alijiunga na tawi la ndani la Chama cha Wanawake cha Uswidi cha kupigania haki (LKPR). Katika miaka ya [[1930]], alikuwa rais wa IKFF, ambalo ni tawi la Uswidi la Ligi ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake la Amani na Uhuru. Wakati huo pia, alipinga vikali propaganda za Wanazi na alijitokeza kupinga vitisho vya vita pamoja na kushiriki kwenye harakati za kupinga Wanazi.<ref name=skbl>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.skbl.se/sv/artikel/BettyEugeniaOlsson| title = Betty Eugenia Olsson|publisher= Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon| date = 17 Februari 2021 |accessdate=29 January 2023 |language=sv}}</ref><ref name=krin>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kringla.nu/kringla/objekt?referens=S-OM/photo/OMPAO001075| title = Porträtt av fröken Betty Olsson|publisher=Östergötlands museum|accessdate=29 January 2023 |language=sv}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Alizaliwa tarehe [[28 Juni]] [[1871]] huko Norrköping, Betty Eugenia Olsson alikuwa binti wa Frans Olof Olsson, ambae alikua mhasibu, na mke wake Jenny Eugenia née Stenström. Alikuwa mmoja wa [[watoto]] watano wa familia hiyo. <ref name=skbl/><ref name=krin/> == Kazi == Olsson alifuata kazi ya baba yake aliyependa uhasibu, na hivyo akawa mhasibu na mtunza fedha (keshia) katika kiwanda cha nguo mjini Norrköping. Alianza kufanya kazi kwa kampuni ya Richard Wahring AB, kisha baadaye akaajiriwa na Förenade Yllefabrikerna AB, ambako alibaki hadi alipostaafu mwaka [[1931]]. Wakati huohuo, alipendezwa sana na masuala ya haki za wanawake, hasa haki ya kupiga kura. Mwaka [[1916]], alijiunga na tawi la ndani la chama cha watu waliokuwa wakipigania haki ya wanawake kupiga kura, kilichoitwa LKPR. Alishiriki katika harakati za kitaifa ambazo hatimaye zilisababisha bunge la Uswidi kuidhinisha haki ya wanawake kupiga kura mnamo [[Mei]] [[1919]]. Pia, alikua mwenyekiti wa tawi la eneo la chama cha wanawake waliokuwa na mitazamo huru, kilichoitwa ''Föreningen frisinnade kvinnor'' (FFK). Chama hiki kilikuwa karibu na chama cha siasa cha kiliberali cha ''Frisinnade Landsföreningen'', na kilitetea haki za wanawake pamoja na amani. Wanachama mashuhuri wa FFK walijumuisha wanaharakati wa amani kama Anna Kleman, Ada Nilsson, na Elin Wägner.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://skbl.se/en/organisation/AWHBvfVkjP4rR07fm3Qc%7CAV3u2WoQi-B3PHNCX9Zj%7CAV4TPbWdDqWJ2eBq92nD%7CAWD-ebNTjP4rR07fm24C%7CxZS-mnQBeiFf_cS0h7SQ%7CLLEHZ3cBIvx9fKaGSQ3M%7CfJlbSnUBqTT99FE_whx1%7CAWFA9NY1WxymAE2pjn0i%7CAWC7lWFLjP4rR07fm218%7CiZjtJW4BqTT99FE_k_-P%7CAVrRzTzk6HF5HgpJZ2vE%7CB5mWEHEBqTT99FE_3Avj%7CAV_ZfUT_jP4rR07fm2wQ%7CAVUcwSmlyLWGQ0YXKrQg%7CAWArsNK6jP4rR07fm2zF%7C3pQ3ZHUBeiFf_cS0brgI%7CobFe8ncBIvx9fKaGdRBv%7CAVrSakXB6HF5HgpJZ2vF%7CAV689QFvWxymAE2pjnly%7CKR5FcXcBpYJbQcRRWNyv%7CAWEeFi7gjP4rR07fm25U%7CAWC7bN9qjP4rR07fm216%7CO5k4MXIBqTT99FE_lxLX%7CYrBr920BIvx9fKaG09_4%7CGrH1pXgBIvx9fKaGkhS0%7CAVggKLuE7hONWjeN9n-3?title=Political+organisation+-+F%C3%B6reningen+frisinnade+kvinnor+%28FFK%2C+senare+Frisinnade+Kvinnors+Riksf%C3%B6rbund%2C+FKR%29| title = Political organisation - Föreningen frisinnade kvinnor (FFK, senare Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund, FKR)|publisher= Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon |accessdate=30 January 2023 |language=}}</ref> Katika miaka ya [[1930]], Olsson alikuwa kiongozi wa shirika la Norrköping IKFF, akiwakilisha usaidizi wa Uswidi kwa Ligi ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake kwa Amani na Uhuru. Alishiriki pia katika vikundi vingine vilivyopinga vita, kama vile Fredrika Bremer Association na Världssamling för fred, ambacho kilikuwa sehemu ya Kampeni ya Kimataifa ya Amani nchini Uswidi. Baadaye, alisimama dhidi ya propaganda za Wanazi na, akiwa mwanachama wa Förbundet Kämpande Demokrati (Shirika la Kupigania Demokrasia), alihamasisha watu kuwapinga Wanazi. Betty Olsson alifariki dunia huko Norrköping tarehe [[25 Aprili]] [[1950]] na alizikwa katika makaburi ya mji huo. <ref name="skbl">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.skbl.se/sv/artikel/BettyEugeniaOlsson| title = Betty Eugenia Olsson|publisher= Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon| date = 17 Februari 2021 |accessdate=29 January 2023 |language=sv}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1871]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1950]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] dx4chjdytf1ro8ymkw07ubkygfvi17k 0 204817 1577219 1408325 2026-06-28T02:22:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natalie Jean Prass''' (alizaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[1986]])<ref name="American Songwriter">{{cite web|last1=Songspace|title=Daily Discovery: Natalie Prass, "Never Over You"|url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/07/daily-discovery-natalie-prass-never-over-you/|website=American Songwriter|date=19 July 2012|accessdate=May 20, 2015|archive-date=2015-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611042936/http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/07/daily-discovery-natalie-prass-never-over-you/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] kutoka [[Virginia Beach]], [[Virginia]], [[Marekani]].<ref name="Under The Radar">{{cite web|last1=Valish|first1=Frank|title=Pleased to Meet You Spotlight: Natalie Prass|url=http://undertheradarmag.com/interviews/pleased_to_meet_you_spotlight_natalie_prass|website=Under The Radar|accessdate=May 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine|last1=Syme|first1=Rachel|title=Natalie Prass Escapes Nashville|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/natalie-prass-escapes-nashville|magazine=The New Yorker|accessdate=May 20, 2015}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] lxig30imxojerxflv7k1wy8wk2333x8 0 205020 1577248 1523320 2026-06-28T07:13:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patricia Anne Rainone''' (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la jukwaani '''Patricia Morrison'''; alizaliwa [[14 Januari]] [[1962]]) ni mpiga [[gitaa]] la bass, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.patriciamorrison.co.uk/Interview.htm |title=Interview |accessdate=2025-03-10 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308060932/http://www.patriciamorrison.co.uk/Interview.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://alicebag.com/women-in-la-punk/2015/8/29/patricia-vanian | title=Patricia Vanian }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Bags Interview|url=http://www.artifixrecords.com/bagsbio.htm|work=artifixrecords|publisher=artifixrecords.com|access-date=25 December 2020|author=Greg McWhorter|format=Article|date=March 2003|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207015559/http://artifixrecords.com/bagsbio.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://punkgirldiaries.com/patricia-morrison-from-the-bags-to-the-damned/ | title=Patricia Morrison – from the Bags to the Damned | date=9 August 2018 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] kgb7gbcrprcs7a4zaqa49wxinb2kzoz 0 206891 1577044 1437707 2026-06-27T12:11:37Z Josefu chipiti 90533 /* */ Alama za uandishi 1577044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sanduku la habari Mbwa | jina = Boxer | picha = Boxer_dog.jpg | maelezo_mbadala_ya_picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | picha2 = | maelezo_mbadala_ya_picha2 = | maelezo_ya_picha2 = | majina_mengine = German Boxer, Deutscher Boxer | majina_ya_utani = | asili = Ujerumani | nchi_asilia = Ujerumani | maeneo_ya_usambazaji = Dunia nzima, hasa Ulaya, Marekani, Australia na Asia <!-----Sifa-----> | urefu = 53–64 cm | urefu_dume = 56–64 cm | urefu_jike = 53–61 cm | uzito = 25–32 kg | uzito_dume = 30–32 kg | uzito_jike = 25–27 kg | aina_ya_manyoya = Manyoya mafupi, laini, yenye kung'aa na yanayolalia mwili | rangi = Kahawia (fawn), brindle, nyeupe (kwa baadhi), mara nyingi na alama nyeupe ("flash") | idadi_ya_watoto = 6–8 <!-----Viwango vya vilabu vya mbwa-----> | jina_la_klabu = American Kennel Club (AKC) | kiwango_klabu = [Kiwango cha AKC](https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/boxer/) | jina_la_klabu2 = Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) | kiwango_klabu2 = [Kiwango cha FCI](https://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/144g02-en.pdf) | kiwango_fci = Kundi la 2, Sehemu ya 2, #144 | haitambuliwi = | imetoweka = <!-----Maelezo ya ziada-----> | maelezo_ziada = }} '''Boxer''' ni mbwa wa saizi ya kati hadi kubwa mwenye misuli iliyojengeka vizuri, nguvu na mchangamfu, anayejulikana kwa pua fupi (brachycephalic), masikio yaliyochanuka au kupinda. Mbwa hawa wana asili ya [[Ujerumani]]. Ni zao la mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]]. Walitokana na ukoo wa [[Bullenbeisser]], mbwa wa zamani waliotumika kuwinda wanyama wakubwa kama nguruwe mwitu.<ref>[https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/boxer/ American Kennel Club – Boxer]</ref> Boxer ana mwili wa mstatili wenye kifua kipana, miguu yenye nguvu na mkia unaokatwa katika baadhi ya nchi – ingawa utaratibu huu umepigwa marufuku au kupunguzwa kwa mujibu wa sheria za ustawi wa wanyama. Rangi ya manyoya yao mara nyingi huwa fawn (hudhurungi nyepesi), brindle (milia ya hudhurungi na nyeusi) na wakati mwingine wenye alama nyeupe. Ngozi yao ni laini na nywele fupi hivyo hawahitaji utunzaji mwingi wa ngozi.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/animal/Boxer-dog Encyclopedia Britannica – Boxer]</ref> Kwa tabia, Boxer ni mchangamfu, mtiifu, mwenye akili na anayeweza kufunzwa kwa urahisi. Ni mbwa mzuri kwa familia zenye watoto, kutokana na uvumilivu wake na upole wake kwa wanadamu. Hata hivyo, anahitaji mazoezi ya mara kwa mara na mwingiliano wa kijamii kutoka akiwa mdogo ili kuzuia tabia za uonevu au kuwa na nguvu kupita kiasi.<ref>[https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dog-breeds/boxer VCA Animal Hospitals – Boxer]</ref> Kiafya, Boxer wanaweza kukumbwa na matatizo ya moyo (kama vile aortic stenosis), saratani, matatizo ya kupumua yanayohusiana na pua fupi, na maambukizi ya masikio. Uchunguzi wa mara kwa mara wa daktari wa wanyama ni muhimu. Wanaishi kwa wastani wa miaka 10 hadi 12.<ref>[https://www.ukcdogs.com/boxer United Kennel Club – Boxer]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/boxer/ American Kennel Club – Boxer] * [https://www.britannica.com/animal/Boxer-dog Encyclopedia Britannica – Boxer] * [https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dog-breeds/boxer VCA Animal Hospitals – Boxer] * [https://www.ukcdogs.com/boxer United Kennel Club – Boxer] [[Jamii:Mbwa na jamaa]] k0kmh2kbm9v8vrcs9kgykvceqjy1aa7 4 208508 1577156 1576920 2026-06-27T13:53:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30124 || ↑ +2.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.1 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} a2qirefnz8jxnlueexglzqxo1loun27 1577159 1577156 2026-06-27T13:57:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30560 || ↑ +1.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 177.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 3z7dvgywwktvu17r3zhq3ejy4vie08c 1577208 1577159 2026-06-27T19:29:40Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 622 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30560 || ↑ +1.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 177.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 636 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.1% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} oll0kvrkezcpxx0slvl3ajnzsdq9kg8 1577209 1577208 2026-06-27T19:38:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-27) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-27)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 622 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2985 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1353 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1085 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 554 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 789 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 510 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 440 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1684 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 481 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30782 || ↑ +1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} m3onigvbzykpdju80qqsl6873rfwj74 1577224 1577209 2026-06-28T04:14:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 597 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 728 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2874 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1306 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1035 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 403 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30782 || ↑ +1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2985 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1684 || ↑ +1636.1% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1353 || ↑ +29.5% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 789 || ↑ +64.0% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 747 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 622 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 578 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 554 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 510 || ↓ -34.0% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 481 || ↑ +134.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} bam56geitct4ibqpv3ksnk3widl165f 1577225 1577224 2026-06-28T04:23:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 597 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 728 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2874 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1306 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1035 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 403 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29576 || ↑ +0.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 172.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} hbou1qlmrgmigenouvu7bb5zycj8ox1 1577266 1577225 2026-06-28T09:18:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 597 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 728 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2874 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1306 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1035 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 403 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34944 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29576 || ↑ +0.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 172.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 19g23j4wczyrvofyxped4clcy5fonjr 1577269 1577266 2026-06-28T09:20:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 597 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 728 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2874 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1306 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1035 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 403 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 399 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34945 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30224 || ↓ -0.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} gn8ets0ficspe28fys2dmeb19q8yb3h 0 213240 1577066 1500279 2026-06-27T12:20:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''MOOC''' ni neno linalomaanisha Massive Open Online Course (Kozi Kubwa na Wazi za Mtandaoni). MOOC ni njia ya kisasa ya [[elimu]] inayowezesha maelfu ya wanafunzi kujifunza [[Intaneti|mtandaoni]] bila vikwazo vya kijiografia au [[gharama]] kubwa.<ref>Laurillard, D. Teaching as a Design Science: Building Pedagogical Patterns for Learning and Technology, Routledge, 2012</ref> == Historia == MOOC ilizinduliwa mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000, ikichipua kutokana na maendeleo ya teknolojia ya mtandao na utandawazi wa elimu. Kozi za kwanza za MOOC zililenga sana kutoa elimu ya chuo kikuu kwa watu wa kila sehemu ya dunia.<ref>Siemens, G. Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age, 2005</ref> == Aina za MOOC == * xMOOC: Zinazingatia utaratibu wa jadi wa kozi, mafunzo ya moduli, na mtihani wa mtandaoni. * cMOOC: Zinazingatia ujifunzaji wa kijamii, ubadilishanaji wa maarifa, na mtandao wa washiriki.<ref>Downes, S. New Technology Supporting Informal Learning, Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 2012</ref> == Athari == MOOC zimekuwa chachu ya maendeleo ya elimu ya mtandaoni, zikisaidia kupanua upatikanaji wa elimu, kukuza ujuzi wa dijitali, na kurahisisha ujifunzaji wa maisha yote.<ref>Yuan, L., Powell, S. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education, 2013</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] kkmfv4wsl0uoct9yfhb9o1qo5aho7vi 0 213929 1577170 1500294 2026-06-27T14:09:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rantet Mfululizo''' ni [[dhana]] ya kisasa inayotumika kueleza mfumo au mchakato wa matukio yanayofuatana kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki au kimaendeleo. [[Istilahi]] hiyo hutumika katika [[taaluma]] mbalimbali kama falsafa, teknolojia, saikolojia na sayansi ya jamii, kwa lengo la kufafanua uhusiano wa sababu na matokeo kati ya vipengele vinavyounda mfumo fulani.<ref>Smith, J. Modern Concepts in Social Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012</ref> == Asili ya Neno == Neno “rantet” limetokana na muktadha wa mijadala ya kisomi ya karne ya 20, likimaanisha mlolongo wa hatua au matukio yaliyounganishwa. Katika Kiswahili cha kisasa, limechukuliwa kuelezea mifumo ya kimfumo au mfululizo wa hoja.<ref>Ngugi, P. Language and Modern Thought in Africa. Nairobi: East African Publishers, 2005</ref> == Matumizi ya Kisasa == Katika teknolojia, rantet mfululizo hutumika kueleza taratibu za algoriti, ambapo hatua moja hufuatia nyingine kwa utaratibu wa kimantiki. Katika falsafa na saikolojia, dhana hii hutumika kueleza jinsi mawazo au tabia hufuata mtiririko maalum.<ref>Harrison, L. Philosophy and Human Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018</ref> == Umuhimu == Dhana ya rantet mfululizo inachangia katika uchambuzi wa mifumo changamano, kurahisisha uelewa wa uhusiano wa mambo, na kujenga misingi ya tafsiri ya kisayansi na kijamii.<ref>Johnson, R. Systems Thinking in the 21st Century. London: Routledge, 2020</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] ntnhq4tnm7csrjoa5oypgqsyl8yui1u 0 214568 1577143 1500285 2026-06-27T13:25:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mradi wa Milenia]] hadi [[The Millennial Project]]: usahihi wa jina 1500285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps''' kilichoandikwa na Marshall T. Savage ni kitabu (kilichochapishwa mwaka 1992 na kuchapishwa tena mwaka 1994 kikiwa na utangulizi wa Arthur C. Clarke) katika nyanja ya uhandisi wa utafiti ambacho kinaeleza mfululizo wa hatua mahsusi ambazo mwandishi anaamini zitasababisha ukoloni wa nyota za mbali (interstellar colonization). Maelezo mengi ya kisayansi na kihandisi yametolewa, pamoja na changamoto nyingi zinazohusiana na ukoloni wa anga za juu. ==Hoja Kuu ya Kitabu== Savage anachukulia ukuaji wa idadi ya watu na maisha kwa ujumla kwa mtazamo wa Malthusian, na pia anapendekeza ukuaji wa eksponenti wa mikoko ya buluu-kijani (blue-green algae) kama chakula. Anasema kuwa ni hatima ya binadamu kukoloni kila nyota katika galaksi. Anategemea sana Fermi paradox (iliyofafanuliwa kwa kifupi kama, "Ikiwa kuna maisha yenye akili angani, kwa nini hatujayapata bado?") kuunga mkono msimamo wake kwamba ni mzigo wa binadamu pekee kuwasha ulimwengu kwa “cheche ya Maisha.” Katika The Millennial Project, anatoa wito wa kuunda msingi wa kimataifa ili kufanikisha malengo haya. Asili yake ilijulikana kama First Millennial Foundation (iliyoundwa na Savage mwaka 1987), na shirika hilo baadaye lilibadilisha jina kuwa Living Universe Foundation. ==Hatua za Mradi== “Hatua Nane Rahisi” zilizopendekezwa na Savage ni kama ifuatavyo: 1. Foundation – kuunda shirika lililoanzishwa ili kutimiza hatima hizi. 2. Aquarius – kujenga arcologies katika bahari za kitropiki kama hatua ya kwanza ya kujifunza jinsi ya kujenga (kukua<ref>Savage, Marshall T., The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, 2nd edition, 1994, p 73</ref>) makoloni angani kwa kutumia mbinu isiyo tofauti sana na ile ya corals wanaoishi <ref>Hilbertz, W. H, et al., "Electrodeposition of Minerals in Sea Water: Experiments and Applications", ''IEEE, Journal of Oceanic Engineering'', Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 94-113, July 1979</ref>, iliyotengenezwa na Prof. Wolf Hartmut Hilbertz na kutumia dhana yake ya Cybertecture <ref>Hilbertz, W. H, "Toward Cybertecture",''Progressive Architecture'', May 1970</ref> . Pia hatua hii ingezaa mapato ya kusaidia kufadhili hatua zinazofuata. 3. Bifrost – hatua ya kwanza ya kuondoka duniani kwa kutumia Waverider inayosukumwa kwa laser zinazotokana na free-electron-laser zenye msingi duniani. Leik Myrabo, profesa wa uhandisi wa anga katika Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, alionyesha uhalali wa kutumia laser za ardhini kusukuma vitu kwenye anga mnamo 1988. 4. Asgard – kujenga kituo cha anga katika mduara wa geosynchronous. 5. Avalon – kujenga makoloni kwenye Mwezi kwa kufunika mapango na kuunda ecologies ndogo. 6.Elysium – kuanza terraforming ya Mars ili "kuunda sayari inayoweza kuishi kwa ajili yetu," ikiwa imeunganishwa na Dunia kupitia Mars Transit System iliyopendekezwa na Buzz Aldrin, mfano wa Earth-Mars cycler. 7. Solaria – kuchimba asteroids kuunda makoloni ya asteroid na vituo vya aina ya Asgard kote kwenye Mfumo wa Jua ili kuunda wingu la Dyson. 8. Galactia – kukoloni zaidi ya Mfumo wa Jua, kupanua kote kwenye galaksi hadi kiwango cha 3 kwenye kipimo cha Kardashev, ambacho ni njia ya kupima kiwango cha uzalishaji na matumizi ya nishati ya ustaarabu. Katika hatua za mwanzo za Mradi, Savage anapendekeza mikoko ya Spirulina kama chakula kikuu, kikiwa kimeongezwa na samaki na bidhaa za baharini kutoka miji ya awamu ya Aquarius. ==Ukosoaji== Kitabu hiki kimeleta ukosoaji kwa kuwa ingawa kimejaa maelezo mengi kuhusu ujenzi wa OTEC na ukoloni wa anga, kinagusa kidogo sana mada ya jinsi serikali na jamii zitahitaji kubadilika ili kutunga Mradi. Watetezi na mwandishi mwenyewe <ref>Savage, Marshall T., The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, 2nd edition, 1994, p 363</ref> wanashikilia kwamba mtu mmoja akiandika kitabu kimoja hawezi kutarajiwa kuandika mwenendo mzima wa maendeleo ya binadamu katika milenia ijayo. Living Universe Foundation, ambayo hapo awali ilijulikana kama First Millennial Foundation, ni shirika linalounga mkono ukoloni wa bahari na anga kwa kiasi kikubwa kulingana na kitabu cha The Millennial Project. Space Environments Ecovillage huko Bastrop, Texas, ni mojawapo ya miradi michache ya LUF ambayo imetekelezwa hadi sasa. ==Marejeo== [[Category:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2025]] [[Jamii:Makala yasiyo na viungo vya ndani]] rq9zutcgn2q3x2v5nh6n7j9bfsg7qec 1577145 1577143 2026-06-27T13:26:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps''' kilichoandikwa na Marshall T. Savage ni [[kitabu]] (kilichochapishwa mwaka 1992 na kuchapishwa tena mwaka 1994 kikiwa na utangulizi wa Arthur C. Clarke) katika nyanja ya uhandisi wa utafiti ambacho kinaeleza mfululizo wa hatua mahsusi ambazo mwandishi anaamini zitasababisha ukoloni wa nyota za mbali (interstellar colonization). Maelezo mengi ya kisayansi na kihandisi yametolewa, pamoja na changamoto nyingi zinazohusiana na ukoloni wa anga za juu. ==Hoja Kuu ya Kitabu== Savage anachukulia ukuaji wa idadi ya watu na maisha kwa ujumla kwa mtazamo wa Malthusian, na pia anapendekeza ukuaji wa eksponenti wa mikoko ya buluu-kijani (blue-green algae) kama chakula. Anasema kuwa ni hatima ya binadamu kukoloni kila nyota katika galaksi. Anategemea sana Fermi paradox (iliyofafanuliwa kwa kifupi kama, "Ikiwa kuna maisha yenye akili angani, kwa nini hatujayapata bado?") kuunga mkono msimamo wake kwamba ni mzigo wa binadamu pekee kuwasha ulimwengu kwa “cheche ya Maisha.” Katika The Millennial Project, anatoa wito wa kuunda msingi wa kimataifa ili kufanikisha malengo haya. Asili yake ilijulikana kama First Millennial Foundation (iliyoundwa na Savage mwaka 1987), na shirika hilo baadaye lilibadilisha jina kuwa Living Universe Foundation. ==Hatua za Mradi== “Hatua Nane Rahisi” zilizopendekezwa na Savage ni kama ifuatavyo: 1. Foundation – kuunda shirika lililoanzishwa ili kutimiza hatima hizi. 2. Aquarius – kujenga arcologies katika bahari za kitropiki kama hatua ya kwanza ya kujifunza jinsi ya kujenga (kukua<ref>Savage, Marshall T., The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, 2nd edition, 1994, p 73</ref>) makoloni angani kwa kutumia mbinu isiyo tofauti sana na ile ya corals wanaoishi <ref>Hilbertz, W. H, et al., "Electrodeposition of Minerals in Sea Water: Experiments and Applications", ''IEEE, Journal of Oceanic Engineering'', Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 94-113, July 1979</ref>, iliyotengenezwa na Prof. Wolf Hartmut Hilbertz na kutumia dhana yake ya Cybertecture <ref>Hilbertz, W. H, "Toward Cybertecture",''Progressive Architecture'', May 1970</ref> . Pia hatua hii ingezaa mapato ya kusaidia kufadhili hatua zinazofuata. 3. Bifrost – hatua ya kwanza ya kuondoka duniani kwa kutumia Waverider inayosukumwa kwa laser zinazotokana na free-electron-laser zenye msingi duniani. Leik Myrabo, profesa wa uhandisi wa anga katika Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, alionyesha uhalali wa kutumia laser za ardhini kusukuma vitu kwenye anga mnamo 1988. 4. Asgard – kujenga kituo cha anga katika mduara wa geosynchronous. 5. Avalon – kujenga makoloni kwenye Mwezi kwa kufunika mapango na kuunda ecologies ndogo. 6.Elysium – kuanza terraforming ya Mars ili "kuunda sayari inayoweza kuishi kwa ajili yetu," ikiwa imeunganishwa na Dunia kupitia Mars Transit System iliyopendekezwa na Buzz Aldrin, mfano wa Earth-Mars cycler. 7. Solaria – kuchimba asteroids kuunda makoloni ya asteroid na vituo vya aina ya Asgard kote kwenye Mfumo wa Jua ili kuunda wingu la Dyson. 8. Galactia – kukoloni zaidi ya Mfumo wa Jua, kupanua kote kwenye galaksi hadi kiwango cha 3 kwenye kipimo cha Kardashev, ambacho ni njia ya kupima kiwango cha uzalishaji na matumizi ya nishati ya ustaarabu. Katika hatua za mwanzo za Mradi, Savage anapendekeza mikoko ya Spirulina kama chakula kikuu, kikiwa kimeongezwa na samaki na bidhaa za baharini kutoka miji ya awamu ya Aquarius. ==Ukosoaji== Kitabu hiki kimeleta ukosoaji kwa kuwa ingawa kimejaa maelezo mengi kuhusu ujenzi wa OTEC na ukoloni wa anga, kinagusa kidogo sana mada ya jinsi serikali na jamii zitahitaji kubadilika ili kutunga Mradi. Watetezi na mwandishi mwenyewe <ref>Savage, Marshall T., The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, 2nd edition, 1994, p 363</ref> wanashikilia kwamba mtu mmoja akiandika kitabu kimoja hawezi kutarajiwa kuandika mwenendo mzima wa maendeleo ya binadamu katika milenia ijayo. Living Universe Foundation, ambayo hapo awali ilijulikana kama First Millennial Foundation, ni shirika linalounga mkono ukoloni wa bahari na anga kwa kiasi kikubwa kulingana na kitabu cha The Millennial Project. Space Environments Ecovillage huko Bastrop, Texas, ni mojawapo ya miradi michache ya LUF ambayo imetekelezwa hadi sasa. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{kitabu}} [[Category:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2025]] 5pxefb49mvnc7l41vypzhp8r2iq6xe9 0 215970 1577231 1522958 2026-06-28T05:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Opha Pauline Dube at World Meteorological Organization.jpg|thumb|Opha Pauline Dube akizungumza katika Shirika la Hali ya Hewa Duniani mnamo mwaka 2019]] '''Opha Pauline Dube''' (alizaliwa [[1960]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[mazingira]] nchini [[Botswana]] na [[profesa]] msaidizi katika Idara ya Sayansi ya Mazingira katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana|Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana.]] Aliandika ripoti maalum ya IPCC juu ya [[Ongezeko la joto Duaniani|ongezeko la joto]] ulimwenguni la 1.5 ° C. Yeye ni mmoja wa wanasayansi kumi na tano wanaounda Ripoti ya Maendeleo Endelevu ya mwaka wa [[2023]] kwa ajili ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa|Umoja wa Mataifa.]] == Elimu == Dube alipata [[Uzamili|shahada ya uzamili]] katika Uchuguzi wa Mbali wa Kivitendo katika [[Taasisi]] ya [[Teknolojia]] ya Cranfield nchini Uingereza mnamo mwaka wa [[1989|1989.]