Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 72 1577343 1540631 2026-06-28T15:52:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:JMR-Memphis1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Mwanamke wa Haki]] ni ishara ya idara ya sheria.<ref>Hamilton, Marci. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ox4_vqFCjcEC&pg=PA296&dq=%22lady+justice%22+symbol&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=uXb8Se-IC4GuyATlm5SPBg God vs. the Gavel]'', page 296 (Cambridge University Press 2005): “The symbol of the judicial system, seen in courtrooms throughout the United States, is blindfolded Lady Justice.”</ref><ref>Fabri, Marco. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AwwH0F8iC9QC&pg=PA137&dq=%22lady+justice%22+symbol&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=uXb8Se-IC4GuyATlm5SPBg The challenge of change for judicial systems]'', page 137 (IOS Press 2000): “the judicial system is intended to be apolitical, its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding balanced scales.”</ref> [[Haki]] inaonyeshwa kama [[mungu jike]] ambaye anabeba ishara [[tatu]] za [[utawala wa kisheria]]: [[upanga]] unaoashiria nguvu ya mahakama; [[mizani]] zinazoashiria upimaji wa madai yanayoshindana; na [[kitambaa]] kinachofunika macho kuashiria kutofanya upendeleo.<ref>Luban, ''Law's Blindfold'', 23</ref>]] '''Sheria''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]; kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''law'' <ref>from [[Old English]] ''lagu'' "Words of Mel"; ''legal'' comes from [[Latin]] ''legalis'', from ''[[translating "law" to other European languages|lex]]'' "law", "statute" ([http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=law&searchmode=none Law], Online Etymology Dictionary; [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal Legal], Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary)</ref>) ni [[mfumo]] wa [[kanuni]], ambazo kwa kawaida hutekelezwa kupitia seti ya [[taasisi]] maalumu.<ref>Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90; see "[[analytical jurisprudence]]" for extensive debate on what law is; in ''[[The Concept of Law]]'' Hart argued law is a "system of rules" (Campbell, ''The Contribution of Legal Studies'', 184); Austin said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction" (Bix, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/#3 John Austin]); Dworkin describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve [[justice]] (Dworkin, ''Law's Empire'', 410); and Raz argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests (Raz, ''The Authority of Law'', 3–36).</ref> Inaunda [[siasa]], [[uchumi]] na [[jamii]] kwa njia mbalimbali na huratibu mahusiano baina ya [[watu]]. [[Sheria ya mkataba]] huongoza kila kitu, kuanzia kununua [[tiketi]] ya [[basi]] hadi [[biashara]] katika [[Soko|masoko]]. [[Sheria ya mali]] inafafanua [[haki]] na [[wajibu]] unaohusiana na uhamisho wa jina la mali ya binafsi na [[mali ya kweli]]. [[Sheria ya hifadhi]] inatumika kwa mali yanayotumika kwa uwekezaji na usalama wa kifedha, huku [[sheria ya kukiuka wajibu]] inaruhusu madai ya [[fidia]] ikiwa haki au mali za mtu zinafanyiwa madhara. Ikiwa madhara ni kinyume cha sheria, [[sheria ya jinai]] inatoa mbinu zinazoweza kutumiwa na [[taifa]] ili kumshtaki mhusika. [[Sheria ya kikatiba]] inatoa utaratibu wa utungaji wa sheria, ulinzi wa [[haki za kibinadamu]] na [[uchaguzi]] wa wawakilishi wa kisiasa. [[Sheria ya utawala]] inatumika kuangalia upya maamuzi ya [[vyombo vya serikali]], huku [[sheria ya kimataifa]] inatawala shughuli baina ya [[nchi]] huru zinazohusu mambo kama vile [[biashara]], vikwazo vya kimazingira na hatua za [[Jeshi|kijeshi]]. Akiandika mnamo [[350 K.K.]], [[mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Aristotle]] alisema, "[[Utawala wa sheria]] ni bora kuliko utawala wa mtu yeyote binafsi."<ref>"it is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens: upon the same principle, if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons, they should be appointed to be only guardians, and the servants of the laws." (Aristotle, ''Politics'' [[s:Politics (Aristotle)/Book 3#3:16|3.16]]).</ref> Mifumo ya sheria inaelezea [[haki]] na majukumu kwa njia mbalimbali. Tofauti ya jumla inaweza kufanywa kati ya maeneo yanayotawaliwa na [[mfumo wa sheria ya kiraia]], ambayo huandika sheria zao, na yale yanayofuata [[sheria za kawaida]], ambapo sheria haijaundwa kwa utaratibu maalumu. Katika baadhi ya nchi, [[sheria ya dini]] bado hutumika kama sheria maalum. Sheria ni chanzo kikuu cha uchunguzi wa kitaalam, wa [[historia ya sheria]], [[falsafa ya sheria]], [[uchambuzi wa kiuchumi wa sheria]] au [[somo la kijamii kuhusu sheria]]. Sheria pia huibua masuala muhimu na magumu kuhusu [[usawa]], [[uadilifu]] na [[haki]]. "Katika usawa wake wa ajabu", alisema mwandishi [[Anatole France]] mnamo mwaka [[1894]], "sheria inakataza matajiri na mafukura kulala chini ya madaraja, kuombaomba barabarani na kuiba mikate."<ref>The original French is: "La loi, dans un grand souci d'égalité, interdit aux riches comme aux pauvres de coucher sous les ponts, de mendier dans les rues et de voler du pain" (France, ''The Red Lily'', [http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/8/ Chapter VII]).</ref> Katika [[demokrasia]] ya kawaida, taasisi za msingi za kutafsiri na kuunda sheria ni matawi matatu makuu ya [[utawala]], ambayo ni [[mahakama]] isiyo na upendeleo, [[bunge]] na [[serikali]] yenye kuwajibika. Ili kutekeleza na kutumia nguvu za kufanya sheria ifuatwe na kutoa huduma kwa umma, urasimu wa serikali, [[jeshi]] na [[polisi]] ni muhimu. Vyombo hivyo vyote vya dola viliundwa na kutawaliwa na sheria, [[taaluma ya kisheria]] iliyo huru na [[jamii]] yenye bidii zinajulisha na kusaidia maendeleo. == Masomo ya sheria == Mifumo yote ya kisheria inahusu na masuala ya msingi, lakini kila taifa inaainisha na kubainisha masomo yake ya kisheria kwa njia mbalimbali. Tofauti ya kawaida ni kuwa "[[sheria ya umma]]" (maneno yanayohusika kwa karibu na [[taifa]], na kuhusisha sheria ya kikatiba, kitawala na ya jinai), na "[[sheria ya kibinafsi]]" (inayohusisha mkataba, [[sheria ya kukiuka wajibu]] na mali).<ref>Although many scholars argue that "the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred", and that this distinction has become mere "folklore" (Bergkamp, ''Liability and Environment'', 1–2).</ref> Katikamifumo ya [[sheria ya kirai(mfumo wa sheria)|sheria ya kirai]] , mkataba na kukiuka wajibu zinapatikana chini ya [[sheria ya majukumu]] huku sheria ya hifadhi inapatikana chini ya serkali za halali au [[Mkataba wa Hague wa Sheria inayotumika kwa Hifadhi na kwa jinsi ya Kuzijua|mikataba ya kimataifa]]. Sheria ya Kimataifa, kikatiba, kitawala, jinai, mkataba, kukiuka wajibu na mali na [[sheria ya hifadhi|hifadhi]] zinatambulika kama "masomo msingi ya jadi",<ref>E.g. in England these seven subjects, with EU law substituted for international law, make up a "qualifying law degree". For criticism, see [[Peter Birks]]' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the [http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html#appendix Notice to Law Schools].</ref> ingawa kuna [[Sheria#Masomo zaidi|masomo zaidi]] ambayo yanaweza kuwa na umuhimu mkubwa zaidi wa kiutendaji. === Sheria ya Kimataifa === {{Main|Sheria ya umma ya kimataifa|Mgongano wa sheria|Sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya}} [[Picha:Naciones Unidas 3.jpg|right|thumb|Ikitoa katiba ya sheria ya kimataifa ya umaa, mfumo wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulikubaliwa wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]]]] Sheria ya kimataifa inaweza kuashiria mambo matatu: sheria ya umma ya kimataifa, sheria ya kibinafsi ya kimataifa au mgongano wa sheria na sheria ya mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa. * '''[[Sheria ya Umma ya Kimataifa]]''' inajihusisha na uhusiano kati ya mataifa uhuru. [[Vyanzo vya sheria ya kimataifa|Vyanzo]] vya maendeleo ya sheria ya umma ya kimataifa ni [[Desturi(sheria)|desturi]], mwenendo na mikataba kati ya nchi huru [[Mikataba ya Geneva]]. Sheria ya umma ya kimataifa inaweza kutengezwa na [[mashirika ya kimataifa]], kama vile [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (ambao ilianzishwa baada ya kushindwa kwa [[Shirikisho la Kimataifa]] kuzuia [[Vita vya Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]]),<ref>[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN], United Nations. [[Winston Churchill]] (''The Hinge of Fate'', 719) comments on the League of Nations' failure: "It was wrong to say that the League failed. It was rather the member states who had failed the League."</ref> [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Ajira]], [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Biashara]], au [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]. Sheria ya kimatifa ya umma ina hadhi maalum kama sheria kwa sababu hakuna kikozi cha kimataifa cha polisi, na mahakama (kama vile [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki]] kama tawi la kimsingi la Umoja wa Mataifa la mahakama) halina uwezo wa kuadhibu kutokutii.<ref>The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially "self help"; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by other states (Robertson, ''Crimes against Humanity'', 90; Schermers-Blokker, ''International Institutional Law'', 900–901).</ref> Hata hivyo, miili michache, kama vile WTO, ina mifumo yenye ufanisi ya utatuzi wa kudumu na utatuzi wa mogogoro inayoambatana na vikwazo vya kibiashara.<ref>Petersmann, ''The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System'', 32</ref> * '''[[Mgongano wa sheria]]''' (au "sheria ya kibinafsi ya kimataifa" katika nchi za [[sheria ya kiraia]]) unahusisha [[maeneo ya kimamlaka ya kisheria]] ya mgogoro wa kisheria baina ya watu wa kibinafsi unafaa kusikizwa na sheria za maeneo gani ya kimamlaka ya kisheria ndiyo inayofaa kutumika. Leo, biashra zinazidi kuwa na uwezo wa kusongeza minyororo ya ugavi ya [[mtaji]] na [[ajira]] kuvuka mipaka, na pia kufanya biashara na kampuni za nchi za ng'ambo, hivyo kulifanya swali kuhusu nchi ipi ndiyo inayomamlaka ya kisheria kuwa muhimu zaidi. Idadi kubwa zaidi ya biashara zinachagua usuluhishi wa kibiashara chini ya [[Tuzo la Mkataba wa Utambuzi na Utendaji wa Masuluhisho ya Kimataifa|Mkataba wa New York wa mnamo mwaka1958]].<ref>Redfem, ''International Commercial Arbitration'', 68–69</ref> * '''[[Sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya]]''' ndiyo ya kwanza, kufikia sasa, ambayo ni mfano wa [[sheria kuu ya kimataifa]]. Kutokana na mwenendo wa kuongezeka kwa ushirikiano wa kiuchumi Duniani, mikataba mingi ya kikanda — hasa ya [[Umoja wa Nchi za Amerika Kusini]] — zimeanza kuufuata mfano kama huu. Katika Umoja wa Ulaya, nchi huru zimekusanya mamlaka yao katika mfumo wa mahakama na [[Bunge la Ulaya|taasisi za kisiasa]]. Taasisi hizi zinapewa uwezo wa kutekeleza kanuni za kisheria dhidi ya au kwa nchi wanachama na raia katika namna ambayo haiwezekani kupitia sheria ya umma ya kimataifa.<ref>Schermers–Blokker, ''International Institutional Law'', 943</ref> Kama [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki]] yalivyosema katika miaka ya 1960, sheria ya Umoja wa Umoja wa Ulaya hujumiusha "muundo mpya wa sheria ya kimataifa" kwa ajili ya faida inayotegemeana ya kijamii na kiuchumi wa nchi zote wanachama.<ref>See the [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML C-26/62 ''Van Gend en Loos v Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen''], and [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61964J0006:EN:HTML ''Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L.''] decisions of the European Court.</ref> === Sheria ya kikatiba na ya kiutawala === {{Main|Sheria ya kikatiba|Sheria ya kiutawala}} [[Picha:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|[[Azimio la Haki za Kibinadamu na za Raia]], ambalo kanuni zake bado zini thamani ya kikatiba]] Sheria ya kikatiba na kiutawala zinasimamia mambo ya nchi. [[Sheria ya kikatiba]] inahusisha uhusiano baina ya serikali, bunge na mahakama na [[haki za kibinadamu]] au [[uhuru wa kiraia]] wa watu binafsi dhidi ya nchi. Maeneo mengi ya kisheria, kama vile [[Sheria ya Marekani|Marekani]] na [[Sheria ya Ufaransa|Ufaransa]], zina katiba moja iliyoandikwa kwa makini, iliyo na [[Muswada wa Haki]]. Katiba chache kama vile [[Sheria la Uingereza|Uingereza]], hazina hati kama hiyo."Katiba" kwa ufupi ni zile sheria ambazo zinajumuisha [[mwili wa kisiasa]], kutoka [[kanuni]], [[sheria za uamuzi]] na [[Mkataba wa kikatiba(utamaduni wa kisiasa)|mkataba]]. Kesi kwa jina ''[[Entick dhidi ya Carrington]]''<ref>''[[Entick v Carrington]]'' (1765) 19 Howell's State Trials 1030; [1765] [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1765/J98.html 95 ER 807]</ref> ilionyesha wazi kanuni ya kikatiba inayotokana na sheria ya kawaifa. Nyumba ya Bwana Entick ilifanyiwa upekekuzi na Afisa mmoja wa polisi aliyeitwa Carrington. Wakati Bwana Entick alipolalamika mbele ya mahakama, Afisa Carrington alidokeza kwamba kibali kutoka waziri wa Serikali, [[George Montague-Dunk, ali wa pili wa Halifax|Ali wa Halifax]], kilikuwa na mamlaka halali. Hata hivyo, hakukuwa na sheria iliyoandikwa au mamlaka ya kimahakama ambayo yalitoa uwezo huo.Hakimu mkuu, [[Charles Pratt, Ali wa kwanza wa Camden|Bwana Camden]], alisema, <blockquote>Mwisho mkubwa, ambao ulifanya watu kuingia katika jamii, ilikuwa kupata mali. Haki hiyo imetunzwa na ni takatifu na haiwezi kuondolewa wakati wowote, ambapo haijaondolewa au kufupishwa na sheria fulani ya umma kwa manufaa ya wote...Hakuna sababau inayoweza kupatikana au kutolewa, kimya cha vitabu ni mamlaka dhidi ya mshtakiwa, na aliyeathiriwa lazima atendewe haki.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm | title=Entick v Carrington | work=19 Howell’s State Trials 1029 (1765) | publisher=Constitution Society | location=[[Marekani|US]] | accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref></blockquote> Kanuni ya kimsingi ya kikatiba, ilitokana na [[Citabu viwili mbili kuhusu Serikali|John Locke]], inadokeza ya kwamba mtu binafsi anaweza kufanya isipokuwa kile ambacho kimekataliwa kisheria.<ref>Locke, ''The Second Treatise'', [[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government#2:9|Chapter 9, section 124]]</ref><ref>Tamanaha, ''On the Rule of Law'', 47</ref> Sheria ya utawala ndiyo mbinu msingi ya kufanya mashirika ya umma yawajibike. Watu wanaweza kutumia [[mapitio ya kimahakama]] kwa matendo au uamuzi uliofanywa na za halmashauri za mitaa, huduma za umma au wizara za serikali, kuhakikisha kuwa zinazingatia sheria. Mahakama ya kwanza ya maalum ya kiutawala yalikuwa mahakama ya ''[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]'' yaliyoundwa mnamo mwaka wa 1799, wakati [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] alipochukua mamlaka nchini Ufaransa.<ref name="A75">Auby, ''Administrative Law in France'', 75</ref> === Sheria ya jinai === {{Main|Sheria ya jinai}} Sheria ya jinai, inayojulikana pia kama sheria ya kuadhibu, inahusisha makosa na adhabu.<ref>[[Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria|Cesare Beccaria]]'s seminal treatise of 1763–1764 is titled ''On Crimes and Punishments'' (''[[Dei delitti e delle pene]]'').</ref> Kwa hivyo inapima ufafanuzi wa adhabu ya makosa yaliyopatikana kuwa na madhara yanaonekana kuwa na uwezo wa kusababisha uharibifu lakini, kwa undani, haifanyi uamuzi wa kimaadili kumhusu mkosaji wala kuwekea jamii vikwazo ambavyo vinakataza watu kimwili wasifanye makoa mwanzoni.<ref name="W2">Brody, Acker and Logan, ''Criminal Law'', 2; Wilson, ''Criminal Law'', 2</ref> Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of [[criminal procedure]].<ref name="Br2">Brody, Acker and Logan, ''Criminal Law'', 2</ref> Kesi ya kidhana ya uhalifu inatokana na ushahidi, [[Mzigo wa Ushahidi|kuzidi shaka ya kuridhisha]], kuwa mtu ana hatia ya mambo mawili. Kwanza, mshtakiwa lazima awe amefanya kitendo ambacho kinatazamwa na jamii kuwa hatia, au ''[[actus reus]]'' (kitendo cha hatia).<ref>See e.g. Brody, Acker and Logan, ''Criminal Law'', 205 about ''[[Robinson v California]]'', 370 U.S. 660 (1962).</ref> Pili, lazima mshtakiwa awe na [[dhamira (jinai)|dhamira ya kufanya uharibifu]] ya kufanya kitendoo fulani cha jinai, au ''[[mens rea]]'' (akili ya hatia). Hata hivyo, kwa kile kinachojulikana kama hatia za "[[Dhima kali (jinai)|dhima kali]]", ''actus reus'' haitoshi.<ref>See e.g. Feinman, ''Law 111'', 260–261 about ''[[Powell v Texas]]'', 392 U.S. 514 (1968).</ref> Mifumo ya jinai ya utamaduni wa sheria ya raia zinatofautisha kati ya nia katika dhana pana (''dolus directus'' na ''dolus eventualis''), na uzembe. Uzembe hauna jukumu la jinai isipokuwa ambapo hatia fulani una adhabu yake maalum.<ref>Dörmann, Doswald-Beck and Kolb, ''Elements of War Crimes'', 491</ref><ref>Kaiser, ''Leistungsstörungen'', 333</ref> [[Picha:SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg|thumb|left|Picha inayoonyesha [[kesi]] ya uhalifu, kwa sababu ya [[uchawi]] katika eneo la [[Kesi za wachawi za Salem|Salem]]]] Mifano ya uhalifu ni [[mauaji]], [[kushambulia]], [[udanganyifu]] na [[wizi]]. Katika mifano maalum utetezi unaweza kutumika kwa vitendo maalum, kama zile kuuwa ili [[nadharia ya utetezi wa kibinafsi|utetezi wa kibinafasi]], au katika nyakati maalum kujitetea kuwa [[utetezi wa wazimi|wazimu]]. Mfano mwingine ni katika kesi ya karne ya 19 ya ''[[Jamhuri dhidi ya Dudley na Stephens]]'', iliyopima utetezi wa "[[kimahitaji]]". Meli ya ''Mignonette'', iliyokuwa ikisafiri kutoka mji wa [[Southampton]] kuelekea mji wa [[Sydney]], ilizama. Wafanyikazi watatu wa meli hiyo na Richard Parker, kijana aliyekuwa na umri wa miaka 17, walibaki katika meli iliyoundwa na vijiti. Walikuwa na njaa na kijana yule alikuwa karibu kufa. Kwa sababu ya kuwa na njaa iliyokithiri, wafanyikazi hao walimuuwa kijana yule na kumla. Wafanyikazi hao waliokolewa, lakini wakafikishwa mahakamani huku wakiwa na hatia ya mauaji. Walijitetea kwa kusema kwamba ilihitajika kwa lazima kwa wao kumuuwa kijana yule ili kuyaokoa maisha yao. [[John Coleridge, Baroni wa Kwanza Coleridge|Bwana Coleridge]], akieleza kukataa kukubwa, aliamua, "kuhifadhi maisha ya kibinafsi ni, kwa kuzungumza kijumla, wajibu, lakini inaweza kuwa jukumu kuu kuyatoa maisha hayo kama kafara." Wanaume hao walihukumiwa [[kunyongwa|nyonga]], lakini maoni ya umma uliunga mkono haki ya wafanyikazi wale wa meli kuyaokoa maisha yao. Mwishowe, [[Ufalme]] ulipunguza hukumu zao hadi miezi sita gerezani.<ref>About ''[[R v Dudley and Stephens]]'' [1884] [http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html 14 QBD 273 DC] {{Wayback|url=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html |date=20050228224504 }}, see Simpson, ''Cannibalism and the Common Law'', 212–217, 229–237</ref> Makosa ya jinai yanatambulika si tu kama makosa dhidi ya waathirika binafsi, lakini jamii pia.<ref name="W2" /> Taifa, kawaida likisaidiwa na polisi, huongoza mashitaka, basi hiyo ndiyo sababu mbona katika nchi zenye sheria ya kawaida kesi hutajwa kama "''Watu'' dhidi ya..." au "''Jamhuri'' (kwa [[Ufalme|"Rex"]] au [[Malkia reginanti|Regina]]) dhidi ya..." Pia, [[jopo la waamuzi]] ambao hutokana na raia wa kawaida hutumika kuamua hatia ya washitakiwa kutokna na pointi zinazoweza kubainika ukweli: jopo la waamuzi haliwezi kubadilisha kanuni za kisheria. Baadhi ya nchi zilizostawi bado hutumia [[adhabu ya kifo]] kwa matendo ya jinai lakini adhabu ya kawaida ya uhalifu itakuwa ni [[gereza|kufungwa gereza]], [[faini]] usimamizi wa taifa (kama vile probesheni), au [[huduma ya kijamii]]. Sheria ya kisasa ya jinai imeathiriwa vilivyo na sayansi ya jamii, hasa kuhusu [[hukumu(sheria)|kuhukumu]], utafiti wa kisheria, kuunda sheria, na [[kuwasaidia wahalifu kurekesha mwenedo wao]].<ref>Pelser, ''Criminal Legislation'', 198</ref> Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, nchi 108 [[Mktaba wa Sheria ya Roma ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai|wanachama]] wa [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]], ambayo ilianzishwa kuwahukumu watu kwa [[hatia dhidi ya ubinadamu]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040605155639/http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html The States Parties to the Rome Statute], International Criminal Court</ref> === Sheria ya mkataba === {{Main|Mkataba}} [[Picha:carbolic smoke ball co.jpg|thumb|Tangazo maarufu la kampuni ya Carbolic Smoke Ball lidai kuwa lingeweza kutibu [[homa]]. Mahakama yaliamua kuwa tangazo hilo lilikuwa [[mkataba wa mtu yeyote]]]] Sheria ya mkataba inahusu ahadi zinazowezwa kutendwa, na inaweza kuandikwa kwa ufupi katika maneno ya Kilatini''[[pacta sunt servanda]]'' (ahadi lazima zitimizwe).<ref>Wenberg, ''Pacta Sunt Servanda'', 775</ref> Katika maeneo ya kimamlaka ya sheria ya kawaida, vipengele vitatu muhimu kuhusu utengenezaji wa mkataba vinahitajika: [[kutoa na kukubali]], [[kutilia maanani]] na nia ya kutengeneza uhusiano wa kisheria.Katika kesi ya ''[[Carlill shisi ya Kampuni ya Carbolic Smoke Ball]]'' kampuni ya matibabu ilitangaza kuwa dawa yake mpya ya ajabu, smokeball, ingewatibu watu kutokana na mafua, na ikiwa haingefaulu kuwatibu, wanunuzi wangepata [[paundi za Kistaling'i|£]] 100. Watu wengi waliwasilisha kesi mahakamani ili wapate £100 zao wakati dawa hiyo iliposhindwa kuwatibu. Ikiogopa [[kufilisika]], Kampuni ya Carbolic ilijitetea kwa kusema kuwa tangazo lile lilikuwa mzaha tu, na kwa hivyo halikuwa toleo lenye nguvu za kisheria. Lilikuwa [[karibisho]], mchezo tu. Lakini mahakama ya rufaa yaliamua kuwa kwa [[mtu mwenye kufikiria kwa kawaida]] kampuni ya Carbolic ilikuwa imefanya toleo. Watu walikuwa wametoa kusudi la kununua bidhaa ile kwa kupitia "shida bayana" ya kutumia bidhaa yenye hitilafu. "Soma tangazo vile utakavyo, na ulibadilishe tangazo hilo vile utakavyo", alisema [[Nathaniel Lindley, Baroni Lindley|Hakimu Lindley]], "haa kuna ahadi maalum ilitajwa katika lugha isyokuwa na utata wowote".<ref name="CCSBCE">About ''[http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company] {{Wayback|url=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html |date=20041205104916 }}'' [[Case citation|[1893] 1 QB 256]], and the element of consideration, see Beale and Tallon, ''Contract Law'', 142–143</ref> "Kutilia maanani" knaonyesha ukweli kwamba vyama vyote katika mkataba vimebadilisha kitu fulani chenye maana. Baadhi ya mifumo ya sheria ya kawaida, ikiwemo Australi, zinasonga mbali kutoka dhana ya kutilia maanani kama mojawapo ya mahitaji ya mkataba. Dhana ya "[[estoppel]]" au ''culpa in contrahendo'', inaweza kutumika kuunda wajibu wakati mazungumzo kabla ya kuingia mkataba<ref>''[[Austotel v Franklins]]'' (1989) 16 NSWLR 582</ref> Katika maeneo ya kisheria ya kiraia, kutilia maanani si lazima kwa mkataba kuwa na nguvu ya kisheria.<ref>e.g. In Germany, [http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html § 311 Abs. II] [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]]</ref> Nchini Ufaransa, mkataba wa kawaida unasemekana kutokea ambapo "kukutana kwa akili" au kwa "kuwa na nia zinazowiana". [[Sheria ya Ujerumani|Ujerumani]] ina mtazamio maalum kuhusu mikataba, ambayo inayusisha sheria ya mali. [[Kanuni ya dhana ya kiakili]] (''Abstraktionsprinzip'' wanayoitumia, inamaanisha kuwa wajibu wa kibinafsi wa mkataba unaundwa kando na jina la mwenye mali yanayokabidhiwa. Wakati ambapo mikataba inavunjwa kwa sababu fulani (kwa mfano mnunuzi wa gari amelewa kiasi kwamba hana uwezo wa kisheria wa kufanya mkataba)<ref>[http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html § 105 Abs. II] [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]]</ref> Wajibu wa kimkataba wa kulipa unaweza kuvunjwa tofauti na jina la mwenye gari. Sheria ya [[kutajirika kusio kwa haki]], badala ya sheria tya mkataba, basi inatumika kurudisha jina kwa mmiliki halali.<ref>Smith, ''The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law'', 1037</ref> === Sheria ya ukiukaji wa wajibu === {{Main|Ukiukaji wa wajibu}} Sheria ya ukiukaji wa wajibu, ambayo wakati mwingine huitwa [[kosa la jinai]], ni makosa ya raia. Kuwa na kosa la ukiukaji wa wajibu, mtu lazima awe amekiuka wajibu aliukwa anafaa kumtendea mty mwingine, au kukiuka haki fulani ya awali ya kisheria. [[Bolton dhidi ya Stone|mfano]] unaweza kuwa kumgonga mtu kimakosa na mpira wa mchezo wa kriketi.<ref>''[[Bolton v Stone]]'' [1951] AC 850</ref> Chini ya sheria ya [[uzembe]], ambayo ndiyo aina ya ukiukaji wa wajibu maarufu zaidi, mtu aliyepatwa na madhara anaweza kuomba fidia kwa ya majeraha yake kutoka kwa mtu mwenye uwajibikaji. Kanuni za uzembe zinaonyeshwa na kesi ya ''[[Donoghue dhidi ya Stevenson]]''.<ref name="DvS">''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]'' ([[Case citation#England and Wales|[1932] A.C. 532, 1932 S.C. (H.L.) 31, [1932] All ER Rep 1]]). See the original text of the case in [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm UK Law Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm |date=20070216044953 }}.</ref> Rafiki mmoja wa Bi. Donoghue aliagiza chupa isiyopenyeka nuru la [[pombe ya tangawizi]] (iliyokusudiwa kutumika na Bi. Donoghue) katika mkahawa katika eneo la [[Paisley]]. Baada ya kunya kunya nusu ya bia ile , Bi, Donoghue alimimina iliyosalia katika bilauri. Mabaki yaliyooza ya konokono yalielea juu ya pombe. Alidai kuwa alipigwa na bumbuwazi, na kupata ugonjwa wa kuchomeka ndani ya matumbo, na ilimbidi kumpeleka mtengenezaji pombe kwa kuruhusu kinywaji kuchafuka ovyo. [[Nyumba ya Mabwana]] iliamua kwamba mtengezaji pombe aliwajibika kwa ugonjwa wa Bi. Donoghue. [[Bwana Atkin]] alikuwa na mtazamo maalum wa kimaadili, na akasema, <blockquote>Dhima ya upuuzaji ... bila shaka ina msingi wake katika mawazo ya kijumla ya umma kuhusu makosa ya kimaadili amabyo mkosaji lazima alipe ... Kanuni ya kuwa unafaa kumpenda adui yako, kisheria inakuwa, haufai kumjeruhi jirani yako; na swali la wakili, nani ndiye jirani yangu? linapokea jibu lenye vikwazo. Lazima uwe na uwangalifu wa kuepuka na vitendo au visa ambapo hautendi lolote inapofaa, ambavyo unaweza kutazamia kuwa vikamjeruhi jirani yako.<ref>''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]'' [1932] AC 532, 580</ref></blockquote> Huu ulikuwa msingi wa kanuni nne za upuuzaji; (1) Bwana Stevenson alimdai Bi. Donoghue [[wajibu wa kujali]] wa kuuza vinywaji salama (2) yeye [[Kuvuna kwa jukumu katika Sheria ya Kiingereza|alivunja]] wajibu wake wa kujali (3) madhara hayangefanyika [[usababishaji (sheria)|isipokuwa kwa]] kuvunja kwake kwa wajibu wa kujali na (4) tendo lake lilikuwa [[sababau ya karibu]], au haikuwa tokeo la [[Umbali katika Sheria ya Kiingereza|mbali]], la madhara yaliyompata mtu fulani.<ref name="DvS" /> Mfano mwingine wa ukikaji wa wajibu unaweza kuwa wa jirani ambaye anapiga kelele nyingi sana na na mashine katika nyumbani kwake.<ref name="Sturges">''[[Sturges v Bridgman]]'' (1879) 11 Ch D 852</ref> Chini ya dai la [[kero]] kelele hiyo inaweza kukomeshwa. Ukiukaji wa wajibu pia inaweza kuhusisha vitendo vya kimakusudi, kama vile [[ushambulizi (ukiukaji wa wajibu)|ushambulizi]], [[vita(ukiukaji wa wajibu)|vita]] au [[kuvuka na kuingia katka maeneo yaliyopigwa marufuku]]. Sheria ya ukiukaji wa wajibu inayofahamika vyema ni ile ya [[kumharibia mtu jina]], ambayo inafanyika, kwa mfano, wakati gazeti linapochapisha madai yasiyokuwa na msingi ambayo yanaharibu sifa ya mwanasiasa fulani.<ref>e.g. concerning a British politician and the Iraq War, ''[[George Galloway v Telegraph Group Ltd]]'' [2004] EWHC 2786</ref> Ukiukaji wa wajibu ambao ni mbaya zaidi ni zile wa kiuchumi, ambao huwa msingi wa [[sheria ya ajira]] katika baadhi ya nchi kwa kufanya vyama vya kibiashara kuwa na dhima kwa sababu ya migomo,<ref>''[[Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants]]'' [1901] AC 426</ref> Wakati ambapo amri ya kisheria haipatiani kinga.<ref>In the UK, [[Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992]]; c.f. in the U.S., [[National Labor Relations Act]]</ref> === Sheria ya mali === {{Main|Sheria ya mali}} [[Picha:South Sea Bubble.jpg|thumb|Picha ya [[Bubujiko la Bahari ya Kusini]], mojawapo ya majanga ya kiuchumi yalilotokana na [[uvumi]]. Janga hilo la kiuchumi lilisababisha kuundwa kwa kanuni kali kuhusu uuzaji wa hisa.<ref>Harris, ''The Bubble Act'', 610-627</ref>]] Sheria ya [[mali]] inatawala vitu vya thamani ambavyo watu huvitambua kama 'vyao'. [[Mali ya kweli]] wakati mwingine huitwa 'mali isiyohamishika' inahusu umiliki wa ardhi na vitu vilivyojikita katika ardhi hiyo.<ref>eg ''[[Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd]]'' [1997] [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm 2 All ER 426]</ref> [[Mali ya kibinafsi]], inaashiria mambo mengineyo; vyombo vinavyowezwa kusongeshwa, kama vile tarakilishi, magari, mapambo na mikate au turathi haki, kama vile [[hisa (fedha)|akiba na hisa]]. Haki ya ''[[in rem]]'' ni haki ya kipande maalum cha mali, ikitofautishwa na haki ''[[in personam]]'' ambayo inaruhusu fidia kwa hasara, lakini si kwa kurudishiwa kitu fulani. Sheria ya ardhi inajumuisha msingi wa aina nyingi za sheria za mali, na ndiyo ngumu zaidi. Inahusisha [[mogeji]], [[mikataba ya kukodisha]], [[leseni]], [[maagano]], [[ruhusa]] na mifumo ya kisheria kwa usajili wa ardhi. Kanuni kuhusu [[matumizi ya ardhi]] ya kibinafsi chini ya [[haki miliki]], [[kampuni (law)|sheria ya kampuni]], [[sheria ya hifadhi|hifadhi]] na [[sheria ya biashara]]. Mfano wa kesi msingi ya ya sheria nyingii za mali ni ''[[Armory v Delamirie]]''.<ref>''[[Armory v Delamirie]]'' (1722) 93 ER 664, 1 Strange 505</ref> Kijana wa [[kufagia chimni]] alipata pambo lenye mawe ya thamani. Alichukua pambo lile kwa muundaji wa vifaa vya dhahabu ili thamani yake ikadiriwe. Mwanafunzi wa muundaji wa vifaa vya dhahabu aliangalia pambo lile, akaiba mawe yale ya thamani, ma kumuambia kijana yule kuwa thamani yake ilkuwa [[Nusu peni (Pesa ya Uingereza)|nusu peni]] tatu na kuwa angeinunua. Kijana yule alimwambia kuwa angepenga arudishiwe pambo lile, kwa hivyo mwanafunzi wa muundaji vifaa alimrudishia pambo, lakini bila mawe yale ya thamani. Kijana yule alimpeleka mtengenezaji wa vifaa vya dhahabu kotini kwa jaribio la mwanafunzi wake kumdanganya. [[Bwana Hakimu Mkuu Pratt]] aliamua kuwa ingawa kijana hangesemekana kuwa mumiliki wa pambo lile, angefaa kutazamwa kama mpataji aliyefaa ("mpataji muwekaji") hadi mumiliki wa kiasili anapopatikana. Kwa kweli mwanafunzi na kijana yule wote walikuwa na haki ya ''[[Umiliki (sheria)|umiliki]]'' wa pambo lile (dhana ya kiufundi, inayomaanisha kuwa kitu fulani ''kingeweza'' kumilikiwa na mtu fulani), lakini nia ya kijana yule ya kumiliki ilitazamiwa kuwa bora zaidi, kwa sababu ingeweza kudhihirishwa kuwa ya kwanza katika wakati. Umiliki unaweza kuwa sehemu tisa kwa kumi ya sheria, lakini si yote. Kesi hii hutumika kudhihirisha mtazamo wa mali katika maeneo ya kisheria ya kawaida, kuwa mtu anayeweza kuonyesha dai bora zaidi la kipande cha mali, dhidi ya chama kingine, ndiye mumiliki.<ref>Matthews, ''The Man of Property'', 251–274</ref> Kwa kulinganisha, mbinu ya kiklasiki ya sheria ya raia kuhusu mali, iliendelezwa na [[Friedrich Carl von Savigny]], ni kuwa ni haki nzuri dhidi ya Ulimwengu. Wajibu, kama mkataba na ukiukaji wa wajibu hutazamwa kama haki nzuri dhidi ya watu binafsi.<ref>Savigny, ''Das Recht des Besitzes'', [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/%22235083_00000057%22 25] {{Wayback|url=http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/%22235083_00000057%22 |date=20080418181513 }}</ref> Dhana ya mali inaibua maswala mengi zaidi ya kifalsafa na kisiasa. Locke alidokeza kwamba "maisha, uhuru na nyumba" zetu ni mali yetu kwa sababu tunamiliki mali yetu na [[Nadharia ya ajira ya mali|tunachangayana ajira yetu]] na mazingira yetu.<ref>Locke, ''[[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government|Second Treatise on Civil Government]]'', Chap. IX. Of the Ends of Political Society and Government. Chapter 9, section 123.</ref> === Usawa na amana === {{Main|Usawa (sheria)|sheria ya amana}} [[Picha:Microcosm of London Plate 022 - Court of Chancery, Lincoln's Inn Hall edited.jpg|thumb|[[Mahakama ya Chancery]], London, mwanzoni mwa karne ya 19]] Usawa na amana ni mwili wa sheria ulioibuka nchini Uingereza kando na "shera ya kawaida". Sheria ya kawaida ilisimamiwa na mahakimu. [[Bwana Chansela]] kwa upnade mwingine, kama muwekaji dhamiri wa mfalme, angeweza kupuuza sheria iliyotengenezwa na hakimu ikiwa alifikiria kuwa ilikuwa sawa kufanya hivyo.<ref>McGhee, ''Snell's Equity'', 7</ref> Hili lilimaanisha kuwa usawa ulianza kufanya kazi zaidi kupitia [[Malengo ya usawa|kanuni]] bali si sheria ambazo hazikubadilika. Kwa mfano, ambapo mifumo ya sheria ya kawaida au sheria ya raia haiwaruhusu watu kugawa umiliki wa kutoka kwa udhibiti wa kipande kimoja cha mali, usawa unaruhusu hili kupitia mpango unaoitwa 'amana'. Kudhibitiwa kwa mali na 'wenye amana' ambapo kwa upande mwingine umiliki 'wenye manufaa' (au 'yenye usawa') wa mali ya amana inashikiliwa na watu wanojulikana kama 'wadhamini'. Wadhamini wana wajibu kwa walengwa wao wa kuyachuna vyema mali waliyokabidhiwa.<ref>c.f. ''[[Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew]]'' [1998] Ch 1</ref> Katika kesi ya awali ya ''[[Keech dhidi ya Sandford]]''<ref>''[[Keech v Sandford]]'' (1726) Sel Cas Ch 61</ref> mtoto alirithi haki ya [[kokodisha]] katika [[Soko la Romford|soko]] katika eneo la [[Ramford]], mjini London. Bw, Sandford alikabidhiwa mali hayo hadi wakati ambapo mtoto angekomaa. Lakini kabla ya hapo, kipindi cha kukodisha kilikwisha. Kabaila alikuwa (inaonekana) amemwambia Bw. Sandford kuwa hakutaka mtoto yule awe na kukodisha kupya. Lakini bado kabaila alikuwa amefurahi (inaonekana) kumpa Bw. Sandford fursa ya kukodisha. Bw Sandford aliichukua. Wakati ambapo mtoto (sasa Bw. Keech) alikuwa mkubwa, alimpeleka Bw. Sandford mahakamani kwa faida aliyokuwa akipata kwa kupata kukodisha kwa soko. Bw. Sandford alifaa kuaminika, lakini alijiweka katika nafasi ya [[mgongano wa maslahi]]. [[Bwana Kansela]], [[Peter King, Baroni wa Kwanza Mfalme|Bwana Mfalme]], alikubali na kumuamuru Bw. Sandford kutoa faida ile na kumlipa Bw. Keech. Aliandika, {{quote|Ninaona vizuri sana kuwa, ikiwa mdhamini, akikataa kufanya kukodesha upya, anaweza kuwa na kukodesha kwake mwenyewe mali chache ya kiamana yangesajiliwa upya ... Hili linaweza kuonekana kuwa gumu sana, kuwa mdhamini ndiye mtu wa kipekee kwa binadamu wote ambaye hatakuwa na kukodisha; lakini ni bora kanuni ifuatiliwe na isipuuzwe wakati wowote.}} Bila shaka, Bwana Mfalme LC alikuwa na wasiwasi kwamba wadhamini huenda wakatumia fursa ya kutumia mali ya amana wenyewe badala ya kuyachunga. Wadadisi wa kibiashara wanaotumia hifadhi walikuwa wamesababisha [[Mbubujiko wa Bahari ya Kusini|kuaguka kwa soko la hisa]] katika siku hizo. Wajibu mkali kwa wadhamini ulijumuishwa katika sheria ya serikali na kutumika kwa wakurugenzi wa makampuni na [[maafisa watendaji wakuu]]. Mfano mwingine wa jukumu la mdhamini unaweza kuwa kuwekeza mali vizuri au kuiuza.<ref>''[[Nestle v National Westminster Bank plc]]'' [1993] 1 WLR 1260</ref> Hii hasa ndiyo kesi kwa fedha za [[pensheni]] , aina muhimu kwa zote ya amana, ambapo wawekezaji ndio wadhamini wa akiba za watu hadi [[wastaafu]]. Lakini amana pia zinaweza kuundwa kwa [[hisani ya amana|madhumuni ya hisani]], mifano maarufu ikiwa [[Makavazi ya Uingereza]] au [[Shirika la Rockefeller]]. === Utaalamu zaidi === Sheria huenea mbali kuliko masomo ya msingi hadi karibu kila eneo la maisha. Ngazi tatu zimetajwa hapa ili kurahisiha majadiliano, ingawa masomo mbalimbali hufanana na kutegemeana. ;Sheria na jamii [[Picha:Unison strike rally Oxford 20060328.jpg|thumb|Chama cha wafanyikazi kilichoundwa na kikundi cha [[UNISON]] walipogoma]] * '''[[Sheria ya ajira]]''' ni somo la uhusiano wa mara tatu wa kiwandani kati ya mfanyikazi, muajiri na [[chama cha wafanyikazi]]. Hili linahusisha kupunguza [[kufanya biashara]] kwa pamoja, na haki ya [[kugoma]]. Sheria ya kuajiriwa kwa binafsi inaashiria haki za maeneo ya kazi, kama zile [[usalama wa kazi]], [[afya na usalama]] au [[mshahara wa chini zaidi]]. * '''[[Haki za kibinadamu]]''', [[Haki za kiraia na kisiasa|haki za kiraia]] na [[sheria ya haki za kibinadamu]] ni maeneo muhimu katika kumhakikishia kila mtu uhuru na haki za kimsingi, Haya yanapatikana katika maadiko kama vile [[Azimio la Ulimwenguni la Haki za Kibinadamu]], [[Mkataba wa Ulaya wa Haki za Kibinadamu]] (iliyoanzisha [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu]]) na [[Mswada wa Marekani wa Haki|Mswada wa Marekani wa Haki za Kibinadamu]]. [[Mkataba wa Lisbon]] unafanya [[Mkataba wa Haki za Msingi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] uwe na nguvu za kisheria katika nchi zote wanachama isipokuwa [[Polandi na Uingereza]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080910001253/http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon], The Law Society</ref> * '''[[Utaratibu wa Kiraia]]''' na '''[[utaratibu wa jinai]]''' unahusisha kanuni ambazo mahakama lazima yafuate kadiri [[trial]] na rufaa zinapoendelea. Yote yanahusu haki ya raia kupata [[kuhukumiwa kwa haki]] au kesi yake kusikizwa kwa haki. * '''[[Ushahidi (sheria)|Ushahidi]]'''. Sheria ya ushahidi inahusu vifaa vinavyofaa kutumika mahakamani ili kesi ijengwe. * '''[[Sheria ya Uhamiaji]]''' na '''[[sheria ya utaifa]]''' zinahusu haki za wageni kuishi na kufanya kazi katika taifa ambalo si lao na kupata na kupoteza [[uraia]]. Yote yanahusu [[haki ya hifadhi]] na shida ya watu [[wasiokuwa na nchi]] * '''[[Usalama wa Kijamii]]'''. Sheria ya usalama wa kijamii inahusu haki za watu kuwa na bima ya kijamii, kama vile pesa zinazopewa watafuta kazi au faida za makazi. * '''[[Sheria ya familia]]''' inahusu kesi za [[ndoa]] na [[talaka]] proceedings, haki za watoto na haki za kuwa na mali na pesa ikiwa wenye kufanya ndoa watatengana. ;Sheria na biashara * '''[[Sheria ya kikampuni]]''' ilitokana na sheria ya amana, ikitegemea kanuni ya kutenganisha umiliki na udhibiti.<ref>Berle, ''Modern Corporation and Private Property''</ref> Sheria ya kisasa ya [[kampuni (sheria)|kampuni]] ilianza na [[Sheria ya Kampuni za Pamoja za Akiba ya mwaka 1856]], iliyopitishwa nchini Uingereza, ambayo iliwapa wawekezaji mbinu rahisi ya usajili ili kupata [[dhima ya kupimika]] chini ya dhana ya [[Mtu wa kisheria|mtu tofauti]] wa kampuni. * '''[[Sheria ya kibiashara]]''' inahusu mkataba tata wa mkataba na mali. Sheria ya [[shirika (sheria)|shirika]], [[sheria ya bima]], [[bili za kubadilishana]], [[ufilisi]] na [[Sheria ya kuufungwa kwa biashara]] na sheria ya uuzaji zote ni muhimu, na zinarudi nyuma hadi dhana ya ''[[Mfanyibiashara wa sheria|Lex Mercatoria]]'' ya zama za kati. [[Sheria ya Kuuza Bidhaa na Ukahaba wa Watoto ya Mwaka 1979|Sheria ya Kuuza Bidhaa]] ya Uingereza na [[Kodi Sawa ya Biashara]] ya Marekani ni mifano ya kanuni za kibiashara ya sheria ya kawaida * '''[[Sheria ya maji]]''' na '''[[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Sheria ya Maji|Sjeria ya Maji]]''' zinaweka muundo msingi wa biashara huru na biashara Duniani kote Baharini, ambapo yamo nje ya eneo la udhibiti wa nchi fulani. Makampuni ya meli yanafanya kazi kwa kutumia kanuni za kawaida za sheria ya biashara, ambazo zimefanywa kuwa jumla kwa soko la kimataifa. Sheria ya maji inajumuisha masuala muhimu kama vile kama vile [[kuokoa vifaa kutoka baharini]], [[Lien#|lieni za maji]], na majeraha kwa abiria. * '''[[Miliki Sheria]]''' inalenga aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services. These are legal rights ([[copyright]]s, [[trademark]]s, [[patent]]s, and [[related right]]s) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, literary and artistic fields.<ref>WIPO, ''Intellectual Property'', 3</ref> * '''[[Fidia]]''' inashughulika na kupata mapato ya mtu mwingine, bali si [[fidia]] kwa hasara ya kibinafsi * '''[[Kutajirika isipofaa]]''' ndiyo nguzo ya tatu ya sheria ya raia (pamoja na mkataba na ukiukaji wa wajibu). Wakati ambapo mtu fulani ametajirishwa isipofaa (au kuna "kutokuwepo kwa msingi" wa biashara) kwa gharama ya mawingine, tukio hili linazalisha haki ya fidia ili kugeuza faida hiyo. ;Sheria na vikwazo [[Picha:1930-67B.png|thumb| Sakafu ya biashara ya [[Soko la Hisa la New York]] baada ya [[kuanguka kwa Wall Street mnamo mwaka wa 1929]], kabla ya sheria kali zaidi za [[vikwazo vya kibenki]] vilipoanza kutumika]] * '''[[Sheria ya kodi]]''' inahusu kanuni kuhusu [[kodi ya thamani iliyoongezwa]], [[kodi ya kampuni]], [[kodi ya mapato]]. * '''[[Kanuni za kibenki|Sheria za kibenki]]''' na [[kanuni za kifedha]] zinaweka viwango vya chini zaidi kuhusu idadi ya mtaji ambao benki zinaweza kuwa nao, na sheria kuhusu utendaji bora wa uwekezaji. Hili ni kwa minajili ya kuhakikisha ulinzi dhidi ya taabu za kiuchumi, kama vile[[Kunguka kwa soko la Wall Street mnamo mwaka wa 1929]]. * '''[[Vikwazo]]''' vinashughulika na utoaji wa [[huduma za umma]] na usimamizi wa [[vifaa vya umma]].'''[[Sheria ya maji]]''' ni mfano mmoja. Hasa tangu [[ubinafshaji]] uwe maarufu na uchukue usimamizi wa huduma kutoka kwa sheria ya umma, makampuni ya kibinafsi ambayo hapo yalikuwa yakifanya kazi iliyodhitiwa na serikali hapo awali yamefungwa na vyeo mbalimbali vya wajibu wa kijamii. [[Sera za Nishati|Nishati]], [[Ofgem|gesi]], [[sera za mawasiliano|mawasiliano]] na [[sheria ya maji|maji]] zinadhibitiwa na viwanda katika nchi nyingi za [[Shirika la Muungano wa Maendeleo ya Kiuchumi|OECD]]. * '''[[Sheria ya mashindano]]''', nchini Marekani inajulikana kama sheria [[dhidi ya amana]], ni eneo linalozidi kubadilika ambalo lilianza katika kutokana na amri za [[Roma ya Kale|Kirumi]] dhidi ya [[kuweka bei]] na mafundisho ya Uingereza ya [[biashara ya makini]]. Sheria ya kisasa ya mashindano inatokana na sheria za Marekani dhidi ya biashara za magendo na dhidi ya ukiritimba ([[Sheria ya Sherman]] na [[Sheria ya Clyaton]]) ya mwisho wa karne ya 20. Inatumika kudhibiti biashara zinazojaribu kutumia ushawishi wao wa kiuchumi kubadilisha biashra za sokoni bila kujali [[maslahi ya mnunuzi]]. * '''[[Kumlinda mnunuzi|Sheria ya mnunuzi]]''' inaweza kujumuisha chochote kuanzia kanuni kuhusu [[vifungu vya mikataba]] ambavyo si sawa hadi maelekezo kuhusu bima ya mizigo ya ndege. * '''[[Sheria ya mazingira]]''' inazidi kuwa muhimu, hasa katika mwanga wa [[Itifaki ya Kyoto]] na hatari inayoweza kutokana na [[mabadiliko ya hali ya anga]]. Ulinzi wa kimazingira pia intumika kuwaadhibu [[uharibifu wa mazingira|wanaoharibu mazingira]] katika mifumo ya kisheria ya kiinchi == Mifumo ya sheria == {{Main|Mifumo ya sheria duniani}} Kwa ujumla, mifumo ya kisheria inaweza kugawanywa kati ya mifumo ya kisheria ya kiraia na mifumo ya kisheria ya kawaida.<ref>Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined; the numerous [[legal transplants]], typical of modern law, result in the sharing by modern legal systems of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law (Mattei, ''Comparative Law and Economics'', 71)</ref> Maneno "sheria ya kiraia" yanayoashiria mfumo wa kisheria hayapaswi kuchanganyishwa na "sheria ya kiraia" kama kundi la masomo ya kisheria ambayo ni tofauti na [[sheria ya umma]] au ya jinai. Aina ya tatu ya mfumo wa kisheria—inayokubalika bado na baadhi ya nchi ambazo zina [[utengano wa kanisa na taifa]]—ni sheria sheria ya kidini, ambayo ina msingi wake katika [[maandiko ya kidini]]. Aina ya mfumo amabo nchi inatumia kutawala mara nyingi kudhamiriwa na historia yake, uhusiano wake na nchi zingine au kushikilia kwake kwa viwango vya kimataifa. [[Vyanzo vya sheria|Vyanzo]] ambavyo maneneo fulani ya kisheria hutumia kama kama zenye uwezo wa kuwa nguvu za kisheria ndizo sifa fafanuzi za mfumo wowote wa kisheria. Hata hivyo, uainishaji ni jambo la umbo kuliko maana, kwani sheria sawa mara nyingi hutawala. === Sheria ya kiraia === {{Main|Sheria ya kiraia}} [[Picha:Code Civil 1804.png|thumb|Ukurasa wa kwanza wa toleo la mwaka wa 1804 la [[Sheria za Kinapoleoni]]]] Sheria ya kiraia ni mfumo wa kisheria unaotumika katika nchi nyingi Duniani. Katika sheria ya kiraia vyanzo vinavyotambulika kama kuwa na mamlaka, ni, haswa, uundaji wa sheria—haswa [[Kuandika sheria (sheria)|sheria zilizoandikwa]] katika [[katiba]] au [[amri]] zinazopitishwa na serikali—na tamaduni.<ref>Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as "the other source of law"; hence, scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of "written law" (''ius scriptum'') or legislation, and "unwritten law" (''ius non scriptum'') or custom. Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation (Georgiadis, ''General Principles of Civil Law'', 19; Washofsky, ''Taking Precedent Seriously'', 7).</ref> Sheria za kuandikwa zinapatikana hata katika miaka mingi ya awali , huku mfano mmoja ukiwa [[Sheria ya Hammurabi|Codex Hammurabi]] ya [[sheria ya Kibebeli|Kibabeli]]. Mifumo ya sheria za kiraia ya kisasa inatokana na mazoezi ya kisheria ya [[Dola la Kirumi]] ambalo maadiko yake yalipatikana katika Ulaya ya [[Zama za Kati]]. Sheria ya Kirumu katika siku za [[Jamhuri ya Kiruma]] na Dola la Kirumi lilitegemea sana utaratibu, na ilikosa daraja la kitaaluma.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 18</ref> Badala uake mtu wa kawaida aliyeitwa, ''iudex'', alichagukiwa kufanya uamuzi. Kesi za awali hazikuripotiwa, kwa hivyo sheria yoyote yenye msingi katika kesi iliyoibuka ilifichwa na hata kutotambulika.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 21</ref> Kila kesi ilikuwa ilimuliwe upya kutokana na sheria za nchi, ambayo ni sawa na kupungua kwa umuhimu (kinadharia) wa uamuzi wa mahakimu kwa kesi za siku za usoni kwa mufumo ya kisheria siku za leo. Katika kipindi cha karne ya 6 NK katika [[Dola la Kibaizanti|Dola la Mashariki la Roma]], Kaisari [[Justinian I]] aliandika na kuzikusanya pamoja sheria ambazo zilikuwa zinapatikana hapo awali katika Roma, ambapo kile kilichobakia kilikuwa sehemu moja juu ya ishirini ya kiwango cha maandiko ya kisheria kutoka awali.<ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 32</ref> Hili ikawa inafahamika kama ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''. Kwa mujibu wa mwanahistoria mmoja wa kisheria, "Justinian alitazama kwa uangalifu hadi miaka ya dhahabu ya nyuma ya sheria ya Kirumi na alilenga kuirejesha hadi upeo wake wa karne tatu za awali."<ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 35</ref> Wakati uo huo, Ulaya ya Magharibi ilitumbukia polepole katika [[Zama za Giza]], na haikuwa hadi karne ya 11ambapo wasomi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bologna]] walipoyagundua upya maandiko yaliyokuwa yamepotea na kuyatumia kuzitafsiri sheria zao.<ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 43</ref> Maandiko ya sheria za kiraia yenye msingi unaofanana kwa karibu na sheria ya Kirumu, sambamba na ushawishi mchache kutoka [[sheria za kidini]] kama vile [[sheria ya Kikanoni]] na [[Sharia|sheria ya Kiislamu]],<ref name>Badr, ''Islamic Law'', 187–198 [196–8]</ref><ref name="Makdisi"/> iliendelea kuenea kote baranii Ulaya hadi [[Zama za Kutaalamika|Kutaalmika]]; kisha, katika karne ya 19, Ufaransa, na [[Sheria iliyoandikwa ya Kiraia]], na Ujerumani, [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]], zilifanya sheria zao zilizokuwa zimeandikwa kuwa za kisasa. Sheria hizi mbili zilizoandikwa zilisukuma vilivyo si tu mifumo ya kisheria ya nchi katika Bara Ulaya (kama vile Ugiriki), lakini pia tamaduni za kisheria za [[Sheria ya Ujapani|Ujapani]] na [[Korea ya Kusini|Kikorea]].<ref>Hatzis, ''The Short-Lived Influence of the Napoleonic Civil Code in Greece'', 253–263</ref><ref>Demirgüç-Kunt -Levine, ''Financial Structures and Economic Growth'', 204</ref> Leo, cnhi ambazo zina mifumo ya kisheria ya kiraia ni kama vile [[Sheria ya Urusi|Urusi]] na [[Sheria ya Demokrasia ya watu ya Uchina|Uchina]] na maeneo mengi ya Marekani ya [[Marekani ya Kati|Kati]] na [[Sheria ya Marekani ya Kusini|Marekani ya Kilatini]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html The World Factbook — Field Listing – Legal system] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html |date=20181226012138 }}, CIA</ref> Marekani inafuata sheria ya kawaida inayofafanuliwa hapa chini. === Sheria ya kawaida na usawa === {{Main|Sheria ya kawaida}} [[Picha:King John signing the Great Charter (Magna Carta) by English School.png|thumb|Mfalme Yohana wa Uingereza anatia sahini Magna Carta]] Sheria ya kawaida na usawa ni mifumo ya kisheria ambapo uamuzi wa mahakama yanakubalika wazi kuwa vyanzo vya sheria."Mafundisho ya utangulizi", au ''[[stare decisis]]'' (Kilatini kwa "kusimama kwa uamuzi") unamaanisha kuwa sumauzi unaofanywa na mahakama yenye mamlaka kubwa yanafunga mahakama yenye mamlaka ya chini. Mifumo ya kisheria ya kawaida hutumia amri mara chache sana, zinazopitishwa na bunge, lakini huenda zikafanya jaribio ambalo si la kitaratibu kuandika sheria zao kuliko katika "mfumo wa sheria wa kiraia". Sheria ya kawaida ina asili yake nchini Uingereza na imerithiwa na karibu nchi zote ambazo hapo awali zilihusika na [[Dola la Uingereza]] (isipokuwa Malta, [[sHERIA YA|Scotland]], na jimbo la Marekani la [[Sheria ya Louisiana|Louisiana]], na jimbo la Kanada la [[sheria ya Quebec|Quebec]]). Katika Uingereza wakati wa zama za kati, [[Ushindi wa Norman dhidi ya Uingereza|ushindi wa Norman]] ulisababisha kuungana kwa desturi mbalimbali za kikabila na hivyo basi kuunda sheria ya "kawaida" ya nchi yote. Labda ikisukumwa na [[Sheria ya Kiislamu|mazoea ya kisheria ya Kiislamu]] wakati wa [[Krusedi]],<ref name=Makdisi>Makdisi, ''The Islamic Origins'', 1635–1739</ref> sheria ya kawaida iliendelea ambapo Mfalme wa Kiingereza alikuwa amefanywa kuwa dhaifu na gharama kubwa ya vita vywa kudhibiti sehemu kubwa za Ufaransa. [[Yohana wa Uingereza|Mfalme Yohana]] alikuwa amelazimishwa na mabaroni wake kutia saini hati iliyoweka vikwazo kwa mamlaka yake ya kupisha sheria. "Mkataba huu mkuu" au ''[[Magna Carta]]'' wa mwaka 1215 pia ulihitaji jopo la mahakimu wa Mfalme kufanya mikutano yao ya kimahakama na uamuzi wao katika "mahali maalum" badala ya kutoa haki ya kibepari katika maeneo yaliyokuwa magumu kutabiri kote.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html Magna Carta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html |date=20140910155351 }}, Fordham University</ref> Kundi la mahakimu walsomi na waliokolea walipata jukumu muhimu katika kuunda sheria chini ya mfumo huu, na ikilinganishwa na wenzao Barani Ulaya mahakama ya Uingereza ilikuwa na urasimu mwingi zaidi. Kwa mfano, mnamo mwaka wa 1297, wakati ambapo mahakama kuu ya Ufaransa yalikuwa na mahakimu hamsini na wawili, [[Mahakama ya Uingereza ya Maombi ya Kawaida]] yalikuwa na watano.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 4</ref> Mahakama haya yenye nguvu na yaliyoshikamana yalisababisha mfumo wa kikiritimba.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 3</ref> Kufuatana na hilo, kadiri wakati ulivyopita, idadi iliyoongezeka ya raia waliomba Mfalme kupuuza sheria ya kawaida, na kwa niaba ya Mfalme [[Bwana Chansela]] alitoa uamuzi kufanya kile ambacho ni sawa kwa kila kesi. Kuanzia wakati wa [[Thomas More]], wakili wa kwanza kuteuliwa kama Bwana Chansela, mwili wa kimfumo wa usawa uliongezeka kando ya sheria ya kawaida yenye ukiritimba, na ilianzisha [[Mahakama yake ya Chancery]]. Mwanzoni, usawa ulikosolewa kuwa ulikosa kukosa utaratibu, na kuwa ulibadilika kulingana na urefu wa mguu wa Chansela.<ref>Pollock (ed) ''Table Talk of [[John Selden]]'' (1927) 43; "Equity is a roguish thing. For law we have a measure... equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is longer or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the stadard for the measure a Chancellor's foot."</ref> Lakini baada ya muda iliunda [[Kanuni za usawa|kanuni]], hasa chini ya [[John Scott, Ali wa kwanza wa Eldon|Bwana Eldon]].<ref>''[[Gee v Pritchard]]'' (1818) 2 Swans. 402, 414</ref> Katika karne ya 19 mifumo hiyo miwili iliunganishwa pamoja. Katika kuendeleza sheria ya kawaida na usawa, waandishi wa kitaaluma wamekuwa na jukumu muhimu. [[William Blackstone]], kuanzia kipindi cha 1760, alikuwa mwanachuoni wa kwanza kuelezea na kufunza usawa.<ref>Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm Book the First – Chapter the First] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm |date=20130329045450 }}</ref> Lakini kwa kuelezea tu, wasomi walitafuta melezo na miunso msingi walibadilisha polepole jinisi sheria ilivyofanya kazi.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 17</ref> === Sheria ya kidini === {{Main|Sheria ya kidini}} Sheria ya kidini inatokana na maagizo ya [[dini]]. Baadhi ya mifano ni [[Halakha]] ya [[Uyahudi|Kiyahudi]] na [[Sharia]] ya [[Uislamu]] — ambazo zote mbili zinamaanisha "njia ya kufuata" — huku [[sheria za Kanisa]] za [[Ukristo]] nazo hutumika katika [[madhehebu]] machache, kama vile [[Kanisa Katoliki]], [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi]] na la [[Anglikana]]. Mara nyingi dini inadai kutobadilika kwa sheria, kwa sababu [[neno la Mungu]] haliwezi kufanyiwa marekebisho wala kupingwa na mahakimu au serikali. Hata hivyo mfumo fasaha wa sheria kwa jumla unahitaji upanuzi upande wa [[binadamu]]. Kwa mfano, [[Torati]] au Vitabu Vitano vya [[Musa]] katika [[Agano la Kale]]. Vitabu hivyo vina kanuni na sheria za msingi za Uyahudi, ambayo baadhi ya jamii ya Kiisraeli huchagua kutumia. [[Halakha]] ni kanuni ya sheria za Kiyahudi inayofanya muhtasari wa baadhi ya ufafanuzi wa kitabu cha [[Talmud]]. Hata hivyo, [[Sheria za Israeli]] zinaruhusu [[mlalamikaji]] kuchagua mbinu za kidini ikiwa tu anataka. Mfano mwingine ni [[Korani]] ambayo ina sheria, na inakuwa kama chanzo cha sheria zaidi kupitia ufafanuzi,<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 159</ref> ''[[Qiyas]]'' (kulinganisha), ''[[Ijma]]'' (kufikia muafaka) na [[yaliyokwishatokea]]. Hili hasa hupatikana katika mkusanyo wa sheria na falsafa ya kisheria inayojulikana kama [[Sharia]] na [[Fiqh]]. [[Picha:1879-Ottoman Court-from-NYL.png|thumb|left|Kesi katika [[Dola la Ottoman]], mwaka [[1879]], wakati sheria ya kidini ilitumika chini ya [[Mecelle]].]] Hadi [[karne ya 18]], Sharia ilitekelezwa kote katika [[Ulimwengu wa Kiislamu]] katika mfumo ambao haukuwa umeandikwa kwa ufasaha, huku sheria ya [[Mecelle]] ya [[Dola la Ottoman]] katika [[karne ya 19]] ilikuwa ya kwanza kuandika vipengele vya Sharia. Tangu miaka ya kati ya 1940, majaribio yamefanywa, katika nchi nyingi, kufanya sheria hizo zifanane zaidi na hali na dhana za kisasa.<ref name="AA">Anderson, ''Law Reform in the Middle East'', 43</ref><ref>Giannoulatos, ''Islam'', 274–275</ref> Katika nyakati za sasa, mifumo ya kisheria katika mataifa mengi ya Kiislamu hutegemea sheria za kiraia na sheria ya kawaida na pia sheria na tamaduni za Kiislamu. Katiba za baadhi ya nchi za Kiislamu, kama vile [[Misri]] na [[Afghanistan]], zinatambua [[Uislamu]] kama sheria ya taifa, hivyo kuyafanya mabunge katika nchi hizo yasiwe na budi kufuata Sharia.<ref>Sherif, ''Constitutions of Arab Countries'', 157–158</ref> [[Saudia]] inatambua Korani kama katiba, na inatawaliwa kwa msingi wa sheria ya Kiislamu.<ref name = Jurist>[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm Saudi Arabia] {{Wayback|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm |date=20060830232216 }}, Jurist</ref> [[Iran]] pia imeshuhudia kurudi kwa sheria ya Kiislamu katika mfumo wake wa kisheria baada ya mwaka [[1979]].<ref>Akhlagi, ''Iranian Commercial Law'', 127</ref> Katika miongo michache iliyopita, mojawapo ya tofauti kuu ya harakati ya [[mwamko wa Kiislamu]] imekuwa wito wa kuirejesha Sharia, wito ambao umeibua kiasi kikubwa cha maandishi na kuathiri [[siasa]] duniani.<ref name="H1">Hallaq, ''The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law'', 1</ref> == Nadharia ya sheria == === Historia ya Sheria === {{Main|Historia ya sheria}} [[Picha:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|thumb|Mfalme [[Hammurabi]] anaonyeshwa [[Sheria ya Hammurabi|mkusanyiko wa sheria]] na mungu wa jua wa Kimesopotamia [[Shamash]], ambaye pia anatambulika kama mungu wa haki]] Historia ya sheria inashikamana kwa karibu na [[maendeleo]] ya [[ustaarabu]]. Sheria ya [[Misri ya Kale]], iliyorudi nyuma mbali hadi mnamo [[3000 KK]], ilikuwa na mkusanyiko wa sheria ambao huenda ulikuwa umegawanjwa katika vitabu kumi na viwili. Ilizingatia dhana ya [[Ma'at]], iliyokuwa na sifa ya mapokeo, [[hotuba]] za [[kushawishi]], usawa wa kijamii na [[uaminifu]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Théodoridés|title = law | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt}}</ref><ref>VerSteeg, ''Law in ancient Egypt''</ref> Kufikia [[karne ya 22 KK]], [[mtawala]] wa zamani wa [[Wasumeri|Kisumeri]], [[Ur-Nammu]] alikuwa ameandaa [[Mkusanyiko wa sheria wa Ur-Nammu|mkusanyiko wa sheria]], ambao ulihusisha kauli za [[Mjadala|kimjadala]] ("ikiwa ... basi ..."). Kufikia mwaka wa [[1760 KK]], Mfalme [[Hammurabi]] aliboresha zaidi [[Sheria ya Babeli]], kwa kuikusanya na kujandika katika [[jiwe]] kubwa. Hammurabi aliweka nakala kadhaa za jiwe lile kote katika [[milki ya Babeli]] kama [[stelae]], ili watu wote waitazame; hii ilikuja kufahamika kama [[Mkusanyiko wa Sheria za Hammurabi]]. Nakala iliyobaki ambayo haijaharibika sana wa stelae hizi iligunduliwa katika [[karne ya 19]] na [[Waingereza]] wasomi wa mambo ya [[Assyria|milki ya Assyria]], na tangu wakati huo imenakiliwa upya na kutafsiriwa katika [[lugha]] mbalimbali, zikiwemo [[Kiingereza]], [[Kijerumani]] na [[Kifaransa]].<ref>Richardson, ''Hammurabi's Laws'', 11</ref> [[Agano la Kale]] lilianza mnamo [[1280 KK]], na linachukua umbo la [[amri]] za [[Maadili|kimaadili]] kama mapendekezo ya [[jamii]] nzuri. [[Miji-dola|Mji-dola]] wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]], [[Atheni ya Kale]] kuanzia [[karne ya 8 KK]] ilikuwa jamii ya kwanza kuwa na msingi wake katika kuhusisha raia kwa upana; isipokuwa [[wanawake]] na daraja la [[watumwa]]. Hata hivyo, [[Atheni]] haikuwa na sayansi ya kisheria, na hapakuwa na neno la "sheria" isipokuwa kama dhana ya kiakili tu.<ref>Kelly, ''A Short History of Western Legal Theory'', 5–6</ref> Bado [[sheria ya Ugiriki wa Kale]] ilikuwa na uvumbuzi mkubwa wa [[Katiba ya Waatheni|kikatiba]] katika kuendeleza [[Demokrasia ya Atheni|demokrasia]].<ref>Ober, ''The Nature of Athenian Democracy'', 121</ref> [[Sheria ya Kirumi]] ilisukumwa sana na [[falsafa]] ya Kigiriki, lakini maelezo yake ya kina yaliendelezwa na wanasheria wa kitaaluma, na yalikuwa magumu sana.<ref>Kelly, ''A Short History of Western Legal Theory'', 39</ref><ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 1</ref> Katika kipindi cha karne zilizopita kati ya kupanda na kushuka kwa [[Dola la Roma]], sheria imebadilishwa ili kukabiliana na hali za kijamii zilizokuwa zikibadilika, na ilikusanywa na kuandkiwa vilivyo wakati wa utawala wa [[kaisari]] [[Justinian I]].<ref name="St107">Kama mfumo wa kisheria, Sheria ya Kirumi imeathiri moja kwa moja sheria za duniani kote. Pia ni sehemu ya msingi ya mkusanyiko wa sheria wa nchi nyingi za [[Bara|barani]] [[Ulaya]], na imekuwa muhimu katika kuunda kwa dhana ya utamaduni sawa Ulaya (Stein, ''Sheria ya Kirumi katika Historia ya Ulaya'', 2, 104–107).</ref> Ingawa ilipungua kwa umuhimu mwanzoni mwa [[Karne za Kati]], Sheria ya Kirumi iligunduliwa upya wakati wa [[karne ya 11]] ambapo wasomi walianza kutafiti mkusanyiko wa sheria za Kirumi na kuyatumia mawazo yao. Katika Uingereza ya Zama za Kati, mahakimu wa Mfalme waliunda mwili wa [[utangulizi]], ambao baadaye ulijulikana kama [[sheria ya kawaida]]. ''[[Sheria ya biashara]]'' ya Ulaya mzima iliundwa ili kuwapa [[wafanyabiashara]] uwezo wa kufanya biashara kwa kutumia viwango sawa vya mazoezi; badala ya kutumia sheria za kimtaa zenye pande nyingi. Hiyo ''Lex Mercatoria'', mtangulizi wa sheria ya kisasa ya biashara, ilihimiza [[uhuru wa mkataba]] na kuwekwa mbali kwa mali.<ref>Sealey-Hooley, ''Commercial Law'', 14</ref> Kadiri [[utaifa]] ulipozidi katika [[karne za 18]] na 19, ndipo ''Lex Mercatoria'' ilipozidi kujumuishwa katika sheria za kimanispaa za nchi mbalimbali chini ya mkusanyiko mpya wa sheria za kiraia. [[Mkusanyiko wa Sheria za Napoleoni]] na sheria za [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Kijerumani]] ulikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa zaidi. Ikitofautishwa na sheria ya kawaida ya Uingereza, ambayo ina idadi kubwa ya sheria za kesi, mikusanyiko ya sheria katika vitabu vidogo ni rahisi kuuza nje ili mahakimu waweze kuitumia. Hata hivyo, hivi leo kuna ishara kuwa sheria ya kiraia na sheria ya kawaida zinazidi kukaribiana.<ref>Mattei, ''Comparative Law and Economics'', 71</ref> Sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya imekusanywa katika mikataba, lakini huendelezwa kupitia utangulizi unaofanywa na [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki]]. [[Picha:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Katiba ya nchi ya Uhindi]] ndiyo katiba ndefu zaidi iliyoandikwa kwa nchi, ikiwa na Ibara 444, Ibara 12 ndogo, na marekebisho mengi na maneno 117,369]] [[Sheria ya Kiislamu]] na [[Fiqh|falsafa ya sheria]] zilianza katika kipindi cha Zama za Kati.<ref name="Badr">Badr, ''Islamic Law'', 187–198</ref> Mbinu ya kisheria ya utangulizi na kufikiria kupitia mlinganisho (''[[Qiyas]]'') iliyotumika katika sheria ya mapema ya Kiislamu ilifanana na na ile ya baadaye ya mfumo wa [[Sheria ya Uingereza|Sheria ya Kawaida ya Uingereza]].<ref name=Gamal>Justice Gamal Moursi Badr argues that Islamic law may "be called a [[lawyer]]'s law if common law is a [[judge]]'s law"(Badr, ''Islamic Law'', 187–198, El-Gamal, ''Islamic Finance'', 16).</ref> Hii ilitumika hasa katika shule ya [[Maliki]] ya sheria ya Kiislamu iliyopatikana sana katika eneo la Afrika Kasakazini, [[Al-Andalus|Uhispania wa Kiislamu]] na baadaye [[Sicily ya Kiemereti]]. Kati ya karne za 8 na 11, sheria ya Maliki iliendeleza [[taasisi]] nyingi zilizokuwa sambamba na taasisi za baadaye za sheria ya kawaida.<ref>The "royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic ''Aqd'', the English [[assize of novel disseisin]] is identified with the Islamic ''Istihqaq'', and the English jury is identified with the Islamic ''Lafif''". Other parallels include "the [[scholastic method]], the license to teach" (''[[Ijazah]]''), the "[[law school]]s known as [[Inns of Court]] in England and ''[[Madrasah|Madrasas]]'' in Islam", and the [[Agency (law)|agency]] (''[[Hawala]]'') and [[trust law]] (''[[Waqf]]'') (Gaudiosi, ''The Influence of the Islamic Law '', 1231–1261; Makdisi, ''The Islamic Origins'', 1635–1739).</ref> Sheria ya kale ya [[Sheria ya Uhindi|Uhindi]] na [[Sheria ya uchina|Uchina]] zinawakilisha mapokeo tofauti ya sheria, na kihistoria yamekuwa na [[shule]] huru za kinadharia na mazoezi. ''[[Arthashastra]]'', ambayo pengine iliandikwa mnamo [[100]] [[BK]] (ingawa ina maandiko ya awali kidogo), na ''[[Manusmriti]]'' (100–[[300]]) yalikuwa mikataba ya uanzilishaji nchini Uhindi, na ilikuwa na maandiko yanayofikiriwa kuwa wongofu wenye mamlaka wa kisheria.<ref>For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources, see Olivelle, ''Manu's Code of Law'', 18-25.</ref> Falsafa kuu ya Manu ilikuwa kuvumiliana na [[Mfumo wa Viama Vingi (falsafa ya kisheria)|Mfumo wa Vyama Vingi]], na ilitajwa kote katika eneo la Asia ya Kusini Mashariki.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 276</ref> Mapokeo haya ya [[Uhindi|Kihindu]], pamoja na sheria ya Kiislamu, yalibadilishwa na na sheria ya kawaida wakati ambapo Uhindi ilifanywa kuwa sehemu ya [[Dola la Uingereza]].<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 273</ref> [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]] na [[Hong Kong]] pia ilianza kutumia sheria ya kawaida, Mapokeo ya sheria ya [[Asia ya Kusini]] yanaangazia mkusanyiko maalum wa ushawishi wa kidunia na kidIni.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 287</ref> [[Ujapani]] ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuufanya mfumo wake wa sheria uwe wa kisasa sambamba na ule wa nchi za magharibi, kwa kuagiza sehemu za mkusanyiko wa sheria za [[Mkusanyiko wa Sheria|Ufaransa]], lakini hasa mkusanyiko wa sheria za Kijerumani.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 304</ref> Hili lilionyesha kwa kiwango fulani hadhi ya Ujerumani kama nguvu yenye uwezo mkubwa zaidi katika kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 19. Pia, [[sheria ya mapokeo ya Uchina]] ilifungua njia kwa kubadilishwa na nchi za magharibi kuelekea miaka ya mwisho ya [[Nasaba ya Qing|nasaba ya Ch'ing]] kupitia njia ya mkusanyiko wa sheria tatu za kibinaFsi zilizokuwa na msingi katika muundo wa Ujapani wa sheria ya Ujerumani.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 305</ref> Leo sheria ya [[Taiwan]] inabaki na mshikamano wa karibu zaidi na mkusanyiko wa sheria kutoka kipindi hicho, kwa sababu ya mgawanyiko kati ya wanataifa wa [[Chiang Kai-shek]], ambao walitoroka kutoka sehemu hiyo, na [[wakomunisti]] wa [[Mao Zedong]] waliopata ushindi wa kudhibiti bara mnamo mwaka wa [[1949]]. Muundombinu wa sasa wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina ilishawishika pakubwa na [[Sheria ya Kisoshalisti]] ya [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]], inayopea sheria ya utawala umuhimu mwingi kuliko haki za sheria ya kibinafsi.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 307</ref> Kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa kasi kwa viwanda, leo Uchina inapitia machakato wa wa marekebisho, angalau katika nyanja ya haki za kiuchumi, ikiwa si haki za kijamii na kisiasa. Sheria mpya ya mkataba ya mwaka wa 1999 ilikuwa ishara ya kusonga mbali na kuwa na utawala mwingi.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 309</ref> Isitoshe, baada ya mazungumzo yaliyodumu miaka kumi na mitano, mnamo mwaka 2001 Uchina ilijiunga na [[Shirika la Biashara Duniani]].<ref>Farah, ''Five Years of China WTO Membership'', 263–304</ref> === Falsafa ya sheria === {{Main|Falsafa ya sheria}} [[Falsafa]] ya sheria kwa kawaida inaitwa jurisprudensi. Jurisprudensi unaozidi kuongezka wenyewe ni [[falsafa ya kisiasa]], na unauliza "sheria inafaa kuwa nini?", huku jurisprudensia ya uchambuzi inauliza "sheria ni nini?". Jibu la [[utumikaji|kiutumikaji]] la [[John Austin (mwanafalsafa wa kisheria)|John Austin]] linajibu kuwa sheria ni "amri, zinazoandamana na matishio ya vkwazo, kutoka kwa mtawala, ambaye watu wote wamezoea kumtii".<ref name="jap">Bix, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/#3 John Austin]</ref> Mawakili wa [[sheria ya kimaumbile]] kwa upande mwingine, kama vile [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], wanadokeza kwamba sheria inaangazia sheria isiyobadilika ya tabia ya kimaumbile. Dhana ya "sheria ya kimaumbile" iliibuka katika [[falsafa ya Kigiriki]] ya zamani kwa wakati mmoja na kwa pamoja na dhana ya haki, na iliingia mkondo wa [[utamaduni wa Magharibi]] kupitia maandiko ya [[Thomas Aquinas]] na maoni ya [[Falsafa ya mapema ya Kiislamu|mwanafalsafa wa Kiislamu]] na mwanasheria [[Averroes]].<ref>Roeber, ''What the Law Requires'', 887</ref><ref>Stone, ''Human Law and Human Justice'', 14, 51</ref> [[Hugo Grotius]], mwanzilishi wa mfumo uliotegemea dhana za kiakili pekee ya sheria ya kimaumbile, alidokeza kuwa sheria inatokana na msukumo wa kijamii—jinsi Aristotle alivyokuwa amesema—na kufikiria.<ref>[[Fritz Berolzheimer]], ''The World's Legal Philosophies'', 115–116</ref> [[Immanuel Kant]] aliamini kuwa amri ya kimaadili inahitaji sheria "zichaguliwe kana kwamba zinafaa kushikilia kama sheria za ilimwenguni kote za kimaumbile".<ref>[[Immanuel Kant|Kant, Immanuel]], ''Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals'', 42 (par. 434)</ref> [[Jeremy Bentham]] na mwanafunzi wake Austin, wakimfuata [[David Hume]], waliamini kuwa hili liliongeza utata wa [[Utata wa kilicho-na kinachofaa kuwepo|"kilicho" na kile ambacho "kinafaa kuwepo"]]. Bentham na Austin walisisitiza kuwe na sheria ya [[Uchanya wa sheria|uchanya]]; na kuwa sheria ya kweli ni tofauti kabisa na "maadili".<ref>Green, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/ Legal Positivism]</ref> Kant pia alikosolewa na [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], ambaye alikataa kanuni ya usawa, huku akiamini kuwa sheria hutokana na [[nia kwa nguvu]], na haiwezi fanywa kuwa ya "kimaadili" au "utovu wa nidhamu".<ref>Nietzsche, ''Zur Genealogie der Moral'', Second Essay, 11</ref><ref>Kazantzakis, ''Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law'', 97–98</ref><ref>Linarelli, ''Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral'', 23–26</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1934, mwanafalsafa wa Kiaustria, [[Hans Kelsen]], alizidi na mapokeo ya uchanya katika kitabu chake ''[[Nadharia Safi ya Sheria]]''.<ref>Marmor, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/ The Pure Theory of Law]</ref> Kelsen aliamini kuwa ingawa sheria ni tofauti na maadili, inapewa "ukawaida"; kumaanisha kuwa tunfaa kuitii. Ingawa sheria ni taarfa chanya za "ni" (k.m. faini ya kuendesha kwa kurudi nyuma katika barabara kuu ''ni'' [[Euro|€]]500); hii sheria inatuelezea kile "tunachofaa" kutenda. Kwa hivyo kila mfumo wa sheria unaweza kudadisiwa kuwa na kanuni ya msingi (''[[Grundnorm]]'') ianyotupea amri ya kutii. Mpinzani mkuu wa Kelsen, [[Carl Schmitt]], alikataa uchanya na dhana ya [[utawala wa sheria]] kwa sababu hakukubali umuhimu wa kanuni za kidhana za Uchanya badala ya mitazamo na uamuzi bayana wa kisiasa.<ref name=">Bielefeldt, ''Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism'', 25–26</ref> Kwa hiyo, Schmitt alipendekeza falsafa ya sheria ya maalum ([[hali ya dharura]]), ambayo ilikanusha kuwa kanuni za kisheria zingezunguka uzoefu wote wa kisiasa.<ref name="F171">Finn, ''Constitutions in Crisis'', 170–171</ref> [[Picha:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|Nadharia za Bentham za utumikiaji zilibaki kimya katika sheria hadi karne ya 20]] Baadaye katika karne ya 20, [[H. L. A. Hart]] alimshambulia Austin kwa kurahisisha kwake kwa suala hilo na Kelsen kwa kutunga kwake kwa mambo ya kihadithi katika kitabu cha ''[[Dhana ya Sheria]]''.<ref>Bayles, ''Hart's Legal Philosophy'', 21</ref> Hart alidokeza kuwa sheria ni mfumo wa kanuni, zilizogawanywa kuwa (kanuni za maadili) ambazo ndizo za kimsingi na sheria za upili (zinazowalenga maafisa kusimamia kanuni msingi). Kanuni za upili zimegawanywa zaidi kuwa sheria za uamuzi (kutatua migogoro ya kisheria), kanuni za mabadiliko (zinazoruhusu sheria kuwa tofauti) na sheria ya utambuzi(inayoruhusu sheria kutambulika kama halali). Wawili kati ya wanafunzi wa Hart waliendeleza mjadala: Ktaika kitabu chake ''Dola la Sheria'', [[Ronald Dworkin]] alimshabulia Hart na wachanya kwa kukataa kwao la kufanya sheria iwe suala la kimaadili. Dworkin anadokeza kuwa sheria ni dhana ya "[[utafsirishaji (sheria)|kitafsiri]]",<ref>Dworkin, ''Law's Empire'', 410</ref> inayowataka mahakimu kupata suluhisho bora zaidi kwa mgogoro wa kisheria, kwa mujibu wa mila zao. [[Joseph Raz]], kwa upande mwingine, anawataka alitetea mtazamo wa kichanya na kukosoa mtazamo wa Hart wa "nadharia laini ya kijamii" katika kitabu chake ''Mamlaka ya Sheria''.