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Staff Profiles {{!}} University of Botswana|url=https://www.ub.bw/connect/staff/294|work=www.ub.bw|accessdate=2025-10-16|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412155117/https://www.ub.bw/connect/staff/294|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alihitimu na [[shahada ya uzamivu]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Queensland mnamo mwaka wa [[2000]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Australia Alumni, Professor Opha Pauline Dube, awarded the International Alumni of the Year|url=https://australiaawardsafrica.org/australia-alumni-professor-opha-pauline-dube-awarded-the-international-alumni-of-the-year/|work=Australia Awards Africa|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Alipata shahada yake ya [[uzamivu]] kwa sababu ya ushirikiano kati ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Queensland kilichopangwa na Shirika la [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] la Sayansi na Utafitiwa Viwanda. Kazi hiyo ilihusisha kuchunguza ikiwa njia za msingi za kuhisi za mbali zinazotumiwa kwenye safu za nchi ya  [[Australia]] zinaweza kutumika kufuatilia uharibifu wa ardhi nchini Botswana.<ref name=":0" /> == Kazi na Utafiti == Dube amekuwa akihudumu kama sehemu ya Kikundi cha pili cha kazi cha Jopo la Serikali za Serikali juu ya Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa  tangu Ripoti ya Tatu ya Tathmini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR) 2023 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/gsdr/gsdr2023|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref> Kikundi hiki "kinatathmini udhaifu wa mifumo ya kijamii na kiuchumi na asili kwa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, athari hasi na chanya za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na chaguzi za kukabiliana nayo".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Working Group II — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg2/|accessdate=2025-10-16}}</ref> Amechangia katika ripoti za tathmini ya tatu,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africa — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg2/chapter-10-africa/|accessdate=2025-10-16}}</ref> ya nne<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ecosystems, their Properties, Goods and Services — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg2/ecosystems-their-properties-goods-and-services/|accessdate=2025-10-16}}</ref> na ripoti ya tathmini ya tano,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africa — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/africa/|accessdate=2025-10-16}}</ref> kama [[mwandishi]] na mhariri wa ukaguzi. Kazi yake juu ya [[mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]] mnamo mwaka wa [[2007]]: Athari, Marekebisho, na Ripoti ya Udhaifu, kama sehemu ya ripoti ya tathmini ya nne, ilisababisha Dube kukabidhiwa [[cheti]] cha [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani|Tuzo la Amani la Nobel]] mnamo mwaka wa 2007.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Opha Pauline Dube|url=https://alumni.uq.edu.au/story/5888/professor-opha-pauline-dube|work=alumni.uq.edu.au|date=2018-08-03|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa pia mwandishi kiongozi mratibu wa ripoti mbili maalum za IPCC: Kusimamia hatari za matukio na maafa kubwa ili kuendeleza uhimilivu dhidi ya [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Managing the Risks: International Level and Integration across Scales — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/managing-the-risks-of-extreme-events-and-disasters-to-advance-climate-change-adaptation/managing-the-risks-international-level-and-integration-across-scales/|accessdate=2025-10-16}}</ref> na ongezeko la joto duniani la 1.5 ° C. [16]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chapter 1 — Global Warming of 1.5 ºC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-1/|accessdate=2025-10-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2025]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Botswana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Botswana]] aofsdjwsmjza4jk9g3wf9svgqhnjxyo 0 219445 1577132 1521075 2026-06-27T13:17:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammed ʽEissa al-Muʼadab''' (kwa Kiarabu: محمد عيسى المؤدب) ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Tunisia]], aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1966]]. Miongoni mwa vitabu vyake ni: * Harusi ya Moto (Wedding of Fire) – mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi, 1995, ulioshinda Tuzo ya Taifa ya Hadithi Fupi ya Tunisia. * Mimi ni Mwanamke Gani? (Which Woman Am I?) – mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi, 2013. * Jihadi Laini (Soft Jihad) – riwaya, 2017, iliyoshinda Tuzo ya Golden Comar ya Tunisia 2017. * Hammam Dhahab (Bafu la Dhahabu) – riwaya, 2019, iliyoteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Arabic Booker.Marejeo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arabischesbuch.de/index.php?autor=Muhammad+Issa+al-Mu%27adab&language=en |title=Al Kutub |accessdate=2025-12-27 |archive-date=2021-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607104256/https://arabischesbuch.de/index.php?autor=Muhammad+Issa+al-Mu%27adab&language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hammam Dhahab {{!}} International Prize for Arabic Fiction|url=https://www.arabicfiction.org/en/node/1569|access-date=2022-04-10|website=www.arabicfiction.org}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Banipal (UK) Magazine of Modern Arab Literature - Contributors - Mohammed Eissa al-Mu'adab|url=https://www.banipal.co.uk/contributors/contributor.cfm?contributor_id=1272|access-date=2022-04-10|website=www.banipal.co.uk}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tunisia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] seqtbh5ehw51v8g1f4gsi0cgo7jwhqg 1577134 1577132 2026-06-27T13:18:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1577134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammed ʽEissa al-Muʼadab''' (kwa Kiarabu: محمد عيسى المؤدب) ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Tunisia]], aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1966]]. Miongoni mwa vitabu vyake ni: * Harusi ya Moto (Wedding of Fire) – mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi, 1995, ulioshinda Tuzo ya Taifa ya Hadithi Fupi ya Tunisia. * Mimi ni Mwanamke Gani? (Which Woman Am I?) – mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi, 2013. * Jihadi Laini (Soft Jihad) – riwaya, 2017, iliyoshinda Tuzo ya Golden Comar ya Tunisia 2017. * Hammam Dhahab (Bafu la Dhahabu) – riwaya, 2019, iliyoteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Arabic Booker.Marejeo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://arabischesbuch.de/index.php?autor=Muhammad+Issa+al-Mu%27adab&language=en |title=Al Kutub |accessdate=2025-12-27 |archive-date=2021-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607104256/https://arabischesbuch.de/index.php?autor=Muhammad+Issa+al-Mu%27adab&language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hammam Dhahab {{!}} International Prize for Arabic Fiction|url=https://www.arabicfiction.org/en/node/1569|access-date=2022-04-10|website=www.arabicfiction.org}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Banipal (UK) Magazine of Modern Arab Literature - Contributors - Mohammed Eissa al-Mu'adab|url=https://www.banipal.co.uk/contributors/contributor.cfm?contributor_id=1272|access-date=2022-04-10|website=www.banipal.co.uk}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tunisia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jyksojq1q8celq7lzc19zn65mz3323x 0 219733 1577230 1522694 2026-06-28T05:14:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olive Hannibal Coates Palgrave''' MBE ([[5 Aprili]] [[1889]] - [[Agosti]] [[1963]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] picha za mimea za [[Afrika Kusini]], alijulikana kwa kitabu chake chenye michoro cha 1956 "Trees of Central Africa".<ref name="caro_Gard">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Olive Coates Palgrave | last = Jansen | first = Carolize | work = Gardens and I | date = 2011 | accessdate = 2017-10-13 | url = http://www.carolizejansen.com/Olive-Coates-Palgrave.html | language = | quote = | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222414/http://www.carolizejansen.com/Olive-Coates-Palgrave.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1889]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1963]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] rrm7uzftki1tawjy1uyet3x41ml4eph 0 220172 1577166 1500291 2026-06-27T14:05:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577166 wikitext text/x-wiki Hii ni orodha ya waigizaji mashuhuri wa [[Nigeria]] ambayo haikidhi viwango maalum vya ukamilifu. Unaweza kusaidia kwa kuhariri ukurasa huu na kuongeza vipengele vinavyokosekana, kwa kurejelea vyanzo vya kuaminika. * Adebayo Salami * Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje * Afeez Oyetoro * Alex Ekubo * Alex Usifo * Ali Nuhu * Ayo Makun * Babatunde Omidina * Bob-Manuel Udokwu * Bovi * Broda Shaggi * Charles Inojie * Chet Anekwe * Chidi Mokeme * Chinedu Ikedieze * Chiwetel Ejiofor * Chris Okagbue * Clem Ohameze * Damson Idris * Daniel Etim Effiong * David Oyelowo * Dayo Okeniyi * Dede One Day * Dele Odule * Desmond Elliot * Deyemi Okanlawon * Doris Simeon * Efa Iwara * Emeka Enyiocha * Emeka Ike * Emeka Ossai * Falz * Femi Adebayo * Femi Branch * Francis Duru * Francis Odega * Fred Amata * Funso Adeolu * Gbemisola Adeoti * Hakeem Kae-Kazim * Hanks Anuku * Ifeanyi Emmanuel Igboke * Ime Bishop Umoh * Jide Kene Achufusi * Jide Kosoko * Jim Iyke [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu]] dilwpjtyjgh46twuxyydlem6xg11nmu 0 220264 1577177 1500295 2026-06-27T14:15:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roy Fenson''' ni [[mhandisi]] wa programu (software engineer), [[mwandishi]], na msanii wa kimataifa wa [[mozaiki]] aliyezaliwa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alisajili hataza ya mfumo wa kwanza kamili wa maandishi ya utabiri (predictive text) uliokuwa na uwezo wa kutofautisha maana na kuhifadhi [[kamusi]] katika kifaa (local dictionary storage). == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Afrika Kusini]] kgf42lcgovrprpg1ve5lm76wf8sxrdh 0 221749 1577064 1486582 2026-06-27T12:20:35Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kufuta maneno yasiyohitajika na kuweka maneno sahihi 1577064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abubakar Zubeir bin Ally''' (alizaliwa [[mkoa wa Tanga]], [[1953]]) ni kiongozi mkuu wa [[Dini]] ya [[Uislamu]] nchini [[Tanzania]], akihudumu kama Mufti na Sheikh Mkuu wa Waislamu Tanzania. Alichaguliwa kushika wadhifa huo tarehe 10 Septemba 2015 na Baraza Kuu la Waislamu Tanzania ([[Bakwata|BAKWATA).]]<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=BAKWATA|date=2024-10-31|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BAKWATA&oldid=1254565396|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Sheikh Abubakar Zubeir alipata elimu yake ya dini na ya kawaida nchini Tanzania na nje ya nchi. Ana Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) ya heshima kutokana na mchango wake katika uongozi na jamii. Kabla ya kuwa Mufti, alitumikia Baraza la Ulamaa kwa zaidi ya miaka 20 na kushika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi ndani ya BAKWATA.<ref name=":0" /> == Uongozi na Mafanikio == Tangu achaguliwe kuwa Mufti mwaka 2015, Sheikh Zubeir ameanzisha mabadiliko makubwa yenye kauli mbiu ya '''"Jitambue, Badilika, Acha Mazoea"'''. Baadhi ya mafanikio yake ni pamoja na:<ref name=":1">ABNA Swahili, "Miaka 10 ya Uongozi wa Mufti Dr. Abubakar Zubeir", Agosti 2025.</ref> * Maboresho ya Kiutawala: Alianzisha Ofisi ya Mufti na kuimarisha mifumo ya kidigitali ndani ya BAKWATA kwa ajili ya usimamizi bora wa mali za Waislamu. * [[Elimu]]: Amekuwa mstari wa mbele kuhimiza Waislamu kusoma elimu ya dini na ile ya dunia. Mnamo mwaka 2024 na 2025, alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuzalisha wataalamu kama madaktari na wahandisi miongoni mwa waumini. * [[Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa]]: Ameimarisha mahusiano kati ya Tanzania na nchi kama Misri, ambapo amekuwa akihudhuria mikutano ya kimataifa ya mafuati (fatwa). * [[Jamii|Maadili ya Jamii]]: Amekuwa sauti thabiti dhidi ya vitendo vinavyokiuka maadili ya jamii na dini. == Shughuli za Sasa (2025 - 2026) == Hadi kufikia mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2026, Mufti Zubeir anaendelea kuongoza jitihada za: <ref name=":1" /> <ref>The Citizen Tanzania, "Bakwata names acting mufti after Simba's demise", 2015.</ref> <ref>International Open University, "Mufti Sheikh Abubakr Zubeir appointed Head of IOU Programs", 2024.</ref> 1. '''Maadhimisho ya Miaka 10 ya Uongozi:''' Mnamo Septemba 2025, Tanzania iliadhimisha muongo mmoja wa uongozi wake uliotajwa kuwa wa "Mafanikio na Maboresho Makubwa". 2. '''Miradi ya Maendeleo:''' Anasimaia ukamilishaji wa miradi mikubwa ya BAKWATA ikiwemo ujenzi wa vyuo vya Kiislamu na vituo vya afya katika mikoa mbalimbali. 3. '''Uongozi wa Kiroho:''' Anaendelea kutoa darsa za Tafsiri ya Kurani na kusimamia kamati za mwandamo wa mwezi nchini.<ref>{{Citation|title=BAKWATA|date=2024-10-31|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BAKWATA&oldid=1254565396|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Waislamu]] [[Jamii:watu wa Tanzania]] ht9j886ez4uab3f8d87lnb2mvuyrlss 0 222495 1577256 1488798 2026-06-28T08:22:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Petronel Nieuwoudt''' ni mhifadhi wa [[wanyamapori]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mnamo [[2011]], alianzisha hifadhi ya vifaru wa Care For Wild huko [[Mpumalanga]], Afrika Kusini. Ni hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya aina hiyo duniani. Pia ndiye [[Mkurugenzi|afisa mkuu mtendaji]] wa wakfu huo. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Care For Wild {{!}} Our History|url=https://careforwild.co.za/about-us/our-history/#:~:text=Petronel%20Nieuwoudt,%20Founder%20and%20CEO,and%20kindness%20from%20her%20parents.|accessdate=2024-02-08|work=careforwild.co.za|archive-date=2024-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208172346/https://careforwild.co.za/about-us/our-history/#:~:text=Petronel%20Nieuwoudt,%20Founder%20and%20CEO,and%20kindness%20from%20her%20parents.|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Alilelewa katika miaka ya [[1970]] katika shamba la [[Vijiji|vijijini]] huko Roedtan, [[Limpopo]], Nieuwoudt alisoma [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Rand Afrikaans kati ya [[1988]] na [[1991]]. Baba yake aliendesha [[shamba]] hilo; mama yake alikuwa [[mwalimu]]. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1hiEAAAQBAJ&dq=petronel+nieuwoudt&pg=PA53|title=I Heart Africa Project|last=Lockwood|first=Nikki|date=2022-03-10|publisher=Nikki Lockwood|isbn=979-8-4258-7265-4|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Niewoudt alijiunga na idara ya uhusiano wa [[umma]] ya Kitengo cha Ulinzi wa [[Spishi]] Zilizo Hatarini cha Huduma ya [[Polisi]] Kusini mwaka wa [[1991]], <ref name=":12">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1hiEAAAQBAJ&dq=petronel+nieuwoudt&pg=PA53|title=I Heart Africa Project|last=Lockwood|first=Nikki|date=2022-03-10|publisher=Nikki Lockwood|isbn=979-8-4258-7265-4|language=en}}</ref> na baadaye akawa nahodha. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BBC One - Nature's Miracle Orphans - Petronel Nieuwoudt|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2GktQlm8jT5CSysQdqMQZp6/petronel-nieuwoudt|accessdate=2024-02-08|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> Alianzisha Shule ya Kukamata Wanyamapori, ambayo iliwaelimisha watu kuhusu ukamataji, matibabu na [[usimamizi]] wa wanyamapori. <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Care For Wild {{!}} Our History|url=https://careforwild.co.za/about-us/our-history/#:~:text=Petronel%20Nieuwoudt,%20Founder%20and%20CEO,and%20kindness%20from%20her%20parents.|accessdate=2024-02-08|work=careforwild.co.za|archive-date=2024-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208172346/https://careforwild.co.za/about-us/our-history/#:~:text=Petronel%20Nieuwoudt,%20Founder%20and%20CEO,and%20kindness%20from%20her%20parents.|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:watu wa Afrika Kusini]] o96fzuaiuumf8apbzf7t8ud85lwzh5x 0 223049 1577180 1525100 2026-06-27T14:17:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel Ekundayo Alao''' alikuwa profesa na Makamu Mkuu wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Adeleke]], [[Nigeria]], kabla ya kufariki akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 72 baada ya kuugua kwa muda mfupi. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=David |date=2020-11-15 |title=Kwara governor mourns erudite scholar Prof Samuel Alao |url=https://thesun.ng/kwara-governor-mourns-erudite-scholar-prof-samuel-alao/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliofariki 2020]] [[jamii:watu wa Nigeria]] s8288gumq8t5iln3yk1i6rr7yjz7oou 0 224710 1577183 1525516 2026-06-27T14:19:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shamsul Azhar Shah''' ni [[Profesa]] wa [[Epidemiolojia]] na [[Takwimu]] katika Taasisi ya Biolojia ya Molekuli ya Matibabu ya UKM (UMBI), na mkurugenzi wa pili wa taasisi hiyo ya UMBI, [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ukm.my/umbi/staff-directory/professor-dr-shamsul-azhar-shah/|title=Shamsul Azhar Shah - Professor|accessdate=2026-02-25|archive-date=2018-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823043635/http://www.ukm.my/umbi/staff-directory/professor-dr-shamsul-azhar-shah/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ukm.my/umbi/news/heartiest-congratulations-prof-dr-shamsul-azhar-shah/|title=2nd Director of UMBI UKM}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1967]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wanabiolojia wa Malaysia]] fe2y6rsouv4v6cvkqfirxl2iz94h1fp 0 227127 1577274 1540435 2026-06-28T09:48:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prishani Naidoo''' (1 Novemba 1973 – 23 Desemba 2024) alikuwa msosholojia, mwandishi na mwanaharakati kutoka Afrika Kusini. Alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Society, Work and Politics Institute (SWOP) na mhadhiri, baadaye mhadhiri mwandamizi, katika Idara ya Sosholojia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]] (Wits), Johannesburg.<ref name="SWOP-remembering">{{cite web |title=Re-Membering Prishani Naidoo |url=https://swop.org.za/prishani-naidoo-copy/ |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |date=27 Desemba 2024 |access-date=5 Desemba 2025 |quote=Dr. Prishani Naidoo (1 Novemba 1973 – 23 Desemba 2024) ... Director (2019–2024). |archive-date=2026-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413031505/https://swop.org.za/prishani-naidoo-copy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CALS">{{cite web |last=Gaertner |first=Lee-Anne |title=Tribute to Dr Prishani Naidoo |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/cals-news/2025/tribute-to-dr-prishani-naidoo.html |website=Centre for Applied Legal Studies |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |date=21 Januari 2025 |access-date=5 Desemba 2025}}</ref> Kazi yake ilijikita katika utafiti wa harakati za kijamii, utambulisho wa kisiasa, masuala ya kazi, umaskini na elimu ya juu katika Afrika Kusini ya baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi (post-apartheid). Pia alikuwa na historia ndefu ya kushiriki katika harakati za wanafunzi, jamii na mapambano dhidi ya ubinafsishaji wa huduma za umma.<ref name="SWOP-remembering" /><ref name="SAHA">{{cite web |last=McKinley |first=Dale |title=Transcript of interview with Prishani Naidoo |url=https://www.saha.org.za/downloadfile.php?path=al3290%2Fal3290_d2.1.11.pdf |website=South African History Archive |date=19 Februari 2010 |access-date=5 Desemba 2025}}</ref><ref name="ROAPE">{{cite journal |last=McKinley |first=Dale T. |title=Prishani Naidoo: a beautifully diverse, radical and principled tapestry of life, thought and struggle |journal=Review of African Political Economy |year=2025 |volume=52 |issue=183 |pages=133–138 |doi=10.62191/ROAPE-2025-0006 |url=https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.62191%2FROAPE-2025-0006 |access-date=5 Desemba 2025}}</ref> Naidoo alihariri pamoja na wengine vitabu kadhaa vya mfululizo wa ''New South African Review'' na pia aliandika pamoja insha kuhusu harakati mpya za kijamii na mazingira ya maandamano ya wananchi nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref name="NSR1">{{cite web |title=New South African Review 1. 2010: Development or Decline |url=https://www.southafricanlabourbulletin.org.za/new-south-african-review-1-2010-development-or-decline/ |website=South African Labour Bulletin |date=20 Novemba 2021 |access-date=5 Desemba 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Globalizations">{{cite journal |last1=von Holdt |first1=Karl |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prishani |title=Mapping movement landscapes in South Africa |journal=Globalizations |year=2019 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=170–185 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2018.1479019 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2018.1479019 |access-date=5 Desemba 2025}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Naidoo alizaliwa Durban tarehe 1 Novemba 1973, na muda mfupi baadaye familia yake ilihamia Port Shepstone, kwenye pwani ya kusini ya KwaZulu-Natal, ambako alikulia.<ref name="SAHA" /><ref name="ROAPE" /> Alisoma katika shule ya serikali ya Wahindi mjini Port Shepstone kabla ya kurejea Durban katika miaka ya 1980 kumalizia masomo yake katika shule ya sekondari ya wasichana ya Kikatoliki.<ref name="SAHA" /> Alikulia katika familia yenye uelewa wa kisiasa: wazazi wake wote walikuwa madaktari, na baba yake Dillie Naidoo alihusishwa na uamsho wa Natal Indian Congress na harakati za Black Consciousness.<ref name="StudentLeaders" /><ref name="Amandla">{{cite web |last=McKinley |first=Dale |date=10 Aprili 2025 |title=Prishani Naidoo: a beautifully diverse, radical and principled tapestry of life, thought and struggle |url=https://www.amandla.org.za/prishani-naidoo-a-beautifully-diverse-radical-and-principled-tapestry-of-life-thought-and-struggle/ |access-date=5 Desemba 2025 |website=Amandla!}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza shule, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Durban-Westville (baadaye sehemu ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha KwaZulu-Natal]]), ambapo alijihusisha na siasa za wanafunzi kupitia South African National Students’ Congress (SANSCO).<ref name="StudentLeaders" /><ref name="SAHA" /> Baadaye alihamia [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]], akianza na masomo ya udaktari kabla ya kubadilisha na kusoma Shahada ya Sanaa (BA) katika Kiingereza na Sosholojia. Alihitimu BA mwaka 1997 na BA ya heshima (Honours) katika fasihi linganishi mwaka [[1998]].<ref name="SWOP-remembering" /> Katika miaka ya 2000 alifanya masomo ya uzamili katika maendeleo katika University of KwaZulu-Natal, na baadaye akatunukiwa shahada ya PhD mwaka 2010 kwa utafiti uliochunguza uundaji wa “maskini” katika Afrika Kusini ya baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi.<ref name="CALS" /><ref name="Thesis">{{cite thesis |last=Naidoo |first=Prishani |title=The Making of "the Poor" in Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Case Study of the City of Johannesburg and Orange Farm |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal |year=2010}}</ref> == Harakati na kazi za kijamii == Harakati zake za kisiasa zilianza akiwa kijana wakati wa mwisho wa enzi ya apartheid, aliposhiriki katika mashirika ya African National Congress (ANC) na ANC Youth League.<ref name="Amandla" /><ref name="ROAPE" /> Akiwa Wits, alikuwa kiongozi mashuhuri wa wanafunzi, akishiriki katika mijadala kuhusu elimu ya juu na uongozi wa wanafunzi. Alishika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi ndani ya South African Students’ Congress (SASCO) na pia alihudumu kama makamu wa rais wa Wits SRC mwaka [[1995]].<ref name="StudentLeaders" /> Baada ya masomo yake ya shahada ya kwanza, alifanya kazi katika mashirika ya kijamii, akijikita katika elimu ya jinsia na haki za wafanyakazi kupitia taasisi kama Khanya College na Heinrich Böll Foundation.<ref name="SWOP-remembering" /><ref name="SAHA" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2001]] alianzisha Research and Education in Development (RED) collective, iliyofanya utafiti na elimu kwa jamii kuhusu ubinafsishaji wa huduma za maji na umeme.<ref name="SWOP-remembering" /> Pia alihusika sana na Anti-Privatisation Forum (APF), muungano uliopinga ubinafsishaji wa huduma za msingi nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref name="SAHA" /> == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Naidoo alijiunga na Idara ya Sosholojia ya Wits mwaka [[2008]] kama mhadhiri, baadaye akapandishwa cheo kuwa mhadhiri mwandamizi.<ref name="CALS" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2019]] aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa SWOP. Chini ya uongozi wake, SWOP ilipanua tafiti kuhusu siasa za wananchi, mabadiliko ya haki ya kijamii, na mbinu mpya za utafiti zinazojumuisha kumbukumbu za harakati za kijamii.<ref name="SWOP-main">{{cite web |title=SWOP – Society, Work and Politics Institute |url=https://swop.org.za/ |website=SWOP |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |access-date=5 Desemba 2025 |archive-date=2026-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425085518/https://swop.org.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pia alihudumu katika bodi ya ushauri ya Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS) na kushiriki katika ushirikiano wa kimataifa wa kitaaluma na kisanii, ikiwa ni pamoja na miradi ya SOMA kuhusu kumbukumbu na fikra za kisiasa.<ref name="SOMA">{{cite web |title=SOMA Summer – Re-membering Movements |url=https://swop.org.za/soma-summer-prishani-naidoo/ |website=SWOP |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |access-date=5 Desemba 2025 |archive-date=2026-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411093233/https://swop.org.za/soma-summer-prishani-naidoo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ky78e7ih552amrk06ihjc4ehx305e4a 0 227177 1577272 1508883 2026-06-28T09:37:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Priscilla Baker''' ni profesa wa kemia ya uchambuzi ndani ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape]]. Yeye ni kiongozi msimamizi mwenza wa SensorLab, jukwaa la utafiti kwenye kemia ya umeme linalohusika na elektrodinamiki ya vifaa na vitambuzi. Yeye ni mwanakikundi mashughuli wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika Kusini, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Members|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/index.php/about-assaf/members|work=[[Academy of Science of South Africa]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref> Mtandao wa Sayansi wa Ulaya kwa Misuli Bandia (ESNAM) na mpango wa kubadilishana wafanyakazi wa Marie Curie International (IRSES). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Priscilla Baker|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/Biography/Pages/Priscilla-Baker.aspx|work=www.uwc.ac.za|accessdate=22 January 2018|language=en-us|archive-date=2018-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084941/https://www.uwc.ac.za/Biography/Pages/Priscilla-Baker.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Baker alipata elimu yake ya Shahada yake ya Kwanza ya Sayansi ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town na akasomea Sayansi ya Bahari na Anga kwa nafasi ya mwanamke pekee mweusi darasani mwake. Baada ya hapo akamaliza Stashahada yake ya Kitaifa ya Kemia ya Uchambuzi, kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Cape Peninsula . Kisha alivyopendezwa na kemia ya umeme, alifanya Shahada yake ya Kwanza ya Sayansi ya Kemia (Kemia) na akahitimisha kwa mafanikio tasnifu yake ya MSc (Kemia) kuhusu tathmini ya metali ndogo katika angahewa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape. Mwaka wa 2004, alipata Shahada yake ya Uzamivu (Kemia) kwenye eneo la mchanganyiko mpya wa oksidi ya bati ya chuma kama anodi za uharibifu wa fenoli, kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UWC's Prof Priscilla Baker wins Women in Science Award|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/News/Pages/-Priscilla-Baker.aspx|work=www.uwc.ac.za|accessdate=22 January 2018|language=en-us|archive-date=2018-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216143842/https://www.uwc.ac.za/News/Pages/-Priscilla-Baker.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2014, Baker alipokea Tuzo la Mwanasayansi Mwanamke Aliyetukuka kwenye sekta ya Sayansi ya Fizikia na Uhandisi ndani ya sherehe ya kila mwaka ya Tuzo za Wanawake kwenye Sayansi ya Idara ya Sayansi na Teknolojia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women in Science Awards winners making their mark|url=https://www.gov.za/women-science-awards-winners-making-their-mark|work=[[Government of South Africa]]|accessdate=22 July 2019|language=en-us}}</ref> Baker akawa mkurugenzi kiongozi wa Kituo cha Uchambuzi wa Mifumo Kusini mwa Afrika (SASAC) mwaka wa Novemba 2017. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Priscilla Baker takes over reins at SASAC|url=http://sasac.ac.za/news/priscilla-baker-takes-over-reins-at-sasac/|work=www.sasac.ac.za|accessdate=22 July 2019|language=en-us|archive-date=2019-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722212021/http://sasac.ac.za/news/priscilla-baker-takes-over-reins-at-sasac/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baker alishika nafasi ya mkurugenzi wa programu ya SASAC na mjumbe wa timu ya utendaji ya programu, kuanzia mwaka 2017 hadi mwaka 2019. Alikuwa muhimu kwenye kutanua uelewa wa utafiti mtambuka na kukuza ushiriki ndani ya uchambuzi wa mifumo nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Afrika]], kupitia mikakati inayofaa ya kuajiri, warsha maalumu na usimamizi mwenza au ushirikiano kutoka IIASA nchi ya Austria, makao makuu ya uchambuzi wa mifumo. Kupitia programu ya SASAC takriban wagombea 60 wa PhD kutoka Afrika Kusini na Afrika waliajiriwa kwenye utafiti wa taaluma mbalimbali na wa kimataifa unaohusiana na mahitaji ya kitaifa, kikanda, na kimataifa. Mwaka wa 2018 Profesa Baker alipewa uwenyekiti wa Utafiti cha DSI/NRF cha Afrika Kusini (SARChI) juu ya Mifumo na Michakato ya Uchambuzi kwa Vichafuzi Vinavyopewa Kipaumbele na Vinavyoibuka (ASPPEC). Mpango wa Utafiti wa Afrika Kusini Uwenyekiti (SARChI) ulianzishwa na Idara ya Sayansi na Teknolojia (DST) na Wakfu wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti (NRF) kwa lengo la kuvutia na kudumisha ubora kwenye utafiti na uvumbuzi katika vyuo vikuu vya umma vya Afrika Kusini kupitia uanzishwaji wa Viti vya Utafiti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/study/research-and-innovation/nrf-sarchi-chairs|title=NRF SARChI Chairs|accessdate=14 January 2023|archive-date=2025-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531140546/https://www.uwc.ac.za/study/research-and-innovation/nrf-sarchi-chairs|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yeye ni mkurugenzi mwenza wa kikundi cha utafiti cha SensorLab <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Priscilla Baker-Nanostructured semi-conductive interfaces for real time analytical solutions|url=https://ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/event/2020-11-05-fastest-2020-e-lectures/session/priscilla-baker-nanostructured-semi-conductive-interfaces-for-real-time-analytical-solutions|work=ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/|accessdate=14 January 2023|language=en-us|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115025343/https://ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/event/2020-11-05-fastest-2020-e-lectures/session/priscilla-baker-nanostructured-semi-conductive-interfaces-for-real-time-analytical-solutions|url-status=dead}}</ref> na lengo lake la utafiti ni kwenye itifaki jumuishi za uchambuzi ili kupata majibu juu ya changamoto za ufuatiliaji wa mazingira, afya na usalama. Ndani ya mwaka 2020 Baker alichaguliwa kama Mwanachama kwenye Makazi ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha CY Cergy Paris kwenye Mpango wa Ubora wa Paris-Seine. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Internationally-acclaimed Senior Professor Priscilla Baker becomes research fellow at the University of Cergy-Pontoise|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/about/alumni/news-events/internationally-acclaimed-senior-professor-priscilla-baker-becomes-research-fellow-at-the-university-of-cergy-pontoise-311|work=[[University of the Western Cape]]|author=Heever|first=Aidan van den|date=22 July 2019|accessdate=14 January 2023|language=en-us|archive-date=2025-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531140546/https://www.uwc.ac.za/about/alumni/news-events/internationally-acclaimed-senior-professor-priscilla-baker-becomes-research-fellow-at-the-university-of-cergy-pontoise-311|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwenye kiindi cha uteuzi wake alianzisha maabara ya kimataifa inayojikita kwenye Senergylab kati ya kundi la utafiti la SensorLab (Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape) na maabara ya utafiti wa polima LPPI ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha CY Cergy Paris, [[Ufaransa]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://labo.u-cergy.fr/~senergylab|title=Welcome on SENERGYLAB|date=25 November 2020}}</ref> Ushirikiano wa mafunzo ya uzamili ya miaka 4 unategemea kushiriki rasilimali na utaalamu, ili kutoa programu 4 za PhD zilizosajiliwa kwa ujumuishi (co-tutelle) pamoja na programu za pamoja za kujenga uwezo kupitia ziara za ufundishaji na ubadilishanaji wa utafiti, kwa wagombea wa Shahada ya Uzamili na PhD walioajiriwa katika ushirikiano huo. Baker ametumika kwenye jumuiya ya kimataifa ya kemia ya umeme kwa nafasi ya naibu mwenyekiti wa Kitengo cha Kemia ya Uchanganuzi wa Umeme cha Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Kemia ya Umeme (ISE, Uswisi) kuanzia mwaka wa 2013 hadi mwaka wa 2016 na kama Mwakilishi wa Kanda wa ISE kwa Afrika Kusini na Afrika, kuanzia 2016 hadi 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ise-online.org/ise-committees/reg-rep.php|title=International Society of Electrochemistry|work=[[International Society of Electrochemistry]]|accessdate=14 January 2023|archive-date=2024-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803153623/https://ise-online.org/ise-committees/reg-rep.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baker ni Mwanakikundi wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika, tangu 2018 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/baker-priscilla|title=Baker Priscilla|work=[[African Academy of Sciences]]|accessdate=14 January 2023|archive-date=2022-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526092815/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/baker-priscilla|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Mwanachama wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Kemia (Uingereza, 2019) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanakemia wa Afrika Kusini]] j5vygbygqn17aezmij29qong5pnp5r5 0 227247 1577218 1574146 2026-06-28T02:07:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya''' ni mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mlipuko wa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], mwanasayansi wa afya ya umma, kiongozi wa kitaaluma na msimamizi wa utafiti. Vile vile ni profesa wa magonjwa ya mlipuko na afya ya umma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]] na anafanya kazi kama Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Utafiti na Ubunifu. Anajulikana kwa michango yake katika magonjwa ya mlipuko [[Ukimwi|ya VVU/UKIMWI]], utafiti wa afya ya umma katika Nchi za Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, na uongozi katika elimu ya juu na utafiti wa kisayansi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.uj.ac.za/members/refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=University of Johannesburg|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Phaswana-Mafuya alipata mafunzo yake ya kitaaluma katika kazi za kijamii na epidemiolojia. Na pia alisoma Shahada yake ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Kazi za Jamii na pia yake ya Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Limpopo, na baadaye akamaliza Stashahada ya Uzamili ya Uzamili na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika Epidemiolojia katika Shule ya Usafi na Tiba ya Tropiki ya London. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Invitation to a conversation with Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/2021/07/22/invitation-to-a-conversation-with-prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya-on-learning-curves-from-my-non-linear-career-journey/|publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa|accessdate=17 March 2026|archive-date=2026-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425002417/https://www.assaf.org.za/2021/07/22/invitation-to-a-conversation-with-prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya-on-learning-curves-from-my-non-linear-career-journey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Alifanya kazi kama Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Utafiti na Ubunifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha North-West kuanzia mwaka wa 2017 hadi mwaka wa 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation "NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation"]. North-West University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Baadaye alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]], ambapo akawa Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Utafiti na Ubunifu na Profesa wa Epidemiolojia na Afya ya Umma . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.uj.ac.za/members/refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=University of Johannesburg|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.uj.ac.za/members/refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya/ "Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya"]. University of Johannesburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Yeye ndiye mkurugenzi mwanzilishi katika Baraza la Utafiti wa Kimatibabu la Afrika Kusini (SAMRC) au katikaChuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg Pan African Centre for Epidemics Research (PACER). <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=National Research Foundation|accessdate=17 March 2026|archive-date=2026-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113162159/https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kabla ya nafasi zake za uongozi katika chuo kikuu, alifanya kazi katika Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Binadamu (HSRC) na kwa zaidi ya muongo mmoja, ambapo alishikilia nafasi hizo ikiwemo Kaimu Mkurugenzi Mtendaji, Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti, na Meneja Mkuu wa Utafiti katika mpango wa utafiti wa magonjwa ya kuambukiza ya VVU/UKIMWI, magonjwa ya zinaa na kifua kikuu. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya "Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch"]. South African Medical Research Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Pia amewahi kuwa Mhariri Mkuu wa ''Jarida la SAHARA'', jarida la kimataifa linalozingatia vipengele vya kijamii katka utafiti wa magonjwa yanayoambukizwa kama VVU/UKIMWI. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Editorial Information/Information Rédactionelle Sahara ...|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC64423|accessdate=2026-04-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation "NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation"]. North-West University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Utafiti na michango == Maslahi ya utafiti ya Phaswana Mafuta yanalenga katika makutano ya uzee, magonjwa sugu, na utendaji wa mfumo wa afya katika mazingira ya kipato cha chini na cha kati. Kazi yake inahusisha tafiti za uzee na afya zinazozingatia idadi ya watu zinazochunguza magonjwa sugu yasiyoambukiza kwa wazee; utafiti wa mifumo ya afya kuhusu mahitaji ya huduma na mwitikio wa mfumo kwa wazee wenye magonjwa ya muda mrefu; muundo na tathmini ya hatua za kukuza afya kwa wazee wenye magonjwa sugu; tafiti za kuridhisha kwa wagonjwa zinazozingatia utunzaji wa magonjwa sugu; na utafiti wa ubora wa huduma za afya unaolenga kuboresha utoaji na matokeo ya huduma kwa wazee wenye magonjwa mengi. Kupitia lengo hili jumuishi, anachangia sera na programu zinazotegemea ushahidi zinazoshughulikia mzigo wa kuongezeka kwa magonjwa sugu kwa wazee kote Nchini Afrika. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/people/view/359|accessdate=2026-04-03|work=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing|language=en}}</ref> Alichapisha sana katika majarida yaliyopitiwa na wenzake na alichangia katika ripoti za kisayansi na katika sura za vitabu katika afya ya umma na epidemiolojia. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation "NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation"]. North-West University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, aliongoza Mkutano wa 9 wa UKIMWI wa Nchini Afrika Kusini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=9th South African AIDS Conference|url=https://www.foundation.co.za/9th-saaids|publisher=SA AIDS Conference Foundation|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Ushirika wa kitaaluma == Phaswana Mafuya ameshika nyadhifa kadhaa za kitaifa na kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Mwanachama wa Bodi ya Wakfu wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti (NRF) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=National Research Foundation|accessdate=17 March 2026|archive-date=2026-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113162159/https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/ "Prof Refilwe Phaswana-Mafuya"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/ |date=20260113162159 }}. National Research Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Mwanachama wa Baraza la Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika Kusini (ASSAf) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ASSAf Annual Report 2022/23|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ASSAf-Annual-Report_2022-23_Final.pdf|publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa|accessdate=17 March 2026|archive-date=2026-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427113752/https://www.assaf.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ASSAf-Annual-Report_2022-23_Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mwanachama wa Kamati ya Ushauri ya Kisayansi ya Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Afya ya Afrika <ref> * Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika na Shirika la Wanawake katika Sayansi kwa Ulimwengu Unaoendelea <ref name=":3" /> == Tuzo na heshima == Phaswana-Mafuya amepokea tuzo kadhaa kwa michango yake katika sayansi na elimu ya juu, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Jukwaa la Kitaifa la Sayansi na Teknolojia (NSTF) Tuzo la TW Kambule (2017) <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya "Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch"]. South African Medical Research Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Tuzo za Wanawake Viongozi wa Elimu ya Juu (HEWLA) za Mafanikio ya Maisha na Tuzo za Trailblazer (2024) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SAMRC-funded mid-career scientist showcasing excellence and impact|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/news/samrc-funded-mid-career-scientist-showcasing-excellence-and-impact|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Kazi zilizochaguliwa == * Maono Hayafi Kamwe #1: Kujifunza Mikunjo Kutoka kwa Safari Yangu ya Kazi Isiyo ya Mstari <ref name=":3"/> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] faycvyure8ivqmbmlqnxck0x2ztryit 0 227806 1577137 1521082 2026-06-27T13:21:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moiseraele Master Goya''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Botswana ambaye aliwahi kuhudumu katika [[Bunge]] la Pan-Afrika na pia katika Bunge la Botswana akiwakilisha eneo la Palapye kuanzia takribani mwaka 2010 hadi 2013. Pia aliwahi kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Elimu ya Msingi katika Wizara ya Elimu na Maendeleo ya Ujuzi, baada ya kuhamishwa kutoka [[Wizara]] ya Biashara na Uwekezaji. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Botswana Democratic Party hadi alipojiuzulu mwaka 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PAP Member Countries|url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_PAPMemberCountries.aspx|work=www.pan-africanparliament.org|accessdate=2026-04-11|archive-date=2008-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312084541/http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_PAPMemberCountries.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nasha enters Pan African Parliament {{!}} Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/nasha-enters-pan-african-parliament/|date=2010-04-25|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-GB|author=Online editor|archive-date=2026-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422054944/https://www.sundaystandard.info/nasha-enters-pan-african-parliament/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spouses of local politicians must come out into public arena {{!}} Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/spouses-of-local-politicians-must-come-out-into-public-arena/|date=2013-06-24|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-GB|author=Online editor|archive-date=2026-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415135409/https://www.sundaystandard.info/spouses-of-local-politicians-must-come-out-into-public-arena/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Botswana]] ahrdjrzwvwvlkc02bi57hifu8rpg8en 0 227956 1577077 1505123 2026-06-27T12:27:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman''' (27 Oktoba 1926 – 3 Juni 2004) alikuwa mwalimu na msomi kutoka [[Liberia]], na mwanamke wa kwanza barani [[Afrika]] kuwa rais wa [[Chuo Kikuu|chuo kikuu]].<ref>Torild Skard, ''Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide'' (Policy Press, 2015), uk. 282.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Mary Antoinette Hope Grimes alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Monrovia]], Liberia. Alikuwa binti wa Louis Arthur Grimes na Victoria Elizabeth Jellemoh. Baba yake alikuwa afisa wa serikali wa kundi la Waameriko-Liberia na baadaye Jaji Mkuu wa Mahakama Kuu ya Liberia. Ndugu yake, Joseph Rudolph Grimes, aliwahi kuwa waziri wa mambo ya nje wa Liberia kuanzia mwaka 1960 hadi 1972. Mama yake alikuwa wa kabila la Vai na alilelewa katika familia ya Rais wa zamani wa Liberia, Joseph J. Cheeseman. Mary Antoinette pia alikuwa na uhusiano wa kifamilia na marais wawili wa Liberia, Arthur Barclay na Edwin Barclay. Aliandika historia kuhusu wanawake wa ukoo wa Barclay.<ref>Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman, ''Barclay Women in Liberia: Two Generations: a Biographical Dictionary'' (2000).</ref> Alimaliza masomo yake ya shahada ya kwanza katika Chuo cha Liberia mwaka 1947. Kisha alipata shahada ya uzamili katika elimu kutoka Radcliffe College mwaka 1949, na baadaye shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika elimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mwaka 1967.<ref>Dunn, Beyan & Burrowes (wah.), ''Historical Dictionary of Liberia'' (2000), uk. 299–300.</ref> == Kazi == Mwaka 1950, Sherman alijiunga na kitivo cha elimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Liberia. Mwaka 1958 aliteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa Chuo cha Ualimu katika chuo hicho, na baadaye akawa Makamu wa Rais wa masuala ya kitaaluma kati ya mwaka 1975 hadi 1978. Kuanzia mwaka 1978 hadi 1984, alikuwa rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha Liberia. Wakati wa uongozi wake, alipanua miundombinu na programu za masomo pamoja na kuboresha ufadhili wa masomo kwa wanafunzi. Pia alitetea uhuru wa walimu dhidi ya kuingiliwa na serikali.<ref>Robert Brown, ''The Novels of Wilton Sankawulo'' (2014), uk. 9.</ref> Mwaka 1980, Rais Samuel K. Doe alijaribu kumteua kuwa waziri wa elimu, lakini alikataa. Mwaka 1984 aliondolewa madarakani baada ya jeshi la Liberia kuivamia chuo kikuu na kusababisha kufungwa kwake kwa muda mrefu.<ref>H. Boima Fahnbulleh, ''Across the Landscape'' (2004), uk. 117.</ref> Baadaye alihamia Marekani mwaka 1986, ambako alishiriki kuanzisha Umoja wa Wahitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Liberia. Pia aliandika wasifu wa mama yake uliochapishwa mwaka 2005.<ref>Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman, ''Jellemoh: The Life and Times of Victoria Elizabeth Jellemoh Grimes'' (2005).</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Mary Antoinette Grimes aliolewa mara mbili, mwaka 1950 na mwaka 1973. Mume wake wa kwanza, Kedrick Wellington Brown, alifariki mwaka 1962, na walikuwa na watoto watatu. Mume wake wa pili, George Flamma Sherman, alikuwa waziri wa elimu wa Liberia na balozi wa zamani. Alifariki mwaka 1999 baada ya kuugua ugonjwa wa Alzheimer kwa muda mrefu. == Kifo na urithi == Sherman alifariki mwaka 2004 na alizikwa katika makaburi ya Bayview, Middletown, New Jersey, nchini Marekani. Baada ya kifo chake, jarida la ''Liberian Studies Journal'' lilitoa toleo maalum kwa heshima yake mwaka 2005. Chuo Kikuu cha Liberia kimehifadhi kumbukumbu yake kwa njia mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuanzisha mfuko wa ufadhili wa masomo unaoitwa kwa jina lake. Mwaka 2022, taasisi hiyo pia ilianzisha kituo cha tafiti (think tank) kilichopewa jina lake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Sherman, Mary Antoinette}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Liberia]] ohshdq9zq1qjjsntuke1mgeilcko77n 0 227957 1577079 1546653 2026-06-27T12:27:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Nema Brownell''' (anajulikana pia kama '''Ma Mary'''; 12 Machi 1929 – 14 Machi 2017) alikuwa [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa amani na mwalimu kutoka [[Liberia]]. Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa shirika la Liberia Women Initiative (LWI) na alihamasisha wanawake kushiriki katika mchakato wa kujenga amani baada ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Liberia. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Mary Nema Brownell alizaliwa tarehe 12 Machi 1929 katika Cavalla, Kaunti ya Maryland, nchini Liberia.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-03-14 |title=Legendary Female Progressive Icon -Liberia Celebrates Mary Nema Brownell’s Legacy |url=https://analystliberiaonline.com/legendary-female-progressive-icon-liberia-celebrates-mary-nema-brownells-legacy/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Analyst Liberia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Young |first=Amanda Verdery |date=2017-02-08 |title=Mary N. Brownell |url=https://www.womeninpeace.org/b-names/2017/4/24/mary-n-brownell |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Women In Peace |language=en-US}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 5, alihamia Monrovia pamoja na familia yake na alisoma katika shule ya misheni ya Suehn Baptist iliyoko Kaunti ya Bomi kuanzia mwaka 1937.<ref name=":5" /> Alisomea elimu ya msingi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Liberia na kuhitimu mwaka 1960. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili katika usimamizi wa shule kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha San Francisco, nchini Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Sieh |first=Rodney |date=2017-03-14 |title=Mother Mary Brownell, Renowned Liberian Civil Society Activist, Educator, Dies at 88 |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/amp/news/2016news/mother-mary-brownell-renowned-liberian-civil-society-activist-educator-dies-at-88/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=FrontPageAfrica |language=en}}</ref> Baada ya kurejea Liberia, alifanya kazi kama mwalimu.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Anderlini |first=Sanam Naraghi |title=Women Building Peace: What They Do, Why It Matters |date=2007 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |pages=56}}</ref> == Uanaharakati == Wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Liberia (1989–1997), Brownell alianzisha na kuongoza Liberia Women Initiative (LWI) mwaka 1994.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Liberian Women Peacemakers |url=https://archive.org/details/liberianwomenpea0000unse |date=2004 |publisher=Africa World Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/liberianwomenpea0000unse/page/17 17]}}</ref> Shirika hilo lilihamasisha wanawake kushiriki katika siasa na juhudi za kujenga amani. LWI lilitetea masuala kama kuvuliwa silaha kwa wanamgambo, uchaguzi huru na wa haki, elimu, na kuunganisha tena taifa.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary Brownell |url=https://1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/mary-brownell-1230 |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Wakati vita vilipoanza tena katika Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Liberia (1999–2003), aliendelea kupigania amani kupitia mtandao wa wanawake wa Mano River (MARWOPNET). Alijulikana kwa juhudi zake za kuwaleta pamoja viongozi wa nchi jirani kwa mazungumzo ya amani, hali iliyochangia kufikiwa kwa Makubaliano ya Amani ya Accra mwaka 2003. Brownell pia alikuwa mwanachama wa mtandao wa wanawake wa amani wa Afrika, rais wa Women Development Association of Liberia (WODAL), na kamishna wa Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Liberia. Alitoa ushahidi mbele ya Tume ya Ukweli na Maridhiano mwaka 2008.<ref name=":7">{{Rejea habari |last=Barrett |first=Lindsay |date=2017-04-15 |title=Adieu, Ma Mary Brownell |url=https://dailytrust.com/adieu-ma-mary-brownell/ |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Mwaka 2005 alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa wanawake 1000 waliopendekezwa kwa Tuzo ya Amani ya Nobel kupitia mpango wa PeaceWomen Across the Globe. Mwaka 2006 aliteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa Amani na Interreligious and International Foundation for World Peace.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 2012 aliwahimiza wanawake wa Liberia kuanza kumwandaa mwanamke wa kugombea urais baada ya kumalizika kwa muhula wa Rais Ellen Johnson Sirleaf mwaka 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2012-09-19 |title=LIBERIA: 'Another Female President in 2017' Mother Mary Brownell Suggests |url=https://www.peacewomen.org/content/liberia-another-female-president-2017-mother-mary-brownell-suggests |access-date=2026-03-25 |archive-date=2026-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219111205/http://www.peacewomen.org/content/liberia-another-female-president-2017-mother-mary-brownell-suggests |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Brownell alikuwa ameolewa na Henry Boimah Fahnbulleh Sr, na walikuwa na watoto watano. Miongoni mwa watoto wao ni Miatta Fahnbulleh, mwanamuziki na mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu, na Henry Boimah Fahnbulleh Jr, mwanasiasa na mwanadiplomasia.