<ref name="jra">Raz, ''The Authority of Law'', 3–36</ref> Raz anadokeza kuwa sheria ni mamlaka, yanayotambulika kupitia vyanzo vya kijamii na bila kurejelea hoja za kimaadili. Katika maoni yake, uainishaji wowote wa kanuni zozote zaidi ya majukumu yao kama vifaa vya kimamlaka katika upatanisha ni bora yaachiwe [[elimu ya jamii]], badala ya falsafa ya sheria.<ref>Raz, ''The Authority of Law'', 37 etc.</ref> === Uchambuzi wa kiuchumi wa sheria === {{Main|Sheria na uchumi}} Katika karne ya 18 [[Adam Smith]] aliwasilisha msingi wa kifalsafa wa kuelezea uhusiano kati ya sheria na uchumi.<ref>According to Malloy (''Law and Economics'', 114), Smith established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others".</ref> Taaluma hiyo ilitokana na mchango wa ukosoaji dhidi ya vyama vya wafanyikazi na [[sheria dhidi ya amana]] nchini Marekani. Watetezi wa taaluma hii waliokuwa na ushawishi mkubwa zaidi, kama vile [[Richard Posner]] na [[Oliver E. Williamson|Oliver Williamson]] na kinachojulikana kama [[Shule ya Chicago (uchumi)|Shule ya Chicago]] ya wanauchumi na mawakili ikiwemo [[Milton Friedman]] na [[Gary Becker]], kwa jumla ni watetezi wa [[uouguzaji wa udhibiti]] na [[ubinafsishaji]], na ni maadui wa udhibiti wa serikali au kile wanachokiona kuwa vikwazo dhidi ya unedeshaji wa ma[[soko huru]].<ref>Jakoby, ''Economic Ideas and the Labour Market'', 53</ref> [[Picha:Richard-A-Posner.jpg|thumb|left|[[Richard Posner]], mmoja wa watetezi wa [[Chuo cha Chicago (uchumi)|Chuo cha Chicago]], huandika blogu pamoja na [[Gary Becker]] mwanauchumi ambaye ni mshindi wa [[Tuzo la Benki ya Uswidi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ |title=The Becker-Posner Blog |accessdate=2007-02-03 |archive-date=2011-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223220214/http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] Mchambuzi maarufu zaidi wa kiuchumi wa sheria ni mshindi wa [[Tujo la Nobel la Uchumi|Tuzo la Nobel]] la mnamo 1991 [[Ronald Coase]], ambaye makala yake makuu ya kwanza, ''[[Hali ya Kampuni]]'' (1937), kulidokeza sababu za kuwepo kwa makampuni mbalimbali (makampuni, ubia, n.k.) ndiyo kuwepo kwa [[gharama za biashara]].<ref>Coase, ''The Nature of the Firm'', 386–405</ref> [[Homo economicus|Binadamu ambao hufikiria kawaida]] hufanya biashara kupitia mikataba ya bilaterala katika masoko wazi hadi wakati ambapo gharama ya biashara kunamaanisha kuwa kutumia makampuni ya kihalmasahhuri ili kuzalisha bidha ni ya ufanisi mwingi zaidi.Makala yake makuu ya pili, ''[[Shida ya Gharama ya Kijamii]]'' (1960), yalidokeza kuwa tunaishi katika Dunia bila gharama za kibiashara, watu ambao [[kuongea kuhusu gharama|huongea kuhusu gharama]] pamoja wanatengeneza mgao sawa wa rasilimali, buila kujali jinsi mahakama yanavyoweza kuamua katika migogoro kuhusu mali.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', 1–44</ref> Coase alitumia mfano wa kesi ya [[kero]] iliyoitwa ''[[Sturges dhidi ya Bridgman]]'', ambapo mtengenezaji peremende ambaye alipiga kelele nyingi na daktari mtulivu walikuwa majirani na walienda mahakamani ili wajue nani kati yao ndiye angefa kuhama.<ref name="Sturges"/> Coase alisema kuwa bila kujali ikiwa hakimu aliamua kuwa mtengenezaji peremende angefaa kuwacha kutumia mashine zake, au ikiwa ingembidi daktari kuvumilia kelele ile, wote wawili wangefikia mapatano ya pamoja kuhusu nani ndiye angefaa kuhama ambayo yanafikia matokeo sawa na mgawanyo wa rasilimali. Ni kuwepo tu kwa [[bei za biashara]] kunaoweza kuzuia hili.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', IV, 7</ref> Kwa hivyo sheria infaa kutazamia kile ambacho ''huenda kikafanyika'', na kuongozwa na ufumbuzi wenye [[ufanisi (uchumi)|ufanisi]]. Wenye kuunda mipango serikalini wanaamini wazo kwamba sheria na vikwazo si muhimu au zenye ufanisi katika kuwasaidia watu.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', V, 9</ref> Coase na wengine kama yeye walitaka mabadiliko ya mbinu, ili kuweka mzigo wa ushahidi katika serikali iliyokuwa ikiingilia soko, kwa kuchambua gharama za hatua.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', VIII, 23</ref> === Elimujamii ya sheria === {{Main|Elimujamii ya sheria}} Somo la kijamii la sheria ni taaluma pana ya masomo inayotazama mwingiliano kati ya sheria na jamii na inahusiana kwa karibu na falsafa ya sheria, uchambuzi wa kiuchumi wa sheria na masomo maalum zaidi kama [[somo la jinai]].<ref name="Jary">Jary, ''Collins Dictionary of Sociology'', 636</ref> Taasisi za [[ujenzi wa jamii]] na mifumo ya kisheria ni maeneo muhimu ya uchunguzi wa taaluma hii. Mwanzoni, wananadharia wa kisheria walishuku taaluma hii. Kelesen alimshambuliwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wake, [[Eugen Ehrlich]], ambaye alitaka kuweka wazi tofauti kati ya sheria ya uchanya, ambayo mawakili wanajifunza na kutumia, na aina zingine za 'sheria' au kanuni za kijamii zinazodhibiti maisha ya kila siku, na kwa jumla kuzuiwa migogoro isiwafikie mawakili mahakamani.<ref>Rottleuthner, ''La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne'', 109</ref><ref>Rottleuthner, ''Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts'', 521</ref> [[Picha:Max Weber 1917.jpg|thumb|left|[[Max Weber]] mnamo mwaka wa 1917, Weber alianza kazi yake kama wakili, na antazamwa kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa somo la jamii na somo la jamii la kisheria]] Katika kipindi cha mwaka 1900 [[Max Weber]] alifafanua mbinu yake ya "kisayansi" ya sheria, huku akitambua "umbo la kimantiki ya sheria" kama aina ya utawala, ambao si chanzo cha watu lakini kwa dhana za kiakili.<ref>Rheinstein, ''Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society'', 336</ref> [[Mamalaka ya kimantiki ya sheria|Umantiki wa kisheria]] yalikuwa maneno yake aliyoyatumia kuelezea mwili wa sheria zinazoeleweka na zinazoweza kuhesabika na zilikuwa hatua ya kwanza ya maendeleo ya kisasa ya kisiasa na taifa la ukiritimba la kisasa na kuibuka sambamba na [[ubepari]].<ref name="Jary"/> Msomi mwingine wa somo la jamii, [[Émile Durkheim]], aliandika katika ''Mgawanyo wa Ujira na Jamii'' kuwa kadiri jamii inavyozidi kuwa kubwa, ndivyo mwili wa sheria ya kiraia unaohusika hasa na fidia unapozidi kukuwa kwa gharama ya sheria za jinai na vikwazo vya kisheria.<ref>Johnson, ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology, 156</ref> Wasomi wengine wa somo la jamii ni [[Hugo Sinzheimer]], [[Theodor Geiger]], [[Georges Gurvitch]] na [[Leon Petrażycki]] Barani Ulaya, na [[William Graham Sumner]] nchini Marekani<ref>Gurvitch, ''Sociology of Law'', 142</ref><ref>Papachristou, ''Sociology of Law'', 81–82</ref> == Taasisi za kisheria == Sheria si mwili wa kanuni zisizobadilika bali ni "machakato badilifu wa kanuni zinazobadilishwa kila wakati, kuundwa, na kupewa umbo ili kuambatana na hali fulani."<ref>Hamilton and Spiro, ''The Dynamics of Law'', 3</ref> Mabadiliko yanafanywa kila wakati na taasisi mbalimbali katika jamii. Taasisi kuu za sheria katika [[Demokrasia huru]] ni [[Mahakama huru]], [[Haki ya jinai|mifumo ya haki]], [[bunge]], serikali yenye [[uwajibikaji]], na ukiritimba wenye uwezo na usiokuwa na ufisadi , kiksoi cha polisi, [[kudhibitiwa kwa jeshi na raia]] na taaluma ya kisheria yenye nguvu inayohakikisha watu wanapta haki na jamii ya kiraia mbalimbali—neno linalotumika kuashiria taasisi za kijamii, jamii na ushirikiano unaunda msingi wa kisiasa wa sheria.<ref>Jakobs, ''Pursuing Equal Opportunities'', 5–6</ref><ref>Karkatsoulis, ''The State in Transition'', 275 etc.</ref> John Locke, katika ''[[Maandiko Mawili kuhusu Serikali]]'', na [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Baron de Montesquieu]] katika ''[[Roho ya Sheria]]'', walitetea [[mgawanyo wa madaraka]] kati ya miili ya kisiasa ya bunge na serikali.<ref>[[Montesquieu]], ''The Spirit of Laws'', [http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm#006 Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7]</ref> Kanuni yao ilikuwa kuwa hakuna mtu anayefaa kuwa na uwezo wa kuchukua mamlaka yote ya [[Taifa huru|taifa]], ikitofautishwa na nadharia ya [[uimla]] ya [[Thomas Hobbes]]' ''[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan]]''.<ref name="H17">Thomas Hobbes, ''Leviathan'', [https://carvercantin.com/thomas-hobbes-leviathan-xvii/ XVII]</ref> [[Max Weber]] na wengine walibadilisha mawazo kuhusu taifa. Jeshi la kisasa, upolisi na mamalaka ya ukiritimba juu ya masiha ya raia wa kawaida husababisha matatizo maalum ya uwajibikaji ambayo waandishi wa awali kama vile Locke au Montesquieu hawangeweza kutabiri. Mashirika ya kisasa ya kimataifa huzingatia umuhimu wa utawala wa sheria na [[utawala mzuri]], huku waandishi wengine hutafiti uhsusiano kati ya utawala wa sheria na utawala wa ufanisi katika nchi za kisasa.<ref>Curtin–Wessel, ''Good Governance'', 73</ref><ref>Fukuyama, ''State-Building'', 132</ref> === Mahakama === {{Main|Mahakama}} Mahakama ni idadi ya [[mahakimu]] wanaosikiza migogoro ili kuamua matokeo. Nchi nyingi zina mfumo wa mahakama ya [[rufaa]], yanayojibu kwa mamlaka makuu ya kisheria. Nchini Marekani haya ni [[Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani]];<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000711024627/http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court], Supreme Court of the United States</ref> nchini Australia, [[Mahakama Kuu ya Australia]]; nchini Uingereza , ni [[Mahakama Kuu ya Uingereza]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016151227/http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/ |archivedate=2009-10-16 }}</ref> (tangu tarehe1 Oktoba 2009; hapo awali yalikuwa, [[Nyumba ya Mabwana]]);<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000711024627/http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf House of Lords Judgements], House of Lords</ref> nchini Ujerumani ni ''[[Bundesverfassungsgericht]]''; nchini Ufaransa ni ''[[Cour de cassation (Ufaransa)|Cour de Cassation]]''.<ref>[http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html |date=20061121164330 }}, Bundesverfassungsgericht</ref><ref>[http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/ Jurisprudence, publications, documentation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/ |date=20070209144055 }}, Cour de cassation</ref> Kwa nchi nyingi za Ulaya Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki nchini Luxembourg inaweza kuukataa umauzi wa kitaifa, wakati ambapo sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya inafaa. Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu inayopatikana Strasbourg inawaruhusu raia wa nchi wanachama za [[Baraza la Ulaya]] kuleta kesi zao zinzohusiana na haki za kibinadamu mbele yake.<ref>Goldhaber, ''European Court of Human Rights'', 1–2</ref> Baadhi ya nchi huruhusu mamlaka yao makuu ya mahakama kukataa sheria wanayopata kuwa [[kinyume na katiba]]. Katika kesi ya ''[[Roe dhidi ya Wade]]'', Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani ilipindua sheria ya jimbo la Texas iliyopiga marufuku kutoa msaada kwa wanawake wenye nia ya [[Kuavya mimba]].<ref>''[[Roe v Wade]]'' (1973) [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=410&page=113 410 U.S. 113] Retrieved 2007-01-26</ref> [[Marekebisho ya Kumi na Nne ya Katiba ya Marekani|Marekebisho ya Kumi na Nne]] ya katiba ya Marekani yalikuwa yametafsiriwa kuwapa ya [[faragha]], na kwa hivyo haki ya mwanamke kuchagua kuavya mimba. Mahakama kinadharia yamefundwa na katiba, kama tu miili ya bunge. Katika nchi nyingi, mahakimu wana uwezo tu wa [[utafsiri (sheria)|kutafsiri]] katiba na sheria zingine zote. Lakini katika nchi zasheria ya kawaida, ambapo mambo si ya kikatiba, mahakama pia yanweza kuunda sheria chini ya [[mafundisho ya utangulizi]]. Uingereza, Finland na New Zealand hutumia dhana ya [[uhuru wa bunge]], ambapo mahakama ambayo hayajachaguliwa hayawezi kupindua sheria iliyopitishwa na bunge la kidemokrasia.<ref>Dicey, ''Law of the Constitution'', 37–82</ref> Katika [[Ukomiunisti|nchi za kikomiunisti]], kama vile Uchina, mahakama mara nyingi hutazamwa kama sehemu ya serikali, au kuwa chini ya bunge; taasisi za kiserikali na watendaji mbalimbali basi wana ushawishi tofauti kwa mahakama.<ref>E.g., the court president is a political appointee (Jensen–Heller, ''Introduction'', 11–12). About the notion of "judicial independence" in China, see Findlay, ''Judiciary in the PRC'', 282–284</ref> Katika nchi za Kiislamu, mahakama mara nyingi huchunguza ikiwa sheria za nchi zinafuata Sharia: [[Mahakama Kuu ya Kikatiba ya Misri]] inaweza kuoinga sheria kama hizo,<ref name="ReferenceA">Sherif, ''Constitutions of Arab Countries'', 158</ref> Na nchini Iran [[Baraza la Ulinzi]] linahakikisha uwiano wa sheria zinazopitishwa na "vigezo vya Uislamu".<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Rasekh, ''Islamism and Republicanism'', 115–116</ref> === Bunge === {{Main|Bunge}} [[Picha:European-parliament-brussels-inside.JPG|thumb|Chumba cha mjadala cha [[Bunge la Ulaya]]]] Mifano maarufu ya bunge ni [[Majumba ya Bunge]] mjini London, [[Bunge la Marekani|Kongresi]] mjini Washingtin D.C., [[Bundestag]] mjini Berlin na [[Duma]] nchini Moscow, [[Bunge la Italia|Parlamento Italiano]] mjini Roma na [[Bunge la Ufaransa|''Assemblée nationale'']] mjini Paris. Kwa kanuni ya serikali wakilishi watu hupigia kura wanasiasa ili watimize ''matakwa'' yao. Ingawa nchi kama Israeli, Ugiriki, Uswidi na Uchina zina [[nyumba moja ya bunge]], nchi nyingi zina [[nyumba mbili za bunge]], kumaanisha kuwa zina nyumba mbili za kibunge zinazochaguliwa tofauti. Katika 'nyumba ya chini' wanasiasa wanachaguliwa kuwakilisha [[Eneo wakilishi bungeni|maeneo wakilishi bungeni]]. 'Nymba ya juu' kawaida huchaguliwa kuwakilisha majimbo katika mfumo wa [[Jamhuri ya majimbo|majimbo]] (kama vile nchii Australia, Ujerumani au Marekani) au upigaji kura tofauti katika katika mfumo wa umoja (kama vile nchini Ufaransa). Nchini Uingereza nyumba ya juu inachaguliwa na na serikali kama [[Nyumba ya mabwana|nyumba ya marudio]]. Ukosoaji mmoja wa mifumo yenye nyumba mbili yenye nyumba mbili zilizochaguliwa ni kuwa nyumba ya juu na ya chini huenda zikafanana. Utetezi wa tangu jadi wa mifumo ya nyumba mbili nni kuwa chumba cha juu huwa kama nyumba ya marekebisho. Hili linaweza kupunguza uonevu na dhuluma katika hatua ya kiserikali'', 101</ref> Ili kupitisha sheria, idadi kubwa ya [[Wabunge]] lazima [[wapige kura]] ili [[muswada (sheria inayopendekezwa)]] upitishwe katika kila nyumba. Kawaida kutakuwa na kusoma kwingi na marekebesho mengi yaliyopendekezwa na makundi tofaiti ya kisiasa. Ikiwa nchi ina katiba inayofuatiliwa vyema, idadi maalum ya mabadiliko katika katiba yanahitajika, hivyo kufanya iwe gumu kubadilisha sheria. Serikali kwa kawaida huongoza mchakato huo, ambao unaweza kujumuisha [[Wabunge]] (k.m. nchini Uingereza na Ujerumani). Lakini katika mfumo wa kiraisi, serikali inachagua [[Baraza la mawaziri (serikali)|baraza la mawaziri]] kutawala kutoka kwa washirika wake [[kisiasa]] ikiwa wamechaguliwa au la (k.m. nchini Marekani au Brazili), na jukumu la bunge linapunguza liwe [[kukubali]] au [[kukataa]].<ref>About "cabinet accountability" in both presidential and parliamentary systems, see Shugart–Haggard, ''Presidential Systems'', 67 etc.</ref> === Serikali === {{Main|Serikali}} [[Picha:Dmitry Medvedev 2 April 2009-1.jpg|right|thumb| Mikutano ya [[G20]] inahusisha wawakilishi wa serikali ya kila nchi]] Mtendaji katika mfumo wa kisheria hutumika kama kituo cha [[serikali]] cha [[mamlaka]] ya kisiasa. Katika [[mfumo wa kibunge]], kama vile nchini Uingereza, Italia, Ujerumani na Ujapani, mtendaji hujulikana kama [[Baraza (serikali)|serikali]], na huwa na wanachama wa bunge. Mtendaji huchaguliwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] au [[Chansela]], ambaye ofisi yake ina nguvu za chini ya [[Kura ya kutokuwa na imani|imani]] ya bunge. Kwa sababu uchaguzi wenye watu wengi huteua vyama vya kisiasa kutawala, kiongozi a chama anaweza kubadilika katika kipindi kabla ya uchaguzi mwingine. [[Mkuu wa Taifa]] ni kando na mtendaji, na kimfano hupitisha sheria na huwa kama mwakilishi wa nchi. Baadhi ya mifano ni [[Rais wa Ujerumani]] (anayeapishwa na Bunge); [[Malkia wa Uingereza]] (wadhifa wa [[kurithi]]), na [[Rais wa Austria]] (anachaguliwa kwa kura ya wengi). Mfano mwingine muhimu ni [[mfumo wa kirais]], unaopatikana nchini Ufaransa, Marekani na Urusi. Katika mifumo ya kirais, mtrndaji huwa kama mkuu wa taifa na mkuu wa serikali, na ana nguvu za kuchagua baraza la mawaziri pekee yake. Chini ya mfumo wa kirais, tawi la mtendaji ni kando na bunge ambapo haiwajibiki mbele ya bunge.<ref>Haggard, ''Presidents, Parliaments and Policy'', 71</ref><ref>Olson, ''The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe'', 7</ref> Ingawa jukumu la mtendaji ni tofauti toka nchi moja hado nyingine, kawaida itapendekeza wingi wa sheria, na kupendekeza ajenda ya serikali. Katika mifumo ya kirais, mtendaji mara nyingi ana nguvu za kukataa sheria. Mara nyingi mtendaji katika mifumo yote ana wajibu wa [[sera za mahusiano ya nje]], jeshi na polisi na urasimu. [[Mawaziri]] au maafisa wengine wanasimamia ofisi za nchi, kama vile [[Waziri wa nje|wizara ya nje]] au [[Waziri wa ndani|wizara ya ndani]]. Uchaguzi wa mtendaji tofauti kwa hivyo ina uwezo wa kupindua mtazamo wa nchi nzima wa serikali. === Jeshi na polisi === {{Main|Jeshi|Polisi}} [[Picha:US Customs and Border Protection officers.jpg|thumb|Maafisa wa [[Marekani wa Forodha na Ulinzi wa Mipaka]]]] Ingawa mashirika ya kijeshi yamekuwepo kwa muda mrefu kama serikali yenyewe, dhana la kikosi cha polisi kilicho tayari ni dhana ya kisasa. Mfumo wa [[Uingereza ya Zama za Kati]] ya [[mahakama ya jinai]] ya kusafiri, au [[Mahakama ya assize|assize]], ilitumia [[kesi za maonyesho]] na unyongaji hadharani kufanya jamii ziwe na hofu na hivyo kudumisha udhibiti.<ref>See, eg ''[[Tuberville v Savage]]'' (1669), 1 Mod. Rep. 3, 86 Eng. Rep. 684, where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layman, "If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you."</ref> Polisi wa kwanza wa kisasa pengine walikuwa wale wa Paris wa karne ya 17, katika mahakama ya [[Louis XIV wa Ufaransa|Louis XIV]],<ref>[http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522 History of Police Forces], History.com Encyclopedia</ref> ingawa Polisi wa Mkoa wa Paris ndio wanadai kuwa wao ndio waliokuwa wa kwanza kuvaa sare.<ref>[http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm |date=20080506215949 }}, La Préfecture de Police</ref> Weber yu maarufu kwa kudokeza kwamba taifa ni lile ambalo linadhibiti kihalali utumizi wa kipekee wa vurugu.<ref name="mwp154">Weber, [[s:Politics as a Vocation|Politics as a Vocation]]</ref><ref>Weber, ''The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation'', 154</ref> Majeshi na askari wanalinda usalama kufuatana na amri ya serikali au mahakama. Maneno [[taifa lililopangarayika]] yanaashiria taifa ambalo haliwezi kutekeleza au kulazimisha sera; askari wao na majeshi hawana uwezo wa kulinda usalama na amani na jamii inaelekea [[vurugu pekee]], wakati serikali inapokosekana.<ref>In these cases sovereignty is eroded, and often warlords acquire excessive powers (Fukuyama, ''State-Building'', 166–167).</ref> === Urasimu === {{Main|Urasimu}} [[Picha:UN Headquarters 2.jpg|thumb| Makao makuu ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] mjini New York yana watumishi wa kiserikali wanaotoa huduma kwa mataifa wanachama 192 ya shirika hilo.]] Asili ya neno "Urasimu" kwa Kiingereza (bureaucracy) ni neno la Kifaransa la "ofisi" (''bureau'') na neno la [[Kigiriki cha Zamani]] cha "nguvu" (''kratos'').<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bureaucracy&searchmode Bureaucracy], Online Etymology Dictionary</ref> Kama tu wanajeshi na polisi, watumishi wa mfumo wa kisheria wa serikali na miili inayounda urasimu wake hufuata maagizo ya Mtendaji. Mojawapo ya marejeo kwa dhana yalifanywa [[Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm|Baron de Grimm]], mwandishi wa Kijerumani aliyeishi nchini Ufaransa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1765 aliandika, <blockquote>Roho halisi ya sheria nchini Ufaransa ni urasimu amabo marehemu Monsieur de Gournay alikuwa akilalamika sana kuhusu; hapa ofisi, makarani, makatibu, wasimamizi na ''wanaonuia kufanya kazi fulani'' hawaapishwi kufaidi maslahi ya umma, kwa hakika maslahi ya ummayanaonekana kuanzishwa ili ofisi hizo ziwepo.<ref>Albrow, ''Bureaucracy'', 16</ref></blockquote> Wasiwasi kuhusu "utawala wa kiofisi" bado ni kawaida, na utendaji wa watumishi wa umma kawaida hutofautishwa na wa [[kampuni za kibinafsi]] zinazoendeshwa na lengo la [[faida]].<ref>Mises, ''Bureaucracy'', II, [http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp Bureaucratic Management]</ref> Kwa kweli kampuni za kibinafsi, hasa zile kubwa, pia zina urasimu.<ref name="K367">Kettl, ''Public Bureaucracies'', 367</ref> Mtazamo mbaya wa "[[urasimu]]" kando, huduma za umma kama vile elimu, afya na shughuli za polisi au [[uchukuzi wa umma]] ni kazi muhimu nchi hivyo basi kufanya urasimu wa umma chanzo cha nguvu za serikali.<ref name="K367" /> Akiandika mapema katika karne ya 20, Max Weber aliamini kuwa sifa muhimu ya nchi iliyoendelea ilikuwa imekuwa msaada wake wa kirasimu.<ref name="mwp393">Weber, ''Economy and Society'', I, 393</ref> Weber aliandika kuwa sifa za kawaida za urasimu wa kisasa ni kuwa maafisa wanafafanua lengo lake, wigo wa kazi umefungwa na kanuni, usimamizi unajumuisha wataalamu wa wataalamu wa kitaaluma, amabo ambao husimamia kuanzia juu kuenda chini, wakiwasiliana kupitia kuandika na kufunga uwezo wa wafanyikazi wa umma kufanya watakavyo kwa kutumia kanuni.<ref>Kettl, ''Public Bureaucracies'', 371</ref> === Taaluma ya sheria === {{Main|Taaluma ya sheria}} [[Picha:Quentin_Massys_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_National_Gallery_of_Scotland.jpg|thumb|Katika mifumo ya sheria ya kiraia kama ile ya Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Italia, Uhispania na Ugiriki, kuna aina maalum ya [[Karani wa sheria ya kiraia]], afisaa wa umma mwenye ufunzi wa kisheria, anayelipwa fidia na wanaofanya biasharaa.<ref>Hazard–Dondi, ''Legal Ethics'', 22</ref> Hii ni picha ya karne ya 16 ya karani wa sheria ya kiraia kama huyo ya mchoraji wa Kiflemi [[Quentin Massys]].]] Hitimisho la utawala wa sheria ni kuwepo kwa taaluma ya kisheria yenye uhuru wa kutosha wa kuweza kuomba mamlaka ya mahakama huru; haki ya usaidizi kusaidiwa na [[wakili]] mahakamani uanatokana na hitimisho hili—nchini Uingereza kazi ya wakili inatofautishwa na ile ya mshauri wa kisheria.<ref>Hazard–Dondi, ''Legal Ethics'', 1</ref> Kama mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Binadamu yanavyosema, sheria inafaa kupatikana na kila mtu na waty wanfaa kutabiri jinsi sheria itakavyowaathiri.<ref>''[[The Sunday Times v The United Kingdom]]'' [1979] [http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html ECHR 1 at 49] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html |date=20060916131454 }} Case no. 6538/74</ref> Ili kudumisha utaaluma, [[zoezi la sheria]] kawaida linachungwa na serikali au mwili huru kama vile [[chama cha mawikili]], [[baraza la mawakili]] au [[jamii ya sheria]]. Mawakili wa kisasa wanapata utambulisho maalum wa kisheria kupitia taratibu maalum za kisheria (k.m. mafanikio katika mitihani), yanahitajika na sheria ili kuwa na cheti maalum (elimi ya kisheria inayompa mwanafunzi [[Shahada ya Sheria]], [[Shahada ya Sgeria ya Kiraia]], au [[Shahada]] ya [[Juris Doctor]]<ref>Higher academic degrees may also be pursued. Examples include a [[Master of Laws]], a [[Master of Legal Studies]] or a [[Doctor of Laws]].</ref>), na zinawekwa ofisini kwa kutumia fomu za kisheria za kuapishwa ([[kukubaliwa katika baraza la mawakili]]). Nchi nyingi za Kiisalmu zina sheria sawa kuhusu elimu ya kisheria na taaluma ya kisheria, lakini zingine bado zinaruhusu mawakili wenye mafunzo katika sheria ya Kiislamu ya jadi katika taaaluma ua sheria katika mahakama ya hadhi ya kibinasfi.<ref>Ahamd, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195205/http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf Lawyers: Islamic Law]</ref> Nchini Uchina na katika nchi zingine za ulimwengu unaoendelea hakuna watu wa kutosha wenye mafunzo ya kisheria kufanya kazi katika mifumo ya mahakama iliyopo katika nchi hizo, na, kufuatana na hilo, viwango rasmi si vikali sana.<ref>Hazard–Dondi, ''Legal Ethics'', 22–23</ref> Baada ya kupata kukubalika, wakili mara nyingi atafanya kazi katika [[kampuni ya sheria]], katika [[vyumba (sheria)|vyumba]] kama wakili wa kipekee, katika wadhifa wa kiserikali au katika shirika la kibinafsi kama [[mshauri]] wa ndani. Isitoshe wakili anaweza kuwa [[|utafiti wa kisheria|mtafiti wa kisheria]] anayepeana uatafiti wa kisheria unapoitishwa kupitia maktaba, huduma ya kibiashara au kazi isiyokuwa na muajiri mmoja. Watu wengi wenye mafunzo katika sheria walitumia utafiti wao katika taaluma nyingine tofauti kabisa. Adhimu kwa zoezi la sheria katika mapokeo ya sheria ya kawaida ni utafiti wa kisheria kujua hali ya wakati wa sasa wa sheria. Hili linahushisha kuchunguza [[ripoti za sheria|ripoti za kesi]], [[majarida ya kisheria]] na sheria. Zoezi la sheria pia inahusu kuandika hati kama vile [[kuiitia]] kwa mahakama, [[brifu [sheria)|brifu]], mikataba, au [[amana]]. Majadiliano na ujuzu wa [[kusuluhisha migogoro]] (ikijumuisha mbinu za [[Mbinu za Masuluhisho ya Kimbadala|ADR]]) pia ni muhimi kwa zoezi la sheria, ikitegemea na aina ya taaluma.<ref>Fine, ''The Globalisation of Legal Education'', 364</ref> === Mashirika ya kijamii === {{Main|Mashirika ya kijamii}} [[Picha:1963 march on washington.jpg|thumb|Maandamano mjini Washington D.C. wakati wa [[Harakati za Haki za Kiraia za Wamarekani wenye asili ya Kiafrika (1955–1968)|Harakati ya Haki za Kiraia ya Marekani]] mnamo mwaka wa 1963]] Dhana ya [[Kiripablikani wakati kulipokuwa na madaraja mbalimbali ya kijamii]] ya "mashirika ya kijamii" ilianzia wakati wa Hobbes na Locke.<ref>Warren, ''Civil Society'', 3–4</ref> Locke aliona mashirika ya kijamii kama watu wenye "sheria sawa na mahakama [[kurejelea]] , yenye mamlaka ya kuamua utata baina yao."<ref>Locke, ''[[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government|Second Treatise]]'', Chap. VII, Of Political or Civil_Society. Chapter 7, section 87</ref> Mwanafalsafa wa Kijerumani [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] alitofautisha "taifa" na "mashirika ya kijamii" (''burgerliche Gesellschaft'') katika kitabu chake ''[[Vipengele vya Falsafa ya Sawa]]''.<ref>Hegel, ''Elements of the Philosophy of Right'', 3, II, [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm 182]; Karkatsoulis, ''The State in Transition'', 277–278</ref> Hegel aliamini kuwa [[mashirika ya kijamii]] na [[Taifa huru|taifa]] zilikuwa kinyume kabisa, katika mpangilio wa nadharia yake ya historia. Taifa la kisasa lenye pande hizi mbili–mashirika ya kijamii lilizaliwa tena katika nadharia za [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] na [[Karl Marx]].<ref>(Pelczynski, ''The State and Civil Society'', 1–13; Warren, ''Civil Society'', 5–9)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Zaleski | first = Pawel | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality | journal = Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte | volume = 50 | issue = | pages = | publisher = Felix Meiner Verlag | location = | year = 2008 | url = | issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }} </ref> Siku hizi katika nadharia ya wakati wa baada ya kisasa za mashirika la kijamii lazima iwe chanzo cha sheria, kwa kuwa msingi ambapo watu wanaunda maoni na kushwishi yale wanayoamini sheria inafaa kuwa. Kama wakili wa Kiaustralia na mwandishi [[Geoffrey Robertson QC]] alivyoandika kuhusu sheria ya kimataifa, <blockquote>... mojawapo ya vyanzo vyake vya kisasa inapatikana katika majibu ya kawaida ya wanaume na wanawake, na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, amabyo wengi huunga, kwa ukiukaji wa haki za kibinadamu amabyo wengi huona kwenye runinga wakiwa sebuleni nyumbani mwao.<ref>Robertson, ''Crimes Against Humanity'', 98–99</ref></blockquote> [[Uhuru wa kujieleza]], [[uhuru wa kujumuika]] na sheria zingine nyingi za kibinafsi zinawaruhusu watu kukusanyika, kujadili, kukosoa na kufanya serikali zao kuwajibika, ambapo msingi wa [[demokrasia ya majadiliano]] inaibuka. Watu wanapozidi kujihusisha mamlaka ya kisheria na na kuwa na uwezo wa kubadilisha jinsi mamlaka ya kisiasa yanapotumika maishani mwao; ndivyo sheria inapozidi kuwa [[Uhalali (kisiasa)|halali]] kwa watu. Taasisi ambazo ni za kawaida sana za mashirika ya kijamii ni masoko ya kibiashra, kampuni zenye malengo ya kupata faida, familia, [[vyama vya kibiashara]], hospitali, vyuo vikuu, shule, mashirika ya msaada, [[vilabu vya kujadili]], [[mashirika yasiyokuwa ya kiserikali]], vitongoji, makanisa, na vyama vya kidini.<ref>There is no clear legal definition of the civil society, and of the institutions it includes. Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions (such as the [[European Economic and Social Committee]]) exclude the political parties. For further information, see Jakobs, ''Pursuing Equal Opportunities'', 5–6; Kaldor–Anheier–Glasius, ''Global Civil Society'', ''[http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf passim] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf |date=20070817130457 }}'' (PDF); Karkatsoulis, ''The State in Transition'', 282–283.</ref> {{-}} == Tazama pia == {{portal}} {{Main|Muhtasari wa sheria}} * [[Haki za kibinadamu]] * [[Uchumi]] * [[Historia]] * [[Sayansi ya Kisiasa]] * [[Falsafa]] == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo|2}} https://www.path-2-happiness.com/sw == Marejeo == ; Printed sources: * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ahmad|first=Ahmad Atif|title=Lawyers: Islamic Law|encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of Legal History|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195205/http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-01|access-date=2010-01-15}}{{Wayback|url=http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf |date=20090326034212 }} * {{cite book|last=Akhlaghi|first=Behrooz|title=The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt|year=2005|isbn=3-161-48787-7|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|editor=Yassari, Nadjma|chapter=Iranian Commercial Law and the New Investment Law FIPPA}} * {{cite book|last=Albrow|first=Martin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|title=Bureaucracy (Key Concepts in Political Science)|url=https://archive.org/details/bureaucracy0000mart|year=1970|isbn=0-333-11262-8}} * {{cite journal|last=Anderson |first=J.N.D.|year=1956|month=Januari |title=Law Reform in the Middle East journal=International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944—) |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=43–51|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/2607811 |accessdate=2007-03-04 |doi=10.2307/2607811}} * {{Cite wikisource|Constitution of the Athenians|[[Aristotle]]}}. 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''[[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government|Second Treatise]]'' * {{cite book|last=Luban |first=David |title=Conflict of Interest in the Professions |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictofintere0000unse |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-195-12863-X|chapter=Law's Blindfold}} * {{cite journal|last=Makdisi|first=John A.|title=The Islamic Origins of the Common Law|journal=[[North Carolina Law Review]]|month=Juni|year=1999|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1635–1739}} * {{cite book|last=Malloy|first=Robin Paul|publisher=Springer|title=Adam Smith and the Philosophy of Law and Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/adamsmithphilos00mall|editor=Paul Malloy, Robin; Evensky, Jerry|year=1994|isbn=0-792-32796-9|chapter=Adam Smith and the Modern Discourse of Law and Economics}} * {{cite book|last=Mattei|first=Ugo|publisher=University of Michigan Press|title=Comparative Law and Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/comparativelawec0000matt|year=1997|isbn=0-472-06649-8|chapter=The Distinction between Common Law and Civil Law}} * {{cite journal |last=Matthews |first=Paul |year=1995 |month=Autumn| title=The Man of Property |journal=Medical Law Review, |volume=3 |pages=251–274| doi=10.1093/medlaw/3.3.251| pmid=11657690}} * {{cite book|last=McGhee|first=John|publisher=Sweet and Maxwell|location=London|title=Snell's Equity|url=https://archive.org/details/snellsequitycumu0000mcgh|year=2000|isbn=0-421-85260-7}} * {{cite book |last=Mises |first=Ludwig von |authorlink=Ludwig von Mises |title=Bureaucracy |origyear=1944 |url=http://www.mises.org/etexts/bureaucracy.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-11-10 |year=1962 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040716033508/http://www.mises.org/etexts/bureaucracy.pdf |archivedate=2004-07-16 |dead-url=no }} * {{cite book|last=Montesquieu|first=Baron de|authorlink=Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu |title=The Spirit of Laws (translated in English by Thomas Nugent, revised by J. 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Sakkoulas Publishers |location=Athens |isbn=9-601-50106-1|chapter=The Sociological Approach of Law}} * {{cite book|first=A.Z.|last=Pelczynski|year=1984|title=The State and Civil Society|url=https://archive.org/details/statecivilsociet0000unse|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |last=Petersmann |first=Ernst-Ulrich | title=The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System|url=https://archive.org/details/gattwtodisputese0000pete |year=1997 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn= 9-041-10933-1 |chapter=Rule of Law and Constitutionalism}} * {{cite book|last=Rasekh|first=Mohammad|title=The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt|year=2005|isbn=3-161-48787-7|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|editor=Yassari, Nadjma|chapter=Are Islamism and Republicanism Compatible?}} * {{cite book |last=Raz |first=Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Raz |title=The Authority of Law, Essays on Law and Morality|url=https://archive.org/details/authorityoflawes0000razj |year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198254938 }} * {{cite book|title=Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration|year=2004|last=Redfem|first=Alan|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|isbn=0-421-86240-8|chapter=Regulation of International Arbitration}} * {{cite book|title=Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society|year=1954|last=Rheinstein| first=M.|publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{cite book|title=Hammurabi's Laws|year=2004|last=Richardson|first=W.E.J.|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=0-567-08158-3|chapter=Introduction}} * {{cite journal |last=Riker |first=William H. |authorlink=William H. 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Lords|accessdate=2006-11-10}} * {{cite web |title=Jurisprudence, publications, documentation |url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/ |language=French |publisher=[[Court of Cassation (France)|Cour de cassation]] |accessdate=2007-02-11 |archivedate=2007-02-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209144055/http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/ }} * {{cite web |url=http://dictionary.law.com/default2.asp?selected=1111&bold=|title=law |accessdate=2007-02-10 |work=Law.com Dictionary}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=law&searchmode=none | title=law |accessdate=2007-02-09 |work= Online Etymology Dictionary}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal|title=legal |accessdate=2007-02-09 |work= Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary}} * {{cite web| title=Magna Carta| url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html| publisher=[[Fordham University]]| accessdate=2006-11-10| archivedate=2014-09-10| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910155351/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html}} * {{cite web | last=Marmor | first=Andrei |url= http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/ | title= The Pure Theory of Law | accessdate=2007-02-09 | work= Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=1934 }} * {{cite web| title=Saudi Arabia| url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm| publisher=[[Jurist]]| accessdate=2006-09-02| archive-date=2006-08-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830232216/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm| url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html|title=The States Parties to the Rome Statute|publisher=[[International Criminal Court]]|accessdate=2007-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605155639/http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html|archivedate=2004-06-05}} * {{cite web|title=The World Factbook – Field Listing – Legal system|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html|publisher=[[CIA]]|accessdate=2007-10-13|archivedate=2018-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226012138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{sisterlinks|Law}} * [http://www.law.com/ Legal news and information network for attorneys and other legal professionals] * [http://jurispedia.org/ Encyclopaedic project of academic initiative] {{Wayback|url=http://jurispedia.org/ |date=20210408132428 }} in [[Jurispedia]] * [http://www.lawserver.com/ Legal articles, news, and interactive maps] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lawserver.com/ |date=20130302152628 }} * [http://www.worldlii.org/ WorldLII - World Legal Information Institute] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/ |date=20200922075055 }} * [http://www.commonlii.org/ CommonLII - Commonwealth Legal Information Institute]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.asianlii.org/ AsianLII - Asian Legal Information Institute (AsianLII)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.asianlii.org/ |date=20210417174626 }} * [http://www.austlii.edu.au/ AustLII - Australasian Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.bailii.org/ BaiLII - British and Irish Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.canlii.org/ CanLII - Canadian Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.nzlii.org/ NZLII - New Zealand Legal Information Institute] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzlii.org/ |date=20210417174640 }} * [http://www.paclii.org/ PacLII - Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute] {{Wayback|url=http://www.paclii.org/ |date=20040103005659 }} [[Jamii:Sheria| ]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] 52yryahymz2mh7cvd3brnslcn650sky 0 1989 1577317 1577016 2026-06-28T13:31:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Katika Injili ya Luka */ 1577317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Iconnativity.jpg|320px|thumbnail|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] inayoonyesha kuzaliwa kwake [[Kristo]]. [[Yesu]] anaonekana amevikwa [[sanda]] na kulazwa [[kaburi]]ni, kwa maana alizaliwa ili awakomboe watu kwa [[kifo]] chake.]] '''Krismasi''' (pia '''Noeli''') ni [[sikukuu]] ambayo [[Wakristo]] wengi husheherekea kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]] zaidi ya miaka 2000 iliyopita. Kwa kawaida husheherekewa [[tarehe]] [[25 Desemba]] katika [[Ukristo wa magharibi]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> na tarehe [[6 Januari]] katika [[Ukristo wa mashariki|ule wa mashariki]]. [[Martyrologium Romanum]] inatangaza sherehe hiyo kwa maneno haya ya fahari: "[[Karne]] nyingi baada ya [[uumbaji]] wa [[ulimwengu]], ambapo mwanzo [[Mungu]] aliumba [[mbingu]] na [[dunia]] akaunda [[mtu]] kwa [[sura]] yake mwenyewe; tena karne nyingi tangu [[Aliye Juu]], baada ya [[gharika kuu]], alipong'arisha [[upinde wa mvua]] [[wingu|mawinguni]] kama [[ishara]] ya [[agano]] na [[amani]]; karne 21 baada ya [[Abrahamu]], [[baba]] yetu katika [[imani]], kuhama nchi ya [[Ur]] wa [[Wakaldayo]]; karne 13 baada ya [[taifa]] la [[Israeli]] kutoka [[Misri]] chini ya [[Musa]]; miaka [[elfu]] hivi baada ya [[Daudi]] kupakwa [[mafuta]] awe [[mfalme]]; katika [[juma]] la 65 kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[Danieli (Biblia)|Danieli]]; wakati wa [[Olimpiki]] ya 194; katika [[mwaka]] 752 tangu [[Roma]] uundwe; katika mwaka wa 42 wa [[utawala]] wa [[Kaisari]] [[Augusto|Oktaviano Augusto]], huku amani ikitawala duniani kote, Yesu Kristo, Mungu wa [[milele]] na [[Mwana]] wa [[Baba]] wa milele, akitaka kutakasa [[ulimwengu]] kwa ujio wake mtakatifu sana, kisha kutungwa [[mimba]] kwa uwezo wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kupita miezi 9, alizaliwa na [[Bikira Maria]] huko [[Bethlehemu]] wa [[Yudea]] akawa [[binadamu]]: ndiyo Noeli, Kuzaliwa kwa [[Bwana]] wetu Yesu Kristo katika [[mwili]]"<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20650</ref>. == Jina == Kwa [[Kiswahili]] kuna [[jina|majina]] mawili ya kawaida kwa ajili ya sikukuu hii: * '''Krismasi''' kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] lenye maana ya "Christ`s Mass" yaani [[misa]] au [[ibada]] ya [[Kristo]]. * '''Noeli''' kutokana na neno la Kiingereza "Noel" (au "Nowell") ambalo limepokewa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kifaransa]] "Noël". Hilo ni [[ufupisho]] wa neno la [[Kilatini]] "Natalis (dies)", "(siku ya) kuzaliwa". == Historia ya sherehe ya Krismasi == {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} Hakuna hakika kamili ni lini Krismasi ilianza kusheherekewa. Ni sikukuu ya kale katika [[Ukristo]] lakini haikuwepo tangu mwanzo. [[Tarehe]] halisi ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu]] haijulikani kwa sababu [[utamaduni]] wa [[Wayahudi]] wa wakati ule haukuwa na [[sherehe]] au [[kumbukumbu]] ya [[siku ya kuzaliwa]]. Lakini baadaye Ukristo ulienea katika [[Dola la Roma]] kati ya [[taifa|mataifa]] yaliyokuwa na kawaida ya kuzingatia siku ya kuzaliwa. Hivyo ilijitokeza [[hamu]] ya kusheherekea pia sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya sikukuu ya Krismasi. Tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 3]] [[BK]] kuna kumbukumbu ya [[waandishi]] mbalimbali waliojadili tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]]. Habari za kwanza kabisa za makadirio ya tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu zinapatikana kutoka [[Misri]] mnamo [[mwaka]] [[200]] [[BK]]. [[Mwandishi]] Mkristo [[Klemens wa Alexandria]] <ref>''Stromateis'' I, xxi.</ref> alilalamikia [[udadisi]] wa [[wataalamu]] kadhaa wa Misri waliodai kwamba wamekadiria tarehe hiyo katika mwezi [[Mei]], wengine katika [[Aprili]]. Alisema pia kuwa kikundi cha Kikristo cha wafuasi wa [[Basilide]] huko Misri walisheherekea [[Epifania]] pamoja na kuzaliwa kwake Yesu tarehe [[6 Januari]]. Lakini [[kadirio]] la tarehe 25 Desemba lina asili katika Misri pia. Kuanzia mwaka 200 (kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[maandishi]] ya [[Sixtus Julius Africanus]]) wataalamu nchini Misri waliona tarehe 14 [[Nisan]] ya [[kalenda ya Kiyahudi]] ambayo ni sawa na [[25 Machi]] ilikuwa tarehe ya [[kufa]] kwake Kristo na pia siku ya [[utungaji mimba]] wake. Kwa kuongeza miezi [[tisa]] ya [[mimba]] inajitokeza 25 Desemba kama tarehe ya kuzaliwa. Inaonekana tarehe hiyo ilianza kutumika wakati huo. Kwa vyovyote, kuna [[taarifa]] ya mwaka [[204]] kutoka [[Hipoliti wa Roma]] kwamba tarehe 25 Desemba ilikuwa sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo. == Krismasi na sikukuu ya Sol Invictus == Mjini [[Roma ya Kale|Roma]] wakati wa [[karne ya 4]] tarehe ya Krismasi katika Desemba ilitokea pamoja na sikukuu ya [[Wapagani|Kipagani]] iliyoitwa "Siku ya Sol Invictus". Hii ilikuwa sherehe ya [[Jua]] kama [[mungu]] "Sol invictus" (yaani "Jua lisiloshindika"). Hiyo ibada iliingia Roma labda kutoka [[Uajemi]] ambako [[Mithra]] aliabudiwa kama mungu wa [[nuru]]. Waumini wa [[dini]] ya Jua waliona wakati wa Desemba kama kipindi cha pekee kutokana na [[solistasi]] ya mwezi huo; katika [[Nusutufe ya kaskazini|nusutufe ya kaskazini ya Dunia]] urefu wa mchana unapungua na usiku unakuwa mrefu tangu [[sikusare]] ya 21/22 Septemba hadi tarehe 21/22 Desemba; kuanzia siku za 21/22 Desemba [[mchana]] huwa mrefu na nuru inaongezeka. Mwendo huo ulitazamwa kama [[ushindi]] wa nuru = Jua juu ya [[giza]]. Kaisari [[Eliogabalus]] (ambaye alizaliwa [[Syria]] akatawala Roma [[218]] hadi [[222]]) alianzisha sherehe ya sikukuu ya "Kuzaliwa Jua" huko [[Roma]]. Baadaye [[Kaisari Aurelianus]] akaithibitisha rasmi mwaka [[273]]. Wakati wa Kaisari [[Licinius]] ([[308]]-[[324]]) sikukuu hiyo ilikuwa ikiadhimishwa bado tarehe 19 Desemba. <ref>Taz. maandishi yaliyotajwa na Allan S. Hoey katika ukurasa 480 (rejeo 128) wa Official Policy towards Oriental Cults in the Roman Army, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (70) 1939, pp 456-481)</ref>. Hatimaye ikahamishiwa tarehe 25 Desemba. Basi, [[wataalamu]] mbalimbali walidai kwamba [[Kanisa]] lilipachika sikukuu ya [[Kristo]] kwenye tarehe hiyo kwa nia ya kufanya ichukue nafasi ya sikukuu ya "Jua lisiloshindika". Kwa namna yoyote hata katika Ukristo Jua linatazamwa kama [[ishara]] ya Kristo; katika sehemu mbalimbali za [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]] Kristo alifananishwa tayari na Jua na maneno haya yaliandikwa [[muda]] mrefu kabla ya kutokea kwa siku ya Sol Invictus. Mifano ni [[Injili ya Luka]] 1,78 <ref>Nuru ya jua itatujia kutoka mbinguni na kuwaangazia wote </ref> [[Ufunuo wa Yohane|Ufunuo]] 21, 23 <ref>Mwanakondoo ataangaza Yerusalemu badala ya Jua</ref>, [[Malaki]] 4,2 <ref>"kwenu ninyi mnaolicha jina langu, jua la haki litawazukia", maneno yaliyosomwa na Wakristo kama [[utabiri]] wa kuja kwa Kristo</ref>, hivyo katika mashindano na [[dini]] ya kuabudu Jua Wakristo walitumia [[lugha]] ya [[Biblia]] kwa kudokeza Kristo ndiye Jua la kweli. Kutoka Roma, uliokuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Dola la Roma]], [[sherehe]] ya 25 Desemba ilienea kote katika Ukristo. Wakristo wengi husheherekea tarehe [[25 Desemba]] ([[Wakatoliki]] na baadhi ya [[Waprotestanti]] na [[Waorthodoksi]]). Kati ya Waorthodoksi kuna tarehe nyingine, hasa [[6 Januari]] kutokana na tofauti katika [[kalenda]]. == Habari za Krismasi katika Biblia == Habari za Krismasi kama sherehe hazipatikani katika [[Biblia]] kwa sababu zilizotajwa hapa juu na kwa sababu mwanzoni mwa [[Kanisa]] mkazo ulikuwa juu ya [[Kifo cha Yesu|kifo]] na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]], tunavyoona hasa katika [[Nyaraka za Paulo|barua]] za [[Mtume Paulo]]. Baadaye tu, Wakristo walichunguza zaidi asili ya huyo aliyesadikiwa nao kuwa alikufa na kufufuka. Hasa [[vitabu]] viwili vya [[Agano Jipya]] vina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu, yaani [[Injili]] za [[Injili ya Mathayo|Mathayo]] na [[Injili ya Luka|Luka]]. === Katika Injili ya Mathayo === [[Mtume Mathayo|Mathayo]] anasimulia habari hizo katika mlango wa kwanza kuanzia [[aya]] 18<ref>1:18Basi, hivi ndivyo Yesu Kristo alivyozaliwa: Maria, mama yake, alikuwa ameposwa na Yosefu. Lakini kabla hawajakaa pamoja kama mume na mke, alionekana kuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 19 Yosefu, mumewe, kwa vile alikuwa mwadilifu, hakutaka kumwaibisha hadharani; hivyo alikusudia kumwacha kwa siri. 20 Alipokuwa bado anawaza jambo hilo, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Yosefu, mwana wa Daudi, usiogope kumchukua Maria awe mke wako, maana amekuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 21 Atajifungua mtoto wa kiume, nawe utampa jina Yesu, kwa kuwa yeye atawaokoa watu wake kutoka katika dhambi zao." 22 Basi, haya yote yalitukia ili litimie lile neno Bwana alilosema kwa njia ya nabii: 23 "Bikira atachukua mimba, atamzaa mtoto wa kiume, naye ataitwa Emanueli" (maana yake, "Mungu yu pamoja nasi"). 24 Hivyo, Yosefu alipoamka usingizini alifanya kama malaika huyo alivyomwambia, akamchukua mke wake nyumbani. 25 Lakini hakumjua kamwe kimwili hata Maria alipojifungua mtoto wa kiume. Naye Yosefu akampa jina Yesu.</ref> na katika mlango wa pili<ref>2:1 Yesu alizaliwa mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea, wakati Herode alipokuwa mfalme. Punde tu baada ya kuzaliwa kwake, wataalamu wa nyota kutoka mashariki walifika Yerusalemu, 2 wakauliza, "Yuko wapi mtoto, Mfalme wa Wayahudi, aliyezaliwa? Tumeiona nyota yake ilipotokea mashariki, tukaja kumwabudu." 3 Mfalme Herode aliposikia hayo, alifadhaika, yeye pamoja na wakazi wote wa Yerusalemu. 4 Basi akawaita pamoja makuhani wakuu wote na walimu wa Sheria, akawauliza, "Kristo atazaliwa wapi?" 5 Nao wakamjibu, "Mjini Bethlehemu, mkoani Yudea. Ndivyo nabii alivyoandika: 6 `Ewe Bethlehemu katika nchi ya Yuda, kwa vyovyote wewe si mdogo kabisa kati ya viongozi wa Yuda; maana kwako atatokea kiongozi atakayewaongoza watu wangu, Israeli."` 7 Hapo, Herode aliwaita faraghani hao wataalamu wa nyota, akawauliza wakati hasa ile nyota ilipowatokea. 8 Kisha akawatuma Bethlehemu akisema, "Nendeni mkachunguze kwa makini habari za mtoto huyo. Mkisha mpata nileteeni habari ili nami niende nikamwabudu." 9 Baada ya kumsikiliza mfalme, hao wataalamu wa nyota wakaenda. Kumbe ile nyota waliyokuwa wameiona upande wa mashariki iliwatangulia hata ikaenda kusimama juu ya mahali pale alipokuwa mtoto. 10 Walipoiona hiyo nyota, walifurahi mno. 11 Basi, wakaingia nyumbani, wakamwona yule mtoto pamoja na Maria mama yake; wakapiga magoti, wakamsujudia. Kisha wakafungua hazina zao, wakampa zawadi: dhahabu, ubani na manemane. 12 Mungu aliwaonya katika ndoto wasimrudie Herode; hivyo wakarudi makwao kwa njia nyingine. 13 Baada ya wale wageni kuondoka, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, mkimbilie Misri. Kaeni huko mpaka nitakapokwambia, maana Herode anakusudia kumwua huyu mtoto." 14 Hivyo, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akaondoka usiku, akaenda Misri. 15 Akakaa huko mpaka Herode alipokufa. Jambo hilo lilifanyika ili neno alilosema Bwana kwa njia ya nabii litimie: "Nilimwita Mwanangu kutoka Misri." 16 Herode alipogundua kwamba wale wataalamu wa nyota walikuwa wamemhadaa, alikasirika sana. Akaamuru watoto wote wa kiume mjini Bethlehemu na kandokando yake wenye umri wa miaka miwili na chini yake wauawe. Alifanya hivyo kufuatana na muda aliopata kujua kutoka kwa wale wataalamu wa nyota. 17 Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyosemwa kwa njia ya nabii Yeremia: 18 "Sauti imesikika mjini Rama, kilio na maombolezo mengi. Raheli anawalilia watoto wake, wala hataki kutulizwa, maana wote wamefariki." 19 Baada ya kifo cha Herode, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea Yosefu katika ndoto kule Misri, 20 akamwambia, "Amka! Mchukue mtoto pamoja na mama yake, urudi tena katika nchi ya Israeli, maana wale waliotaka kumwua mtoto huyo wamekwisha kufa." 21 Basi, Yosefu aliamka, akamchukua mtoto pamoja na mama yake, akarejea katika nchi ya Israeli. 22 Lakini Yosefu aliposikia kwamba Arkelao mwanawe Herode alikuwa mfalme wa Yudea mahali pa baba yake, aliogopa kwenda huko. Naye baada ya kuonywa katika ndoto, alikwenda katika mkoa wa Galilaya, 23 akahamia katika mji uitwao Nazareti. Ndivyo yalivyotimia maneno yaliyonenwa kwa njia ya manabii: "Ataitwa Mnazare."</ref>. [[Bikira Maria]], [[Mama]] wa Yesu, alipata [[mimba]] wakati alipokuwa [[mchumba]] wa [[Yosefu (mume wa Maria)|Yosefu]]. Yosefu alitaka kumwacha lakini aliambiwa na [[malaika]] aanze kuishi naye na kumkubali [[mtoto]] kama wake kwa kumpa jina "Yesu". [[Mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] waliwatembelea [[kijiji|kijijini]] [[Bethlehemu]] na kuwaletea [[zawadi]] kwa sababu waliona [[nyota]] ya pekee iliyokuwa kwao [[alama]] ya kuzaliwa kwa [[mfalme]] mpya katika [[Uyahudi]] ikawaongoza hadi [[Mji|mjini]] [[Yerusalemu]]. Lakini walipompitia mfalme [[Herode Mkuu]], huyo alikasirika akimwogopa mfalme mpya. Hata hivyo aliwaelekeza Bethlehemu kadiri ya [[utabiri]] wa [[nabii]] [[Kitabu cha Mika|Mika]]. Yosefu alipata tena [[ujumbe]] kutoka kwa [[malaika]] akaondoka na [[mtoto]] na Maria kukimbilia Misri kabla ya [[askari]] wa Herode hawajaweza kumuua Yesu. Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Herode walirudi kutoka Misri lakini hawakuenda tena Bethlehemu bali walihamia [[Nazareti]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Galilaya]]. === Katika Injili ya Luka === Katika [[taarifa]] ya [[Luka mwinjili|Luka]] (mlango wa 1 na 2) Maria alipokea huko Nazareti ujumbe wa [[malaika mkuu]] [[Malaika Gabrieli|Gabrieli]] kwamba atapata mimba halafu [[mtoto]] wa pekee.<ref>1:26 Mnamo mwezi wa sita, malaika Gabrieli alitumwa na Mungu aende kwenye mji uitwao Nazareti huko Galilaya, 27 kwa msichana mmoja aitwaye Maria, mchumba wa mtu mmoja jina lake Yosefu, wa ukoo wa Daudi. 28 Malaika akamwendea, akamwambia, "Salamu Maria! Umejaliwa neema nyingi! Bwana yu pamoja nawe." 29 Maria aliposikia maneno hayo alifadhaika sana, akawaza: maneno haya yanamaanisha nini? 30 Malaika akamwambia, "Usiogope Maria, kwa maana Mungu amekujalia neema. 31 Utachukua mimba, utamzaa mtoto wa kiume na utampa jina Yesu. 32 Yeye atakuwa mkuu na ataitwa Mwana wa Mungu Mkuu. Bwana Mungu atampa kiti cha mfalme Daudi, babu yake. 33 Kwa hivyo atautawala ukoo wa Yakobo milele, na ufalme wake hautakuwa na mwisho." 34 Maria akamjibu, "Yatawezekanaje hayo, hali mimi ni bikira?" 35 Malaika akamjibu, "Roho Mtakatifu atakushukia, na uwezo wake Mungu Mkuu utakujia kama kivuli; kwa sababu hiyo, mtoto atakayezaliwa ataitwa Mtakatifu, Mwana wa Mungu. 36 Ujue pia kwamba hata Elisabeti, jamaa yako, naye amepata mimba ingawa ni mzee, na sasa ni mwezi wa sita kwake yeye ambaye watu walimfahamu kuwa tasa. 37 Kwa maana hakuna jambo lisilowezekana kwa Mungu." 38 Maria akasema, "Mimi ni mtumishi wa Bwana, nitendewe kama ulivyosema." Kisha yule malaika akaenda zake.</ref> Yosefu na Maria walikwenda Bethlehemu kwa sababu ya [[sensa]] iliyowataka kwenda katika mji asili wa [[ukoo]] wa Yosefu, [[mjukuu]] wa [[mfalme Daudi]]. Hapo Yesu alizaliwa katika [[hori]] la kulishia [[wanyama]]; [[wachungaji]] [[bonde|mabondeni]] walitangaziwa na [[malaika]] habari hiyo wakaja kumwona mtoto.<ref>2:1 Siku zile, tangazo rasmi lilitolewa na Kaisari Augusto kuwataka watu wote chini ya utawala wake wajiandikishe. 2 Kuandikishwa huku kulikuwa mara ya kwanza, wakati Kirenio alipokuwa mkuu wa mkoa wa Siria. 3 Basi, wote waliohusika walikwenda kujiandikisha, kila mtu katika mji wake. 4 Yosefu pia alifanya safari kutoka mjini Nazareti mkoani Galilaya. Kwa kuwa alikuwa wa jamaa na ukoo wa Daudi alikwenda mjini Bethlehemu mkoani Yuda alikozaliwa Mfalme Daudi. 5 Alikwenda kujiandikisha pamoja na mchumba wake Maria ambaye alikuwa mja mzito. 6 Walipokuwa huko, siku yake ya kujifungua ikawadia, 7 akajifungua mtoto wake wa kwanza wa kiume, akamvika nguo za kitoto, akamlaza horini kwa sababu hawakupata nafasi katika nyumba ya wageni. 8 Katika sehemu hizo, walikuwako wachungaji wakikesha usiku mbugani kulinda mifugo yao. 9 Malaika wa Bwana akawatokea ghafla, na utukufu wa Bwana ukawaangazia pande zote. Wakaogopa sana. 10 Malaika akawaambia, "Msiogope! Nimewaleteeni habari njema ya furaha kuu kwa watu wote. 11 Kwa maana, leo hii katika mji wa Daudi, amezaliwa Mwokozi kwa ajili yenu, ndiye Kristo Bwana. 12 Na hiki kitakuwa kitambulisho kwenu: mtamkuta mtoto mchanga amevikwa nguo za kitoto, amelazwa horini." 13 Mara kundi kubwa la jeshi la mbinguni likajiunga na huyo malaika, wakamsifu Mungu wakisema: 14 "Utukufu kwa Mungu juu mbinguni, na amani duniani kwa watu aliopendezwa nao!" 15 Baada ya hao malaika kuondoka na kurudi mbinguni, wachungaji wakaambiana: "Twendeni moja kwa moja mpaka Bethlehemu tukalione tukio hili Bwana alilotujulisha." 16 Basi, wakaenda mbio, wakamkuta Maria na Yosefu na yule mtoto mchanga amelazwa horini. 17 Hao wachungaji walipomwona mtoto huyo wakawajulisha wote habari waliyokuwa wamesikia juu yake. 18 Wote waliosikia hayo walishangaa juu ya habari walizoambiwa na wachungaji. 19 Lakini Maria aliyaweka na kuyatafakari mambo hayo yote moyoni mwake. 20 Wale wachungaji walirudi makwao huku wakimtukuza na kumsifu Mungu kwa yote waliyokuwa wamesikia na kuona; yote yalikuwa kama walivyokuwa wameambiwa. 21 Siku nane baadaye, wakati wa kumtahiri mtoto ulipofika, walimpa jina Yesu, jina ambalo alikuwa amepewa na malaika kabla hajachukuliwa mimba.</ref> Baada ya kuzaliwa [[wazazi]] walimpeleka Yesu Yerusalemu katika [[hekalu]] kufuatana na [[sheria]] ya [[Agano la Kale]] ([[Kitabu cha Kutoka]] 13,2; 13,15) halafu wakarudi kwao Nazareti.<ref>2:22 Siku zilipotimia za Yosefu na Maria kutakaswa kama walivyotakiwa na Sheria ya Mose, wazazi hao walimchukua mtoto, wakaenda naye Yerusalemu ili wamweke mbele ya Bwana. 23 Katika Sheria ya Bwana imeandikwa: "Kila mzaliwa wa kwanza wa kiume atawekwa wakfu kwa Bwana." 24 Pia walikwenda ili watoe sadaka: hua wawili au makinda wawili ya njiwa, kama ilivyotakiwa katika Sheria ya Bwana. 25 Wakati huo huko Yerusalemu kulikuwa na mtu mmoja, mwema na mcha Mungu, jina lake Simeoni. Yeye alikuwa akitazamia kwa hamu ukombozi wa Israeli. Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa pamoja naye. 26 Roho Mtakatifu alikuwa amemhakikishia kwamba hatakufa kabla ya kumwona Masiha wa Bwana. 27 Basi, akiongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu, Simeoni aliingia Hekaluni; na wazazi wa Yesu walipomleta Hekaluni mtoto wao ili wamfanyie kama ilivyotakiwa na Sheria, 28 Simeoni alimpokea mtoto Yesu mikononi mwake huku akimtukuza Mungu na kusema: 29 "Sasa Bwana, umetimiza ahadi yako, waweza kumruhusu mtumishi wako aende kwa amani. 30 Maana kwa macho yangu nimeuona wokovu utokao kwako, 31 ambao umeutayarisha mbele ya watu wote: 32 Mwanga utakaowaangazia watu wa mataifa, na utukufu kwa watu wako Israeli." 33 Baba na mama yake Yesu walikuwa wakistaajabia maneno aliyosema Simeoni juu ya mtoto. 34 Simeoni akawabariki, akamwambia Maria mama yake, "Mtoto huyu atakuwa sababu ya kupotea na kuokoka kwa watu wengi katika Israeli. Naye atakuwa ishara itakayopingwa na watu; 35 na hivyo mawazo ya watu wengi yataonekana wazi. Nawe mwenyewe, uchungu ulio kama upanga mkali utauchoma moyo wako." 36 Palikuwa na nabii mmoja mwanamke, mzee sana, jina lake Ana, binti Fanueli, wa kabila la Asheri. Alikuwa ameishi na mumewe kwa miaka saba tangu alipoolewa. 37 Halafu alibaki mjane hadi wakati huo akiwa mzee wa miaka themanini na minne. Wakati huo wote alikaa Hekaluni akifunga na kusali usiku na mchana. 38 Saa hiyohiyo alijitokeza mbele, akamshukuru Mungu, na akaeleza habari za huyo mtoto kwa watu wote waliokuwa wanatazamia ukombozi wa Yerusalemu. 39 Hao wazazi walipokwisha fanya yote yaliyoamriwa na Sheria ya Bwana, walirudi makwao Nazareti, mkoani Galilaya. 40 Mtoto akakua, akazidi kupata nguvu, akajaa hekima, na neema ya Mungu ilikuwa pamoja naye.</ref> ==Suala la tarehe== Kwa msingi wa habari zilizoandikwa na Luka, baadhi ya watu walihoji ukweli wa tarehe inayotumika kuadhimishwa kuzaliwa kwa Yesu. Kihistoria hakuna hakika yoyote hata kuhusu mwaka aliozaliwa, lakini alizaliwa kweli na Maria. Ndilo tukio linaloadhimishwa, si tarehe yake halisi, ambayo haijulikani. Kutofahamu tarehe kusisababishe Wakristo kumwadhimisha na kumshukuru Mwenyezi Mungu kwa kuwapatia watu Masiya. Hoja hizo zilizidi hasa nchini [[Tanzania]] ambapo watu wamezoea kuita miezi si kwa majina, bali kwa namba (mwezi wa kwanza, wa pili n.k.). Hivyo wanaposoma kwamba malaika Gabrieli alimwendea Maria mwezi wa sita, wanadhani ni Juni, hivyo wanahoji kwamba hadi Desemba kuna miezi sita tu, si tisa kama ilivyo kawaida ya ujauzito wa binadamu. Kwa hiyo Yesu angezaliwa "njiti". Kumbe Luka hakuandika Juni bali mwezi wa sita akimaanisha wa sita baada ya tukio la Gabrieli kumtokea Zakaria hekaluni, na ndiyo sababu alimuambia Maria kwamba ulikuwa mwezi wa sita wa ujauzito kwa Elizabeti. Pamoja na hayo, kuna kadirio la [[karne ya 20]], lililofanywa na Annie Jaubert ("Le calendrier des Jubilées et de la secte de Qumran. Ses origines bibliques", in Vetus Testamentum, (1953) pp. 250-264) kwa kutegemea [[utafiti]] wa [[Myahudi]] Shemarjahu Talmon juu ya zamu za makuhani hekaluni ("The Calendar Reckoning of the sect from the Judean Desert. Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls", in Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. IV, Jerusalem 1958, pp 162-199), linalothibitisha kuwa Zakaria aliweza kupashwa habari ya kuwa atajaliwa [[mtoto]] Yohane alipokuwa hekaluni mwishoni mwa Septemba, hivyo Bikira Maria aliweza kupashwa habari yake mwenyewe miezi sita baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Machi ya mwaka uliofuata na hatimaye kumzaa Yesu miezi tisa baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Desemba. <ref>Taz. https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011538/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/SettoreOvest/caritasovest/25_dicembre.htm</ref> == Habari za Krismasi katika Korani == [[Korani]] pia ina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ([[nabii Isa]]). [[Surah|Sura]] ya tatu (Al Imran, 42-47) ina habari za tangazo la malaika kwa [[Bikira Mariamu]] zinazofanana na Luka 1. Sura ya 19 (Mariamu, 16-34) inarudia tangazo la malaika kwa Mariamu na inasimulia kuzaliwa kwake Yesu chini ya [[mti]] wa [[mtende]], halafu [[majadiliano]] kati ya Mariamu na [[ndugu]] zake. [[Mtoto mchanga]] Yesu akaanza kusema wakati wa kuzaliwa akimtetea mama yake dhidi ya ndugu zake. == Krismasi katika liturujia == Kama kawaida, [[imani]] na [[liturujia]] ya Kikristo zinaitikia haja za [[binadamu]]. Mojawapo ni kukutana na watu wa kupendeza kwa [[wema]] wao. [[Kipindi cha Noeli]] kinatimiza haja hiyo, kwa kuwa kinaadhimisha kuzaliwa kwa mtu mpya kabisa ambaye anatuvutia kwa wema wake na ambaye tukimuona tumemuona [[Mungu]], tena tukimpokea tunazaliwa upya kama wana wa Mungu. “Leo amezaliwa kwa ajili yenu [[Mwokozi]], ndiye Kristo [[Bwana]]”. Tunapoadhimisha Noeli tangazo hilo la malaika kwa wachungaji linatufikia sisi. Si kujidanganya, kana kwamba Yesu angezaliwa leo, wala hatukumbuki tu tukio la zamani, bali [[fumbo]] la kuzaliwa Bwana linatufikia leo katika liturujia na kutuletea [[neema]] zake. Hivyo tunaweza tukazaliwa upya kwa kushiriki kuzaliwa kwa [[kichwa]] chetu. Liturujia inashangilia hivi, “Lo! Mabadilishano ya ajabu! [[Mwana wa Mungu]] anakuwa mtu kusudi mtu awe mwana wa Mungu!”. Tena si binadamu tu, bali [[viumbe]] vyote vinapata [[heshima]] mpya kwa [[Neno wa milele]] kujifanya [[kiumbe]]. == Desturi za Krismasi == Sherehe ya Krismasi imekuwa sikukuu muhimu sana katika tamaduni za mataifa yaliyoathiriwa na [[Ukristo]]. Kuna desturi nyingi zilizojitokeza katika [[karne]] zote za kusheherekea Krismasi. Sehemu ya desturi hizi zimeenea pia nje ya nchi za asili na hata kutumiwa na watu wasiofuata [[imani]] ya Kikristo. * '''[[Pango la Noeli]]''' lililoanzishwa na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] mwaka [[1223]] [[Kijiji|kijijini]] [[Greccio]] ([[Italia ya Kati]]) na kuenea kila mahali kama [[sanaa]] inayoonyesha kwa njia mbalimbali jinsi [[Yesu]] alivyozaliwa. * '''[[Mapambo ya Krismasi]]:''' ni hasa [[nuru]] na [[taa]] za pekee. Alama za nyota kwa kukumbuka nyota iliyopeleka [[mamajusi]] hadi [[Bethlehemu]] inawekwa ndani na nje ya [[nyumba]] na ma[[duka]]. * '''[[Mti wa Krismasi]]''' - ni ishara ya pekee ya Krismasi yenye asili katika [[Ujerumani]] kusini-magharibi ya [[karne ya 16]] hivi. Asili yake iko katika maigizo yaliyosimulia hadithi za Biblia na mti wa [[Paradiso]] unaohusiana na masimulizi ya [[dhambi]] la kwanza na ujumbe wa Kristo kama [[mwokozi]] anayekuja kuondoa dhambi hilo. Kutoka maigizo ya kanisani ishara ya mti uliopambwa ma[[tunda]] uliingia katika nyumba za Wakristo ambako ulipambwa zaidi kwa matunda, [[keki]] tamu na [[pipi]] kwa watoto. Umekuwa mapambo ya nyumbani kwa majira ya Krismasi. Tangu Krismasi kuwa nafasi muhimu kwa [[uchumi]] kuna pia maduka mengi yanayoweka miti hii na katika [[mazingira]] ya ki[[biashara]] uhusiano wake na mti wa Paradiso umesahauliwa mara nyingi. * '''[[Zawadi za Krismasi]]''' - [[Martin Luther]] alitaka kuongeza umuhimu wa Krismasi kwa Wakristo ambao wakati wake walikuwa na desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye siku ya [[Nikolasi wa Myra|Mtakatifu Nikolasi]] tarehe [[6 Desemba]], [[wiki]] 2 kabla ya sikukuu. Hapo Luther alipendekeza kuhamisha zawadi kwa watoto kwenda siku ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ili wamkumbuke zaidi Yesu kuliko [[mtakatifu]] huyo. Hapo alirejea zawadi zilizopelekwa kwa Yesu na [[mamajusi]] kutoka [[mashariki]] kufuatana na taarifa ya [[Injili ya Mathayo]] mlango 2. Desturi ya kuwazawadia watoto kwenye sikukuu hii ilienea hadi kuwa desturi ya kupeana zawadi kati ya watu wa kila [[umri]]. Katika [[karne ya 20]] desturi ilienea kiasi cha kuwa nafasi muhimu ya [[biashara]]. Katika nchi nyingi mwezi Desemba umekuwa mwezi wa mapato makubwa kushinda miezi mingine. Hata katika [[miji]] mikubwa ya nchi kama [[Dubai]] au [[Japani]] ambako Wakristo ni wachache desturi ya kupeana zawadi imeenea na mapambo ya Krismasi katika maduka yanataka kuwahamasisha wateja kununua zawadi za [[majira]]. * '''[[Baba Krismasi]]''' ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 474-476 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 464-465 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 401-402 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 95-96 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=Christmas in America: A History|first=Penne L.|last=Restad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnJDKfYi3QC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20in%20America%3A%20A%20History&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-19-509300-3}} * ''The Battle for Christmas'', by Stephen Nissenbaum (1996; New York: Vintage Books, 1997). ISBN 0-679-74038-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The Origins of Christmas]'', by Joseph F. Kelly (August 2004: Liturgical Press) ISBN 978-0-8146-2984-0 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&lpg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Christmas Customs and Traditions]'', by Clement A. Miles (1976: Dover Publications) ISBN 978-0-486-23354-3 * ''The World Encyclopedia of Christmas'', by Gerry Bowler (October 2004: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9 * ''Santa Claus: A Biography'', by Gerry Bowler (November 2007: McClelland & Stewart) ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4 * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&lpg=PP1&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions]'', by William J. Federer (December 2002: Amerisearch) ISBN 978-0-9653557-4-2 * ''St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas'', by Jim Rosenthal (July 2006: Nelson Reference) ISBN 1-4185-0407-6 * ''Just say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties'', by David Comfort (November 1995: Fireside) ISBN 978-0-684-80057-8 * ''4000 Years of Christmas: A Gift from the Ages'', by Earl W. Count (November 1997: Ulysses Press) ISBN 978-1-56975-087-2 * {{cite book|title=The Birth of Christ|first=Peter|last=Sammons|date=May 2006|publisher=Glory to Glory Publications (UK)|isbn=0-9551790-1-7}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Sister project links|v=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|n=Category:Christmas|d=Q19809|b=Category:Christmas recipes}} * {{dmoz|Society/Holidays/Christmas/|Christmas}} * ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22042 Christmas: Its Origin and Associations]'', by William Francis Dawson, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]] {{Bikira Maria}} [[Jamii:Liturujia]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[jamii:Krismasi]] [[Jamii:Rozari]] i75nhhvk82ovfu8tg2v7jmonwaik0zp 0 2169 1577308 1577247 2026-06-28T13:16:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] 1426042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugali''' pia '''Sima''' ni [[chakula]] kinacholiwa na jamii za kiafrika. Chakula hiki chenye virutubisho vya [[wanga]] hutokana na unga wa [[nafaka]] (kama [[mahindi]], [[mtama]], [[uwele]]) au [[muhogo]]. Ugali hutayarishwa kwa njia ifuatayo: kwanza unachemsha maji kwenye sufuria baada ya kuchemka unachanganya unga kidogo na maji ya baridi pembeni, kisha tia mchanganyiko huo kwenye maji ya moto yaliyo jikoni huku ukikoroga. Utatokea mchanganyiko wa unga na maji ambao unaitwa [[uji]], acha uji huo uchemke kwa muda kisha tia unga kiasi kulingana na uji wako huku ukisonga kwa kutumia [[mwiko]]. Endelea kusonga mpaka mchanganyiko ushikamane, mchanganyiko huu ndio hutoa ugali. Kimaeneo kuna aina mbalimbali za ugali kutegemeana na aina za mazao yanayopatikana. *'''Udaga''' ni ugali unaopikwa kwa kuchanganya [[unga]] wa [[muhogo]] na [[ulezi]], hupatikana zaidi maeneo ya [[Musoma]] kwa [[Wakuria]] Ugali huweza kuliwa na mboga ya aina yoyote kama vile [[mboga majani]], [[sukumawiki]], [[samaki]] na [[nyama]]. Kawaida ugali huliwa kwa mikono mitupu. Tonge la ugali hufinyangwa kwa mkono kisha kuchovya kwenye maziwa au mchuzi wa maharage, samaki, au nyama ya ng'ombe. Ugali, mapishi yake na jinsi unavyoliwa, hufanana kwa kiasi fulani na [[foufou]] toka [[Afrika Magharibi]], na [[polenta]] toka [[Italia]]. Ugali hujulikana kama [[nshima]] nchini [[Zambia]] au [[nsima]] nchini [[Malawi]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GElmr9nDSDA Video kuhusu jinsi ya kupika ugali] {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 8vt480hmz75tp3gaf636p092azanodu 0 2656 1577303 1577242 2026-06-28T13:15:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1519048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other}} {{Infobox_Country |native_name = <br />Republique du Mali |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Mali |common_name = Mali |image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Mali.svg |image_map = LocationMali.png |national_motto = Taifa moja, Lengo moja, Imani moja (Kifaransa: Un peuple, un but, une foi) |national_anthem = Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali (Kwa Afrika na kwako, Mali) |official_languages = [[Kibambara]] na nyingine 12<ref>Mnamo 22 Julai 2023 lugha ya Kifaransa imeshushwa hadhi na kuwa tu lugha ya kufanya kazi nchini Mali.</ref> |capital = [[Bamako]] |latd=12 |latm=39 |latNS=N |longd=8 |longm=0 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Bamako]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles = [[Orodha ya marais wa Mali|Rais]]<br />[[Waziri Wakuu wa Mali|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Assimi Goïta]]<br />[[Choguel Kokalla Maïga]] |area_rank = ya 23 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area= 1,240,192 |areami²= 478,839 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 1.6% |population_estimate = 21,473,764 |population_estimate_rank = ya 60 |population_estimate_year = 2022 |population_census = 19,329,841 |population_census_year = 2018 |population_density = 11.7 |population_densitymi² = 30.3 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 215 |GDP_PPP = $11.83 billion <!