<ref name=":1" /> Alikuwa pia mshiriki wa Kanisa la Kianglikana la Liberia. == Kifo == Mary Nema Brownell alifariki tarehe 14 Machi 2017 mjini Monrovia, Liberia, akiwa na umri wa miaka 88.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brownell, Mary}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Liberia]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Liberia]] hcbpoh30cnorpp7cg1r2ejvjwkk1s1q 0 228074 1577158 1521649 2026-06-27T13:56:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inkosi Elphas Mfakazeleni Buthelezi''' (anajulikana pia kama “Mzamo” Buthelezi) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mjumbe wa Bunge la Kitaifa kupitia Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). Alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2019 na akarejea tena katika uchaguzi wa 2024. Mbali na majukumu yake ya kisiasa, yeye pia ni kiongozi wa kimila (chieftain) wa ukoo wa Buthelezi katika jamii ya [[Wazulu]]. Kabla ya kuingia tena kwa nguvu katika siasa za kitaifa, aliwahi kuhudumu kama Meya wa Halmashauri ya Wilaya ya Zululand.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Elphas Mfakazeleni Buthelezi|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/elphas-mfakazeleni-buthelezi/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec|access-date=2024-06-12|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Kwa sasa, anashika nafasi ya Naibu Rais wa Inkatha Freedom Party, nafasi inayomuweka miongoni mwa viongozi wakuu wa chama hicho ndani ya siasa za Afrika Kusini. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rq9l92xas369qu2zip7m8j1wlk5kwnd 0 228232 1577067 1520978 2026-06-27T12:20:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moabi Mogorosi''' ni mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]], [[mtayarishaji]], na [[mwanzilishi]] wa kampuni ya utengenezaji ya Abi Films kutoka [[Botswana]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=About Us|url=https://abifilms.co.bw/about-us/|work=Abi Films|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Anajulikana kwa kuongoza makala na miradi ya filamu inayozingatia masimulizi ya kitamaduni ya nchi ya Botswana, ikiwa ni pamoja na makala ya ''The Phakalane Story''. Mogorosi amechangia katika maendeleo ya sinema, matangazo, na vyombo vya habari vya makampuni vilivyotengenezwa nchini humo kupitia kazi yake ya muda mrefu katika tasnia ya filamu ya Botswana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=DailyNews|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/76573|work=dailynews.gov.bw|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Kazi == Mogorosi kama mmoja wa watengenezaji filamu huru wa awali nchini Botswana, ambaye shauku yake katika sinema ilianza wakati wa ziara za mara kwa mara kwenye ukumbi wa kihistoria wa Sinema ya Capitol huko [[Gaborone]]. Amebainisha kuwa uzoefu huu wa mapema uliunda hamu yake ya kuwa mtengenezaji wa filamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The history of Capitol Cinema|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/features/the-history-of-capitol-cinema/news|work=Mmegi Online|date=2012-07-30|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=en|author=GOTHATAONE MOENG<br>Staff Writer}}</ref> Baadaye Mogorosi alianzisha kampuni ya uzalishaji ya Abi Films yenye makao yake makuu nchini Botswana, ambayo imetengeneza makala za hali halisi, maudhui ya televisheni, filamu za makampuni na matangazo. Kampuni hiyo imeorodheshwa kama mojawapo ya kampuni za uzalishaji binafsi za awali zinazofanya kazi katika sekta ya filamu inayoendelea nchini Botswana.<ref name=":0" /> == Kazi na Dhamira == Mogorosi amesisitiza hadharani umuhimu wa usimulizi wa hadithi ndani ya urithi wa kitamaduni na kisanii wa Botswana. Katika mahojiano, alisema kwamba usimulizi wa hadithi za jadi, mazoea ya maigizo, na kumbukumbu za jamii vinaathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa mtazamo wake wa ubunifu katika utengenezaji wa filamu.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Digging treasures of the past {{!}} Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/digging-treasures-of-the-past/|date=2012-01-12|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=en-GB|author=Online editor|archive-date=2026-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260420093816/https://www.sundaystandard.info/digging-treasures-of-the-past/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ametetea kuwepo kwa uboreshaji wa kitaalamu katika utengenezaji wa filamu nchini Botswana, akibainisha umuhimu wa mafunzo ya ndani, mifumo endelevu ya ufadhili, na msaada wa taasisi kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa vyombo vya habari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Final Report : Botswana -|url=https://abcdocz.com/doc/859057/final-report---botswana--|work=abcdocz.com|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=en}}</ref> == Mapokeo na Umuhimu == Mogorosi anatambuliwa kama mchangiaji katika msingi wa tasnia huru ya filamu nchini Botswana. Jitihada zake hutajwa mara kwa mara katika mijadala kuhusu maendeleo ya usimulizi wa kisinema nchini humo, hasa kuhusu uzalishaji wa awali wa filamu za ndani na ujumuishaji wa masimulizi ya kitamaduni katika utengenezaji wa filamu za kisasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] l2fzhldl1d4jo8v8088vx0h982p8em6 0 228508 1577165 1505818 2026-06-27T14:03:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olga Grishenkova''' ni mcheza [[dansi]] wa baleti wa [[Urusi]], mwanadansi mkuu wa Jumba la Opera na Baleti la [[Novosibirsk]], na Msanii Aliyeheshimiwa wa Urusi (2020). ==Marejeo== {{mbegu-mtu}} {{reflist}} [[jamii:wanawake wa Urusi]] 5onuvmxv4el62noe51xsgy0t8t4gfj6 0 229269 1577135 1507630 2026-06-27T13:19:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miriam Merad''' (amezaliwa 1969) ni profesa wa [[Algeria]] anayebobea katika [[elimukinga]] ya [[saratani]]. Yeye ni Mkuu wa Idara ya Utafiti wa Tafsiri na Ubunifu wa Tiba, Profesa wa Immunolojia wa Robin Chemers Neustein, na Mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Tiba ya Kinga ya Usahihi ya Marc na Jennifer Lipschultz (PrIISM) katika Shule ya Tiba ya Icahn ya Mount Sinai (ISMMS) jijini New York, Marekani. Alishirikiana kupokea Tuzo ya William B. Coley ya mwaka 2018 kwa Utafiti Bora katika Immunolojia ya Msingi. Ana uanachama katika Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Marekani na Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Tiba cha Marekani. == Maisha ya awali == Merad alipata shahada ya udaktari wa binadamu (M.D.) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Algiers]] mwaka 1985. Baadaye alifanya mafunzo ya udaktari wa magonjwa ya damu na saratani (hematolojia na onkolojia) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Paris Diderot. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili katika Bayoteknolojia kutoka Chuo hicho hicho cha Paris Diderot. Kisha alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford, Marekani, ambapo alipata Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) chini ya usimamizi wa Edgar Engleman. Mafunzo yake ya kliniki katika Hôpital Saint-Louis na Institut Gustave Roussy yalichochea shauku yake katika tiba ya kinga (immunotherapy). == Kazi na taaluma == Merad alifanya kazi ya utafiti akiwa Stanford pamoja na Irving Weissman, ambapo waliboresha uelewa wa asili na maendeleo ya seli za macrophage na dendritic. Alijiunga na Icahn School of Medicine mwaka 2004. Mwaka 2014 alipata nafasi ya Profesa mwenye Endowment katika Immunolojia ya Saratani. Mwaka 2016 aliteuliwa Mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Immunolojia. Mwaka 2023 alikua Mwenyekiti wa kwanza wa Idara ya Immunolojia na Immunotherapy, na mwaka 2024 aliteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa Utafiti wa Tafsiri na Ubunifu wa Tiba. == Utafiti == Utafiti wa Merad unahusu jinsi seli za kinga kama macrophage na dendritic zinavyoundwa na kufanya kazi katika tishu mbalimbali za mwili. Timu yake ilithibitisha kuwa macrophage za tishu hutokana na hatua za awali za ukuaji wa kijusi (embryo), na pia ilichangia kuelewa asili ya microglia na Langerhans cells. Seli hizi zina jukumu katika shughuli za ubongo, mfumo wa mmeng’enyo, na kinga ya mwili. Pia amechunguza jinsi seli hizi zinavyoshiriki katika saratani, magonjwa ya uchochezi, na maambukizi kama COVID-19. Utafiti wake umeonyesha jinsi mazingira ya uvimbe wa saratani (tumor microenvironment) yanavyodhibitiwa na seli za kinga na jinsi baadhi ya seli zinavyosaidia saratani kukua badala ya kupigwa vita na kinga ya mwili. == Mafanikio ya kisayansi == Utafiti wake umechangia: * Uelewa wa jinsi saratani hukwepa mfumo wa kinga * Jukumu la macrophage katika ukuaji wa uvimbe * Athari za COVID-19 kwenye seli za mapafu * Mikakati ya matibabu ya kinga dhidi ya saratani == Tuzo na heshima == * Tuzo ya William B. Coley (2018) * Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Marekani * Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Tiba cha Marekani * Mwanachama wa American Academy of Arts and Sciences * Tuzo mbalimbali za kimataifa katika immunolojia na saratani == Machapisho == Merad ameandika au kushiriki katika zaidi ya makala za kisayansi 200 zinazohusu immunolojia, saratani, na seli za kinga. Tafiti zake zimekuwa msingi muhimu katika uelewa wa mwingiliano kati ya kinga ya mwili na magonjwa. {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Algeria]] 78ygi131kwr9lyey2nnr73rjh9w8dso 0 229433 1577287 1529917 2026-06-28T10:19:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radwa Fadel El Aswad''' (Kiarabu: رضوى فاضل الأسود), alizaliwa mwaka 1974, ni mwandishi, [[riwaya|mwandishi wa riwaya]] na mkosoaji wa fasihi kutoka [[Misri]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Radwa Fadel El Aswad alizaliwa Misri katika eneo la Zeitoun jijini [[Cairo]], tarehe 20 Januari 1974, akiwa mtoto wa kwanza wa mkosoaji, mtafiti na mwandishi wa filamu Fadel El Aswad. Alisoma katika shule ya watawa ya Kikatoliki ''Notre Dame Des Apôtres'' kisha akapata Shahada ya Sanaa (Bachelor of Arts) katika Idara ya Kifaransa, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ain Shams]] mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Goodreads author profile|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/radwaaswad](https://www.goodreads.com/radwaaswad) | access-date=2022-10-18| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Idref.fr|url=[https://www.idref.fr/238724018](https://www.idref.fr/238724018) | access-date=2022-10-18| website=[www.idref.fr](http://www.idref.fr)}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title=Abjjad author profile| url=[https://www.abjjad.com/author/1978236928/رضوى-الاسود](https://www.abjjad.com/author/1978236928/رضوى-الاسود)| access-date=2022-10-18| website=[www.abjjad.com](http://www.abjjad.com)}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Radwa Al-Aswad writes: ‘’I did not plan to write about the Armenians genocide’’ |url=[https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/radio-and-tv-magazine/culture/details/c97921c4-5bca-4f30-9e58-3ab9d65425c6](https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/radio-and-tv-magazine/culture/details/c97921c4-5bca-4f30-9e58-3ab9d65425c6) |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=[www.maspero.eg](http://www.maspero.eg) }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi == Yeye ni mkosoaji huru wa sanaa na fasihi, na amechapisha makala kadhaa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Critic article about rasha adly 2022 novel |url=[https://m.akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/3895529/1/رضوى-الأسود-تكتب--أنت-تشرق-أنت-تضىء-سلاس](https://m.akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/3895529/1/رضوى-الأسود-تكتب--أنت-تشرق-أنت-تضىء-سلاس) |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=m.akhbarelyom.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuhusu riwaya na vitabu vilivyoshinda tuzo katika magazeti na majarida ya Misri na Kiarabu. == Kazi maarufu == ''Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan : ḥikāyah ʻan al-Arman wa-al-Kurd'' | Riwaya <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan: shoroukbookstores|url=[https://www.shoroukbookstores.com/books/view.aspx?id=1996c7fd-71ba-4ac7-91d8-44f843aec940](https://www.shoroukbookstores.com/books/view.aspx?id=1996c7fd-71ba-4ac7-91d8-44f843aec940) | access-date=2022-10-12|website=[www.shoroukbookstores.com](http://www.shoroukbookstores.com)}}</ref> Ilichapishwa mwaka 2020 na Egyptian-Lebanese Publishing House, ikiwa ni hadithi kuhusu Mauaji ya Kimbari ya Waarmenia pamoja na historia ya [[Wakurdi]]. Riwaya hii inaonesha jinsi siasa zinavyoharibu maisha ya watu na dini, na iliteuliwa kuwania Katara Prize for Arabic Novel. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Author profile page|url[https://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/رضوى-فاضل-عبد-السلام-الأسود/](https://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/رضوى-فاضل-عبد-السلام-الأسود/) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.kataranovels.com](http://www.kataranovels.com)}}</ref> Yeye ni mwandishi wa vitabu viwili na riwaya sita, ambapo baadhi zimeangaziwa katika ‘’Housaper’’ | arevelk.am<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=The novel that hijacked the limelight in the Arab literary community |url=[https://www.arevelk.am/articles/quotbalams-knt-mytaquot-quot-alroay-alty-khtft-aladoaaa-fy-alost-aladby-alaarby](https://www.arevelk.am/articles/quotbalams-knt-mytaquot-quot-alroay-alty-khtft-aladoaaa-fy-alost-aladby-alaarby) |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=[www.arevelk.am](http://www.arevelk.am) }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Love eliminates the differences between Armenians and Kurds |url=[https://www.independentarabia.com/node/202641/ثقافة/الحب-يلغي-الفوارق-بين-الأرمن-والأكراد-ويمحو-صور-القتل](https://www.independentarabia.com/node/202641/ثقافة/الحب-يلغي-الفوارق-بين-الأرمن-والأكراد-ويمحو-صور-القتل) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.independentarabia.com](http://www.independentarabia.com)}}</ref> ni gazeti la kila siku la Kiarabu linalochapishwa Cairo, Misri. Riwaya yake inajulikana kwa simulizi la kihistoria linalohusu Mauaji ya Kimbari ya Waarmenia pamoja na historia ya Wakurdi. == Vitabu == # ''Hafl al-miʼawīyah'' | Riwaya, Bait El-yasmin for publishing, 2010<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Hafl al-miʼawīyah|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9279162](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9279162) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Tashābuk'' | Riwaya, Dar alKitab al arabi for publishing, 2013<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Tashābuk|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17932595](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17932595) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Kullu Hādhā Al-ṣakhkhab'' | Riwaya, Maqam for publishing, 2015<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Kullu Hādhā Al-ṣakhkhab|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62808027](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62808027) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Adyān wa-ṭawāʼif majhūlah : jawhar ghāʼib wa-mafāhīm maghlūṭah'' | Kitabu, Battana for publishing, 2018<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Adyān wa-ṭawāʼif majhūlah : jawhar ghāʼib wa-mafāhīm maghlūṭah|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43224290](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43224290) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Zijzāj'' | Riwaya, Nahdet misr for publishing, 2018<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zijzāj|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40697480](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40697480) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan : ḥikāyah ʻan al-Arman wa-al-Kurd'' | Riwaya, [[Egyptian-Lebanese Publishing House]], 2020<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan : ḥikāyah ʻan al-Arman wa-al-Kurd|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/50999307](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/50999307) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Sayyid Quṭb : riḥlah bayna ḍifāf usṭūrat al-tanāquḍāt'' | Kitabu Sama for publishing, 2022<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Sayyid Quṭb : riḥlah bayna ḍifāf usṭūrat al-tanāquḍāt l|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/60283034](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/60283034) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Khedāā Wāhed Momken'' | Riwaya, [[Dar Shorouq]], 2022<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Khedāā Wāhed Momken|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62709967](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62709967) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> == Viungo vya nje == *[[https://www.dostor.org/4189190](https://www.dostor.org/4189190) About "Khedāā Wāhed Momken" The novel | Radwa El Aswad writes: ''Men under the weight of mental illness''] *[[https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19127](https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19127){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Radwa El Aswad writes: "Elif Shafak and the Sufi philosophy of salvation"] *[[https://www.imarabe.org/fr/boutique/produit/bil-ams-kuntu-mayyitan-hikayat-an-al-arman-wal-kurd-bl-ms-knt-myt-hkyt-n-lkrd-w-l](https://www.imarabe.org/fr/boutique/produit/bil-ams-kuntu-mayyitan-hikayat-an-al-arman-wal-kurd-bl-ms-knt-myt-hkyt-n-lkrd-w-l){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bil-ams kuntu mayyitan : hikâyat an al arman wal kurd | The novel] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1974|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] hyupn8wvs207e2c7y1e9cxlw3cxfzrs 0 229544 1577163 1529113 2026-06-27T14:02:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ntokozo Mbambo''' (amezaliwa Umlazi, 6 Novemba 1985) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alianza taaluma yake ya muziki akiwa na umri wa miaka 15 kama mwanachama na mwimbaji kiongozi wa kundi la Injili la Joyous Celebration. Amejitokeza pia katika televisheni kama jaji katika vipindi vya ''I Want to Sing Gospel'' (2014) na ''Idols SA'' msimu wa 17 (2021). Miongoni mwa tuzo alizopata ni pamoja na Tuzo 5 za South African Music Awards, Tuzo 6 za African Gospel Music and Media Awards, Tuzo 2 za Crown Gospel Music Awards, Tuzo 2 za Praise Achievement Awards, Tuzo 1 ya Metro FM Music Awards, na Tuzo 1 ya Basadi in Music Awards. == Maisha na kazi == Mbambo alizaliwa tarehe 6 Novemba 1985 katika mtaa wa Umlazi ulioko [[Durban]]. Alianza kupenda muziki akiwa mdogo, na mwaka 2002 alijiunga na kundi la Joyous Celebration akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, akiwa mwanachama mdogo zaidi wakati huo. Alisoma na kupata shahada ya Teknolojia ya Habari (IT) katika chuo cha Durban North Varsity College mwaka 2006. Pia alihudhuria University of Zululand ambako alipata shahada ya Elimu (BEd) katika Lugha ya Kiingereza na Sayansi za Jamii. Mbambo alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Bambelela'' mwaka 2001. Albamu yake ya moja kwa moja ''Keep on Believing'' ilitolewa mwaka 2007 na kumpatia uteuzi katika Metro FM Music Awards pamoja na uteuzi tatu katika Crown Gospel Music Awards. Baada ya kuondoka Joyous Celebration mwaka 2011, alisaini mkataba na Koko Records na kuanza kazi ya albamu yake binafsi mwaka uliofuata. Albamu yake ''Filled'' ilirekodiwa katika tamasha la Lyric Theatre na kutolewa mwaka 2012, na ilithibitishwa kuwa Double Platinum nchini Afrika Kusini. Mwaka 2014 alipata nafasi yake ya kwanza katika televisheni kama jaji katika kipindi cha ''I Want to Sing Gospel'' kinachorushwa na SABC 2. Albamu yake ya nne ''Spirit and Life'' ilitolewa tarehe 10 Oktoba 2015, na ilipata uteuzi na tuzo kadhaa katika African Gospel Music and Media Awards. Mnamo Julai 2021, alionekana kama jaji mgeni katika ''Idols SA'' msimu wa 17. Albamu yake ''Moments in Time'' ilitolewa kidijitali tarehe 6 Novemba 2018. Albamu yake ya studio ''Lavish Worship'' ilitolewa tarehe 21 Machi 2023, na ilishinda tuzo tatu katika 29th South African Music Awards zikiwemo: * Msanii Bora wa Kike * Albamu Bora ya Mwaka * Albamu Bora ya Imani ya Kisasa Aidha, albamu hiyo ilishinda tuzo ya Best Gospel Album katika 18th Metro FM Music Awards. Mwezi Julai 2024, Mbambo aliimba wimbo wa taifa wa Afrika Kusini katika mechi ya Springboks iliyofanyika kwenye Kings Park Stadium, Durban. == Maisha binafsi == Mbambo aliolewa na mtayarishaji wa muziki Nqubeko Mbatha tarehe 17 Mei 2008. Mwishoni mwa Desemba 2024, alipata mtoto wa kike. == Filamu na televisheni == === Televisheni === * ''I Want to Sing Gospel'' (2014) * ''Idols SA'' (2021) – Jaji mgeni == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === * ''Filled'' (2012) * ''Gospel Hits'' (2014) * ''Spirit and Life'' (2015) * ''The Anniversary Project'' (2018) * ''Lavish Worship'' (2023) === Albamu za moja kwa moja === * ''Keep On Believing'' (2013) * ''Moments in Time'' (2018) * ''The First Noël'' (2020) * ''Makabongwe: The Sound of Revival'' (2023) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] bxda4oc20sa11c7enncsqlewf0rk2vc 0 229680 1577133 1507985 2026-06-27T13:18:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miriam Cabessa''' ni [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] wa [[Israeli]]-[[Marekani]], msanii wa maonyesho na usanifu na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha ya Wizara ya Utamaduni ya Israeli ya mwaka 2022. <ref name="cv">{{cite web |url=http://www.miriamcabessa.com/cvcv/ |title=Biography — Miriam Cabessa |website=www.miriamcabessa.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819103112/http://www.miriamcabessa.com/cvcv/ |archive-date=2014-08-19}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1966]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wachoraji wa Israeli]] [[jamii:wachoraji wa Marekani]] mccq2ms0cwr2i3ay7y1fxbjs17swhj3 0 229737 1577087 1508208 2026-06-27T12:31:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melatu Uche Okorie''' (amezaliwa 1975) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[Nigeria]]-[[Eire|Ireland]] na mjumbe wa Baraza la Sanaa la Ireland (Arts Council of Ireland). Kitabu chake cha hadithi fupi cha mwaka 2018, ''This Hostel Life'', kiliteuliwa katika kipengele cha Sunday Independent Newcomer of the Year katika tuzo za Irish Book Awards, na baadaye kikabadilishwa kuwa kazi ya opera na Irish National Opera. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Okorie alizaliwa mwaka wa 1975 mjini Enugu, Nigeria. Alikulia katika familia ya mama yake pamoja na ndugu zake kadhaa, na alipata shahada ya Kiingereza kabla ya kuondoka Nigeria. Alihamia Ireland mwaka wa 2006 akiwa na binti yake mchanga na aliishi katika mfumo wa “direct provision”, ambapo alianza kuandika kazi zake za fasihi. Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Uzamili (MPhil) ya uandishi bunifu (creative writing) kutoka Trinity College Dublin, na kwa sasa anaendelea na masomo ya Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Chuo cha Elimu cha taasisi hiyo. == Kazi ya uandishi == Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, Okorie alishinda Metro Éireann Writing Award kupitia hadithi yake ''Gathering Thoughts''. Kitabu chake cha kwanza, ''This Hostel Life'', kilichapishwa na Skein Press nchini Ireland Mei 2018. Kitabu hicho kinatumia aina ya Kiingereza cha Pidgin ya kubuni inayochanganya mitindo ya lugha. Kizinduliwa katika International Literature Festival, ambapo alijadili uzoefu wa wahamiaji pamoja na mwandishi Nikesh Shukla. Mwaka wa 2019, kitabu hicho kilinunuliwa na Virago Press, na baadaye kikabadilishwa kuwa opera na Irish National Opera. Kazi zake pia zimechapishwa katika majarida mbalimbali ya fasihi na makusanyo ya hadithi. Mwaka wa 2019, alihojiwa na mwandishi Sebastian Barry kuhusu mchakato wake wa uandishi. Katika mwaka huo huo, alishiriki katika mkusanyiko wa maandiko ''Yes, We Still Drink Coffee!'' uliowakutanisha waandishi wanawake na wanaharakati. == Uanaharakati == Okorie ni mjumbe wa bodi ya National Network of Migrant Women in Ireland na pia hufundisha warsha za uandishi bunifu kwa watoto na vijana. == Tuzo na heshima == * 2018: Uteuzi wa Sunday Independent Newcomer of the Year katika Irish Book Awards. * 2019: Uteuzi katika Baraza la Sanaa la Ireland (Arts Council). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishu}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ireland]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Ireland]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Enugu]] bhb66idll1ddt0tzsa8h8jg9pyqrsnw 0 229793 1577181 1508614 2026-06-27T14:18:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Sayifwanda''' (8 Julai 1963 - 31 Desemba 2020) alikuwa [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Zambia]] ambaye alihudumu kama Waziri wa Jinsia na Maendeleo, Waziri wa Uchukuzi na Mawasiliano, na Waziri wa Kilimo na Ushirika. Pia aliwahi kuwa mwakilishi wa Zambia katika Umoja wa Afrika na Bunge la Afrika (Pan-African Parliament). == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Sarah Sayifwanda alizaliwa tarehe 16 Januari mwaka wa 1963, na alihitimu Shahada ya Sanaa (BA) katika elimu maalum. == Siasa na kazi == === Serikali ya Mwanawasa (mwaka wa 2006 hadi mwaka wa 2008) === Sayifwanda alihudumu kama Mbunge wa Zambezi Mashariki kupitia Chama cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) kuanzia mwaka wa 2006 hadi mwaka wa 2016. Alikuwa mbunge wa kawaida (backbencher) bungeni. Rais Levy Mwanawasa alimteua kuwa Waziri wa Kilimo na Ushirika. Mwaka 2006, serikali iliunda Wizara ya Jinsia na Maendeleo ya Wanawake, ambapo Patricia Mulasikwanda aliteuliwa awali. Mwaka 2007 katika mabadiliko ya baraza la mawaziri, Sayifwanda aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Uchukuzi na Mawasiliano. === Serikali ya Banda (mwaka wa 2008 hadi mwaka wa 2011) === Tarehe 14 Novemba mwaka wa 2008, Rais Rupiah Banda alibadilisha jina la Wizara ya Jinsia na Maendeleo ya Wanawake kuwa Wizara ya Jinsia na Maendeleo, na Sayifwanda aliendelea kuwa waziri.[7][8] Alishika wadhifa huo hadi mwaka wa 2011. Katika kipindi chake kama waziri, alijikita katika kupunguza ushiriki wa wanawake katika biashara haramu ya dawa za kulevya, kuongeza uwakilishi wa wanawake katika siasa, kupambana na ukatili wa ndoa, na kusaidia watu wenye ulemavu wa akili. === Serikali ya Sata na Lungu (mwaka wa 2011 hadi mwaka wa 2020) === Mwaka 2011 aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Jinsia na Rais Michael Sata, lakini alikataa wadhifa huo. Mwaka 2016 alihama kutoka MMD kwenda United Party for National Development (UPND) pamoja na wabunge wengine kumi. Mwaka 2019 alikamatwa na polisi kwa tuhuma za kuchochea mgogoro wa kikabila kati ya makabila ya Lunda na Luvale wakati wa zoezi la ugawaji wa majimbo na Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Zambia. == Kifo na urithi == Sayifwanda alifariki dunia tarehe 31 Desemba 2020 katika Hospitali Kuu ya Solwezi baada ya kuugua.[17] Alipatiwa mazishi ya kitaifa na siku ya maombolezo ya kitaifa ilitangazwa tarehe 5 Januari 2021 na Rais Edgar Lungu. Alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Kimeteto, Solwezi. Ibada yake ya mazishi katika Kanisa la United Church of Zambia Trinity Congregation ilihudhuriwa na wanasiasa kutoka vyama tofauti, ikiwemo Nathaniel Mubukwanu, Hakainde Hichilema, na Koshita Shengamo. Alikuwa pia msimamizi (trustee) wa UPND.[18] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1963|2020}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Zambia]] gptxgz3grasw1fz6fn3o15tognc86eq 0 229866 1577251 1508903 2026-06-28T07:46:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peace Adzo Medie''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa hadithi za kubuni na zisizo za kubuni wa [[Ghana]] aliyezaliwa [[Liberia]]. Usomi wake unazingatia jinsia, siasa, na migogoro ya silaha, na kazi zake za kubuni zilizochapishwa zinachunguza mada zinazofanana. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jackson|first=Jared|date=2020-09-03|title=The PEN Ten: An Interview with Peace Adzo Medie|url=https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-peace-adzo-medie/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=PEN America|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sociology, Politics and International Studies Directory|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/spais/people/person/peace-medie/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=University of Bristol|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Dionne|first=Kim Yi|date=2020-04-18|title=A conversation with Peace Medie about gender and conflict in Africa, writing research and fiction, and more|url=https://ufahamuafrica.com/2020/04/18/ep91-a-conversation-with-peace-medie-about-gender-and-conflict-in-africa-writing-research-and-fiction-and-more/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=Ufahamu Africa|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022235737/https://ufahamuafrica.com/2020/04/18/ep91-a-conversation-with-peace-medie-about-gender-and-conflict-in-africa-writing-research-and-fiction-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Medie alizaliwa [[Liberia]], ambapo wazazi wake walifanya kazi. Kabla ya umri wa miaka kumi, familia yake ilihama kutokana na vita vya kivita nchini Liberia na kuhamia [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]] kusini mwa [[Ghana]], ambapo alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya OLA . <ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-10-28|title=Peace Adzo Medie (Author of His Only Wife)|url=https://www.sarahsbookshelves.com/podcast-episode-69-peace-adzo-medie-author-his-only-wife/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=Sarah's Bookshelves|language=en-US}}</ref> Medie amesema kwamba familia yake ilikuwa vizuri Liberia kabla ya kulazimishwa kuhama, na kwamba baada ya kurudi Ghana alianza kutambua tofauti kati ya maisha yake, familia yake, na marafiki zake kulingana na tabaka la kijamii la familia yao. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Snaije|first=Olivia|date=30 June 2023|title=Ghanaian author Peace Adzo Medie blends academics with fiction|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/313977/ghanaian-author-peace-adzo-medie-blends-academics-with-fiction/|accessdate=9 July 2024|work=The Africa Report}}</ref> Mnamo 2003, Medie alipata Shahada ya Sanaa katika Jiografia na Maendeleo ya Rasilimali kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana huko [[Accra]] . Kisha akakamilisha masomo yake ya uzamili nchini [[Marekani]], akipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Sanaa katika [[Mafungamano ya kimataifa|Masomo ya Kimataifa]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ohio huko [[Athens, Ohio|Athens]] mnamo 2006 na [[Uzamivu|Shahada ya Uzamili katika Falsafa]] katika Masuala ya Umma na Kimataifa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Pittsburgh huko [[Pennsylvania]] mnamo 2012. == Kazi == Medie alipewa Tuzo ya Mwandishi wa ''Masuala ya Kiafrika'' ya 2012-2013 kwa makala yake ''ya Kupambana na Unyanyasaji wa Kijinsia: Harakati za Wanawake na Utekelezaji wa Sheria ya Ubakaji nchini Liberia'' katika jarida la ''African Affairs'', jarida la Masomo ya Kiafrika. Kuanzia 2013 hadi 2018, alifanya kazi kama mtafiti mwenza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana katika Kituo cha Legon cha Masuala ya Kimataifa na Diplomasia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=About|url=https://www.peacemedie.com/about|accessdate=2025-05-04|work=Peace Adzo Medie|language=en-GB}}</ref> Alihudumu kama Mtafiti Mwenza wa Viongozi wa Kimataifa wa Oxford-Princeton katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] nchini Uingereza kuanzia 2015 hadi 2016, na kama mtafiti mwenza wa baada ya udaktari katika Kituo cha Utandawazi na Utawala cha Niehaus katika Shule ya Masuala ya Umma na Kimataifa ya [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton|Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton]] huko [[New Jersey]] kuanzia 2016 hadi 2017. Medie ameshinda tuzo kadhaa kwa kazi yake ya kitaaluma, ikiwa ni pamoja na Tuzo ya Makala Bora ya 2019 ya ''Jarida la Siasa na Jinsia la Ulaya.'' <ref name=":52">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-10-28|title=Peace Adzo Medie (Author of His Only Wife)|url=https://www.sarahsbookshelves.com/podcast-episode-69-peace-adzo-medie-author-his-only-wife/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=Sarah's Bookshelves|language=en-US}}</ref> Medie alihamia Bristol mnamo 2019 ili kuwa Mhadhiri Mkuu wa Jinsia na Siasa za Kimataifa katika Shule ya Sosholojia, Siasa, na Masomo ya Kimataifa (SPAIS) ya Chuo Kikuu cha Bristol nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]], <ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Vines Booth|first=Mia|date=September 10, 2023|title=BREAKFAST WITH BRISTOL24/7: PEACE ADZO MEDIE|url=https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/features/breakfast-with-bristol24-7-peace-adzo-medie/?fbclid=IwAR3v_ddAR_js7fbcjuOhwSowGqVS8uMlFtxAbhCO_gNdAGyOcU1QQ4AIKHs|accessdate=March 24, 2024|work=B24/7}}</ref> na mnamo 2022 akawa Profesa Mshirika wa Siasa. <ref name=":32">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sociology, Politics and International Studies Directory|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/spais/people/person/peace-medie/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=University of Bristol|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ghana]] mof5ny5kwk5yuc87t7cj8f9lfitbucu 0 229876 1577167 1508634 2026-06-27T14:06:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ory Okolloh''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Ory Okolloh Mwangi''') ni [[mwanaharakati]], [[mwanasheria]] na mwanablogu kutoka [[Kenya]]. Yeye ni mshirika katika Verod-Kepple Africa Ventures, kampuni ya uwekezaji ya Pan-Afrika yenye makao makuu Lagos, Nigeria, na ofisi Nairobi. Hapo awali aliwahi kuwa mkurugenzi mtendaji katika Omidyar Network, na pia meneja wa sera za Afrika katika Google. Mwaka 2014, Ory alitajwa miongoni mwa watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani. == Elimu == Okolloh alipata shahada ya kwanza ya Sanaa (BA) katika Sayansi ya Siasa, ''summa cum laude'', kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Pittsburgh. Alihitimu Shahada ya Uzamivu ya Sheria (JD) kutoka Harvard Law School mwaka 2005. Baada ya kuhitimu, alikataa ofa ya kazi kutoka kampuni ya sheria ya Washington, D.C., na kurejea Kenya kufanya kazi katika masuala ya uwajibikaji wa serikali. == Kazi == Mwaka 2006, Okolloh alianzisha kwa pamoja tovuti ya ufuatiliaji wa bunge iitwayo ''Mzalendo'' (Kiswahili: "Mzalendo"). Tovuti hiyo ililenga kuongeza uwajibikaji wa serikali kwa kurekodi kwa utaratibu miswada, hotuba, wabunge na kanuni za bunge. Baada ya Kenya kukumbwa na ghasia kufuatia uchaguzi wa rais uliopingwa mwaka 2007, Okolloh alishiriki kuanzisha ''Ushahidi'' (Kiswahili: "Ushahidi"), tovuti na zana iliyokusanya na kurekodi taarifa za mashuhuda wa ghasia kwa kutumia ujumbe mfupi wa maandishi na ramani za Google. Teknolojia hii baadaye ilipanuliwa matumizi yake (ikiwemo ufuatiliaji wa uchaguzi na upatikanaji wa dawa) na kutumika katika nchi mbalimbali. Okolloh ana blogu binafsi iitwayo ''Kenyan Pundit'', ambayo iliwahi kuangaziwa kwenye Global Voices Online. Amefanya kazi kama mshauri wa kisheria kwa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, na pia amewahi kufanya kazi katika Covington & Burling, Tume ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Binadamu ya Kenya, na Benki ya Dunia. Mwezi Mei 2015, Okolloh aliteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa bodi ya Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company, taasisi inayolinda kanuni za uaminifu za Thomson Reuters.<ref>[23]</ref> Alistaafu kutoka nafasi hiyo Desemba 2024, akiwa amehudumu kama naibu mwenyekiti katika mwaka wake wa mwisho. Pia aliwahi kuwa mkurugenzi huru katika Safaricom kuanzia Februari 2023, na kuondoka Julai 2024. Aidha, aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa bodi ya Stanbic Bank Foundation Kenya kuanzia Aprili 2020 hadi Julai 2024, na mkurugenzi asiye mtendaji wa Stanbic Bank hadi Desemba 2020 alipong’atuka. Mwezi Februari 2025, aliteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa bodi ya GSMA Foundation. Mwezi Mei 2025, aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa nje wa Kepple Group nchini Japani. Okolloh pia ni mwanachama wa Bodi ya Ushauri ya Afrika ya Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Afrika cha Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard. Kwa kuongeza, amehudumu katika bodi za mashirika mbalimbali, ikiwemo: * Van Leer Group – mdhamini wa bodi (Julai 2020) * East African Breweries Ltd – mkurugenzi asiye mtendaji (Oktoba 2020) * Deloitte Africa – mkurugenzi asiye mtendaji (Juni 2021) * Adecco Group Foundation – mjumbe wa bodi (Julai 2021) * GSMA Foundation – mjumbe wa bodi (Februari 2025) * Kepple Group Japan – mkurugenzi wa nje (Mei 2025) == Tuzo == * 2012 – Orodha ya ''Forbes'' ya “Wanawake Wenye Mafanikio Makubwa Afrika” * 2013 – “Wanawake Wenye Nguvu Zaidi katika Teknolojia Afrika” * 2014 – Orodha ya ''Time'' ya “Watu 100 Wenye Ushawishi Mkubwa Duniani” == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kenya]] dg4fn6w3j1b5w7krclvophy7jdle2w5 0 230002 1577142 1508534 2026-06-27T13:25:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpiima Dorothy Christine''' (alizaliwa 22 Julai 1959) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] nchini [[Uganda]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Mbunge katika Bunge la 9 la Uganda.Aliwakilisha Wilaya ya Buikwe kwa tiketi ya chama cha National Resistance Movement (NRM). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1959|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] qj15cmffl6oaokebyhgwlpb7owikury 0 230298 1577161 1522255 2026-06-27T13:59:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nizar Assaad''' ni [[mhandisi]] wa ujenzi wa [[Kanada]] mwenye asili ya [[Syria]] anayeishi [[Beirut]], [[Lebanoni]] na [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]], [[Falme za Kiarabu]]. <ref name="1-1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lead official website|url=https://lead-ae.com/Announcements/Details?id=Chairman-to-Retire|access-date=2022-01-08|website=lead-ae.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1948]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wahandisi wa Kanada]] k4wqb0kr6jv4xyirv5oammt409prb49 0 230352 1577174 1509599 2026-06-27T14:12:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Armstedt''' (10 Novemba 1851 – 14 Aprili 1931) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] [[isimu|mwanaisimu]] wa kifilolojia, mwalimu, na [[Historia|mwanahistoria]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1851|1931}} [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]] ee0fy9272muybdruv57ct5lqxf2a3ya 0 231448 1577185 1530791 2026-06-27T14:20:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shree Krishna Bhattarai''' ni [[jaji]] aliyekuwa akihudumu katika Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Arghakhanchi nchini [[Nepal]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Republica |title=Justice Bhattarai resigns citing incompatibility with Chief Justice Karki |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/142257/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Nepal]] ikadgf30ppxsf3v8t068hzaw60snza9 0 231854 1577157 1533801 2026-06-27T13:55:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mulambo Haimbe''' (alizaliwa 12 Mei 1976) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Zambia]]. Yeye ni Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa sasa wa Zambia na Mbunge wa jimbo la Lusaka Central.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cabinet|url=https://www.zambiainvest.com/cabinet/|work=ZambiaInvest|accessdate=2026-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha United Party for National Development (UPND). Ana Shahada ya Sheria (LLB) na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria katika Ujenzi na Usuluhishi (Construction Law and Arbitration). Mulambo alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje kwa muda wa mpito kuanzia Desemba 2023. Aliteuliwa rasmi kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje tarehe 5 Juni 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zambian president appoints new foreign affairs minister|url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20240607/4e6691f8a1304d2ea1c2d73f808fcb71/c.html#:~:text=LUSAKA,%20June%206%20(Xinhua),minister,%20Stanley%20Kakubo,%20resigned.|work=english.news.cn|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Zambia]] ntzndle1bkrxqco1vqrgrjb5bpyumid 0 231943 1577063 1533738 2026-06-27T12:19:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''M. K. Mubanga''' ni mwanachama wa [[Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika]] akiwakilisha nchi ya [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf|work=www.africa-union.org|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Zambia]] hdi9tgrgrnn7jaufeq0keooxculysq0 0 231988 1577186 1533854 2026-06-27T14:21:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sichone''' '''Malozo''' (alizaliwa 13 Agosti 1978) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] na mpangaji wa maendeleo wa [[Zambia]]. Alihudumu kama Mbunge wa jimbo la Isoka kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2021, na alishika nyadhifa za Waziri wa Mkoa kwa mikoa ya Mashariki na Muchinga wakati wa utawala wa chama cha Patriotic Front (PF).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zambia : Reverand Godfridah Sumaili appointed Minister of National Guidance and Religious Affairs|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/15/reverand-godfridah-sumaili-appointed-minister-national-guidance-religious-affairs/|date=2016-09-15|accessdate=2026-05-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Zambia]] 69w6d0n5e857t4bsw82tuspr9utr1kz 0 232017 1577176 1533844 2026-06-27T14:13:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rhodine Sikumba''' (anafahamika zaidi kama '''Rodney Sikumba'''; alizaliwa 29 Machi 1980) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Zambia]]. Kwa sasa, ni mmoja wa viongozi wenye ushawishi katika [[serikali]] ya Zambia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cabinet|url=https://www.zambiainvest.com/cabinet/|work=ZambiaInvest|accessdate=2026-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Zambia]] gqjnk37j0qdt7l7f6xassllg35q6s1u 0 232530 1577184 1538228 2026-06-27T14:20:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shiva N'Zigou''' (alizaliwa 24 Oktoba 1978) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Gabon]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Kwa miaka 18, N'Zigou aliaminika kuwa mchezaji mwenye umri mdogo zaidi kucheza na kufunga bao katika mashindano ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2000. Akiwa na umri uliodaiwa kuwa miaka 16 na siku 93, alifunga bao katika mchezo ambao Gabon ilifungwa 3–1 na Afrika Kusini. Hata hivyo, mwaka 2018 alikiri kwamba alikuwa amedanganya kuhusu umri wake halisi, na kwamba alikuwa mkubwa kwa miaka mitano zaidi kuliko ilivyokuwa ikiaminika hapo awali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=- YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZtvWtyWoZw|work=www.youtube.com|accessdate=2026-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ex-jogador diz que mãe foi morta em ritual de sacrifício que prometia ajudá-lo a ter sucesso no futebol|url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/futebol-internacional/post/2018/08/22/ex-jogador-revela-que-mae-foi-morta-para-que-ele-tivesse-sucesso-na-carreira.ghtml|work=ge|date=2018-08-22|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=pt-BR}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] qfqc0ttilo0fpyunt522w1syxf8yv8j 0 232763 1577139 1538656 2026-06-27T13:23:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mountaga Diallo''' (1942 – 4 Septemba 2017) alikuwa [[mwanadiplomasia]] na jenerali wa jeshi la [[Senegal]]. Alikuwa Balozi wa Senegal nchini Urusi, ambapo aliwasilisha hati zake za utambulisho kwa Rais wa Urusi [[Vladimir Putin]] tarehe 17 Februari 2005, na alifariki akiwa bado anashikilia wadhifa huo. Hapo awali, alihudumu kama Kamanda wa Kikosi cha MONUC kuanzia mwaka 2000 hadi 2004.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=President of Russia {{!}} List of Ambassadors Presenting their Letters of Credential to President Vladimir Putin|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2005/02/84147.shtml|work=kremlin.ru|accessdate=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]] [[jamii:watu wa Senegal]] ei2u4y6gw0hg1z3drrci1k0m6vlkjss 0 232767 1577169 1538682 2026-06-27T14:08:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pierre Jean Henri Didelot''' (12 Mei 1870 huko Paris – 30 Oktoba 1941 huko Alpes-Maritimes) alikuwa msimamizi wa kikoloni katika [[Koloni|makoloni]] mbalimbali ya Dola la [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pierre Jean Henri Didelot|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3384756|work=www.wikidata.org|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1870|1941}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ufaransa]] c65gmn2uciumgiizeqjln1yeipsy05q 0 233642 1577090 1540139 2026-06-27T12:33:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melissa Murphy''' ni mpishi mkuu mtendaji na mmiliki wa Sweet Melissa Patisserie na Sweet Melissa Crémerie, pamoja na kuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[kitabu]] cha [[mapishi]] kiitwacho ''The Sweet Melissa Baking Book''.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/The-Sweet-Melissa-Baking-Book/dp/0670018740/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1345732187&sr=8-4&keywords=sweet+melissa ''The Sweet Melissa Baking Book'']</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 5m86ipyj5ihshy5bw8hf1gr3jb5qhnz 0 233703 1577100 1540246 2026-06-27T12:36:58Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kuweka taarifa sawa 1577100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pedro González López''' (alizaliwa [[25 Novemba]], [[2002]]), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Pedri''', ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka nchi ya [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo]] katika klabu ya Fc Barcelona na timu ya taifa ya Hispania. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa viungo bora Duniani kutokana na uwezo wake wa kudhibiti mpira, kudriboli, kupiga pasi na kutengeneza nafasi za mabao. <ref>{{cite web |last=Maston |first=Tom |date=29 April 2025 |title=Ballon d'Or 2025 Power Rankings: Ousmane Dembele edges ahead of Barcelona trio despite Lamine Yamal's sensational Champions League showing |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/ballon-dor-2025-power-rankings/bltd009fae5576d751f#cs260659c9499bd2af |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Watach |first=Nestor |date=17 April 2025 |title=2025 Ballon d'Or power rankings: Mbappe's hopes dealt fatal blow... |url=https://www.planetfootball.com/lists-and-rankings/2025-ballon-dor-power-rankings-mbappe-lewandowski-yamal-haaland |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Planet Football}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2025 FC 100: Pedri among best central midfielders in men's soccer |date=4 June 2025 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45178073/2025-fc-100-pedri-best-central-midfielders-mens-soccer}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2002|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] dcfdwgiuh93el62jb2vt3yueoqhlx4b 0 233736 1577171 1540325 2026-06-27T14:10:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashed Rahman''' ni mhariri wa zamani wa mojawapo ya magazeti makubwa ya [[Kiingereza]] nchini [[Pakistani|Pakistan]], yanayojulikana kama Daily Times. Alihudumu kama mhariri wa gazeti hilo kuanzia mwaka 2009 hadi Novemba 2015. Katika kipindi hicho, alikuwa na jukumu la kusimamia maudhui ya gazeti, kuongoza timu ya waandishi, na kuhakikisha taarifa zinazochapishwa zinakidhi viwango vya uandishi wa habari.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/editor-quits-columnists-dropped-pakistan-army-has-choked-all-dissent/ Editor quits, columnists dropped: Pakistan Army 'has choked all dissent'] The Indian Express (newspaper), Published 29 November 2015, Retrieved 6 December 2017</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:watu wa Pakistan]] rwtynhh0yj6rutqqfhexfthx2gu3bud 0 234159 1577173 1541252 2026-06-27T14:11:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricardo Viegas D'Abreu''' ni [[siasa|mwanasiasa]] na mtaalamu wa masuala ya fedha wa [[Angola]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha MPLA na amekuwa mhimili muhimu katika serikali ya Rais João Lourenço.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Angola - World Leaders|url=https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/angola|work=www.cia.gov|accessdate=2026-05-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Angola]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1d6ziodp3hnk4y40h6gfw20mfzgfl1u 0 234513 1577105 1542136 2026-06-27T12:38:48Z Mnenda Jr 90542 /* */ Kuweka sawa taarifa 1577105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fermín López Marín''' (amezaliwa [[11 Mei]], [[2003]]), anayejulikana kwa jina la '''Fermín''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo mshambuliaji au [[winga]] wa klabu ya FC Barcelona inayoshiriki ligi kuu ya Hispania [[La Liga]], pamoja na timu ya taifa ya Hispania. ==Klabu== ===Mwanzo wa kariya=== Alizaliwa [[El Campillo]], [[Huelva]], [[Mkoa]] wa [[Huelva]], katika eneo la [[Andalusia]], López alianza kucheza mpira na klabu ya eneo lake ya El Campillo, kabla ya kwenda Recreativo de Huelva. Baadaye alijiunga na Real Betis mwaka 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fermín |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/players/118929/fermin-lopez |access-date=9 January 2025 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20220819/1001853616/barca-atletic-cede-fermin-lopez-linares.html |title=El Barça Atlètic cede a Fermín López al Linares |date=19 August 2022 |website=Mundo Deportivo}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2003|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] lx2q4u1lgp0qo73yka55xaa0qspd1vu 0 235277 1577179 1543698 2026-06-27T14:16:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samir Labidi''' (amezaliwa 1962) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Samir labidi COACH SPORT SANTÉ|url=https://samirlabidicoach.com/|work=Samir labidi COACH SPORT SANTÉ|accessdate=2026-05-15|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Mawasiliano, na kabla ya hapo alikuwa Waziri wa Vijana, Michezo na Elimu ya Kimwili. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Tunisia]] iribc08prkqvfpurly8511lgqztpbso 0 235396 1577136 1543934 2026-06-27T13:21:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Sayah''' (Kiarabu: محمد الصيّاح;31 ; D 31 Desemba 1933 – 15 Machi 2018) alikuwa [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tunisia]]. Aliwahi kushika nyadhifa mbalimbali za uwaziri katika miaka ya 1960, 1970 na 1980.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Qui était Mohamed Sayah, l’ancien bras droit de Bourguiba ? {{!}} Directinfo|url=https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2018/03/15/qui-etait-mohamed-sayah-lancien-bras-droit-de-bourguiba/|date=2018-03-15|accessdate=2026-05-15|language=fr-FR|author=aroua}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] [[jamii:wanasiasa wa Tunisia]] b43y0lg0jvp3tj70nt4c0t6wjh5l6zd 0 235400 1577182 1543748 2026-06-27T14:18:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Selma Elloumi Rekik''' (Kiarabu: سلمى اللومي الرقيق; amezaliwa 5 Juni 1956 katika [[Tunis]]) ni mfanyabiashara na mwanasiasa wa [[Tunisia]]. Awali alikuwa mwanachama wa chama cha Nidaa Tounes, na kwa sasa yuko katika chama cha Al Amal. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Tunisia]] pu05lihfpunycbnfh2rywogs2xxmvs1 0 235807 1577140 1544641 2026-06-27T13:23:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moustapha Soumaré''' ni Naibu Mwakilishi Maalum wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] nchini [[Sudan Kusini]]. Kabla ya uteuzi huo wa tarehe 24 Desemba 2014 uliofanywa na Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa [[Ban Ki-moon]], Soumaré aliwahi kuhudumu kama Naibu Mwakilishi Maalum wa Umoja wa Mataifa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Secretary-General Appoints Moustapha Soumaré of Mali Deputy Special Representative (Political) in Republic of South Sudan {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sga1533.doc.htm|work=www.un.org|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 32v6enwy65v9e40mvfduzaa5xlaiul8 1577141 1577140 2026-06-27T13:24:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moustapha Soumaré''' ni Naibu Mwakilishi Maalum wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] nchini [[Sudan Kusini]]. Kabla ya uteuzi huo wa tarehe 24 Desemba 2014 uliofanywa na Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa [[Ban Ki-moon]], Soumaré aliwahi kuhudumu kama Naibu Mwakilishi Maalum wa Umoja wa Mataifa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Secretary-General Appoints Moustapha Soumaré of Mali Deputy Special Representative (Political) in Republic of South Sudan {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sga1533.doc.htm|work=www.un.org|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wanasiasa wa Mali]] 2u8wcnpp7i2z5jcgxd6ggjnmoxeun3g 0 235963 1577162 1544996 2026-06-27T13:59:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noureddine Bedoui''' (amezaliwa 22 Desemba 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 11 Machi 2019 hadi 19 Desemba 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title={{!}} Benin Web TV|url=https://beninwebtv.com/en/2019/12/algeria-prime-minister-noureddine-bedoui-resigns/|work=Bénin Web TV|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Algeria]] sj7drj7c1ht57imd5r20soljj90un29 0 236172 1577178 1547265 2026-06-27T14:15:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Said Djinnit''' (amezaliwa 7 Juni 1954) ni [[mwanadiplomasia]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye tangu mwaka 2014 amekuwa Mjumbe Maalum wa Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa eneo la [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|Maziwa Makuu]] barani [[Afrika]]. Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa Mwakilishi Maalum na Mkuu wa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Afrika Magharibi (UNOWA).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=auc_leaders|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AUC/AUCleaders/aucleaders.html|work=www.africa-union.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|archive-date=2006-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127191334/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AUC/AUCleaders/aucleaders.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Algeria]] 4kqq2vrnsyvzze896jeqa40mihis0u7 0 236725 1577172 1546460 2026-06-27T14:10:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sergiano Herbert Cairo'''<ref>[[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/KickBoxing/2011/07-30-11KB.pdf](http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/KickBoxing/2011/07-30-11KB.pdf) Nevada State Athletic Commission Official Results Kickboxing 30 July 2011]</ref> (amezaliwa 29 Novemba 1982), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Redouan Cairo''', ni mpiganaji wa kickboxing mwenye asili ya [[Suriname]] na [[Uholanzi]] anayeshindana katika Superkombat Fighting Championship, ambapo alikuwa mshindi wa pili wa mashindano ya Superkombat World Grand Prix mwaka 2013. Pia ni mpiganaji wa michezo mchanganyiko ya mapigano (MMA), na ni bingwa wa zamani wa dunia wa WAKO-Pro katika uzani wa cruiser heavyweight chini ya sheria za K-1 kwa uzani wa -94.1 kg. Ameorodheshwa katika nafasi ya 10 duniani kwa wapiganaji wa kickboxing wa light heavyweight na Liverkick.com.<ref>[[http://liverkick.com/index.php/rankings](http://liverkick.com/index.php/rankings) LiverKick Rankings Updated on 5/15/2015] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160529201255/http://liverkick.com/index.php/rankings](https://web.archive.org/web/20160529201255/http://liverkick.com/index.php/rankings) |date=2016-05-29 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1982|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Suriname]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uholanzi]] 2oken0cywivt93ov341rcfeadcr9ej5 0 237581 1577160 1548275 2026-06-27T13:58:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathan A. Zepell''' (6 Januari 1915 – 28 Februari 1982) alizaliwa katika [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]. Alinusurika kipindi cha uvamizi wa Urusi katika nchi yake ya Latvia baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], pamoja na kipindi cha [[Mdororo Mkuu|mdororo mkubwa wa uchumi]]. Pia alinusurika [[Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya|mauaji ya Wayahudi]] iliyofanywa na [[NSDAP|Wanazi]] na alihusika katika mchakato wa kuanzishwa kwa taifa la Kiyahudi nchini [[Israeli]] kabla ya kuhamia [[Marekani]].<ref name="13_obit">{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Nathan Zepell Obituary | newspaper = Santa Barbara News-Press | location = Santa Barbara, CA | date = 1 Machi 1982 }}</ref> Baadaye, Zepell alipata hataza (patents) 40 za uvumbuzi mbalimbali, na kalamu zake zaidi ya milioni 200 ziliuzwa duniani kote.<ref name="13_obit" /><ref name="6_Forbes">{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Nathan Zepell | newspaper = Forbes Magazine | location = Jersey City, NJ | date = 1 Agosti 1974 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1915|1982}} [[Jamii:Wavumbuzi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] 7sdl20xtv9np18apn92mffev9u1ygbz 0 238147 1577291 1549471 2026-06-28T11:51:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Earl Bonney''' (23 Novemba 1882 – 22 Novemba 1967) alikuwa baharia wa Jeshi la Wanamaji la [[Marekani]] na mpokeaji wa tuzo ya juu zaidi ya kijeshi ya Marekani, Medali ya Heshima. == Wasifu == Robert Earl Bonney alizaliwa tarehe 23 Novemba 1882 huko Maryville, Blount County, [[Tennessee]]. Mwaka 1901, akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, alijiunga na Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani akiwa Leavenworth, Kansas. Katika miaka yake ya awali ya huduma, alihudumu nchini Ufilipino wakati wa Philippine Insurrection.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://myedmondsnews.com/2019/11/looking-back-robert-earl-bonney-a-local-hero-veteran-and-medal-of-honor-winner/|title=Looking](https://myedmondsnews.com/2019/11/looking-back-robert-earl-bonney-a-local-hero-veteran-and-medal-of-honor-winner/|title=Looking) Back: Robert Earl Bonney - A local hero, veteran and Medal of Honor winner|date=8 Novemba 2019}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Medal of Honor aliyoipata Bonney ni tuzo ya juu zaidi ya ujasiri wa kijeshi nchini Marekani. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1882|1967}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 2dfdq80li9tg8xz0em5suvr4v5xtry4 0 238196 1577146 1549498 2026-06-27T13:31:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtakatifu Evilasius''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[kuhani]] wa [[Dini za jadi|Kipagani]] ambaye alihusika katika kutesa [[msichana]] mwenye umri wa miaka 13 ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama Mtakatifu [[Fausta]]. Baada ya kushuhudia [[ujasiri]] wa msichana huyo, alibadilika na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]], hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Cyzicus, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo.<ref>[[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651](http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651) Catholic Online]</ref> Evilasius aliuawa baada ya kuongoka kwake kuwa Mkristo, jambo lililoifanya kisa chake kuhesabiwa miongoni mwa [[mfiadini|mashahidi]] wa mwanzo wa Ukristo. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]. == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 3|311}} [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]] i9jau5gtd1pgpqiy7l7hy37mg49c774 1577147 1577146 2026-06-27T13:38:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtakatifu Evilasius''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[kuhani]] wa [[Dini za jadi|Kipagani]] ambaye alihusika katika kumtesa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama [[Mtakatifu]] [[Fausta wa Kuziko]]. Baada ya kushuhudia [[ujasiri]] wa msichana huyo, alibadilika na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Cyzicus, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100178</ref>. Evilasius aliuawa baada ya kuongoka kwake kuwa Mkristo, jambo lililomfanya yeye na Fausta wahesabiwe mapema miongoni mwa watakatifu [[mfiadini|mashahidi]] wa mwanzo wa Ukristo<ref>[[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651](http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651) Catholic Online]</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70900</ref>. == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 3|311}} [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]] qx1ixdhpr2enlmigeepmglz76a1o8q5 1577148 1577147 2026-06-27T13:39:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtakatifu Evilasius''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[kuhani]] wa [[Dini za jadi|Kipagani]] ambaye alihusika katika kumtesa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama [[Mtakatifu]] [[Fausta wa Kuziko]]. Baada ya kushuhudia [[ujasiri]] wa msichana huyo, alibadilika na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Cyzicus, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100178</ref>. Evilasius aliuawa baada ya kuongoka kwake kuwa Mkristo, jambo lililomfanya yeye na Fausta wahesabiwe mapema miongoni mwa watakatifu [[mfiadini|mashahidi]] wa mwanzo wa Ukristo<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651 Catholic Online]</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70900</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 3|311}} [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]] 7gohz49uqg3ue3p1xzvg72dz7nw7q3t 1577151 1577148 2026-06-27T13:47:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577151 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fausta,_and_with_her_Evilasius_and_Maximus,_at_Cyzicus_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpeg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] chake pamoja na Fausta na Masimo.]] '''Mtakatifu Evilasius''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[kuhani]] wa [[Dini za jadi|Kipagani]] ambaye alihusika katika kumtesa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama [[Mtakatifu]] [[Fausta wa Kuziko]]. Baada ya kushuhudia [[ujasiri]] wa msichana huyo, alibadilika na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Cyzicus, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100178</ref>. Evilasius aliuawa baada ya kuongoka kwake kuwa Mkristo, jambo lililomfanya yeye na Fausta wahesabiwe mapema miongoni mwa watakatifu [[mfiadini|mashahidi]] wa mwanzo wa Ukristo<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651 Catholic Online]</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70900</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 3|311}} [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]] t3gs7xlg1b5eg9wsyiw0324emhrjnlh 1577152 1577151 2026-06-27T13:50:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577152 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fausta,_and_with_her_Evilasius_and_Maximus,_at_Cyzicus_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpeg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] chake pamoja na Fausta na Masimo.]] '''Mtakatifu Evilasius''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[kuhani]] wa [[Dini za jadi|Kipagani]] ambaye alihusika katika kumtesa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama [[Mtakatifu]] [[Fausta wa Kuziko]]. Baada ya kushuhudia [[ujasiri]] wa msichana huyo, alibadilika na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Cyzicus, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100178</ref>. Evilasius aliuawa baada ya kuongoka kwake kuwa Mkristo, jambo lililomfanya yeye na Fausta wahesabiwe mapema miongoni mwa watakatifu [[mfiadini|mashahidi]] wa mwanzo wa Ukristo<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651 Catholic Online]</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] [[tarehe]] [[20 Septemba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70900</ref>, ila kwa [[Waorthodoksi]] tarehe [[5 Februari]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 3|311}} [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]] 8z3cww7ks7k1atkznea3v1n4yypbv7u 0 238850 1577164 1551102 2026-06-27T14:02:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alphonse Daniel Ntumba Luaba Lumu''' alikuwa Katibu Mtendaji wa International Conference on the Great Lakes Region kuanzia Desemba [[2011]] hadi mwaka [[2016]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NTUMBA LUABA LUMU {{!}} Chercheur OIPR - Université de Kinshasa|url=https://www.unikin.ac.cd/oipr/OIPR/chercheurs/866/NTUMBA-LUABA-LUMU|work=OIPR - Université de Kinshasa|accessdate=2026-05-26|language=fr|author=Université de Kinshasa-Cellule d'Appui à la Recherche (CAR)}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n2cp8dglaegymg9m4l4ldqlnt5q7bxx 0 238975 1577175 1551124 2026-06-27T14:12:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Ndambu Wolang''' (amezaliwa 10 Machi 1952) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alihudumu kama gavana wa Mkoa wa Bandundu kuanzia tarehe 16 Machi 2007 hadi 22 Mei 2012.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=February 2012|url=https://rulers.org/2012-02.html|work=rulers.org|accessdate=2026-05-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8ps5tw9u8nn5iyln9qmvx773zngrn1y 0 239400 1577082 1553793 2026-06-27T12:28:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Nawai Martin''' (anajulikana pia kama '''Mary Mawai''') ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Sudan Kusini]]. Kufikia mwaka 2022, alikuwa Waziri wa Masuala ya Bunge nchini Sudan Kusini. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7hidl7scvn9m5s3u4gsih7i4yahbj9z 0 239541 1577168 1555127 2026-06-27T14:07:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patrick Zamoi''' alikuwa Gavana wa Jimbo la [[Equatoria Magharibi]] Sate nchini [[Sudan Kusini]] wakati jimbo hilo lilipogawanywa kuwa majimbo sita tofauti. Baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa Gavana wa Tombura State.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=GOVERNOR PATRICK ZAMOI ISSUED AN EXTERMINATIONS CAMPAIGN, TO BURN AND DEMOLISH THE HOUSES OF ANY PARENTS OF YOUTH SUSPECTED TO HAVE LINK WITH THE ARROW BOYS.|url=https://www.southsudanliberty.com/news/index.php/latest-news/890-governor-patrick-zamoi-instructed-the-security-to-burn-and-demolish-the-houses-of-those-suspected-to-have-link-with-armed-youth-of-arrow-boys|work=www.southsudanliberty.com|accessdate=2026-05-28|language=en-gb|author=j.Roberts Swaka}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b7rqptdsrihj2jhxuyxj0du6zcgvht0 0 240095 1577138 1559055 2026-06-27T13:22:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Monserrat Alarcon | picha = Monserrat Raya 2017.png | jina_la_utani = Raya | uzito = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Atom *Uzani wa Nzi Mdogo *Uzani wa Nzi Mwepesi *Uzani wa Nzi }} | utaifa = Meksiko | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1994|3|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 631563 | jumla = 30 | ushindi = 19 | KO = 0 | kupoteza = 8 | sare = 3 | hakuna mashindano = }} '''Monserrat Alarcón''' (alizaliwa Machi 7, 1994) ni [[bondia]] wa kulipwa wa kike kutoka nchini [[Meksiko]]. Yeye ni bingwa wa zamani wa dunia katika madaraja mawili ya uzito, akiwa ameshikilia taji la wanawake la uzito wa chini kabisa wa chini (light minimumweight) la WBA kuanzia mwaka 2018 hadi 2023, na taji la wanawake la uzito wa nzi (flyweight) la WBO kuanzia mwaka 2017 hadi 2018.<ref name="boxrec">{{cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/685517 |title=Monserrat Alarcon Professional Boxing Record |publisher=BoxRec |access-date=Mei 30, 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Meksiko]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] my4w8enrljldu5macl93sqrocyls4e3 0 240172 1577250 1574282 2026-06-28T07:36:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Sablon''' (6 Novemba 1888 – 3 Novemba 1940), ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama '''Paul Bourgeois''', alikuwa mwigizaji, mwongozaji wa filamu, mpiga picha za filamu, mwandishi na mkufunzi wa wanyama aliyezaliwa mjini [[Brussels]], [[Ubelgiji]]. Alifanya kazi katika hatua za mwanzo za tasnia ya filamu, akihusika na kampuni ya Pathé Frères barani Ulaya na [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] nchini Marekani.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2011-04-12 |title=Paul Sablon |url=[https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/film-history/person/paul-sablon](https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/film-history/person/paul-sablon) |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=DEV EYE Filmdatabase |publisher=Eye Filmmuseum |language=en}}</ref> Akiwa akifanya kazi nchini Uholanzi, Sablon alikua mpiga picha wa kawaida wa filamu za Alfred Machin , hasa katika maonesho yaliyomhusisha simbamarara aitwaye Mimir.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Engelen |first=Leen |title=ON THE TRAIL OF THE TIGRESS {{!}} Il Cinema Ritrovato Festival |url=[https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/film/on-the-trail-of-the-tigress/](https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/film/on-the-trail-of-the-tigress/) |access-date=2022-12-14 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baadaye alisafiri na Circus Hagenbeck, ambako aliendeleza ujuzi wake wa kufundisha wanyama.<ref name=":0" /> Katika kipindi chake nchini Marekani, alijulikana kama mkufunzi wa wanyama, mwongozaji wa filamu aliyepata mafanikio ya kibiashara na kisanii, lakini pia alihusishwa na ulaghai na tabia zisizofaa mahali pa kazi.<ref name=":13">{{Rejea habari |last=Johnston |first=Keith |date=2021-10-03 |title=He made history as Hollywood's first animal trainer. Then he scammed L.A. with 'iceless ice' |language=en-US |website=Los Angeles Times |url=[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-03/hollywood-animal-trainer-paul-bourgeois-los-angeles-iceless-ice-scam](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-03/hollywood-animal-trainer-paul-bourgeois-los-angeles-iceless-ice-scam) |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> Mwaka 1915, Bourgeois na mke wake, mwigizaji Rosita Marstini, walifika Hollywood baada ya kufanya kazi na wanyama katika majimbo ya New York na New Jersey.<ref name=":13" /> Kati ya mwaka 1915 na 1916 alikuwa mkufunzi mkuu wa wanyama na msimamizi wa Universal City Zoo.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Motion Picture News (Nov-Dec 1916) - Lantern |url=[https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/motionpicturenew14moti_4_0251](https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/motionpicturenew14moti_4_0251) |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=lantern.mediahist.org }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 1916 aliwahadaa wawekezaji kupitia mradi wa uwanja wa kutelezea kwenye barafu na baadaye akatorokea Arizona akiwa na fedha hizo pamoja na katibu wake wa miaka 19.<ref name=":13" /> Aliishi kwa vipindi nchini Kanada na Marekani, lakini alifariki katika nchi yake ya Ubelgiji.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" /> == Filamu alizoshiriki == === Kama mwigizaji === * 1912: ''Het vervloekte Geld'' (''Laana ya Fedha'') * 1913: ''Beasts of the Jungle''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List |url=[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BeastsOfTheJungle1913.html](https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BeastsOfTheJungle1913.html) |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=[www.silentera.com](http://www.silentera.com) |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 1915: ''The Prisoner of the Harem''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=McMahan |first=Alison |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mqIMBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22paul+sablon%22&pg=PA270](https://books.google.com/books?id=mqIMBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22paul+sablon%22&pg=PA270) |title=Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema |date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-0269-5 |language=en}}</ref> * 1916: ''Hungry Happy’s Dream''<ref>{{cite web|title=Hungry's Happy Dream|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/114363}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/114363}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> === Kama mwongozaji au mpiga picha wa filamu barani Ulaya === * 1912: ''Babylas va se marier'' * 1912: ''L'Âme des moulins''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Paul Sablon |url=[https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8](https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221214145728/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8](https://web.archive.org/web/20221214145728/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8) |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=British Film Institute |language=en}}</ref> * 1912: ''Calvaire du mousse'' * 1912: ''L'Or qui brûle'' * 1912: ''De Molens die juichen en weenen'' * 1912: ''La Peinture et les cochons'' === Kama mwongozaji nchini Marekani (akitumia jina Paul Bourgeois) === * 1915: ''Joe Martin Turns 'Em Loose''<ref>{{cite web|title=Joe Martin Turns Them Loose|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/97084}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/97084}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1915: ''The Tiger-Woman''<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JBIXAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22paul+Bourgois%22+animal+film&pg=RA8-PA127](https://books.google.com/books?id=JBIXAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22paul+Bourgois%22+animal+film&pg=RA8-PA127) |title=Greenroom Jottings|magazine=Motion Picture|page=127|date=1915 |publisher=Macfadden-Bartell |language=en}}</ref> * 1916: ''Nadine of Nowhere''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadine of Nowhere|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116425}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116425}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1916: ''The Whole Jungle Was After Him''<ref>{{cite web|title=Whole Jungle Was After Him, The|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/120235}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/120235}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1916: ''On the Trail of the Tigress''<ref>{{cite web|title=On the Trail of the Tigress|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|archive-date=December](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|archive-date=December) 14, 2022|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173252/https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173252/https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|url-status=live}})</ref> == Tazama pia == * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Donaldson |first=Geoffrey |title=Of Joy and Sorrow: A Filmography of Dutch Silent Fiction |date=1997 |publisher=Stichting Nederlands Filmmuseum |isbn=90-71338-10-X |location=Amsterdam |oclc=39197409}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1888|1940}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] m44oovm9dnnaakfcg67lwkbu2lpx1nv 0 240195 1577074 1561997 2026-06-27T12:25:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Wanataaluma | jina = Maria Chudnovsky | picha = MariaChudnovsky2011.jpg | maelezo_picha = Picha MariaChudnovsky 2011 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = Januari 6, 1977 | mahali_pa_kuzaliwa = St. Petersburg, Russia | uraia = Israeli-American | taasisi = Princeton University | idara = Hisabati | cheo = Profesa | elimu = Shahada ya Uzamivu | shahada_ya_kwanza = | shahada_ya_pili = | shahada_ya_uzamivu = 2003 | mada_ya_tasnifu = | mwaka_wa_uzamivu = 2014 | mshauri_wa_uzamivu = | eneo_la_utafiti = graph theory | michango_mashuhuri = | machapisho = | tuzo = Brilliant 10 | tovuti = }} '''Maria Chudnovsky''' (amezaliwa Januari 6, 1977) ni [[mwanahisabati]] wenye asili ya [[Israeli]] na [[Marekani]] anayefanya kazi katika nadharia ya grafu na uboreshaji wa pamoja (''graph theory and combinatorial optimization'').<ref>https://web.math.princeton.edu/~mchudnov/cv.pdf</ref> Yeye ni Mshirika wa MacArthur_Fellows_Program MacArthur kwa mwaka 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121002000603/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2012-macarthur-foundation-genius-grant-winners#overlay-context=users/rjagodzinski</ref> == Elimu na Kazi == Chudnovsky ni profesa katika idara ya hisabati katika [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton|Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton]]. Alikulia nchini Urusi (alisoma shule ya Saint Petersburg Lyceum 30) na Israeli, akisoma katika Technion, <ref>https://www.claymath.org/library/annual_report/ar2005/05report_chud.pdf</ref> na baadae kupokea Shahada ya [[Uzamivu]] mwaka wa 2003 kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton chini ya usimamizi wa Paul Seymour. Baada ya utafiti wa Shahada ya uzamivu katika Taasisi ya Hisabati ya Clay, alikua profesa msaidizi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton mnamo 2005, na kuhamia Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia mnamo 2006. Kufikia 2014, alikuwa Profesa wa Familia ya Liu wa Uhandisi wa Viwanda na Utafiti wa Uendeshaji huko Columbia. Alirudi Princeton kama profesa wa hisabati mwaka 2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121002000603/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2012-macarthur-foundation-genius-grant-winners#overlay-context=users/rjagodzinski</ref> == Tuzo na Heshima == Mnamo 2004, Chudnovsky jina lake lilitajwa kwenye "Brilliant 10" na gazeti moja lijulikanalo kama [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science Popular Science magazine] kazi yake ya ''graph theorem'' ndiyo iliyomtambulisha na kujumuishwa kwenye orodha hii maarufu pamoja na [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkerson_Prize washiriki wenza] mwaka 2009.<ref>https://www.ams.org/notices/201011/rtx101101475p.pdf</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:wanahisabati wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:wanahisabati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2026 in Tanzania]] 0qv5rwd2vfoh1lo2ctsdfqhk7clskpf 0 240280 1577260 1564688 2026-06-28T08:49:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Die Goeie ou tyd 1944.jpg|thumb|Gert van den Bergh, Paula Styger, Pierre de Wet and Anna Neethling-Pohl katika tukio kutoka kwa ''Die Goeie ou tyd'' ya sita (1944).]] '''Pierre Stephanus de Wet''' (1909–1990) alikuwa mwongozaji wa filamu, mtayarishaji na mwandishi. Anachukuliwa kama baba wa tasnia ya filamu ya [[Kiafrikana]]. Alianzisha tasnia ya filamu ya Kiafrikana karibu peke yake kwa kutumia nyenzo duni na alitayarisha jumla ya filamu 21 za Kiafrikana katika maisha yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pierre de Wet Photography|url=https://www.pierredewet.com/|work=Pierre de Wet Photography|accessdate=2026-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> De Wet pia alikuwa muumbaji wa Kom Saam Vanaand (1949), filamu ya kwanza kabisa ya muziki ya Afrika Kusini na ya Kiafrikana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liefling: Afrikaans song and dance|url=https://gautengfilm.org.za/2010/09/liefling-afrikaans-song-and-dance/|work=Gauteng Film Commission|date=2010-09-20|accessdate=2026-06-04|language=en-US|author=kemoso webadmin}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alifariki kwa mshtuko wa moyo katika hospitali ya [[Johannesburg]] mnamo 1990 akiwa na umri wa miaka 80. == Filamu == === Kama muigizaji === * Pikkie se Erfenis, 1946 * Die kaskenades van Dr. Kwak,1948 kama Dkt. Hendrikus Kwak * Moedertjie, 1931 (filamu ya kwanza ndefu yenye mazungumzo ya Kiafrikana) === Kama mwandishi === * Dis Lekker om te Lewe, 1957 * ’n Plan is ’n Boerdery, 1954 * Hier’s ons weer, 1950 * Die kaskenades van Dr. Kwak, 1948 * Simon Beyers, 1947 === Kama mwongozaji === * En die Vonke Spat, 1961 * Oupa en die plaasnooientjie, 1960 * Nooi van my hart, 1959 * Piet se tante, 1959 * Fratse in die vloot, 1958 * Dis Lekker om te Lewe, 1957 * Matieland, 1955 * Vadertjie Langbeen, 1955 * ’n Plan is ’n Boerdery, 1954 * Altyd in my drome, 1952 * Alles sal regkom, 1951 * Kom saam, vanaand, 1949 * Die kaskenades van Dr. Kwak, 1948 * Simon Beyers, 1947 * Geboortegrond, 1946 * Pikkie se Erfenis, 1946 == Tuzo == Kwa uigizaji wake katika Moedertjie alipokea tuzo ya kwanza ya filamu ya Kiafrikana - medali ya heshima kutoka Chuo cha Lugha, Fasihi na Sanaa cha wakati huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2016945/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1909|1990}} [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:waongozaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] r44nmj9z6sijntmy6j7w6ck47esfn7m 0 240535 1577069 1575858 2026-06-27T12:22:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sitting Bull Falls P1013348 mod.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Sitting Bull.]] '''Maji ya ardhini''' ni yale yanayopatikana chini ya ardhi kwenye nyufa za [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] na [[udongo]] baada ya [[mvua]] kuzama chini. Nyumbani tunayapata [[maji]] hayo kwa kuchimba visima vya mkono au vya pampu. Kulingana na mtandao wa [https://www.usgs.gov USGS], maji hayo ndio chanzo kikubwa cha [[maji salama|maji safi ya kunywa]] duniani.<ref>https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/what-groundwater</ref> == Mambo Yanayopelekea Maji ya Ardhini Kuchafuka == Ingawa maji haya yapo chini ya ardhi, yanaweza kuchafuliwa kirahisi sana na mambo yanayofanyika juu ya ardhi. Shida kubwa ni kwamba, maji ya ardhini yakishachafuliwa, inachukua miaka mingi sana kusafirika kiasili. Mambo hayo ni;<ref>https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/groundwater</ref> * Kusogezwa kwa Vyoo Karibu na Visima: Watu wengi wanajenga vyoo vya mashimo karibu mno na maeneo ya visima. Mvua zikinyesha, yale maji machafu ya chooni yanapenya chini ya udongo na kuingia kwenye vyanzo vya maji safi, jambo linaloleta magonjwa kama [https://www.who.int kipindupindu]. * Dawa za Viuadudu na Mbolea za Chumvi: Wakulima wanapotumia dawa kali za kuua wadudu na mbolea za viwandani kwa wingi, kemikali zile hazishii kwenye mimea tu; zinamwagika kwenye udongo na kuchujwa hadi kufikia maji ya chini.[https://www.fao.org] == Jinsi ya Kulinda na Kutunza Maji ya Ardhini == Ili tusije tukakosa maji safi ya kunywa hapo mbeleni, kuna mambo ya lazima tunayotakiwa kuyafanya:<ref>https://www.unep.org/topics/water/groundwater{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kupunguza Matumizi ya Plastiki na Kemikali: Jamii inatakiwa ijifunze kutupa takataka ngumu kwenye maeneo maalum badala ya kuzichimbia ovyo ardhini, na wakulima watumie mbolea za asili (kama samadi) ambazo hazina sumu kwa maji ya chini. [https://www.unep.org] * Kuweka Nafasi Kati ya Kisima na Choo: Kitaalamu, kisima kinatakiwa kichimbwe mbali kabisa na eneo la choo (angalau mita 30 au zaidi) ili kuzuia maji machafu ya chooni yasivuje na kuingia kwenye maji ya kunywa.