--cia --> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 135 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,000 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 211th |sovereignty_type = [[History of Mali|Uhuru]] |established_events = Tarehe |established_dates = kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br />[[22 Septemba]] [[1960]] |HDI = 0.333 |HDI_rank = 174th |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency = [[CFA franc]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = MLI |time_zone = |utc_offset = 0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +1 |cctld = [[.ml]] |calling_code = 223 |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Mali carte.png|thumbnail|right|250px|Ramani ya Mali]] '''Mali''', rasmi '''jamhuri ya Mali''', ni nchi isiyo na pwani katika Afrika Magharibi, ikiwa na mpaka na [[Algeria]], [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Kodivaa]], [[Guinea]], [[Senegal]], na [[Mauritania]]. Mji mkuu wake na mji mkubwa zaidi, [[Bamako]], ni kitovu cha kiutamaduni na kiuchumi wa nchi hiyo. Kwa idadi ya watu takriban milioni 21.9 (makadirio ya 2023), Mali iko katika nafasi ya 59 kwa watu duniani. Nchi hiyo inajulikana kwa umuhimu wake wa kihistoria kama kitovu cha Milki ya Mali na mji wa kihistoria wa [[Timbuktu]], ambayo ilikuwa kitovu cha kielimu na biashara wakati wa enzi za kati. Sehemu ya juu ni [[mlima Hombori Tondo]] ([[mita]] 1155 juu ya [[UB]]) ulioko katikati ya nchi. Upande wa [[Kaskazini]] sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Mali ni [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. Wakazi walio wengi huishi [[kusini]], karibu na [[mito]] [[Senegal (mto)|Senegal]] na [[Niger (mto)|Niger]]. == Jiografia == [[Theluthi]] mbili za eneo la Niger ni jangwa. Maeneo mengine ni ya [[Sahel]] na [[Sudan (kanda la kijiografia)|kanda la Sudan]]. Sehemu za kusini ni hasa tambarare za [[bonde]] la mto Niger. [[Hali ya hewa]] ni tofautitofauti, kulingana na eneo. Kuna kanda tatu: * Kanda la jangwani kaskazini - [[usimbishaji]] chini ya [[mm]] 100 kwa mwaka, [[yabisi]] na yabisi sana. Hapa wanaishi [[wafugaji]] pekee. * Kanda la Sahel: [[mbuga]] nusu yabisi inayobadilika kuwa [[savana]] kusini kwenye [[mvua]] zaidi. Kuna [[kilimo]] kando ya mto Niger. * Kanda la Sudan lina usimbishaji wa mm 1400 . Lina savana ilhali [[miti]] inaongezeka hadi kufika hali ya [[misitu]] kabisa kusini. Kuna [[malighafi]] kama vile [[dhahabu]], [[urani]], [[fosfati]], [[kaolini]], [[chumvi]] na [[chokaa]]. ==Ugatuzi wa nchi== <sup>Makala kuu: [[Mikoa ya Mali]]</sup> Baada ya uhuru Mali ilikuwa na mikoa 8. Tangu mwaka 2016 Mali imegawanywa katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] kumi na eneo la pekee la mji mkuu. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka 2012 ililenga kuwa na mikoa 19<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://malilink.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/20160120-Taoudenit-Cre%CC%81ation..pdf|title=LOI N<sup>o</sup> 2012-017 DU 02 MARS 2012 PORTANT CREATION DE CIRCONSCRIPTIONS ADMINISTRATIVES EN REPUBLIQUE DU MALI|work=Journal officiel de la République du Mali|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=21 February 2017|archivedate=2018-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123125639/http://malilink.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/20160120-Taoudenit-Cre%CC%81ation..pdf}}</ref>, lakini hadi mwaka 2023 kuna mikoa miwili mipya pekee iliyoanzishwa. Kila mkoa unaitwa [[jina]] la mji mkuu wake. Mikoa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] (''cercles'') 56. Wilaya zote zimegawanywa katika [[manispaa]] ''(communes)'' 703 . <ref>{{Citation|title=Loi N°99-035/ Du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Creation des Collectivites Territoriales de Cercles et de Regions|url=http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309073942/http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf|publisher=Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali|language=fr|archive-date=2012-03-09}}.</ref> == Historia == Mali ina [[historia]] ndefu ambayo ni historia ya pamoja ya nchi za kanda la Sahel na kanda la Sudan. Zamani za [[Wafinisia]] na za [[Waroma]] palikuwa na [[mawasiliano]] ya [[biashara]] na nchi za [[Mediteranea]] kupitia [[wanafayabiashara]] Waberberi walioelewa [[njia]] za Sahara. [[Uvamizi]] wa [[Wavandali]] katika Afrika ya Kaskazini ulivuruga mawasiliano hayo. [[Picha:Empire ghana.png|thumbnail|right|Dola la Ghana]] Baada ya uvamizi wa [[Waarabu]] na uenezaji wa Uislamu biashara ilianza upya. Ndio Waberberi Waislamu walioingiza dini mpya hata kusini ya Sahara. Katika eneo la Mali ya leo pamoja na nchi jirani ni hasa madola matatu makubwa yaliyotawala upande wa kusini wa njia za [[Biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara|biashara iliyovuka Sahara]]. === Dola la Ghana === Dola la kwanza lilikuwa Dola la Ghana. Kuanzia [[karne ya 8]] [[BK]] hadi mwaka [[1076]] lilitawala biashara ya [[dhahabu]], [[pembe za ndovu]] na chumvi. [[Mji mkuu]] ulikuwa [[Kumbi Sale]] wenye wakazi 30,000 katika Mauretania ya leo. Taarifa za wanahistoria Waarabu zimeonyesha [[ufalme]] tajiri. [[Utamaduni]] wake haukuwa wa Kiislamu bali wa Kiafrika asilia. Mwisho wake ulianza wakati [[jeshi]] la [[Wamurabitun]] kutoka [[Moroko]] lilivuka jangwa na kuvamia Kumbi Sale. === Milki ya Mali === [[Picha:MALI empire map.PNG|thumbnail|Eneo la Dola la Mali]] [[Milki ya Mali]] ilianza kama ufalme mdogo wa [[Wamalinke]] kando ya Ghana. Wakati wa [[karne ya 13]] ilianza kupanuka chini ya [[mfalme]] [[Sundiata Keita]]. Sundiata mwenyewe alipokea Uislamu mnamo [[1240]] BK na wafalme baada yake waliendela kuwa Waislamu. Mfalme wa Mali aliyejulikana zaidi ndiye [[Mansa Kankan Musa I]] ([[1312]]–[[1337]]). Miaka [[1324]]-[[1325]] [[hija|alihiji]] kwenda [[Makka]]. Alisafiri na dhahabu nyingi sana. Huku [[Misri]] alitoa [[zawadi]] kiasi cha kuharibu [[thamani]] ya dhahabu kwa miaka 12 iliyofuata. Wakati ule mji wa [[Timbuktu]] ulikuwa [[kitovu]] cha biashara na [[elimu]] iliyojulikana kote katika [[umma]] wa Kiislamu hata [[Ulaya]]. Katika [[karne ya 14]] BK uwezo na utawala wa Mali ulipungua na Songhai ilichukua nafasi yake. === Dola la Songhai === [[Picha:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumbnail|Eneo la Dola la Songhai]] Asili ya [[Wasonghai]] ilikuwa [[Nigeria]] ya Kaskazini ya leo. Walipanua utawala wao kuelekea magharibi wakapokea Uislamu wakati wa uvamizi wa Almurabitun. Mnamo mwaka [[1250]] walikuwa chini ya Mali lakini katika [[karne ya 14]] walijipatia [[uhuru]] tena, wakaanza kushika maeneo ya Mali yenyewe. [[Kilele]] cha nguvu yake ilikuwa wakati wa mfalme [[Askia Mohammad I]] katika [[karne ya 16]] walipotawala eneo kubwa kutoka [[Kano]] (Nigeria) hadi pwani ya [[Atlantiki]]. Wakati wake mji wa [[Timbuktu]] ilitembelewa na [[msafiri]] [[Leo Africanus]] aliyeleta baadaye habari za nchi hadi Ulaya. Utawala wao uliporomoka baada ya mashumbulizi kutoka [[Moroko]] mwaka [[1591]]. Wakati ule mataifa ya Ulaya yameshaanza kufika kwenye [[mwambao]] wa Afrika ya Magharibi wakifungua biashara ya moja kwa moja na Ulaya. Umuhimu wa biashara ya kuvuka Sahara ulipungua vikali pamoja na [[faida]] iliyopatikana kwa watawala katika maeneo ya Sahel. === Kipindi cha madola madogo na [[jihadi]] === Kilichofuata kilikuwa kipindi cha madola madogo. Viongozi Waislamu walijaribu mara kadhaa kujenga utawala juu ya eneo lote. Anayejulikana zaidi alikuwa [[Alhaj Omar]] aliyepiga [[vita]] kwa jina la dini ya Kiislamu dhidi ya [[Wabambara]] waliofuata utamaduni na [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]]. Mtoto wa Alhaj Omar aliyeitwa Ahmadu alijaribu kuendeleza jihadi yake. Lakini wakati ule [[Wafaransa]] walianza kuenea katika Afrika ya Magharibi wakamshinda. Mali ikawa [[koloni]] la [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia mwaka [[1895]]. Ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]], na kuanzia [[1920]] ya [[Sudan ya Kifaransa]]. [[Picha:View over Bamako - 20th February 2005.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mji wa [[Bamako]]]] === Uhuru === Mwaka [[1960]] Mali pamoja na Senegal zilipata uhuru kama "[[Shirikisho la Mali]]". Baada ya Senegal kuacha [[umoja]] huo, Jamhuri ya Mali chini ya [[rais]] wa kwanza [[Modibo Keïta]] ikawa nchi ya kujitegemea. Keita alipinduliwa mwaka [[1968]] na [[wanajeshi]] akishtakiwa kuwa ameharibu [[uchumi]] na kujitajirisha. Kiongozi mpya [[Moussa Traoré]] alitawala kama [[dikteta]] wa kijeshi, baadaye kwa msaada wa [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Mabadiliko yaliyotokea kote Afrika tangu mwisho wa [[Ukomunisti]] kuanzia [[miaka ya 1990]] yalisababisha kupinduliwa kwa Traoré katika Machi [[1991]] na kamati ya kijeshi iliyoongozwa na [[Amadou Toumani Touré]]. Katiba mpya ya mwaka [[1992]] iliunda kipindi cha [[kura]] huru alimoshinda Amadou. == Siasa == ===Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kaskazini na maasi ya kijeshi=== Kaskazini mwa Mali kunakaliwa hasa na [[Watuareg]] na baadhi yao hawakupenda kuwa chini ya Mali. Hivyo mara kadhaa kulikuwa na mapigano kati yao na jeshi la nchi. Tangu mwaka 2012 mapigano yameanza upya<ref>[http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-clashes-force-120-000-from-homes-20120222 Mali clashes force 120 000 from homes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190149/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-clashes-force-120-000-from-homes-20120222|date=10 October 2017}}. News24 (22 February 2012). Retrieved 23 February 2012.</ref>. Mwaka huo wanamgambo na wanajeshi walikimbia vita kwenda [[Libya]] na kujiunga na wapiganaji Watuareg waliotangaza mnamo Aprili 2012 uhuru wa eneo la "Azawad" katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Timbuktu|Timbuktu]], [[Mkoa wa Gao|Gao]] na [[Mkoa wa Kidal|Kidal]]. Lakini wanamgambo wa makundi yenye mwelekeo mkali wa Kiislamu kama [[Al-Qaeda]] waliwashinda Watuareg na kushika utawala wakianzisha mfumo wa [[sharia]] ya Kiislamu<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis-idUSBRE85R15720120628|title=Islamists declare full control of Mali's north|author=Tiemoko Diallo|author2=Adama Diarra|work=Reuters|date=28 June 2012|access-date=28 July 2012|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815183330/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis/islamists-declare-full-control-of-malis-north-idUSBRE85R15720120628|url-status=live}}</ref>. Serikali ya Mali iliomba usaidizi wa kijeshi wa Ufaransa uliokubaliwa na [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa azimio na. 2085 ya tarehe 20 Desemba 2012. Jeshi la Kifaransa lilifaulu kuwaondoa wanamgambo Waislamu katika miji yote<ref name="kidal retaken">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/30/french-troops-control-key-airport-in-north-mali/1876543/|title=French Troops Retake Kidal Airport, Move into City|access-date=30 January 2013|work=USA Today|date=30 January 2013}} French troops retake the last remaining Islamist urban stronghold in Mali.</ref> lakini hao waliendelea kujificha kwenye milima. Baada ya mwisho wa kampeni ya Wafaransa nafasi yao ilichukuliwa na jeshi la Umoja wa Mataifa lililoingia kwa jina la "MINUSMA"<ref>United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali</ref> lililokuwa na wanajeshi kutoka nchi 60. Kati ya nchi hizo, 19 ni za Kiafrika ambazo walileta idadi kubwa ya askari. Mapigano yameendelea. Wananchi wengi vijijini walichukua silaha na kuunda vikundi vya wanamgambo kwa kujihami lakini vikundi hivyo vinashambuliana pia.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea jarida|last3=t 1.212.290.4700|first3=NY 10118-3299 USA {{!}}|date=7 December 2018|title="We Used to Be Brothers" {{!}} Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Miaka 2020 na 2021 jeshi la Mali liliasi mara mbili na kupindua serikali za kiraia<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mali timeline: From military coup to interim leaders removed|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/timeline-what-happened-in-mali-since-a-military-coup-in-august|date=25 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525221844/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/timeline-what-happened-in-mali-since-a-military-coup-in-august|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mali President, PM Resign After Arrest, Confirming 2nd Coup in 9 Months|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/mali-president-pm-resign-after-arrest-confirming-2nd-coup-9-months|publisher=VOA News|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529190248/https://www.voanews.com/africa/mali-president-pm-resign-after-arrest-confirming-2nd-coup-9-months|archive-date=29 May 2021|date=26 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>. Kanali [[Assimi Goïta]] alitangazwa kuwa rais mtendaji. [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]] vilisimamisha uanachama wa Mali<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/31/ecowas-suspends-mali-over-second-coup-in-nine-months|date=May 31, 2021|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=June 2, 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606081849/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/31/ecowas-suspends-mali-over-second-coup-in-nine-months|url-status=live}}</ref>. Ufaransa na nchi nyingine zilianza kuondoa wanajeshi katika ushirikiano na jeshi la kitaifa<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahmed|first1=Baba|last2=Larson|first2=Krista|title=French military suspends joint operation with Mali military|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e|work=The Associated Press|date=June 2, 2021|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604051638/https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e|url-status=live}}</ref>. Mnamo Januari 2022 wanajeshi kutoka [[Urusi]] walianza kufika Mali kwa kibali cha serikali ya kijeshi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-01-07|title=Russian military advisors arrive in Mali after French troop reduction|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220107-russian-military-advisors-arrive-in-mali-after-french-troop-reduction|access-date=2022-01-07|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>. == Demografia == Katika maeneo makubwa ya kaskazini wanaishi ma[[kabila]] ya [[Waberberi]], hasa [[Mauri]] na [[Watuareg]] ambao ni [[wahamaji]]. Ndio 10% ya wakazi wa nchi wakikalia [[asilimia]] kubwa za eneo. Kikundi kikubwa ndio [[Wabambara]] (33.3%) katika eneo la [[mji mkuu]] [[Bamako]], halafu wako [[Wafula]], [[Wasoninke]], [[Wasenufo]]/[[Wabwa]], [[Wamandinka]], [[Wadogon]], [[Wasonghai]], [[Watuareg]] na wengineo. === Lugha === Kutokana na [[ukoloni]], [[Kifaransa]] kilikuwa [[lugha rasmi]], lakini sasa kimeshushwa cheo na kuwa [[lugha ya mawasiliano]] tu. [[Kibambara]] ndiyo lugha inayoeleweka na takriban 80% za wakazi, nacho kimefanywa lugha rasmi pamoja na nyingine 12 kati ya [[Lugha asilia|lugha asilia]] 56 [[Orodha ya lugha za Mali|zinazotumika nchini]]. === Dini === [[Uislamu]] ni [[dini]] kubwa nchini (95 % za wakazi). [[Wakristo]] wanafikia 2.3% ([[Wakatoliki]] 1.9% na [[Waprotestanti]] 0.4%). Wachache wanafuata bado [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] (2.5%). [[Ibada]] na [[desturi]] asilia zinapatikana pia katika mazingira ya Waislamu. ==Tazama pia== * [[Shirikisho la Mataifa ya Sahel]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite web|ref=Const|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf|title=Constitution of Mali|language=French|accessdate=2015-09-12|archivedate=2018-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920144209/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf}} A student-translated [http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf English version] {{Wayback|url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf |date=20120912141413 }} is also available. *{{cite book|ref=DiPiazza | last = DiPiazza | first = Francesca Davis | title = Mali in Pictures | publisher=Learner Publishing Group | year = 2006 | location = Minneapolis, Minnesota | isbn = 978-0-8225-6591-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ovt7U_2IC&pg=PA55 }} * {{cite web|ref=Prof|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf |title=Mali country profile|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] |date=January 2005}} ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].'' * {{cite book|ref=Milet|author=Milet, Eric and Manaud, Jean-Luc |title=Mali|url=https://archive.org/details/guidemali0000eric|publisher=Editions Olizane |year=2007|isbn=2-88086-351-1|language=French}} * {{cite book|ref=Velton|author=Velton, Ross|title=Mali|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2004|isbn=1-84162-077-7}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Mali}} {{wikiatlas|Mali}} *{{CIA World Factbook link|ml|Mali}} * {{fr}} [http://www.primature.gov.ml/ Serikali ya Mali tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.primature.gov.ml/ |date=20080602092831 }} * {{fr}} [http://www.sgg.gov.ml/ Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement Malienne] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sgg.gov.ml/ |date=20160222062918 }} *[http://www.slovenskavojska.si/fileadmin/slovenska_vojska/pdf/vojaski_izzivi/svi_15_3.pdf The European Union mission in Mali - Hungary's involvement in the mission] {{Wayback|url=http://www.slovenskavojska.si/fileadmin/slovenska_vojska/pdf/vojaski_izzivi/svi_15_3.pdf |date=20150924102809 }} *[http://uni-nke.hu/uploads/media_items/aarms-vol-12_-issue-2_-2013.original.pdf War at the background of Europe: The crisis of Mali] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mali.htm Mali] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mali.htm |date=20080607085209 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Mali}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881370 Mali profile] from the [[BBC News]] *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MLI/Year/2012/Summary Mali 2012 Trade Summary Statistics] {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Mali]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] gxjb4hxzbx24zuq9pugihvg7mg2hiki 0 3067 1577406 1576522 2026-06-29T07:36:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sanduku ya Mto | river_name = Mto wa Zambezi | image_name = Victoria Falls aerial view September 2003.jpg | caption = Mto Zambezi kwenye maporomoko ya Victoria | origin = karibu na [[Mwinilunga]], Zambia | mouth = [[Bahari ya Hindi]] | basin_countries = [[Zambia]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Msumbiji]] | length = km 2,574 | elevation = m 1,500 | discharge = m&sup3;/s 7,000 | watershed = km&sup2; 1,570,000 }} '''Zambezi''' (pia huandikwa '''Zambeze''' au '''Zambesi''') ni mto wa nne kwa urefu barani [[Afrika]], mto mrefu zaidi unaotiririka kuelekea mashariki barani Afrika, na mto mkubwa zaidi unaomwaga maji yake katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]] kutokea Afrika. Bonde lake la uondoaji maji linafikia eneo la kilomita za mraba 1,390,000 (maili za mraba 540,000),<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Réseau International des Organismes de Bassin|url=https://www.inbo-news.org/fr/reseau-international-des-organismes-de-bassin/|work=RIOB|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=fr-FR}}</ref> ikiwa ni chini kidogo ya nusu ya bonde la Mto Nile. Mto huo wenye urefu wa kilomita 2,574 (maili 1,599) unaanzia nchini [[Zambia]] na kutiririka kupitia mashariki mwa [[Angola]], kando ya mpaka wa kaskazini-mashariki wa [[Namibia]] na mpaka wa kaskazini wa [[Botswana]], kisha kando ya mpaka kati ya Zambia na [[Zimbabwe]] hadi [[Msumbiji]], ambapo unavuka nchi hiyo na kuishia katika Bahari ya Hindi.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zambezi River Facts and Information|url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html|work=www.victoriafalls-guide.net|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en}}</ref> Kivutio maarufu zaidi cha Mto Zambezi ni Maporomoko ya maji ya Victoria. Maporomoko yake mengine ni pamoja na Maporomoko ya Chavuma<ref>{{Citation|title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> na Maporomoko ya Ngonye.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ngonye Falls|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/|work=Zambia Tourism|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Beseni]] lake lina [[km²]] 1,570,000 au [[nusu]] ya mto Nile. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] chake kiko [[Zambia]], halafu mto unapita [[Angola]] mpakani na [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], Zambia na [[Zimbabwe]] kwenda [[Msumbiji]] inapofikia Bahari Hindi katika [[delta]] ya [[km²]] 880. Kwenye mwendo wa Zambezi pana [[maporomoko]] kadhaa hasa maporomoko ya [[Victoria Falls]]. Mengine ni maporomoko ya [[Chavuma]] mpakani mwa Zambia na Angola, halafu [[Ngonye Falls]] karibu na [[Sioma]], Zambia ya [[magharibi]]. Vyanzo vikuu viwili vya nishati ya umeme wa maji kwenye mto huo ni Bwawa la Kariba, ambalo linatoa umeme nchini Zambia na Zimbabwe, na Bwawa la Cahora Bassa nchini Msumbiji, ambalo linatoa umeme nchini Msumbiji na [[Afrika Kusini]]. Aidha, vituo vingine viwili vidogo vya kufua umeme nchini Zambia viko kwenye Maporomoko ya Victoria na Zengamina.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=2016-02-25 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/3/1/6 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.3390/environment |issn=2076-3298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127035450/https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/3/1/6 |archive-date=2025-11-27 |access-date=2026-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Vyanzo == === Asili === [[Faili:Zambezi River at junction of Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe & Botswana.jpg|thumb|Mto Zambezi katika makutano ya Namibia (juu kushoto), Zambia (kulia), Zimbabwe (chini), na Botswana (katikati kushoto). Tangu picha hii ipigwe, Daraja la Kazungula limejengwa kuvuka mto huo kati ya Zambia na Botswana.]] Mto huo unaanzia kwenye dambo (ardhi chepechepe) nyeusi yenye kinamasi katika misitu minene ya miombo inayoinuka na kushuka, kilomita 50 (maili 31) kaskazini mwa Mwinilunga na kilomita 20 (maili 12) kusini mwa Ikelenge katika Wilaya ya Ikelenge mkoani Kaskazini-Magharibi, Zambia, ukiwa katika mwinuko wa takriban mita 1,524 (futi 5,000) juu ya usawa wa bahari.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/</ref> Eneo linalozunguka chanzo hicho ni mnara wa kitaifa, hifadhi ya msitu, na eneo muhimu kwa ndege.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178</ref> Kuelekea upande wa mashariki mwa chanzo hicho, kigawaneo cha maji kati ya Mabonde ya Congo na Zambezi ni ukanda uliojitokeza wazi wa ardhi ya juu,unaotiririka takriban kutoka mashariki hadi magharibi na kushuka kwa ghafla upande wa kaskazini na kusini. Ukanda huu unakata na kutenganisha wazi bonde la Lualaba (tawi kuu la juu la Mto Congo) na lile la Zambezi. Katika maeneo ya jirani na chanzo hicho, kigawaneo cha maji hakijajipambanua kwa uwazi sana, lakini mifumo hii miwili ya mito haiungani. Eneo linalopitisha maji kutoka Mto Zambezi ni uwanda wa juu mpana wenye kingo zilizomomonyoka wenye mwinuko wa mita 900–1,200 (futi 3,000–3,900), ambao kwa upande wa ndani kabisa umeundwa na matabaka ya miamba geu na kuzungukwa na miamba ya moto katika Maporomoko ya Victoria. Kule Chupanga, upande wa chini wa Mto Zambezi, matabaka membamba ya miamba ya mchanga ya rangi ya kijivu na njano, kukiwa na miviringo ya hapa na pale ya miamba ya chokaa, yanajitokeza juu kwenye sakafu ya mto wakati wa kiangazi, na haya yanaendelea hadi ng'ambo ya Tete, ambapo yanaambatana na mishipa mikubwa ya makaa ya mawe. Makaa ya mawe pia yanapatikana katika wilaya iliyo chini kidogo ya Maporomoko ya Victoria. Miamba yenye madini ya dhahabu inajitokeza katika maeneo kadhaa. === Zambezi ya Juu === [[Faili:Zambezi river basin-en.svg|thumb|Zambezi na bonde lake la mto]] Mto huo hutiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi kuingia Angola kwa takriban kilomita 240 (maili 150), kisha unaungana na vijito vikubwa vya mto kama vile Luena na Chifumage vinavyotiririka kutoka nyanda za juu za upande wa kaskazini-magharibi. Unageuka kuelekea kusini na kutengeneza uwanda wa mafuriko, wenye mabadiliko makubwa sana ya upana kati ya majira ya kiangazi na masika. Unaingia kwenye msitu mnene wa kijani kibichi wa kiangazi wa ''Cryptosepalum'', ingawa kwa upande wake wa magharibi, maeneo ya nyasi ya Zambezi ya Magharibi pia yanapatikana. Unapoingia tena nchini Zambia, unakuwa na upana wa karibu mita 400 (futi 1,300) wakati wa majira ya masika na utiririka kwa kasi kubwa, ukiwa na maporomoko madogo ya maji yanayoishia kwenye Maporomoko ya Chavuma, ambapo mto huo unapita kwenye ufa wa miamba. Mto huo unashuka kwa mita 400 (futi 1,300) katika mwinuko wake kutoka chanzo chake kilichopo mita 1,500 (futi 4,900) hadi kufika Maporomoko ya Chavuma yaliyopo mita 1,100 (futi 3,600), katika umbali wa takriban kilomita 400 (maili 250). Kuanzia eneo hili hadi Maporomoko ya Victoria, usawa wa beseni la mto ni tambarare sana, ukishuka kwa mita nyingine 180 (futi 590) pekee katika umbali wa karibu kilomita 800 (maili 500).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zambezi River|url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html|work=Geology Page|date=2014-11-25|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en-US|author=Geology Page}}</ref> Kijito chake kikubwa cha kwanza kuingia Zambezi ni Mto Kabompo uliopo mkoani Kaskazini-Magharibi nchini Zambia. Eneo la savana (nyika) ambalo mto huo unapita linabadilika na kuwa uwanda mpana wa mafuriko, ukiwa umetawanyika mitende ya Borassus. Upande wa kusini kidogo kuna makutano ya mto na Mto Lungwebungu. Hapa ndipo mwanzo wa Uwanda wa Mafuriko wa Barotse, ambao ni kivutio maarufu zaidi cha upande wa juu wa Zambezi, ingawa sehemu hii ya kaskazini haifuriki sana na inajumuisha visiwa vya ardhi ya juu vilivyopo katikati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zambezi River Facts and Information|url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html|work=www.victoriafalls-guide.net|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en}}</ref> Takriban kilomita 30 chini ya makutano ya Mto Lungwebungu, nchi inakuwa tambarare sana, na ule mwonekano wa asili wa Uwanda wa Mafuriko wa Barotse unajifunua, huku mafuriko yakifikia upana wa kilomita 25 wakati wa masika. Kwa zaidi ya kilomita 200 kuelekea chini ya mto, mzunguko wa kila mwaka wa mafuriko unatawala mazingira ya asili pamoja na maisha ya mwanadamu, jamii, na utamaduni. Takriban kilomita 80 mbele zaidi kuelekea chini, Mto Luanginga, ambao pamoja na matawi yake unanyonya maji katika eneo kubwa la upande wa magharibi, unaungana na Zambezi. Umbali mfupi tu kuelekea juu upande wa mashariki, mkondo mkuu unaungana wakati wa masika na maji yanayofurika kutoka mfumo wa Luampa/Luena. Umbali mfupi kuelekea chini ya mto kutoka makutano ya Mto Luanginga ni Lealui, mji mkuu mmojawapo wa Walozi, wanaoishi katika ukanda wa Barotseland mkoani Magharibi nchini Zambia. Chifu wa Walozi anamiliki moja ya makazi yake mawili huko Lealui; lingine liko Limulunga, ambalo lipo kwenye ardhi ya juu na hutumika kama mji mkuu wakati wa majira ya masika. Kuhama kwa kila mwaka kutoka Lealui kwenda Limulunga ni tukio kubwa, linalosherehekewa kama moja ya sherehe za kitamaduni zinazojulikana zaidi nchini Zambia, yaani Kuomboka. Baada ya Lealui, mto huo hugeuka kuelekea kusini-kusini-mashariki. Kutokea upande wa mashariki, unaendelea kupokea mito mingi midogo, lakini kwa upande wa magharibi, hauna matawi makubwa ya mto kwa umbali wa kilomita 240. Kabla ya hapo, Maporomoko ya Ngonye na maporomoko madogo ya maji yanayofuata yanazuia usafiri wa vyombo vya majini. Kusini mwa Maporomoko ya Ngonye, mto huo unapakana kwa muda mfupi na Ukanda wa Caprivi wa Namibia. Chini ya makutano kati ya Mto Cuando na Zambezi, mto unajipinda ukielekea takriban mashariki kabisa. Hapa, mto huo ni mpana, una kina kifupi na utiririka taratibu, lakini unapoendelea kutiririka kuelekea mashariki kukabili ukingo wa uwanda wa juu mkubwa wa kati wa Afrika, unafikia ufa mkubwa ambapo Maporomoko ya Victoria yanaporomoka. === Zambezi ya Kati === Maporomoko ya Victoria yanachukuliwa kuwa mpaka kati ya upande wa juu na wa kati wa Mto Zambezi. Chini ya maporomoko hayo, mto unaendelea kutiririka moja kwa moja kuelekea mashariki kwa takriban kilomita 200 (maili 120), ukipenya katikati ya kuta zilizosimama wima za miamba ya mgando zenye umbali wa mita 20 hadi 60 (futi 66 hadi 197) kutoka ukuta mmoja hadi mwingine, zikiwa ndani ya vilima vyenye urefu wa mita 200 hadi 250 (futi 660 hadi 820). Mto huo hutiririka kwa kasi kubwa kupitia Bonde la Batoka, huku mkondo wake ukiwa unakatizwa mara kwa mara na miamba ya chini ya maji. Eneo hili limeelezwa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous?|url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/|work=Safpar|date=2022-05-16|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en-US|author=Sean Edington}}</ref> kuwa moja ya maeneo ya kusisimua zaidi duniani kwa safari za boti kwenye maji yanayovurugika, likiwa ni changamoto kubwa sana kwa waendesha mitumbwi ya kisasa ya 'kayak' na boti za raba za 'raft'. Ng'ambo ya bonde hilo kuna mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo ya maji yanayoishia kilomita 240 (maili 150) chini ya Maporomoko ya Victoria. Katika umbali huu, mto unashuka kwa mita 250 (futi 820). Katika hatua hii, mto unaingia katika Ziwa Kariba, lililoundwa mwaka 1959 kufuatia kukamilika kwa Bwawa la Kariba. Ziwa hili ni moja ya maziwa makubwa zaidi yaliyotengenezwa na binadamu duniani, na mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme wa maji kwenye bwawa hilo inatoa umeme kwa sehemu kubwa ya Zambia na Zimbabwe. Mito ya Luangwa na Kafue ndiyo matawi mawili makubwa zaidi ya mkono wa kushoto ya Mto Zambezi. Mto Kafue unaungana na mto mkuu katika mkondo wa maji uliotulia na wenye kina kirefu, wenye upana wa takriban mita 180 (futi 590). Kuanzia hapa, kona ya kuelekea kaskazini wa Mto Zambezi unazuiwa, na mkondo unaendelea moja kwa moja kuelekea mashariki. Katika makutano ya Mto Luangwa (15°37'S), mto huo unaingia nchini Msumbiji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Van Valkenburgh |first=Blaire |last2=White |first2=Paula A. |date=2021-04-20 |title=Naturally-occurring tooth wear, tooth fracture, and cranial injuries in large carnivores from Zambia |url=https://peerj.com/articles/11313/ |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |pages=e11313 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11313 |issn=2167-8359 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119031445/https://peerj.com/articles/11313/ |archive-date=2025-11-19 |access-date=2026-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upande wa kati wa Mto Zambezi unaishia pale mto unapoingia katika Ziwa Cahora Bassa, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa eneo lenye maporomoko hatari ya maji yaliyojulikana kama Kebrabassa; ziwa hili liliundwa mwaka 1974 kufuatia ujenzi wa Bwawa la Cahora Bassa. === Zambezi ya Chini === Urefu wa kilomita 650 (maili 400) wa upande wa chini wa Mto Zambezi kutoka Cahora Bassa hadi Bahari ya Hindi unapitika kwa vyombo vya majini, ingawa mto huo una kina kifupi katika maeneo mengi wakati wa kiangazi. Hali hii ya kuwa na kina kifupi inatokana na mto huo kuingia kwenye bonde pana na kuenea katika eneo kubwa. Ni katika sehemu moja tu, kwenye Bonde la Lupata, umbali wa kilomita 320 (maili 200) kutoka kinywa chake, ambapo mto huo umebanwa katikati ya vilima virefu. Hapa, una upana wa karibu mita 200 (futi 660) tu. Katika maeneo mengine, una upana wa kilomita 5 hadi 8 (maili 3 hadi 5), ukitiririka taratibu kupitia mikondo mingi. Kingo za mto huo ni ya mchanga, na kingo zake ni za chini na zimezungukwa na matete. Hata hivyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo, na hasa wakati wa majira ya masika, mikondo hiyo huungana na kuwa mto mmoja mpana unaotiririka kwa kasi kubwa. Takriban kilomita 160 (maili 99) kutoka baharini, Mto Zambezi unapokea maji yanayotoka Ziwa Malawi kupitia Mto Shire. Unapokaribia Bahari ya Hindi, mto huo unajigawa na kutengeneza delta. Kila moja ya mifereji mikuu ya mto inayojigawa—Kongone, Luabo, na Timbwe—imezuiliwa na ukingo wa mchanga. Tawi lililopo upande wa kaskazini zaidi, linaloitwa kinywa cha Chinde, lina kina cha chini kabisa wakati wa maji kupwa cha mita 2 (futi 6 na inchi 7) kwenye lango la kuingilia na mita 4 (futi 13) ukienda ndani zaidi, na hili ndilo tawi linalotumiwa kwa usafiri wa vyombo vya majini. Takriban kilomita 100 (maili 62) mbele zaidi kuelekea kaskazini kuna mto unaoitwa Quelimane, ukipewa jina la mji uliopo kwenye kinywa chake. Mkondo huu wa maji, ambao unajaa tabaka la mchanga na matope, unapokea maji ya ziada yanayofurika kutoka Zambezi wakati wa majira ya masika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zambezi - Encyclopedia|url=https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html|work=theodora.com|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en}}</ref> == Delta == Delta ya Zambezi leo hii ina upana wa takriban nusu ya ule uliokuwepo kabla ya ujenzi wa mabwawa ya Kariba na Cahora Bassa kudhibiti mabadiliko ya msimu ya kasi ya utiririkaji wa mto huo. Kabla ya mabwawa hayo kujengwa, mafuriko ya msimu ya Zambezi yalikuwa na athari tofauti kabisa kwenye mifumo ya ikolojia ya delta ikilinganishwa na leo, kwani yalileta maji baridi yenye virutubisho vingi kuelekea kwenye ardhi oevu ya pwani ya Bahari ya Hindi. Upande wa chini wa Zambezi ulikuwa ukipata ongezeko dogo la ghafla la maji ya mafuriko mwanzoni mwa majira ya kiangazi wakati mvua katika eneo la bonde la Gwembe na kaskazini-mashariki mwa Zimbabwe ilipotiririka kwa kasi, wakati mvua kutoka upande wa juu wa Zambezi, Kafue, na mabonde ya Ziwa Malawi, pamoja na Luangwa kwa kiasi kidogo, zikiwa bado zimezuiliwa na mabwawa pamoja na nyanda za mafuriko. Kutiririka kwa mifumo hii huchangia katika mafuriko makubwa zaidi mnamo mwezi Machi au Aprili, kukiwa na wastani wa kiwango cha juu cha mwezi kwa Aprili wa mita za ujazo 6,700 (futi za ujazo 240,000) kwa sekunde katika eneo la delta. Rekodi ya mafuriko makubwa zaidi ilikuwa kubwa zaidi ya mara tatu ya kiwango hicho, ambapo mita za ujazo 22,500 (futi za ujazo 790,000) kwa sekunde zilirekodiwa mnamo mwaka 1958. Kinyume chake, kiasi cha maji yaliyotiririka mwishoni mwa majira ya kiangazi kilikuwa na wastani wa mita za ujazo 500 (futi za ujazo 18,000) pekee kwa sekunde. Katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970, ujenzi wa mabwawa ulibadilisha kabisa mfumo huo. Upande wa chini wa mto, wastani wa kiwango cha chini hadi cha juu cha mwezi ulikuwa mita za ujazo 500 hadi 6,000 (futi za ujazo 18,000 hadi 212,000) kwa sekunde; sasa hivi ni mita za ujazo 1,000 hadi 3,900 (futi za ujazo 35,000 hadi 138,000) kwa sekunde. Hasa mafuriko ya kiwango cha kati, ya aina ile ambayo ikolojia ya upande wa chini wa Zambezi ilikuwa imeafikiana nayo, yanatokea kwa uchache zaidi na yanachukua muda mfupi zaidi. Kama ilivyo kwa athari mbaya za Bwawa la Itezhi-Tezhi kwenye Nyanda za Kafue, jambo hili lina athari hizi zifuatazo: * Mifumo ya ulishaji na uzalishaji wa samaki, ndege, na wanyamapori wengine ilivurugika. * Zinabaki nyanda za nyasi chache zaidi baada ya mafuriko kwa ajili ya malisho ya wanyamapori na ng'ombe. * Mifumo ya jadi ya kilimo na uvuvi ilivurugika.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=eiR_RLPB6GAC&q=traditional+farming+and+fishing+patterns+disrupted&pg=PA41&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=traditional%20farming%20and%20fishing%20patterns%20disrupted&f=false|title=Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B|last=Knifton|first=Dulcie|date=2004-07|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=978-0-435-10154-1|language=en}}</ref> == Ekolojia == [[Faili:Zambezi River Delta.jpg|thumb|Mwonekano wenye maelezo wa Delta ya Mto Zambezi kutoka angani]] Mifumo ya ja Delta ya Zambezi ina maeneo makubwa ya nyanda za nyasi zinazofurika kwa msimu na zile zinazofurika kudumu, savana, na misitu ya mabwawa. Pamoja na nyanda za mafuriko za Mito ya Buzi, Pungwe, na Save, nyanda hizi za mafuriko za Zambezi zinaunda eneo la ikolojia la savana ya pwani inayofurika ya Zambezi nchini Msumbiji, chini ya Mfuko wa Wanyamapori Duniani (WWF). Savana hizo zinazofurika zipo karibu na pwani ya Bahari ya Hindi. Misitu ya mikoko inazunguka pembezoni mwa ukanda wa pwani wa delta hiyo. [[Faili:Zambezi Barotse floodplain.jpg|thumb|Picha ya NASA ya rangi zisizo halisi ikionyesha upande wa juu wa Zambezi na nyanda za mafuriko za Barotse (Balozi) wakati wa mafuriko makubwa kupita kiasi mnamo mwaka 2003]] Ingawa mabwawa hayo yamedhibiti kiasi fulani cha mafuriko ya kila mwaka ya upande wa chini wa Mto Zambezi na kusababisha eneo la nyanda za mafuriko kupungua sana, hayajaondoa mafuriko kabisa. Hayawezi kudhibiti mafuriko makubwa kupita kiasi, na yamefanya tu mafuriko ya kiwango cha kati kutokea kwa uchache zaidi. Mvua kubwa katika upande wa chini wa Zambezi inapoungana na mtiririko mkubwa wa maji kutoka juu ya mto, mafuriko makubwa bado hutokea, na ardhi oevu bado inabaki kuwa makazi muhimu ya viumbe. Hata hivyo, kupungua kwa ardhi hiyo oevu kulisababisha ujangili na uwindaji usiodhibitiwa wa wanyama kama vile nyati na kulungu wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe vya Msumbiji. Ingawa eneo hili limepungua idadi ya mamalia wakubwa, bado ni makazi ya baadhi yao, wakiwemo kulungu na pofu wanaohama. Wanyama wanaokula nyama wanaopatikana hapa ni pamoja na simba (''Panthera leo''), chui (''Panthera pardus''), duma (''Acinonyx jubatus''), fisi madoa (''Crocuta crocuta''), na bweha-milia (''Canis adustus''). Nyanda hizi za mafuriko ni maficho salama kwa ajili ya ndege wa majini wanaohama, wakiwemo bata-buzi mkia-mshale (pintails), bata-buzi mabawa-buluu (garganey), korongo dondola (''Anastomus lamelligerus''), korongo mdomo-wazi (''Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis''), korongo-nyani (''Bugeranus carunculatus''), na mtondo mweupe (''Pelecanus onocrotalus'').<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zambezian coastal flooded savanna {{!}} Ecoregions {{!}} WWF|url=https://ecoregions.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906/|work=ecoregions.worldwildlife.org|accessdate=2026-06-24}}</ref> Wanyama watambaao ni pamoja na mamba wa Nile (''Crocodylus niloticus''), kenge wa Nile (''Varanus niloticus''), chatu wa Afrika (''Python sebae''), nyoka-nyoo wa Pungwe (''Leptotyphlops pungwensis'') ambaye anapatikana katika eneo hilo tu, na aina nyingine tatu za nyoka ambao wanakaribia kupatikana katika eneo hilo pekee: nyoka wa majini wa nyanda za mafuriko (''Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris''), nyoka-mbwa kibete (''Lycophidion nanus''), na kipile wa marika/mabwawa (''Proatheris'').<ref name=":0" /> Aina kadhaa za vipepeo zinapatikana katika eneo hilo tu. [[Faili:Zambezi delta.jpg|thumb|Delta ya Zambezi]] [[Faili:ISS009-E-7622- Zambezi river near Mongu.jpg|thumb|Mto na nyanda zake za mafuriko karibu na Mongu nchini Zambia]] [[Faili:Zambezi Flood Plain, Namibia (EO-1).jpg|thumb|Picha hii yenye maelezo ya kina ya rangi halisi inaonyesha ukingo wa mashariki wa wazi kabisa wa nyanda za mafuriko za Zambezi.]] == Hali ya hewa == Upande wa kaskazini wa bonde la Zambezi una wastani wa mvua wa milimita 1100 hadi 1400 kwa mwaka, kiwango ambacho hupungua kuelekea kusini na kufikia takriban nusu ya idadi hiyo upande wa kusini-magharibi. Mvua hiyo hunyesha katika msimu wa mvua wa kiangazi unaodumu kwa miezi 4 hadi 6, wakati Ukanda wa Mkutaniko wa Hali ya Hewa wa Kitropiki unaposogea juu ya bonde hilo kutokea kaskazini kati ya Oktoba na Machi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Canoeing on the Zambezi River|url=https://www.thetravelvibes.com/canoeing-on-the-zambezi-river/|work=The Travel Vibes|date=2024-03-03|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en-US|author=Jessica}}</ref> Viwango vya uvukizaji wa maji viko juu (milimita 1600 hadi 2300), na maji mengi hupotea kwa njia hii katika mabwawa na nyanda za mafuriko, hasa upande wa kusini-magharibi wa bonde hilo.<ref>https://gorongosa.org/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Historia ya Jiolojia == [[Faili:Victoria Falls National Park marker.jpg|thumb|Alama ya Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Victoria Falls]] Hadi kufikia mwishoni mwa kipindi cha Pliocene au Pleistocene (zaidi ya miaka milioni mbili iliyopita), upande wa juu wa Mto Zambezi ulitiririka kuelekea kusini kupitia eneo ambalo sasa hivi ni Bonde la Makgadikgadi hadi kwenye [[Limpopo (mto)|Mto Limpopo]]. Mabadiliko hayo ya mkondo wa mto ni matokeo ya misongezo ya kijiolojia ya kusaidiana kimaumbile ambayo iliinua uso wa ardhi kwenye eneo ambalo leo hii ni mgawanyaji wa maji kati ya mito hiyo miwili. Wakati huo huo, umbali wa kilomita 1,000 (maili 620) kuelekea mashariki, kijito cha magharibi cha Mto Shire—katika upanuzi wa kusini wa [[Bonde la Ufa]] la Afrika Mashariki linalopita nchini [[Malawi]]—lilisababisha mmomonyoko uliotengeneza bonde lenye kina kirefu kwenye ukingo wake wa magharibi. Kwa kasi ya polepole, upande wa kati wa Mto Zambezi ulianza kumomonyoa na kurudisha nyuma sakafu ya mto wake kuelekea magharibi, ukisaidiwa na grabeni (mabonde ya ufa) zilizokuwa zikitengenezwa kwenye mkondo wake katika mhimili wa mashariki-magharibi. Ulivyofanya hivyo, uliichepua na kuimiliki mito kadhaa inayotiririka kuelekea kusini kama vile Luangwa na Kafue. [[Faili:Zambezi Flood Plain, Namibia (MODIS).jpg|thumb|Maji yanaonekana kwa rangi nyeusi katika picha hii ya rangi zisizo halisi ya nyanda za mafuriko za Zambezi.]] Hatimaye, ziwa kubwa lililokuwa limezuiliwa huko Makgadikgadi (au kijito chake) liliwahiwa na kuchepushwa na upande wa kati wa Mto Zambezi uliokuwa ukimomonyoka kurudi nyuma kuelekea lilipo, na hivyo likamwaga maji yake kuelekea mashariki. Upande wa juu wa Mto Zambezi nao ulichepushwa pia. Upande wa kati wa Mto Zambezi ulikuwa chini kwa takriban mita 300 (futi 980) ikilinganishwa na upande wa juu wa mto huo, na hivyo maporomoko makubwa ya maji yakatengenezeka kwenye ukingo wa uwanda wa juu wa miamba ya volkano ambapo mto wa juu unatiririkia. Haya ndiyo yalikuwa Maporomoko ya kwanza ya Victoria, mahali fulani chini ya Bonde la Batoka karibu na eneo ambalo sasa hivi lipo Ziwa Kariba. == Historia == === Uvumbuzi === Ukanda wa Zambezi ulijulikana na wanajiografia wa zamani za kati kama Dola ya Monomotapa, na mkondo wa mto huo, pamoja na nafasi yalipo maziwa Ngami na Nyasa, vilichorwa kwa usahihi kwa ujumla katika ramani za mapema. Huenda ramani hizi zilitengenezwa kutokana na taarifa zilizotolewa na Waarabu. Mzungu wa kwanza kutembelea sehemu za ndani za Mto Zambezi alikuwa ''degredado'' (msitiriwa/mfungwa wa kigeni) wa Kireno, António Fernandes, mnamo mwaka 1511 na tena mwaka 1513, akiwa na lengo la kutoa taarifa kuhusu hali na shughuli za kibiashara za maeneo ya ndani ya Afrika ya Kati. Taarifa ya mwisho ya uvumbuzi huo ilionyesha umuhimu wa bandari za upande wa juu wa Zambezi katika mfumo wa biashara wa wenyeji, hususan katika biashara ya dhahabu ya Afrika Mashariki. Uvumbuzi wa kwanza kurekodiwa wa upande wa juu wa Mto Zambezi ulifanywa na [[David Livingstone]] katika safari yake ya uvumbuzi kutokea Bechuanaland kati ya mwaka 1851 na 1853. Miaka miwili au mitatu baadaye, alishuka kufuata mkondo wa Mto Zambezi hadi mdomoni mwake na katika safari hiyo aligundua Maporomoko ya Victoria. Katika kipindi cha mwaka 1858–1860, akiwa ameambatana na John Kirk, Livingstone alipanda mto huo kupitia mdomo wa Kongone hadi kufikia kwenye maporomoko hayo, na pia alifuatilia mkondo wa tawimto lake la Shire na kufika Ziwa Malawi. [[Faili:Satellite view of Victoria Falls.jpg|thumb|Picha ya satelaiti inayoonyesha Maporomoko ya Victoria na mfululizo wa mabonde yenye miteremko mikali ya kupishana.]] Kwa miaka 35 iliyofuata, uvumbuzi mdogo sana ulifanyika kwenye mto huo. Mvumbuzi wa Kireno, Serpa Pinto, alichunguza baadhi ya mabonde ya magharibi ya mto huo na kufanya vipimo vya Maporomoko ya Victoria mnamo mwaka 1878. Mnamo mwaka 1884, mmishonari mzaliwa wa [[Uskoti|Scotland]] wa dhehebu la Plymouth Brethren, Frederick Stanley Arnot, alisafiri kupitia eneo lililoinuka la ardhi kati ya vyanzo vya maji (watersheds) vya mito ya Zambezi na Kongo na kugundua chanzo cha Mto Zambezi. Aliona kuwa Kilima cha Kalene kilichopo karibu—ambacho kiko juu na kina hali ya hewa ya baridi—kilikuwa eneo linalofaa hasa kwa ajili ya kituo cha umishonari. Arnot aliambatana na mfanyabiashara na afisa wa jeshi wa Kireno, António da Silva Porto. Mnamo mwaka 1889, mfereji wa Chinde uliopo upande wa kaskazini wa midomo mikuu ya mto huo uligundulika. Misafara miwili ya uvumbuzi iliyoongozwa na Meja A. St Hill Gibbons kuanzia mwaka 1895 hadi 1896 na kuanzia 1898 hadi 1900 iliendeleza kazi ya uvumbuzi iliyoanzishwa na Livingstone katika bonde la juu na mkondo wa kati wa mto huo. == Matawimto == [[Tawimto|Matawimto]] muhimu zaidi ni [[Cuando]], [[Kafue (mto)|Kafue]], [[Luangwa (mto)|Luangwa]] na [[Shire (mto)|Shire]]. == Miji muhimu mtoni == * [[Mongu]] * [[Lukulu]] * [[Katima Mulilo]] (Namibia), [[Sesheke]] (Zambia) * [[Livingstone (Zambia)]], [[Victoria Falls (mji)]] (Zimbabwe) * [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]] * [[Songo, Msumbiji|Songo]] * [[Tete]] == Wanyamapori == [[Faili:Zambezi – Elephants crossing the river- 1 ca 12.11.2009.jpg|thumb|Tembo wakivuka mto]] Mto huo unahimili idadi kubwa ya wanyama wengi. Viboko wanapatikana kwa wingi katika maeneo mengi yenye mtiririko mtulivu wa mto huo, pamoja na mamba wa Nile. Kenge wanapatikana katika maeneo mengi. Ndege pia wako kwa wingi, kukiwa na aina za ndege kama vile kozi, mtondo/mwari, kulastara, nembe, na tai-fisi wanaopatikana kwa idadi kubwa. Misitu ya kando ya mto pia inahimili wanyama wengi wakubwa, kama vile nyati, pundamilia, twiga, na tembo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Zambezi River {{!}} Physical Features {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> [[Faili:Hippopotamus in the Zambezi.jpg|thumb|Kiboko katika Mto Zambezi]] Mto Zambezi pia unahimili mamia ya aina za samaki, ambapo baadhi yao wanapatikana katika mto huo tu. Aina muhimu ni pamoja na rasi/perege, ambao huvuliwa kwa wingi sana kwa ajili ya chakula, pamoja na kambale, kacha, mninga, na aina nyingine kubwa za samaki. Papa-fahali wakati mwingine hujulikana kama 'papa wa Zambezi' kwa jina la mto huo, asichanganywe na jamii ya papa wa maji baridi wa ''Glyphis'' ambao pia wanaishi katika mto huo. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Angola]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Botswana]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Msumbiji]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Namibia]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Zambia]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Zimbabwe]] == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af27.html Watersheds of Africa: A20 Zambezi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af27.html |date=20070312073055 }} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mto Zambezi| ]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Botswana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] mrqjdj9jdlkxyu5b9437k82ctzmptuv 0 3146 1577370 1576860 2026-06-28T22:22:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|3|35|N|36|7|E|display=title}} {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Turkana | picha = LakeTurkanaSouthIsland.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Turkana | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Kenya]] ([[Ethiopia]] ina pembe ya kaskazini kabisa) | eneo = km² 6.405 | kina = m 73 | mito inayoingia = [[mto Omo|Omo]], [[Turkwel (mto)|Turkwel]], [[mto Kerio|Kerio]] na mingine mingi | mito inayotoka = -- | kimo = 375 m | miji = (vijiji vichache tu) }} '''Ziwa Turkana''' ni [[ziwa]] kubwa lililopo katika [[kaskazini]] [[yabisi]] ya [[Kenya]]. Halina [[mto]] unaotoka, hivyo [[maji]] yanayoingia yanapotea kwa njia ya [[uvukizaji]]. Kwa jumla ni ziwa la Kenya lakini [[ncha]] yake ya kaskazini ipo ndani ya [[Ethiopia]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413if_/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf</ref> Na pia ni ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Eneo na tabia za ziwa== [[Umbo]] la ziwa ni kama kanda ndefu inayoelea kutoka kaskazini kwenda [[kusini]]. [[Urefu]] wa ziwa ni [[kilomita]] 290, [[upana]] wake hadi kilomita 32. Eneo la maji ni [[km²]] 6,405. Ndani ya ziwa kuna [[visiwa]] vitatu vidogo vinavyoitwa, Kisiwa cha kusini, kiswa cha kati na kisiwa cha kaskazini. Turkana ni [[ziwa la magadi]] lakini maji yake hunywewa na [[watu]] na [[wanyama]] na yanawezesha [[viumbehai|viumbe hai]] wengi kuishi ndani yake. Hifadhi za wanyama kwenye ziwa Turkana zimeorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[Urithi wa Dunia]], zikiwemo [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Sibiloi]] ([[mashariki]] kwa ziwa), [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kisiwa cha Kati]] na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kisiwa cha Kusini]] (visiwani). [[Mazingira]] hayo yote yanahatarishwa sasa na [[ujenzi]] wa [[lambo]] la [[Gilgel Gibe III]] kwenye [[mto Omo]] unaochangia ziwa kwa kiasi kikubwa. == Jina == [[Picha:Lake turkana satellite.jpg|thumb|left|Ziwa Turkana linavyoonekana kutoka [[Anga|angani]].]] Wenyeji wametumia [[Jina|majina]] mbalimbali kufuatana na [[lugha]] zao. [[Waturkana]] hutumia "anam Ka'alakol" yaani "ziwa la samaki wengi". [[Wapelelezi]] [[Wazungu]] wa [[karne ya 19]] walisikia jina la "Basso Narok" ingawa haieleweki hii ilikuwa lugha gani. Kimataifa ziwa lilijulikana zamani kwa jina la "Ziwa Rudolph" (Rudolfsee, Lake Rudolph) lililotolewa na mpelelezi [[Mhungaria]] [[Sámuel Teleki]] kwa heshima ya [[mtemi]] Rudolph, [[mtoto]] wa [[mfalme]] wa [[Austria-Hungaria]]. ==Jiolojia== Ziwa Turkana ni kipengele cha Ufa cha Afrika Mashariki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Regions of Kenya .: Kenya Travel Guide - VisitKeny|url=http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?contID=17&mID=1|work=www.visitkenya.com|accessdate=2026-06-25|archive-date=2007-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513235557/http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?contID=17&mID=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ufa ni sehemu dhaifu katika ukoko wa Dunia kwa sababu ya mgawanyiko wa sahani mbili za tectonic, mara nyingi huambatana na graben, au kupitia nyimbo, ambayo maji ya ziwa yanaweza kukusanya.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article-abstract/47/6/1221/1438426?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false</ref> Mpasuko ulianza wakati Afrika Mashariki, ikisukumwa na mikondo kwenye vazi, ilianza kujitenga na Afrika nzima, ikihamia kaskazini-mashariki. Kwa sasa, graben ina upana wa kilomita 320 kaskazini mwa ziwa, kilomita 170 kusini. Ufa huu ni mmoja kati ya miwili, na unaitwa Ufa Mkuu au Mashariki. Kuna mwingine upande wa magharibi, Ufa wa Magharibi. Ziwa Turkana ni sifa ya kipekee ya mandhari ya Afrika Mashariki. Kando na kuwa ziwa la kudumu la jangwa, ndilo ziwa pekee ambalo huhifadhi maji yanayotoka sehemu mbili tofauti za vyanzo vya Mto Nile. Bonde la mifereji ya maji ya Ziwa Turkana huchota maji yake hasa kutoka Nyanda za Juu za Kenya na Nyanda za Juu za Ethiopia [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|Miamba]] ya chini ya ardhi ya eneo hilo imetajwa na maamuzi mawili ya uchambuzi hadi miaka milioni 522 na 510 iliyopita (mya). Hakuna mpasuko uliokuwa ukitokea wakati huo. Ufa unaonyeshwa na shughuli za volkeno kupitia ukoko dhaifu. Shughuli ya zamani zaidi ya volkeno katika eneo hili ilitokea katika Milima ya Nabwal kaskazini-mashariki mwa Turkana na ina tarehe ya 34.8 mya mwishoni mwa Eocene.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=McDOUGALL |first=I. a. N. |last2=Watkins |first2=Ronald T. |date=2006-01 |title=Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills: a record of earliest magmatism in the northern Kenyan Rift Valley |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/geochronology-of-the-nabwal-hills-a-record-of-earliest-magmatism-in-the-northern-kenyan-rift-valley/B5BC8346805C488318C51197D2AA2B00 |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1017/S0016756805001184 |issn=1469-5081}}</ref> Vipengele vya kitektoni vinavyoonekana katika eneo hili hutokana na mipasuko mingi ya basalt juu ya bonde la Turkana-Omo kwenye dirisha 4.18–3.99 mya. Hawa wanaitwa Gombe Group Basalts. Wamegawanywa katika Mursi Basalts na Gombi Basalts. Basalts mbili za mwisho zinatambuliwa kama sehemu za nje zinazounda milima ya mawe na maeneo mabaya karibu na ziwa. Katika sehemu ya Omo ya bonde, ya Basalt ya Mursi, Malezi ya Mursi iko upande wa magharibi wa Omo, Nkalabong kwenye Omo, na Usno na Shungura mashariki mwa Omo. Huenda miundo inayojulikana zaidi ni Koobi Fora upande wa mashariki wa Turkana na Nachukui upande wa magharibi. Mabadiliko ya muda mfupi katika usawa wa ziwa pamoja na kumwagika kwa majivu ya volkeno ya mara kwa mara katika eneo hilo yamesababisha kuwekwa kwa tabaka kwa bahati ya ardhi juu ya miamba ya msingi. Upeo huu unaweza kuhesabiwa kwa usahihi zaidi kwa uchanganuzi wa kemikali wa tuff.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=McDougall |first=Ian |last2=Brown |first2=Francis H. |date=2006-01 |title=Precise <sup>40</sup> Ar/ <sup>39</sup> Ar geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya |url=https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2F0016-764904-166 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |language=en |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1144/0016-764904-166 |issn=0016-7649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507210204/https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2F0016-764904-166 |archive-date=2026-05-07 |access-date=2026-06-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kwa vile eneo hili linaaminika kuwa kiota cha mageuzi cha hominini, tarehe ni muhimu kwa kuzalisha safu ya kidakroniki ya visukuku, hominoid na nonhominoid—yaani, sokwe (pamoja na hominini) na wasio-nyani. Maelfu mengi yamechimbwa. Matuta yanayowakilisha mwambao wa kale yanaonekana katika Bonde la Turkana. Ya juu zaidi ni mita 100 juu ya uso wa ziwa (takriban tu, jinsi kiwango cha ziwa kinavyobadilika-badilika), ambayo ilitokea kama miaka 9500 iliyopita, mwishoni mwa Pleistocene kama sehemu ya kipindi cha unyevu wa Afrika. Inaaminika kwa ujumla kuwa Turkana ilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa juu wa Nile wakati huo, ikiunganisha na Ziwa Baringo mwisho wa kusini na White Nile kaskazini, na kwamba marekebisho ya ardhi ya volkeno yalikata uhusiano huo. Dhana kama hiyo inaelezea aina ya Nile katika ziwa, kama vile mamba na sangara wa Nile. Viwango vya juu vya maji pia vilitokea takriban miaka 9000, 6000 na 5000 iliyopita, ambayo kila moja ilifuatiwa na matone katika usawa wa ziwa zaidi ya 40m katika chini ya miaka 200.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818115001265?via%3Dihub</ref> Inafikiriwa kuwa mabadiliko katika nafasi ya Mpaka wa Anga wa Kongo yaliathiri uwezo wa unyevu kutoka Bahari ya Atlantiki kufikia Afrika mashariki,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QSRv...83...58C|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QSRv...30..798T/abstract|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> ambao ulikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya kiwango cha Ziwa Turkana na vyanzo vya maji vilivyo karibu. Eneo la kiakiolojia la Namoratunga, ambalo liliwekwa tarehe 300 KK, liko karibu na Ziwa Turkana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PPP...396....1J/abstract|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> ==Visiwa vinavyopatikana katika ziwa hilo== * [[Kisiwa cha Kaskazini (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kaskazini]] ([[kaunti ya Turkana]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Kati (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kati]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ekinyang]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Enwoiti]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Kusini (Turkana)|Kisiwa cha Kusini]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Nan]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Nanet]] ([[kaunti ya Marsabit]]) ==Mito inayochangia ziwa== ===Kutoka Ethiopia=== Mto wa kwanza kabisa katika kuchangia ziwa Turkana (90% hivi) uko upande wa Ethiopia: ni [[mto Omo]] (na [[Tawimto|matawimto]] yake na ya mito midogo zaidi inayoyachangia, kama [[Mto Usno]], [[Mto Mago]], [[Mto Neri]], [[Mto Mui]], [[Mto Mantsa]], [[Mto Zigina]], [[Mto Denchya]], [[Mto Gojeb]], [[Mto Gibe]], [[Mto Gilgel Gibe]], [[Mto Amara (Ethiopia)|mto Amara]], [[mto Alanga]], [[Mto Maze]] na [[Mto Wabe (Ethiopia)|Mto Wabe]]. Miaka mingine [[Mto Kibish]] pia unafikia ziwa hilo. ===Kutoka Kenya=== Mito mingine mingi inachangia pia ziwa Turkana upande wa Kenya, ingawa si kwa kiasi kile cha mto Omto; ni hii ifuatayo: • [[Mto Abelibel]] • [[Mto Aberit]] • [[Mto Aguli]] • [[Mto Ainabkoi (ziwa Turkana)]] • [[Mto Aino]] • [[Mto Aiye Nai-Anginyang-Kiporr]] • [[Mto Akaderte]] • [[Mto Akatelyan]] • [[Mto Akatwan]] • [[Mto Akeriemet]] • [[Mto Akhurya]] • [[Mto Akiriamet]] • [[Mto Akope]] • [[Mto Akores]] • [[Mto Akouaekori]] • [[Mto Akukuth]] • [[Mto Alale]] • [[Mto Alamonges]] • [[Mto Alelalokeya]] • [[Mto Alongolomoi]] • [[Mto Amelaromuryankol]] • [[Mto Amunyai]] • [[Mto Anam]] • [[Mto Anamuton]] • [[Mto Ananoi]] • [[Mto Angamojak]] • [[Mto Angaro]] • [[Mto Angmatia]] • [[Mto Angorangora]] • [[Mto Anomat]] • [[Mto Anyagalim]] • [[Mto Apaigiron]] • [[Mto Apow]] • [[Mto Arau]] • [[Mto Arionomur]] • [[Mto Aroga]] • [[Mto Arorr]] • [[Mto Arorr (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Asasum]] • [[Mto Atead]] • [[Mto Aterr]] • [[Mto Atir]] • [[Mto Atot]] • [[Mto Auanaparan]] • [[Mto Ayonai Aterr]] • [[Mto Ayonaialopakalumong]] • [[Mto Barawa]] • [[Mto Barua]] • [[Mto Buleth]] • [[Mto Cheberen]] • [[Mto Cheberkeriungo]] • [[Mto Cheborgo]] • [[Mto Chekolatom]] • [[Mto Chemeri]] • [[Mto Chemeroi]] • [[Mto Chemonges]] • [[Mto Chemosusu]] • [[Mto Chemwapit]] • [[Mto Chepareria]] • [[Mto Chepkobeh]] • [[Mto Chepkondol]] • [[Mto Chepkuloi]] • [[Mto Chepolol]] • [[Mto Chepropoi]] • [[Mto Cheptak]] • [[Mto Cheptandan]] • [[Mto Cheptilon]] • [[Mto Cherial]] • [[Mto Chesabet]] • [[Mto Chesera]] • [[Mto Chesoi]] • [[Mto Chiapan]] • [[Mto Chukulukong]] • [[Mto Didinga]] • [[Mto Dupas]] • [[Mto Ekebekebyeke]] • [[Mto Ekwapalopyot]] • [[Mto Emaniman]] • [[Mto Emanit]] • [[Mto Embamachukwa]] • [[Mto Embamon]] • [[Mto Embasos]] • [[Mto Embobit]] • [[Mto Embogh]] • [[Mto Embomoruk]] • [[Mto Embong']] • [[Mto Empungung]] • [[Mto Emsea]] • [[Mto Emso]] • [[Mto Enbenye]] • [[Mto Endo]] • [[Mto Endogh]] • [[Mto Enopogh]] • [[Mto Enumpapa]] • [[Mto Epuryamudang]] • [[Mto Eron]] • [[Mto Erron]] • [[Mto Etebusait]] • [[Mto Etionin]] • [[Mto Gachiengur]] • [[Mto Ganathawaole]] • [[Mto Gateruk]] • [[Mto Gochobolok]] • [[Mto Goisoi]] • [[Mto Gurgur]] • [[Mto Habokok]] • [[Mto Iang]] • [[Mto Ikalotonyang]] • [[Mto Ineletum]] • [[Mto Iryionomoch]] • [[Mto Jaban]] • [[Mto Kaabilikeret]] • [[Mto Kaabole]] • [[Mto Kaakwor]] • [[Mto Kaaling]] • [[Mto Kaangole]] • [[Mto Kaapus]] • [[Mto Kaaronikagiete]] • [[Mto Kaawat]] • [[Mto Kabanyet]] • [[Mto Kabarait]] • [[Mto Kabelangole]] • [[Mto Kabokuli]] • [[Mto Kabwangederr]] • [[Mto Kabyen]] • [[Mto Kachakarimoch]] • [[Mto Kachalakin]] • [[Mto Kachar]] • [[Mto Kachoda]] • [[Mto Kachoke]] • [[Mto Kachuro Mongin]] • [[Mto Kadingetom]] • [[Mto Kadoupokimak]] • [[Mto Kaekalkiryon]] • [[Mto Kaekudokol]] • [[Mto Kaemasekin]] • [[Mto Kaeri Akak]] • [[Mto Kaetako]] • [[Mto Kagiro]] • [[Mto Kai-Ekongo]] • [[Mto Kaiboni]] • [[Mto Kaichom]] • [[Mto Kaiechech]] • [[Mto Kaiegilai]] • [[Mto Kaiekoropus]] • [[Mto Kaiekunyang]] • [[Mto Kaiekunyuk]] • [[Mto Kaiemute]] • [[Mto Kaikirr]] • [[Mto Kaikoba]] • [[Mto Kaikor]] • [[Mto Kaimo]] • [[Mto Kainyangakok]] • [[Mto Kainyangalok]] • [[Mto Kaiothin]] • [[Mto Kaitakalchwel]] • [[Mto Kaitio]] • [[Mto Kajukujuk]] • [[Mto Kakalel]] • [[Mto Kakedmosing]] • [[Mto Kakelai]] • [[Mto Kakiporomwoi]] • [[Mto Kakore]] • [[Mto Kakumio]] • [[Mto Kakurio]] • [[Mto Kakuroetom]] • [[Mto Kakwe]] • [[Kalabata (mto)|Mto Kalabata]] • [[Mto Kalabata (korongo la Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kalachir]] • [[Mto Kalain]] • [[Mto Kalakol]] • [[Mto Kalatum]] • [[Mto Kalempus]] • [[Mto Kalewa]] • [[Mto Kalimarok]] • [[Mto Kalimhaun]] • [[Mto Kalochoro]] • [[Mto Kalokerith]] • [[Mto Kalokhole]] • [[Mto Kalokodo]] • [[Mto Kalokoel]] • [[Mto Kalokopirr]] • [[Mto Kalonyangkori]] • [[Mto Kalopeto]] • [[Mto Kaloponogole]] • [[Mto Kalorith]] • [[Mto Kalorukongole]] • [[Mto Kalosia]] • [[Mto Kalotiman]] • [[Mto Kalotumokoi]] • [[Mto Kaloyapamugie]] • [[Mto Kamarethi]] • [[Mto Kamarlei]] • [[Mto Kamila (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Kamodo]] • [[Mto Kamogoro]] • [[Mto Kamuma]] • [[Mto Kanaiki]] • [[Mto Kanaki]] • [[Mto Kanamukuin]] • [[Mto Kanangor]] • [[Mto Kanaodon]] • [[Mto Kanaro]] • [[Mto Kanathuwat]] • [[Mto Kang'wak]] • [[Mto Kangachin]] • [[Mto Kangaki]] • [[Mto Kangakurio]] • [[Mto Kangalemo]] • [[Mto Kangebet]] • [[Mto Kangetet (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kangibenyoi]] • [[Mto Kangimedr]] • [[Mto Kangisirite]] • [[Mto Kangoli]] • [[Mto Kanguwapeta]] • [[Mto Kanigiyum]] • [[Mto Kanugurumeri]] • [[Mto Kanyangareng]] • [[Mto Kao (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kapchebu]] • [[Mto Kapchepgero]] • [[Mto Kapelikori]] • [[Mto Kaperarengam]] • [[Mto Kapeta]] • [[Mto Kapim]] • [[Mto Kapkobe]] • [[Mto Kapleel]] • [[Mto Kapsang]] • [[Mto Kaptarit]] • [[Mto Kapua]] • [[Mto Karamuroi]] • [[Mto Kare-Kapakalem]] • [[Mto Kareburr]] • [[Mto Karkal]] • [[Mto Karubangorok]] • [[Mto Karunkyukuri]] • [[Mto Kasaguru]] • [[Mto Kataboi]] • [[Mto Kateruk]] • [[Mto Kathunguru]] • [[Mto Katik]] • [[Mto Katikithikiria]] • [[Mto Katiko]] • [[Mto Katirikiki]] • [[Mto Katirr]] • [[Mto Katmerit]] • [[Mto Katupe]] • [[Mto Kaupa]] • [[Mto Kauriong']] • [[Mto Kauriung]] • [[Mto Kawala (Turkana)]] • [[Mto Kawalathe]] • [[Mto Kawalathi]] • [[Mto Kawianguli]] • [[Mto Kayekongai]] • [[Mto Keesigiria]] • [[Mto Kemaguriat]] • [[Kerio (korongo)|Mto Kerio (korongo)]] • [[Kerio (mto)|Mto Kerio]] • [[Mto Keris]] • [[Mto Keritunet]] • [[Mto Keryemeryeme]] • [[Mto Kesok]] • [[Mto Kianantuing]] • [[Mto Kibaas]] • [[Mto Kibaino]] • [[Mto Kibereget]] • [[Mto Kibiemit]] • [[Mto Kiblabot]] • [[Mto Kiken]] • [[Mto Kimaguhir]] • [[Mto Kinoinoi]] • [[Mto Kipkanyilat]] • [[Mto Kipsang]] • [[Mto Kipsiwara]] • [[Mto Kiptalyung]] • [[Mto Kiptunol]] • [[Mto Kirumbopso]] • [[Mto Kobothan]] • [[Mto Kochar]] • [[Mto Kochodin]] • [[Mto Kochokio]] • [[Mto Kochuch]] • [[Mto Koduaran]] • [[Mto Kogene]] • [[Mto Kokiselei]] • [[Mto Kokithelei]] • [[Mto Kokolopit]] • [[Mto Kokoten]] • [[Mto Kokothelei]] • [[Mto Kokothowa]] • [[Mto Kokure]] • [[Mto Kolok]] • [[Mto Kolomokori]] • [[Mto Kolonyadarsh]] • [[Mto Komakatae]] • [[Mto Komen Angalio]] • [[Mto Komocheri]] • [[Mto Kopatia]] • [[Mto Kopedo]] • [[Mto Kopeto]] • [[Mto Kopuai]] • [[Mto Kordei]] • [[Mto Korinyang]] • [[Mto Kortokoil]] • [[Mto Kosibirr]] • [[Mto Kotaruk]] • [[Mto Kothiai]] • [[Mto Kotome]] • [[Mto Kunyao]] • [[Mto Kurumboni]] • [[Mto Lachoa Achila]] • [[Mto Laga Sapari]] • [[Mto Laga Tulu-Bor]] • [[Mto Laisamis]] • [[Mto Laminkwais]] • [[Mto Lawawet]] • [[Mto Lazuli]] • [[Mto Lelean]] • [[Mto Lenchukuti]] • [[Mto Let]] • [[Mto Loarengak]] • [[Mto Lobokat]] • [[Mto Loborio]] • [[Mto Loburet]] • [[Mto Lochan]] • [[Mto Locharakhiang]] • [[Mto Locheremoit]] • [[Mto Lochil]] • [[Mto Lochore-Angdapala]] • [[Mto Lochoro]] • [[Mto Lochurututu]] • [[Mto Lochwai]] • [[Mto Loge]] • [[Mto Logogo]] • [[Mto Logum]] • [[Mto Loitan]] • [[Mto Loiya]] • [[Mto Lokalale]] • [[Mto Lokapetemoi]] • [[Mto Lokedule]] • [[Mto Loketi]] • [[Mto Lokhosinyakhori]] • [[Mto Lokichar]] • [[Mto Lokidongo]] • [[Mto Lokimyel]] • [[Mto Lokiporrangithikiria]] • [[Mto Lokirikipi]] • [[Mto Lokitoinyala]] • [[Mto Lokomoru]] • [[Mto Lokoparaparai]] • [[Mto Lokopel]] • [[Mto Lokore]] • [[Mto Lokorikipi]] • [[Mto Lokosima-ekori]] • [[Mto Lokucho]] • [[Mto Lokuso]] • [[Mto Lokwakipi]] • [[Mto Lokwamur]] • [[Mto Lokwanamoru]] • [[Mto Lokwathinyon]] • [[Mto Lokwatubwa]] • [[Mto Lolii]] • [[Mto Lolim]] • [[Mto Lolmorton]] • [[Mto Lomeiyen]] • [[Mto Lomekwi]] • [[Mto Lomelo]] • [[Mto Lomunyan-Akirichok]] • [[Mto Lomunyenakwan]] • [[Mto Lomuryamuge]] • [[Mto Long'enya]] • [[Mto Longeleiya]] • [[Mto Longinya]] • [[Mto Loochuk]] • [[Mto Loolimo]] • [[Mto Loolung]] • [[Mto Loparokowayen]] • [[Mto Loperichich]] • [[Mto Lopiripira]] • [[Mto Lopotwa]] • [[Mto Lopuroto]] • [[Mto Loreng]] • [[Mto Lorengaloup]] • [[Mto Lorugumu]] • [[Mto Lotepakiru]] • [[Mto Lothajait]] • [[Mto Lotiman]] • [[Mto Lotirai]] • [[Mto Lotongot]] • [[Mto Lotukales]] • [[Mto Lowotha]] • [[Mto Lowoyegweli]] • [[Mto Loya]] • [[Mto Loyai Engole]] • [[Mto Lukwakore]] • [[Mto Luturut]] • [[Mto Macheremowe]] • [[Mto Makurinya]] • [[Mto Malmalte]] • [[Mto Mamchor]] • [[Mto Mamponich]] • [[Mto Marchaui]] • [[Mto Maricha]] • [[Mto Marie Mokale]] • [[Mto Marin]] • [[Mto Marso]] • [[Mto Marun]] • [[Mto Masei]] • [[Mto Mboo Sangarao]] • [[Mto Mindi]] • [[Mto Mkorwa]] • [[Mto Mogorua]] • [[Mto Moinoi]] • [[Mto Monti]] • [[Mto Morok]] • [[Mto Mortorth]] • [[Mto Mugurr]] • [[Mto Munyen]] • [[Mto Munyen (korongo)]] • [[Mto Murua Nyaap]] • [[Mto Murukirion]] • [[Mto Musgut]] • [[Mto Naalimatumak]] • [[Mto Nabar]] • [[Mto Nabelete Akoit]] • [[Mto Nabergoit]] • [[Mto Nabukut]] • [[Mto Nabwalekorot]] • [[Mto Nachalal]] • [[Mto Nachedet]] • [[Mto Nachoo]] • [[Mto Nachukui]] • [[Mto Nachurokaali]] • [[Mto Nadopua]] • [[Mto Naedakal]] • [[Mto Naekitoenyala]] • [[Mto Naeyepunetebu]] • [[Mto Nagaramoroi]] • [[Mto Nagitokonok]] • [[Mto Nagola]] • [[Mto Nagomolkipik]] • [[Mto Nagum Napala]] • [[Mto Naichetarukoin]] • [[Mto Naijokore]] • [[Mto Nairepon]] • [[Mto Naitangro]] • [[Mto Naithilum]] • [[Mto Naiyena]] • [[Mto Naiyena Angilimo]] • [[Mto Naiyena Aregae]] • [[Mto Naiyena Ekalale]] • [[Mto Naiyena Enyathanait]] • [[Mto Naiyena Kabaran]] • [[Mto Naiyenaelim]] • [[Mto Naiyenai Atulela]] • [[Mto Naiyenai Kororon]] • [[Mto Nakabothan]] • [[Mto Nakadongot]] • [[Mto Nakalalai]] • [[Mto Nakalale (korongo)]] • [[Mto Nakapeliowoi]] • [[Mto Nakaterretai]] • [[Mto Nakaton]] • [[Mto Nakatoni]] • [[Mto Nakauron]] • [[Mto Nakayot]] • [[Mto Nakejuamothing]] • [[Mto Nakeridan]] • [[Mto Nakerikan]] • [[Mto Nakeroman]] • [[Mto Nakilima]] • [[Mto Nakilowonok]] • [[Mto Nakipomye]] • [[Mto Nakito-Konon]] • [[Mto Nakitonguro]] • [[Mto Nakoret]] • [[Mto Nakuijit]] • [[Mto Nakurio]] • [[Mto Nakuwotom]] • [[Mto Nakwakal]] • [[Mto Nakwamosing]] • [[Mto Nakwee]] • [[Mto Nakwehe]] • [[Mto Nakwei]] • [[Mto Nalepet]] • [[Mto Nalibamun]] • [[Mto Namaniko]] • [[Mto Namejanit]] • [[Mto Nameturan]] • [[Mto Namuroi]] • [[Mto Nanamakali]] • [[Mto Nangamanat]] • [[Mto Nanukor]] • [[Mto Naoiatuba]] • [[Mto Naoiyapie]] • [[Mto Naon]] • [[Mto Napas]] • [[Mto Napaton]] • [[Mto Napeichom]] • [[Mto Napeitanit]] • [[Mto Napeitau]] • [[Mto Napiot]] • [[Mto Naporoto]] • [[Mto Napow]] • [[Mto Narengmor]] • [[Mto Nariokotome]] • [[Mto Narodi]] • [[Mto Narototin]] • [[Mto Narubu]] • [[Mto Nasorr]] • [[Mto Natapara]] • [[Mto Nathagait]] • [[Mto Nathekuna]] • [[Mto Nathura]] • [[Mto Nathuruken]] • [[Mto Natieket]] • [[Mto Natir]] • [[Mto Natira (Kenya)]] • [[Mto Natome]] • [[Mto Natoo]] • [[Mto Natudau]] • [[Mto Natumamong]] • [[Mto Nauruto]] • [[Mto Nawakiring]] • [[Mto Nawaton]] • [[Mto Nawoiaekalale]] • [[Mto Nayanae Koorin]] • [[Mto Nderemon]] • [[Mto Ngakile]] • [[Mto Ngatagoin]] • [[Mto Ngilimo]] • [[Mto Ngipurryo]] • [[Mto Ngiputire]] • [[Mto Ngirengo]] • [[Mto Ngombei]] • [[Mto Ngrombwe]] • [[Mto Nguapet]] • [[Mto Nguruthio]] • [[Mto Ninyit]] • [[Mto Nitelejor]] • [[Mto Niteleyo]] • [[Mto Nyaparei]] • [[Mto Nyikim]] • [[Mto Okilim]] • [[Mto Oleyapare]] • [[Mto Orengaloup]] • [[Mto Oropoi]] • [[Mto Pechipet]] • [[Mto Perekon]] • [[Mto Pesik]] • [[Mto Pongung]] • [[Mto Pulichon]] • [[Mto Reberwa]] • [[Mto Riritian]] • [[Mto Rogoch]] • [[Mto Sagat]] • [[Mto Samakitok]] • [[Mto Samuke]] • [[Mto Sasame]] • [[Mto Sebit]] • [[Mto Sergoi (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Sergothwa]] • [[Mto Seruach]] • [[Mto Siga (West Pokot)]] • [[Mto Sikawa]] • [[Mto Sinjo]] • [[Mto Siwa]] • [[Mto Sostin]] • [[Mto Sowayan]] • [[Mto Suam]] • [[Mto Suguta (Kenya)]] • [[Mto Tamabero]] • [[Mto Tamass]] • [[Mto Tamogh]] • [[Mto Tangasia]] • [[Mto Terik]] • [[Mto Thapet]] • [[Mto Thoro]] • [[Mto Tindarr]] • [[Mto Tirken]] • [[Mto Tiya]] • [[Mto Toperrnawi]] • [[Mto Torok]] • [[Mto Tugha]] • [[Mto Turkwel]] • [[Mto Tusa (ziwa Turkana)]] • [[Mto Tutuwei]] • [[Mto Uluguthe]] • [[Mto Wei Wei]] • [[Mto Yemenin]] • [[Mto Yeptos]] ===Kutoka Uganda=== Mito ifuatayo kutoka [[Uganda]] inachangia pia ziwa Turkana kupitia Kenya: [[Mto Arionomunyen]], [[Mto Chosan]], [[Mto Ekiringura]], [[Mto Kacholese]], [[Mto Kalodurr]], [[Mto Kalopomongole]], [[Mto Kanyagareng]], [[Mto Komongim]], [[Mto Koromoich]], [[Mto Laburin]], [[mto Lobuloyin]], [[Mto Lochorakwangen]], [[Mto Lodias]], [[Mto Loitabela]], [[Mto Lomapus]], [[Mto Lopedot]], [[Mto Naakot]], [[Mto Nabunei]], [[Mto Nakakerikeri]], [[Mto Nakalale]], [[Mto Nakatuman]], [[Mto Namusio]], [[Mto Nangolipia]], [[Mto Natire]], [[Mto Naunyet]], [[Mto Nauyagum]], [[Mto Onogin]] na [[Mto Otiko]]. ===Kutoka Sudan Kusini=== Mito mingine inayochangia ziwa hilo inaanzia [[Sudan Kusini]], hasa [[mto Kibish]]. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Ethiopia|Turkana]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya|Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana| ]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya chumvi]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Marsabit]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] tjur7218mqvu7ejjuf7o4flvekkgy0v 0 5576 1577306 1577245 2026-06-28T13:16:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:~2026-56402-4|~2026-56402-4]] 1483749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mushonge Museum, Kamachumu Plateau, Kagera Region, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|420x420px|Mushonge Museum, Kamachumu Plateau, Mkoa wa Kagera, TZ.]] '''Wahaya''' ni [[kabila]] la [[watu]] linalopatikana katika [[Mkoa wa Kagera]], Kaskazini Magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]], kandokando ya [[Ziwa Victoria]] hadi mpakani kwa [[Uganda]]. [[Lugha]] yao ni [[Kihaya]]. Kabila hilo ndilo linalojulikana kuliko yote ya mkoa wa Kagera, ila ndani yake kuna vijikabila vidogovidogo, kama vile Waziba wa [[Kiziba]], Wahamba wa Kihanja, Wayoza wa Kyamutwara (eneo hili linaunganisha Manispaa ya Bukoba) Wakala wa Maruku na Waendangabo wa [[Bugabo]], Wanyaiyangilo wa [[Muleba]], Wasubi wa [[Biharamulo]], [[Walongo]] wa [[Geita]]. Wengine huwafananisha na Wanyambo wa [[Karagwe]] na [[Kyerwa]]. Lakini kimsingi ni makabila mawili tofauti yenye ukaribu: hutofautiana kuanzia historia Yao, lafudhi mpaka majina ya vitu. Tofauti kati ya vijikabila zinatambulika kutokana na mabadiliko madogo madogo tu ya maneno na pia [[lafudhi]] ya Kihaya ya hiyo sehemu, [[chakula]], [[ngoma za asili]], majina ya asili. Mfano: [[Kiazi kitamu|Viazi vitamu]] (Kiswahili) = ebitakuli (Kiziba) = enfuma (Kihamba, Kiyoza na Kinyaihangilo). Wahaya ni maarufu kwa [[uzalishaji]] wa [[ndizi]] na [[kahawa]]. Ni kabila ambalo hupenda sifa, kujisifu na kusifiwa. Pia kabila hilo halitasahaulika kwa jinsi walivyopata shida [[mwaka]] [[1978]] kutokana na [[vita vya Kagera]]. Elimu: kuingia kwa [[wamisionari]] katika [[karne ya 19]] ambao walianzisha [[shule]] nyingi za awali na za kati ambapo ilibidi mtu [[Ubatizo|abatizwe]] ili aweze kupata [[elimu]]. [[Wazazi]] wengi walipeleka [[watoto]] wao kubatizwa na hapo kukaanza mvutano, sababu wamisionari walikuwa [[Wakatoliki]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uswisi]] na [[Walutheri]] kutoka [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uholanzi]]. Ndipo kukaanza mashindano ya kuanzisha shule nyingi ili kupata waumini wengi. Wamisionari pia wakawa mstari wa mbele kufungua [[hospitali]] nyingi kila wilaya na [[chuo cha ufundi|vyuo vya ufundi]]. Ndiyo maana maeneo hayo ya Kagera elimu ni ya juu kwa wakazi wake na huduma za [[afya]] kuliko mikoa jirani. Na [[kilimo]] cha [[kahawa]] kiliwapa wenyeji fedha za kujenga [[nyumba]] bora na kupeleka watoto wao kwenye elimu ya juu zaidi. Pia kulianzishwa chama cha ushirika cha [[mkoa]] ambacho kilianzisha shule za watoto wa [[wakulima]] kuwasomesha na kutoa mikopo. Eneo hilo lilizidi kurutubishwa kushinda maeneo mengine mengi ya nchi kutoa Uchagga. Pia wamisionari walianzisha shule za [[utawa]], [[seminari]] na chuo cha kutoa [[Padri|mapadri]] wao wenyewe. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-utamaduni-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] c11c5g9uo0lmd2ir8oc3yhgxh53qsze 0 7015 1577330 1098844 2026-06-28T14:51:12Z Mateo.Mfalme 16049 /* */ tarehe ya kifo 1577330 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parmukh Singh Hoogan''' (amezaliwa [[7 Desemba]], [[1955]] - ameaga dunia 27 Juni 2026) ni [[Wabunge wa Tanzania|Mbunge]] katika [[Bunge]] la [[Tanzania]]. ==Chanzo== * Tovuti ya [http://www.bunge.go.tz Bunge la Tanzania] <ref>https://peoplepill.com/people/parmukh-singh-hoogan/</ref> {{Mbegu-wanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hoogan, Parmukh Singh}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] 3gacqd0tydkbyr7t17jurch1e2kqutr 0 7797 1577402 1497645 2026-06-29T07:04:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;"><big> المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية </big><br />''Al-Mamlakah al-Urduniya al-Hāšimiya''</span> |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Ufalme wa Kihashemi wa Yordani</span> |common_name = Yordani |image_flag = Flag of Jordan.svg |image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg |image_map = LocationJordan.svg |national_anthem = <big> عاش المليك </big><br />''[[' ash al-malik]]'' &nbsp;&nbsp;<small><br />"Heri kwa mfalme"</small> |official_languages = [[Kiarabu]] |capital = [[Amman]] |latd=31 |latm=57 |latNS=N |longd=35 |longm=56 |longEW=E |government_type = [[Ufalme wa Kikatiba]] |leader_titles = [[Mfalme]]<br />[[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Abdullah II wa Yordani|Abdullah II]]<br />[[Bisher Al-Khasawneh]] |largest_city = Amman |area = 89,342 |areami² = 35,637 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ya 112 |area_magnitude = |area_highest point = Jabal Ramm |area_lowest point = Bahari ya Chumvi |percent_water = 0.8 |population_estimate = 10,407,793 <!--UN WPP--> |population_estimate_year = Julai 2019 |population_estimate_rank = ya 86 |population_census = 9,531,712 |population_census_year = 2015 | population_density = 114 | population_densitymi² = 295.3 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = ya 70 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = $27.96 billioni |<!--IMF--> GDP_PPP_rank = ya 97 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,825 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 103 | HDI_year = 2004 | HDI = +0.760 | HDI_rank = ya 86 | HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | sovereignty_note = <small> Kutoka [[Uingereza]]</small> | established_events = Tarehe | established_dates = <br />[[25 Mei]] [[1946]] | currency = [[Dinar ya Yordani]] | currency_code = JOD | time_zone = [[UTC]]+2 | utc_offset = +2| time_zone_DST = [[UTC]]+3 | utc_offset_DST = +3| cctld = [[.jo]] | calling_code = 962 | |ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = JO | |ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = JOR | |ISO_3166-1_numeric = 400 | |sport_code = JOR | |vehicle_code = JOR | }} '''Yordani''', rasmi kama '''Ufalme wa Kihashemi wa Yordani''', ni nchi katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]], inayopakana na [[Syria]] kaskazini, [[Iraq]] kaskazini-mashariki, [[Saudi Arabia]] mashariki na kusini, [[Israeli]] na [[Palestina]] magharibi. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 11.5, ikiwa ya 80 duniani. Jiji lake kubwa zaidi na mji mkuu ni [[Amman]]. Yordani imegawanyika katika mikoa 12. Inajulikana kwa mji wa kale wa Petra [[Jina]] la nchi limetokana na [[mto Yordani]] ambao ni [[mpaka]] wake upande wa [[magharibi]] na [[Israeli]] na eneo la [[Palestina]] ya leo. [[Jina rasmi]] ni '''Ufalme wa Kihashemi wa Yordani''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]:<big> المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية </big>) kutokana na familia ya kifalme. Imepakana na [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], Palestina na Israeli. Ina [[pwani]] fupi kwenye [[Ghuba ya Aqaba]] ya [[Bahari ya Shamu]]. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Amman]]. ==Jiografia== Sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni [[jangwa]]. [[File:Dead sea newspaper.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bahari ya Chumvi]] ina kiwango kikubwa cha chumvi, kiasi kwamba watu wanaweza kuelea juu yake bila juhudi yoyote.]] == Historia == Nchi ya sasa ilianzishwa kwa [[jina]] la "Transjordan" (ng'ambo ya mto Yordani) kama sehemu ya eneo la [[Palestina]] lililotawaliwa na [[Uingereza]] kwa niaba ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] baada ya mwaka [[1918]]. Waingereza waliamua kutenganisha eneo hilo na Palestina upande wa [[magharibi]] wa mto Yordani na kuiweka tangu mwaka 1921 chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya [[Abdullah bin al-Husayn]] wa [[familia]] ya [[Wahashemi]] aliyekuwa [[mtoto]] wa [[Sharif wa Makka]] wa mwisho kabla ya [[mji]] huu kutwaliwa na Wasaudi. Kwa hatua hiyo Uingereza ililenga kuimarisha uhusiano wake na makabila ya [[Waarabu]] wa jangwa. Abdullahi alitawala awali kwa cheo cha [[emir]] baadaye kama mfalme wa "Transjordan". [[Jeshi]] lake lilishiriki katika [[vita]] ya mgawanyo wa Palestina na Israeli miaka [[1948]]-[[1949]] na kushika sehemu ya Palestina isiyotawaliwa na Israeli. Baada ya [[vita ya siku sita]] ya mwaka [[1967]] maeneo yote upande wa magharibi wa mto Yordani yaliyotawaliwa na mfalme [[Hussein II]] mwandamizi wa Abdallah tangu mwaka [[1952]]. Mwishowe aliacha madai yote ya utawala juu ya sehemu hizo. [[File:An Aerial View of the Za'atri Refugee Camp.jpg|thumb|left|Sehemu ya kambi ya [[Zaatari]] yenye wakimbizi 80,000 kutoka Syria.]] ==Watu== Wenyeji walio wengi (95-97%) ni Waarabu wenye [[undugu]] mkubwa ki[[jenetikia]] na [[Waashuru]] Wakristo ambao ni 0.8%. Kuna umati wa [[wakimbizi]] kutoka Palestina (ingawa wengi wamepata [[uraia]]) na miaka ya mwisho kutoka Iraki na Siria. Wageni wote ni 30% za wakazi. [[Lugha rasmi]] na ya kawaida ni [[Kiarabu]]. Upande wa [[dini]], 95% ni [[Waislamu]] (karibu wote [[Wasuni]]), 4% ni [[Wakristo]] (hasa [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Wakatoliki]]), 1% ni [[Wadruzi]] na wachache ni [[Bahai]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] == Viungo vya nje == * {{en}} [http://www.jordan.gov.jo/wps/portal Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jordan.gov.jo/wps/portal |date=20140716161259 }} * [http://www.arabisch.tv/sender/jordan.shtml Jordan national TV channel (live)]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{CIA World Factbook link|jo|Jordan}} * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/jordan-version/snapshot.aspx Jordan Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] * {{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Jordan}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14631981 Jordan profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Jordan}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=JO Key Development Forecasts for Jordan] from [[International Futures]]. {{Asia}} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Yordani|Yordani]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] gwlseft9n4x817vfnan0fdrd1sthi7w 3 14699 1577417 1575258 2026-06-29T09:40:37Z Rei Momo 16685 /* Un bollente abbraccio italiano */ mjadala mpya 1577417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{archive box collapsible| *[[User:Riccardo Riccioni/Archive 1|Januri 2008 — Juni 9, 2024]] }} ==Fransisko wa Asizi== Riccardo, salam. Nd. Riccardo, ile makala ya Fransisko wa Asizi, umeandika safi sana na inaeleweka. Lakini je vipi kuhusu mwaka aliozaliwa huyu bwana unaujua? Natumai utakuwa umeitafsiri kutoka wiki zingine ama sivyo? Natumai ndivyo!! Basi kama utaweza kuandika mwanzo kabisa mwaka aliozaliwa itakuwa bora zaidi. Labada nikupe mfano mdogo: '''Fransisko wa Asizi''' (tarehe na mwaka aliozaliwa) alikuwa mtakatifu kutoka nchini Italia. Asizi alizaliwa katika mkoa wa Umbria, wilaya ya Perugia, Italia.... Kisha unaweka kama ndugu na mambo mengine!! Haya basi kama hujaelewa labda umwulize Kipala atakupa habari zaidi!! Kingine usisahau kuweka InterWiki katika makala yako kama ipo katika wiki zingine-'''<nowiki>[[it:Fransisko of Asizi]]</nowiki>''' (sijui kwa lugha ya Kitaliano wanahitaje) lakini inategemea na lugha vyovyote vile inaswihi. Kingine kuweka vichwa katika makala, hili nenda kaangalie makala yako utaona nimefanya vipi mpaka kimekuja kichwa cha habari-[[Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Sina mengi na nakutakia kheri ya mwaka mpya na furaha tele moyoni!!--[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]] 05:08, 7 Januari 2008 (UTC) Kuna kitu nimesahau kukueleza. Kuweka jamii au category katika makala, mfano: '''<nowiki>[[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]]</nowiki>''' au '''<nowiki>[[Category:Watakatifu]]</nowiki>''' na nyingine ya mwaka aliozaliwa -unaweka mabano kama hayo kisha unaadika (Waliozaliwa 19 na...) kama kafa unaandika Waliofariki (mwaka aliokufa). Natumai utakuwa umeelewa!!--[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]] 05:20, 7 Januari 2008 (UTC) == Inquiry == Hello Riccardo. I've seen in article's history (Tafsiri ya Vishazi na Virai ...) that you removed the image that goes with the article. I thought it's a good Wikipedia practice to communicate with you to inquire for the reason. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|Dee Soulza]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|majadiliano]])''' 18:03, 8 Juni 2024 (UTC) :Yes, it's a good practice. The reason is that the image was not more visible. I don't know why, but if you can restore its visibility, let you do. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:56, 9 Juni 2024 (UTC) == [[:File:Sumbawan languages.png]] == Hi Ricardo! helped me to add this Linguistic map of the Sumbawa language to Wikipedia English for the Sumbawa language thanks. [[File:Sumbawan languages.png|thumb|Areas where Sumbawa language is spoken]] [[Maalum:Michango/140.213.127.134|140.213.127.134]] 16:51, 15 Juni 2024 (UTC) Why don't you yourself add it? I see there a editing war... Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:21, 16 Juni 2024 (UTC) :Ha ha ha h aha... Umeona siwe tabu. Dah! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''</sub></font>]]</span> <font face="Comic sans">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]] 10:00, 20 Juni 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Makala_za_msingi/Sanaa]] == Ndugu [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]], Unadhani una muda wa kupitia makala za msingi? Pengine ukatafsiri vichwa vya makala? Nitaangalia namna ya kujaza makala hayo. Lakini nitahakikisha yanakuwemo humu. Unisamehe sana kwa usumbufu. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''</sub></font>]]</span> <font face="Comic sans">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]] 09:59, 20 Juni 2024 (UTC) :Ndugu, kazi hiyo ni kubwa sana, ila bahati nzuri tulikwishafanya mimi na marehemu wetu mpenzi Kipala. Tazama: [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo]], [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi 1000 - orodha ya awali iliyopanuliwa]], [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo/Zote 1000]]. Sijui kwa nini wanaoandaa edithatons wanaelekeza wahariri wapya kuandika makala juu ya watu wasiojulikana sana au ni maarufu kwa ushoga wao badala ya kutunga kurasa hizi za msingi... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 23 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Unisamehe kwa kutunza kumbukumbu zako nje ya mfuko wa majadiliano == Ndugu Riccardo, Kama umetambua hivi sasa majadiliano yako yanaonekana kiduchu sana. Nimeyahifadhi katika nyaraka zako kwa vile ni muhimu sana ziwepo. Pia unisamehe kwa kuja nyumbani na kuvunja vitu pasipo-adabu! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''</sub></font>]]</span> <font face="Comic sans">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]] 07:43, 23 Juni 2024 (UTC) No problem! Tuko pamoja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 23 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Pendekezo la kuondoa wakabidhi == Ndugu Riccardo, Kuna pendekezo hapa. Naomba upige kura; https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Pendekezo_la_kuondoa_WAKABIDHI_wasio_hai Amani kwako. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''</sub></font>]]</span> <font face="Comic sans">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]] 06:11, 8 Julai 2024 (UTC) == Deleting files == Hello! I can't find the administrators notice board so I write to you because you are the most active admin. All files need a valid license and I noticed that a number of files on [[Maalum:FailiZisizotumika]] does not have a valid license. Some have been nominated for deletion and can be seen in [[:Jamii:Makala kwa ufutaji]]. Perhaps you can have a look and delete the files? The files in [[:Jamii:NowCommons]] can most likely also be deleted. Also GFDL is not a good license for media files so perhaps you can remove it from [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]? --'''[[Mtumiaji:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MGA73|majadiliano]])''' 17:45, 17 Agosti 2024 (UTC) Please do NOT use page blanking as deletion replacement, but please always DELETE for real. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|Kalunde Salome]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|majadiliano]])''' 13:06, 30 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Ahsante sana bwana Riccardo == '''Kiongozi''', nimefurahishwa sana na marekebisho ya kiufundi uliyoyafanya kwenye makala ya changamoto za Kiswahili. ''Aluta continua.'' Idumu Wikipidia ya Kiswahili''.'' '''[[Mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|Dee Soulza]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|majadiliano]])''' 16:56, 30 Agosti 2024 (UTC) ==Childbirth== Does SW WP not have an article on childbirth?[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34581#sitelinks-wikipedia]. Not clear why this one was removed?[https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuzaa&action=history] [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 07:08, 4 Septemba 2024 (UTC) :Dear doctor, as you know from the past, the translations you promote have very problems, starting from the titles. We had an article about generation, but not about human childbirth. Now I have transferred your page on kuzaa to a new one about [[kujifungua]], that is human childbirth. No more. We are trying to accept your contributions, though recurrent mistakes, e.g. many links in the text redirecting to English title not existing in Sw Wiki, or missing categories below. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:51, 4 Septemba 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you for being willing to collaborate. I am of course working with volunteers and introducing them to Wikipedia. While they are generally language experts / translators they are not Wikipedia experts. ::We can put all articles translated into [[Jamii:Afya]]/[[Jamii:Madawa]] automatically if that would help. Have added attribution to Kujifungua. ::What do you mean by "many links in the text redirecting to English title". The software should automatically be substituting EN link with SW links and if it is not I can file a bug report. Best [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 13:16, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) :::Software is a machine... I found such wrong links in your articles, though I had not time to correct all of them. Peace to you, doctor! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:19, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) ::::Okay found the link issue... Will see what is happening and what we can do to prevent it going forwards. [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 13:31, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) :::::E.G. link to [[affect (psychology)]] in the first text of the now redirected Ugonjwa wa kutotulia kihisia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:34, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) ::::::Thank you for all your help. We will continue to work on improving our efforts. Best [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 10:14, 9 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == Padre Giovanni Losi == Carissimo Riccardo, Pace! Come stai? Io abbastanza bene!!! A dine mese avremo un nuovo parroco, don Andrea Legranzini, proveniente da Boffalora d'Adda. Lo aspettiamo felici!!! Ti chiedo, per favore, un piccolo favore, se potessi aprirmi questa piccola pagina in Swahili. Ri invio una bozza: <nowiki>[[Image:Father Giovanni Losi MCCI.jpg|Right|thumb|220px|Giovanni Losi (1865).]] '''Giovanni Losi''' (amezaliwa [[Caselle Landi]], 29 November 1838 – 27 December 1882) ni alikuwa kasisi wa Kiitaliano na mmisionari [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]] nchini [[Italia]]. Alipewa upadre mwaka 1862, mwaka 1872 alikwenda Sudan pamoja na Daniele Comboni, hadi El-Obeid.<ref>Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 334</ref> aliandika, pamoja na Padre Bonomi, katekisimu na kamusi ya lugha ya Kinubi.<ref>[https://www.comboni.org/fratelli/106304 In Pace Christi - Giovanni Losi]</ref> Baada ya kifo cha Comboni mnamo 1881, alikua mrithi wake hadi 1882, mwaka wa kifo chake.<ref>Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 336</ref> La traduzuione sarebbe: Ordinato sacerdote nel 1862, nel 1872 andò in Sudan con daniele Comboni, a El-Obeid. ha scitto, con padre Bonomi, un catechismo e un dizionario della lingua Nubiana. Alla morte di Comboni, nel 1881, è diventato il suo successore fino al 1882, anno della sua morte. Grzie di tutto quello che fai per me. Buon fine settimana!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 10:05, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC) Sarebbe così: [[Image:Father Giovanni Losi MCCI.jpg|Right|thumb|220px|Giovanni Losi (1865).]] '''Giovanni Losi''' ([[Caselle Landi]], [[29 Novemba]] [[1838]] – [[27 Desemba]] [[1882]]) alikuwa [[kasisi]] na [[mmisionari]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Italia]]. Baada ya kupewa [[upadirisho]] [[mwaka]] [[1862]], mwaka [[1872]] pamoja na [[Daniele Comboni]] alikwenda [[Sudan]], hadi [[El-Obeid]].<ref>Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 334</ref> Huko aliandika, pamoja na padre Bonomi, [[katekisimu]] na [[kamusi]] ya [[lugha]] ya [[Kinubi]].<ref>[https://www.comboni.org/fratelli/106304 In Pace Christi - Giovanni Losi]</ref> Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Comboni mnamo [[1881]], alikua [[mrithi]] wake hadi 1882, mwaka wa kifo chake.<ref>Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 336</ref> </nowiki> ===Tanbihi=== {{Reflist}} ===Viungo vya nje=== * [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-losi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ ''Dizionario biografico degli italiani''] <nowiki>{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Losi, Giovanni}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1838]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1882]] [[Jamii:watu wa Italia]]</nowiki> '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 10:04, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == [[Giovanni Losi]] == Grazie di tutto, per il gradissimo aiuto!!! Che padre Losi interceda per tutti noi!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 06:35, 18 Septemba 2024 (UTC) Grazie di tutto, Pace!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 20:40, 19 Septemba 2024 (UTC) ==Wikidata links== Hey Riccardo... The SW Mpox article was linked to the outbreak[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q112070734&diff=2254757978&oldid=2234414990] rather then the disease itself.[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q382370&diff=2254758018&oldid=2254610542] Have fixed. [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 17:20, 30 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == Request == Can you please take a look at [[:Jamii:Makala kwa ufutaji]]? Thanks, '''[[Mtumiaji:TenWhile6|TenWhile6]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:TenWhile6|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 24 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) == Redirect == [[mwandiko]] is nothing but redirect to [[maandishi]]. Missing content exists in [[w:it:jod]] [[w:it:sho (lettera)]] @ [[w:it:Template:Alfabeto_greco_navbox]]. Please import it here, thank you. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-8390|&#126;2024-8390]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-8390|talk]]) 17:32, 3 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :I wonder if you know the meaning of both articles. They are not the same as you claimed. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:01, 4 Novemba 2024 (UTC) ::Dear Muddy, thanks. As usual, they don't know our language. All the same, I have changed the redirect to a full article about "handwriting". Peace to both of you. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:21, 4 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :::Ajabu kabisa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 05:53, 10 Novemba 2024 (UTC) ::::FYI: both Greek letters are already here in Kiswahili, but need to get missing content from Italian articles into Kiswahili ones. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-25812|&#126;2024-25812]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-25812|talk]]) 14:04, 9 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Malicious foreign patrollers == They tend to mess anonymous users, they are worse than blatant vandals. Example: *http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuuawa_kwa_Alvin_Cole&diff=1363270&oldid=1344998 *http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuuawa_kwa_Alvin_Cole&diff=1363448&oldid=1363308 [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-12800|&#126;2024-12800]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-12800|talk]]) 14:58, 13 Novemba 2024 (UTC) Example: *http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_ya_Kirumi&diff=933633&oldid=933629 *http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_ya_Kirumi&diff=933628&oldid=933625 PATROLLER twice vandalizes correct IP's correct repair of redirect which requires REDIRECT word to function properly. FYI: ALREADY banned permanently. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-15320|&#126;2024-15320]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-15320|talk]]) 17:15, 18 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :Hey Riccardo, I'm seeing that you blocked [[Mtumiaji:Pmlineditor|Pmlineditor]] in response to this message. Pmlineditor is a former steward who has not edited any Wikimedia project in ~3 years, and the linked edits were from 2014. While it doesn't have any practical effect (since Pmlineditor has retired) I'd ask that you unblock their account. Best regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:EPIC|EPIC]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EPIC|majadiliano]])''' 22:33, 20 Novemba 2024 (UTC) [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kujifunza_kwa_mashine&diff=1370974&oldid=1370973 Joke edits] done back and forth, another example of foreigner who even does not know Kiswahili nor content layout itself. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-24650|&#126;2024-24650]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-24650|talk]]) 09:40, 8 Desemba 2024 (UTC) Borhan / Tanbiruzzaman appear to be mutual sock puppets, both are from Bengal Wikipedia and both are doing troubles here. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-24315|&#126;2024-24315]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-24315|talk]]) 14:57, 8 Desemba 2024 (UTC) Enough is Enough! [[Maalum:Michango/HakanIST]] + [[Maalum:Michango/Borhan]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Talman Talman|Talman Talman]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Talman Talman|majadiliano]])''' 11:39, 14 Desemba 2024 (UTC) [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja&diff=1328553&oldid=1327815 This alone] shows what is worth dependence upon not so own hosting infrastructure. It is peak of this foreign intervention scandal, as of 2024 year. We must not bow to this all, never! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-30687|&#126;2024-30687]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-30687|talk]]) 17:58, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) What a utter nonsense! Patroller today again reverts perfectly GOOD edits like this: [[Maalum:Michango/WikiBayer]] while REAL vandalism like this: [[Maalum:Michango/Marcleonard_Galus]] and this [[Maalum:Michango/~2024-31972]] completely escapes their attention. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 12:46, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) '''You''' should undelete them all. [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu?type=delete&user=LR0725 Mass Article Deletion] with impunity by external interventionists is '''UNWANTED''' here. '''You''' improved them all already. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-31475|&#126;2024-31475]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-31475|talk]]) 12:50, 25 Desemba 2024 (UTC) [[Maalum:Michango/Ternera]] - nonsense edit warring against [[w:en:Wikipedia:Edit_warring#The_three-revert_rule]] despite of correct header edits from us. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 17:06, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) R.R. don't be shy, show this RED ATHEIST place in a row, simply because he administratively harasses INNOCENT USERS: http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu/1234qwer1234qwer4 Really, he is petty global admin-snitch who on META tells around the clock that those are norse breiviks, or similar ALIKES! 10:38, 22 Februari 2025 (UTC) == Infoboxes == Do you know any Wikipedian who could fix "infobox drug" and "infobox birth control" so those en.wikipedia.org infoboxes also work on sw.wikipedia.org? Thanks. '''[[Mtumiaji:Lucas559|Lucas559]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lucas559|majadiliano]])''' 21:13, 18 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :No, but let you ask [[mtumiaji:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]]. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:24, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :Hi [[Mtumiaji:Lucas559|Lucas559]]! I'm always happy to help bring templates to the Swahili Wikipedia, but I have to leave the translations to others at the moment. Let me know if you need help doing the former ''[[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rich Farmbrough|Rich Farmbrough]]'' , <small>22:12, 8 Desemba 2024 (UTC).</small><br /> == Eternal page protections == Even in bigger Wikipedias pages are typically protected for finite time at most. I feel that eternal time is too excessive, and offenders are typically doing disruption for no longer than one year. Can you shorten all these [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&user=Kipala&limit=500 eternal page protections] to at least one year? As for now, all related offenders are long gone, and honest "temporary accounts" are unable to edit at all. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jeriba$higanu|Jeriba$higanu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jeriba$higanu|majadiliano]])''' 10:09, 9 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :It's a very long list and needs time to shorten their protection. Very badly, the one who used to eternally protect those pages has died. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:22, 9 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ::So at least can you NOW unprotect [[Digamma]] and [[Pai (herufi)]] for now? None of other Greek letters including those protected ones, were ever vandalized at all since years. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jeriba$higanu|Jeriba$higanu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jeriba$higanu|majadiliano]])''' 10:24, 9 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == [[w:it:Wikipedia:Verificabilità#Fonti_dubbie]] == Per un'enciclopedia, le fonti dovrebbero essere indiscutibili. '''Un'enciclopedia non è una fonte primaria''': i suoi autori non conducono interviste né compiono ricerche originali. Dunque, qualunque cosa sia inclusa in Wikipedia dovrebbe essere già stata trattata in trascrizioni, ricerche, studi o reportage altrui che abbiano possibilmente goduto di considerazione a livello accademico e/o internazionale. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-25658|&#126;2024-25658]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-25658|talk]]) 08:08, 10 Desemba 2024 (UTC) Io lo so, ma altri no. Grazie per avere eliminato molte fonti dubbie. Pace a te! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:17, 10 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :To avoid resurgence of fake pseudoreference plague recently cleaned in hundreds of articles, can you put inside adminprotected [[template:Karibu]] advice against doing <nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki> entries containing links to any and all WIKIMEDIA/WIKIPEDIA sites, by declaring there that purely external sources are always needed? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kokamamie|Kokamamie]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kokamamie|majadiliano]])''' 13:20, 12 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :It is weak English, please change in [[template:Karibu]] relevant statement to: by writing '''them''' themselves. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kokamamie|Kokamamie]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kokamamie|majadiliano]])''' 08:00, 13 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Page CAN be editprotected even if AFTER deletion == [[Wikipedia:Mkaguzi wa watumiaji]] - vandalism newpage, delete first, protect second. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-27968|&#126;2024-27968]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-27968|talk]]) 08:38, 14 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Technical errors == [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&diff=1376422&oldid=1376415 this diff shows you reinserted TAB] (tabulators), where spaces should normally be. [[Maalum:Michango/~2024-27447]] edited correctly, restoring YOUR version but WITHOUT TAB (tabulators). Can you remove these TAB (tabulators) again? Simple as self-revert in this case. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-27442|&#126;2024-27442]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-27442|talk]]) 12:26, 14 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Nuova foto nella pagina [[Giovanni Losi]] == Carissimo padre Riccardo, pace!!! Ho aggiunto una foto in questa pagina e ti chiederei, per favore, di controllare se la didascalia è esatta. Volevo dire: ''La strada dedicata a padre Losi, a Caselle Landi''. Grazie mille per il tuo prezioso aiuto. Approfitto per farti tanti auguri di un Santo natale e Buon 2025, tanta Luce del Signore per te. A presto '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 14:03, 14 Desemba 2024 (UTC) : Grazie mille di tutto, il tuo aiuto è sempre prezioso!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 08:27, 17 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == EXAMPLE: [[talk:Beka Flavour]] == Orphan talk WITHOUT its article - nothing but nonsense, please delete. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-27365|&#126;2024-27365]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-27365|talk]]) 07:50, 15 Desemba 2024 (UTC) FYI: ON any NORMAL wikipedia talk pages are ALWAYS to be deleted when its page is not existing. Example: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=Talk%3ABijoy+Smarani+University+College 04:11, 15 December 2024 Liz talk contribs deleted page Talk:Bijoy Smarani University College (G8: Talk page of a deleted or non-existent page) [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-27882|&#126;2024-27882]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-27882|talk]]) 09:11, 15 Desemba 2024 (UTC) I see you deleted it already. It was sad it was overlooked too long. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 12:59, 25 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Yesterday new account flood == I lost whole day correcting '''misedits''' done by them all. Most problematic user is this [[Special:contribs/Marcleonard_Galus]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-30796|&#126;2024-30796]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-30796|talk]]) 09:09, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) "Macleonard Galus" partially includes vandalisms, I clean after him. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 08:48, 23 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :Thank you for your collaboration, @[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]]. We appreciate it. Our problem is the private initiative of starting Editathons without good preparation, so the new users unconsciously do so many vandalisms, causing every time lost of a lot of time. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:01, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ::Can you force good preparation before EVERY Editathon, so it will not have to be massively corrected like above temporary account and I done collaboratively? '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 12:34, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :::We sysops discussed about the problem but someone does go on his way! Let you give us suggestions. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:36, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ::::Before any Editathon, organizer should meet you obligatorily, and non-WMF wiki should be used for editing exercises before going to real Wikipedia editing. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 12:42, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ::::Macleonard Gallus strikes back, he only [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi._Shakila&diff=1380879&oldid=1380876 repeatedly] does multiapostrophe trashing, he is STUBBORN. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 14:59, 28 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ::::[[Maalum:Michango/Said_Mohamed_Mgeleka]] Stubborn advertising. '''[[Mtumiaji:FARȢK GADU|FARȢK GADU]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:FARȢK GADU|majadiliano]])''' 17:37, 29 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Mtumiaji VS Majadiliano ya mtumiaji == Position correcte pour <nowiki>{{karibu}}</nowiki> est en "majadiliano ya mtumiaji". Raison: "Vous avez un nouveau message" automatiquement. '''[[Mtumiaji:ErvanElman|ErvanElman]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ErvanElman|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 25 Desemba 2024 (UTC) "Karibu" is NOT to be placed on non-talk USER page, because receiver never will get this: "You have a new Talk page message". [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-31611|&#126;2024-31611]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-31611|talk]]) 18:13, 25 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :Merci beaucoup. Thanks. I do know it well. My mystakes only occurred accidentally while correctly welcoming many new users yesterday. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:18, 26 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == U4C Notification == Hello Riccardo Riccioni,<br /> You are named in a recently filed request to the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Please review the request at [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] You are requested to enter your statement and any other material you wish to submit, so that the U4C can get a better overview of the situation. All writing should be complete, but also as concise as possible. Please ensure that you make all comments in your own section and in the discussion section only. If the U4C makes a decision, this will be binding for you and so your participation is recommended. Please do not reply here, but on the linked case page, or on the associated talk page. If you would like to contact the U4C directly, you will find an e-mail address [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee#How_to_contact_U4C|here]]. Please use the email only if privacy is necessary (e.g. personal information). Best, On behalf of the U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 10:21, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ;(tafsiri otomatiki) :Hujambo Riccardo Riccioni, :Ulitajwa katika ombi lililowasilishwa hivi majuzi kwa Kamati ya Uratibu ya Kanuni za Maadili ya Jumla [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] (U4C). Tafadhali kagua ombi lako kwenye [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] :Unaombwa kuweka taarifa yako na nyenzo nyingine yoyote unayotaka kuwasilisha, ili U4C iweze kuelewa vyema hali hiyo. Maandishi yote yanapaswa kuwa kamili, lakini pia kwa ufupi iwezekanavyo. Hakikisha umechapisha maoni yote katika sehemu yako na sehemu ya majadiliano pekee. Ikiwa U4C itafanya uamuzi, itakulazimu na kwa hivyo tunapendekeza ushiriki. :Tafadhali usijibu hapa, lakini kwenye ukurasa wa kesi uliounganishwa au ukurasa wa mazungumzo unaohusishwa. Ikiwa ungependa kuwasiliana na U4C moja kwa moja, utapata barua pepe hapa. Tafadhali tumia barua pepe tu ikiwa unahitaji faragha (k.m. maelezo ya kibinafsi). :Karibuni sana, :Kwa niaba ya kamati ya U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 10:21, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :As an individual I encourage you to please participate in the next 3-5 days. (Kama mtu binafsi ninakuhimiza tafadhali ushiriki katika siku 3-5 zijazo.) '''[[Mtumiaji:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Barkeep49|majadiliano]])''' 01:46, 9 Januari 2025 (UTC) == [[Lugha ya Adamu]] == {{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} See explanation: [[Majadiliano:Lugha ya Adamu]]. <blockquote> '''Anna Katharina Emmerick''' in her revelation was informed, that especially three languages of [[Baktria]], [[Zendia]], [[India]] are FIRST EVER descendants of language of [[Adamu]], of course in regard of purity as measure of being LEAST CHANGED from language of [[Adamu]] itself. </blockquote> Please add this to article in Swahili version, I need your effort because I tried to write this sentence in Swahili, and it turned ungramatical. Without this addition, article is still incomplete. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mwanajoka|Mwanajoka]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mwanajoka|majadiliano]])''' 10:10, 1 Januari 2025 (UTC) {{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} Do him a favor, please. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 15:45, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) What I put in "blockquote frame" is technically needed to identify language of [[Adamu]] as essentially being RING0 "protoindogermanic" ancestor of RING1 "indoiranic" descendants. It shows that descendant RING2 will be the rest of "indoeuropean" languages, with subsequent "NON-indoeuropean" descendant rings being less and less similar to language of [[Adamu]] itself. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mwanajoka|Mwanajoka]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mwanajoka|majadiliano]])''' 09:07, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Small Wiki Monitoring Team == Thou will REGRET all SYSOP-ONLY page protections when WMF desysop thee: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu?type=protect&user=Riccardo+Riccioni [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-10150|&#126;2025-10150]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-10150|talk]]) 12:12, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Stewards from time to time globally lock local established users like [[Maalum:Michango/Resnick-mike|this one]] out of their accounts for some alleged "long term sexual abuse". It seems that SWAHILI both sysops and users are under siege from WMF. Pure colonialist approach. They still do not dare to do this to local sysops, but they feel that doing this to local users can be done with impunity. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-13588|&#126;2025-13588]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-13588|talk]]) 08:41, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::Do you happen to have any vivid proof to support your notion? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 12:01, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::Support is here if you wish: [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFRUCA_Africans_Unite_Against_Child_Abuse&diff=1379881&oldid=1366743 AFRUCA] - stewards are very itchy at newbies touching sexual abuse topics. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-14050|&#126;2025-14050]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-14050|talk]]) 12:30, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::I have seen the user made sizable number of edits. I haven't found any problem with the account in question. Let me go to the Steward who locked the guy. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 12:36, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::::Do not forget they believe malicious denunciations against you local sysops, they can as well believe similar fascist calumnies against their victims. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-13839|&#126;2025-13839]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-14050|talk]]) 12:46, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::::"Checkuser Tools" in case of repeatedly overlapping dynamic IPs between totally unrelated users can produce fake results. '''[[Mtumiaji:$ilas duguda|$ilas duguda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:$ilas duguda|majadiliano]])''' 13:02, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::::::Swahili Wikipedia MUST officially opt-out from Small Wiki Monitoring Team surveillance. Too many collateral global bans against recent incoming accounts since end of 2024 year. CHECKUSER method has one fault. If dynamic IP will be again associated with someone unrelated, while once it was associated with vandal, they blindly BELIEVE it. And result is simple. GLOBAL BAN! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 21:02, 10 Februari 2025 (UTC) == [[Joseph Leonard Haule]] == Ndugu Riccardo, Naomba ufute ukurasa tajwa hapo juu ili tuweze kuunga interwiki links zake kwa <nowiki>[[Professor Jay]]</nowiki>. Aliyehamisha mwanzo kutoka Prof. kwenda Joseph hakika hajui alitendalo. Pole kwa usumbufu. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 14:22, 3 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Nimeshafuta tayari @[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 17:59, 3 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::Iliyotakiwa kufutwa ni Joseph Leonard Haule. Ile Professor Jay ndiyo halisi kwa sababu ni jina lake kisanii linalofahamika kimataifa. Kuita jina la mwanamuziki kwa jina la kuzaliwa si sawa. Hamisha matini kwa Profesa kisha futa hii ya Joseph. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 20:37, 3 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::Shida ni kwamba huyo si msanii tu, bali pia mwanasiasa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:11, 5 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::Ikiwa unapendekeza ibaki ilivyo, basi lisiwe jina zima bali "Joseph Haule" itakuwa rahisi zaidi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 07:22, 5 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Makala za Kongo == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] natumaini wewe ni mzima wa afya, Kuna makala zinzondelea kuandikwa kutoka kongo nadhani ni editathon inayoendelea uko na sijajua bado kiongozi wake ni nani, bado wanaoandika awana uelewa mzuri kuhusu uandishi wa makala je kunajambo linaweza kufanyika? '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 03:18, 6 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Samahani kwa kuingilia mjadala, kama ni Kongo, kwani hawana Wikipedia yao? Ni ndogo sana ukilinganisha na ya Kiswahili. Inakuwaje wanajaza uchafu huku wakiacha ya kwao? '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 07:58, 6 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] nchi nyingi sasa wanashiriki kuandika makala za kiswahili ikiwemo Rwanda, Kenya na wengine wengi. Changamoto ni kutokua na mawasiliano na wausika wa editathon izo. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 08:12, 6 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::Ndugu@[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]], si kosa kuingilia mjadala, ila @[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ameshakujibu: Wikipedia hii si ya Tanzania, bali ya lugha ya Kiswahili ambayo ni ya kimataifa. Hakuna Wikipedia ya Kingwana (yaani ya Kiswahili cha Kongo). Muhimu ni kuwasaidia wachangie vizuri, kwa kuwa kweli tunahitaji Wikipedia yetu itumike zaidi huko kwao. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:43, 6 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::Oh, basi sawa. Nimekuelewa. Asante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 11 Februari 2025 (UTC) == [[:Faili:Mlango wa Kiswahili Makumbusho ya Taifa Dar.jpeg]] == Hello! Can you check if the information on this file page is correct? Perhaps the file should be added to an article? '''[[Mtumiaji:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MGA73|majadiliano]])''' 18:13, 7 Januari 2025 (UTC) :The information is correct, though the photo is by the late Kipala. He uploaded it while teaching me how to upload photos. Now I have used it in the page "[[mlango]]". Thanks and peace to you. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:40, 8 Januari 2025 (UTC) :: Hello. Thank you. So Kipala is the photographer? If so then it should say "Kipala" instead of your name. --'''[[Mtumiaji:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MGA73|majadiliano]])''' 11:24, 8 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::Let you change, if you like. Thanks. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:01, 8 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Misunderstandings == Main Space is not Template Space. It does NOT work with {{}} transclusion. [[Alfabeti ya kigiriki kamili]] should be named [[Kigezo:Alfabeti ya kigiriki kamili]] which is adminprotected unlinked redirect and this is useless REDIRECT to be sacrificed by deleting first. Please fix your namespace error by redirect deleting and by page moving. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 12:46, 20 Januari 2025 (UTC) You are CONSTANTLY tricked by redirects, instead of doing REQUESTED lowering protection at: *https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&page=Kigezo%3AAlfabeti+ya+kigiriki+kamili you did ON YOUR OWN, for ALREADY perfect template state, heightened protection at: *https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&page=Kigezo%3AAlfabeti+ya+Kigiriki+kamili NOTE lowercase "kigiriki" VS uppercase "Kigiriki". '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 11:30, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) My new template exists already crosswiki in 25 languages at least. Thank you for unprotection. At least I finally COPYPASTED content from [[Alfabeti ya kigiriki kamili]] to REDIRECT (lowercase kigiriki) [[kigezo:Alfabeti ya kigiriki kamili]] which is '''NOT''' (uppercase Kigiriki) [[kigezo:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 11:39, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} {{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} see [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] - more than ONE superfluous move-leftovers for greek-related template page+talk is to be erased. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 13:12, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} == [[§]] == Just removed old misinformation: [[Disigma]] is SECTION, not letter, see what GREEKS themselves say: http://lexilogia.gr/threads/pilcrow-σύμβολο-της-παραγράφου-παραγραφόσημο.2426/#post-22012 "section, § = ενότητα, τμήμα, εδάφιο (§, δίσιγμα)". '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 16:29, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) See [[w:el:wikt:δίσιγμα]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 16:57, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} == Country and Behavior == Not to be rude or something which country are you from? Its just a surprise to see a White man with fluent Swahili '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 20:01, 23 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Ana miaka arobaini nchini Tanzania. What do you expect? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 10:21, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) Riccardo Riccioni = [[Italia]]no. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|Kalunde Salome]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|majadiliano]])''' 10:13, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] I didn't ask your opinion whether he is Tanzanian or not. You are so rude to be bureaucrat. I asked him. You think you are like a god and its so embarrassing that you are on your 40's with that attitude, such a bore '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 14:49, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) Gayle, please be avoiding all personal attacks, they are totally disturbing. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|Kalunde Salome]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|majadiliano]])''' 17:56, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) :This guy Muddyb told me to go to a "test Wikipedia" if i wanted to play just because i asked him to delete my page, that was rude especially from a bureaucrat. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157 🇰🇪]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 18:46, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) :I don't understand why he's attacking so much. Normal conversations, he turns them into hostility or conflict. There's a problem somewhere. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:34, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) Gayle157, you mistake being shy for being rude. Calm down, please. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 18:10, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Shy? And why would i be shy? '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157 🇰🇪]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 18:36, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't personal attacks, he came at me and I cant just let him slide with it, and i am not talking about this reply, he is at my nerve. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157 🇰🇪]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 18:42, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) "Shyness" vs "Rudeness" was meant not about Gayle157, but about Gayle157's assessment of owner of this talk page. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|Kalunde Salome]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|majadiliano]])''' 18:52, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Kwa nini kupenda ugomvi? Tena kwa kitu kidogo namna hiyo? Mimi ni mzaliwa wa Italia, lakini kwa sasa ni raia wa Tanzania tu, ninapoishi kwa zaidi ya miaka 40. Basi, nawatakia amani, lakini matashi hayo yasiwe chanzo cha mabishano mengine, tafadhali. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:28, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Ni vijana mzee wangu. Sisi tuliokula chumvi nyingi tunatambua tone zao. Hizo tone ni za kitoto mno. Hata hivyo, sipaswi kuleta wimbi la ugomvi katika ukurasa wako. Ninaenda sasa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:36, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Stub and Mbegu == You said Stub is Mbegu in Swahili. If there's no template for Mbegu that should appear at top, then I am going to use Stub. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 08:24, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) @[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]], we have stub-templates, ex. gr. mbegu-mwanasiasa, mbegu-mtu etc. and we use it at the bottom of the page. Almost all pages in Swahili Wikipedia have it. This is why you don't need to insert yours at the top. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:42, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) I actually found instead of stub i can use *mbegu* at top instead of using **mbegu-** at the bottom, It doesn't impress me, hope you are okay with that '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 15:07, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:23, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == Ufutaji wa makala == kwa nini makala niliyochangia ya "[[MGC]]" imefutwa na RICCARDO RICCIONI? [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-15063|&#126;2025-15063]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-15063|talk]]) 05:10, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Kwa sababu ni kujitangaza, kinyume na sera ya Wikipedia. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:39, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) == Violation of Wikipedia policy == The user @[[Mtumiaji:PAULO OBEDI|PAULO OBEDI]] is repeatedly adding requests for financial assistance to articles. This violates the Wikipedia policy on personal financial solicitation and spam. Could an you look into this!, This could be a potential spam [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 06:02, 2 Februari 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} == Futa == <nowiki><span style="display:inline-block;transform:rotate(200grad)">}}</span>futa<span style="display:inline-block;transform:rotate(200grad)">{{</span></nowiki> || <span style="display:inline-block;transform:rotate(200grad)">}}</span>futa<span style="display:inline-block;transform:rotate(200grad)">{{</span> ≠ [[:Jamii:Makala kwa ufutaji]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Batundi Luanda|Batundi Luanda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Batundi Luanda|majadiliano]])''' 16:49, 2 Februari 2025 (UTC) SUCCESS! UNWANTED pages ceased to show in [[:Jamii:Makala kwa ufutaji]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-15564|&#126;2025-15564]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-15564|talk]]) 17:02, 2 Februari 2025 (UTC) == Spam and Sockpuppet == Would you Look at this Account, He created another account and keep requesting for money after you blocked him @[[Mtumiaji:PAULI OBEDO|PAULI OBEDO]] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 10:24, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} == COPY PASTE page moves == It is wrong, it does NOT preserve edit history with list of contributors required by GPL, please FIRST delete [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] and then move [[Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] onto it. '''[[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Norbilian|majadiliano]])''' 12:49, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) {{Imefanyika}} == Fantasies == Not only you, but others, PLEASE tell this GAYLE that it is OK this condemnation of NON-REPRODUCTIVE toying with bodies CONTRARY to INBUILT reproductive organ functions, basically UN-natural, so ANTI-functonal. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-23540|&#126;2025-23540]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-23540|talk]]) 09:48, 19 Februari 2025 (UTC) == Baba Bora == {{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} Kwa nini makala niliyochangia ya "[[Jinsi ya Kujitayarisha kuwa Baba Bora]]" imefutwa na Riccardo Riccioni? '''[[Mtumiaji:Byera08|Byera08]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Byera08|majadiliano]])''' 05:46, 11 Februari 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Byera08}} Nilipaswa kuhamisha mada kwenda "Baba". Hata hivyo, mchango wako haukai kiensaiklopedia kwa sababu ni mashauri tu. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:12, 20 Februari 2025 (UTC) == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> ==Communication by the U4C== I'm writing to inform you that in the U4C case [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] the 2 week "investigation phase" is now open. This phase will last around two weeks, during this phase parties and also other editors can still submit further evidence. We warmly suggest to take this opportunity, each statement can serve to clarify the position of each of the parties involved. Many thanks. On behalf of the U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:58, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) (Translation by Google translate) Ninakuandikia kukujulisha kwamba katika kesi ya U4C [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] ya wiki 2 sasa "awamu ya uchunguzi" imefunguliwa. Awamu hii itachukua takriban wiki mbili, wakati wa vyama vya awamu hii na pia wahariri wengine bado wanaweza kuwasilisha ushahidi zaidi. Tunashauri kwa moyo mkunjufu kuchukua fursa hii, kila taarifa inaweza kutumika kufafanua msimamo wa kila mmoja wa wahusika wanaohusika. Asante sana. Kwa niaba ya U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:58, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Apology == Sorry for AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION, please unblock primary account, you made me even REPLYING impossible from my primary account! '''[[Mtumiaji:Jiah Harrison|Jiah Harrison]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jiah Harrison|majadiliano]])''' 10:04, 13 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Broken Redirects == Please delete all pages edited by: [[special:contribs/~2025-33472]] which are nothing but red-link broken redirects, see: [[special:contribs/DreamRimmer]] - he failed to tag them all to deletion. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-35189|&#126;2025-35189]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-35189|talk]]) 16:58, 19 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore in Tanzania 2025 == Ndugu Riccardo, nimetafuta nimempata mchawi wetu wa makala hizo. Ni @[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] kama nilivyosema hapo awali. Nimeipata Dashibodi->> https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Wikimedia_Community_Kilimanjaro/Feminism_and_Folklore_in_Tanzania_2025?enroll=dpgcmlqt kadhalika chanzo cha challenge hii; https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Project_Page#Local_Activities/events Kwako Nd. @[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]], unaombwa uwajibike kwa matendo yako. Kumekuwa na rundo la makala zisizofaa kwa kutumia challenge hii. Je, ukiwa peke yako utaweza kuboresha matini ya makala elfu mbili? Ama ndiyo bora liende? Tujisahihishe. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 11:53, 23 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Urbanization== What's Urbanization in swahili? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:49, 21 Aprili 2025 (UTC) Ukuaji wa miji. Sijui kama kuna neno lingine. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:50, 21 Aprili 2025 (UTC) == Tanbihi == I think the book sources are the one that should use the word tanbihi, Then Other sources to use '''Marejeo'''. Since ''Tanbihi'' is NB/Footnotes [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 06:08, 1 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}}, mimi nilifundishwa zamani na Muddy kuandika tanbihi. KKK inasema tanbihi ni maelezo yanayotolewa sehemu ya mwisho au chini ya ukurasa au sura... Labda umshirikishe Muddy. Ila kumbuka mabadiliko hayo yanadai kuhariri upya kurasa karibu 100,000! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:11, 1 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}} naona unabadilisha "tanbihi" kuwa "marejeo". Lakini baadaye unaacha "marejeo" tena kwa maana nyingine. Vipi? Pia umeanza tena kuhamisha kurasa bila mawasiliano yoyote. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:45, 2 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::About Tanbihi i was checking if my Bot can do the task, You can clearly see they aren't manual! :::About Moving page which page did i move wrong? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:02, 2 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::I will fix the Bot code later so that it corrects that. If i moved any page wrongly or you are in doubt let me know, Aisee, I gave a notable Summary. ::::If its about Changing Redirects into articles let me know too, I can explain! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:25, 2 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::::Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}}, nafurahi kwamba umeweza kuandaa Bot yako. Itaweza kutusaidia sana na haraka. Ila unajua kwamba ukienda kasi nje ya njia, unaweza ukapotea kuliko mtu anayekwenda polepole... Hivyo ni kupanga mambo vizuri kabla ya kutumia Bot. Kama lilikuwa jaribio, ni sawa. Kuhusu kuhamisha kurasa, hivi karibuni sijaona makosa kwako, ila mimi nilijizuia kufanya mabadiliko ya namna hiyo kabla sijakubaliana na wahariri wengine. Kwa mfano, ni kweli Iraki ni sahihi kuliko Iraq, nami nilitaka kuhamisha ukurasa huo, lakini suala la majina ya nchi ni kubwa na limeshasababisha magomvi! Ndiyo maana nilipendekeza zaidi ya mara moja tujadiliane sote pamoja, k.mf. Uhindi / India, Uchina / China. Mpaka leo sijafanikiwa kufanya tufikie uamuzi. Hiyo inasumbua hata katika jamii, unapokuta kwa nchi ileile jamii zinazotumia Uhindi na nyingine India. Hata kwa hilo natumaini Bot yako itasaidia kufanya kazi kubwa na kuokoa muda wetu mwingi. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:58, 2 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::::Asante, Ee hiyo boti ilikuwa ya jaribio tu! ::::::Yes, We need a discussion about the Country names ,The Sources of this names, The best name among listed. Like a Project; [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:08, 2 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::::::The bot can now function, see [[Maalum:Michango/Gayle-Bot]] :::::::If you happen to know any task that requires automated / bot Operation feel free to inform me, :::::::About the country names discussion , So what's your plan about it? Launch a project or? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:16, 3 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Suala la majina ya nchi tulipendekeze kwa Muddyb na wengineo kabla ya kuendelea na mabadiliko. Hata hivyo baadhi hayana ubishi, k.mf. Poland > Polandi au Israel > Israeli. Naomba uanze na nchi hizo. Asante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:29, 4 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Sijaelewa; [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:06, 4 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Yaani naomba kama Bot inaweza kubadilisha katika makala na jamii zote majina ya Poland na Israel kuwa Polandi na Israeli. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:22, 4 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Ooh sawa nimeelewa sasa, I'm working on it! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:25, 4 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|+]] {{imefanyika}}, Its done though there are a few Redirects to Israel that haven't been fixed, Also this pages blow require manual deletion by an admin,Which are Old Versions of the new pages. Also there were some minor errors on Flags , Emblem and maps which i can fix manually. {{quote| [[:Jamii:Israel]] [[:Jamii:Lugha za Israel]] [[:Jamii:Jiografia ya Israel]] [[:Jamii:Miji ya Israel]] [[:Jamii:Mito ya Israel]] [[:Jamii:Milima ya Israel]] [[:Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Wachezaji wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Wanakemia wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Marais wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Miji ya Poland]] [[:Jamii:Watu wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Lugha za Poland]] [[:Jamii:Waandishi wa Poland]] [[:Jamii:Watunzi wa Poland]]}} [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:55, 4 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Refining == Its Incredible how you refine content, I will be adding content and leave it for you to refine. I just love adding content [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 10:48, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Asante kwa pongezi zako. Lakini lengo langu mojawapo ni kuonyesha mfano ili wengine wajifunze. Msiniachie kazi nyingi mno! Hata mimi nina mipango ya kuongeza mada. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:21, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::Ni sawa!, We will do our best [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:46, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::I’m still learning, and I regret how I came across during my first month on Swahili Wikipedia. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:56, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't worry, you are very young. You have time. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:58, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Gayle157}} Hi, many times you don't add content, but you change it, following the English edition. May be it's easier to you, but it's not very respectful to those who used their time to write before you. Sometimes I have to refine new sentences which were refined in their earlier form. Thank you for your attention. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:52, 17 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::First of all i don't use the English wiki edition, ::::::Also most articles have to be updated now and they and don't necessarily need to be in their original form because in most cases they are outdated. ::::::Me changing the article course doesn't make the original author loose his/her credit, ::::::In en wiki articles are modified now and then! ::::::Especially content on lead section , Isn't that what wiki is for? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:59, 17 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thank you for your answer. Yes, Wiki is for ongoing work. What I meant is somehow as what Jesus said: "Not to delete, but to fulfill"! Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:05, 17 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I didn't get that! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:12, 17 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}}, nakukumbusha kwamba unapotaka kuongeza taarifa unapaswa kuwa makini usije ukaacha nyingine muhimu zilizokuwepo. Kwa mfano, kuhusu Tundu Lissu uliondoa ile ya kwamba ndiye mwenyekiti wa Chadema. Kuhusu mkoa wa Arusha umeondoa ile ya kwamba unapakana na ile ya Mara na Shinyanga, kumbe umeongeza ule wa Tanga ambao sasa uko mbali. Kuhusu mkoa wa Morogoro umeondoa mikoa ya jirani ya Ruvuma na Lindi. Asante kwa kujali. Aamani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:24, 25 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Oops I'm sorry i guess i checked the Tanzanian map incorrectly, The existing text didn't mention the neighboring regions in a more nuanced way i had to confirm in the map ::::::::::But still those articles need to be modified on lead section, You can confirm that using Mobile view and remember 90% of this Wikipedia views are from mobile ,. ::::::::::The Original state of most articles in this Wikipedia are too unappealing [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:31, 25 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Since the Articles of Regions of Tanzania have More or close to 500 views per month, And since you are the main Editor and also You are Tanzania please help Improve the Quality of the Lead Section of those articles, They sound too Informal or Low Quality especially on Mobile Devices, Maybe you can make them more '''INFORMATIVE''' . [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 16:15, 26 Mei 2025 (UTC) Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}}, ni sawa, ila nitafanya baadaye kidogo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:00, 2 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}}, nimemaliza kazi uliyoniagiza. Sasa nakuomba ufanye vilevile kwa kaunti za Kenya. Asante na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:08, 1 Julai 2025 (UTC) ::Asante sana , Nitafanya hivyo! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 10:27, 1 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Peter Born lȣ == {{ping|Riccardo_Riccioni}} PLEASE UNBLOCK ME - I EDITED in good faith! I did nothing wrong, some META denounced me falsely! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-55756|&#126;2025-55756]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-55756|talk]]) 13:02, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :It was NOT intended as vandalism, BAN-ana to account is OVER-reaction! '''[[Mtumiaji:New Boy999|New Boy999]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:New Boy999|majadiliano]])''' 13:20, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::There's a Unblock tag! Use it in your talk page <nowiki>{{Unblock|1=}}</nowiki>[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:25, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) == Block Settings == @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Would you please ease the block Settings of Peter Born lȣ to at least 1 day, Maybe as a warning! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:29, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]], unavyoona huyo hahitaji unblock kwa sababu ameshaanzisha akaunti nyingine ambayo anaitumia sasa kusumbua tena Kisii na Kirinyaga... --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:41, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :R.R. you are CATHOLIC, you should be example of MERCY. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-56159|&#126;2025-56159]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-56159|talk]]) 13:47, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Talk:GNU Free Documentation License]]. I always tried to have edit histories compliant to their contiguous state. When Gayle creates new content, old content always must be shoved away.'''[[Mtumiaji:New Boy999|New Boy999]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:New Boy999|majadiliano]])''' 13:53, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::Mimi nimekabidhiwa usimamizi wa toleo hili si kama Mkatoliki, bali kama mtu anayetaka liendelee vizuri. Mnatupotezea muda mwingi. Tukiwaacha muendelee mtaharibu kila kitu. Amani kwenu! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:59, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:New Boy999|New Boy999]] Contiguous state lol; I stopped blanking Talk pages long ago!, That's not an excuse!. ::::Why don't you stick to one account, Stop using IPs "often" especially when doing a vandalism act, It will better, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:07, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::I meant continuity in regard to [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157/ukurasa wa majaribio]]. Vandal TEMP ACCOUNTS are "simu" "rununu" tagged, mine are WITHOUT "simu" "rununu". '''[[Mtumiaji:New Boy999|New Boy999]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:New Boy999|majadiliano]])''' 14:13, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::In this context, most IP vandals in recent past don't have mobile tag, ::::::The only thing i can suggest is the reducing the Infinite block expiry settings , [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:17, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::Rununu-Simu vandals exposed. I edited from THIS temp account all pages recently corrected by me after Rununu-Simu vandals. See their edit histories. Rununu-Simu troublemakers are really recent. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-56650|&#126;2025-56650]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-56650|talk]]) 14:44, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) == Ya/Za == [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|°]]Why 'ya' we are talking about Politic-'''S''' , Most news outlets say "siasa za" [https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari-57675769][https://kiswahili.tuko.co.ke/tags/siasa-za-kenya/][https://www.voaswahili.com/a/china-yapinga-vikali-udanganyifu-wa-siasa-za-umoja-za-marekani-japan-na-ufilipino-/7567680.html][https://swahili.cgtn.com/2025/04/16/ARTI1744765639929458] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:53, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) == Temporary Accounts and abuse on your project form a LTA ([[Special:CentralAuth/Wikibaijer|Wikibaijer]], [[Special:CentralAuth/AfricaAntifa|AfricaAntifa]], ... and many Tempory Accounts == Hi, I wanted to ask how you manage with the temporary accounts because I noticed that a Crosswiki LTA is very active here and sometimes has temporary accounts that change every minute. Are you already familiar with this? Can you cope with it? PS: This LTA also uses many proxys that should be blocked.--'''[[Mtumiaji:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:WikiBayer|majadiliano]])''' 20:05, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Dear {{ping|WikiBayer}}, no, I cannot cope with it. After the new policy about temporary accounts' privacy I no more understand what is going on. But sometimes they use registered accounts too. I have no more time to follow all their changes and reasons. I fear to block good contributors as vandals, because vandals denounce their changes. Moreover I receive many insults and threats by them and other people who want to do anything they want. It's discouraging. I appreciate very much your help. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:43, 29 Mei 2025 (UTC) == Citation Templates == In new Articles when citing please use the citation templates in Swahili, Example * Cite journal = Rejea jarida * Cite Web = Rejea tovuti * Cite News = Rejea habari Though other articles are on the process of being fixed by Bot. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 15:28, 5 Juni 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]]Now the thing is when we translate the page from ENWIKI, we do not take any measure to Swahilize those small terminologies since the nature it's leading its path, ie, we got we what we need and they don't bother where it's journal or web. Question, what if it's not translatted, anything wrong may happen? And FYI, Journal it's not JARIDA is SHAJARA in Swahili! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 16:23, 5 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::No, Shajara is more of a diary, Meanwhile a journal which is defined as ''either a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or profession or a written record.'' and only Jarida is close to that definition [https://sw.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/jarida] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:10, 6 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] Based on deep research i did is that most of the articles arr saying Jarida is Journal, But a few gave alternatives using Shajara [https://sw.eferrit.com/journal/] , And even though not notable google translate uses Jarida too [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:22, 6 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::I think i have got the difference * 1. Jarida – used when referring to a magazine, newsletter, or periodical publication. * 2. Shajara – used when referring to a personal journal or diary. So '''''Jarida''''' takes it. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:31, 6 Juni 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Do whatever you deem fits. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 15:31, 6 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::Come on , don't do that! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 15:56, 6 Juni 2025 (UTC) == [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]] == Adminprotected article. Still fake '''JINO''' in "Charcot-Marie-Jino" error persists there instead of "Charcot-Marie-Tooth" at reference number twelve. Please correct. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jalladda|Jalladda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jalladda|majadiliano]])''' 09:30, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC) {{Imefanyika}} "Zamshi" understood his errors. Please unblock [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]] to permit him edit it. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jalladda|Jalladda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jalladda|majadiliano]])''' 09:19, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Request to unprotect source: Hello. Thank you for unblocking my user. I understand My drafts were not upto standard but please kindly unprotect the article so i can continue my work please. I am a student and this is my first time here. Thank you for all the input and changes.Ill make sure to work better. Please kindly let me edit the source for my work. '''[[Mtumiaji:Zamshi|Zamshi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zamshi|majadiliano]])''' 09:31, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::Give him a chance. He wants [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]] unprotected. He promises to NOT do other edits except direct article improvement directly at [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jalladda|Jalladda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jalladda|majadiliano]])''' 09:40, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::Hello,I have tried checking the page again but the protected source is now gone.I understand it was my drafts accidentally published with many mistakes i was trying to fix but is there no chance for me to edit it again please.I am not sure how to move forward without ability to edit, kindly help in that regard please. '''[[Mtumiaji:Zamshi|Zamshi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zamshi|majadiliano]])''' 23:55, 18 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::"Zamshi", please tell again Riccardo Riccioni to UNPROTECT this [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]]. In case of his refusal, wait until 24 June 2024, then protection will expire. Then improve article DIRECTLY, abandon making of additional draft copies and abandon pagemoves.'''[[Mtumiaji:Jalladda|Jalladda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jalladda|majadiliano]])''' 06:45, 19 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::Page will be unprotected after ONE hour from now. "Zamshi" REMEMBER: do NOT move/rename [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]] page, do NOT create additional copies of [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]] page, directly improve content of [[Ugonjwa wa Charcot-Marie-Tooth]] page where it is now. Simply abandon "DRAFT" roleplaying completely. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jalladda|Jalladda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jalladda|majadiliano]])''' 07:54, 19 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Disparity== I don't understand why all this pages below use '''Iran''' and the article itself says '''Uajemi''', The Modern Country is Iran, The Historical Kingdom and entities is '''Persia'''. Only in Informal terms is the modern country referred to as Persia [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Iran&title=Maalum%3ATafuta&fulltext=search] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 06:28, 20 Juni 2025 (UTC) We discussed with Muddyb and We have agreed that '''Persia''' will be for Historical entities before the Islamic revolution and '''Iran''' will be for the modern day country/political entity [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:15, 20 Juni 2025 (UTC) [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Muddyb#Disparity]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jalladda|Jalladda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jalladda|majadiliano]])''' 07:23, 20 Juni 2025 (UTC) == 100,000 pages == Congratulations on your outstanding contribution to the Swahili Wikipedia in helping it reach the 100,000-article milestone. Your dedication has played a key role in this achievement—well done! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 15:39, 23 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Thanks to you for the congratulations which I cordially reciprocate. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:45, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Msaada wa usahihi wa lugha == Habari ndugu Riccardo, Nina tazamia kufanya utafsiri wa makala inayohusu Ubalozi wa Uingereza nchini Tanzania kutoka lugha ya kingereza kwenda kiswahili Hivyo naomba ukaribu wa kusahihisha pale ninapokosea. Ahsante Amani iwe juu yako '''[[Mtumiaji:Killy95|Killy95]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Killy95|majadiliano]])''' 03:06, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Hakuna wasiwasi, tuko pamoja! Amani kwako pia! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:45, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Ancient Sorcerous Empire == WikiBayer - is NOT guardian angel, it is ANNONRIAL/RAVERNAL pure evil: [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Gayle157#Elephant_in_Porcelain_Shop]] READ debunking of WikiBayer reverts. '''[[Mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|majadiliano]])''' 08:26, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) == njia ya kuelewa kwa urahisi teknolojia ya chanzo huria == Nimeona umefuta makala yangu ya "njia ya kuelewa kwa urahisi teknolojia ya chanzo huria" sijajua shida ni nini na ile ni assignmentyangu me ni mwanafunzinimepewa kazi na mwalimu ambayo inabidi nii kusanye tafadhali umefuta makala yangu ya "njia ya kuelewakwa urahisiteknolojia ya chanzo huria" ile ni assignment yangu nimepewa na mwalimu tafadhali me ni mwanafunzi najifunza tafadhali [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-82940|&#126;2025-82940]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-82940|talk]]) 19:24, 28 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Uharabu wa dhahiri == Ndugu Riccardo, Kwa heshima na tahadhima, naomba umfungie mtumiaji huyu analeta ukorofi wa wazi kabisa: [[Maalum:Michango/88 konqvista 88|https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Michango/88_konqvista_88]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 08:48, 8 Julai 2025 (UTC) :Again! :"xX Black Burn Xx" did MAD RVV, in violation of this RULE: :do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves :*https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Souls_of_Black_Folk&diff=1437178&oldid=1437139 :*https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usafirishaji_haramu_wa_binadamu_nchini_Chad&diff=1437179&oldid=1437138 :He is already RVV-ed thoroughly. '''[[Mtumiaji:Keith David Williams|Keith David Williams]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Keith David Williams|majadiliano]])''' 08:11, 13 Julai 2025 (UTC) :{{imefanyika}} == [[Maalum:Michango/Maryam_Saleh_Abeid]] == Repeated breaching of [[w:en:Wikipedia:Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 16 Julai 2025 (UTC) {{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} ZERO reaction to BLOCK for 3 days, [[w:en:WP:CIRCULAR]] STILL disdained. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-30069-3|&#126;2025-30069-3]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-30069-3|talk]]) 14:19, 30 Julai 2025 (UTC) {{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} ZERO reaction to BLOCK for 1 month, [[w:en:WP:CIRCULAR]] STILL disdained. [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofie_Petersen&diff=1461181&oldid=1461155 REPEATED OFFENSE]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|Lupinga Nyinga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|majadiliano]])''' 10:26, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Lupinga Nyinga}} Ndugu, mimi nashindwa kuelewa ujumbe wako. Wengi mna Kiingereza ngumu kwangu! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:30, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Simple and plain: Maryam_Saleh_Abeid repeatedly uses WIKIPEDIA as references, she repeats this violation despite of her being blocked twice already. Its time for her permanent block. '''[[Mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|Lupinga Nyinga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|majadiliano]])''' 10:36, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :I think @[[Mtumiaji:Maryam Saleh Abeid|Maryam Saleh Abeid]] didn't understand your statement in english thats why, i also think she doesnt need to be blocked permanent. :I will address this concern to her in swahili, thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|Husseyn Issa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|majadiliano]])''' 10:43, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) She even does NOT understand this prohibition included in her "karibu" template. '''[[Mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|Lupinga Nyinga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == SCANDAL == Tell him something on HIS talk to stop his mindless revert campaigns, his last edits are purely destructive: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Michango/xXBlackburnXx Same with WikiBayer. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-25621-8|&#126;2025-25621-8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-25621-8|talk]]) 09:24, 24 Julai 2025 (UTC) :The Temp Account ist a sock from the LTA. [[:m:Special:CentralAuth/Long Term Sexually Abuse]] '''[[Mtumiaji:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:WikiBayer|majadiliano]])''' 10:20, 24 Julai 2025 (UTC) What W.B. says about [[Maalum:Michango/~2025-25621-8]] is pure conjecture, self-contradicting, first says with PARTIAL DOUBT "very likely the active polished troll", later calls him some PORN MONGER , i edit from behind Great China Firewall so WTF? [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-25655-4|&#126;2025-25655-4]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-25655-4|talk]]) 10:31, 24 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Taiwanese Revisionists == Foreign censors falsely insist that CHINA means R.O.C. and not P.R.C. contrary to seat of P.R.C. in United Nations Security Council. They vandalize content and block honest users related to P.R.C. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-29877-5|&#126;2025-29877-5]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-29877-5|talk]]) 10:04, 31 Julai 2025 (UTC) == [[Jose Kaimlett]] HGN == Carissimo Riccardo, Pace!!! Come stai? Quì fa molto caldo, ma andiamo avanti!!! Per favore, potresti dare un'occhiata a questa pagina che ho appena creato? Grazie mille per il tuo aiuto. Se hai bisogno per l'Italiano o il Portoghese, ci sono!!! A presto '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 09:24, 1 Agosti 2025 (UTC) : Grazie mille!!! Domani celebriamo i dieci anni della dipartita di mio papà Gianpiero (4 agosto, 85 anni); prenderò il Perdono di Assisi. Un forte abbraccio. '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 14:05, 1 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Meno male che anche in Italia c'è ancora chi ci crede! Papà riposi in Cristo! Pace anche a te! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:10, 1 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Devzboi == like [[Majadiliano:Devzboi1]], other [[Majadiliano:Devzboil]] MUST be deleted for real please! First DELETE, second PROTECT! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-32681-1|&#126;2025-32681-1]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-32681-1|talk]]) 11:43, 4 Agosti 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]], unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 07:51, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]], sijaelewa kitu kuhusu KUSANO, ila naona utendaji wa Justine una kasoro nyingi bado. Muamue wenyewe. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:56, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Kusano = interface. Ni kama mwonekano wa sura ya Wikipedia. Mfano hizi jumbe za mabadiliko ya karibuni, vungo viungavyo ukurasa huu, michango ya mtumiaji etc. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:21, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == [[Maalum:Michango/~2025-34016-8]] == Dumbo, Pinocchio, Rescuers, etc... {{ping|Muddyb}}, could you add the Hadithi to these pages? Also, what about creating the other Disney movie pages that don't exist yet? Your OWNtalk STILL editprotected. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-34348-8|&#126;2025-34348-8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-34348-8|talk]]) 10:13, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Sure. Will do. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 14:15, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Muddyb}} When will these pages be made/edited? The ones that need the plots are: * [[Pinocchio (filamu ya 1940)]] * [[Bambi]] * [[The Rescuers]] * [[Home on the Range (filamu ya 2004)]] * [[The Princess and the Frog]] * [[Zootopia]] * [[Moana]] * [[Encanto]] * [[Toy Story]] * [[Monsters, Inc.]] * [[The Incredibles]] * [[Up (filamu)]] * [[Turning Red]] * [[Spies in Disguise]] See [[Kigezo:Katuni za Disney]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-47359-4|&#126;2025-47359-4]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-47359-4|talk]]) 09:09, 28 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:~2025-47359-4|~2025-47359-4]] May you should contact me direct instead of coming here and ping me from far away. Oh, I know. I hate temp accounts. I did block my page from you though! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:41, 28 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Page Translation Request == hello,sir I am requesting for translation of the article [[Nyanzi Martin Luther.]] into English please,it can either be in simple English Wikipedia or En Wikipedia,sir I kindly request. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-48323-7|&#126;2025-48323-7]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-48323-7|talk]]) 05:08, 29 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Bonaventura wa Barcelona == Caro Riccardo, Grazie mille per aver tradotto l’articolo del [[Bonaventura wa Barcelona|Beato Bonaventura]] in swahili. Sono di Riudoms, la sua città natale, dove abbiamo una grande devozione per il Beato. Sto cercando di ottenere il maggior numero possibile di traduzioni del suo articolo e oggi, dopo aver pubblicato la traduzione in ceco con l’aiuto di un’amica ceca, ho scoperto la vostra traduzione. Grazie infinite. Asante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jordi G|Jordi G]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jordi G|majadiliano]])''' 19:14, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == Makala ya Shule ya Sekondari ya Ufundi Ifunda == Habari ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]], Nimeona umeweka taarifa juu ya makala tajwa kuwa ni kuhusu sehemu isiyojulikana. Bahati mbaya hizi ni shule chache zenye historia kubwa japo hazijulikani. Kuna haja ya kuziangazia kwa kina zaidi. Amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Magotech|MagoTech Tanzania]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Magotech|majadiliano]])''' 20:59, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == [[Aristide Igenukwayo Joviale]] == [[Aristide Igenukwayo Joviale]] = [[ALLI TALESI]] = [[Alli Talesi]] = Kijumla makala haina sifa yoyote ya kuwepo kwenye Wikipedia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Reliwei|Reliwei]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Reliwei|majadiliano]])''' 10:52, 6 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] == Please delete all that is listed in [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]]. I do NOT make new pages. I mainly correct after temporary account flood. '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 12:24, 6 Septemba 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} == Greetings from Germany == Hi Riccardo, do you have a minute or two for me? There is a discussion an my talk page with a member of your local community that insists, that I should stop patrolling for vandalism here. Could you please have a look? '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 09:47, 16 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your greetings. I noted your discussion but I haven't answered because I don't understand many technology issues. Please, excuse me and ask Muddyb. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 16 Septemba 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the quick reply! I was a little nervous and worried that global CVUs wouldn't be welcome here. '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 09:55, 16 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == In italiano :-) == Buongiorno Riccardo, avevamo previsto che gli argomenti inclusi nella mozione potessero diventare "un campo di battaglia" per gente da fuori e vandali vari con voglia di provocare. Con un po' di pazienza e la collaborazione degli Steward e dei GS ho fiducia che si possa trovare il modo di gestire anche questo. (Intanto mi chiedo quali orrori ho scritto sulle vostre pagine usando il traduttore automatico.) Grazie per la collaborazione e la pazienza anche per gli orrori di traduzione... Rinnovo l'invito a contattarci in caso di domande o per qualsiasi necessità legata alle linee guida che vi abbiamo chiesto di approfondire. Buona giornata! '''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 11:13, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Civvì}}Non parlavo del tuo messaggio, ma della pagina in esame. Un tale ha già provveduto a inserirvi il template da me proposto e l'ho ringraziato. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::Riccardo io invece ho proprio la certezza che ogni volta che usiamo il traduttore automatico per scrivervi ne escono dei pasticci magari difficili da decifrare. Abbiate pazienza (e se non è troppo lavoro magari sistemate le cose peggiori, ne saremmo davvero grati!). --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 14:56, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Napendekeza mradi wa lugha ya kiswahili == Habari, nimesoma baadhi ya makala, lakini kwa maoni yangu, kama kungekuwa na mradi wa lugha ya Kiswahili, ingefaa zaidi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Moyojnr|Moyojnr]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Moyojnr|majadiliano]])''' 13:19, 7 Novemba 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Moyojnr}} Sijaelewa. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:02, 7 Novemba 2025 (UTC) ::In my opinion, if there was a Swahili language project, it would be more useful. '''[[Mtumiaji:Moyojnr|Moyojnr]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Moyojnr|majadiliano]])''' 14:26, 7 Novemba 2025 (UTC) == [[Carlo Acutis]] == Caro Riccardo, Pace!!! Come stai? Io bene. Ho aggiunto una foto della reliquia di san Carlo Acutis. Ti chiedo la gentilezza di tradurre la didascalia, che ho lasciato in Italiano. Grazie mille per il favore, a presto. '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 07:36, 17 Novemba 2025 (UTC) : {{ping|Rei Momo}}Fatto! Prega san Carlo anche per la Tanzania in subbuglio... Pace a tutti! :: Certamente!!! Ho due rosari che mia nipote mi ha portato dalla Tanzania, quando è venuta a fare del volontariato medico dentistico. Clieli hanno dati le suore, ma non ricordo più di quale missione. :: Grazie di tutto '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 10:53, 17 Novemba 2025 (UTC) == Update request == Hello, Riccardo Riccioni. Can you remame [[Kigezo:Quebecor Inc.]] to [[Kigezo:Québecor]]? The spelling of Quebecor was officially changed to Québecor in May 2012, with the French accented version the sole name of the conglomerate since then. Sources: https://financialpost.com/news/quebec-puts-accent-on-linguistic-correctness https://www.ledevoir.com/economie/349655/les-actionnaires-de-quebecor-votent-pour-l-ajout-d-un-accent Yours sincerely, '''[[Mtumiaji:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kurcke|majadiliano]])''' 21:53, 10 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :Thank you very much. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kurcke|majadiliano]])''' 20:36, 11 Desemba 2025 (UTC) == [[w:de:Benutzer:Knergy/Tansania-Troll]] == Same as [[Maalum:Michango/JasonCarter2004]], now: *[[Maalum:Michango/~2025-37592-11]] *[[Maalum:Michango/~2025-41344-29]] *[[Maalum:Michango/~2025-41170-85]] *[[Maalum:Michango/~2025-41607-52]] HOAX articles again. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kokobambo|Kokobambo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kokobambo|majadiliano]])''' 10:13, 18 Desemba 2025 (UTC) == Makala za tafsiri ya kompyuta == Ninafikiria kuanzia Jumanne wiki ijayo ama siku 2 za Krismasi nipambane zaidi kuhakikisha ninaboresha hata ziwe mbegu makala zote zilizopo katika jamii ya makala zenye mashaka ili kuondoa ile tagi ya makala ya kompyuta. Ni bora nizifanye kuwa mbegu kuliko kuwa na matini mengi yasiyoakisi maana. Unaonaje hapo mzee wangu? @Muddyb [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-41593-39|&#126;2025-41593-39]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-41593-39|talk]]) 13:11, 18 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :Sawa kabisa! Tupo pamoja! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:15, 18 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Ahsante sana mzee wangu. Maana nimeona kufuata makala 1000+ tutaharibu ile milistoni inayoweka kule katika mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni. Tungepoteza ile trendi yake. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-41584-46|&#126;2025-41584-46]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-41584-46|talk]]) 22:17, 18 Desemba 2025 (UTC) == Answer == Hello, this has to be a misconception. Yesterday I've reverted quite a lot of edits made by LTA Wikinger, who has been haunting me across wikis for some time. I am an editor from pl.wiki with almost 28000 edits, here you can find some more about me: [[:pl:User:Karol739]]. I'll also left the link to the page about Wikinger and his "work": [[:en:Wikipedia:LTA/Wikinger]]. The user is globally locked by WMF, therefore he doesn't have rights to edit on any wiki, so I've reverted everything he did. I don't know Suahili (at all), so if I broke something while doing it, I'm sorry, I can tidy up the mess I've created by mistake, if that's gonna be helpful for your community. Thanks a lot and best regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Karol739|Karol739]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Karol739|majadiliano]])''' 16:09, 19 Desemba 2025 (UTC) You even do not know where this vandal is, your reverts were mistargeted and misapplied, he whom you search looks [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamii%3ALugha_za_Kenya&diff=1475849&oldid=1475848 like this], even today. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-41724-17|&#126;2025-41724-17]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-41724-17|talk]]) 16:20, 19 Desemba 2025 (UTC) Making reports about himself is also the thing which he does often in pl.wiki, so here we go ;) If you want to know more about his behaviour, you can reach me out in [[:pl:Wikipedia:Discord]] and [[Maalum:BaruapepeyaMtumiaji/Karol739]]. Again, if I broke something, that must've been done by accident and I'm sorry again. Best regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Karol739|Karol739]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Karol739|majadiliano]])''' 16:33, 19 Desemba 2025 (UTC) Hi, could you please protect my user talk page for some time? The LTA that we've been talking before has been haunting me for some time on sw.wiki. Thanks in advance, '''[[Mtumiaji:Karol739|Karol739]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Karol739|majadiliano]])''' 16:07, 29 Desemba 2025 (UTC) == Vandal == AbuseLogs shows normal edits, but for vandals is silent: https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:AbuseLog [[Maalum:Michango/~2025-43584-58]] = LitTerA, block immediately! '''[[Mtumiaji:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jojaruba|majadiliano]])''' 08:53, 30 Desemba 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} == Thou never will stop me == [[Maalum:Michango/Carlin_Kikoyo]] [[Maalum:Michango/Carlin_Oscar_Kikoyo]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Kikoyo Kikoyo|Kikoyo Kikoyo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kikoyo Kikoyo|majadiliano]])''' 10:31, 12 Februari 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu {{ping|Oscar Kikoyo}}, badala ya kunishukuru kwa kuanzisha ukurasa [[Oscar Kikoyo]], je unataka kutunisha misuli dhidi yangu? Mimi natimiza wajibu wangu tu. Sheria ni kwamba kila mtu anaruhusiwa kuwa na akaunti moja tu, na sheria ni msumeno. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:31, 12 Februari 2026 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] please recognize, that the person behind that account is just the same person, which spammed nearly your whole talk-page. Please check your recent changes here for every new account and their language. I can assist you here, but you have the ability to identify a machine-translated text by the LTA which abuses your project as his playground. '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 13:10, 12 Februari 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] please check RC. '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 10:12, 17 Februari 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] I don't understand. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:02, 17 Februari 2026 (UTC) :::::RC = Recent changes = [[Maalum:MabadalikoyaKaribuni]]. You LTA was vandalizing (including your talk page) with 3 Accounts which needed a block. '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 12:04, 17 Februari 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] you may clean up [[:Jamii:Makala kwa ufutaji]] after your guest was locked with his accounts. '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 13:55, 15 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Buona Qvaresima == Carissimo pe Riccardo, pace e bene!!! Io mi sto preparando alla Pasqua, penso di servire la messa dai miei Barnabiti a Lodi, alla chiesa di san Francesco. Presto lucrerò la santa indulgenza. Ti chiedo un piccolo favore: potresti aprire, o magari anche solamente tradurmi, la pagina che segue? Si tratta di una grande donna lodigiana che ha fatto tanto bene a Lodi e alle donne lodigiane. Grazie mille di tutto e buona Quaresima ancora!!! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 27 Februari 2026 (UTC) ##################### '''Elena Cazzulani''', conosciuta con il diminutivo di '''Ena''', ([[Lodi]], [[20 Desemba]] [[1920]] - [[Vigevano]], [[23 Juni]] [[2008]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Italia]]. Il suo salotto letterario è stato un punto di riferimento per tutta la cultura della città di Lodi e della Lombardia per oltre trenta anni. Ha scritto diverse biografie su donne famose della città di Lodi. La sua famiglia ha fondato il ''Collegio Cazzulani''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827175601/http://www.istitutocazzulani.gov.it/sitovecchio/collegio_cazzulani/storia.html |title=C'era una volta il Collegio |publisher=istitutocazzulani.gov.it |accessdate=10 January 2026}}</ref> L'amminstrazione comunale di Lodi le ha dedicato una Via nel 1914. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.lodi.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5907 |title=Intitolate tre nuove vie in zona Codignola |author=Comune di Lodi |date=24 December 2014 |publisher=comune.lodi.it |accessdate=10 January 2026 |language=Italian}}</ref>; <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilcittadino.it/stories/cultura/lodi-omaggia-sue-figlie-migliori-o_11080_96/ |title=Lodi omaggia le sue figlie migliori |author=Fabio Ravera |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=ilcittadino.it |accessdate=25 February 2026 |language=Italian}}</ref> = Opere di Elena Cazzulani * 1982: ''Cristina di Belgioioso'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi * 1983: ''Il muro sul ponte'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi * 1984: ''Giuseppina Strepponi, biografia'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi * 1985: en col·laboració amb Gilberto Coletto: ''Francesco de Lemene. Poesia e teatro'', Ed. del Campus, Lodi * 1988: ''Il collegio Cazzulani'', Edizioni Lodigraf, Lodi * 1989: ''Maria Hadfield Cosway. Biografia, diari e scritti della fondatrice del collegio delle [[Institut de la Benaventurada Verge Maria|Dame Inglesi]] in Lodi'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi * 1991: ''Il viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi * 1992: ''Carlotta Ferrari da Lodi. Poetessa e musicista'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi * 1993: ''Ritorno al viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L'Immagine, Lodi * 1996: ''Il cielo comincia dal suolo'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi = Bibliografia * <Ercole Ongaro, ''Il Lodigiano nel Novecento: la cultura'', Milano, Franco Angeli, 2006 {{ISBN | 978-88-464-7142-0}} = Marejeo <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] ######################## :{{ping|Rei Momo}}. Volentieri. Naturalmente la via le è stata dedicata nel 2014, non prima della nascita! Buona Quaresima in pace! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:07, 27 Februari 2026 (UTC) :Sììììììììììììì, hai ragione, sono un po' addormentato!!! Ti aiuterò in Francese e Portoghese. Grazie mille ancora. '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 11:11, 27 Februari 2026 (UTC) ::Grazie mille per il tuo aiuto!!! Pace!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 13:19, 27 Februari 2026 (UTC) == Usahihi wa neno == Habari boss,nimeona umeweka jamii ya Che Zahara,sasa naomba kufahamu usahihi ni upi Wanaharakati wa Singapuri au Wanaharakati wa Singapore?Singapuri ni kiswahili cha Singapore,naomba unielimishe hapo '''[[Mtumiaji:Bycashtz|Bycashtz]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bycashtz|majadiliano]])''' 18:23, 22 Machi 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu {{ping|Bycashtz}}, kama ulivyosema Singapuri ni Singapore kwa kufuata matamshi yake ilivyo kawaida ya Kiswahili. Lakini shida yetu katika Wikipedia hii ni kwamba tumeshindwa kukubaliana kuhusu majina ya nchi mbalimbali: tufuate tahajia ya Kiingereza iliyozoeleka au matamshi yake au jina lililotoholewa zaidi au...? Hivyo jamii zina utata: nyingine zinatumia Kodivaa, nyingine Cote d'Ivoire, nyingine Ivory Coast... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:41, 24 Machi 2026 (UTC) == NV == [[Maalum:Michango/NATHAN_VERITA$]] = [[Maalum:Michango/Nathan_Veritas]] - destruction impertinente, utilisateur interdit. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-19674-88|&#126;2026-19674-88]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-19674-88|talk]]) 11:23, 30 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Block request == Would you please block @[[User:Gravity Fa11s]] urgently. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:19, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :I have blocked him, but now he go on. I don't know how. What can I do more? Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:20, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Most probably he is using a VPN , Now this will require Meta-Wiki intervention/ Small-Wiki Monitoring Team (SWMT). [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:27, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC) Already under GLOBE BAN-ana! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-20430-50|&#126;2026-20430-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-20430-50|talk]]) 07:51, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Bot == Hey! If there's any task you have in mind that requires mass edit and would best be performed by a bot, Please feel free to inform me or if in future you encounter/have that task in mind also don't hesitate to inform me! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 10:11, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Yes, my friend {{ping|Gayle157}}! I need to add more links in all saints'pages (section: Tazama pia). It may be ease to you by substituting everywhere <nowiki>* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]</nowiki>" with "<nowiki>* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]]</nowiki>" The exceptions are only 1 or 2. I'll provide for them afterward. Thank you very much! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:43, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Thanks i'm gonna work on it, But for Clarification when substituting, Should [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] remain, Or should be completely substituted for the new categories. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:02, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gayle157}} Yes, let you substitute it, because it is included in the larger text. Thanks again! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:04, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::One more thing! You mentioned "I need to add more links in '''all saints'pages"''' , Which pages are this? Are they in a category, Or is the bot going to do a deep search in all pages? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:14, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::{{ping|Gayle157}} We need to substitute everywhere. Of course, all such pages are included in the <nowiki>[[jamii:Watakatifu Wakristo]]</nowiki> but some saints are included in more than one category, e.g. <nowiki>[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]]</nowiki> and also <nowiki>[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]]</nowiki>, <nowiki>[[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]]</nowiki> etc. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:37, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Okay , Got it , I'm gonna work on it. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:06, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:14, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}}, kweli suala la majina ya nchi ni muhimu na la muda mrefu. Tuliwahi kulijadili kidogokidogo bila kufikia mwafaka. Pengine tungehitaji kukutana uso kwa uso wengi wetu. Majina mengine yanayopendekezwa na kamusi hayatumiki katika uhalisia wa maisha. Kwa mfano sasa hivi nimemuuliza mfanyakazi kama aliwahi kusikia jina Gine. Jibu lake ni hapana. Nilipomuuliza kuhusu Guinea akajibu ndiyo. Pengine tumezoea zaidi majina ya Kiingereza au ya asili. Kila kesi ni ya pekee. Naomba tushirikishe tena wakabidhi wote, la sivyo tutakuwa na kazi kubwa baadaye kurekebisha makala nyingi. Asante kwa juhudi zako. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:13, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Yes, the central issue still remains: ::'''Who or what should determine the naming of country articles on Swahili Wikipedia?''' ''Should it be the Kamusi, common everyday usage, linguistic scholars, or reliable published sources?'' ::</br> ::Each of these approaches has its own shortcomings. In many cases, Kamusi terms appear too vague and sometimes fail to reflect the native pronunciation or linguistic character of the original names. At the same time, everyday usage has been heavily influenced by English, which has significantly affected the originality and authenticity of Kiswahili naming conventions. ::</br> ::Historically, many modern countries were either unknown to Swahili speakers or did not yet exist in their present form. Because of this, English names were often adopted to fill that linguistic gap. Later, Kamusi attempted to provide Kiswahili alternatives, but some of those adaptations also moved away from both the native pronunciation and natural Kiswahili phonetics. ::</br> ::Personally, I do not believe that either approach is entirely sufficient, especially when it comes to relying solely on common usage. Many names currently in use are borrowed directly from English without proper adaptation to Kiswahili grammar, spelling patterns, or pronunciation. As a result, they often feel linguistically inconsistent and lacking in Kiswahili originality. ::For that reason, I believe every editor should have a voice in these discussions. Decisions of this nature should not depend only on habit or repetition, but also on linguistic consistency, phonetics, reliable sourcing, and community consensus. ::So far, meaningful discussions on this issue have largely stagnated, and little progress has been made toward establishing a clear and consistent standard. ::</br> ::That is why I believe individual effort and active participation from editors are now more important than ever if we truly want to address this matter properly. ::Thanks; [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:56, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::Ndugu {{ping|Gayle157}} nimesoma alivyoandika {{ping|Muddyb}} kwamba afadhali tufuate kamusi. Hoja zako zinanivutia zaidi kuliko kufuata kamusi, pia kwa sababu kamusi zinatofautiana. Kwa mfano, [[Kamusi Kuu ya Kiswahili|KKK]] inapendekeza: Gine, Ginebisau na Gineikweta. Shida yetu ni kwamba wengi hawajali sana mambo ya Wikipedia kama hakuna tuzo kutoka Wikimedia... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:35, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) == InternetArchiveBot == Hey! I noticed that some links tagged as dead by [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] are actually still working. For example, this URL in the Senegal article is still live: https://www.bouelmogdad.com/en/history/ . There seem to be several other similar cases as well, so I’d appreciate it if these links could be double-checked before removal. Thanks! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 04:50, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, {{ping|Gayle157}}, for this information. I think the first thing to do is to inform the bot's responsible. On my side I'll leave all dead links, because deleting them is not a must. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:06, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Unaweza kuwa na haki ya kupiga kura katika uchaguzi wa U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Nakutumia ujumbe huu kwa kuwa ulipiga kura katika uchaguzi uliopita uliohusu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|halmashauri ya kuratibu kanuni za mwenendo duniani (U4C)]]. Unaweza kuwa na ushtahiki wa kupiga kura katika uchaguzi wa U4C unao endelea hivi sasa na utatamatika 2 Juni 2026. Unaeza pata maarifa kuhusu wagombeaji na uchaguzi katika [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|ukurasa wa uchaguzi ulio kwenye Meta]] na pia ya fursa kupata kura yako. Ushiriki wako katika uchaguzi huu ni muhimu kwa maana una athiri uwongozi wa jamii za Wikipedia, na muda uliotumia kusoma kuhusu wagombeaji na kupiga kura unathaminiwa. -- Kwa ushirikiano na U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:35, 20 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30569740 --> == Kiswahili == Hello. I'm looking for Swahili translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? '''[[Mtumiaji:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Eurohunter|majadiliano]])''' 18:55, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Yes, {{ping|Eurohunter}} if only a few. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:33, 22 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Visual editor katika miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{PAGENAME}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:17, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Yahusu rasumu ya makala ya Innocent Manda == Habari ndugu Riccardo, Nimeona umefuta makala ya Innocent Manda leo kwa sababu ya kuonekana kama tangazo binafsi, naelewa na kuheshimu uamuzi huo kwa sababu tunatakiwa kulinda Swahili Wikipedia na kuhakikisha haina matangazo ya biashara. Hata hivyo lengo la makaya yale halikuwa promotion, nimeamua kuchukua maandishi yale na kuyafanyia marekebisho makubwa kwenye uwanja wangu wa majaribio/sandbox environment ili yaweze kufuata miongozo ya kamusi/wikipedia [[Mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar/Uwanja wa majaribio]] Nimeondoa nukuu zote za manono yanayosomeka kama promo na badala yake nikaweka ukweli halisi kuhusu WebYetu, Tuzo na kuweka refersnces na citations. Naomba iotazame na uniambie moja kwa moja kama kuna sehemu bado haijakaa sawa na inatakiwa kubadilishwa nini ili tuweze kuchapisha bila shida yoyote nadala ya kufutwa, asante sana mkuu '''[[Mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|Mc dangote carsar]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Mc dangote carsar}} Mimi nimeshamaliza kazi yangu. Kama haikuridhishi, naomba umshirikishe sysop mwingine. Tuko wengi. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:51, 13 Juni 2026 (UTC) == EACLC == Mkuu, naomba uipitie hii kama iko sawa ili tuweze kuihamisha Kuanzisha Mtumiaji:East Africa Commercial and Logistics Centre (EACLC) [[Kuanzisha Mtumiaji:East Africa Commercial and Logistics Centre (EACLC)]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|Mc dangote carsar]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|majadiliano]])''' 08:27, 20 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Kwa jumla ni sawa, ila jamii. Ukihamisha makala usisahau kuondoa "Kuanzisha Mtumiaji" katika kichwa. Amani kwako. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:39, 20 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Shukran mkuu, Amani kwako pia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|Mc dangote carsar]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|majadiliano]])''' 08:42, 20 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Un bollente abbraccio italiano == Carissimo Riccardo, Pace!!! Quì, in diocesi di Lodi, siamo come all'Equatore, alle 8,00 del mattino ci sono già 30 gradi. Ti chiedo un piccolo favor: ho aperto [[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo/Sandbox 1|questa Sandobox]]: Pino era un grande personaggio che ci ha lasciato nel 2023, e vorrei farlo conoscere a tutti, mi aiuteresti, per favore? Era giornalista e sidacalista cattolico molto conosciuto. Ti chiedo di dargli un'occiata, la traduzione è dall'Inglese, e se volessi, apri pure la pagina a tuo nome. Grazie mille e un caro saluto, a presto. '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 09:40, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) 5bmn3ghkro79qfd72rsjkosv10cyr7k 0 15674 1577358 1457944 2026-06-28T18:47:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Railways in Tanzania.svg|thumb]] [[Picha:Tazara GE U30C Mlimba.JPG|thumbnail|Treni ya TAZARA kwenye kituo cha Mlimba]] [[Picha:Kituo cha TAZARA huko Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|Kituo cha TAZARA huko Dar es Salaam]] [[Picha:Ifakara.TAZARA.station.JPG|thumbnail|Kituo cha TAZARA huko Ifakara]] '''TAZARA''' ([[kifupi]] cha '''Tanzania Zambia Railway''') ni [[shirika]] la pamoja kati ya [[Serikali]] ya [[Tanzania]] na Serikali ya [[Zambia]], lililoanzishwa mnamo mwaka [[1975]]. Lengo kuu la TAZARA ni kuendesha huduma za [[reli]] kati ya [[bandari]] ya [[Dar es Salaam]] nchini Tanzania na kituo cha [[New Kapiri Mposhi]] iliyopo kwenye njia ya reli kati ya [[Lusaka]] na [[Kitwe]] kwenye ukanda wa [[shaba]] wa Zambia, ikipitia eneo la kati la Tanzania na Zambia. Reli hii inachukua jukumu muhimu katika usafirishaji wa [[abiria]] na mizigo kati ya Tanzania na [[Zambia]], na pia inachangia katika kuimarisha uhusiano wa kiuchumi na wa kibiashara kati ya nchi hizo mbili. == Njia ya TAZARA == Njia ya TAZARA ina urefu wa kilomita 1,860. [[Njia ya reli]] ina upana sawa na reli za Zambia na Afrika Kusini lakini ni tofauti na njia za [[Reli ya Tanzania]] hivyo treni na magari hayawezi kutumiwa pande zote nchini Tanzania. Reli ilianza kazi yake mwaka 1976 kwa mashine 120 lakini sasa ziko 30 pekee hasa za makampuni za [[Krupp]] na [[General Electric]]. Mashine asilia za Kichina haziendi tena. Idadi ya mabehewa inazidi 2,000 kuna mabehewa 100 za abiria. Kwa jumla utunzaji wa njia, mebehewa na mashine ilikuwa tatizo katika historia ya TAZARA. Vituo muhimu vya TAZARA ni pamoja na: * [[Dar es Salaam]] * [[Kidatu]] (kiungo na [[Shirika ya Reli Tanzania]] kwenda [[Kilosa]] na [[Dodoma]]) * [[Ifakara]] * [[Mlimba]] * [[Makambako]] * [[Mbeya]] * [[Tunduma]] (Tanzania) * [[Kasama]] (Zambia) * [[Mpika]] * [[Serenje]] * [[New Kapiri Mposhi]] - kiungo na Reli ya Zambia Muda wa safari kwa treni ya haraka ni masaa 40, takriban 25 upande wa Tanzania na takriban 15 upande wa Zambia. Kwa jumla mwendo wa treni ni polepole sana. == Shabaha ya mradi wa kujenga TAZARA == Ukaguzi wa awali wa njia ya reli ulianza mwaka 1968. Hatua hii ilikuwa kutazamia mahali ambapo reli itapita. Ujenzi wa reli ya TAZARA iliuanza kuanzia mwaka 1970 hadi 1976 Julai na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] kama zawadi kwa mataifa ya Zambia na Tanzania. Ujenzi ulitekelezwa na wafanyakazi Wachina zaidi ya 20,000. Shabaha ya mradi ilikuwa hasa kisiasa ililenga kuanzisha usafiri kwa ajili ya shaba ya Zambia usiotegemea mabandari ya [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Msumbiji]]. Msumbiji wakati ule ilikuwa koloni ya Ureno na Afrika Kusini ilitawaliwa kwa mfumo wa [[apartheid]] (siasa ya ubaguzi wa rangi). Zambia chini ya serikali ya Kenneth Kaunda iliunga mkono upinzani dhidi ya apartheid na ukoloni ikaona aibu ya kutegemea nchi hizi kiuchumi. China ilitaka kuimarisha msimamo kati ya mataifa huru ya Afrika ikajitolea kujenga reli kwa kuipa Zambia njia nyingine ya kufikia bahari. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.fahrplancenter.com/TAZARAText.html Ratiba ya treni za TAZARA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fahrplancenter.com/TAZARAText.html |date=20081121050603 }} * [http://www.tazara.co.tz/ www.tazara.co.tz Tovuti ya TAZARA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tazara.co.tz/ |date=20180904131654 }} [[Jamii:Reli za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Usafiri wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Usafiri wa Zambia]] 1j6atg9x2jplyj472fie67ag4nb0ix9 0 16324 1577371 1266769 2026-06-28T22:33:05Z Icodense 49270 Tenessee → Tennessee 1577371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Ohio_River.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px| Mto Ohio]] [[Picha:Ohiorivermap.png|thumb|right|Ramani ya [[beseni]] ya mto Ohio]] [[Picha:Rising-sun-indiana-ohio-river--from-above.jpg|thumb|Mto Ohio kwa macho ya ndege]] '''Mto Ohio''' ni [[tawimto]] muhimu wa [[mto Mississippi]] katika mashariki ya [[Marekani]]. Urefu wake ni kilomita 1,579 kuanzia chanzo chake kwenye maungano ya mto Allegheny na mto Monongahela karibu na mji wa [[Pittsburgh]] hadi mdomo kwenye mto Mississippi. Njia ya mto ni mpaka kati ya majimbo sita ya Marekani na beseni yake inajumlihsa eneo la majimbo 14. Tawimto kubwa ya kuingia ni mto Tennessee. Katika historia ya Marekani ilikuwa njia muhimu ya mawasiliano kabla ya kujengwa kwa barabara na reli. Wakati wa karne ya 19 Ohio ilikuwa mpaka kati ya maeneo yaliyoruhusu utumwa na majimbo yaliyokataa utumwa. Mto huu umepakana na majimbo ya [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[West Virginia]] na [[Pennsylvania]]. Miji muhimu kando la mto ni [[Louisville, Kentucky]], [[Paducah, Kentucky]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] na [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.historicohio.org/ '''Historic Ohio, the magazine'''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.historicohio.org/ |date=20071015003232 }} * [http://www.historicalpreservation.org/ '''Ohio Historical Preservation Group'''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.historicalpreservation.org/ |date=20090327215901 }} * [http://orvf.com/ Ohio River Valley Families Online Searchable Database], a genealogy resource * [http://terraserver.microsoft.com/map.aspx?t=1&s=14&lon=-89.1538398279652&lat=36.9976844072984&w=750&h=500&opt=0&f=Tahoma,Verdana,Arial&fs=8&fc=ffffff99 Image at the confluence with the Mississippi River] * [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=393&theme=2 Watershed information] {{Wayback|url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=393&theme=2 |date=20051226175609 }} * [http://www.erh.noaa.gov/ohrfc/ Ohio River Forecast Center], which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries {{mbegu-jio-USA}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Mto Mississippi]] [[Jamii:Mto Ohio| ]] 23ay9xbej30g5l0ieiyl0h0mgqw06bp 0 17661 1577444 1478139 2026-06-29T11:27:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Arabic components (letters) in the word Allah.svg|thumb|right|240px|Herufi za Kiarabu zinazounda neno "Allah": <br />1. [[Aleph#Arabic|alif]]<br />2. [[Hamza#Hamzat waṣl|hamzat waṣl]] (همزة وصل)<br />3. [[lām]]<br />4. lām<br />5. [[shadda]] (شدة)<br />6. [[dagger alif]] (ألف خنجرية)<br />7. [[hāʾ]]]] '''Allah''' ni neno la [[Kiarabu]] (الله, ''Allāh'', kutokana na ''al ilāh'', kwa [[Kiingereza]] "the God") linalorejea [[Mungu]] pekee<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html| title = God|work=Islam: Empire of Faith|publisher=PBS|accessdate=18 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|archivedate=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet | accessdate=2 May 2007|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/eio}}</ref>, [[muumba]] wa [[mbingu]], [[dunia]] na vyote vilivyomo. Hasa linatumika katika [[dini]] ya [[Uislamu]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah | title = Allah|author=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=25 February 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420121231/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah |archivedate=2014-04-20 }}</ref> lakini pia Wayahudi wanaoongea Kiarabu na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] Waarabu na wa nchi nyingine (kama vile [[Malaysia]]<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10620032 Sikhs target of 'Allah' attack] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10620032 |date=20190403114253 }}, Julia Zappei, Jan. 14, 2010, ''The New Zealand Herald''. Accessed on line Jan. 15, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11139915 Malaysia court rules non-Muslims can't use 'Allah'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11139915 |date=20190403114255 }}, Oct. 14, 2013, ''The New Zealand Herald''. Accessed on line Jan. 15, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/02/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102 Malaysia's Islamic authorities seize Bibles as Allah row deepens], Niluksi Koswanage, Jan. 2, 2014, Reuters. Accessed on line Jan. 15, 2014. {{Wayback|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/02/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102|date =20140116121501}}</ref>) wanamwita Mungu "Allah" tangu kabla ya [[Mtume Muhammad]]<ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref name="Columbia">[[Columbia Encyclopedia]], ''Allah''</ref><ref name="Britannica"> "Allah." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name="EncMMENA">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, ''Allah''</ref>. Hata dini za [[Bahai]] na [[Kalasinga]] zinamuita Mungu hivyo. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Mungu]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] 98m9aj7jhxkn0e9tpl4mdlrt869zqz8 0 18444 1577304 1577243 2026-06-28T13:15:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:~2025-49166|~2025-49166]] 1418209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Airboy Comics v5 2.jpg|thumb|upright]]'''Kibonzo''', pia '''Katuni''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] ''cartoons'') au '''Komiki''' (kutoka Kiing. ''comics'') ni namna ya kueleza hadithi au habari kwa kutumia picha. Picha hizi mara nyingi zimechorwa ama moja-moja au mfululizo na kueleza habari kwa namna ya kuchekesha. Majadiliano ya [[wahusika]] kwenye kibonzo huonyeshwa kwa njia za viputo vya maneno. Kuna pia viputo vya dhana vya kuonyesha fikra za wahusika. Kibonzo huonyeshwa mara nyingi kwenye [[magazeti]]. Kuna pia [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya vibonzo vilivyokusanywa au vilivyochorwa moja kwa moja kama kitabu. Kati ya vibonzo vinavyojulikana sana kimataifa kuna vile vya [[Walt Disney]] aliyeunda [[Mickey Mouse]] na wenzake. Siku za nyuma vibonzo vya [[manga]] kutoka [[Japani]] vimepata wasomaji wengi kati ya vijana. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.worldcomics.fi/html/swahili_manual.html Komiki - Hadithi kwa njia ya michoro (Kijitabu kinachofundisha kutunga vibonzo)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldcomics.fi/html/swahili_manual.html |date=20070808184811}} [[Jamii:Sanaa]] ey2dcq7dx7qe43t76jy52pzkbiuuppy 0 29196 1577354 1534725 2026-06-28T17:54:17Z Emmy05 90536 /* */ kuongeza baadhi ya maneno kwenye aya 1577354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sainte therese de lisieux.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Teresa mwaka [[1895]].]] '''Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu na wa Uso Mtakatifu, [[O.C.D.]]''' ([[Alençon]], [[Ufaransa]], [[2 Januari]] [[1873]] - [[Lisieux]], Ufaransa, [[30 Septemba]] [[1897]]) ni jina la kitawa la '''Thérèse Françoise Marie Martin''', maarufu pia kama '''Teresa wa Lisieux''', anayeheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] wa Karne mpya mwenye sifa za [[bikira]] na [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. Kisha kujiunga na [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli Peku]] ya Lisieux akiwa [[msichana]] mdogo tu, na mwenye umri mdogo sana [[Usafi wa moyo|usafi]] na [[unyofu]] wa [[maisha]] yake vilimfanya [[mwalimu]] wa utakatifu katika [[Masiya|Kristo]], akafundisha [[njia]] ya [[utoto wa kiroho]] ili kufikia [[ukamilifu wa Kikristo]] akafanya kila [[juhudi]] ya kifumbo kwa ajili ya [[Wokovu|kuokoa]] watu na kustawisha [[Kanisa]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24700</ref>. Akifurahia [[udogo]] wake, Teresa alijitokeza kama “[[mtaalamu]] wa [[elimu ya upendo]]” ([[Papa Yohane Paulo II]]), katika maandishi yake, hasa katika [[shajara]] alimosimulia kwa [[unyofu]] wa hali ya juu jinsi kwa [[neema]] alivyoelewa na kutekeleza [[Injili]] katika maisha yake yaliyofichika monasterini. Alifariki ana [[umri]] wa miaka 25 tu. Tangu mwaka [[1927]] ni [[msimamizi]] wa [[wamisionari]] wote (pamoja na [[Fransisko Saveri]]), na tangu mwaka [[1944]] wa [[Ufaransa]] (pamoja na [[Yoana wa Arc]]). [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[1 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha == ===Asili na utoto=== [[Picha:TdL-1881.JPG|thumb|left|120px|Teresa mwaka 1881 akiwa na umri wa miaka 8.]] Teresa, mtoto wa tisa na wa mwisho wa [[Louis Martin]] na [[Marie-Azélie Guérin]] (Zélie), ambao wanaheshimiwa kama [[wenye heri]] tangu tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[2008]] na kama [[watakatifu]] tangu tarehe [[18 Oktoba]] [[2015]], alizaliwa tarehe 2 Januari 1873 kwenye barabara Saint-Blaise 42, huko Alençon, [[mkoa]] wa [[Normandie]] (Ufaransa). Walipokuwa vijana wazazi wake walitaka kuingia utawani, wasiweze. Baada ya kuoana, maisha yao yote yaliongozwa na [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Ukristo]]. Teresa alipozaliwa, watoto 4 walikuwa wameshafariki, naye aliyumba sana kinafsi alipofiwa mama yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 4 tu. Hapo mjomba wake, Isidore Guerin, aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa mabinti watano walioachwa na [[marehemu]] ambao wote wakawa ma[[sista]] baadaye. Hivyo, tarehe [[15 Novemba]] [[1877]], Louis Martin alihamia Buissonnets, kitongoji cha [[Lisieux]], awe jirani na [[shemeji]] yake mwenye [[famasia]]. Huko Teresa alijenga uhusiano mkubwa na binamu yake Maria. Lakini uhusiano wa pekee hasa alikuwa nao kwa dada zake Paulina na Maria, akiwaona kama mama zake. Teresa alisimulia alivyoponywa [[ugonjwa wa nafsi]] yake kwa kutokewa na [[Bikira Maria]] akimtabasamu. Baadaye alipokea [[komunyo ya kwanza]] na katika kuungana hivyo na [[Yesu]] alimfanya [[kiini]] cha maisha yake. ===Wito=== [[Picha:Teresa13anni.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Thérèse Martin alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 13 (Februari [[1886]]).]][[Picha:Thérèse de Lisieux in 1885.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Teresa muda mfupi kabla ya kusafiri kwenda [[Italia]] ([[1887]]).]] Mwaka 1882, Paulina alipoingia [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli]] ya Lisieux, Teresa angetaka kumfuata, lakini hakuweza kutokana na umri wake mdogo. Zaidi tena alitaka kufanya hivyo Maria pia alipoingia monasteri hiyohiyo mwaka [[1886]]. Usiku wa [[Noeli]] iliyofuata, alishinda moja kwa moja [[huzuni]] yake iliyomfanya alielie daima. Alielewa anahitaji kumtafuta [[Mungu]] kwa [[ukomavu]] zaidi na kujipatia hivyo "elimu ya upendo" ambayo inajumlisha kweli zote za [[imani]]. Mwenyewe aliita neema hiyo “[[wongofu]] kamili”, na tangu hapo alianza “kupiga [[mbio]] kama [[jitu]]”. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 14 Teresa alizidi kushikamana kwa imani na [[Yesu msulubiwa]], akajitosa kwa “[[moyo wa kimama]]” kumuombea [[muuaji]] aliyeonekana kukabili [[adhabu ya kifo]] bila kutubu. “Nilitaka kwa [[gharama]] yoyote kumzuia asiende [[moto]]ni [[milele]]… Nilikuwa na [[tumaini]] kubwa kabisa katika [[Huruma]] ya Yesu isiyo na mipaka”. Ndiyo [[mang’amuzi]] yake ya kwanza ya [[umama wa kiroho]]. Teresa alianza kupigania [[wito]] wake dhidi ya upinzani wa watu mbalimbali waliotaka kuahirisha hatua ya kujiunga na [[utawa]]. Kwa ajili hiyo mnamo Novemba [[1887]] alisafiri hadi [[Roma]] akaombe ruhusa ya [[Papa Leo XIII]], lakini alikataliwa kwa wema. Kitu hicho kilimsikitisha lakini bila kumhangaisha, kwa sababu alijua amefanya kila aliloweza ili kuitikia wito wake mapema. ===Kuingia monasteri=== Wakati wa kurudi Ufaransa, [[askofu]] wake alibadili msimamo na kumruhusu. Hivyo tarehe 9 [[Aprili]] [[1888]] msichana Teresa alingiia [[Karmeli]] “ili kuokoa roho za watu na kuombea mapadri”, akiwa na miaka 15 tu. Ile tisa iliyofuata ikawa na [[maendeleo ya kiroho]] ya kasi ajabu. Wakati huohuo baba yake alianza kusumbuliwa na ugonjwa wa akili uliomtia [[tabu]] na [[aibu]] sana. Huo ukawa sababu ya [[uchungu]] mwingi hata kwa [[binti]] yake mpendwa, ambaye lakini kwa [[njia]] hiyo alijaliwa kutazama [[uso wa Yesu]] katika [[mateso]] yake. ===Kisha kuweka nadhiri=== Aliweka [[nadhiri]] zake za kwanza tarehe [[8 Septemba]] [[1890]], ikawa [[arusi ya kiroho]] katika udogo: “Ilikuwa siku ya [[Maria Kuzaliwa]]. Lo, [[sikukuu]] nzuri kweli kwa kuolewa na Yesu! [[Bikira]] mtakatifu katika udogo wake kama [[mtoto mchanga]] ndiye aliyemtoa aliye [[Ua]] lake dogo kwa Yesu mdogo”. Kwa Teresa, kuwa [[mtawa]] maana yake ilikuwa kuwa [[bibiarusi]] wa Yesu na mama wa roho za watu. Ndiyo maana siku hiyo aliandika sala iliyotokeza [[dira]] yote ya maisha yake, akimuomba Yesu, kama [[zawadi]] ya [[Upendo]] wake usio na mipaka, aweze kuwa mdogo kuliko wote, lakini hasa aliomba [[wokovu]] wa watu wote: “Leo kusiwe na roho yoyote ambayo ipotee milele”. Mwaka [[1893]] aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa [[wanovisi]], kazi aliyofanya kwa bidii na ufanisi mkubwa. Baadaye kwa maandishi yake yaliyoenea upesi duniani kote akawa mlezi wa umati wa watu akiwaelekeza kufuata [[Heri Nane]] alizotangaza [[Yesu]] mlimani. Mwaka [[1894]], baada ya [[ugonjwa]] wa muda mrefu, mzee Louis Martin alifariki, na binti yake mwingine, Selina, aliyekuwa anamtunza, aliweza kujiunga na monasteri hiyo. [[Kamera]] yake imetuachia [[picha]] halisi za Teresa. ===Miaka ya mwisho=== [[Picha:AdolpheRoulland.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Adolphe Roulland, mmoja wa ma[[frateri]] wawili ambao Teresa alikabidhiwa kuwaombea.]] Muhimu sana ni “Majitoleo kwa Upendo wenye Huruma” ambayo aliyafanya katika sikukuu ya [[Utatu Mtakatifu]] ya mwaka [[1895]] na yalifungua kipindi cha mwisho cha maisha yake mafupi kilichojaa mateso katika muungano na yale ya Yesu. Mwezi [[Aprili]] [[1896]], alipatwa na [[TB]], ugonjwa uliokuja kumuua baada ya miezi 18. Mateso ya mwili yaliendana na yale ya ndani yanayojulikana kama "[[usiku wa roho]]" na ni [[jaribu]] kali la imani. Pamoja na Bikira Maria chini ya [[msalaba]] wa Mwanae, Teresa alifaulu kulishinda katika [[giza]] nene lilioenea ndani mwake. Alitambua kwamba alipaswa kupatwa na jaribu hilo kwa ajili ya wokovu wa [[wakana Mungu]] wote wa [[ulimwengu wa kisasa]], ambao aliwaita “[[ndugu]]”. Alizidi vilevile kutekeleza [[upendo wa kidugu]]: kwa masista wa [[jumuia]] yake, kwa [[wamisionari]] wawili aliokabidhiwa awaombee, kwa mapadri na kwa watu wote, hasa wale wa mbali zaidi, akawa kweli [[dada]] wa wote. Upendo wake wa kuvutia ulitokeza [[furaha]] ya dhati ambayo mwenyewe alifichua [[siri]] yake: “Ee Yesu, furaha yangu ni kukupenda wewe”. Katika hali hiyo ya mateso, akitekeleza upendo wa hali ya juu katika mambo madogo ya maisha ya kila siku, Teresa alitimiza [[wito]] wake wa kuwa upendo katika [[moyo]] wa mama [[Kanisa]]. Katika [[barua]] yake ya mwisho, aliandika hivi juu ya [[picha]] ya [[Mtoto Yesu]] iliyochorwa ndani ya [[Hostie]] takatifu: “Siwezi kumuogopa Mungu aliyejifanya mdogo hivi kwa ajili yangu! … Mimi nampenda! Kwa kuwa yeye ni Upendo na Huruma tu!” “Mimi amenipa Huruma yake isiyo na mipaka, na ni katika [[kioo]] hicho kisichosemeka kwamba nazingatia sifa zake nyingine za Kimungu. Hizo zote zinaonekana kwangu zinang’aa kwa upendo. Hata [[Haki]] yake, labda kuliko sifa nyingine, inaonekana kwangu imevikwa Upendo”. Ndani mwake yalitimia maneno aliyoyandika: “Watakatifu wote walielewa, na kwa namna ya pekee labda wale waliojaza ulimwengu kwa [[mwanga]] wa mafundisho ya Injili. Haikuwa katika sala kwamba [[Mtume Paulo|Mt. Paulo]], [[Agostino wa Hippo|Mt. Augustino]], Mt. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]], Mt. [[Thoma wa Akwino]], [[Fransisko wa Asizi|Fransisko]], [[Dominiko GUzman|Dominiko]] na ma[[rafiki]] wa Mungu wengine wengi hivi walichota elimu ile ya ajabu ambayo iliteka akili bora?” “Mimi nahitaji kufungua tu Injili takatifu ili ninuse mara [[manukato]] ya maisha ya Yesu, na hapo nijue njia ambayo nipige mbio juu yake; nami nakimbilia nafasi ya mwisho, si ile ya kwanza… Nahisi kwamba hata kama [[dhamiri]] yangu ingelemewa na makosa yote ya [[jinai]] yanayoweza kufanyika… kwa moyo uliovunjika kwa uchungu ningejitupa mikononi mwa Yesu [[Mwokozi]] wangu, kwa sababu najua anampenda [[mwana mpotevu]]”. Tarehe [[10 Julai]] [[1897]] udhaifu wa [[mwili]] ulimzuia asiendelee kuandika habari za maisha yake kama alivyoagizwa. Neno la mwisho aliloliandika katika sentensi isiyomalizika ni "upendo". Alifariki tarehe [[30 Septemba]] 1897, mnamo saa 19:20, huku akitazama [[sanamu]] ya Msulubiwa aliyoishika mikononi na kusema, “Mungu wangu, nakupenda!”. Maneno hayo yalikuwa [[muhtasari]] wa maisha yake. “Yesu, nakupenda” ndiyo yanayotawala maandishi yake yote. Kwa njia hiyo alizama katika Utatu Mtakatifu. Katika ma[[shairi]] yake aliandika, “Lo, unajua, Yesu Mungu, kuwa nakupenda / Roho wa Upendo ananiwasha kwa moto wake / Ni kwa kukupenda kwamba nampendeza Baba”. == Heshima baada ya kufa == [[Picha:Basilique Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux-2876.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Basilika la Lisieux, lenye eneo la 4500 m² na urefu wa mita 95, lililojengwa kwa heshima yake mwaka [[1937]].]] Mara baada ya kufa maandishi yake yalianza kusambaa kwa namna ya ajabu na kumvutia [[heshima]] ya wengi. Pia ilitokea [[miujiza]] kwa maombezi yake. Ni kama alivyosema, kuwa atamimina [[mvua]] ya ma[[waridi]] kutoka [[mbinguni]], akitumia [[uzima wa milele] kutenda mema mengi duniani. [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[29 Aprili]] [[1923]], tena [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[17 Mei]] [[1925]], na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[1997]] kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika [[teolojia ya Kiroho]]. ==Njia yake ya kiroho== “Njia ndogo ya tumaini na upendo”, njia ya "[[utoto wa kiroho]]” aliyoielekeza inafundisha kutimiza sharti la Yesu: “Msipoongoka na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Njia hiyo inatia moyo wa kujitoa kikamilifu kama kikafara kwa [[wokovu]] wa [[ulimwengu]]. Mwenyewe aliifuata hata akasema: “Kupenda ni kutoa yote, na kujitoa pia”. “Sijawahi kumnyima chochote [[Mungu]] mwema!” [[Siri]] yake ni nguvu ya [[upendo]], ambao Teresa alitambua ndio [[wito]] wake katika [[Kanisa]]: kuwa [[moyo]] wa [[Mwili wa Kristo]] ili kusaidia viungo vyake vyote kufanya kazi vizuri. ==Sala zake== Ee Mungu wangu! Utatu mtakatifu! Natamani tu kukupenda na kukufanya upendwe... Ili maisha yangu yaweze kuwa tendo moja tu la upendo kamili: Ninajitoa mhanga kama kitambiko cha kuteketezwa kabisa na upendo wako rahimu. Nakusihi uniteketeze bila ya kukoma, ukiyaruhusu yale mawimbi ya upendo wako usiopimika, yanayojazana ndani yako, yafurike rohoni mwangu: hivyo nami niweze kuwa shahidi wa upendo wako, Mungu wangu! Unijalie kifodini hicho baada ya kunitayarisha kutokea mbele yako, hatimaye unisababishe kufa: na roho yangu iruke moja kwa moja, bila ya kuchelewa popote pale, ifikie kukumbatiana milele na upendo wako rahimu. Ee mpenzi wangu, mimi napenda, katika kila pigo la moyo wangu, kurudia upya, mara nyingi zisizohesabika, hili tendo langu la kujitoa kwako. Mpaka hapo vivuli vitakapotoweka, nami nikaweza kukuambia milele, uso kwa uso, jinsi ninavyokupenda. Ee Yesu, upendo wangu, hatimaye nimegundua wito wangu. Wito wangu ni kupenda! Ndiyo, nimeona nafasi yangu ndani ya Kanisa, na nafasi hiyo umenipatia wewe, Mungu wangu. Katika moyo wa Kanisa, mama yangu, nitakuwa upendo: hivyo nitakuwa yote na hamu yangu itatimia. Ee Bwana Yesu, mimi si tai, ila nina macho na moyo wake. Ingawa ni mdogo, nathubutu kulikazia macho jua la upendo, na kutamani kurukia kwake. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Maandishi yake katika tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]] na ya [[Kihaya]] == *THERESIA WA MTOTO YESU, Ua la Upendo, Maisha ya Mtakatifu Theresia wa Mtoto Yesu Aliyoyaandika Yeye Mwenyewe – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Paulines Publications Africa – Nairobi 1992 – ISBN 9966-21-021-0 *THEREZA OW’OMWANA YEZU – Akamuli k’engonzi, Oburora bw’Omutakatifu Thereza Ow’omwana Yezu Obwo Yayehandikire Wenene – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Marianum Press Kisubi – Kisubi 1960 ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 356-358 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 342-343 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 297-299 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography'' by Patricia O'Connor, 1984 ISBN 0-87973-607-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: the way to love'' by Ann Laforest, 2000 ISBN 1-58051-082-5 * ''The Story of a Soul'' by T. N. Taylor, 2006 ISBN 1-4068-0771-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Joan Monahan, 2003 ISBN 0-8091-6710-7 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior'' by Thomas R. Nevin, 2006 ISBN 0-19-530721-6 * ''Therese and Lisieux'' by Pierre Descouvemont, Helmuth Nils Loose, 1996 ISBN 0-8028-3836-7 * ''St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ'' by Thomas Keating, 2001 ISBN 1-930051-20-4 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering'', by Murchadh O Madagain, 2003 ISBN * ''15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Constant Tonnelier, 2011 ISBN 978-1-56548-391-0 == [[Filamu]] juu yake == * ''[[Beatification de la Bienheureuse soeur Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus]]'', ya [[Michel Coissac]] ([[1923]]) * ''[[La rose efeuillée]]'', ya [[George Pallu]] ([[1926]]) * ''[[La vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Julien Duvivier]] ([[1929]]) * ''[[Thérèse Martin (film)|Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Maurice de Canonge]] ([[1939]]) * ''[[Procès au Vatican]]'', ya [[André Haguet]] ([[1951]]) * ''[[Le Vrai visage de Thérèse de Lisieux]]'' ya [[Philippe Agostini]] ([[1964]]) * ''[[Il processo di Santa Teresa del Bambin Gesù]]'', ya [[Vittorio Cottafavi]] ([[1967]]) * ''[[Thérèse]]'', ya [[Alain Cavalier]], ([[1986]]), "Prix du Jury" kwenye [[festival de Cannes]]. * ''[[Vous m'appellerez petite Thérèse]]'', ya [[Anne Foumier]] ([[1998]]) * ''[[Thérèse - The Story of Saint Thérèse]]'', ya [[Leonardo Defilippis]] ([[2003]]) == Viungo vya nje == * [http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm Maandishi yake yote kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://directory.google.com/Top/World/Fran%C3%A7ais/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Religion_et_spiritualit%C3%A9/Christianisme/Catholicisme/Saints/Sainte_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux/?il=1 Maandishi juu yake kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://www.carmel.asso.fr/-Therese-de-Lisieux-.html Kurasa juu ya Teresa wa Lisieux katika [[tovuti]] ya shirika lake] {{Wayback|url=http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm |date=20070930021059 }} * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2023/10/15/0719/01566.html#en Hati ya [[Papa Fransisko]] "C'est la confiance" kuhusu Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu kwa [[Kiingereza]]] {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1873]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1897]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Wakarmeli]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] bpawuvep4uirihtfz07hzcmaubef8ft 1577355 1577354 2026-06-28T17:56:57Z Emmy05 90536 /* Asili na utoto */ kuongeza baadhi ya maneno 1577355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sainte therese de lisieux.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Teresa mwaka [[1895]].]] '''Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu na wa Uso Mtakatifu, [[O.C.D.]]''' ([[Alençon]], [[Ufaransa]], [[2 Januari]] [[1873]] - [[Lisieux]], Ufaransa, [[30 Septemba]] [[1897]]) ni jina la kitawa la '''Thérèse Françoise Marie Martin''', maarufu pia kama '''Teresa wa Lisieux''', anayeheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] wa Karne mpya mwenye sifa za [[bikira]] na [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. Kisha kujiunga na [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli Peku]] ya Lisieux akiwa [[msichana]] mdogo tu, na mwenye umri mdogo sana [[Usafi wa moyo|usafi]] na [[unyofu]] wa [[maisha]] yake vilimfanya [[mwalimu]] wa utakatifu katika [[Masiya|Kristo]], akafundisha [[njia]] ya [[utoto wa kiroho]] ili kufikia [[ukamilifu wa Kikristo]] akafanya kila [[juhudi]] ya kifumbo kwa ajili ya [[Wokovu|kuokoa]] watu na kustawisha [[Kanisa]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24700</ref>. Akifurahia [[udogo]] wake, Teresa alijitokeza kama “[[mtaalamu]] wa [[elimu ya upendo]]” ([[Papa Yohane Paulo II]]), katika maandishi yake, hasa katika [[shajara]] alimosimulia kwa [[unyofu]] wa hali ya juu jinsi kwa [[neema]] alivyoelewa na kutekeleza [[Injili]] katika maisha yake yaliyofichika monasterini. Alifariki ana [[umri]] wa miaka 25 tu. Tangu mwaka [[1927]] ni [[msimamizi]] wa [[wamisionari]] wote (pamoja na [[Fransisko Saveri]]), na tangu mwaka [[1944]] wa [[Ufaransa]] (pamoja na [[Yoana wa Arc]]). [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[1 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha == ===Asili na utoto=== [[Picha:TdL-1881.JPG|thumb|left|120px|Teresa mwaka 1881 akiwa na umri wa miaka 8.]] Teresa, mtoto wa tisa na wa mwisho wa [[Louis Martin]] na [[Marie-Azélie Guérin]] (Zélie), ambao wanaheshimiwa kama [[wenye heri]] tangu tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[2008]] na kama [[watakatifu]] tangu tarehe [[18 Oktoba]] [[2015]], alizaliwa tarehe 2 Januari 1873 kwenye barabara Saint-Blaise 42, huko Alençon, [[mkoa]] wa [[Normandie]] (Ufaransa). Walipokuwa vijana wazazi wake walitaka kuingia utawani, wasiweze kwa sababu mbalimbali. Baada ya kuoana, maisha yao yote yaliongozwa na [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Ukristo]]. Teresa alipozaliwa, watoto 4 walikuwa wameshafariki, naye aliyumba sana kinafsi alipofiwa mama yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 4 tu. Hapo mjomba wake, Isidore Guerin, aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa mabinti watano walioachwa na [[marehemu]] ambao wote wakawa ma[[sista]] baadaye. Hivyo, tarehe [[15 Novemba]] [[1877]], Louis Martin alihamia Buissonnets, kitongoji cha [[Lisieux]], awe jirani na [[shemeji]] yake mwenye [[famasia]]. Huko Teresa alijenga uhusiano mkubwa na binamu yake Maria. Lakini uhusiano wa pekee hasa alikuwa nao kwa dada zake Paulina na Maria, akiwaona kama mama zake. Teresa alisimulia alivyoponywa [[ugonjwa wa nafsi]] yake kwa kutokewa na [[Bikira Maria]] akimtabasamu. Baadaye alipokea [[komunyo ya kwanza]] na katika kuungana hivyo na [[Yesu]] alimfanya [[kiini]] cha maisha yake. ===Wito=== [[Picha:Teresa13anni.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Thérèse Martin alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 13 (Februari [[1886]]).]][[Picha:Thérèse de Lisieux in 1885.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Teresa muda mfupi kabla ya kusafiri kwenda [[Italia]] ([[1887]]).]] Mwaka 1882, Paulina alipoingia [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli]] ya Lisieux, Teresa angetaka kumfuata, lakini hakuweza kutokana na umri wake mdogo. Zaidi tena alitaka kufanya hivyo Maria pia alipoingia monasteri hiyohiyo mwaka [[1886]]. Usiku wa [[Noeli]] iliyofuata, alishinda moja kwa moja [[huzuni]] yake iliyomfanya alielie daima. Alielewa anahitaji kumtafuta [[Mungu]] kwa [[ukomavu]] zaidi na kujipatia hivyo "elimu ya upendo" ambayo inajumlisha kweli zote za [[imani]]. Mwenyewe aliita neema hiyo “[[wongofu]] kamili”, na tangu hapo alianza “kupiga [[mbio]] kama [[jitu]]”. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 14 Teresa alizidi kushikamana kwa imani na [[Yesu msulubiwa]], akajitosa kwa “[[moyo wa kimama]]” kumuombea [[muuaji]] aliyeonekana kukabili [[adhabu ya kifo]] bila kutubu. “Nilitaka kwa [[gharama]] yoyote kumzuia asiende [[moto]]ni [[milele]]… Nilikuwa na [[tumaini]] kubwa kabisa katika [[Huruma]] ya Yesu isiyo na mipaka”. Ndiyo [[mang’amuzi]] yake ya kwanza ya [[umama wa kiroho]]. Teresa alianza kupigania [[wito]] wake dhidi ya upinzani wa watu mbalimbali waliotaka kuahirisha hatua ya kujiunga na [[utawa]]. Kwa ajili hiyo mnamo Novemba [[1887]] alisafiri hadi [[Roma]] akaombe ruhusa ya [[Papa Leo XIII]], lakini alikataliwa kwa wema. Kitu hicho kilimsikitisha lakini bila kumhangaisha, kwa sababu alijua amefanya kila aliloweza ili kuitikia wito wake mapema. ===Kuingia monasteri=== Wakati wa kurudi Ufaransa, [[askofu]] wake alibadili msimamo na kumruhusu. Hivyo tarehe 9 [[Aprili]] [[1888]] msichana Teresa alingiia [[Karmeli]] “ili kuokoa roho za watu na kuombea mapadri”, akiwa na miaka 15 tu. Ile tisa iliyofuata ikawa na [[maendeleo ya kiroho]] ya kasi ajabu. Wakati huohuo baba yake alianza kusumbuliwa na ugonjwa wa akili uliomtia [[tabu]] na [[aibu]] sana. Huo ukawa sababu ya [[uchungu]] mwingi hata kwa [[binti]] yake mpendwa, ambaye lakini kwa [[njia]] hiyo alijaliwa kutazama [[uso wa Yesu]] katika [[mateso]] yake. ===Kisha kuweka nadhiri=== Aliweka [[nadhiri]] zake za kwanza tarehe [[8 Septemba]] [[1890]], ikawa [[arusi ya kiroho]] katika udogo: “Ilikuwa siku ya [[Maria Kuzaliwa]]. Lo, [[sikukuu]] nzuri kweli kwa kuolewa na Yesu! [[Bikira]] mtakatifu katika udogo wake kama [[mtoto mchanga]] ndiye aliyemtoa aliye [[Ua]] lake dogo kwa Yesu mdogo”. Kwa Teresa, kuwa [[mtawa]] maana yake ilikuwa kuwa [[bibiarusi]] wa Yesu na mama wa roho za watu. Ndiyo maana siku hiyo aliandika sala iliyotokeza [[dira]] yote ya maisha yake, akimuomba Yesu, kama [[zawadi]] ya [[Upendo]] wake usio na mipaka, aweze kuwa mdogo kuliko wote, lakini hasa aliomba [[wokovu]] wa watu wote: “Leo kusiwe na roho yoyote ambayo ipotee milele”. Mwaka [[1893]] aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa [[wanovisi]], kazi aliyofanya kwa bidii na ufanisi mkubwa. Baadaye kwa maandishi yake yaliyoenea upesi duniani kote akawa mlezi wa umati wa watu akiwaelekeza kufuata [[Heri Nane]] alizotangaza [[Yesu]] mlimani. Mwaka [[1894]], baada ya [[ugonjwa]] wa muda mrefu, mzee Louis Martin alifariki, na binti yake mwingine, Selina, aliyekuwa anamtunza, aliweza kujiunga na monasteri hiyo. [[Kamera]] yake imetuachia [[picha]] halisi za Teresa. ===Miaka ya mwisho=== [[Picha:AdolpheRoulland.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Adolphe Roulland, mmoja wa ma[[frateri]] wawili ambao Teresa alikabidhiwa kuwaombea.]] Muhimu sana ni “Majitoleo kwa Upendo wenye Huruma” ambayo aliyafanya katika sikukuu ya [[Utatu Mtakatifu]] ya mwaka [[1895]] na yalifungua kipindi cha mwisho cha maisha yake mafupi kilichojaa mateso katika muungano na yale ya Yesu. Mwezi [[Aprili]] [[1896]], alipatwa na [[TB]], ugonjwa uliokuja kumuua baada ya miezi 18. Mateso ya mwili yaliendana na yale ya ndani yanayojulikana kama "[[usiku wa roho]]" na ni [[jaribu]] kali la imani. Pamoja na Bikira Maria chini ya [[msalaba]] wa Mwanae, Teresa alifaulu kulishinda katika [[giza]] nene lilioenea ndani mwake. Alitambua kwamba alipaswa kupatwa na jaribu hilo kwa ajili ya wokovu wa [[wakana Mungu]] wote wa [[ulimwengu wa kisasa]], ambao aliwaita “[[ndugu]]”. Alizidi vilevile kutekeleza [[upendo wa kidugu]]: kwa masista wa [[jumuia]] yake, kwa [[wamisionari]] wawili aliokabidhiwa awaombee, kwa mapadri na kwa watu wote, hasa wale wa mbali zaidi, akawa kweli [[dada]] wa wote. Upendo wake wa kuvutia ulitokeza [[furaha]] ya dhati ambayo mwenyewe alifichua [[siri]] yake: “Ee Yesu, furaha yangu ni kukupenda wewe”. Katika hali hiyo ya mateso, akitekeleza upendo wa hali ya juu katika mambo madogo ya maisha ya kila siku, Teresa alitimiza [[wito]] wake wa kuwa upendo katika [[moyo]] wa mama [[Kanisa]]. Katika [[barua]] yake ya mwisho, aliandika hivi juu ya [[picha]] ya [[Mtoto Yesu]] iliyochorwa ndani ya [[Hostie]] takatifu: “Siwezi kumuogopa Mungu aliyejifanya mdogo hivi kwa ajili yangu! … Mimi nampenda! Kwa kuwa yeye ni Upendo na Huruma tu!” “Mimi amenipa Huruma yake isiyo na mipaka, na ni katika [[kioo]] hicho kisichosemeka kwamba nazingatia sifa zake nyingine za Kimungu. Hizo zote zinaonekana kwangu zinang’aa kwa upendo. Hata [[Haki]] yake, labda kuliko sifa nyingine, inaonekana kwangu imevikwa Upendo”. Ndani mwake yalitimia maneno aliyoyandika: “Watakatifu wote walielewa, na kwa namna ya pekee labda wale waliojaza ulimwengu kwa [[mwanga]] wa mafundisho ya Injili. Haikuwa katika sala kwamba [[Mtume Paulo|Mt. Paulo]], [[Agostino wa Hippo|Mt. Augustino]], Mt. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]], Mt. [[Thoma wa Akwino]], [[Fransisko wa Asizi|Fransisko]], [[Dominiko GUzman|Dominiko]] na ma[[rafiki]] wa Mungu wengine wengi hivi walichota elimu ile ya ajabu ambayo iliteka akili bora?” “Mimi nahitaji kufungua tu Injili takatifu ili ninuse mara [[manukato]] ya maisha ya Yesu, na hapo nijue njia ambayo nipige mbio juu yake; nami nakimbilia nafasi ya mwisho, si ile ya kwanza… Nahisi kwamba hata kama [[dhamiri]] yangu ingelemewa na makosa yote ya [[jinai]] yanayoweza kufanyika… kwa moyo uliovunjika kwa uchungu ningejitupa mikononi mwa Yesu [[Mwokozi]] wangu, kwa sababu najua anampenda [[mwana mpotevu]]”. Tarehe [[10 Julai]] [[1897]] udhaifu wa [[mwili]] ulimzuia asiendelee kuandika habari za maisha yake kama alivyoagizwa. Neno la mwisho aliloliandika katika sentensi isiyomalizika ni "upendo". Alifariki tarehe [[30 Septemba]] 1897, mnamo saa 19:20, huku akitazama [[sanamu]] ya Msulubiwa aliyoishika mikononi na kusema, “Mungu wangu, nakupenda!”. Maneno hayo yalikuwa [[muhtasari]] wa maisha yake. “Yesu, nakupenda” ndiyo yanayotawala maandishi yake yote. Kwa njia hiyo alizama katika Utatu Mtakatifu. Katika ma[[shairi]] yake aliandika, “Lo, unajua, Yesu Mungu, kuwa nakupenda / Roho wa Upendo ananiwasha kwa moto wake / Ni kwa kukupenda kwamba nampendeza Baba”. == Heshima baada ya kufa == [[Picha:Basilique Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux-2876.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Basilika la Lisieux, lenye eneo la 4500 m² na urefu wa mita 95, lililojengwa kwa heshima yake mwaka [[1937]].]] Mara baada ya kufa maandishi yake yalianza kusambaa kwa namna ya ajabu na kumvutia [[heshima]] ya wengi. Pia ilitokea [[miujiza]] kwa maombezi yake. Ni kama alivyosema, kuwa atamimina [[mvua]] ya ma[[waridi]] kutoka [[mbinguni]], akitumia [[uzima wa milele] kutenda mema mengi duniani. [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[29 Aprili]] [[1923]], tena [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[17 Mei]] [[1925]], na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[1997]] kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika [[teolojia ya Kiroho]]. ==Njia yake ya kiroho== “Njia ndogo ya tumaini na upendo”, njia ya "[[utoto wa kiroho]]” aliyoielekeza inafundisha kutimiza sharti la Yesu: “Msipoongoka na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Njia hiyo inatia moyo wa kujitoa kikamilifu kama kikafara kwa [[wokovu]] wa [[ulimwengu]]. Mwenyewe aliifuata hata akasema: “Kupenda ni kutoa yote, na kujitoa pia”. “Sijawahi kumnyima chochote [[Mungu]] mwema!” [[Siri]] yake ni nguvu ya [[upendo]], ambao Teresa alitambua ndio [[wito]] wake katika [[Kanisa]]: kuwa [[moyo]] wa [[Mwili wa Kristo]] ili kusaidia viungo vyake vyote kufanya kazi vizuri. ==Sala zake== Ee Mungu wangu! Utatu mtakatifu! Natamani tu kukupenda na kukufanya upendwe... Ili maisha yangu yaweze kuwa tendo moja tu la upendo kamili: Ninajitoa mhanga kama kitambiko cha kuteketezwa kabisa na upendo wako rahimu. Nakusihi uniteketeze bila ya kukoma, ukiyaruhusu yale mawimbi ya upendo wako usiopimika, yanayojazana ndani yako, yafurike rohoni mwangu: hivyo nami niweze kuwa shahidi wa upendo wako, Mungu wangu! Unijalie kifodini hicho baada ya kunitayarisha kutokea mbele yako, hatimaye unisababishe kufa: na roho yangu iruke moja kwa moja, bila ya kuchelewa popote pale, ifikie kukumbatiana milele na upendo wako rahimu. Ee mpenzi wangu, mimi napenda, katika kila pigo la moyo wangu, kurudia upya, mara nyingi zisizohesabika, hili tendo langu la kujitoa kwako. Mpaka hapo vivuli vitakapotoweka, nami nikaweza kukuambia milele, uso kwa uso, jinsi ninavyokupenda. Ee Yesu, upendo wangu, hatimaye nimegundua wito wangu. Wito wangu ni kupenda! Ndiyo, nimeona nafasi yangu ndani ya Kanisa, na nafasi hiyo umenipatia wewe, Mungu wangu. Katika moyo wa Kanisa, mama yangu, nitakuwa upendo: hivyo nitakuwa yote na hamu yangu itatimia. Ee Bwana Yesu, mimi si tai, ila nina macho na moyo wake. Ingawa ni mdogo, nathubutu kulikazia macho jua la upendo, na kutamani kurukia kwake. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Maandishi yake katika tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]] na ya [[Kihaya]] == *THERESIA WA MTOTO YESU, Ua la Upendo, Maisha ya Mtakatifu Theresia wa Mtoto Yesu Aliyoyaandika Yeye Mwenyewe – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Paulines Publications Africa – Nairobi 1992 – ISBN 9966-21-021-0 *THEREZA OW’OMWANA YEZU – Akamuli k’engonzi, Oburora bw’Omutakatifu Thereza Ow’omwana Yezu Obwo Yayehandikire Wenene – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Marianum Press Kisubi – Kisubi 1960 ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 356-358 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 342-343 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 297-299 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography'' by Patricia O'Connor, 1984 ISBN 0-87973-607-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: the way to love'' by Ann Laforest, 2000 ISBN 1-58051-082-5 * ''The Story of a Soul'' by T. N. Taylor, 2006 ISBN 1-4068-0771-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Joan Monahan, 2003 ISBN 0-8091-6710-7 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior'' by Thomas R. Nevin, 2006 ISBN 0-19-530721-6 * ''Therese and Lisieux'' by Pierre Descouvemont, Helmuth Nils Loose, 1996 ISBN 0-8028-3836-7 * ''St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ'' by Thomas Keating, 2001 ISBN 1-930051-20-4 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering'', by Murchadh O Madagain, 2003 ISBN * ''15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Constant Tonnelier, 2011 ISBN 978-1-56548-391-0 == [[Filamu]] juu yake == * ''[[Beatification de la Bienheureuse soeur Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus]]'', ya [[Michel Coissac]] ([[1923]]) * ''[[La rose efeuillée]]'', ya [[George Pallu]] ([[1926]]) * ''[[La vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Julien Duvivier]] ([[1929]]) * ''[[Thérèse Martin (film)|Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Maurice de Canonge]] ([[1939]]) * ''[[Procès au Vatican]]'', ya [[André Haguet]] ([[1951]]) * ''[[Le Vrai visage de Thérèse de Lisieux]]'' ya [[Philippe Agostini]] ([[1964]]) * ''[[Il processo di Santa Teresa del Bambin Gesù]]'', ya [[Vittorio Cottafavi]] ([[1967]]) * ''[[Thérèse]]'', ya [[Alain Cavalier]], ([[1986]]), "Prix du Jury" kwenye [[festival de Cannes]]. * ''[[Vous m'appellerez petite Thérèse]]'', ya [[Anne Foumier]] ([[1998]]) * ''[[Thérèse - The Story of Saint Thérèse]]'', ya [[Leonardo Defilippis]] ([[2003]]) == Viungo vya nje == * [http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm Maandishi yake yote kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://directory.google.com/Top/World/Fran%C3%A7ais/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Religion_et_spiritualit%C3%A9/Christianisme/Catholicisme/Saints/Sainte_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux/?il=1 Maandishi juu yake kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://www.carmel.asso.fr/-Therese-de-Lisieux-.html Kurasa juu ya Teresa wa Lisieux katika [[tovuti]] ya shirika lake] {{Wayback|url=http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm |date=20070930021059 }} * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2023/10/15/0719/01566.html#en Hati ya [[Papa Fransisko]] "C'est la confiance" kuhusu Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu kwa [[Kiingereza]]] {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1873]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1897]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Wakarmeli]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] ce7yxd1iw8lcv3ypg7soyf0oppqvfvw 1577356 1577355 2026-06-28T17:59:02Z Emmy05 90536 /* Wito */ 1577356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sainte therese de lisieux.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Teresa mwaka [[1895]].]] '''Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu na wa Uso Mtakatifu, [[O.C.D.]]''' ([[Alençon]], [[Ufaransa]], [[2 Januari]] [[1873]] - [[Lisieux]], Ufaransa, [[30 Septemba]] [[1897]]) ni jina la kitawa la '''Thérèse Françoise Marie Martin''', maarufu pia kama '''Teresa wa Lisieux''', anayeheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] wa Karne mpya mwenye sifa za [[bikira]] na [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. Kisha kujiunga na [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli Peku]] ya Lisieux akiwa [[msichana]] mdogo tu, na mwenye umri mdogo sana [[Usafi wa moyo|usafi]] na [[unyofu]] wa [[maisha]] yake vilimfanya [[mwalimu]] wa utakatifu katika [[Masiya|Kristo]], akafundisha [[njia]] ya [[utoto wa kiroho]] ili kufikia [[ukamilifu wa Kikristo]] akafanya kila [[juhudi]] ya kifumbo kwa ajili ya [[Wokovu|kuokoa]] watu na kustawisha [[Kanisa]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24700</ref>. Akifurahia [[udogo]] wake, Teresa alijitokeza kama “[[mtaalamu]] wa [[elimu ya upendo]]” ([[Papa Yohane Paulo II]]), katika maandishi yake, hasa katika [[shajara]] alimosimulia kwa [[unyofu]] wa hali ya juu jinsi kwa [[neema]] alivyoelewa na kutekeleza [[Injili]] katika maisha yake yaliyofichika monasterini. Alifariki ana [[umri]] wa miaka 25 tu. Tangu mwaka [[1927]] ni [[msimamizi]] wa [[wamisionari]] wote (pamoja na [[Fransisko Saveri]]), na tangu mwaka [[1944]] wa [[Ufaransa]] (pamoja na [[Yoana wa Arc]]). [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[1 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha == ===Asili na utoto=== [[Picha:TdL-1881.JPG|thumb|left|120px|Teresa mwaka 1881 akiwa na umri wa miaka 8.]] Teresa, mtoto wa tisa na wa mwisho wa [[Louis Martin]] na [[Marie-Azélie Guérin]] (Zélie), ambao wanaheshimiwa kama [[wenye heri]] tangu tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[2008]] na kama [[watakatifu]] tangu tarehe [[18 Oktoba]] [[2015]], alizaliwa tarehe 2 Januari 1873 kwenye barabara Saint-Blaise 42, huko Alençon, [[mkoa]] wa [[Normandie]] (Ufaransa). Walipokuwa vijana wazazi wake walitaka kuingia utawani, wasiweze kwa sababu mbalimbali. Baada ya kuoana, maisha yao yote yaliongozwa na [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Ukristo]]. Teresa alipozaliwa, watoto 4 walikuwa wameshafariki, naye aliyumba sana kinafsi alipofiwa mama yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 4 tu. Hapo mjomba wake, Isidore Guerin, aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa mabinti watano walioachwa na [[marehemu]] ambao wote wakawa ma[[sista]] baadaye. Hivyo, tarehe [[15 Novemba]] [[1877]], Louis Martin alihamia Buissonnets, kitongoji cha [[Lisieux]], awe jirani na [[shemeji]] yake mwenye [[famasia]]. Huko Teresa alijenga uhusiano mkubwa na binamu yake Maria. Lakini uhusiano wa pekee hasa alikuwa nao kwa dada zake Paulina na Maria, akiwaona kama mama zake. Teresa alisimulia alivyoponywa [[ugonjwa wa nafsi]] yake kwa kutokewa na [[Bikira Maria]] akimtabasamu. Baadaye alipokea [[komunyo ya kwanza]] na katika kuungana hivyo na [[Yesu]] alimfanya [[kiini]] cha maisha yake. ===Wito=== [[Picha:Teresa13anni.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Thérèse Martin alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 13 (Februari [[1886]]).]][[Picha:Thérèse de Lisieux in 1885.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Teresa muda mfupi kabla ya kusafiri kwenda [[Italia]] ([[1887]]).]] Mwaka 1882, Paulina alipoingia [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli]] ya Lisieux, Teresa angetaka kumfuata, lakini hakuweza kutokana na umri wake kuwa mdogo. Zaidi tena alitaka kufanya hivyo Maria pia alipoingia monasteri hiyohiyo mwaka [[1886]]. Usiku wa [[Noeli]] iliyofuata, alishinda moja kwa moja [[huzuni]] yake iliyomfanya alielie daima. Alielewa anahitaji kumtafuta [[Mungu]] kwa [[ukomavu]] zaidi na kujipatia hivyo "elimu ya upendo" ambayo inajumlisha kweli zote za [[imani]]. Mwenyewe aliita neema hiyo “[[wongofu]] kamili”, na tangu hapo alianza “kupiga [[mbio]] kama [[jitu]]”. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 14 Teresa alizidi kushikamana kwa imani na [[Yesu msulubiwa]], akajitosa kwa “[[moyo wa kimama]]” kumuombea [[muuaji]] aliyeonekana kukabili [[adhabu ya kifo]] bila kutubu. “Nilitaka kwa [[gharama]] yoyote kumzuia asiende [[moto]]ni [[milele]]… Nilikuwa na [[tumaini]] kubwa kabisa katika [[Huruma]] ya Yesu isiyo na mipaka”. Ndiyo [[mang’amuzi]] yake ya kwanza ya [[umama wa kiroho]]. Teresa alianza kupigania [[wito]] wake dhidi ya upinzani wa watu mbalimbali waliotaka kuahirisha hatua ya kujiunga na [[utawa]]. Kwa ajili hiyo mnamo Novemba [[1887]] alisafiri hadi [[Roma]] akaombe ruhusa ya [[Papa Leo XIII]], lakini alikataliwa kwa wema. Kitu hicho kilimsikitisha lakini bila kumhangaisha, kwa sababu alijua amefanya kila aliloweza ili kuitikia wito wake mapema. ===Kuingia monasteri=== Wakati wa kurudi Ufaransa, [[askofu]] wake alibadili msimamo na kumruhusu. Hivyo tarehe 9 [[Aprili]] [[1888]] msichana Teresa alingiia [[Karmeli]] “ili kuokoa roho za watu na kuombea mapadri”, akiwa na miaka 15 tu. Ile tisa iliyofuata ikawa na [[maendeleo ya kiroho]] ya kasi ajabu. Wakati huohuo baba yake alianza kusumbuliwa na ugonjwa wa akili uliomtia [[tabu]] na [[aibu]] sana. Huo ukawa sababu ya [[uchungu]] mwingi hata kwa [[binti]] yake mpendwa, ambaye lakini kwa [[njia]] hiyo alijaliwa kutazama [[uso wa Yesu]] katika [[mateso]] yake. ===Kisha kuweka nadhiri=== Aliweka [[nadhiri]] zake za kwanza tarehe [[8 Septemba]] [[1890]], ikawa [[arusi ya kiroho]] katika udogo: “Ilikuwa siku ya [[Maria Kuzaliwa]]. Lo, [[sikukuu]] nzuri kweli kwa kuolewa na Yesu! [[Bikira]] mtakatifu katika udogo wake kama [[mtoto mchanga]] ndiye aliyemtoa aliye [[Ua]] lake dogo kwa Yesu mdogo”. Kwa Teresa, kuwa [[mtawa]] maana yake ilikuwa kuwa [[bibiarusi]] wa Yesu na mama wa roho za watu. Ndiyo maana siku hiyo aliandika sala iliyotokeza [[dira]] yote ya maisha yake, akimuomba Yesu, kama [[zawadi]] ya [[Upendo]] wake usio na mipaka, aweze kuwa mdogo kuliko wote, lakini hasa aliomba [[wokovu]] wa watu wote: “Leo kusiwe na roho yoyote ambayo ipotee milele”. Mwaka [[1893]] aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa [[wanovisi]], kazi aliyofanya kwa bidii na ufanisi mkubwa. Baadaye kwa maandishi yake yaliyoenea upesi duniani kote akawa mlezi wa umati wa watu akiwaelekeza kufuata [[Heri Nane]] alizotangaza [[Yesu]] mlimani. Mwaka [[1894]], baada ya [[ugonjwa]] wa muda mrefu, mzee Louis Martin alifariki, na binti yake mwingine, Selina, aliyekuwa anamtunza, aliweza kujiunga na monasteri hiyo. [[Kamera]] yake imetuachia [[picha]] halisi za Teresa. ===Miaka ya mwisho=== [[Picha:AdolpheRoulland.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Adolphe Roulland, mmoja wa ma[[frateri]] wawili ambao Teresa alikabidhiwa kuwaombea.]] Muhimu sana ni “Majitoleo kwa Upendo wenye Huruma” ambayo aliyafanya katika sikukuu ya [[Utatu Mtakatifu]] ya mwaka [[1895]] na yalifungua kipindi cha mwisho cha maisha yake mafupi kilichojaa mateso katika muungano na yale ya Yesu. Mwezi [[Aprili]] [[1896]], alipatwa na [[TB]], ugonjwa uliokuja kumuua baada ya miezi 18. Mateso ya mwili yaliendana na yale ya ndani yanayojulikana kama "[[usiku wa roho]]" na ni [[jaribu]] kali la imani. Pamoja na Bikira Maria chini ya [[msalaba]] wa Mwanae, Teresa alifaulu kulishinda katika [[giza]] nene lilioenea ndani mwake. Alitambua kwamba alipaswa kupatwa na jaribu hilo kwa ajili ya wokovu wa [[wakana Mungu]] wote wa [[ulimwengu wa kisasa]], ambao aliwaita “[[ndugu]]”. Alizidi vilevile kutekeleza [[upendo wa kidugu]]: kwa masista wa [[jumuia]] yake, kwa [[wamisionari]] wawili aliokabidhiwa awaombee, kwa mapadri na kwa watu wote, hasa wale wa mbali zaidi, akawa kweli [[dada]] wa wote. Upendo wake wa kuvutia ulitokeza [[furaha]] ya dhati ambayo mwenyewe alifichua [[siri]] yake: “Ee Yesu, furaha yangu ni kukupenda wewe”. Katika hali hiyo ya mateso, akitekeleza upendo wa hali ya juu katika mambo madogo ya maisha ya kila siku, Teresa alitimiza [[wito]] wake wa kuwa upendo katika [[moyo]] wa mama [[Kanisa]]. Katika [[barua]] yake ya mwisho, aliandika hivi juu ya [[picha]] ya [[Mtoto Yesu]] iliyochorwa ndani ya [[Hostie]] takatifu: “Siwezi kumuogopa Mungu aliyejifanya mdogo hivi kwa ajili yangu! … Mimi nampenda! Kwa kuwa yeye ni Upendo na Huruma tu!” “Mimi amenipa Huruma yake isiyo na mipaka, na ni katika [[kioo]] hicho kisichosemeka kwamba nazingatia sifa zake nyingine za Kimungu. Hizo zote zinaonekana kwangu zinang’aa kwa upendo. Hata [[Haki]] yake, labda kuliko sifa nyingine, inaonekana kwangu imevikwa Upendo”. Ndani mwake yalitimia maneno aliyoyandika: “Watakatifu wote walielewa, na kwa namna ya pekee labda wale waliojaza ulimwengu kwa [[mwanga]] wa mafundisho ya Injili. Haikuwa katika sala kwamba [[Mtume Paulo|Mt. Paulo]], [[Agostino wa Hippo|Mt. Augustino]], Mt. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]], Mt. [[Thoma wa Akwino]], [[Fransisko wa Asizi|Fransisko]], [[Dominiko GUzman|Dominiko]] na ma[[rafiki]] wa Mungu wengine wengi hivi walichota elimu ile ya ajabu ambayo iliteka akili bora?” “Mimi nahitaji kufungua tu Injili takatifu ili ninuse mara [[manukato]] ya maisha ya Yesu, na hapo nijue njia ambayo nipige mbio juu yake; nami nakimbilia nafasi ya mwisho, si ile ya kwanza… Nahisi kwamba hata kama [[dhamiri]] yangu ingelemewa na makosa yote ya [[jinai]] yanayoweza kufanyika… kwa moyo uliovunjika kwa uchungu ningejitupa mikononi mwa Yesu [[Mwokozi]] wangu, kwa sababu najua anampenda [[mwana mpotevu]]”. Tarehe [[10 Julai]] [[1897]] udhaifu wa [[mwili]] ulimzuia asiendelee kuandika habari za maisha yake kama alivyoagizwa. Neno la mwisho aliloliandika katika sentensi isiyomalizika ni "upendo". Alifariki tarehe [[30 Septemba]] 1897, mnamo saa 19:20, huku akitazama [[sanamu]] ya Msulubiwa aliyoishika mikononi na kusema, “Mungu wangu, nakupenda!”. Maneno hayo yalikuwa [[muhtasari]] wa maisha yake. “Yesu, nakupenda” ndiyo yanayotawala maandishi yake yote. Kwa njia hiyo alizama katika Utatu Mtakatifu. Katika ma[[shairi]] yake aliandika, “Lo, unajua, Yesu Mungu, kuwa nakupenda / Roho wa Upendo ananiwasha kwa moto wake / Ni kwa kukupenda kwamba nampendeza Baba”. == Heshima baada ya kufa == [[Picha:Basilique Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux-2876.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Basilika la Lisieux, lenye eneo la 4500 m² na urefu wa mita 95, lililojengwa kwa heshima yake mwaka [[1937]].]] Mara baada ya kufa maandishi yake yalianza kusambaa kwa namna ya ajabu na kumvutia [[heshima]] ya wengi. Pia ilitokea [[miujiza]] kwa maombezi yake. Ni kama alivyosema, kuwa atamimina [[mvua]] ya ma[[waridi]] kutoka [[mbinguni]], akitumia [[uzima wa milele] kutenda mema mengi duniani. [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[29 Aprili]] [[1923]], tena [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[17 Mei]] [[1925]], na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[1997]] kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika [[teolojia ya Kiroho]]. ==Njia yake ya kiroho== “Njia ndogo ya tumaini na upendo”, njia ya "[[utoto wa kiroho]]” aliyoielekeza inafundisha kutimiza sharti la Yesu: “Msipoongoka na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Njia hiyo inatia moyo wa kujitoa kikamilifu kama kikafara kwa [[wokovu]] wa [[ulimwengu]]. Mwenyewe aliifuata hata akasema: “Kupenda ni kutoa yote, na kujitoa pia”. “Sijawahi kumnyima chochote [[Mungu]] mwema!” [[Siri]] yake ni nguvu ya [[upendo]], ambao Teresa alitambua ndio [[wito]] wake katika [[Kanisa]]: kuwa [[moyo]] wa [[Mwili wa Kristo]] ili kusaidia viungo vyake vyote kufanya kazi vizuri. ==Sala zake== Ee Mungu wangu! Utatu mtakatifu! Natamani tu kukupenda na kukufanya upendwe... Ili maisha yangu yaweze kuwa tendo moja tu la upendo kamili: Ninajitoa mhanga kama kitambiko cha kuteketezwa kabisa na upendo wako rahimu. Nakusihi uniteketeze bila ya kukoma, ukiyaruhusu yale mawimbi ya upendo wako usiopimika, yanayojazana ndani yako, yafurike rohoni mwangu: hivyo nami niweze kuwa shahidi wa upendo wako, Mungu wangu! Unijalie kifodini hicho baada ya kunitayarisha kutokea mbele yako, hatimaye unisababishe kufa: na roho yangu iruke moja kwa moja, bila ya kuchelewa popote pale, ifikie kukumbatiana milele na upendo wako rahimu. Ee mpenzi wangu, mimi napenda, katika kila pigo la moyo wangu, kurudia upya, mara nyingi zisizohesabika, hili tendo langu la kujitoa kwako. Mpaka hapo vivuli vitakapotoweka, nami nikaweza kukuambia milele, uso kwa uso, jinsi ninavyokupenda. Ee Yesu, upendo wangu, hatimaye nimegundua wito wangu. Wito wangu ni kupenda! Ndiyo, nimeona nafasi yangu ndani ya Kanisa, na nafasi hiyo umenipatia wewe, Mungu wangu. Katika moyo wa Kanisa, mama yangu, nitakuwa upendo: hivyo nitakuwa yote na hamu yangu itatimia. Ee Bwana Yesu, mimi si tai, ila nina macho na moyo wake. Ingawa ni mdogo, nathubutu kulikazia macho jua la upendo, na kutamani kurukia kwake. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Maandishi yake katika tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]] na ya [[Kihaya]] == *THERESIA WA MTOTO YESU, Ua la Upendo, Maisha ya Mtakatifu Theresia wa Mtoto Yesu Aliyoyaandika Yeye Mwenyewe – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Paulines Publications Africa – Nairobi 1992 – ISBN 9966-21-021-0 *THEREZA OW’OMWANA YEZU – Akamuli k’engonzi, Oburora bw’Omutakatifu Thereza Ow’omwana Yezu Obwo Yayehandikire Wenene – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Marianum Press Kisubi – Kisubi 1960 ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 356-358 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 342-343 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 297-299 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography'' by Patricia O'Connor, 1984 ISBN 0-87973-607-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: the way to love'' by Ann Laforest, 2000 ISBN 1-58051-082-5 * ''The Story of a Soul'' by T. N. Taylor, 2006 ISBN 1-4068-0771-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Joan Monahan, 2003 ISBN 0-8091-6710-7 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior'' by Thomas R. Nevin, 2006 ISBN 0-19-530721-6 * ''Therese and Lisieux'' by Pierre Descouvemont, Helmuth Nils Loose, 1996 ISBN 0-8028-3836-7 * ''St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ'' by Thomas Keating, 2001 ISBN 1-930051-20-4 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering'', by Murchadh O Madagain, 2003 ISBN * ''15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Constant Tonnelier, 2011 ISBN 978-1-56548-391-0 == [[Filamu]] juu yake == * ''[[Beatification de la Bienheureuse soeur Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus]]'', ya [[Michel Coissac]] ([[1923]]) * ''[[La rose efeuillée]]'', ya [[George Pallu]] ([[1926]]) * ''[[La vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Julien Duvivier]] ([[1929]]) * ''[[Thérèse Martin (film)|Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Maurice de Canonge]] ([[1939]]) * ''[[Procès au Vatican]]'', ya [[André Haguet]] ([[1951]]) * ''[[Le Vrai visage de Thérèse de Lisieux]]'' ya [[Philippe Agostini]] ([[1964]]) * ''[[Il processo di Santa Teresa del Bambin Gesù]]'', ya [[Vittorio Cottafavi]] ([[1967]]) * ''[[Thérèse]]'', ya [[Alain Cavalier]], ([[1986]]), "Prix du Jury" kwenye [[festival de Cannes]]. * ''[[Vous m'appellerez petite Thérèse]]'', ya [[Anne Foumier]] ([[1998]]) * ''[[Thérèse - The Story of Saint Thérèse]]'', ya [[Leonardo Defilippis]] ([[2003]]) == Viungo vya nje == * [http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm Maandishi yake yote kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://directory.google.com/Top/World/Fran%C3%A7ais/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Religion_et_spiritualit%C3%A9/Christianisme/Catholicisme/Saints/Sainte_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux/?il=1 Maandishi juu yake kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://www.carmel.asso.fr/-Therese-de-Lisieux-.html Kurasa juu ya Teresa wa Lisieux katika [[tovuti]] ya shirika lake] {{Wayback|url=http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm |date=20070930021059 }} * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2023/10/15/0719/01566.html#en Hati ya [[Papa Fransisko]] "C'est la confiance" kuhusu Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu kwa [[Kiingereza]]] {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1873]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1897]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Wakarmeli]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] s283170x4hn0mcw4ok20bqjzkel857z 1577357 1577356 2026-06-28T18:01:35Z Emmy05 90536 /* Kisha kuweka nadhiri */ 1577357 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sainte therese de lisieux.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Teresa mwaka [[1895]].]] '''Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu na wa Uso Mtakatifu, [[O.C.D.]]''' ([[Alençon]], [[Ufaransa]], [[2 Januari]] [[1873]] - [[Lisieux]], Ufaransa, [[30 Septemba]] [[1897]]) ni jina la kitawa la '''Thérèse Françoise Marie Martin''', maarufu pia kama '''Teresa wa Lisieux''', anayeheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] wa Karne mpya mwenye sifa za [[bikira]] na [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. Kisha kujiunga na [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli Peku]] ya Lisieux akiwa [[msichana]] mdogo tu, na mwenye umri mdogo sana [[Usafi wa moyo|usafi]] na [[unyofu]] wa [[maisha]] yake vilimfanya [[mwalimu]] wa utakatifu katika [[Masiya|Kristo]], akafundisha [[njia]] ya [[utoto wa kiroho]] ili kufikia [[ukamilifu wa Kikristo]] akafanya kila [[juhudi]] ya kifumbo kwa ajili ya [[Wokovu|kuokoa]] watu na kustawisha [[Kanisa]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24700</ref>. Akifurahia [[udogo]] wake, Teresa alijitokeza kama “[[mtaalamu]] wa [[elimu ya upendo]]” ([[Papa Yohane Paulo II]]), katika maandishi yake, hasa katika [[shajara]] alimosimulia kwa [[unyofu]] wa hali ya juu jinsi kwa [[neema]] alivyoelewa na kutekeleza [[Injili]] katika maisha yake yaliyofichika monasterini. Alifariki ana [[umri]] wa miaka 25 tu. Tangu mwaka [[1927]] ni [[msimamizi]] wa [[wamisionari]] wote (pamoja na [[Fransisko Saveri]]), na tangu mwaka [[1944]] wa [[Ufaransa]] (pamoja na [[Yoana wa Arc]]). [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[1 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha == ===Asili na utoto=== [[Picha:TdL-1881.JPG|thumb|left|120px|Teresa mwaka 1881 akiwa na umri wa miaka 8.]] Teresa, mtoto wa tisa na wa mwisho wa [[Louis Martin]] na [[Marie-Azélie Guérin]] (Zélie), ambao wanaheshimiwa kama [[wenye heri]] tangu tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[2008]] na kama [[watakatifu]] tangu tarehe [[18 Oktoba]] [[2015]], alizaliwa tarehe 2 Januari 1873 kwenye barabara Saint-Blaise 42, huko Alençon, [[mkoa]] wa [[Normandie]] (Ufaransa). Walipokuwa vijana wazazi wake walitaka kuingia utawani, wasiweze kwa sababu mbalimbali. Baada ya kuoana, maisha yao yote yaliongozwa na [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Ukristo]]. Teresa alipozaliwa, watoto 4 walikuwa wameshafariki, naye aliyumba sana kinafsi alipofiwa mama yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 4 tu. Hapo mjomba wake, Isidore Guerin, aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa mabinti watano walioachwa na [[marehemu]] ambao wote wakawa ma[[sista]] baadaye. Hivyo, tarehe [[15 Novemba]] [[1877]], Louis Martin alihamia Buissonnets, kitongoji cha [[Lisieux]], awe jirani na [[shemeji]] yake mwenye [[famasia]]. Huko Teresa alijenga uhusiano mkubwa na binamu yake Maria. Lakini uhusiano wa pekee hasa alikuwa nao kwa dada zake Paulina na Maria, akiwaona kama mama zake. Teresa alisimulia alivyoponywa [[ugonjwa wa nafsi]] yake kwa kutokewa na [[Bikira Maria]] akimtabasamu. Baadaye alipokea [[komunyo ya kwanza]] na katika kuungana hivyo na [[Yesu]] alimfanya [[kiini]] cha maisha yake. ===Wito=== [[Picha:Teresa13anni.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Thérèse Martin alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 13 (Februari [[1886]]).]][[Picha:Thérèse de Lisieux in 1885.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Teresa muda mfupi kabla ya kusafiri kwenda [[Italia]] ([[1887]]).]] Mwaka 1882, Paulina alipoingia [[monasteri]] ya [[Wakarmeli]] ya Lisieux, Teresa angetaka kumfuata, lakini hakuweza kutokana na umri wake kuwa mdogo. Zaidi tena alitaka kufanya hivyo Maria pia alipoingia monasteri hiyohiyo mwaka [[1886]]. Usiku wa [[Noeli]] iliyofuata, alishinda moja kwa moja [[huzuni]] yake iliyomfanya alielie daima. Alielewa anahitaji kumtafuta [[Mungu]] kwa [[ukomavu]] zaidi na kujipatia hivyo "elimu ya upendo" ambayo inajumlisha kweli zote za [[imani]]. Mwenyewe aliita neema hiyo “[[wongofu]] kamili”, na tangu hapo alianza “kupiga [[mbio]] kama [[jitu]]”. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 14 Teresa alizidi kushikamana kwa imani na [[Yesu msulubiwa]], akajitosa kwa “[[moyo wa kimama]]” kumuombea [[muuaji]] aliyeonekana kukabili [[adhabu ya kifo]] bila kutubu. “Nilitaka kwa [[gharama]] yoyote kumzuia asiende [[moto]]ni [[milele]]… Nilikuwa na [[tumaini]] kubwa kabisa katika [[Huruma]] ya Yesu isiyo na mipaka”. Ndiyo [[mang’amuzi]] yake ya kwanza ya [[umama wa kiroho]]. Teresa alianza kupigania [[wito]] wake dhidi ya upinzani wa watu mbalimbali waliotaka kuahirisha hatua ya kujiunga na [[utawa]]. Kwa ajili hiyo mnamo Novemba [[1887]] alisafiri hadi [[Roma]] akaombe ruhusa ya [[Papa Leo XIII]], lakini alikataliwa kwa wema. Kitu hicho kilimsikitisha lakini bila kumhangaisha, kwa sababu alijua amefanya kila aliloweza ili kuitikia wito wake mapema. ===Kuingia monasteri=== Wakati wa kurudi Ufaransa, [[askofu]] wake alibadili msimamo na kumruhusu. Hivyo tarehe 9 [[Aprili]] [[1888]] msichana Teresa alingiia [[Karmeli]] “ili kuokoa roho za watu na kuombea mapadri”, akiwa na miaka 15 tu. Ile tisa iliyofuata ikawa na [[maendeleo ya kiroho]] ya kasi ajabu. Wakati huohuo baba yake alianza kusumbuliwa na ugonjwa wa akili uliomtia [[tabu]] na [[aibu]] sana. Huo ukawa sababu ya [[uchungu]] mwingi hata kwa [[binti]] yake mpendwa, ambaye lakini kwa [[njia]] hiyo alijaliwa kutazama [[uso wa Yesu]] katika [[mateso]] yake. ===Kisha kuweka nadhiri=== Aliweka [[nadhiri]] zake za kwanza tarehe [[8 Septemba]] [[1890]], ikawa [[arusi ya kiroho]] katika udogo: “Ilikuwa siku ya [[Maria Kuzaliwa]]. Looh!, [[sikukuu]] nzuri kweli kwa kuolewa na Yesu! [[Bikira]] mtakatifu katika udogo wake kama [[mtoto mchanga]] ndiye aliyemtoa aliye [[Ua]] lake dogo kwa Yesu mdogo”. Kwa Teresa, kuwa [[mtawa]] maana yake ilikuwa kuwa [[bibiarusi]] wa Yesu na mama wa roho za watu. Ndiyo maana siku hiyo aliandika sala iliyotokeza [[dira]] yote ya maisha yake, akimuomba Yesu, kama [[zawadi]] ya [[Upendo]] wake usio na mipaka, aweze kuwa mdogo kuliko wote, lakini hasa aliomba [[wokovu]] wa watu wote: “Leo kusiwe na roho yoyote ambayo ipotee milele”. Mwaka [[1893]] aliteuliwa kuwa mlezi msaidizi wa [[wanovisi]], kazi aliyofanya kwa bidii na ufanisi mkubwa. Baadaye kwa maandishi yake yaliyoenea upesi duniani kote akawa mlezi wa umati wa watu akiwaelekeza kufuata [[Heri Nane]] alizotangaza [[Yesu]] mlimani. Mwaka [[1894]], baada ya [[ugonjwa]] wa muda mrefu, mzee Louis Martin alifariki, na binti yake mwingine, Selina, aliyekuwa anamtunza, aliweza kujiunga na monasteri hiyo. [[Kamera]] yake imetuachia [[picha]] halisi za Teresa. ===Miaka ya mwisho=== [[Picha:AdolpheRoulland.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Adolphe Roulland, mmoja wa ma[[frateri]] wawili ambao Teresa alikabidhiwa kuwaombea.]] Muhimu sana ni “Majitoleo kwa Upendo wenye Huruma” ambayo aliyafanya katika sikukuu ya [[Utatu Mtakatifu]] ya mwaka [[1895]] na yalifungua kipindi cha mwisho cha maisha yake mafupi kilichojaa mateso katika muungano na yale ya Yesu. Mwezi [[Aprili]] [[1896]], alipatwa na [[TB]], ugonjwa uliokuja kumuua baada ya miezi 18. Mateso ya mwili yaliendana na yale ya ndani yanayojulikana kama "[[usiku wa roho]]" na ni [[jaribu]] kali la imani. Pamoja na Bikira Maria chini ya [[msalaba]] wa Mwanae, Teresa alifaulu kulishinda katika [[giza]] nene lilioenea ndani mwake. Alitambua kwamba alipaswa kupatwa na jaribu hilo kwa ajili ya wokovu wa [[wakana Mungu]] wote wa [[ulimwengu wa kisasa]], ambao aliwaita “[[ndugu]]”. Alizidi vilevile kutekeleza [[upendo wa kidugu]]: kwa masista wa [[jumuia]] yake, kwa [[wamisionari]] wawili aliokabidhiwa awaombee, kwa mapadri na kwa watu wote, hasa wale wa mbali zaidi, akawa kweli [[dada]] wa wote. Upendo wake wa kuvutia ulitokeza [[furaha]] ya dhati ambayo mwenyewe alifichua [[siri]] yake: “Ee Yesu, furaha yangu ni kukupenda wewe”. Katika hali hiyo ya mateso, akitekeleza upendo wa hali ya juu katika mambo madogo ya maisha ya kila siku, Teresa alitimiza [[wito]] wake wa kuwa upendo katika [[moyo]] wa mama [[Kanisa]]. Katika [[barua]] yake ya mwisho, aliandika hivi juu ya [[picha]] ya [[Mtoto Yesu]] iliyochorwa ndani ya [[Hostie]] takatifu: “Siwezi kumuogopa Mungu aliyejifanya mdogo hivi kwa ajili yangu! … Mimi nampenda! Kwa kuwa yeye ni Upendo na Huruma tu!” “Mimi amenipa Huruma yake isiyo na mipaka, na ni katika [[kioo]] hicho kisichosemeka kwamba nazingatia sifa zake nyingine za Kimungu. Hizo zote zinaonekana kwangu zinang’aa kwa upendo. Hata [[Haki]] yake, labda kuliko sifa nyingine, inaonekana kwangu imevikwa Upendo”. Ndani mwake yalitimia maneno aliyoyandika: “Watakatifu wote walielewa, na kwa namna ya pekee labda wale waliojaza ulimwengu kwa [[mwanga]] wa mafundisho ya Injili. Haikuwa katika sala kwamba [[Mtume Paulo|Mt. Paulo]], [[Agostino wa Hippo|Mt. Augustino]], Mt. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]], Mt. [[Thoma wa Akwino]], [[Fransisko wa Asizi|Fransisko]], [[Dominiko GUzman|Dominiko]] na ma[[rafiki]] wa Mungu wengine wengi hivi walichota elimu ile ya ajabu ambayo iliteka akili bora?” “Mimi nahitaji kufungua tu Injili takatifu ili ninuse mara [[manukato]] ya maisha ya Yesu, na hapo nijue njia ambayo nipige mbio juu yake; nami nakimbilia nafasi ya mwisho, si ile ya kwanza… Nahisi kwamba hata kama [[dhamiri]] yangu ingelemewa na makosa yote ya [[jinai]] yanayoweza kufanyika… kwa moyo uliovunjika kwa uchungu ningejitupa mikononi mwa Yesu [[Mwokozi]] wangu, kwa sababu najua anampenda [[mwana mpotevu]]”. Tarehe [[10 Julai]] [[1897]] udhaifu wa [[mwili]] ulimzuia asiendelee kuandika habari za maisha yake kama alivyoagizwa. Neno la mwisho aliloliandika katika sentensi isiyomalizika ni "upendo". Alifariki tarehe [[30 Septemba]] 1897, mnamo saa 19:20, huku akitazama [[sanamu]] ya Msulubiwa aliyoishika mikononi na kusema, “Mungu wangu, nakupenda!”. Maneno hayo yalikuwa [[muhtasari]] wa maisha yake. “Yesu, nakupenda” ndiyo yanayotawala maandishi yake yote. Kwa njia hiyo alizama katika Utatu Mtakatifu. Katika ma[[shairi]] yake aliandika, “Lo, unajua, Yesu Mungu, kuwa nakupenda / Roho wa Upendo ananiwasha kwa moto wake / Ni kwa kukupenda kwamba nampendeza Baba”. == Heshima baada ya kufa == [[Picha:Basilique Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux-2876.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Basilika la Lisieux, lenye eneo la 4500 m² na urefu wa mita 95, lililojengwa kwa heshima yake mwaka [[1937]].]] Mara baada ya kufa maandishi yake yalianza kusambaa kwa namna ya ajabu na kumvutia [[heshima]] ya wengi. Pia ilitokea [[miujiza]] kwa maombezi yake. Ni kama alivyosema, kuwa atamimina [[mvua]] ya ma[[waridi]] kutoka [[mbinguni]], akitumia [[uzima wa milele] kutenda mema mengi duniani. [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[29 Aprili]] [[1923]], tena [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[17 Mei]] [[1925]], na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[1997]] kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika [[teolojia ya Kiroho]]. ==Njia yake ya kiroho== “Njia ndogo ya tumaini na upendo”, njia ya "[[utoto wa kiroho]]” aliyoielekeza inafundisha kutimiza sharti la Yesu: “Msipoongoka na kuwa kama vitoto, hamtaingia katika [[ufalme wa mbinguni]]” ([[Math]] 18:3). Njia hiyo inatia moyo wa kujitoa kikamilifu kama kikafara kwa [[wokovu]] wa [[ulimwengu]]. Mwenyewe aliifuata hata akasema: “Kupenda ni kutoa yote, na kujitoa pia”. “Sijawahi kumnyima chochote [[Mungu]] mwema!” [[Siri]] yake ni nguvu ya [[upendo]], ambao Teresa alitambua ndio [[wito]] wake katika [[Kanisa]]: kuwa [[moyo]] wa [[Mwili wa Kristo]] ili kusaidia viungo vyake vyote kufanya kazi vizuri. ==Sala zake== Ee Mungu wangu! Utatu mtakatifu! Natamani tu kukupenda na kukufanya upendwe... Ili maisha yangu yaweze kuwa tendo moja tu la upendo kamili: Ninajitoa mhanga kama kitambiko cha kuteketezwa kabisa na upendo wako rahimu. Nakusihi uniteketeze bila ya kukoma, ukiyaruhusu yale mawimbi ya upendo wako usiopimika, yanayojazana ndani yako, yafurike rohoni mwangu: hivyo nami niweze kuwa shahidi wa upendo wako, Mungu wangu! Unijalie kifodini hicho baada ya kunitayarisha kutokea mbele yako, hatimaye unisababishe kufa: na roho yangu iruke moja kwa moja, bila ya kuchelewa popote pale, ifikie kukumbatiana milele na upendo wako rahimu. Ee mpenzi wangu, mimi napenda, katika kila pigo la moyo wangu, kurudia upya, mara nyingi zisizohesabika, hili tendo langu la kujitoa kwako. Mpaka hapo vivuli vitakapotoweka, nami nikaweza kukuambia milele, uso kwa uso, jinsi ninavyokupenda. Ee Yesu, upendo wangu, hatimaye nimegundua wito wangu. Wito wangu ni kupenda! Ndiyo, nimeona nafasi yangu ndani ya Kanisa, na nafasi hiyo umenipatia wewe, Mungu wangu. Katika moyo wa Kanisa, mama yangu, nitakuwa upendo: hivyo nitakuwa yote na hamu yangu itatimia. Ee Bwana Yesu, mimi si tai, ila nina macho na moyo wake. Ingawa ni mdogo, nathubutu kulikazia macho jua la upendo, na kutamani kurukia kwake. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Maandishi yake katika tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]] na ya [[Kihaya]] == *THERESIA WA MTOTO YESU, Ua la Upendo, Maisha ya Mtakatifu Theresia wa Mtoto Yesu Aliyoyaandika Yeye Mwenyewe – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Paulines Publications Africa – Nairobi 1992 – ISBN 9966-21-021-0 *THEREZA OW’OMWANA YEZU – Akamuli k’engonzi, Oburora bw’Omutakatifu Thereza Ow’omwana Yezu Obwo Yayehandikire Wenene – tafsiri ya J. J. Rwechungura – ed. Marianum Press Kisubi – Kisubi 1960 ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 356-358 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 342-343 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 297-299 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: a biography'' by Patricia O'Connor, 1984 ISBN 0-87973-607-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: the way to love'' by Ann Laforest, 2000 ISBN 1-58051-082-5 * ''The Story of a Soul'' by T. N. Taylor, 2006 ISBN 1-4068-0771-0 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Joan Monahan, 2003 ISBN 0-8091-6710-7 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: God's gentle warrior'' by Thomas R. Nevin, 2006 ISBN 0-19-530721-6 * ''Therese and Lisieux'' by Pierre Descouvemont, Helmuth Nils Loose, 1996 ISBN 0-8028-3836-7 * ''St. Thérèse of Lisieux: a transformation in Christ'' by Thomas Keating, 2001 ISBN 1-930051-20-4 * ''Thérèse of Lisieux: Through Love and Suffering'', by Murchadh O Madagain, 2003 ISBN * ''15 Days of Prayer with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Constant Tonnelier, 2011 ISBN 978-1-56548-391-0 == [[Filamu]] juu yake == * ''[[Beatification de la Bienheureuse soeur Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus]]'', ya [[Michel Coissac]] ([[1923]]) * ''[[La rose efeuillée]]'', ya [[George Pallu]] ([[1926]]) * ''[[La vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Julien Duvivier]] ([[1929]]) * ''[[Thérèse Martin (film)|Thérèse Martin]]'', ya [[Maurice de Canonge]] ([[1939]]) * ''[[Procès au Vatican]]'', ya [[André Haguet]] ([[1951]]) * ''[[Le Vrai visage de Thérèse de Lisieux]]'' ya [[Philippe Agostini]] ([[1964]]) * ''[[Il processo di Santa Teresa del Bambin Gesù]]'', ya [[Vittorio Cottafavi]] ([[1967]]) * ''[[Thérèse]]'', ya [[Alain Cavalier]], ([[1986]]), "Prix du Jury" kwenye [[festival de Cannes]]. * ''[[Vous m'appellerez petite Thérèse]]'', ya [[Anne Foumier]] ([[1998]]) * ''[[Thérèse - The Story of Saint Thérèse]]'', ya [[Leonardo Defilippis]] ([[2003]]) == Viungo vya nje == * [http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm Maandishi yake yote kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://directory.google.com/Top/World/Fran%C3%A7ais/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Religion_et_spiritualit%C3%A9/Christianisme/Catholicisme/Saints/Sainte_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux/?il=1 Maandishi juu yake kwa [[Kifaransa]]] * [http://www.carmel.asso.fr/-Therese-de-Lisieux-.html Kurasa juu ya Teresa wa Lisieux katika [[tovuti]] ya shirika lake] {{Wayback|url=http://bibliotheque.editionsducerf.fr/par%20page/2653/TM.htm |date=20070930021059 }} * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2023/10/15/0719/01566.html#en Hati ya [[Papa Fransisko]] "C'est la confiance" kuhusu Mt. Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu kwa [[Kiingereza]]] {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1873]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1897]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Wakarmeli]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] ixls6c2ybaf6b4baq7sk48gkmsec5fp 0 31695 1577411 1237182 2026-06-29T08:16:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ö3 Austria Top 40''' au '''Austrian Singles Chart''' ni jina la kutaja chati za single rasmi huko nchini [[Austria]]. Siku ya kurushwa ni Ijumaa na hurushwa kwenye redio ya [[Hitradio Ö3]]. Chati hizi, zina jumlisha single za Kiaustria, miito ya simu na chati za kupakua kutoka mtandaoni. Ilianza kurushwa rasmi kuanzia tar. [[26 Novemba]] [[1968]] na ililetwa na [[Ernst Grissemann]]. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.austriatop40.at/ Official Austrian singles chart] {{Wayback|url=http://www.austriatop40.at/ |date=20090302010833 }} * [http://charts.orf.at/oe3/single Ö3 Austria Top 40]{{Wayback|url=http://charts.orf.at/oe3/single |date=20120717081512 }} * [http://www.austriancharts.at/ Austrian chart archive] {{mbegu-muziki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:O3 Austria Top 40}} [[Jamii:Vipindi vya chati]] hlnvif13938mw77gdqlihdk9200sty9 0 34539 1577408 1576973 2026-06-29T07:59:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_lake |lake_name = Ziwa Albert |image_lake = Lake Albert (Uganda) (NASA).jpg |caption_lake = 2002 [[NASA]] [[MODIS]] satellite picture. The dotted grey line is the border between [[Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Congo (DRC)]] (left) and [[Uganda]] (right). |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|1|41|N|30|55|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = |inflow = [[Victoria Nile]] |outflow = [[Albert Nile]] |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Uganda]] |length = 160 km |width = 30 km |area = 5,300 km² |depth = 25 m |max-depth = 58 m |volume = 132 km³<ref name=asdf/> |shore = |elevation = 615 m |islands = |cities = [[Butiaba]], [[Pakwach]] |reference = <ref name=asdf>{{Cite web |url=http://seaviewrealty.org/about-egyptian-real-estate-property-red-sea/?aID=21 |title=The Nile |accessdate=2010-01-06 |archive-date=2007-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006091531/http://seaviewrealty.org/about-egyptian-real-estate-property-red-sea/?aID=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{otheruses2|Lake Albert}} '''Ziwa Albert''' (pia '''Albert Nyanza''', '''Mwitanzige''', na zamani kwa miaka michache '''Ziwa Mobutu Sese Seko''') ni moja ya [[maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]]. Ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[saba]] katika [[Afrika]], likiwa na nafasi ya [[ishirini na saba]] kwa ukubwa katika [[ulimwengu]] mzima. [[Picha:Albert Lake (7068054469).jpg|thumb|Twiga pembeni mwa ziwa Albert]] [[Picha:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|Mfereji mmojawapo wa ziwa Albert.]] [[Picha:Early Ferry, Uganda (15198353996).jpg|thumb|Kivuko cha mwanzoni.]] ==Jiografia== Ziwa Albert liko katikati ya [[bara]], juu ya mpaka kati ya [[Uganda]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani [[Zaire]]). Liko [[kaskazini]] katika mlolongo wa maziwa wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Lina [[urefu]] wa [[km]] 160 ([[mi]] 100), [[upana]] wa km 30(mi 19), na [[kina]] upeo wa [[m]] 51 ([[ft]] 168), na [[mwinuko]] wa m 619 (ft 2.030) juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. Ziwa Albert ni sehemu ya mfumo mgumu wa [[mto Nile]] wa juu. [[Chanzo (mto)|Vyanzo]] vyake vikuu ni [[Nile ya Viktoria]] hatimaye kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]] hadi [[kusini]] [[mashariki]], na [[mto Semliki]], ambao hutoka [[Ziwa Edward]] hadi kusini [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya [[Nile ya Viktoria]] yana [[chumvi]] kiasi kuliko yale ya Ziwa Albert. Mlango wake, katika ncha ya [[kaskazini]] ya ziwa, ni [[Nile ya Albert]] (ambayo huwa inajulikana kama [[Mlima Nile]] wakati inaingia [[Sudan]]). [[Picha:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|thumb|250px|left|Mito na maziwa ya Uganda. Bonyeza ili kupanua picha.]] Katika mwisho wa kusini wa ziwa, ambapo Semliki huingilia, kuna [[vinamasi]]. Katika kusini kuna [[mlima]] wa [[Ruwenzori]] wakati anuwai ya milima iitwayo [[Blue Mountains]] iko katika [[pwani]] ya kaskazini magharibi. Makazi machache yaliyo kando ni [[Butiaba]] na [[Pakwach]]. ==Sifa za maji== Tofauti na Ziwa lenye kina kirefu sana la Malawi, [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[Ziwa Kivu]], halijoto ya maji ya Ziwa Albert ni shwari kotekote, kwa kawaida karibu nyuzi 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), na hata sehemu zake za kina zaidi zina oksijeni. Maji yana pH ya karibu au chini kidogo ya 9 na upitishaji wa [[umeme]] wa karibu 720-780 μS/cm. Hizi zote mbili ni za juu sana kwa ziwa la maji safi lakini ni chini ya Ziwa Edward ==Wanyama== Ziwa Albert ni makazi ya wanyama wengi wa majini na nusu majini kama vile viboko, swala kob wa Uganda, mamba wa Nile, wachunguzi wa Nile, kobe wa Afrika ya Kati, kobe wa udongo wa Williams, nyoka mbalimbali wa nusu majini na vyura mbalimbali. Ndege wa majini ni wengi na ni pamoja na pelicans, herons na shoebill adimu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ramsar sites|url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites|work=ugandawildlife.org|accessdate=2026-06-25|language=en-gb|archive-date=2019-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Uvuvi=== Kuna aina 55 za samaki katika Ziwa Albert.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqEHM..13..284W|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-25}}</ref> Isipokuwa mamba wa Nile, mwindaji mkubwa zaidi katika ziwa hilo ni sangara wa Nile. (asili; tofauti na maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa ambapo yaliingizwa na kuvamia). Samaki wengine wakubwa wanaowinda ni pamoja na samaki aina ya tigerfish wenye urefu mrefu, samaki aina ya African tigerfish, samaki aina ya marbled lungfish, na samaki aina ya cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, samaki aina ya African sharptooth na kambare vundu. Zaidi ya hayo, kuna uvuvi muhimu kwa samaki aina ya tilapia wa Nile, samaki aina ya Niger barb, samaki aina ya Albert late, na samaki aina ya electric catfish na samaki aina ya twiga catfish wanaovuliwa kwa njia za kawaida za uvuvi, na muuguzi mdogo wa Brycinus na Engraulicypris bredoi ambao huvuliwa zaidi kwa uvuvi mwepesi. Asilimia 30 ya samaki wanaozalishwa nchini Uganda wanatoka Ziwa Albert. Ziwa Albert lina idadi ndogo ya vimelea vya magonjwa kuliko Maziwa Makuu mengine ya Afrika. Ingawa Mto Albert–sehemu ya Mto Nile inayoondoka Ziwa Albert—ina maporomoko kadhaa ya maji katika eneo la Nimule, hizi hazijatenganisha ziwa kutoka sehemu kuu za Nile kwa ufanisi. Kwa upande mwingine, Ziwa Edward (na hatimaye Ziwa George) limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na maporomoko ya maji kwenye Mto Semliki, huku Ziwa Kyoga (na hatimaye Ziwa Victoria) likiwa limetengwa kwa ufanisi kutoka Ziwa Albert na Maporomoko ya Murchison kwenye Nile ya Victoria. Kwa hivyo, samaki wengi wa Ziwa Albert ni spishi zilizoenea kando ya mto ambazo pia hupatikana katika sehemu kuu za Nile. Kuna siklidi chache za haplochromine; kundi ambalo lina aina mbalimbali sana katika maziwa mengine ya Bonde la Ufa. Kati ya haplochromini sita katika Ziwa Albert, nne ni za kawaida (Haplochromis albertianus, H. avium, H. bullatus na H. mahagiensis) na mbili pia zinapatikana katika Mto Nile (H. loati na Pseudocrenilabrus zenye rangi nyingi). Kwa kulinganisha, nyingi kati ya haplokromini zaidi ya 60 katika Ziwa Edward-George na nyingi kati ya haplokromini takriban 600 katika Ziwa Victoria-Kyoga ni za kawaida. Aina nyingine pekee za samaki wa aina ya Engraulicypris zinazopatikana katika Ziwa Albert ni samaki wadogo aina ya cyprinid Engraulicypris bredoi na samaki aina ya Albert lates walio hatarini kutoweka. == Historia == Katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1864]], ndio wakati [[Samuel Baker]] alipogundua ziwa hili, akalipatia [[jina]] la aliyeachwa [[Mfalme Albert]], na [[mke]] wake [[Malkia Victoria]]. [[Rais]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], kwa muda mfupi alilipatia ziwa hili jina lake. [[Heritage Oil]] na [[Tullow Oil]] zimetangaza eneo kuu la [[mafuta]] katika [[bonde]] la Ziwa Albert, pamoja na makadirio ya kwamba eneo hili la mabilioni litakuwa eneo kubwa la mafuta katika Afrika [[kusini kwa Sahara]] kwa zaidi ya miaka [[ishirini]]. == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Shirika la Kilimo na Chakula la Umoja wa Mataifa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=20080314015746 }} * [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html Maziwa dunia katika kiingilio cha Ziwa Albert katika kumbukumbu ya dunia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr11.html |date=20081013080823 }} * [http://allafrica.com/stories/200708241084.html] * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:ziwa Mwitanzige]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] 8x3pu44j2e1q9yln6q4wwkh36y3f3xr 0 34682 1577398 1398212 2026-06-29T05:38:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Company | jina_la_kampuni = Wimpy | nembo_ya_kampuni = [[Picha:Wimpy logo.png|150px]] | company_type = Hoteli ilipoanzishwa = | location = {{Flag icon|UK}} [[Uingerza]] | key_people = | products = Baga,Vibanzi,Kaukau tovuti kamili = [http://www.wimpy.com Wimpy] | industry = Telecommunications | num_employees = revenue = net_income = }} [[File:Wimpy - Cloth Hall Street - geograph.org.uk - 1702815.jpg|thumb|right]] '''Wimpy''' ni jina la mikahawa ya kupika vyakula vya haraka (kama vibanzi) mijini; mikahawa hiyo ina [[makao makuu]] nchini [[Uingereza]]. Inajulikana sana kwa baga (aina ya chakula inayohusu nyama,mboga na jibini ama mkusanyiko tofauti katikati ya vipande) yao inayojulikana kama ''the Bender'', ambayo hasa ni soseji ya frankfurter bali si baga. Hapo awali mikahawa hii ilijulikana kama Wimpy Bars na watu wengi bado huijua kwa jina hilo, licha ya jina hilo kuachwa miaka mingi iliyopita na jina "Wimpy" kutumika. Wamiliki wa sasa wa Wimpy huendesha kazi zao katika nchi kadhaa chini ya jina Wimpy International. == Historia == Wimpy ilijenga jina katika miaka ya 1950. Jina hili lilitokana na tabia ya [[J. Wellington Wimpy]] kutoka [[Popeye]] katuni iliyoundwa na E. C. Segar. Eddie Gold alikuwa akiendesha mikahawa 12 katika miakaya mapema ya 1950s ndipo akapata wazo la mikahawa ya kupika vyakula vya kupikwa haraka(mfano:vibanzi,kaukau na baga) iliwafikia wakurugenzi wa J. Lyons and Co. Lyons wakasajilisha jina hilo kwa matumizi nchini Uingereza na mwaka wa 1954 "Wimpy Bar" ya kwanza ilianzishwa katika Nyumba ya Lyons Corner, Coventry Street,[[London]]. Hapo mwanzoni, mikahawa hii ilikuwa sehemu ndogo ya mikahawa ya kawaida ya Corner House lakini ufanisi wa sehemu hizo ilifanya mikahawa tofauti ya Wimpy kuanzishwa ikiandaa vyakula vya aina ya baga pekee yake. Ilipofika miaka ya 1970,biashara ilikuwa imepanuliwa hadi ikawa na mikahawa elfu katika nchi 23. Katika mwaka wa 1977, biashara hiyo ilinunuliwa na kampuni ya [[United Biscuits]]. Hapo miaka ya 1980s,Wimpy ilikuwa imeanza kupoteza soko lao kwa McDonald's, iliyokuwa imefungua mkahawa yao ya kwanza [[Uingereza]] katika mwaka wa 1974 na usimamizi mpya ilianza kunyoosha mienendo yao ya kibiashara kwa kubadilisha njia za jadi za kuandaalia watu chakula mezani. Katika mwaka wa 1989, biashara ya Wimpy iluzwa kwa Grand Metropolitan(sasa Diageo). Grand Metropolitan ilkuwa imenunua [[Burger King]] mwaka uliokuwa umepita na wakaanza kubadili mikahawa hiyo kuwa mikahawa ya Burger King. Hapo mnamo mwaka wa 1990,mikahawa iliyobaki 220 ya "huduma kwa meza" ilinunuliwa na usimamizi mpya ya 3i. Usimamizi mpya ulifanyika tena mwaka wa 2002. Ingawa Wimpy ina idadi iliyopungua ya mikahawa nchini [[Uingereza]], bado hupatikana katika baadhi ya miji na jiji,palipo na huduma za Roadchef na katika pahali za Dundee Megabowl. Matawi katika maeneo ya Roadchef na Megabowl kawaida huwa na huduma kwa kaunta kinyume na mpangilio wa huduma kwa meza. Pia kuna Wimpy katika Dunmail Park Shopping Centre Workington, [[Cumbria]],wanapohudumia sinema iliyokuwa hapo na wanunuzi. Mnamo tarehe 27 Februari 2007, Famous Brands, ambayo inamiliki mikahawa ya Wimpy katika Afrika ya Kusini, ilitangaza kwamba ilikuwa imenunua Wimpy Uingereza.Baada ya kuinunua kampuni ilibadilisha jina ili iwe sambamba na Wimpy Afrika Kusini. Alama "mpya" inayotumika sasa ni ile iliyotumika na Wimpy Uingereza hapo miaka ya 1960s hadi 1980s. Hivi sasa, Wimpy inabadilisha na kubadilisha mikahawa yake, operesheni iliyoanza tarehe 22 Oktoba 2007 na uzinduzi wa mpangilio mpya katika Benfleet,[[Essex]]. Katika Wimpy mpya kuna mapambo mapya , viti vya aina tofauti na kutumika kwa rangi ya asili ya Wimpy ya nyekundu na nyeupe. Ili kusaidia mpangilio mpya,kuna menu mpya pia na kampeni ya dhati inayofanywa. == Kimataifa == === Matawi ya Afrika Kusini === Wimpy ilifunguliwa katika [[Afrika Kusini]] mjini [[Durban]] , 1967. Biashara hiyo iliuzw Bakers SA Ltd katika mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 na baadaye kununuliwa na Steers Holdings Group === Nchi nyingine === 1976, Wimpy ilifungua mkahawa wao wa kwanza mjini [[Bogota]], [[Kolombia]]. Pia kuna matawi ya biashara kama Wimpy [[Ujerumani]] ambako yaliyatangulia yale ya [[Marekani]], [[Kuwait]], [[Kupro]], [[Saudi Arabia]],[[Kenya]] na [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], [[India]], [[Nepal]],} na [[Bangladesh]]. Sasa inamilikiwa na Famous Brands ambayo hivi karibuni ilikamilisha ununuzi wa Wimpy Uingereza. [[Picha:WimpyHuddersfield.jpg|thumb|Mkahawa wa Wimpy, [[Huddersfield]]]] === Matawi ya [[Misri]] na [[Moroko]] === Wimpy ilikuwa na matawi mengi Misri na Moroko, ilikuwa mikahawa ya kwanza ya baga nchini Misri na ya pili nchini Moroko lakini ilifunga biashara yake yote katika nchi hizo mnamo 1998. === Matawi ya [[New Zealand]] === Wimpy ilikuwa na matawi katika New Zealand kama [[Hamilton]] na [[Nelson]] lakini sasa imefungwa isipokuwa moja ya Rotorua. === Matawi ya [[Ireland]] === Kuna matawi machache nchini Ireland, mengi yakiwa katika vituo vya petroli. Kuna mkahawa Urlingford,County Kilkenny(ambapo mabasi husimama yakienda [[Dublin]] ama [[Cork]] na moja [[Celbridge]],County Kildare. Mengi yako katika stesheni za [[mafuta ya petroli]] za Petrogas(Applegreen), kama wanaomiliki Wimpy mingi huko. [5] ===Matawi ya Kuwait=== Wimpy ilifunguliwa jijini [[Al-duiya]] Kuwait katika miaka ya 1970s. ===Matawi ya Marekani=== Wimpy ilifunguliwa katika mwaka wa 1969 katika mji wa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] na inahudumia eneo la magharibi ya mji wa Dallas na Oak Cliff. Wimpy ilisherehekea miaka 40 ya huduma tarehe 24 Agosti 2009. == Mr Wimpy == Katika miaka ya 1980, matangazo kwa mikahawa ya Wimpy ilionyesha katuni aitwaye Mr Wimpy. Yeye alikuwa karibu kufichika chini ya kofia kubwa, na pua na tabasamu tu ndiyo ilikuwa inayoonekana. Katika baadhi ya matawi, wafanyakazi walivaa sera ya Mr Wimpy kwa sherehe za watoto. Mr Wimpy pia alionekana katika mchezo wa kompyuta rasmi yaa Ocean software, iliyotolewa mwaka wa 1984 katika mifumo ya ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 na mengineo. Ingawa jina la awali lilitokana na tabia ya katuni ya Wimpy wa katuni ya Popeye,Mr Wimpy hakufanana na Wimpy wa Popeye. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.wimpy.uk.com/ Wimpy Uingereza] * [http://www.wimpy.co.za/ Wimpy Afrika Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wimpy.co.za/ |date=20100325163118 }} * [http://www.wimpy.com.co/ Wimpy Kolombia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wimpy.com.co/ |date=20081006213951 }} * [http://www.dundeemegabowl.co.uk/index.htm ^http://www.dundeemegabowl.co.uk/index.htm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dundeemegabowl.co.uk/index.htm |date=20090218124641 }} * [http://www.wimpy.uk.com/press-embargo.htm ^http://www.wimpy.uk.com/press-embargo.htm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wimpy.uk.com/press-embargo.htm |date=20100301172026 }} * [http://www.caterersearch.com/Companies/33925/wimpy-international-ltd.html ^"Habari ya Wimpy" ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.caterersearch.com/Companies/33925/wimpy-international-ltd.html |date=20130211092944 }} 2008-01-29. [[Jamii:Kampuni za Uingereza]] olc337h2y4avintulj3jhaiwlkuudx8 0 35081 1577384 1427699 2026-06-29T03:25:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains Ethiopic text}} {{Infobox Ethnic group |group=Amhara |image=<small></small> |caption = [[Sahle Selassie]] · [[Menelik II of Ethiopia|Menelik II]] · [[Zewditu I of Ethiopia|Zewditu]]·<br />[[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]] · [[Shlomo Molla]] · · [[Tewodros II of Ethiopia|Tewodros II]] |poptime=25,120,000+ |popplace={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}[[Ethiopia]]:<br />19,870,651<ref name=Census>[http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf "Census 2007"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |date=20120604045256 }}, first draft, Table 5.</ref><br /> {{flagcountry|United States}}[[United States]]:<br />83,000<ref name="Joshua">{{cite web |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 |title=Joshua Project - Amhara, Ethiopian Ethnic People in all Countries |publisher=[[U.S. Center for World Mission]] |accessdate=2008-11-05}}</ref><br /> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}[[Sudan]]:<br />79,000<ref name="Joshua"/><br /> {{flagcountry|Somalia}}[[Somalia]]:<br />57,000<ref name="Joshua" /><br /> {{flagcountry|Eritrea}}[[Eritrea]]:<br />31,000<ref name="Joshua" /><br /> {{flagcountry|Canada}}[[Canada]]:<br />16,000<ref name="Joshua" /><br /> {{flagcountry|Yemen}}[[Yemen]]:<br />9,200<ref name="Joshua" /><br /> {{flagcountry|Germany}}[[Ujerumani]]:<br />5,800<ref name="Joshua" /><br /> {{flag|Djibouti}}[[Djibouti]]:<br />4,200<ref name="Joshua" /><br /> {{flag|Egypt}}[[Egypt]]:<br />2,900<ref name="Joshua" /><br /> {{flagcountry|Israeli}}[[Israeli]]:<br />2,100<ref name="Joshua" /> |rels=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]] 85%, [[Islam]] 15% |langs=[[Amharic language|Amharic]] |related= [[Agaw]], [[Argobba people|Argobba]], [[Beta Israeli]], [[Gurage]], [[Oromo people|Oromo]], [[Somali people|Somali]], [[Tigray-Tigrinya people|Tigray]], [[Tigre people|Tigre]] }} [[File:King Sahla Sellase colour.jpg|thumb|200px|Mfalme Sahla Sellase]] [[File:Menelik II - 4.jpg|thumb|200px|Mfalme Menelik II]] [[File:Ethiopia empress zauditu.jpg|thumb|200px|Malkia Zauditu]] [[File:Selassie.jpg|thumb|200px|Mfalme Haile Selassie]] [[File:Shlomo Molla.jpg|thumb|200px|Shlomo Molla]] [[File:Téwodros II.jpg|thumb|200px|Tewodros II]] '''Waamhara''' (kwa [[Kiamhara]]: አማራ, kwa [[Ge'ez]]: አምሐራ) ni [[kabila]] la [[watu]] waishio katikati ya nchi ya [[Ethiopia]]. Ndilo la asili la [[nyanda za juu]] za kati nchini. [[Idadi]] ya watu wanaozungumza [[lugha]] ya Kiamhara, wanakadiriwa kufikia [[milioni]] 19.8, kiasi cha [[asilimia]] 26 ya wakazi wote wa nchi hiyo. Hii ni kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] ya [[taifa]] ya mwaka 2007. Huongea lugha ambayo imekuwa lugha ya [[wafanyakazi]] na [[taasisi]] za [[serikali]] na za [[jamii]], pia ya [[siasa]] na [[uchumi]] nchini humo. ==Jina== Kutokea kwa jina la ""Amhara"" bado ni swala linalojadiliwa. Kwa mujibu wa baadhi ya watu wanadai kuwa, neno "amari" linamaanisha "kuridhisha" ""kukubali" "uzuri" au "asante". Baadhi ya wanahistoria wa nchini Ethipia kwa mfano Gatachew Makonnen Hasen wanadai kuwa jina hilo lina lina uhusiano la jina la [[Himyarite]]s.<ref>Getachew Mekonnen Hasen, ''Wollo, Yager Dibab'' (Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), p. 11.</ref>. Huku wengine wakidai kuwa, jina hilo likiwa na uhusiano na kabila la Ge'ez likimaanisha "watu huru", yaani ዓም "''ʿam''" ikimaanisha "watu" ሓራ ""h.ara"" ikimaanisha "huru" au "mwanajeshi". Huku kwa upande mwingine waandishi kama [[Donald Levine]] akipinga mawazo haya juu ya historia ya jina hili. .<ref>Herausgegeben von Uhlig, Siegbert, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003. pp. 230.</ref> Lakini kwa ujumla, jina hili linatokana na makabila ya eneo hilo ya zamani, yaliyokuwa yakiishi katika jimbo la [[Amhara]] lililopo kati mwa [[Ethiopia]], na sasa likiwa tayari limeshakuwa Mkoa wa Amhara. Hii ikiwa ni kutokea mwaka 1995. == Historia == {{Main|Historia ya Ethiopia}} Kumekuwa na watu wa kabila la [[Agazya]], walijenga [[Ufalme wa Aksum]] kiasi cha [[milenia]] mbili zilizopita, na hii ikapanua ile inayojulikana sasa kama [[Eritrea]] na Ethiopia ya kaskazini, na wakati mwingine visehemu katika nchi za [[Yemen]] na [[Sudan]]. Watu wa kabila la Amhara walirithi [[dini]] na [[mfumo]] wa [[uongozi]] wa kifalme kutoka katika [[Axum]]. Jimbo ambalo sasa linajulikana kama "Amhara" katika kipindi cha [[ukabaila]], eneo la watu wa Amhara lilijumuisha majimbo kadhaa kama vile, [[Begemder]], [[Gojjam]], [[Qwara]] na [[Lasta]]. Maeneo mengine ya nchini Ethiopia yenye idadi kubwa ya watu wa kabila la Amhara ni pamoja na [[Shewa]] na [[Gojjam]]. [[Wanahistoria]] kwa ujumla wana [[imani]] ya kuwa, watu wa kabila la Amhara, kuwa ndilo linaloongoza kwa kutoa viongozi wengi katika nafasi mbalimbali, kuanzia [[Haile Selassie]], [[mfalme]] wa mwisho wa Ethiopia. Lakini wachangiaji wengine kama vile Marcos Lemma wanaona kuwa si hivyo, kwani hata makabila mengine yameonekana kuchangia katika siasa za nchini humo. ==Dini== Dini ya Waamhara kwa [[karne]] nyingi ni [[Ukristo]], huku [[Kanisa|makanisa]] mengi ya zamaji ya nchini Ethiopia yakiwa muhimu katika utamaduni wa nchi hiyo. Dini hiyo imekuwapo katika eneo hili kwa [[karne]] kadhaa sasa. huku Wakristo wa [[imani sahihi]] wakiwa kama sehemu muhimu katika [[utamaduni]] wa nchini mwao. Nchini Ethiopia kwa jumla Wakristo ni 62.8% za wakazi wote, na kati yao Waorthodoksi wa mashariki ni 43.5%. Lakini katika Amhara asilimia kubwa kabisa ni Wakristo wa aina hiyo. [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia]] linaendeleza ushirikiano na [[Kanisa la Misri]]. Kufuatana na [[mapokeo]] ya huko, [[Epifania]] na [[Pasaka]] ni [[sikukuu]] muhimu sana, na husherehekewa kwa kufanya mambo kama vile [[Saumu|kufunga kula]] na kucheza. Pia kuna siku kadhaa katika [[mwaka]] ambapo ni [[mboga]] za [[Jani|majani]] pekee na [[samaki]] ndio huruhisiwa kuliwa. [[Ndoa]] huweza kuanzishwa au kupangwa wakati [[mwanamume]] ana [[umri]] wa miaka kumi na..., au ishirini na... [[utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]], [[wasichana]] wanaruhusiwa kuolewa wakiwa na umri wa miaka 14 hadi 18, lakini katika [[karne ya 20]], mambo yamebadilika, hivyo sasa umri mdogo kuliko wote wa kuolewa ni miaka 18, na suala hili linasimamiwa na [[serikali]]. [[Ndoa ya kiserikali|Ndoa za kiserikali]] ni nyingi japo pia, wapo watu wanaofunga ndoa katika makani mbalimbali. Na baada ya kufunga ndoa kanisani, suala la [[talaka]] halipo na haliwezekani. Kila [[familia]] hufanya [[sherehe]] ya ndoa baada ya [[harusi]]. Tangu kuzaliwa, [[padri]] hutembelea familia kwa ajili ya kumbariki [[mtoto]], na pia [[tohara|kutahiri]] mtoto kama ni wa kiume. [[Mama]] wa mtoto, hutakiwa kukaa ndani kwa siku 40 baada ya kujifungua kama mtoto ni wa kiume na kukaa ndani kwa siku 80 kwa mtoto ni wa kike kabla ya kwenda kanisani kwa ajili ya [[ubatizo]]. ==Sanaa== [[Sanaa]] ya nchini Ethiopia kwa ujumla imeegamia katika masuala ya dini na michoro ya dini. Mmoja kati ya michoro mizuri zaidi ya vitu au watu wenye [[macho]] makubwa na mara nyingi huwa ni watu wanaohusiana na [[Biblia]]. == Kilimo == Kiasi cha asilimia 90 ya watu wa kabila la Amhara wanaishi katika maeneo ya [[Kijiji|vijijini]], na hivyo sehemu kubwa ya [[maisha]] yao hutegemea [[kilimo]], ambao wengi wao hufanya shughuli za kilimo katika ukanda wa juu wa [[Ethiopia]]. Tangu mwaka [[1974]], baada ya [[mapinduzi]] ya [[Ethiopia]] na kuondolewa kwa utawala wa wakuu wa ardhi, watu wa kabila la Amhara wamekuwa makini sana katika umilikaji wa ardhi. Baada ya mwaka 1974, watawala wa ardhi waliondolewa na nafasi zao kuchuliwa na viongozi wa serikali ambao pia walifanya [[kazi]] zilezile. [[Mazao]] kama vile [[shayiri]] [[mahindi]], [[mpunga]], [[ulezi]] na [[maharagwe]] hulimwa kwa wingi na watu wa jamii ya Amhara, pia hulimwa mboga za majani mbalimbali. Ulimwaji wa aina moja ya mazao kwa mwaka mzima ni jambo la kawaida katika nyanda za juu wakati katika [[nyanda za chin]]i, huweza kulima aina hata mbili za mazao kwa mwaka. Pia jamii hufuga [[mifugo]] mbalimbali kama vile [[ng'ombe]], [[kondoo]], na [[mbuzi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * [[Wolf Leslau]] and Thomas L. Kane (collected and edited), ''Amharic Cultural Reader''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2001. ISBN 3-447-04496-9. * Donald N. Levine, ''Wax & Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture'' (Chicago: University Press, 1972) ISBN 0-226-45763-X == Viungo vya nje == * Lemma, Marcos (MD, PhD). {{cite web | title=Who ruled Ethiopia? The myth of 'Amara domination' | work=Ethiomedia.com | url=http://www.ethiomedia.com/newpress/the_amara_myth.html | accessdate=28 Februari 2005 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050328231114/http://www.ethiomedia.com/newpress/the_amara_myth.html | archivedate=2005-03-28 }} * [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#a People of Africa, Amhara Culture and History] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#a |date=20130112040124 }} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Ethiopia]] rbvgwuaozi0gmq0s68ac5lj9umq0ucp 0 39850 1577307 1577246 2026-06-28T13:16:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Byera04|Byera04]] 1574667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yamaha SR 500 Köln-20140321-RM-100226.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] SR baiskeli ya mtindo wa kawaida]] [[Faili:IndiaMotorcycle.jpg|thumb|300px|Watu wawili juu ya pikipiki nchini Uhindi]] [[Faili:URAL650-SPORTSMAN.jpg|thumb|300px|Pikipiki ya Kirusi yenye behewa ya kando]] [[Faili:Italian professional motorcycle racer and multiple MotoGP World Champion Valentino Rossi in action in the day 1 of Qatar test at the Losail International Circuit. (33220830442).jpg|thumb|300px|Pikipiki ya michezo wakati wa mashindano ya mbio]] '''Pikipiki''' {{Audio|LL-Q7838 (swa)-Byera04-Pikipiki.wav|pronunciation}} ni chombo cha usafiri chenye [[magurudumu]] mawili kinachoendeshwa kwa nguvu ya [[injini]], ama ya mwako ndani ama ya [[umeme]]. Chanzo cha pikipiki kilikuwa [[baisikeli]] iliyoboreshwa kwa kuongezwa injini. ==Injini== Pikipiki ndogo huwa mara nyingi na injini ya mapigo mawili lakini kubwa huwa na injini za mapigo manne. Mara nyingi ni injini za [[petroli]] kuna pia za [[diseli]]. Injini za umeme zimeanza kutumiwa juzijuzi tu zinaenea polepole katika nchi zilizoendelea. Nguvu ya injini hupelekwa kwenda gurudumu la nyuma kwa njia ya mnyororo. Pikipiki kubwa huwa pia na mhimili kutoka injini hadi gurudumu la nyuma. ==Uwezo wa pikipiki== Kwa kawaida pikipiki huendeshwa na mtu mmoja lakini inaweza kuchukua pia abiria mmoja1 au wawili ingawa ni 1 tu anayeruhusiwa. Pikipiki inaweza kusafirisha hata mizigo midogo. Kuna pia mabehewa ya kando yanayoongezwa kando la pikipiki au trela inayovutwa nayo. == Aina za pikipiki == Pikipiki za barabara sawa (street motorcycle): muundo wa pikipiki hizi huziwezesha kutumia barabara za lami. Pikipiki za barabara za vijijini (off-road bike): hizi huweza kutumia barabara zisizo na ukarabati Pikipiki za barabara zote (dual bikes): hizi huweza kutumia barabara za lami au za vijiji. ==Pikipiki na motokaa== Pikipiki zilijitokeza wakati ule kama [[motokaa]]. Mtu mmoja husafiri kwa gharama kidogo kwa pikipiki kuliko kwa gari. Tofauti na magari pikipiki haina kinga dhidi ya mvua, baridi au joto kali. Lakini pikipiki ni nyepesi na kwa sababu hiyo huwa na mbio kushinda motokaa. Hata hivyo ni hatari zaidi kuitumia kwa sababu dereva hana kinga dhidi ya ajali. Kwa sababu hiyo kuna nguo za kinga kama kofia ya pikipiki na nyingine. ==Matumizi ya pikipiki== [[File:Zémidjan Parakou 2.jpg|thumb|[[Boda boda]] ([[Benin]]).]] Kimsingi pikipiki hutengenezwa kwa kumbeba dereva pamoja na abiria 1. * [[Boda boda]] za pikipiki hubeba abiria kama [[teksi]]. * Pikipiki hutumiwa hasa mjini kubeba mizigo midogo kama spea au barua kati ya ofisi na maduka. * Migahawa yenye huduma ya kuwapelekea wateja chakula hadi nyumbani husafirisha mara nyingi kwa pikipiki wakipokea maagizo kwa njia ya simu. * Wakulima wasio na uwezo wa kununua gari hubeba mazao hadi sokoni kwa pikipiki. * Katika nchi zilizoendelea watu wenye motokaa hutumia pikipiki mara nyingi kwa burudani au michezo. == Historia ya pikipiki == Pikipiki ya kwanza iliyotumia [[petroli]] na mfumo wa internal combustion iliitwa Daimler Raitwagen na ilitengenezwa na [[Wajerumani]] wawili kwa jina [[Gottlieb Daimler]] na [[Wilhelm Maybach]] mwaka [[1885]] nchini Ujerumani. [[Vita vya kwanza vya dunia]] vilichangia pakubwa katika uboreshaji wa pikipiki. [[Wanajeshi]] waliona kuwa walikuwa wakitumia muda mrefu sana kusafiri kwa [[miguu]] au [[farasi]] na kwa hiyo, mahitaji ya pikipiki yakaweza mengi. Kampuni ya Harley-Davidson ilijipata ikitumia takribani asilimia hamsini ya wakati wake katika kutengeneza pikipiki za wanajeshi waliokuwa kwenye vita. == Pikipiki za leo == Hivi leo, utengenezaji wa pikipiki umechukuliwa sana na Wahindi pamoja na Wajapani. Nchi za Afrika na Asia zimekuwa zikinunua pikipiki kwa wingi kwa minajili ya usafiri haswa kwenye barabara zisizo lami, zenye mawe ambako magari hayawezi yakapenya. Hizi pikipiki za porini huweza kusafiri katika mazingira magumu, kutumia mafuta yasiyo mengi na kupenya vijijini visivyo na barabara nzuri (zenye makorongo na mawe). ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{Commonscat|Motorcycles}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Usafiri| ]] 38lsfanxpyraauryobzawn9z0wf5cu1 0 56691 1577352 1206165 2026-06-28T17:25:42Z Emmy05 90536 /* */ Adding some words 1577352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kern Vision des Ezechiel.jpg| thumb |Mchoro wa Leonhard Kern, ''Njozi ya Ezekieli'', kwenye Schwäbisch Hall.]] '''Ufufuko''' (kutoka [[kitenzi]] "kufufua") ni hali ya [[mwili]] kurudi kuishi baada ya [[kufa]], kwa mfano wa kuamka kutoka [[usingizi|usingizini]]. [[Dini]] mbalimbali zinasadiki uwezekano wake, ingawa kwa misingi na mitazamo tofauti. Kuna [[visasili]] kuhusu [[miungu]] kufa na kufufuka mara kwa mara, kwa mfano wa [[uhai]] wa [[uasilia]] katika mzunguko wa [[majira]], hasa katika [[majira ya kuchipua]] baada ya [[majira ya baridi]]. Tofauti na [[hadithi]] hizo, [[Biblia]] inatufundisha [[uwezo]] wa [[Mungu]] juu ya [[kifo]] cha [[binadamu]], kwamba kupitia [[manabii]] kama [[Elia]] na [[Elisha]], yeye aliwarudishia uhai watu waliokufa tangu muda mfupi. Baada ya [[nabii Ezekieli]] kupata [[njozi]] kuhusu ufufuko wa [[mifupa]] mikavu iliyozagaa bondeni, [[Wayahudi]] walizidi kukubali kwamba Mungu atafufua wafu wote siku ya mwisho. [[Injili]] zinasimulia jinsi [[Yesu Kristo]] alivyofufua [[vijana]] watatu kwa nyakati tofauti: [[binti]] [[Yairo]], [[mvulana]] wa [[Nain]] na [[Lazaro wa Bethania]]. Lakini jambo kuu la [[vitabu]] hivyo ni kwamba mwenyewe aliweza kufufuka [[siku]] ya [[tatu]] baada ya [[Kifo cha Yesu|kufa]] [[Msalaba wa Yesu|msalabani]], tena si kwa kurudia [[maisha]] ya [[duniani]], bali kwa kuingia [[uzima wa milele]] akiwa na mwili mtukufu. [[Yesu]] alitabiri kwamba atarudi kutoka huko siku ya mwisho ili afufue wafu wote na [[Hukumu ya mwisho|kuwahukumu]]. “Ndipo watakapomwona Mwana wa Adamu akija katika wingu pamoja na nguvu na utukufu mwingi” ([[Lk]] 21:27). “Saa yaja ambayo watu wote waliomo makaburini wataisikia sauti yake. Nao watatoka; wale waliofanya mema kwa ufufuko wa uzima, na waliotenda mabaya kwa ufufuo wa hukumu” ([[Yoh]] 5:28-29). “Na hao watakwenda zao kuingia katika adhabu ya milele; bali wenye haki watakwenda katika uzima wa milele” ([[Math]] 25:46). [[Mwili]] utakaofufuliwa ni huuhuu tulionao sasa, lakini katika hali tofauti, alivyoeleza [[Mtume Paulo]]: “hupandwa katika uharibifu; hufufuliwa katika kutokuharibika” ([[1Kor]] 15:42). [[Uislamu]] pia unafundisha kwamba mwishoni kutakuwa na ufufuo wa wafu wote (Yawm al-Qiyāmah, kwa [[Kiarabu]]: يوم القيامة‎‎). Siku hiyo imepangwa na Mungu lakini haijafunuliwa kwa binadamu. ==Tazama pia== * [[Kiyama]] * [[Ufufuko wa Yesu]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.totustuus.biz/users/denzinger/b12nesup.htm Hati ya [[Papa]] "Ne super his".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.totustuus.biz/users/denzinger/b12nesup.htm |date=20081011120736 }} * [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/B12BDEUS.HTM Hati ya [[Papa]] "Benedictus Deus".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/B12BDEUS.HTM |date=20110316125321 }} {{mbegu-dini}} [[Category:Dini]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] pqm6ky2bpne9vsa37sat5i271836xzo 0 57103 1577437 1500370 2026-06-29T10:14:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor |jina = Aishwarya Rai |picha = Aishwarya Rai Cannes 2017.jpg |maelezo ya picha = Aishwarya kwenye sherehe ya ''2017 Cannes Film Festival'' |jina la kuzaliwa = Caryn Elaine Johnson |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|11|1}} |mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] |kazi yake = Mwigizaji |miaka ya kazi = 1981–mpaka sasa |ndoa = {{marriage|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]|2007}} }} '''Aishwarya Rai''' ([[jina]] lake kamili: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan; amezaliwa [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], [[1 Novemba]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]], [[Miss India]] 1994 na [[mwigizaji]] maarufu wa [[Bollywood]] kutoka [[Uhindi]]. ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Filamu ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Lugha ! scope="col" | Aliigiza kama ! scope="col" | Mtayarishaji ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Maelezo ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Marejeo |- ! scope="row" | ''Iruvar'' |1997 | Tamil | Pushpavalli/Kalpana{{ref|1|[I]}} |Mani Ratnam | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Hunter2013">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Hunter|first=Nick| title = Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvDo91Nb8mAC&pg=PA15| date = 7 Novemba 2013|publisher=Raintree|isbn=978-1-4062-4032-0|page=15}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya'' | 1997 | Hindi | Ashi Kapoor |Rahul Rawail | |style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200420 |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808230020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200420 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Jeans'' | 1998 | Tamil | Madhumitha/Vaishnavi{{ref|2|[II]}} |S. Shankar | Aliteuliwa{{mdash}}Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Srinivasan, V |publisher=Rediff.com | title = Of Jeans and bottom lines|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/21jean.htm | date = 21 Machi 1998|accessdate=3 May 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201659/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/21jean.htm |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Aa Ab Laut Chalen'' | 1999 | Hindi | Pooja Walia | Rishi Kapoor | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200424 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428032214/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200424 |archivedate=28 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' | 1999 | Hindi | Nandini | Sanjay Leela Bhansali | Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65166 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808230527/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65166 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Ravoyi Chandamama'' | 1999 | Telugu | Unnamed |Jayanth C. Paranjee | Alikuwa kwenye nyimbo ya "Love to Live" |style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Rejea habari| title = Hansika strikes a big deal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Hansika-strikes-a-big-deal/articleshow/4234539.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | date = 7 Machi 2009|accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831210527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Hansika-strikes-a-big-deal/articleshow/4234539.cms |archivedate=31 August 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Taal'' | 1999 | Hindi | Mansi |Subhash Ghai | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Taal (1999)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201769 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808233911/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201769 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml| title = Filmfare Awards by year: 1999 Nominations|accessdate=8 June 2015|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119072600/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml|archivedate=19 November 2000}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Mela'' | 2000 | Hindi | Champakali |Dharmesh Darshan | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Mela (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539917 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101657/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539917 |archivedate= 7 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Kandukondain Kandukondain'' | 2000 | Tamil | Meenakshi | Rajiv Menon | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="DowHanson2012">{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Dow|first1=Gillian |last2=Hanson|first2=Clare | title = Uses of Austen: Jane's Afterlives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h09clwxlHXUC&pg=PA184| date = 18 Septemba 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-31946-2|page=184}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Josh'' | 2000 | Hindi | Shirley Dias | Mansoor Khan | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Josh (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538516 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901023557/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538516 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' | 2000 | Hindi | Preeti Vyas |Satish Kaushik | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201758 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201758 |archivedate= 1 July 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref name="ff00">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml| title = Annual Filmfare Awards 2000: The Nominations|accessdate=8 June 2015|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331150942/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml|archivedate=31 March 2001}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Dhai Akshar Prem Ke'' | 2000 | Hindi | Sahiba Grewal |Raj Kanwar | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54492 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54492 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Mohabbatein'' | 2000 | Hindi | Megha Shankar | Aditya Chopra | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="ff00"/><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Mohabbatein (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57069 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172354/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57069 |archivedate=18 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Albela'' | 2001 | Hindi | Sonia Heinz | Deepak Sareen | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Albela (2001)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538760 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831200819/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538760 |archivedate=31 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam'' |2002 | Hindi | Suman |K. S. Adhiyaman | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922061216/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |archivedate=22 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''23 March 1931: Shaheed'' |2002 | Hindi | |Guddu Dhanoa | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = 23 March 1931 Shaheed (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/514668 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901112542/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/514668 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Devdas'' | 2002 | Hindi | Parvati "Paro" Chakraborty |Sanjay Leela Bhansali | Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Devdas (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539146 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172233/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539146 |archivedate=18 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Shakti: The Power'' | 2002 | Hindi | Mwenyewe |Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi | Alikuwa kwenye nyimbo ya "Ishq Kamina" |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Shakti&nbsp;— The Power (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172311/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587 |archivedate=18 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Chokher Bali'' |2003 | Bengali | Binodini |Rituparno Ghosh | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117921521/ | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | first=Derek | last=Elley | title = Chokher Bali: A Passion Play| date = 12 Agosti 2003|accessdate=12 August 2003}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Dil Ka Rishta'' | 2003 | Hindi | Tia Sharma |Naresh Malhotra | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Dil Ka Rishta (2003)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201712 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043732/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201712 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Kuch Naa Kaho'' |2003 | Hindi | Namrata Shrivastav |Rohan Sippy | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Kuch Naa Kaho (2003)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201861 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020912/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201861 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Khakee'' | 2004 | Hindi | Mahalakshmi |Rajkumar Santoshi | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Khakhee (2004)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54532 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901192602/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54532 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na'' |2004 | Hindi | Diya Malhotra | Samir Karnik | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Kyun! Ho Gaya Na (2004)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201845 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014330/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201845 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Bride & Prejudice'' |2004 | English | Lalita Bakshi |Gurinder Chadha | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Ponzanesi2014">{{Rejea kitabu|last= Ponzanesi|first=Sandra| title = The Postcolonial Cultural Industry: Icons, Markets, Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JR2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134| date = 14 Mei 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-27259-1|pages=133–134}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Raincoat'' |2004 | Hindi | Neerja |Rituparno Ghosh | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Raincoat (2004)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201622 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902181627/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201622 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articlelist/1032059.cms | title = 50th Filmfare Awards: Actresses Nominated|accessdate=15 April 2016 |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301065059/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articlelist/1032059.cms |archivedate=1 March 2005}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Shabd'' |2005 | Hindi | Antara Vashist/Tammana{{ref|2|[II]}} |Leena Yadav | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Shabd (2005)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54582 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901205217/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54582 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''The Mistress of Spices'' |2005 | English | Tilo |Paul Mayeda Berges | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Mannur2009">{{Rejea kitabu|last= Mannur|first=Anita| title = Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLbG-5tWKlEC&pg=PA88| date = 19 Novemba 2009|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0079-6|page=88}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Bunty Aur Babli'' |2005 | Hindi |Unnamed |Shaad Ali | Alikuwa kwenye nyimbo ya "[[Kajra Re]]" |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Bunty Aur Babli (2005)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65070 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65070 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Umrao Jaan'' |2006 | Hindi | Umrao Jaan |J.P. Dutta | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Umrao Jaan (2006)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538451 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021001/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538451 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Dhoom 2'' |2006 | Hindi | Sunehri |Sanjay Gadhvi |Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Dhoom 2 (2006)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509011 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043908/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509011 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref name="awards">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/6767/index.html| title = Aishwarya Rai: Awards & nominations|accessdate=23 July 2010|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422045357/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/6767/index.html|archivedate=22 April 2009 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Guru'' |2007 | Hindi | Sujata Desai |Mani Ratnam |Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="awards"/><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Guru (2007)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539430 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020937/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539430 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Provoked'' |2007 | Kiingereza | Kiranjit Ahluwalia |Jag Mundhra | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Provoked (2007)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/provoked_a_true_story/ |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812172106/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/provoked_a_true_story/ |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''The Last Legion'' |2007 | Kiingereza | Mira |Doug Lefler | |style="text-align: center;"| |- ! scope="row" | ''Jodhaa Akbar'' |2008 | Hindi | Mariam-uz-Zamani |Ashutosh Gowariker | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Jodhaa Akbar (2008)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58410 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901131603/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58410 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = 54th Idea Filmfare Awards 2008 nominations|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations/85584-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN | date = 18 Februari 2009|accessdate=2 March 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407113131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations/85584-8.html |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219193410/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations/85584-8.html }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Sarkar Raj'' |2008 | Hindi | Anita Rajan |Ram Gopal Varma | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Sarkar Raj (2008)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508446 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020956/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508446 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''The Pink Panther 2'' |2009 | Kiingereza | Sonia Solandres |Harald Zwart | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Pink Panther 2 (2009)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pink_panther_2/ |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723153417/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pink_panther_2/ |archivedate=23 July 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Raavan'' |2010 | Hindi | Ragini Sharma |Mani Ratnam | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Raavan (2010)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507455 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205024426/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507455 |archivedate= 5 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Raavanan'' |2010 | Tamil | Ragini Subramaniam |Mani Ratnam | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Rangan2012">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj | title = Conversations with Mani Ratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_d9XHAUFB8C&pg=PT515 | date = 15 Oktoba 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-690-6 |page=515 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217211751/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_d9XHAUFB8C |archivedate=17 February 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Enthiran'' |2010 | Tamil | Sana |Shankar | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Robot (Enthiran in Hindi) (2010)|url=https://www.amazon.com/Robot-Enthiran-Hindi-Rajnikanth/dp/B006O2NQRM |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521053035/http://www.amazon.com/Robot-Enthiran-Hindi-Rajnikanth/dp/B006O2NQRM |archivedate=21 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Action Replayy'' |2010 | Hindi | Mala |Vipul Amrutlal Shah | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Action Replayy (2010)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525426 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901115108/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525426 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Guzaarish'' |2010 | Hindi | Sofia D'Souza |Sanjay Leela Bhansali | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Guzaarish (2010)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/515927 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831101135/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/515927 |archivedate=31 August 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Nominations for 56th Idea Filmfare Awards 2010|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/ |publisher=Bollywood Hungama | date = 14 Januari 2011|accessdate=2 March 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012817/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/ |archivedate=14 November 2013 |df= }}</ref><br/> |- ! scope="row" | ''Jazbaa'' |2015 | Hindi | Anuradha Verma |Sanjay Gupta | |style="text-align: center;"| |- ! scope="row" | ''Sarbjit'' |2016 | Hindi | Dalbir Kaur |Omung Kumar | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/response-to-my-look-in-sarbjit-encouraging-aishwarya-rai-bachchan/#sthash.vzZgOg37.dpuf | title = Response to my look in Sarbjit encouraging: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|work=The Indian Express | date = 22 Desemba 2015|accessdate=8 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124191007/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/response-to-my-look-in-sarbjit-encouraging-aishwarya-rai-bachchan/ |archivedate=24 January 2016 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea habari| title = 62nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |work=Filmfare | date = 9 Januari 2017|accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122217/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |archivedate=13 January 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' |2016 | Hindi | Saba Taliyar Khan |Karan Johar | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-starts-shooting-for-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-vienna/#sthash.e57WRWxF.dpuf | title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan starts shooting for ‘Ae Dil Hai Mushkil’ with Ranbir Kapoor in Vienna|work=The Indian Express | date = 19 Oktoba 2015|accessdate=8 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224001219/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-starts-shooting-for-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-vienna/ |archivedate=24 February 2016 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Fanney Khan'' |2018 | Hindi | Baby Singh | Atul Manjrekar | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fanney-khan-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-aishwarya-rai-stand-out-in-comedy-bogged-down-by-melodrama-4882701.html| title = Fanney Khan movie review: Rajkummar Rao, Aishwarya Rai stand out in comedy bogged down by melodrama|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|publisher=Firstpost| date = 3 Agosti 2018||accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> <!--Do not include future events. Only content that has a source indicating Rai has done the work or has started filming the project. See [[WP:CRYSTAL]].--> |} ==Tuzo== ===Tuzo za kutoka India=== * 1994 – Miss India World * 2000 – Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nASRRQ-ugQc| title = Miss Aishwarya rai Receiving Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress from Mr Suresh Prabhu|publisher=''youtube''}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rvcj.com/18-bollywood-actresses-won-smita-patil-memorial-award-till-now/| title = 18 Bollywood Actresses Who Have Won Smita Patil Memorial Award Till Now| date = 2016-09-17}}</ref> * 2002 – ''The Times of India'' ilimtuza Aishwarya Rai kwenye "100 Most Beautiful Indian Women in the Past Century". * 2002 – Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence in Field of Entertainment.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/shahrukh-aishwarya-and-kajol-get-rajiv-gandhi-awards_54596.html| title = Shahrukh, Aishwarya and Kajol get Rajiv Gandhi Awards|website=zeenews.india.com| date = 19 Agosti 2002}}</ref> * 2003 – V. Shantaram Awards – Best Actress kwa ajili ya uigizaji wake kwenye [[filamu]] ya ''Devdas''<ref name="indiatimes2003">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Devdas-bags-eight-V-Shantaram-awards/articleshow/44673564.cms| title = Devdas bags eight V Shantaram awards|publisher=''India Times''| date = 2003-04-27}}</ref> * 2004 – GR8! Women Award for Contribution to Cinema(Special Laurel).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=305|title=GR8! WOMEN ACHIEVERS 2004|publisher=''gr8mag''|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2023-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918053425/https://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=305|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2007 – Femina "Most Powerful Indian Woman".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://celebs-place.com/photos/aishwarya-rai/pic-448718.html|title=AISHWARYA RAI PICTURE #448718|website=''celebs-place.com''|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2023-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918190246/https://celebs-place.com/photos/aishwarya-rai/pic-448718.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2008 – ALichaguliwa na ''Verve'' "Most Powerful Women" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.verveonline.com/62/people/powerwomen.shtml | title = People &#124; Verve’s 50 Power Women 2008|publisher=Verveonline.com | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref> * 2009 – V. Shantaram Awards – Best Actress kwenye filamu ya ''Jodhaa Akbar''<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tzp-wins-v-shantaram-award-for-best-film/story-K2EJqidXHMm9qYktYzx0hM.html| title = TZP wins V Shantaram award for Best Film|website=www.hindustantimes.com| date = 28 Januari 2009}}</ref> * 2009 – Padma Shri, kutoka kwa serikali ya India, kwa ajili ya uigizaji wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/my-family-is-happy-for-aishwarya-big-b/415391/| title = My family is happy for Aishwarya: Big B - Indian Express|website=www.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aishwarya-Akshay-among-Padma-award-receivers/articleshow/4340068.cms| title = Aishwarya, Akshay among Padma award receivers|publisher=''timesofindia''| date = 31 Machi 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/09/mar/31-big-b-proud-of-bahu-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-030911.asp| title = Big B proud of Bahu Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|publisher=''glamsham''| date = 31 Machi 2019|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907163931/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/09/mar/31-big-b-proud-of-bahu-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-030911.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/ash-and-akshay-get-padma-shri-43148-2009-03-31| title = Ash and Akshay get Padma Shri|publisher=''indiatoday''}}</ref> * 2009 – Verve "Most Influential Indian Woman".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bollyupdates.com/aishwarya-rai-verve-india-june-2009/| title = Aishwarya Rai-Verve India(Jun 2009)|publisher=bollyupdates.com| date = 9 Jun 2009|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140730/https://www.bollyupdates.com/aishwarya-rai-verve-india-june-2009/}}</ref> * 2009 – Alituzwa kama "The Most Powerful Female Actor in India". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aishwarya-most-powerful-female-actor-india| title = Aishwarya is "The Most Powerful Female Actor in India"!|publisher=''pinkvilla''| date = 21 Aprili 2009|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2019-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225001325/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aishwarya-most-powerful-female-actor-india}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/aishwarya-rai-tops-power-list-in-india-313775.html| title = Aishwarya Rai tops power list in India|publisher= ''news18''| date = 15 Aprili 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-tops-the-power-list-as-the-most-powerful-female-actor-in-india_100179670.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan tops the Power List as The Most Powerful Female actor in India|publisher=''thaindian''| date = 14 Aprili 2009|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2019-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226090257/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-tops-the-power-list-as-the-most-powerful-female-actor-in-india_100179670.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-tops-the-power-list-as-the-most-powerful-female-actor-in-india/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Tops the Power List as The Most Powerful Female Actor in India|publisher=''movietalkies''| date = 14 Aprili 2009}}</ref> * 2009 – Filmfare "Most Beautiful People".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2014/aishwarya-rai-magazine-covers/articlecontent-pf49989-142384.html| title = The Hottest Magazine Covers Of Aishwarya Rai|publisher=''filmibeat.com''| date = 2 Jun 2014}}</ref> * 2010 – ''India Today'' Women Award for Global Achievement.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://indiatoday.in/womansummit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=34&id=2679&sectionid=1&Itemid=1&secid= | title = Woman Summit|publisher=Indiatoday.in | date = 2009-09-27|accessdate=2011-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162415/http://indiatoday.in/womansummit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=34&id=2679&sectionid=1&Itemid=1&secid= |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> * 2010 – GR8! Women Award for Social services and international recognition.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://womenonown.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/kelvinator-gr8-women-awards-by-indian-television-academy/| title = Kelvinator Gr8! Women Awards by Indian Television Academy|publisher=''womenonown.wordpress.com'' | date = 3 Machi 2010}}</ref> * 2010 – Teacher's Achievement Award .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-aishwarya-shabana-and-boman-win-teachers-achievement-awards/| title = Ranbir, Aishwarya, Shabana and Boman win Teacher’s Achievement Awards|publisher=''Bollywoodhungama.com'' | date = 22 Novemba 2010}}</ref> * 2011 – Femina "India's Most Beautiful Woman".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-scan-femina-magazine| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's scan from Femina magazine|publisher=''Pinkvilla''| date = 30 Januari 2011|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143926/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-scan-femina-magazine}}</ref> * 2011 – ''FICCI Frames Excellence Awards – Decade of Global Achievement''.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/11/mar/26-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-wins-top-honours-at-ficci-frames-031101.asp| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan wins top honours at FICCI FRAMES|publisher=''glamsham''| date = 26 Machi 2011|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140620/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/11/mar/26-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-wins-top-honours-at-ficci-frames-031101.asp}}</ref> * 2011 – ''FICCI Frames Award of a Decade of Global Achievement''<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hugh-jackman-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bag-top-honours-at-ficci-frames-awards-1524568| title = Hugh Jackman, Aishwarya Rai-Bachchan bag top honours at FICCI Frames Awards|publisher=''dnaindia.com''| date = 26 Machi 2011}}</ref> * 2011 – Alituzwa na Mbunge B. S. Yeddyurappa kwenye sherehe ya Vishwa Kannada Sammelana kwa uigizaji wake. * 2012 – Alikuwa #2 kwenye "5 Indian Women Who Became Role Models Of Empowerment" pamoja na [[Mother Teresa]], [[Kalpana Chawla]], [[Indra Nooyi]] na [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.naaree.com/indian-women-role-models-empowerment/| title = 5 Indian Women Who Became Role Models Of Empowerment|website=naaree.com| date = 20 Septemba 2012}}</ref> * 2013 – ''Giant Award - Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/5516/ | title = Aishwarya Rai honoured at Giants Awards &#124; Latest Celebrity Features|publisher=Bollywood Hungama | date = 2013-09-18|accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Aishwarya-Rai-honoured-at-Giants-Awards/articleshow/22745135.cms | work=The Times Of India | title = Aishwarya Rai honoured at Giants Awards| date = 2013-09-19}}</ref> * 2013 –"Most Popular Actress"(Nambari #1) kwenye ''Filmfare]] 100 years of cinema''. * 2013 – Alikuwa #2 kwenye "Top 5 Global Icon" in ''Filmfare]] 100 years of cinema''. * 2014 – ''Asiavision Awards - Icon Of [[India]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-awards-2014-aishwarya-rai-dhanush-kajol-mammootty-manju-warrier-be-honoured-612940| title = Asiavision Awards 2014: Aishwarya Rai, Dhanush, Kajol, Mammootty, Manju Warrier to be Honoured [Winners List]|first=Nicy|last=V.P|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20141116/article/311169980/1057| title = Asiavision Awards honours Indian film actors|publisher=''khaleejtimes.com''| date = 16 Novemba 2014|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2020-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815195817/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20141116/article/311169980/1057}}</ref> * 2014 – ''The Times Of India's Forever Desirable woman''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aishwarya-Kareena-enter-Times-Forever-Desirable-list/articleshow/35729176.cms| title = Aishwarya, Kareena enter Times ‘Forever Desirable’ list|publisher=''timesofindia''}}</ref> * 2015 – ''Hello! "India's Most Beautiful"''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-named-indias-most-beautiful-by-hello-india-magazine/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan named India’s Most Beautiful by Hello! India magazine!|website=''bollywoodlife.com''| date = 1 Agosti 2015}}</ref> * 2016 – ''Outlook Business Outstanding Women Awards'' - Outstanding Celebrity Woman of the Year.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.abplive.in/movies/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bags-outstanding-celebrity-woman-of-the-year-award-428104| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan bags Outstanding Celebrity Woman of the Year award|first=|last=ANI|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623110532/http://www.abplive.in/movies/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bags-outstanding-celebrity-woman-of-the-year-award-428104}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mexicostar.com/index.php/sid/248362147| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan bags Outstanding Celebrity Woman of the Year award|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009170832/http://www.mexicostar.com/index.php/sid/248362147|archivedate=2016-10-09}}</ref> * 2016 – ''Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin – Global Indian of the Year Award'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/352880/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-looks-lovely-she-accepts-her-global-indian-award#2| title = Watch! Aishwarya Looks Lovely As She Accepts Her 'Global Indian' Award|website=www.pinkvilla.com|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2021-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930163844/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/352880/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-looks-lovely-she-accepts-her-global-indian-award#2}}</ref> * 2016 – Gauravvanta Gujarati Award * 2017 – ''Femina "Most Beautiful Indian Woman"''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/aishwarya-stars-is-on-feminas-latest-cover-35559.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan graces Femina’s latest cover|publisher=''Femina''| date = 23 Januari 2017}}</ref> * 2017 – ''Dadasaheb Phalke Award - Best Actress'' kwenye filamu ya ''Sarbjit'' <ref name="india1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://zeenews.india.com/people/hema-malini-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-shoojit-sircar-bag-dadasaheb-awards-1998393.html| title = Hema Malini, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Shoojit Sircar bag Dadasaheb awards| date = 22 Aprili 2017|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-sarbjit-see-pics-4623430/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for Sarbjit, see pics|publisher=''indianexpress''| date = 22 Aprili 2017}}</ref> * 2018 – 20 January 2018, Aishwarya Rai alituzwa na [[Rais]] wa India Ram Nath Kovind.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-looks-breathtakingly-wow-spotted-at-rashtrapati-bhawan-see-pictures/articlecontent-pf237575-271149.html| title = UNSTOPPABLE! Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Looks BREATHTAKINGLY WOW; Spotted At Rashtrapati Bhawan [PICS]| date = 21 Januari 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/424500-Aishwarya-Rai-receive-First-Ladies-Award-president-Kovind| title = Aishwarya Rai receives First Ladies Award by president Kovind| date = 22 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-receives-first-ladies-award-in-delhi-see-pics-1802717| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Receives First Ladies Award In Delhi. See Pics|publisher=''NDTV''| date = 21 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/aishwaray-rai-bachchan-first-lasdies-awards-fanney-khan-sabyasachi-saree/190986| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan receives First Ladies Award In Delhi|publisher=''Times Now''| date = 21 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-gets-honoured-by-the-president-receives-the-first-ladies-award-in-delhi-338122.html|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Gets Honoured By The President, Receives The First Ladies Award In Delhi|publisher=''India Times''|date=21 Januari 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2023-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918053411/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-gets-honoured-by-the-president-receives-the-first-ladies-award-in-delhi-338122.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-received-first-lady-award-in-designer-sabyasachi-saree/#rai-bachchans-pick-for-the-evening-an-ivory-and-gold-sabyasachi-sari| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan receives a prestigious award in a must-see sari|publisher=''VOGUE''| date = 22 Januari 2018}}</ref> *2018 – Aprili 2018, Aishwarya Rai alipewa tuzo ya "Woman of Substance".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-woman-substance-title-bunts-community/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with the Woman of Substance title by the Bunts’ Community|publisher=''Bollywood Hungama''| date = 8 Aprili 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-with-the-title-of-woman-of-substance-in-pune-27528.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with the title of Woman of Substance in Pune|publisher=''[[Filmfare]]''| date = 8 Aprili 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-with-the-woman-of-substance-title-5129924/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with the Woman of Substance title|publisher=''Indian Express''| date = 9 Aprili 2018}}</ref> * 2018 – ''Femina "India's Most Beautful Woman 2018"'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-on-feminas-cover-81749.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan looks stunning on Femina’s cover|publisher=''Femina''| date = 14 Machi 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.fridaymoviez.com/news/femina-magazine-terms-ash-as-indias-most-beautiful-women-2018| title = FEMINA MAGAZINE TERMS ASH AS 'INDIA'S MOST BEAUTIFUL WOMEN 2018'|publisher=''fridaymoviez''| date = 15 Machi 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2019-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409023705/http://www.fridaymoviez.com/news/femina-magazine-terms-ash-as-indias-most-beautiful-women-2018}}</ref> ===Tuzo za kutoka nje ya India=== * Mnamo 1991, Rai alishinda tuzo ya ''International Ford Supermodel Contest'' alipokuwa na miaka 17.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://au.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/169_aishwarya_rai.html | title = Aishwarya Rai - AskMen|publisher=Au.askmen.com | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174826/http://au.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/169_aishwarya_rai.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all |archivedate=2014-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174826/http://au.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/169_aishwarya_rai.html }}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai alikuwa mshindi wa [[Miss World 1994]].<ref name="pageantopolis1994">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pageantopolis.com/international/world_1994.htm | title = 1994|publisher=Pageontopolis |accessdate=21 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903002531/http://www.pageantopolis.com/international/world_1994.htm |archivedate=3 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHM6w3kPf8| title = Aishwarya Rai- Miss World 1994 (Full Performance)|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai ni ''Longines Ambassador of Elegance'' tangu 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.longines.com.au/universe/ambassadors| title = Longines Ambassadors of Elegance|website=www.longines.com.au}}</ref> * Alipata tuzo ya ''Most Beautiful Miss World of All Times'' – alipata alama 9.911, mnamo 2000.<ref name="Koimoi.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/why-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-the-biggest-female-star-of-india-koimoi-readers-view/ | title = Why Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Is The Biggest Female Star Of India? – Koimoi Reader’s View|publisher=Koimoi.com | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai alitajwa kama "The Queen of Cannes" kwenye ''Cannes Film Festival''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.boldsky.com/fashion/trends/timeline-aishwarya-will-be-the-queen-cannes-always-122258.html| title = Timeline: Aishwarya Will Be The Queen Of Cannes, Always! |publisher=boldsky.com| date = 11 Mei 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/gossip/celeb-buzz/aishwarya-the-queen-of-cannes-2603-1.html| title = Aishwarya: The Queen of Cannes|publisher=''femina''| date = 21 Mei 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/photo/aishwarya-rai-the-queen-of-cannes-1495431794.html| title = Aishwarya Rai: The Queen of Cannes|work=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.wearis.co/aishwarya-rai-showed-everyone-that-she-is-the-queen-of-cannes/| title = Aishwarya Rai Is Officially The Queen Of Cannes| date = 23 Mei 2017|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310075709/http://www.wearis.co/aishwarya-rai-showed-everyone-that-she-is-the-queen-of-cannes/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url = https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/the-queen-of-cannes-aishwarya-rai-has-arrived-she-already-owned-it-with-her-first-two-looks-322017.html| title = The Queen Of Cannes, Aishwarya Rai Has Arrived & She Already Owned It With Her First Two Looks| date = 19 Mei 2017| accessdate = 2019-03-28| archive-date = 2022-06-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624234228/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/the-queen-of-cannes-aishwarya-rai-has-arrived-she-already-owned-it-with-her-first-two-looks-322017.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/bollywood/feature/a648802/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-from-bollywood-royalty-to-queen-of-cannes/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: From Bollywood royalty to queen of Cannes|publisher=''digitalspy''| date = 22 Mei 2015}}</ref> In 2002, her film * Mnamo Aprili 2003, alikuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza wa kutoka India kupewa tuzo la ''L'Oréal Paris International Brand Ambassador''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ballyooo/3307044817/in/photostream/| title = LOREAL!! Aishwarya Rai Bachchan became a global brand ambassador}}</ref> * Alipigiwa kura ya ''Hello Magazine World's Most Attractive Woman'' mnamo 2003.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/aishwarya-is-most-attractive-woman/204/| title = Aishwarya is 'most attractive woman'|work=bollywoodmantra| date = 17 Januari 2004|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140446/https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/aishwarya-is-most-attractive-woman/204/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20040202-aishwarya-rai-voted-most-attractive-woman-of-year-2003-790738-2004-02-02| title = Aishwarya Rai voted most attractive woman of 2003 by British magazine Hello|publisher=''indiatoday''| date = 2 Februari 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/specials/women03/pagina_1_1.html|title=THE MOST ATTRACTIVE WOMAN OF 2003|work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615235926/https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/specials/women03/pagina_1_1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai alikuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza wa kutoka India kupewa tuzo ya ''Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People In The World'' (The 2004 TIME 100).<ref name="autogenerated2004">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1970858_1970890_1971356,00.html| title = Aishwarya Rai - The 2004 TIME 100 - TIME|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date = 26 Aprili 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html| title = Complete List - The 2004 TIME 100 - TIME|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ash-amongst-Times-Most-Influential/articleshow/1084305.cms| title = Ash amongst Time's Most Influential|publisher=''timesofindia''| date = 21 Aprili 2005}}</ref> * Alikuwa kwenye ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' mnamo 2004. * Aishwarya Rai won the Global Foreign Artiste Debutantes to Mainstream Media Award in 2004 and honoured in the awards brochure for having excelled in more than one field either through film, music, fashion, or any other combined field. She also honoured as the [[South Asians|Highest Profile South Asians Achiever]] in global media.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aishwarya-rai-shares-global-media-award-telugufont-news-10594.html|title=Aishwarya Rai shares global media award|website=indiaglitz.com|date=17 Septemba 2004|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2022-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819212450/https://www.indiaglitz.com/aishwarya-rai-shares-global-media-award-telugufont-news-10594.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mnamo 2008, Aishwarya alituzwa na stesheni ya ''E!: Entertainment Television sexiest on their Sexiest Body Parts list''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-EntertainmentSectionPage-Bollwood/Aishwarya-Rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/Article1-346621.aspx | title = Aishwarya Rai’s eyes voted the ‘sexiest’|publisher=Hindustan Times | date = 2008-10-23|accessdate=2014-02-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110011552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/aishwarya-rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/article1-346621.aspx |archivedate=2013-11-10 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110011552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/aishwarya-rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/article1-346621.aspx }}</ref> * Mnamo 2012, alipokea tuzo ya ''Ordre des Arts et des Lettres'' kutoka kwa serikali ya [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|work=hindustantimes.com |location=India |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Why-Aaradhya-cried-on-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-s-39th-birthday/Article1-953808.aspx | title = Why Aaradhya cried on Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's 39th birthday|accessdate=2 November 2012 | date = 2 Novemba 2012|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102141750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Why-Aaradhya-cried-on-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-s-39th-birthday/Article1-953808.aspx |archivedate=2 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> Earlier she refused it because her father was suffering from a serious illness, and she wanted her whole family to attend the award ceremony.<ref>{{Rejea habari|work=The Times of India |location=India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/Ash_wont_accept_award_without_Dad/articleshow/4059637.cms| title = Ash won't accept award without Dad|accessdate=12 February 2009| date = 2 Februari 2009}}</ref> * Alikuwa #60 kwenye ''Most Desired Woman List by [[Askmen.com]]'', mnamo 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Joshi |first=Tushar |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/jan/230109-Eva-Mendes-Angelina-Jolie-Megan-Fox-Aishwarya-Rai-Katrina-Kaif-Bollywood-New-York.htm | title = Aishwarya slips on most desirable list, Katrina makes a debut|publisher=Mid-day.com | date = 2009-01-23|accessdate=2011-04-22}}</ref> * Mnamo 2009, Rai alichaguliwa kama ''Global Goodwill Ambassador of Smile Train''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aishwarya-appointed--smile-train--ambassador/535870/| title = Aishwarya appointed 'Smile Train' ambassador|work=The Indian Express|location=India|accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.smiletrainindia.org/about-smile-train/celebrity-support.php | title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan appeals for Smile Train|publisher=SmileTrainIndia |archivedate=4 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404023423/http://www.smiletrainindia.org/about-smile-train/celebrity-support.php |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> In March 2018, Aishwarya Rai and Smile Train celebrated free cleft surgeries treatment of 5,00,000 children.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://bollywoodgaram.com/134290/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-celebrates-500000-cleft-surgeries-smile-train-event/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan celebrates 5,00,000 free cleft surgeries at Smile Train event| date = 7 Machi 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-celebrates-500000-free-cleft-surgeries-at-smile-train-india-event.html| title = Aishwarya Rai celebrates 5,00,000 free cleft surgeries at Smile Train India event|publisher=deccanchronicle.com| date = 7 Machi 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152943/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-celebrates-500000-free-cleft-surgeries-at-smile-train-india-event.html}}</ref> * Mnamo 2010, alikuwa #63 kwenye orodha ya ''Most Desired Woman List by [[Askmen.com]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.askmen.com/specials/2010_top_99/aishwarya-rai-63.html | title = Aishwarya Rai Top 99 Women of 2010|publisher=AskMen | date = 2011-04-05|accessdate=2011-04-22}}</ref> * Kwa mara ya pili, alikuwa kwenye orodha ya ''Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World'', mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1984685,00.html| title = The 2010 TIME 100|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''}}</ref> * ALikuwa kwenye orodha ya ''Most beautiful Miss World of All Times'' kwa mara ya pili, mnamo 2010.<ref name="ezinemark1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://leisure.ezinemark.com/aishwarya-rai-most-beautiful-miss-world-ever-77366fab5c08.html| title = Aishwarya Rai: Most Beautiful Miss World Ever|accessdate=2019-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414172448/http://leisure.ezinemark.com/aishwarya-rai-most-beautiful-miss-world-ever-77366fab5c08.html|archivedate=2018-04-14}}</ref> * Mnamo Juni 13, 2010, Aishwarya Rai na mumewe Abhishek Bachchan walichaguliwa na E! News Asia kwenye tuzo la ''Most Powerful Celebrity Couple in Asia''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Video: E! News Report: Asia’s Most Powerful Couple In Asia|url=http://www.aishwarya-spice.com/video-e-news-asias-most-powerful-couples/| date = 13 Juni 2010|work=Aishwarya-Spice.com|accessdate=3 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029163520/http://www.aishwarya-spice.com/video-e-news-asias-most-powerful-couples|archive-date=29 October 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all|archivedate=2010-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029163520/http://www.aishwarya-spice.com/video-e-news-asias-most-powerful-couples}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = E! News report: #1 Powerful Couple in Asia-Aishwarya and Abhishek|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/abhishek-bachchan/e-news-report-1-powerful-couple-asiaaishwarya-and-abhishek| date = 13 Juni 2010|work=PinkVilla.com|accessdate=3 September 2010|archivedate=2020-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217162507/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/abhishek-bachchan/e-news-report-1-powerful-couple-asiaaishwarya-and-abhishek}}</ref> * Mnamo Disemba 2012, E!News walimtuza Aiswarya na mumewe [[Abhishek Bachchan]] kwenye orodha ya ''World's Sexiest Couples''. * Mnamo 2012, Aishwarya Rai alichaguliwa kama ''International Goodwill Ambassador for UNAIDS''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/being-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-82226.html| title = Being Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|publisher=[[Femina (India)|femina]]| date = 16 Machi 2018}}</ref> * Mnamo 2014, Aishwarya Rai alikuwa nambari ya nne kwenye orodha ya "World's Most Beautiful Women".