[https://www.who.int] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:afya]] l4l2uz27cl8co79xx58id9wu8cmgweo 0 240687 1577019 1570737 2026-06-27T12:00:58Z AMATUS V MGONDA 90452 Nimeongeza Picha 1577019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lake of Fetzara.jpg|thumb|Lake Fetzara]] '''Ziwa Fetzara''' ni [[ziwa]] lililopo kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Algeria]], takribani kilomita 18 kusini-mashariki mwa [[mji]] wa [[Hippo|Annaba]]. Ziwa hili lina urefu wa kilomita 17 kutoka mashariki hadi magharibi na kilomita 13 kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini, likiwa na eneo la takribani hekta 18,600. Ziwa Fetzara limetambuliwa rasmi kama eneo la '''Ramsar''', hadhi inayotolewa kwa maeneo oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa ili kulindwa na kuhifadhiwa. Tafiti mbalimbali zimefanyika kuhusu maji na udongo wa eneo la Fetzara kwa lengo la kufuatilia kiwango cha [[chumvi]] na kubaini asili pamoja na sababu zinazochangia kuongezeka kwa chumvi katika mazingira hayo. Utafiti mmoja ulilenga kutathmini sifa za udongo wa Ziwa Fetzara zilizoathiriwa na mchakato wa kuongezeka kwa chumvi na kuchunguza jinsi sifa hizo zinavyobadilika kadiri ya kina cha udongo. Sampuli zilichukuliwa katika tabaka mbili za udongo, kati ya sentimita 0–20 na 20–40, kutoka maeneo nane yanayozunguka ziwa, na kutoa jumla ya sampuli 16. Matokeo ya uchambuzi yalionyesha kuwa kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha chumvi kwenye udongo kilipatikana katika sehemu ya kaskazini-mashariki ya ziwa, hasa eneo la Wadi Zied, na kusini mwa ziwa katika eneo la Cheurfa. Aidha, ilibainika kuwa aina kuu ya chumvi inayotawala katika maeneo hayo ni kloridi ya [[sodiamu]] (chumvi ya kawaida).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Fetzara|url=https://www.oldbookillustrations.com/illustrations/lake-fetzara/|work=Old Book Illustrations|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Algeria}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Algeria]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] nryvcxq9unmg4t3g86cmh421fp1dghl 1577043 1577019 2026-06-27T12:11:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lake of Fetzara.jpg|thumb|Ziwa Fetzara.]] '''Ziwa Fetzara''' ni [[ziwa]] lililopo [[kaskazini]]-[[mashariki]] mwa [[Algeria]], takribani kilomita 18 kusini-mashariki mwa [[mji]] wa [[Hippo|Annaba]]. Ziwa hili lina urefu wa kilomita 17 kutoka mashariki hadi magharibi na kilomita 13 kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini, likiwa na eneo la takribani hekta 18,600. Ziwa Fetzara limetambuliwa rasmi kama eneo la '''Ramsar''', hadhi inayotolewa kwa maeneo oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa ili kulindwa na kuhifadhiwa. Tafiti mbalimbali zimefanyika kuhusu maji na udongo wa eneo la Fetzara kwa lengo la kufuatilia kiwango cha [[chumvi]] na kubaini asili pamoja na sababu zinazochangia kuongezeka kwa chumvi katika mazingira hayo. Utafiti mmoja ulilenga kutathmini sifa za udongo wa Ziwa Fetzara zilizoathiriwa na mchakato wa kuongezeka kwa chumvi na kuchunguza jinsi sifa hizo zinavyobadilika kadiri ya kina cha udongo. Sampuli zilichukuliwa katika tabaka mbili za udongo, kati ya sentimita 0–20 na 20–40, kutoka maeneo nane yanayozunguka ziwa, na kutoa jumla ya sampuli 16. Matokeo ya uchambuzi yalionyesha kuwa kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha chumvi kwenye udongo kilipatikana katika sehemu ya kaskazini-mashariki ya ziwa, hasa eneo la Wadi Zied, na kusini mwa ziwa katika eneo la Cheurfa. Aidha, ilibainika kuwa aina kuu ya chumvi inayotawala katika maeneo hayo ni kloridi ya [[sodiamu]] (chumvi ya kawaida).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Fetzara|url=https://www.oldbookillustrations.com/illustrations/lake-fetzara/|work=Old Book Illustrations|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Algeria}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Algeria]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] qw2j8svvv68d4zc8p8mh1r50es079hx 0 240766 1577065 1571102 2026-06-27T12:20:35Z Anastaz12 90546 Nimeongeza Picha 1577065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Katse, sehemu ya mradi wa maji nyanda za juu za Lesotho]] [[Faili:Bonn, Kläranlage Salierweg.JPG|thumb|Mtambo wa Usambazaji maji]] '''Lesotho''' ni nchi yenye milima na 'nchi yenye maji mengi', lakini inakabiliwa na ukosefu wa maji safi ya kunywa kutokana na usafi duni. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, kutokana na ujenzi wa mabwawa ya Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP), Lesotho imekuwa mtoaji mkuu wa maji kwa sehemu za kaskazini [[Afrika Kusini|mwa Afrika Kusini]] . Licha ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi na miundombinu yaliyosababishwa na LHWP, magonjwa yanayosababishwa na maji ni ya kawaida nchini na kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kutokana nayo ni cha juu. Mnamo [[2017]], mradi wa kuboresha usambazaji wa maji vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ulifadhiliwa na Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika, na unaendelea. == Historia == Wazo la Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP) lilianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970; hata hivyo, mradi huo haukuanzishwa hadi mapinduzi ya kijeshi yalipoipindua serikali ya Lesotho mnamo 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}</ref> LHWP ilikuwa ushirikiano kati ya Afrika Kusini na serikali mpya ya Lesotho, ingawa mpango huo uliisaidia Afrika Kusini. <ref name=":0" /> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo Februari 13, 2017, Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani (GEF) kwa ushirikiano na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika (AfDB) kiliamua kufadhili marekebisho ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi kwa ajili ya Ugavi Endelevu wa Maji Vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-and-gef-support-climate-change-adaptation-for-sustainable-water-supply-in-malawi-and-lesotho-16797/|title=AfDB and GEF Support Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Water Supply in Malawi and Lesotho|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref> GEF itafadhili dola milioni 4.4 na AfDB dola milioni 17 mtawalia. Mradi huu ni wa kuboresha maji safi na usafi wa mazingira kwa jamii za vijijini za Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ili kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ya hivi karibuni na kusimamia rasilimali kwa ufanisi zaidi baada ya ukame wa hivi karibuni. <ref name=":4" /> Mradi huo utasaidia kudumisha jamii za vijijini kwa maji safi. Mpango wao ni kutekeleza mabonde ya maji ili kulinda usambazaji wa maji kutoka nje kutokana na ukame unaojirudia na mafuriko yanayowezekana. <ref name=":4" /> == Marejeo == <references responsive="" /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] pgfqn65o9y19n6et15tn7sb5291n88w 1577094 1577065 2026-06-27T12:35:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Anastaz12|Anastaz12]] ([[User talk:Anastaz12|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1571102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Katse, sehemu ya mradi wa maji nyanda za juu za Lesotho]] '''Lesotho''' ni nchi yenye milima na 'nchi yenye maji mengi', lakini inakabiliwa na ukosefu wa maji safi ya kunywa kutokana na usafi duni. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, kutokana na ujenzi wa mabwawa ya Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP), Lesotho imekuwa mtoaji mkuu wa maji kwa sehemu za kaskazini [[Afrika Kusini|mwa Afrika Kusini]] . Licha ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi na miundombinu yaliyosababishwa na LHWP, magonjwa yanayosababishwa na maji ni ya kawaida nchini na kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kutokana nayo ni cha juu. Mnamo [[2017]], mradi wa kuboresha usambazaji wa maji vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ulifadhiliwa na Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika, na unaendelea. == Historia == Wazo la Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP) lilianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970; hata hivyo, mradi huo haukuanzishwa hadi mapinduzi ya kijeshi yalipoipindua serikali ya Lesotho mnamo 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}</ref> LHWP ilikuwa ushirikiano kati ya Afrika Kusini na serikali mpya ya Lesotho, ingawa mpango huo uliisaidia Afrika Kusini. <ref name=":0" /> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo Februari 13, 2017, Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani (GEF) kwa ushirikiano na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika (AfDB) kiliamua kufadhili marekebisho ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi kwa ajili ya Ugavi Endelevu wa Maji Vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-and-gef-support-climate-change-adaptation-for-sustainable-water-supply-in-malawi-and-lesotho-16797/|title=AfDB and GEF Support Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Water Supply in Malawi and Lesotho|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref> GEF itafadhili dola milioni 4.4 na AfDB dola milioni 17 mtawalia. Mradi huu ni wa kuboresha maji safi na usafi wa mazingira kwa jamii za vijijini za Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ili kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ya hivi karibuni na kusimamia rasilimali kwa ufanisi zaidi baada ya ukame wa hivi karibuni. <ref name=":4" /> Mradi huo utasaidia kudumisha jamii za vijijini kwa maji safi. Mpango wao ni kutekeleza mabonde ya maji ili kulinda usambazaji wa maji kutoka nje kutokana na ukame unaojirudia na mafuriko yanayowezekana. <ref name=":4" /> == Marejeo == <references responsive="" /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] mlq5ujgr0q2wim70joej8ihj5iik7yq 0 240768 1577078 1574599 2026-06-27T12:27:28Z Anastaz12 90546 Nimeongeza Picha 1577078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Water Tank in Kigali on the road.jpg|thumb|Lori la kusafirishia tangi la maji mjini [[Kigali]]]] [[Faili:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb]] '''Ugavi wa maji''' na usafi wa mazingira nchini Rwanda una sifa ya sera iliyo wazi ya serikali na usaidizi mkubwa wa wafadhili. Kujibu uendelevu duni wa mifumo ya maji vijijini na ubora duni wa huduma, mwaka wa 2002 serikali za mitaa katika Mkoa wa Kaskazini wa Byumba zilitoa huduma kwa sekta binafsi ya ndani kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi . Usaidizi wa ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ukawa sera ya serikali mwaka wa 2004 na ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ulioanzishwa ndani ulienea haraka, ukijumuisha 25% ya mifumo ya maji vijijini kufikia mwaka wa 2007. == Miundombinu == Miundombinu ya maji nchini Rwanda ilijumuisha mifumo 15 ya maji ya mijini na takriban mifumo 796 ya maji ya vijijini mwaka wa 2002. <ref name="PRSP2">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Rwanda_PRSP.pdf |title=PRSP p. 51 |accessdate=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614040647/http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Rwanda_PRSP.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya mijini hulishwa maji kutoka kwa mitambo 17 ya kutibu maji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EWSA Water Production|url=http://www.ewsa.rw/index.php/En/products-services/water/distribution-water|publisher=EWSA|accessdate=24 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324154818/http://www.ewsa.rw/index.php/En/products-services/water/distribution-water|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya vijijini hulishwa zaidi na mabomba ya maji. Pampu za mikono zinazotumia maji ya ardhini na chemchemi zinazosimamiwa hutoa maji tofauti na mifumo ya maji. == Rasilimali za maji na matumizi ya maji == Rwanda ina [[chemchemi]] 22,300 zilizosajiliwa katika orodha ya chemchemi. Jumla ya matumizi ya maji ilikadiriwa kuwa {{Convert|150|e6m3}} mwaka wa 2000, ambapo 24% ( {{Convert|36|e6m3}} kwa mwaka) ilikuwa kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, sawa na mita za ujazo 4 pekee kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka au takriban lita 11 kwa kila mtu kwa siku (140&#x20;cu&#x20;ft/capita/mwaka au kama 3&#x20;Galoni za Marekani au galoni 2½ za kifalme/mtu/siku). <ref name="FAO">[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/rwanda/indexfra.stm FAO Aquastat]</ref> Chanzo kingine kinakadiria jumla ya matumizi ya maji kuwa {{Convert|800|e6m3}} kwa mwaka mwaka wa 1993, ambapo 5% ( {{Convert|40|e6m3}} kwa mwaka) zilikuwa kwa matumizi ya nyumbani. <ref name="WRI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716143242/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_646.pdf WRI]</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Rwanda]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gndi30jibq60me9r9qxapl32tdnxxcb 0 240773 1577098 1571104 2026-06-27T12:36:19Z Mariam halfan 90534 Nimehariri alama za uandishi 1577098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} '''Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Msumbiji''' una sifa ya viwango vya chini vya upatikanaji wa angalau vyanzo vya maji vya msingi (inakadiriwa kuwa 47% mwaka 2015), viwango vya chini vya upatikanaji wa angalau usafi wa mazingira wa msingi (inakadiriwa kuwa 24% mwaka 2015) na ubora Duni wa huduma. Mnamo 2007 Serikali imefafanua mkakati wa usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira katika maeneo ya vijijini, ambapo 62% ya wakazi wanaishi. Katika maeneo ya mijini, maji hutolewa na watoa huduma wadogo wasio rasmi na watoa huduma rasmi. == Ufikiaji == [[Faili:Daily struggle for water (5400691444).jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akiteka maji wakati wa kiangazi kutoka katika chanzo kilichochafuliwa wilaya ya Machanze, Mkoa wa Manica kati]] Ni takriban 47% tu ya wakazi wa Msumbiji ndio wanaopata angalau chanzo cha maji cha msingi, na 24% pekee ndio wanaopata angalau usafi wa mazingira wa msingi. <ref name="JMP">[[Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data Table Mozambique] {{Webarchive}}, retrieved on 19 August 2012</ref> Matokeo kwa hali ya maisha ni mengi, kuanzia afya mbaya hadi uzalishaji mdogo kutokana na muda unaohitajika kuchota maji. Takwimu za upatikanaji wa maji zina utata. Kwa mfano, Mpango wa Pamoja wa Ufuatiliaji [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|wa WHO]] / [[UNICEF]] wa Ugavi wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira unakadiria upatikanaji wa angalau chanzo cha msingi cha maji kwa 79% katika maeneo ya mijini na 32% katika maeneo ya vijijini kufikia mwaka wa 2015. <ref name="JMP2">[[Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data Table Mozambique] {{Webarchive}}, retrieved on 19 August 2012</ref> Hata hivyo, Wizara ya Ujenzi wa Umma inatumia takwimu za upatikanaji wa maji za 38% katika maeneo ya mijini na 40% katika maeneo ya vijijini. Nambari za upatikanaji wa maji vijijini zinatokana na idadi ya visima na wastani wa idadi ya kaya zinazotumia kisima. <ref name="www-wds.worldbank.org">[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/08/22/000020439_20070822115203/Rendered/INDEX/393070IDA1R20071022911.txt World Bank: WATER SERVICES AND INSTITUTIONALSUPPORT PROJECT, Project Appraisal Document], p. 32</ref> == Historia == Mnamo 1999 serikali ilitoa kwa ushindani mkataba mseto wa kukodisha/usimamizi kwa miji saba kwa muungano wa kimataifa unaoitwa ''Aguas de Moçambique'' (AdeM), ambao uliongozwa na kampuni ya Ufaransa SAUR (35%) na kujumuisha Aguas de Portugal (32%). Kwa [[Maputo]] na [[Matola (Msumbiji)|Matola]] mkataba huo ulikuwa wa kukodisha wa miaka 15 na kwa miji mingine ulikuwa wa mkataba wa usimamizi wa miaka 5. <ref>[http://www.citizen.org/documents/Lessons%20from%20Mozambique.pdf Horacio Zandamela:The Maputo water concession, 2002] p. 17</ref> AdEM pia ilijumuisha umiliki wa hisa wa 30% na kampuni miliki ya Msumbiji inayoitwa Mazi ya Msumbiji yenye wanahisa sita wa ndani. Zabuni ya kifedha ya AdeM ilikuwa chini sana kuliko ile ya mshindani wa karibu zaidi. Kulingana na utafiti wa Benki ya Dunia, hatimaye ilithibitika kuwa ya chini sana. <ref name="citizen.org">[http://www.citizen.org/documents/Lessons%20from%20Mozambique.pdf Horacio Zandamela:The Maputo water concession, 2002], p. 6</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] he33e0lcfm4qbatl4yp5u3cpn8jwve7 1577122 1577098 2026-06-27T13:10:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Mariam halfan|Mariam halfan]] ([[User talk:Mariam halfan|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1571104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} '''Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Msumbiji''' una sifa ya viwango vya chini vya upatikanaji wa angalau vyanzo vya maji vya msingi (inakadiriwa kuwa 47% mwaka 2015), viwango vya chini vya upatikanaji wa angalau usafi wa mazingira wa msingi (inakadiriwa kuwa 24% mwaka 2015) na ubora duni wa huduma. Mnamo 2007 serikali imefafanua mkakati wa usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira katika maeneo ya vijijini, ambapo 62% ya wakazi wanaishi. Katika maeneo ya mijini, maji hutolewa na watoa huduma wadogo wasio rasmi na watoa huduma rasmi. == Ufikiaji == [[Faili:Daily struggle for water (5400691444).jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akiteka maji wakati wa kiangazi kutoka katika chanzo kilichochafuliwa wilaya ya Machanze, Mkoa wa Manica kati]] Ni takriban 47% tu ya wakazi wa Msumbiji ndio wanaopata angalau chanzo cha maji cha msingi, na 24% pekee ndio wanaopata angalau usafi wa mazingira wa msingi. <ref name="JMP">[[Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data Table Mozambique] {{Webarchive}}, retrieved on 19 August 2012</ref> Matokeo kwa hali ya maisha ni mengi, kuanzia afya mbaya hadi uzalishaji mdogo kutokana na muda unaohitajika kuchota maji. Takwimu za upatikanaji wa maji zina utata. Kwa mfano, Mpango wa Pamoja wa Ufuatiliaji [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|wa WHO]] / [[UNICEF]] wa Ugavi wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira unakadiria upatikanaji wa angalau chanzo cha msingi cha maji kwa 79% katika maeneo ya mijini na 32% katika maeneo ya vijijini kufikia mwaka wa 2015. <ref name="JMP2">[[Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data Table Mozambique] {{Webarchive}}, retrieved on 19 August 2012</ref> Hata hivyo, Wizara ya Ujenzi wa Umma inatumia takwimu za upatikanaji wa maji za 38% katika maeneo ya mijini na 40% katika maeneo ya vijijini. Nambari za upatikanaji wa maji vijijini zinatokana na idadi ya visima na wastani wa idadi ya kaya zinazotumia kisima. <ref name="www-wds.worldbank.org">[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/08/22/000020439_20070822115203/Rendered/INDEX/393070IDA1R20071022911.txt World Bank: WATER SERVICES AND INSTITUTIONALSUPPORT PROJECT, Project Appraisal Document], p. 32</ref> == Historia == Mnamo 1999 serikali ilitoa kwa ushindani mkataba mseto wa kukodisha/usimamizi kwa miji saba kwa muungano wa kimataifa unaoitwa ''Aguas de Moçambique'' (AdeM), ambao uliongozwa na kampuni ya Ufaransa SAUR (35%) na kujumuisha Aguas de Portugal (32%). Kwa [[Maputo]] na [[Matola (Msumbiji)|Matola]] mkataba huo ulikuwa wa kukodisha wa miaka 15 na kwa miji mingine ulikuwa wa mkataba wa usimamizi wa miaka 5. <ref>[http://www.citizen.org/documents/Lessons%20from%20Mozambique.pdf Horacio Zandamela:The Maputo water concession, 2002] p. 17</ref> AdEM pia ilijumuisha umiliki wa hisa wa 30% na kampuni miliki ya Msumbiji inayoitwa Mazi ya Msumbiji yenye wanahisa sita wa ndani. Zabuni ya kifedha ya AdeM ilikuwa chini sana kuliko ile ya mshindani wa karibu zaidi. Kulingana na utafiti wa Benki ya Dunia, hatimaye ilithibitika kuwa ya chini sana. <ref name="citizen.org">[http://www.citizen.org/documents/Lessons%20from%20Mozambique.pdf Horacio Zandamela:The Maputo water concession, 2002], p. 6</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2nmepglu4eoabkpmwbsdu4c1mfb2htd 0 240835 1577093 1576056 2026-06-27T12:34:59Z AMATUS V MGONDA 90452 nimeongeza picha 1577093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Oued Mliz.jpg|thumb|Chanzo cha maji tunisia na usafi wa mazingira ya chanzo cha maji]] '''Tunisia''' imefikia viwango vya juu zaidi vya upatikanaji wa huduma za maji na [[usafi wa mazingira]] miongoni mwa Mashariki ya Kati na [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]]. Kufikia mwaka wa 2011, upatikanaji wa [[maji salama]] ya kunywa ulikuwa karibu na kufikia asilimia 100 kwa wote katika maeneo ya mijini na asilimia 90 katika maeneo ya vijijini. Tunisia hutoa maji ya kunywa yenye ubora mzuri mwaka mzima. <ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Ufikiaji == Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, 98% ya wakazi wa [[Tunisia]] walipata "maji yaliyoboreshwa", 100% ya wakazi wa mijini na 93% ya wakazi wa vijijini. Baadaye, kulikuwa na, mwaka wa 2015, watu 253,000 hawakupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa". Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, mnamo 2015, 92% ya wakazi walikuwa na huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa", 98% na 80%, wakazi wa mijini na vijijini, mtawalia. Jumla ya watu ambao, mnamo 2015, hawakupata huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa" ilikuwa karibu watu 944,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|work=washwatch.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-22}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo 2003, Wizara ya [[Kilimo]] ilichapisha Mpango Mkuu wa Maji kwa ajili ya sekta ya maji <ref name="PSP2">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> Chaguzi mbili kuu za kimkakati zilitambuliwa na kutekelezwa: mkakati wa miaka 10 wa uhamasishaji wa rasilimali za maji (2001–2011) ulioanzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1990, na mkakati wa muda mrefu (2030). Mnamo 2023, huku nchi ikiwa katika mwaka wake wa nne wa ukame, Sonede, kampuni ya maji ya jimbo hilo, imeanza kutoa mgao wa maji, ikipunguza usambazaji mkuu wa maji kati ya saa tatu usiku na saa kumi asubuhi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Simon|author=Speakman Cordall|title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=5 April 2023|language=en-GB|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tunisia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] pk02pzb9rgnr4i30var2dnjn41zc949 1577119 1577093 2026-06-27T13:06:25Z Mariam Magembe 90539 Nimeongeza picha 1577119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Oued Mliz.jpg|thumb|Chanzo cha maji tunisia na usafi wa mazingira ya chanzo cha maji]] [[Faili:Taksebt Dam, Tizi Ouzou Province (Algéria).jpg|thumb|Usambazaji wa maji Tunisia]] '''Tunisia''' imefikia viwango vya juu zaidi vya upatikanaji wa huduma za maji na [[usafi wa mazingira]] miongoni mwa Mashariki ya Kati na [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]]. Kufikia mwaka wa 2011, upatikanaji wa [[maji salama]] ya kunywa ulikuwa karibu na kufikia asilimia 100 kwa wote katika maeneo ya mijini na asilimia 90 katika maeneo ya vijijini. Tunisia hutoa maji ya kunywa yenye ubora mzuri mwaka mzima. <ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Ufikiaji == Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, 98% ya wakazi wa [[Tunisia]] walipata "maji yaliyoboreshwa", 100% ya wakazi wa mijini na 93% ya wakazi wa vijijini. Baadaye, kulikuwa na, mwaka wa 2015, watu 253,000 hawakupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa". Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, mnamo 2015, 92% ya wakazi walikuwa na huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa", 98% na 80%, wakazi wa mijini na vijijini, mtawalia. Jumla ya watu ambao, mnamo 2015, hawakupata huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa" ilikuwa karibu watu 944,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|work=washwatch.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-22}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo 2003, Wizara ya [[Kilimo]] ilichapisha Mpango Mkuu wa Maji kwa ajili ya sekta ya maji <ref name="PSP2">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> Chaguzi mbili kuu za kimkakati zilitambuliwa na kutekelezwa: mkakati wa miaka 10 wa uhamasishaji wa rasilimali za maji (2001–2011) ulioanzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1990, na mkakati wa muda mrefu (2030). Mnamo 2023, huku nchi ikiwa katika mwaka wake wa nne wa ukame, Sonede, kampuni ya maji ya jimbo hilo, imeanza kutoa mgao wa maji, ikipunguza usambazaji mkuu wa maji kati ya saa tatu usiku na saa kumi asubuhi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Simon|author=Speakman Cordall|title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=5 April 2023|language=en-GB|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tunisia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] m96qphuywocif7fo80dtq7fzzn9kcwi 0 240840 1577049 1571109 2026-06-27T12:12:59Z AMATUS V MGONDA 90452 Nimeongeza Picha 1577049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|Chanzo cha maji, Mwanza]] '''Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Tanzania''' una sifa ya kupungua kwa upatikanaji wa angalau vyanzo vya msingi vya maji katika miaka ya 2000 (hasa katika maeneo ya mijini), upatikanaji thabiti wa aina fulani ya usafi wa mazingira (karibu 93% tangu miaka ya 1990), usambazaji wa maji wa vipindi na kwa ujumla ubora duni wa huduma. <ref name="mowi">Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&directory=Reports& Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive}} retrieved Feb 2010</ref> Huduma nyingi za maji hazina uwezo wa kufidia gharama zao za uendeshaji na matengenezo kupitia mapato kutokana na ushuru mdogo na ufanisi duni. Kuna tofauti kubwa [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|za kikanda]] na huduma zinazofanya kazi vizuri zaidi ni [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] na [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]] . <ref name="pubexp">Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&directory=Reports& Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive}}, September 2009</ref> == Ushiriki na usimamizi wa jamii (1991–wakati wa sasa) == [[Faili:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Jengo la ghorofa la Michenzani karibu na Mji Mkongwe kwenye kisiwa cha [[Zanzibar]], ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa fahari ya ushirikiano wa maendeleo wa Ujerumani Mashariki, linaonyesha changamoto za kudumisha miundombinu ipasavyo na kutumia miundombinu ya sasa ili kufungua njia kwa miradi mipya na ya kijani kibichi (tazama mashimo wazi mbele)]] Sera ya ujamaa ya [[Ujamaa]] iliondolewa hatua kwa hatua Nyerere alipomkabidhi madaraka [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]], kwanza kama rais mwaka wa 1985 na kisha kama mkuu wa chama tawala mwaka wa 1990. Serikali ilianzisha mageuzi ya kisiasa na kiutawala, ambayo sehemu yake Sera ya kwanza ya Kitaifa ya Maji iliidhinishwa mwaka wa 1991. Kiini cha mageuzi hayo kilikuwa Programu ya Mageuzi ya Serikali za Mitaa iliyolenga kugawa madaraka kwa kugawa rasilimali na wajibu wa utoaji wa huduma kwa halmashauri za wilaya na manispaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na uhamisho wa ruzuku za vitalu zenye masharti na zisizo na masharti kwa halmashauri. <ref name="gov">[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010</ref> Sera ya Kitaifa ya Maji ilisisitiza ushiriki wa jamii katika uteuzi wa miradi na katika kuiendesha na kuitunza kupitia kamati za maji zilizotoza maji. Wanakijiji pia walilazimika kutoa michango ya pesa taslimu kwa gharama za mtaji na kuchangia muda na nguvu kazi, vifaa vya ndani na ukarimu kwa wafanyakazi wa serikali waliotembelea. Pia walifanya elimu ya usafi na kuhudumu katika kamati za afya. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tanzania]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] t6z2aqugtvrpkwjmhsh7suutvrpe7uu 0 241024 1577187 1573273 2026-06-27T14:21:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sidet: Forced Exile''' (Uhamishaji wa Kulazimishwa) ni [[filamu]] ya mwaka 1991 iliyoongozwa na kutayarishwa na [[Salem Mekuria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sidet: Forced Exile|url=https://www.wmm.com/catalog/film/sidet-forced-exile|work=www.wmm.com|accessdate=2026-06-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Salem Mekuria|url=https://www.wellesley.edu/people/salem-mekuria|work=Wellesley|accessdate=2026-06-16|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kisa == Wanawake watatu ambao ni wakimbizi wanajaribu kupambana ili kuishi, licha ya changamoto ambazo kila mmoja wao anakabiliana nazo katika safari yake ya maisha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SIDET: Forced Exile|url=https://www.salemmekuria.com/sidet-forced-exile|work=Salem Mekuria|accessdate=2026-06-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sidet : forced exile {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/27923301|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-16|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1991]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Ethiopia]] kodshu12olhxg71sp92gbdrxfo7g431 0 241158 1577106 1574671 2026-06-27T12:39:09Z Mariam Magembe 90539 Nimeongeza Picha 1577106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Gaborone Dam 2.jpg|thumb|Lambo la Gaborone]] [[Faili:Gaborone, Botswana.jpg|thumb|Muonekao wa juu wa Lambo Gaboron]] '''Lambo la Gaborone''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto Notwane nchini [[Botswana]], lenye ujazo wa mita za ujazo 141,100,000 (futi za ujazo 4.98 times 10⁹)<ref>https://www.webcitation.org/5r28HPAkm?url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf</ref>. Bwawa hilo linaendeshwa na Shirika la Huduma za Maji, na linasambazia maji mji mkuu wa [[Gaborone]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20221207130018/https://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=139</ref> == Mahali == Bwawa la Gaborone liko kusini mwa [[Gaborone]] kando ya barabara ya Gaborone-Lobatse, na linatoa maji kwa ajili ya Gaborone na Lobatse. <ref>https://www.webcitation.org/5r28HPAkm?url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf</ref> Eneo lake kuu la vyanzo vya maji lina ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 225 (maili za mraba 87), likimiminiwa maji na mto Notwane pamoja na mito midogo ya [[Taung]], Metsemaswaane, na Nywane.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=73DdflwDU0oC&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Watershed Hydrology: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment (WE-2003), December 15-18, 2003, Bhopal, India|last=Singh|first=Vijay P.|last2=Yadava|first2=Ram Narayan|date=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-547-7|language=en}}</ref> Kati ya mwaka 1971 na 2000, wastani wa mvua ya kila mwaka ilikuwa kati ya milimita 450 (inchi 18) na milimita 550 (inchi 22). Halijoto hutofautiana kutoka 10 °C (50 °F) wakati wa majira ya baridi hadi 37 °C (99 °F) wakati wa majira ya joto. Wastani wa uvukizi (potential evapotranspiration) ni takriban milimita 1,400 (inchi 55) kwa mwaka.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=73DdflwDU0oC&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Watershed Hydrology: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment (WE-2003), December 15-18, 2003, Bhopal, India|last=Singh|first=Vijay P.|last2=Yadava|first2=Ram Narayan|date=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-547-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>In a dry environment where annual precipitation is lower than potential evapotranspiration, the soil and even the river beds will often be dry except in the rainy season.</ref> == Maelezo == Ujenzi wa bwawa ulianza mwaka 1963, ukikusanya maji kutoka Mto Notwane, wakati ambapo mji mkuu mpya wa Gaborone ulikuwa katika hatua za kupangwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gaborone in Details...|url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/gaboroneDetails.php|work=www.botswanatourism.co.bw|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> Bwawa la awali lilimalizika mwaka 1964.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=rErL_dyWbBIC&pg=PA407&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Geotechnical Instrumentation in Practice: Purpose, Performance and Interpretation : Proceedings of the Conference Geotechnical Instrumentation in Civil Engineering Projects|last=Britain)|first=Institution of Civil Engineers (Great|date=1990|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-1515-9|language=en}}</ref> Bwawa hilo ni muundo wa ujazo wa udongo. Wakati wa msimu wa mvua wa 1965-66, hifadhi ya maji ilijaa na kufurika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gaborone in Details...|url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/gaboroneDetails.php|work=www.botswanatourism.co.bw|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Botswana]] [[Jamii:Uchumi wa Botswana]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 8el5yscqd0a7vjietv4eid9mg7s7cdy 0 241341 1577238 1575726 2026-06-28T06:29:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Parrish Smith (cropped).jpg | maelezo = PMD akitumbuiza mnamo 2013 | background = solo_singer | jina = PMD | jina lingine = Parrish J. Smith, Parrish Mic Doc, Parrish Making Dollars | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1968|05|13}} | chimbuko = [[Brentwood, New York]], U.S. | kazi = [[Rapper]], [[record producer|mtayarishaji wa muziki]] | aina = [[East Coast hip-hop]] | miaka ya kazi = 1987–hadi sasa | studio = [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[Relativity Records|Relativity]], Solid Records, [[RBC Records|RBC]], [[Hit Squad]] | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]], [[Hit Squad]], [[DJ Honda]], [[Snowgoons]], Sean "Big Baby" Strange | wavuti = }} '''Parrish J. Smith''' (alizaliwa Mei 13, 1968), anajulikana zaidi kama '''PMD''' (''''P'''arrish '''M'''ic '''D'''oc' au ''''P'''arrish '''M'''aking '''D'''ollars'), ni rapa wa Marekani kutoka [[Brentwood, New York]], na ni mwanachama wa makundi ya [[EPMD]] na [[Hit Squad]]. == Maisha ya sanaa == Alisoma katika shule ya upili ya [[Brentwood High School (New York)|Brentwood High School]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/brentwood-high-school-profile/11717|title=Brentwood High School Profile (2018–19) {{!}} Brentwood, NY|last=|first=|date=|website=Public School Review|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ni mhitimu wa chuo kikuu cha Southern Connecticut, na ametoa albamu nne kamili za peke yake, albamu moja ya EP, albamu saba za [[EPMD]] akiwa na [[Erick Sermon]], albamu ya ushirikiano na mtayarishaji wa hip-hop wa Kijapani [[DJ Honda]], na mradi wa ushirikiano akiwa na Sean "Big Baby" Strange pamoja na kundi la hip-hop la Ujerumani [[Snowgoons]]. == Diskografia == === Albamu za peke yake === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio, zikiambatana na nafasi zilivyoshika kwenye chati ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Nafasi za juu kwenye chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard 200|US]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007075245/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (''Billboard'' 200)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044654/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shade Business]]'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 27, 1994 * Lebo: [[RCA Records|RCA]] |65 |12 |- ! scope="row" |''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Bu$ine$$ I$ Bu$ine$$]]'' | * Ilitoka: Oktoba 22, 1996 * Lebo: [[Relativity Records|Relativity]]/[[Epic Records]] |180 |29 |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | * Ilitoka: Juni 17, 2003 * Lebo: Solid Records/Traffic Entertainment Group |— |— |- ! scope="row" |''Busine$$ Mentality'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 29, 2017 * Lebo: Goon MuSick/[[RBC Records|RBC]] |— |— |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |"—" inamaanisha kuwa toleo halikuingia kwenye chati, au halikutoka katika nchi hiyo. |} === Ma-EP === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya [[extended play|EP]] ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''New Business'' ''<small>(From My Hood to Your Hood)</small>'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 13, 2013 * Lebo: [[RBC Records]] |} === Albamu za ushirikiano === {{Main|Diskografia ya EPMD}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio za ushirikiano ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''[[Underground Connection]]''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[DJ Honda]])</small> | * Ilitoka: 2002 * Lebo: DJ Honda Recordings |- ! scope="row" |''Welcome to the Goondox''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[Snowgoons]] & Sean Strange)</small><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.22793/title.pmd-teams-with-sean-strange-snowgoons-for-the-goondox|title=PMD Teams With Sean "Big Baby" Strange & Snowgoons For The Goondox|last=Ryon|first=Sean|date=February 4, 2013|website=[[HipHopDX]]|access-date=May 17, 2019|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517192514/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.22793/title.pmd-teams-with-sean-strange-snowgoons-for-the-goondox|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * Ilitoka: Aprili 9, 2013 * Lebo: Goon MuSick |} === Single zilizoingia kwenye chati === {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Single !colspan="3"|Nafasi kwenye chati !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|US Rap]]</small> |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1994 |align="left"|"[[I Saw It Cummin']]" |align="center"|89 |align="center"|65 |align="center"|12 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Shade Business]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Swing Your Own Thing]]" |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|40 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1996 |align="left"|"[[Rugged-n-Raw]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Das EFX]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|89 |align="center"|19 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1997 |align="left"|"[[It's the Pee]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Mobb Deep]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|82 |align="center"|31 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{AllMusic|id=mn0000001887|title=PMD}} *{{Discogs artist|artist=108619|name=PMD}} {{PMD}} {{EPMD}} {{BD|1968}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] dvtiav39wtgeygoc3pjzw6zbnt5vsnn 3 241614 1577055 1576944 2026-06-27T12:15:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577055 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:15, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) rs6jdq0xz2gclnbjnwag4qdd9u75of2 3 241615 1577054 1576945 2026-06-27T12:14:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577054 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:14, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) buvet1lvfsb8vneifw5k7amhluvbhwu 1577129 1577054 2026-06-27T13:14:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577129 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:14, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Kwa kuwa unaendeleza kuvurugavuruga, nakusimamisha kwa siku moja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:14, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4pbcfpxwejatvu810oo62d6bjjxlaop 3 241619 1577053 1576949 2026-06-27T12:14:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577053 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:14, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) phy1gvs35ommcfhs2qru3y1099uelxo 1577130 1577053 2026-06-27T13:15:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577130 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:14, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Kwa kuwa unaendeleza kuvurugavuruga, nakusimamisha kwa siku moja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:15, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) 73d8iaek4x52m4fmptbmsbnksetu1ne 3 241623 1577131 1576953 2026-06-27T13:16:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577131 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:16, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) nfaowm5htgh4hhz2jkm07rvkvobp4u9 3 241624 1577052 1576954 2026-06-27T12:14:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577052 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:14, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) f0a2aj08rnyula84fv86eb1co55m035 3 241630 1577229 1576960 2026-06-28T05:02:52Z RamadhanChaoz 90525 /* */ Jibu 1577229 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] :sawa '''[[Mtumiaji:RamadhanChaoz|RamadhanChaoz]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:RamadhanChaoz#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:02, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) av1z4shj5taoy40t1lzsfn4tlebdf9d 0 241640 1577144 2026-06-27T13:25:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mradi wa Milenia]] hadi [[The Millennial Project]]: usahihi wa jina 1577144 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Millennial Project]] rzo14fw11gbpr6r3mmxjfjd34q8cr57 0 241641 1577149 2026-06-27T13:43:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Fausta wa Kuziko''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye alishuhudia kwa [[ujasiri]] [[imani]] yake ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], hata akamfanya [[kuhani]] [[Dini za jadi|Mpagani]] [[mtakatifu Evilasius|Evilasius]] aliyemtesa abadilike na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Kuziko, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wak...' 1577149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fausta wa Kuziko''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye alishuhudia kwa [[ujasiri]] [[imani]] yake ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], hata akamfanya [[kuhani]] [[Dini za jadi|Mpagani]] [[mtakatifu Evilasius|Evilasius]] aliyemtesa abadilike na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Kuziko, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100178</ref>. Tangu kale wote wawili wanahesabika miongoni mwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]] [[wafiadini]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651 Catholic Online]</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70900</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 3|311}} [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] jqja9i4ikhdbhma5dccutd8f6kjdkg8 1577150 1577149 2026-06-27T13:46:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fausta,_and_with_her_Evilasius_and_Maximus,_at_Cyzicus_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpeg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] chake pamoja na Evilasius na Masimo.]] '''Fausta wa Kuziko''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye alishuhudia kwa [[ujasiri]] [[imani]] yake ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], hata akamfanya [[kuhani]] [[Dini za jadi|Mpagani]] [[mtakatifu Evilasius|Evilasius]] aliyemtesa abadilike na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Kuziko, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100178</ref>. Tangu kale wote wawili wanahesabika miongoni mwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]] [[wafiadini]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651 Catholic Online]</ref>, pamoja na [[hakimu]] Masimo aliyeagiza wauawe akajiunga nao. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70900</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|298|311}} [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] s5efubs1tkjv123pwhjb74wy26mmmvv 1577153 1577150 2026-06-27T13:50:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577153 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fausta,_and_with_her_Evilasius_and_Maximus,_at_Cyzicus_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpeg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] chake pamoja na Evilasius na Masimo.]] '''Fausta wa Kuziko''' (alifariki [[311]]) alikuwa [[msichana]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 13 ambaye alishuhudia kwa [[ujasiri]] [[imani]] yake ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], hata akamfanya [[kuhani]] [[Dini za jadi|Mpagani]] [[mtakatifu Evilasius|Evilasius]] aliyemtesa abadilike na kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] kama yeye, hatua iliyokuwa na [[adhabu ya kifo]] katika mji wa Kuziko, kwa kuwa wakazi wake hawakutaka mtu yeyote kubadili [[dini]] tofauti na imani yao ya wakati huo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100178</ref>. Tangu kale wote wawili wanahesabika miongoni mwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]] [[wafiadini]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3651 Catholic Online]</ref>, pamoja na [[hakimu]] Masimo aliyeagiza wauawe akajiunga nao. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] [[tarehe]] [[20 Septemba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70900</ref>, ila kwa [[Waorthodoksi]] tarehe [[5 Februari]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|298|311}} [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] 7k1e4xxbauxvamq1hd0hbhrbtbk3ruo 0 241642 1577197 2026-06-27T15:27:50Z NyandaI 74622 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Msanii muziki | rangi = Grey | jina = Joel Lwaga | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Joel Lwaga | jina la kisanii = | alizaliwa = | alikufa = | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Injili |kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]] | miaka ya kazi = [[2016]] - mpaka sasa | ameshirikiana na = | ala = Sauti | kampuni...' 1577197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki | rangi = Grey | jina = Joel Lwaga | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Joel Lwaga | jina la kisanii = | alizaliwa = | alikufa = | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Injili |kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]] | miaka ya kazi = [[2016]] - mpaka sasa | ameshirikiana na = | ala = Sauti | kampuni = | Daughter=|jina kamili=Joel Azaria Lwaga}} '''Joel Azaria Lwaga''' (maarufu kama '''Joel Lwaga''') ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa muziki wa injili nchini [[Tanzania]]. Amezaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]] na amekua na kulelewa katika maisha ya kikristo (kanisani). <ref name="musicinafrica">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/joel-lwaga |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tangu kuingia kwake kwenye tasnia ya muziki wa injili na kutoa wimbo wake wa "Unaweza" mwaka 2016, "Sitabaki Nilivyo" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha" zilibadili historia ya muziki wake na kumfanya ajipatie wafuatiliaji wengi zaidi.<ref name="unleashmag">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://unleash.co.ke/joel-lwaga-bio-and-journey-into-gospel-music |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Unleash Mag |language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Joel Lwaga alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania katika familia ya kikristo. Wazazi wake walikuwa wachungaji na baba yake aliwahi pia kuwa mwimbaji katika kwaya ya kanisa. Kwa muktadha huo, hii ilichangia kwa Joel kujijenga katika msingi wa kiimani huku ikimfanya kuvutiwa sana na kuupenda muziki wa injili katika umri mdogo. Alianza kuimba kanisani kwa kushiriki kwenye kwaya na hivyo kuimarika sana kwenye kipaji cha uimbaji. Licha ya kupenda kwake muziki, Joel aliendelea kuipa thamani kubwa elimu mpaka kufikia kiwango cha elimu ya juu akisomea uchumi.<ref name="gospohot">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Historia ya Joel Lwaga, Makubwa Ya Kusikitisha (Joel Lwaga Biography) |url=https://gospohot.com/historia-ya-joel-lwaga-makubwa-ya-kusikitisha-joel-lwaga-biography |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Gospo Hot |language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Muziki== Mwaka 2008, Joel alinza kuwekeza katika muziki akijifunza na kupambana kupata nafasi ya kuonekana kwenye tasnia ya muziki. Safari ya muziki kwa Joel haikuwa nyepesi sana, kwa sababu, licha ya mapambano yake yote bado hakuweza kufikia hatua ya kutambulika kwa watu wengi. Aliingia katika makundi mbalimbali ya kusifu na kuabudu pamoja na kwaya. Mwaka 2016, Joel alianza kutambulika kama msanii wa kujitegemea akianza na wimbo wake wa "Unaweza", ingawa haukupata mafanikio makubwa sana. Hilo halikumkatisha tamaa, alizidi kupambania ndoto zake. Baada ya muda, aliweza kutoa wimbo wa "Sitabaki Kama Nilivyo", wimbo ambao ulipata mapokezi makubwa sana kutoka kwa mshabiki wa muziki wa injili. kisha aliendelea kutoa nyimbo nyingine kama vile "Yote Mema", "Mimi ni wa Juu" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha". Moja ya nyimbo zake zilizosikilizwa sana hivi karibuni ni "Olodumare" ikiwa na zaidi ya watazamaji milioni 40 kwenye mtandao wa [[YouTube]]<ref name="thecitizen">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Joel Lwaga’s ‘Olodumare’ lyric video sets a new YouTube record |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/joel-lwaga-s-olodumare-lyric-video-sets-a-new-youtube-record-5303104 |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> pamoja na "Ni Neema" (akishirikiana na Boaz Danken). ==Tanibihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} dczevltz56061lzkmr2w81c8dezthnr 1577210 1577197 2026-06-27T20:50:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1577210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki | rangi = Grey | jina = Joel Lwaga | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Joel Lwaga | jina la kisanii = | alizaliwa = | alikufa = | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Injili |kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]] | miaka ya kazi = [[2016]] - mpaka sasa | ameshirikiana na = | ala = Sauti | kampuni = | Daughter=|jina kamili=Joel Azaria Lwaga}} '''Joel Azaria Lwaga''' (maarufu kama '''Joel Lwaga''') ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa muziki wa injili nchini [[Tanzania]]. Amezaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]] na amekua na kulelewa katika maisha ya kikristo (kanisani). <ref name="musicinafrica">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-01-08 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/joel-lwaga |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tangu kuingia kwake kwenye tasnia ya muziki wa injili na kutoa wimbo wake wa "Unaweza" mwaka 2016, "Sitabaki Nilivyo" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha" zilibadili historia ya muziki wake na kumfanya ajipatie wafuatiliaji wengi zaidi.<ref name="unleashmag">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2024-09-29 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://unleash.co.ke/joel-lwaga-bio-and-journey-into-gospel-music |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Unleash Mag |language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Joel Lwaga alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania katika familia ya kikristo. Wazazi wake walikuwa wachungaji na baba yake aliwahi pia kuwa mwimbaji katika kwaya ya kanisa. Kwa muktadha huo, hii ilichangia kwa Joel kujijenga katika msingi wa kiimani huku ikimfanya kuvutiwa sana na kuupenda muziki wa injili katika umri mdogo. Alianza kuimba kanisani kwa kushiriki kwenye kwaya na hivyo kuimarika sana kwenye kipaji cha uimbaji. Licha ya kupenda kwake muziki, Joel aliendelea kuipa thamani kubwa elimu mpaka kufikia kiwango cha elimu ya juu akisomea uchumi.<ref name="gospohot">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-12-20 |title=Historia ya Joel Lwaga, Makubwa Ya Kusikitisha (Joel Lwaga Biography) |url=https://gospohot.com/historia-ya-joel-lwaga-makubwa-ya-kusikitisha-joel-lwaga-biography |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Gospo Hot |language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Muziki== Mwaka 2008, Joel alinza kuwekeza katika muziki akijifunza na kupambana kupata nafasi ya kuonekana kwenye tasnia ya muziki. Safari ya muziki kwa Joel haikuwa nyepesi sana, kwa sababu, licha ya mapambano yake yote bado hakuweza kufikia hatua ya kutambulika kwa watu wengi. Aliingia katika makundi mbalimbali ya kusifu na kuabudu pamoja na kwaya. Mwaka 2016, Joel alianza kutambulika kama msanii wa kujitegemea akianza na wimbo wake wa "Unaweza", ingawa haukupata mafanikio makubwa sana. Hilo halikumkatisha tamaa, alizidi kupambania ndoto zake. Baada ya muda, aliweza kutoa wimbo wa "Sitabaki Kama Nilivyo", wimbo ambao ulipata mapokezi makubwa sana kutoka kwa mshabiki wa muziki wa injili. kisha aliendelea kutoa nyimbo nyingine kama vile "Yote Mema", "Mimi ni wa Juu" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha". Moja ya nyimbo zake zilizosikilizwa sana hivi karibuni ni "Olodumare" ikiwa na zaidi ya watazamaji milioni 40 kwenye mtandao wa [[YouTube]]<ref name="thecitizen">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-12-19 |title=Joel Lwaga’s ‘Olodumare’ lyric video sets a new YouTube record |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/joel-lwaga-s-olodumare-lyric-video-sets-a-new-youtube-record-5303104 |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> pamoja na "Ni Neema" (akishirikiana na Boaz Danken). ==Tanibihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} igcul7avs7kysm88it6f80jid1885rp 2 241643 1577240 2026-06-28T06:30:49Z Hosea charles ndelwa 55418 i love my damily 1577240 wikitext text/x-wiki hosea charles ndelwa is a goverment servant at tan'''zania electric supply company limited(tanesco)''' a4zrmmenl28mg8g1lq2ffnztd1n5jrn 1577241 1577240 2026-06-28T06:33:04Z Hosea charles ndelwa 55418 /* */ 1577241 wikitext text/x-wiki hosea charles ndelwa is a goverment servant at tan'''zania electric supply company limited(tanesco)''' father of four babie jayla hosea ndelwa,joleen hosea ndelwa,jayden hosea ndelwa,haylen hosea ndelwa axceqtfrcjel3ag8r7wc158jw2xjnmx 3 241644 1577273 2026-06-28T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577273 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4kcipc5saaagrf3746zpx3f86qvku0c 3 241645 1577275 2026-06-28T09:48:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577275 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4kcipc5saaagrf3746zpx3f86qvku0c 3 241646 1577276 2026-06-28T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577276 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4kcipc5saaagrf3746zpx3f86qvku0c 3 241647 1577277 2026-06-28T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577277 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4kcipc5saaagrf3746zpx3f86qvku0c 3 241648 1577278 2026-06-28T09:48:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577278 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4kcipc5saaagrf3746zpx3f86qvku0c 3 241649 1577279 2026-06-28T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577279 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) nxthy2vaij363hb3s7aqwcw8kwlaf8x 3 241650 1577280 2026-06-28T09:49:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577280 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) nxthy2vaij363hb3s7aqwcw8kwlaf8x 3 241651 1577281 2026-06-28T09:49:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577281 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) nxthy2vaij363hb3s7aqwcw8kwlaf8x 3 241652 1577282 2026-06-28T09:49:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577282 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) nxthy2vaij363hb3s7aqwcw8kwlaf8x 3 241653 1577283 2026-06-28T09:49:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577283 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) nxthy2vaij363hb3s7aqwcw8kwlaf8x 3 241654 1577284 2026-06-28T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577284 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) nxthy2vaij363hb3s7aqwcw8kwlaf8x 3 241655 1577285 2026-06-28T09:50:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577285 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) t9vehpsnc2pwwoh2gw83k39wor62ycx 3 241656 1577286 2026-06-28T09:50:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577286 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) t9vehpsnc2pwwoh2gw83k39wor62ycx