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aishwarya-rai-voted-fourth-most-beautiful-woman/article5640059.ece | title = Aishwarya Rai voted fourth most beautiful woman|publisher= ''thehindu''| date = 31 Januari 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-most-beautiful-woman-hollywood-buzz-bollywood-179268-2014-02-01| title = Aishwarya Rai voted fourth most beautiful woman in poll|publisher=''indiatoday''| date = 1 Februari 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.masala.com/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-the-fourth-most-beautiful-woman-in-the-world-155502.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is the Fourth Most Beautiful Woman in the World|publisher=''masala''| date = 2 Februari 2014}}</ref> * Mnamo Septemba 2018,Aishwarya Rai alikuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza kutuzwa tuzo la ''Meryl Streep Award for Excellence at the first Women in Film and Television''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/aishwarya-rai-receive-women-film-indias-meryl-streep-award-excellence-1139400| title = Aishwarya Rai to Receive Women in Film India's Meryl Streep Award for Excellence (Exclusive)|work=Hollywood Reporter| date = 6 Septemba 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-be-honoured-with-meryl-streep-award-for-excellence/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan To Be Honoured With Meryl Streep Award For Excellence!|publisher=''koimoi''| date = 7 Septemba 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-gets-honoured-with-the-meryl-streep-award-30270.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan gets honoured with the Meryl Streep Award|publisher=''filmfare''| date = 9 Septemba 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://jinnions.com/meryl-streep-sends-special-congratulations-aishwary-rai-bachchan/| title = Meryl Streep sends her special congratulations to Aishwarya Rai Bachchan| date = 11 Septemba 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915140252/http://jinnions.com/meryl-streep-sends-special-congratulations-aishwary-rai-bachchan/}}</ref> ===Miss World=== '''Mshindi''' * 1994 – ''Miss World 1994''. * 1994 – ''Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty − Asia and Oceania''.<ref name="pageantopolis1994"/> * 1994 – ''Miss Photogenic''.<ref name="elanecdotario.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.elanecdotario.com/2004/nov/18/nov18ai.html | title = El anecdotario|publisher=El anecdotario | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27|archivedate=2014-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404220727/http://www.elanecdotario.com/2004/nov/18/nov18ai.html }}</ref> * 2000 – ''Most Beautiful Miss World of All Times''<ref name="Koimoi.com"/> * 2014 – ''Most Successful Miss World of All Times''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/miss-world-2014-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-felicitated-for-her-commitment-to-beauty-with-a-purpose/ | title = Miss World 2014: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan felicitated for being most successful Miss World|author=| date = 15 Desemba 2014|website=indianexpress |publisher=ieEntertainment |access-date=5 April 2017 |quote=Described as embodiment of beauty with purpose, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is also seen as the most successful Miss World}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-most-successful-miss-world-ever/ss-BBgXycR| title = Aishwarya Rai: most successful Miss World ever|publisher=''msn.com''}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-the-most-successful-miss-world/20141215.htm| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is the 'most successful' Miss World|publisher=''Rediff''| date = 15 Desemba 2014}}</ref> * 2014 – ''Lifetime Beauty With a Purpose Award''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/beauty-purpose-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-felicitated-miss-world-2014-1849915.html| title = Beauty with a purpose: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan felicitated at Miss World 2014|publisher=''firstpost''| date = 15 Desemba 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-honoured-at-miss-world-abhishek-aaradhya-by-her-side-2014-12-15-1.573408| title = Aishwarya Rai honoured at Miss World; Abhishek, Aaradhya by her side|publisher=''Emirates''| date = 15 Desemba 2014}}</ref> ===Miss India=== '''Mshindi''' * 1994 – Miss India World * 1994 – Miss Photogenic * 1994 – Miss Perfect Ten * 1994 – Miss Catwalk * 1994 – Miss Popular * 1994 – Miss Miraculous ===Filmfare Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2000 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' * 2003 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Devdas'' '''Aliteuliwa''' * 1998 – Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil – ''Jeans'' * 2000 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Taal'' * 2001 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' * 2001 – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – ''Mohabbatein'' * 2005 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Raincoat'' * 2007 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Dhoom 2'' * 2008 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Guru'' * 2009 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Jodhaa Akbar'' * 2011 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Guzaarish'' * 2017 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Sarbjit'' ===Screen Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 1998 – Screen Award for Best Female Debut – ''Aur Pyar Ho Gaya''<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html | title = Aishwarya-Forever [Dot&#93; Com|publisher=Aishwarya-forever.com | date = |accessdate=2011-04-22|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707122306/http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html |archivedate=2011-07-07 |df= }}</ref> * 1998 – Star Screen Awards|Screen Awards - Discovery of the year * 2000 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com"/> * 2003 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Devdas'' (pamoja na [[Shahrukh Khan]])<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com"/> * 2003 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Devdas''<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com"/> * 2009 – Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice) – ''Jodhaa Akbar''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/15/4732/index.html | title = Winners of Nokia 15th Annual Star Screen Awards 2008|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2009-01-15|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424222056/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/15/4732/index.html |archivedate=2011-04-24 |df= }}</ref> * 2011 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Guzaarish'' (pamoja na [[Hrithik Roshan]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://epaper.screenindia.com/index.php/2-Screen-/14-20-jan2011#page:13:zoom:1 | title = Screen, 14–20, jan2011 :DigitalEdition|publisher=Epaper.screenindia.com | date = |accessdate=2011-04-22|archivedate=2011-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022349/http://epaper.screenindia.com/index.php/2-Screen-/14-20-jan2011#page:13:zoom:1 }}</ref> '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2000 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Taal'' * 2001 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' * 2001 – Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress – ''Mohabbatien'' * 2005 – Screen Award for Best Actress – '' Raincoat'' * 2007 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Dhoom 2''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=Tanya Palta 27 December 2006 |url=http://www.ourbollywood.com/2006/12/13th_annual_star_screen_awards.html | title = 13th Annual Star Screen Awards Nominations Announced!|publisher=Ourbollywood.com | date = 2006-12-27|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105001001/http://www.ourbollywood.com/2006/12/13th_annual_star_screen_awards.html |archivedate=5 January 2007 |df= }}</ref> * 2007 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Dhoom 2'' (pamoja na [[Hrithik Roshan]]) * 2008 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Guru''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html | title = Nominees for 14th Annual Screen Awards|publisher=Indiafm.com | date = 2008-01-02|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620061736/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html |archivedate=2008-06-20 |df= }}</ref> * 2009 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Jodhaa Akbar''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-70583.html | title = Nominations for the 15th Star Screen Awards 2008 .:. newkerala.com Online News|publisher=Newkerala.com | date = 2009-01-14|accessdate=2011-04-22}}</ref> * 2009 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Jodha Akbar'' (pamoja na [[Hrithik Roshan]]) * 2011 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/03/6978/index.html | title = Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2011-01-03|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106134638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/03/6978/index.html |archivedate=2011-01-06 |df= }}</ref> * 2016 – Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice) – ''Jazbaa''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://starscreenawards.hotstar.com/ | title = Archived copy|accessdate=2016-01-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112051712/http://starscreenawards.hotstar.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-12 |df= }}</ref> *2017 – Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress – ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' ===Zee Cine Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2000 – Lux Face of the Year * 2000 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwa ajili ya filamu ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html | title = at|publisher=Aishwarya-forever.com | date = |accessdate=2011-04-22|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707122306/http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html |archivedate=2011-07-07 |df= }}</ref> * 2003 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Devdas''<ref name="sifymax.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sifymax.com/zca/flashback/ | title = Archived copy|accessdate=2007-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702155235/http://sifymax.com/zca/flashback/ |archivedate=2007-07-02 |df= }}</ref> * 2003 – Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards – True Indian Beauty Award<ref name="sifymax.com"/> * 2005 – Zee Cine Critics Award - Best Actress – ''Raincoat''<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * 2011 – Zee Cine Critics Award - Best Actress – ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html | title = Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2011-01-14|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022195528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |archivedate=2011-10-22 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022195528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html }}</ref> '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2000 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Taal'' * 2001 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' * 2005 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Raincoat'' * 2007 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Umrao Jaan'' * 2008 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Guru'' * 2011 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Guzaarish'' ===Stardust Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2015 – Stardust Power-packed Performer of the Year – ''Jazbaa'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-among-winners-at-stardust-awards/article_43b51b86-a83f-11e5-bb11-b737213d0063.html| title = Amitabh Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Among Winners at Stardust Awards|first=India West|last=Staff|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827023733/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-among-winners-at-stardust-awards/article_43b51b86-a83f-11e5-bb11-b737213d0063.html}}</ref> * 2016 – Stardust Editor's Choice Most Iconic Performance of the Year – ''Sarbjit'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/stardust-awards-2016-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-chopra-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-win-big/| title = Stardust Awards 2016 FULL winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan win BIG|first=Aarti|last=Iyengar|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-star-dust-awards-2016-5485155-PHO.html| title = Check out Who Dazzled at the Red Carpet and Walked Away with the Trophies at the Year’s Star Dust Awards!| date = 19 Desemba 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162816/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-star-dust-awards-2016-5485155-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Nominated''' * 2005 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Raincoat'' * 2008 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Guru'' * 2009 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Sarkar Raj'' * 2009 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Jodha Akbar'' * 2011 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/22/7034/index.html | title = Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2011-01-22|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417010351/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/22/7034/index.html |archivedate=2011-04-17 |df= }}</ref> * 2016 – Stardust Best Supporting Actress Award – ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' * 2016 – Stardust Performer of the year (Female) – ''Sarbjit'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-stardust-awards-2016/| title = Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama| date = 19 Desemba 2016|publisher=}}</ref> ===BIG Star Entertainment Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2010 – BIG Star – Film Actor (Female) of the Decade<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/65993.aspx | title = Aishwarya Rai Sexes Up for Big Star Entertainment Awards|publisher=Sawfnews.com | date = 2010-12-21|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012907/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/65993.aspx |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}</ref> '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2010 – BIG Star – Most Entertaining Film Actor (Female) kwenye filamu ya ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-bags-5-Big-Star-Entertainment-Awards/articleshow/7143575.cms | title = Dabangg bags 5 Big Star Entertainment Awards| work=The Times Of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225002604/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-bags-5-Big-Star-Entertainment-Awards/articleshow/7143575.cms |archivedate=25 December 2010}}</ref> * 2015 – BIG Star – Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Role - Male/Female kwenye filamu ya ''Jazbaa'' ===Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards=== '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2005 - Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Breakthrough Performance kwa ajili ya filamu ya ''Bride and Prejudice.'' ===International Film Festival and Awards of Australia=== '''Mshindi''' * 2017 – IFFAA Best Actress Award - ''Sarbjit'' ===Vogue Beauty Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2011 – Vogue Beauty Awards – ''Global Beauty Icon award.''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2011/07/31/madhuri-dixit-and-anushka-sharma-bag-vogue-beauty-awards/| title = Madhuri Dixit and Anushka Sharma Bag Vogue Beauty Awards|publisher=''missmalini.com''| date = 31 Julai 2011}}</ref> * 2017 – Vogue Beauty Awards – ''Most Beautiful Global Indian Icon of the decade'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-of-vogue-beauty-awards-2017/| title = Here's The Complete List Of Winners Of Vogue Beauty Awards 2017| date = 3 Agosti 2017|publisher=}}</ref> * 2017 – Vogue Women Of The Year Awards – ''Influencer of the Decade''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vogue-women-of-the-year-aishwarya-becomes-influencer-of-the-decade-imagegallery-bollywood-rjzkfodabahbc.html| title = Vogue Women of the Year: Aishwarya becomes influencer of the decade|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2017-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925102818/http://www.sify.com/movies/vogue-women-of-the-year-aishwarya-becomes-influencer-of-the-decade-imagegallery-bollywood-rjzkfodabahbc.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Aishwarya}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uhindi]] f6zp4pgrmy8ij9s39a89yb6x8ey2swr 0 65454 1577386 1515346 2026-06-29T03:51:15Z PaulLim11 88077 Image 1577386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | jina = Jeff Bennett | picha = Jeff Bennett at Fan Expo Anaheim 2026-1.jpg | ukubwa wa picha = 200px | maelezo ya picha = Jeff Bennett, mnamo 2026. | jina la kuzaliwa = Jeffrey Glenn Bennett | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1962|10|2}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Houston]], [[Texas]], [[Marekani]] | kazi yake = [[Mwigizaji]] | miaka ya kazi = 1988-hadi leo | ndoa = Susan E. Welby (1988) | watoto = 1 }} '''Jeff Bennett''' ([[2 Oktoba]] [[1962]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[sauti]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Ametoa sauti kwa wahusika wengi maarufu, akiwemo mhusika mkuu wa Johnny Bravo, baba yake Dexter na Dee Dee katika Dexter's Laboratory, pamoja na Ace, Grubber na Big Billy katika The Powerpuff Girls.<ref name="btva">{{cite web|last1=Behind The Voice Actors|title=Jeff Bennett|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jeff-Bennett/|website=Behind The Voice Actors|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217081620/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jeff-Bennett/|archive-date=17 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Alitoa pia sauti ya Peter Puppy katika ''Earthworm Jim'', Brooklyn katika ''Gargoyles'', Hämsterviel katika ''Lilo & Stitch'', Clay Bailey katika ''Xiaolin Showdown'', na Petrie katika mfululizo wa ''The Land Before Time''. Aidha, amekuwa The Man with the Yellow Hat katika ''Curious George'', Clank katika ''Tinker Bell'', na Kowalski katika ''Penguins of Madagascar'' (akichukua nafasi ya Chris Miller).<ref name="DVA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&q=jeff+bennett+1962&pg=PA22|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|author=Thomas S. Hischak|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6271-1|pages=22|access-date=2018-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210063529/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&pg=PA22&dq=jeff+bennett+1962&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO4O237ZPfAhWJFiwKHUYTAl4Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=jeff%20bennett%201962&f=false|archive-date=2018-12-10|url-status=live}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2012]], Bennett alituzwa Tuzo ya Annie kwa uhusika wake katika ''The Penguins of Madagascar'', na mwaka [[2016]] akapokea [[Tuzo ya Emmy]] kwa mchango wake katika ''Transformers: Rescue Bots''.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Batman Animated|last1=Dini|first1=Paul|last2=Kidd|first2=Chipp|publisher=HarperEntertainment|year=1998|isbn=006107327X|location=New York|page=22|author-link1=Paul Dini|author-link2=Chip Kidd}}</ref> Amejulikana na kutambuliwa kama mmoja wa wahusika bora na wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika [[tasnia]] ya uigizaji wa sauti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.familyfriendlygaming.com/News/Interviews/Jeff%20Bennett%20from%20Jake%20and%20the%20Never%20Land%20Pirates.html|title=Family Friendly Gaming Jeff Bennett from Jake and the Never Land Pirates - Jeff Bennett from Jake and the Never Land Pirates FFG|work=familyfriendlygaming.com|access-date=2013-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018045001/http://www.familyfriendlygaming.com/News/Interviews/Jeff%20Bennett%20from%20Jake%20and%20the%20Never%20Land%20Pirates.html|archive-date=2013-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&q=Jeff+Bennett+james+bond+jr&pg=PA524|title=Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010|author=Vincent Terrace|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|year=2014|isbn=9780786486410|pages=524}}</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== * {{imdb name|id=0071818|name=Jeff Bennett}} ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} {{BD|1962||Bennett, Jeff}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa sauti]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0r1vibnq9g1vifzq5s90kjtu4sgofbn 0 70845 1577375 1575533 2026-06-29T00:12:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Usama Mukwaya 02.jpg|thumb|Usama Mukwaya]] '''Usama "Osam" Mukwaya Nyanzi''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[12 Desemba]], [[1989]]) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji, mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Mafanikio yake katika kazi ya filamu yalikuja na filamu fupi Hello iliyoshinda [[tuzo]] bora kabisa ya filamu katika tuzo za Wanafunzi wa MNFPAC za mwaka 2010. Dokezo lake la mwongozo lilikuwa Upendo, iliyotolewa mnamo [[Januari]] [[2018]]. Filamu zake nyingine kuu ni pamoja na Bala Bala Sese, iliyoongozwa na Lukyamuzi Bashir ; Mukwaya anadaiwa kuwa mwandishi na mtengenezaji wa filamu hiyo. Filamu hiyo iliteuliwa na tuzo za Africa Movie Academy za Filamu Bora kwa [[lugha]] ya Kiafrika . Kufikia [[Novemba]] 2018, kwa sasa anahudumu kama afisa mkuu wa yaliyomo ya Stream Afrique. <ref name="observer">{{cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=The Observer - Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |publisher=Observer.ug |date=2012-04-12 |accessdate=2012-10-31 |archivedate=2014-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26544:mukwaya-wins-film-contest&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204433/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26544:mukwaya-wins-film-contest&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref><ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Nurturing+local+film+talent/-/691232/1453272/-/rbt9ge/-/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.stage32.com/profile/42754/julian-nabunya</ref> ==Maisha ya mapema na historia== Mzaliwa wa Hospitali ya Mulago, Kampala, Uganda, Mukwaya ana asili ya Ganda, Ankole na Rwanda. Yeye ni mtoto wa kiongozi wa dini Abdullah Mukwaya na Aziidah Mariam. Baada ya kifo cha mama yake alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 8, shangazi Muk Muk alimpeleka; wakati alikufa pia, Mukwaya alilazimika kuishi na baba yake na baadaye kuendelea na babu yake. Kufikia tarehe 24 Aprili, 2019, Abdullah anahudumu kama Qadhi wa Wilaya ya Mbarara. ===Elimu=== Usama ilianza masomo ya mapema kutoka shule ya Sayat Aisha Nursery na baadaye hadi Shule ya watoto wachanga ya Buraaq. Aliendelea kuhudhuria Shule ya Msingi ya Linnet wilayani Wakiso, kwa masomo yake ya shule ya msingi, Shule ya Sekondari ya Shuhada'e Islamic huko Mbarara kwa kiwango chake cha O na kupata udhibitisho wake wa kiwango cha A kutoka Shule ya Sekondari ya Nyamitanga. Alisoma Mtandao wa Udhibitishaji wa Udhibiti wa Cisco, na Usimamizi wa LAN / WAN chini ya kitivo cha teknolojia ya habari katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Makerere. Hivi sasa anafuatilia diploma katika Utawala wa Biashara katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cavendish. ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#B0C4DE;" ! mwaka ! Anwani ! Dhima ! class = "unsortable" | Noti |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || ''Iron Love'' || Actor || Official selection: Pearl International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || ''Pain of Lies'' || Actor, Script Supervisor || Official selection: Pearl International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || Hello (2011 film) || Writer, First Assistant Director|| Nominated for - MNFPAC Awards for Best screenplay |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2011 || ''She Likes Prada'' || Production Manager || Official selection: Zanzibar International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 || ''Smart Attempt'' || Director ||Movie Furnace 2012 finalist |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || ''In Just Hours'' || Writer, Director || Best Director - Short Film: Movie Furnace 2013 Official selection: Nile Diaspora International Film Festival<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ndiffest.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NDIFF-selection.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014814/http://www.ndiffest.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NDIFF-selection.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29017:diaspora-film-festival-is-back&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213194215/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29017:diaspora-film-festival-is-back&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref> Official selection: Manya Human Rights International Film Festival<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manya.org.ug/files/Brief%20Film%20Program%202013.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2014-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109102120/http://www.manya.org.ug/files/Brief%20Film%20Program%202013.pdf }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || ''Bala Bala Sese'' || Writer || Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Film in an African Language |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || ''Love Faces'' || Writer || In Production |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} * {{IMDb name|5417451}} * [https://www.twitter.com/callhimOsam Official Twitter]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukwaya, Usama}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Uganda]] maztkqd6twy8q5oe4cheox93rxpvvla 0 72548 1577323 1526815 2026-06-28T14:18:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Church of Christ icon.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Karne za Kati]] kutoka [[Urusi]] ikionyesha [[maisha ya Yesu]].]] {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Tarehe za maisha ya Yesu''' zinakadiriwa ili kuzidi kumfahamu [[Yesu kadiri ya historia]]. Hii ni kwa sababu kwa kawaida [[Injili]] na [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vingine juu yake havitaji [[tarehe]] wala [[mwaka]] wa ma[[tukio]] vinavyoyasimulia. Hata hivyo, vikitaja [[Binadamu|watu]] wanaojulikana na [[historia]] kwa njia nyingine (kwa mfano [[Kaisari Augusto]] na [[Kaisari Tiberi]]), au mambo mengine ya namna hiyo, tunaweza kujua kwa kiasi kikubwa au kidogo mwaka au hata tarehe ya matukio hayo.<ref name="brown964">{{cite book |authorlink= Raymond E. Brown |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |year=1994 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library |page=[https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym/page/964 964]|isbn=978-0-385-19397-9 |title=The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels|url= https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym }}</ref><ref>Paula Fredriksen, 1999, ''Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews'', [[Alfred A. Knopf]] Publishers, pages=6–7, 105–10, 232–34, 266</ref> Muhimu zaidi ni kukadiria [[Yesu]] alizaliwa akafariki lini. ==Kuzaliwa kwake== Kuhusu kuzaliwa kwake, inajulikana kuwa kulitokea chini ya [[mfalme]] [[Herode Mkuu]], aliyetawala hadi alipofariki mwaka [[4 KK]]. Hivyo, wengi wanakubali kwamba Yesu alizaliwa kidogo kabla ya hapo, labda mwaka [[6 KK]]<ref name=JDG324 >{{Rejea jarida | first = James DG | last = Dunn | title = Jesus Remembered | url = https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame | publisher = Eerdmans Publishing | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame/page/n342 324]}}</ref><ref>Some of the historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth and death of Jesus within this range include [[D. A. Carson]], [[Douglas J. Moo]] and [[Leon Morris]]. ''An Introduction to the New Testament.'' Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56</ref><ref>[[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]], ''Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels'', Scribner's, 1977, p. 71.</ref><ref>[[Ben Witherington III]], "Primary Sources," ''Christian History'' 17 (1998) No. 3:12–20.</ref> ingawa miaka 500 baadaye [[Denis Mdogo]], alipoona inafaa kugawa miaka yote ya historia katika makundi mawili, yaani [[KK]] na [[BK]], kwa kukosea alihesabu tofauti akadhani alizaliwa mwaka [[1]]. Kwa msingi wa habari zilizoandikwa na [[Mwinjili Luka]] ([[Injili ya Luka|Lk]] 1), baadhi ya watu walihoji [[ukweli]] wa tarehe inayotumika kuadhimishwa kuzaliwa kwa Yesu. Kihistoria hakuna hakika yoyote hata kuhusu mwaka aliozaliwa, lakini alizaliwa kweli na [[Bikira Maria]]. Ndilo tukio linaloadhimishwa katika [[sherehe]] ya [[Krismasi]], si tarehe yake halisi, ambayo haijulikani. Kutofahamu tarehe kusisababishe [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] kumwadhimisha na kumshukuru [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kwa kuwapatia watu [[Masiya]]. Hoja hizo zimezidi hasa nchini [[Tanzania]] ambapo watu wamezoea kuita [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] si kwa [[jina|majina]], bali kwa [[namba]] (mwezi wa kwanza, wa pili n.k. badala ya [[Januari]], [[Februari]] n.k.). Hivyo wanaposoma kwamba [[malaika]] [[Malaika Gabrieli|Gabrieli]] alimwendea Maria mwezi wa sita, wanadhani ni [[Juni]], hivyo wanahoji kwamba hadi [[Desemba]] kuna miezi sita tu, si tisa kama ilivyo kawaida ya [[ujauzito]] wa binadamu. Kwa hiyo Yesu angezaliwa "njiti". Kumbe Luka hakuandika Juni bali "mwezi wa sita" akimaanisha wa sita baada ya tukio lililotangulia kusimuliwa naye, yaani la Gabrieli kumtokea [[Zakaria (Injili)|Zakaria]] [[Hekalu la Yerusalemu|hekaluni]], na ndiyo sababu alimuambia Maria kwamba ulikuwa mwezi wa sita wa ujauzito kwa [[Elizabeti (Injili)|Elizabeti]]. Pamoja na hayo, kuna kadirio la [[karne ya 20]], lililofanywa na Annie Jaubert ("Le calendrier des Jubilées et de la secte de Qumran. Ses origines bibliques", in Vetus Testamentum, (1953) pp. 250-264) kwa kutegemea [[utafiti]] wa [[Myahudi]] Shemarjahu Talmon juu ya zamu za makuhani hekaluni ("The Calendar Reckoning of the sect from the Judean Desert. Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls", in Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. IV, Jerusalem 1958, pp 162-199), linalothibitisha kuwa Zakaria aliweza kupashwa habari ya kuwa atajaliwa [[mtoto]] Yohane alipokuwa hekaluni mwishoni mwa Septemba, hivyo Bikira Maria aliweza kupashwa habari yake mwenyewe miezi sita baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Machi ya mwaka uliofuata na hatimaye kumzaa Yesu miezi tisa baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Desemba. <ref>Taz. https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011538/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/SettoreOvest/caritasovest/25_dicembre.htm</ref> ==Kufariki kwake== Kuhusu [[kifo]] chake, kinashuhudiwa hata nje ya [[Biblia]]<ref name=Kostenberger104 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104-108</ref><ref>Evans, Craig A. (2001). ''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316</ref><ref>Wansbrough, Henry (2004). ''Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition'' ISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185</ref><ref>[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] states that there is "broad consensus" among scholars regarding the nature of an authentic reference to the crucifixion of Jesus in the ''Testimonium''.Dunn, James (2003). ''Jesus remembered'' ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 141</ref><ref name=Wells48>Skeptic Wells also states that after [[Shlomo Pines]]' discovery of new documents in the 1970s scholarly agreement on the authenticity of the nucleus of the ''Testimonium'' was achieved, ''The Jesus Legend'' by [[G. A. Wells]] 1996 ISBN 0812693345 page 48: "... that Josephus made ''some'' reference to Jesus, which has been retouched by a Christian hand. This is the view argued by Meier as by most scholars today particularly since S. Pines..." Josephus scholar [[Louis H. Feldman]] views the reference in the ''Testimonium'' as the first reference to Jesus and the reference to Jesus in the death of James passage in Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 of the ''Antiquities'' as "the aforementioned Christ", thus relating the two passages.Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). ''Josephus, Judaism and Christianity'' ISBN 978-90-04-08554-1 page 55</ref> kuwa kilitokea chini ya [[Ponsyo Pilato]],<ref>''Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor'' by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN 0-8146-5113-5 pages 44-45</ref><ref>''The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world'' by Peter Schäfer 2003 ISBN 0-415-30585-3 page 108</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 416</ref> [[liwali]] wa [[Palestina]] kuanzia mwaka [[26]] hadi [[36]] [[BK]].<ref name="PC">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. vol. K-P. p. 929.</ref><ref name=Voorst39 >Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 39-42</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 116</ref><ref name=Theissen81 >Theissen 1998, pp. 81-83</ref><ref name="Green1997">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Green|first=Joel B.|year=1997|title=The Gospel of Luke : new international commentary on the New Testament|page=168|url=http://books.google.com/?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PR85&dq=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168|isbn=0-8028-2315-7|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.}}</ref><ref name="Green1997"/><ref name=Voorst39 /><ref name=CEvans42 >''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' by Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 42</ref><ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 2001 ISBN 0-86554-373-9 page 343</ref><ref>''Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation'' by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 page xi</ref> Hivyo kifo cha Yesu kilitokea katika miaka hiyo. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08377a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia (1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ] {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] [[Category:Historia]] [[Category:Agano Jipya]] 7d85rah2n1abwnib2y03h2tyk45xmh6 1577324 1577323 2026-06-28T14:21:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kufariki kwake */ 1577324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Church of Christ icon.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Karne za Kati]] kutoka [[Urusi]] ikionyesha [[maisha ya Yesu]].]] {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Tarehe za maisha ya Yesu''' zinakadiriwa ili kuzidi kumfahamu [[Yesu kadiri ya historia]]. Hii ni kwa sababu kwa kawaida [[Injili]] na [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vingine juu yake havitaji [[tarehe]] wala [[mwaka]] wa ma[[tukio]] vinavyoyasimulia. Hata hivyo, vikitaja [[Binadamu|watu]] wanaojulikana na [[historia]] kwa njia nyingine (kwa mfano [[Kaisari Augusto]] na [[Kaisari Tiberi]]), au mambo mengine ya namna hiyo, tunaweza kujua kwa kiasi kikubwa au kidogo mwaka au hata tarehe ya matukio hayo.<ref name="brown964">{{cite book |authorlink= Raymond E. Brown |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |year=1994 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library |page=[https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym/page/964 964]|isbn=978-0-385-19397-9 |title=The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels|url= https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym }}</ref><ref>Paula Fredriksen, 1999, ''Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews'', [[Alfred A. Knopf]] Publishers, pages=6–7, 105–10, 232–34, 266</ref> Muhimu zaidi ni kukadiria [[Yesu]] alizaliwa akafariki lini. ==Kuzaliwa kwake== Kuhusu kuzaliwa kwake, inajulikana kuwa kulitokea chini ya [[mfalme]] [[Herode Mkuu]], aliyetawala hadi alipofariki mwaka [[4 KK]]. Hivyo, wengi wanakubali kwamba Yesu alizaliwa kidogo kabla ya hapo, labda mwaka [[6 KK]]<ref name=JDG324 >{{Rejea jarida | first = James DG | last = Dunn | title = Jesus Remembered | url = https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame | publisher = Eerdmans Publishing | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame/page/n342 324]}}</ref><ref>Some of the historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth and death of Jesus within this range include [[D. A. Carson]], [[Douglas J. Moo]] and [[Leon Morris]]. ''An Introduction to the New Testament.'' Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56</ref><ref>[[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]], ''Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels'', Scribner's, 1977, p. 71.</ref><ref>[[Ben Witherington III]], "Primary Sources," ''Christian History'' 17 (1998) No. 3:12–20.</ref> ingawa miaka 500 baadaye [[Denis Mdogo]], alipoona inafaa kugawa miaka yote ya historia katika makundi mawili, yaani [[KK]] na [[BK]], kwa kukosea alihesabu tofauti akadhani alizaliwa mwaka [[1]]. Kwa msingi wa habari zilizoandikwa na [[Mwinjili Luka]] ([[Injili ya Luka|Lk]] 1), baadhi ya watu walihoji [[ukweli]] wa tarehe inayotumika kuadhimishwa kuzaliwa kwa Yesu. Kihistoria hakuna hakika yoyote hata kuhusu mwaka aliozaliwa, lakini alizaliwa kweli na [[Bikira Maria]]. Ndilo tukio linaloadhimishwa katika [[sherehe]] ya [[Krismasi]], si tarehe yake halisi, ambayo haijulikani. Kutofahamu tarehe kusisababishe [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] kumwadhimisha na kumshukuru [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kwa kuwapatia watu [[Masiya]]. Hoja hizo zimezidi hasa nchini [[Tanzania]] ambapo watu wamezoea kuita [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] si kwa [[jina|majina]], bali kwa [[namba]] (mwezi wa kwanza, wa pili n.k. badala ya [[Januari]], [[Februari]] n.k.). Hivyo wanaposoma kwamba [[malaika]] [[Malaika Gabrieli|Gabrieli]] alimwendea Maria mwezi wa sita, wanadhani ni [[Juni]], hivyo wanahoji kwamba hadi [[Desemba]] kuna miezi sita tu, si tisa kama ilivyo kawaida ya [[ujauzito]] wa binadamu. Kwa hiyo Yesu angezaliwa "njiti". Kumbe Luka hakuandika Juni bali "mwezi wa sita" akimaanisha wa sita baada ya tukio lililotangulia kusimuliwa naye, yaani la Gabrieli kumtokea [[Zakaria (Injili)|Zakaria]] [[Hekalu la Yerusalemu|hekaluni]], na ndiyo sababu alimuambia Maria kwamba ulikuwa mwezi wa sita wa ujauzito kwa [[Elizabeti (Injili)|Elizabeti]]. Pamoja na hayo, kuna kadirio la [[karne ya 20]], lililofanywa na Annie Jaubert ("Le calendrier des Jubilées et de la secte de Qumran. Ses origines bibliques", in Vetus Testamentum, (1953) pp. 250-264) kwa kutegemea [[utafiti]] wa [[Myahudi]] Shemarjahu Talmon juu ya zamu za makuhani hekaluni ("The Calendar Reckoning of the sect from the Judean Desert. Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls", in Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. IV, Jerusalem 1958, pp 162-199), linalothibitisha kuwa Zakaria aliweza kupashwa habari ya kuwa atajaliwa [[mtoto]] Yohane alipokuwa hekaluni mwishoni mwa Septemba, hivyo Bikira Maria aliweza kupashwa habari yake mwenyewe miezi sita baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Machi ya mwaka uliofuata na hatimaye kumzaa Yesu miezi tisa baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Desemba. <ref>Taz. https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011538/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/SettoreOvest/caritasovest/25_dicembre.htm</ref> ==Kufariki kwake== Kuhusu [[kifo]] chake, kinashuhudiwa hata nje ya [[Biblia]]<ref name=Kostenberger104 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104-108</ref><ref>Evans, Craig A. (2001). ''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316</ref><ref>Wansbrough, Henry (2004). ''Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition'' ISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185</ref><ref>[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] states that there is "broad consensus" among scholars regarding the nature of an authentic reference to the crucifixion of Jesus in the ''Testimonium''.Dunn, James (2003). ''Jesus remembered'' ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 141</ref><ref name=Wells48>Skeptic Wells also states that after [[Shlomo Pines]]' discovery of new documents in the 1970s scholarly agreement on the authenticity of the nucleus of the ''Testimonium'' was achieved, ''The Jesus Legend'' by [[G. A. Wells]] 1996 ISBN 0812693345 page 48: "... that Josephus made ''some'' reference to Jesus, which has been retouched by a Christian hand. This is the view argued by Meier as by most scholars today particularly since S. Pines..." Josephus scholar [[Louis H. Feldman]] views the reference in the ''Testimonium'' as the first reference to Jesus and the reference to Jesus in the death of James passage in Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 of the ''Antiquities'' as "the aforementioned Christ", thus relating the two passages.Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). ''Josephus, Judaism and Christianity'' ISBN 978-90-04-08554-1 page 55</ref> kuwa kilitokea kwa [[amri]] ya [[Ponsyo Pilato]],<ref>''Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor'' by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN 0-8146-5113-5 pages 44-45</ref><ref>''The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world'' by Peter Schäfer 2003 ISBN 0-415-30585-3 page 108</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 416</ref> [[liwali]] wa [[Palestina]] kuanzia mwaka [[26]] hadi [[36]] [[BK]].<ref name="PC">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. vol. K-P. p. 929.</ref><ref name=Voorst39 >Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 39-42</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 116</ref><ref name=Theissen81 >Theissen 1998, pp. 81-83</ref><ref name="Green1997">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Green|first=Joel B.|year=1997|title=The Gospel of Luke : new international commentary on the New Testament|page=168|url=http://books.google.com/?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PR85&dq=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168|isbn=0-8028-2315-7|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.}}</ref><ref name="Green1997"/><ref name=Voorst39 /><ref name=CEvans42 >''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' by Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 42</ref><ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 2001 ISBN 0-86554-373-9 page 343</ref><ref>''Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation'' by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 page xi</ref> Hivyo kifo cha Yesu kilitokea katika miaka hiyo. [[Mauti|kifo]] [[Kifo cha Yesu|chake]] kilitokea huko [[Yerusalemu]] [[siku]] ya [[Ijumaa Kuu|Ijumaa]], labda [[tarehe]] [[7 Aprili]] [[30]] [[BK]], la sivyo tarehe [[3 Aprili]] [[33]]<ref name=ChronosPaul >[[Paul L. Maier]] "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies'' by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 {{ISBN|0-931464-50-1}} pp. 113–129</ref><ref name=Kostenberger140 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} p. 114</ref><ref name=Barnett19 >''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pp. 19–21</ref>. Tukio hilo {{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|page=172. "...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.}}, pamoja na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]] unaosadikiwa na [[Ukristo]] kutokea [[siku]] ya [[tatu]] ([[Jumapili]] ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]]), ndiyo [[kiini]] cha [[imani]] ya [[dini]] hiyo mpya iliyotokana na ile ya [[Uyahudi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08377a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia (1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ] {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] [[Category:Historia]] [[Category:Agano Jipya]] n4bv9f00tnsjjvjbq37mfbrd73ccuq5 1577325 1577324 2026-06-28T14:26:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kufariki kwake */ 1577325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Church of Christ icon.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Karne za Kati]] kutoka [[Urusi]] ikionyesha [[maisha ya Yesu]].]] {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Tarehe za maisha ya Yesu''' zinakadiriwa ili kuzidi kumfahamu [[Yesu kadiri ya historia]]. Hii ni kwa sababu kwa kawaida [[Injili]] na [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vingine juu yake havitaji [[tarehe]] wala [[mwaka]] wa ma[[tukio]] vinavyoyasimulia. Hata hivyo, vikitaja [[Binadamu|watu]] wanaojulikana na [[historia]] kwa njia nyingine (kwa mfano [[Kaisari Augusto]] na [[Kaisari Tiberi]]), au mambo mengine ya namna hiyo, tunaweza kujua kwa kiasi kikubwa au kidogo mwaka au hata tarehe ya matukio hayo.<ref name="brown964">{{cite book |authorlink= Raymond E. Brown |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |year=1994 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library |page=[https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym/page/964 964]|isbn=978-0-385-19397-9 |title=The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels|url= https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym }}</ref><ref>Paula Fredriksen, 1999, ''Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews'', [[Alfred A. Knopf]] Publishers, pages=6–7, 105–10, 232–34, 266</ref> Muhimu zaidi ni kukadiria [[Yesu]] alizaliwa akafariki lini. ==Kuzaliwa kwake== Kuhusu kuzaliwa kwake, inajulikana kuwa kulitokea chini ya [[mfalme]] [[Herode Mkuu]], aliyetawala hadi alipofariki mwaka [[4 KK]]. Hivyo, wengi wanakubali kwamba Yesu alizaliwa kidogo kabla ya hapo, labda mwaka [[6 KK]]<ref name=JDG324 >{{Rejea jarida | first = James DG | last = Dunn | title = Jesus Remembered | url = https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame | publisher = Eerdmans Publishing | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame/page/n342 324]}}</ref><ref>Some of the historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth and death of Jesus within this range include [[D. A. Carson]], [[Douglas J. Moo]] and [[Leon Morris]]. ''An Introduction to the New Testament.'' Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56</ref><ref>[[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]], ''Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels'', Scribner's, 1977, p. 71.</ref><ref>[[Ben Witherington III]], "Primary Sources," ''Christian History'' 17 (1998) No. 3:12–20.</ref> ingawa miaka 500 baadaye [[Denis Mdogo]], alipoona inafaa kugawa miaka yote ya historia katika makundi mawili, yaani [[KK]] na [[BK]], kwa kukosea alihesabu tofauti akadhani alizaliwa mwaka [[1]]. Kwa msingi wa habari zilizoandikwa na [[Mwinjili Luka]] ([[Injili ya Luka|Lk]] 1), baadhi ya watu walihoji [[ukweli]] wa tarehe inayotumika kuadhimishwa kuzaliwa kwa Yesu. Kihistoria hakuna hakika yoyote hata kuhusu mwaka aliozaliwa, lakini alizaliwa kweli na [[Bikira Maria]]. Ndilo tukio linaloadhimishwa katika [[sherehe]] ya [[Krismasi]], si tarehe yake halisi, ambayo haijulikani. Kutofahamu tarehe kusisababishe [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] kumwadhimisha na kumshukuru [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kwa kuwapatia watu [[Masiya]]. Hoja hizo zimezidi hasa nchini [[Tanzania]] ambapo watu wamezoea kuita [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] si kwa [[jina|majina]], bali kwa [[namba]] (mwezi wa kwanza, wa pili n.k. badala ya [[Januari]], [[Februari]] n.k.). Hivyo wanaposoma kwamba [[malaika]] [[Malaika Gabrieli|Gabrieli]] alimwendea Maria mwezi wa sita, wanadhani ni [[Juni]], hivyo wanahoji kwamba hadi [[Desemba]] kuna miezi sita tu, si tisa kama ilivyo kawaida ya [[ujauzito]] wa binadamu. Kwa hiyo Yesu angezaliwa "njiti". Kumbe Luka hakuandika Juni bali "mwezi wa sita" akimaanisha wa sita baada ya tukio lililotangulia kusimuliwa naye, yaani la Gabrieli kumtokea [[Zakaria (Injili)|Zakaria]] [[Hekalu la Yerusalemu|hekaluni]], na ndiyo sababu alimuambia Maria kwamba ulikuwa mwezi wa sita wa ujauzito kwa [[Elizabeti (Injili)|Elizabeti]]. Pamoja na hayo, kuna kadirio la [[karne ya 20]], lililofanywa na Annie Jaubert ("Le calendrier des Jubilées et de la secte de Qumran. Ses origines bibliques", in Vetus Testamentum, (1953) pp. 250-264) kwa kutegemea [[utafiti]] wa [[Myahudi]] Shemarjahu Talmon juu ya zamu za makuhani hekaluni ("The Calendar Reckoning of the sect from the Judean Desert. Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls", in Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. IV, Jerusalem 1958, pp 162-199), linalothibitisha kuwa Zakaria aliweza kupashwa habari ya kuwa atajaliwa [[mtoto]] Yohane alipokuwa hekaluni mwishoni mwa Septemba, hivyo Bikira Maria aliweza kupashwa habari yake mwenyewe miezi sita baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Machi ya mwaka uliofuata na hatimaye kumzaa Yesu miezi tisa baadaye, yaani mwishoni mwa Desemba. <ref>Taz. https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011538/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/SettoreOvest/caritasovest/25_dicembre.htm</ref> ==Kufariki kwake== Kuhusu [[kifo]] chake, kinashuhudiwa hata nje ya [[Biblia]]<ref name=Kostenberger104 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104-108</ref><ref>Evans, Craig A. (2001). ''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316</ref><ref>Wansbrough, Henry (2004). ''Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition'' ISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185</ref><ref>[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] states that there is "broad consensus" among scholars regarding the nature of an authentic reference to the crucifixion of Jesus in the ''Testimonium''.Dunn, James (2003). ''Jesus remembered'' ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 141</ref><ref name=Wells48>Skeptic Wells also states that after [[Shlomo Pines]]' discovery of new documents in the 1970s scholarly agreement on the authenticity of the nucleus of the ''Testimonium'' was achieved, ''The Jesus Legend'' by [[G. A. Wells]] 1996 ISBN 0812693345 page 48: "... that Josephus made ''some'' reference to Jesus, which has been retouched by a Christian hand. This is the view argued by Meier as by most scholars today particularly since S. Pines..." Josephus scholar [[Louis H. Feldman]] views the reference in the ''Testimonium'' as the first reference to Jesus and the reference to Jesus in the death of James passage in Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 of the ''Antiquities'' as "the aforementioned Christ", thus relating the two passages.Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). ''Josephus, Judaism and Christianity'' ISBN 978-90-04-08554-1 page 55</ref> kuwa kilitokea kwa [[amri]] ya [[Ponsyo Pilato]],<ref>''Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor'' by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN 0-8146-5113-5 pages 44-45</ref><ref>''The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world'' by Peter Schäfer 2003 ISBN 0-415-30585-3 page 108</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 416</ref> [[liwali]] wa [[Palestina]] kuanzia mwaka [[26]] hadi [[36]] [[BK]].<ref name="PC">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. vol. K-P. p. 929.</ref><ref name=Voorst39 >Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 39-42</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 116</ref><ref name=Theissen81 >Theissen 1998, pp. 81-83</ref><ref name="Green1997">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Green|first=Joel B.|year=1997|title=The Gospel of Luke : new international commentary on the New Testament|page=168|url=http://books.google.com/?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PR85&dq=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168|isbn=0-8028-2315-7|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.}}</ref><ref name="Green1997"/><ref name=Voorst39 /><ref name=CEvans42 >''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' by Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 42</ref><ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 2001 ISBN 0-86554-373-9 page 343</ref><ref>''Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation'' by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 page xi</ref> Hivyo kifo cha Yesu kilitokea katika miaka hiyo. Kwa ukamilifu zaidi ni kwamba [[Mauti|kifo]] [[Kifo cha Yesu|chake]] kilitokea huko [[Yerusalemu]] [[siku]] ya [[Ijumaa Kuu|Ijumaa]] ambayo ilifuatwa mara na [[sikukuu]] ya [[Pasaka ya Kiyahudi]]. Kwa kuangalia hasa katika [[kalenda]] miaka gani [[Pasaka]] yao iliangukia [[Sabato]] wakati wa uliwali wa Ponsyo Pilato, wengi wamekubali tarehe ya kifo ilikuwa [[7 Aprili]] [[30]] [[BK]], la sivyo tarehe [[3 Aprili]] [[33]]<ref name=ChronosPaul >[[Paul L. Maier]] "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies'' by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 {{ISBN|0-931464-50-1}} pp. 113–129</ref><ref name=Kostenberger140 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} p. 114</ref><ref name=Barnett19 >''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pp. 19–21</ref>. Tukio hilo {{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|page=172. "...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.}}, pamoja na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]] unaosadikiwa na [[Ukristo]] kutokea [[siku]] ya [[tatu]] ([[Jumapili]] ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]]), ndiyo [[kiini]] cha [[imani]] ya [[dini]] hiyo mpya iliyotokana na ile ya [[Uyahudi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08377a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia (1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ] {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] [[Category:Historia]] [[Category:Agano Jipya]] itt0p8tcgwyph74m8qrfotemolcsckw 0 82689 1577301 1577239 2026-06-28T13:13:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] 1382220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hekaya''' (pia hujulikana kama '''hikaya''', kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni [[hadithi]], [[kisa]], [[Ngano (hadithi)|ngano]] au [[kioja]], [[ajabu]] au tukio lolote la kustaajabisha. Mfano maarufu wa hekaya kwa [[Kiswahili]] ni zile za [[Abunuwasi]]. {{Fasihi simulizi}} {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Fasihi]] plv34mpkibm5sgfdlw6ptitn9sm5d79 0 85080 1577300 1577237 2026-06-28T13:13:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Olimasy|Olimasy]] 1119187 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:African children.jpg|thumb|Mtoto akicheza kando ya bahari]] '''Pwani''' ni ukanda ulio pembezoni na unaopakana na [[bahari]], mara nyingi huanzia kwenye fukwe hadi [[umbali]] kadhaa kuelekea [[bara]]ni. Baadhi ya maeneo yaliyo pwani ya nchi za Waswahili pia huitwa hivyo 'pwani', na mbali sana na ufukwe panaitwa bara. Hali kadhalika watu waishio maeneo ya pwani huitwa watu wa pwani. {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] 2y0ub5ele4o0f611vl7y1i8u9mx5g39 0 87684 1577299 1577234 2026-06-28T13:13:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] 1120921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg|thumbnail|right|200pax|Janga la tetemeko la ardhi]] '''Majanga''' ni matukio yanayompata [[mtu]], mara nyingi kama [[matokeo]] ya kufanya jambo ambalo si la kawaida katika jamii. Baadhi ya [[jamii]] zinaamini kuwa majanga hutokana na [[nguvu za giza]] au [[mikosi]] kutoka kwa [[wazazi]] au watu wenye [[mamlaka]] juu ya mhusika. {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maisha]] 9r2rp4f2i3cfvo64grxvi6vhqlizqb8 0 88605 1577298 1577207 2026-06-28T13:13:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1074360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maleba''' ni [[mavazi]] maalumu yanayovaliwa katika nafasi za pekee. Kwa mfano [[wasanii]] katika [[maonyesho]], [[mahafali]] wanapotunukia [[shahada]] au [[vyeti]], [[watu]] wanapofanya [[kazi]] mbalimbali, kwa mfano [[upishi]], [[udaktari]] na nyinginezo. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Mavazi]] gf5hg8jhwjn9pzc2ijxwopwl83c0gk8 3 89634 1577446 1576252 2026-06-29T11:48:35Z MediaWiki message delivery 17311 /* Tech News: 2026-27 */ mjadala mpya 1577446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} == Ukurasa wa Mathias E. Mnyampala == Habari, nimesahihisha ukurasa kama ulivyouliza. Nimeona bora kufuta matini yanayolingana na tafsiri ya kompyuta. Ni kweli nimejaribu kuongeza ukurasa huo wa Kiswahili kwa kutumia matini ya ukurasa wa Kiingereza ulio mrefu zaidi. Kama haipendezi basi ! Wassalaam ! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Goma999|Goma999]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Goma999|majadiliano]])''' 17:44, 3 Januari 2024 (UTC) Goma999 == Mambo yako! == Salaam teeele!<br> Pole na shida zangu,.<br> Nimeona nikusalimu bwana Injinia!<br> --[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_{'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''}</font>]]</span> <font face="Comic sans">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black">^'''Longa'''</font>]] 19:32, 19 Mei 2018 (UTC) == Ahahah asante kwa shida zako == Salam..mimi mzima kabisa hofu kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|oba21.on]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:18, 20 Mei 2018 (UTC) == Salam.. == Salam zako zimenifikia nikia nimejaa teleee Kwako vipi khariii '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|oba21.on]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:20, 5 Oktoba 2018 (UTC) == MAMBO YANGU == salam zimenifikia, zimetufikia, tumesalimika. shida zetu ndio zinakupa shida pole sana. nikutakie ujenzi mwema wa jamii yako. asante! ==[[Watu wazima]]== HAbari, naona makala hii. TAfadhali ukumbuke makala za wikipedia si vyanzo au marejeo yanayokubalika. Hakuna tatizo ukichukua habari zako pale enwiki pamoja na marejeo yanayotajwa pale. Lakini hatuwezi kutaja makala ya wikipedia kama chanzo. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 06:52, 7 Desemba 2019 (UTC) ==Tangazo== Habari ndugu Mwanawikipedia!<br><br>Mimi ni mwezeshaji wa mradi uitwao [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Ni mradi mchanga/mpya ambao Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation linanuia kuuanzisha endapo wadau wataona ni mradi unaofaa. Nakukaribisha usome mwongozo huo na kisha utoe maoni yako kwa kujibu maswali yote au baadhi yake kwa yale utakayopenda kuyatolea maoni [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation HAPA]<br><br>'''<big>Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Nidhamu na Mwenendo</big>'''<br><br> Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation lina mpango wa kuanzisha [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Lengo la mwongozo huo ni kujaribu kuainisha vitu vya msingi vinavyopatikana katika miongozo midogo midogo iliyopo tayari katika kila jamii husika (mfano Jumuiya yetu hii ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili). Lengo hasa la mwongozo huu ni kutengeneza mazingira ambayo wanawikipedia wote duniani watakuwa na uelewa wa pamoja juu ya vitu vya msingi kuhusu nini kinakubalika na kipi hakikubaliki wakati wa uchangiaji (uhariri) wa Wikipedia na pale wanawikipedia wanapowasiliana kwenye Wikipedia au ana kwa ana katika warsha na mikutano ya Wanawikipedia. Wazo hilo limekuja baada kukithiri kwa baadhi ya Wanawikimedia kukumbana kufanyiwa unyanyasaji wa kitabia (mfano matusi, kuitana majina yasiyofaa, kutishiana n.k) na Wanawikimedia wenzao, hivyo kuwakatisha tamaa ya kuendelea kuchangia katika miradi ya Wikimedia.Hivyo, wewe kama mdau muhimu katika miradi ya Wikimedia Foundation, unakaribishwa ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct) soma zaidi kuhusu mwongozo huo Hapa]na baada ya kuusoma mwongozo huo unaweza ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation toa maoni yako Hapa kabla ya tar 15 April 2020.]<br><br>'''<big>Mwaliko wa kujiunga na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia</big>''' <br><br> Nakukaribisha ujiunge na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia kutoka Dar es Salaam ili tuweze kujadiliana na kubadilishana uzoefu na mambo kadha wa kadha kuhusu Uhariri wa Wikipedia. Iwapo utapenda kujiunga, usisite kuwasiliana nasi kupitia '''wikitzagroup@gmail.com''', na kwa taarifa zaidi kuhusu kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia wa hapa Dar es Salaam na Tanzania kwa ujumla na miradi waliyoitekeleza tayari, unaweza tembelea hapa ukurasa wao wa meta uitwao [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Tanzania Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania] au pia katika Facebook kwa jila la [https://www.facebook.com/Wikimediatz/ Wikimedia Tanzania].<br><br> Ndimi '''[[Mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|AMtavangu (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 22:47, 5 Aprili 2020 (UTC) == Mwaliko wa kutoa maoni yako kuhusu ''Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu'' == Habari ndugu Mwanawikipedia!<br><br>[[User:AMtavangu (WMF)|Mimi]] ni mwezeshaji wa mradi uitwao [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili]. Ni mradi mchanga/mpya ambao Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation linanuia kuuanzisha endapo wadau wataona ni mradi unaofaa na kuunga mkono wazo hilo. Nakukaribisha usome mwongozo huo na kisha utoe maoni yako kwa kujibu maswali yote au baadhi yake kwa yale utakayopenda kuyatolea maoni [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation ''HAPA'']<br><br>'''<big>Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Nidhamu na Mwenendo</big>'''<br><br> Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation lina mpango wa kuanzisha [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili]. Lengo la mwongozo huo ni kujaribu kuoanisha vitu vya msingi vya kimwongozo vinavyopatikana katika miongozo midogo midogo iliyopo tayari katika kila jamii husika (mfano katika Jumuiya yetu hii ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili). Lengo hasa la mwongozo huu ni kujaribu kutengeneza mazingira ambayo wanawikipedia wote duniani watakuwa na uelewa wa pamoja juu ya vitu vya msingi kuhusu nini kinakubalika na kipi hakikubaliki wakati wa uchangiaji (uhariri) au utumiaji wa Wikipedia, na pia pale wanawikipedia wanapowasiliana ndani ya tovuti ya Wikipedia yenyewe au wanapokutana ana kwa ana katika warsha na mikutano mbalimbali ya Wanawikipedia. Wazo hilo limekuja baada kutokea kwa baadhi ya matukio kwa baadhi ya Wanawikimedia anbapo katika tafiti iliyofanywa mwaka 2015 , ilionekana baadhi ya Wanawikimedia walikuwa wakikumbana na unyanyasaji wa kitabia (mfano matusi, kuitana majina yasiyofaa, kutishiana n.k) na Wanawikimedia wenzao, hivyo kuwakatisha tamaa ya kuendelea kuchangia katika miradi ya Wikimedia.Wewe kama mdau muhimu katika miradi ya Wikimedia Foundation, unakaribishwa ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct) soma zaidi kuhusu mwongozo huo]na unaweza ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation toa maoni yako Hapa kabla ya tar 29th April 2020.]<br><br>'''<big>Mwaliko wa kujiunga na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia</big>''' <br><br> Nakukaribisha ujiunge na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia kutoka Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) ili tuweze kujadiliana na kubadilishana mawazo, uzoefu na mambo kadha wa kadha kuhusu Uhariri wa Wikipedia na miradi mingine yake ya Wikimedia Foundation. Iwapo utapenda kujiunga, usisite kuwasiliana nasi kupitia '''wikitzagroup@gmail.com''', na kwa taarifa zaidi kuhusu kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia wa hapa Dar es Salaam na Tanzania kwa ujumla kuhusu miradi waliyoifanya tayari, unaweza tembelea hapa ukurasa wao wa meta uitwao [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Tanzania Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania] au pia katika Facebook kwa jila la [https://www.facebook.com/Wikimediatz/ Wikimedia Tanzania].<br><br> Ndimi [[User:AMtavangu (WMF)|Mtavangu]]19:09, 18 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:AMtavangu (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AMtavangu_(WMF)/Massmessaging_test&oldid=19994514 --> == Uteuzi kuwa mkabidhi == Salaam! Ulipendekezwa na kukubaliwa kupata haki za mkabidhi. Je, uko tayari kupokea uteuzi huu na kushiriki katika kazi mara kwa mara kama jinsi ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa wakabidhi? Tunaomba jibu lako kwa baruapepe katika wiki hii. Tumia zana za Wikipedia kutuma barua pepe. --[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_{''''Muddyb Mwanaharakati''''}</font>]]</span> <font face="Comic Sans MS">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black">^{''''Longa''''}</font>]] 07:45, 13 Septemba 2020 (UTC) Ujumbe wako umenipata vema kabisa nita jibu mara tuu nikiwa naweza kufikia kompyuta yangu '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:15, 13 Septemba 2020 (UTC) ==Kukaribisha watumiaji wapya== Ndugu, hongera kwa kuanza kazi, ila kigezo cha kumkaribisha mtu kinatakiwa katika ukurasa wake wa mawasiliano, si ule wa mtumiaji. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:40, 3 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) Asante Ndugu, nitazingatia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:35, 3 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == [[Salzburg]] [[Austria]] [[Vienna]] == Hey Bro, thank you for helping to work at the article of Salzburg. If you want we could work together at some more articles about Austria in the Kiswahili languaged Wikipedia. I am learning Kiswahili right now Bro but I am still in the starter level, unfortunately, because I do not have a lot of possobilities to learn Kiswahili in Austria, but I know Austria very well and we could work together, I have knowledge about the country, you have language knowdledge Kiswahili. Have you been to Austria yet? Or was it a just random that you have found the article Salzburg? Alex [[Maalum:Michango/84.174.183.93|84.174.183.93]] 16:29, 28 Novemba 2020 (UTC) Hello Alex, i would like to work together since its now my responsibility to make sure what comes into swahili wikipedia it is in a means that it suit swahili comunity and others as well, I have never been in Austria but till now i do have bunch of friends from there who are striving in swahili language like you. I would like to say that now you have an oppotunity to learn Swahili language as you wishe. Karibu sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:08, 29 Novemba 2020 (UTC) * Hey, sorry for a slow resonse. I d like to crate or work on some more Kiswahili Wikipedia articles about european countries, states, cities, transport and so on. I would do this about topics that I know, translate by Google, than you could check for grammar typos because google translations don t work out well many times and so we could do it together? Can you send me an e mail directly please to alexvie111987@gmail.com ? Than you can reach me sooner and easier and we could discuss about Kiswahili Wikipedia Articels? * And by the way if you know some Kiswahili native speakers in Vienna, Frankfurt or Hamburg would you help me to find somebody for language exchange Kiswahili - German, German - Kiswahili? I have started learning Kiswahili at the adult education center, but because of Covid19, any lessons have been cancelled and I am so unhappy because I wanna learn Kiswahili but I cant :( Alex [[Maalum:Michango/84.174.183.93|84.174.183.93]] 01:47, 8 Desemba 2020 (UTC) .Again hello Alex, thank you for leaving a contact for me i wall contact you soon. thank you '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:26, 8 Desemba 2020 (UTC) ==Tuzo la uhariri== [[Image:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px|right]] Ninakukabidhi '''Tuzo ya Uhariri ya Wikipedia''' kwa juhudi zako za kutupatia orodha ya Wabunge wa Tanzania wa 2020! '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 17:58, 7 Desemba 2020 (UTC) . Asante sana Ngugu Kipala, na mimi naipokea kwa heshima kubwa na tahadhima, na naahidi kuendeleza juhudi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:29, 8 Desemba 2020 (UTC) ==Matangazo ya Kivietnam== Ulimwandikia [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tylekeoso]] salamu nzuri. Alijaza ukurasa wake kwa matini ya Kivietnam. Hao tumeshaona mara nyingi. Unaweza kuweka yaliyomo katika google translate Kivietnam-Kiingereza utaona ni matangazo ya kibiashara tu. Riccardo na mimi tumezoea kufuta kurasa hizi moja kwa moja na kuzuia akaunti za wachangiaji. Hao si watu waliokosa kupeleka habari kwetu; nadhani ni programu zinazotafuta nafasi kwenye intaneti kusambaza matangazo ya kibiashara. Sijafuatalia sijui kama programu zimewekwa hasa kutushambulia sisi lakini nahisi wanajaribu kote duniani. Kwa hiyo usisite kufuta na kubana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 11:30, 8 Desemba 2020 (UTC) .Asante kwataarifa, binafsi nilifikiri ni mtumiaji tuu mwenzetu maana nimeona amekaribishwa vizuri kabisa. .Sambamba na hilo kuna huyu mtumiaji anaitwa Alex kutoka Autria nimeona makala zake chache anatumia google translator moja kwa moja nakupakia matini kwenye swwiki nilivo mfuatilia anasema anajifunza kiswahili, sasa nafikiri kumtafutia mbadala wa kukutana na wewe inawezekana? '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:52, 8 Desemba 2020 (UTC) ::Alex gani? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 12:50, 8 Desemba 2020 (UTC) ːːHana username ila anahalili sana miji ya Austria na ujerumani alihalili makala hii [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg hapa]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:57, 8 Desemba 2020 (UTC) ==Salamu za Karibu== Habari naona umeweka salamu ya karibu kwenye ukurasa wa [[Wapangwa Watu Weupe (Vipindi vya Runinga)‎]] ambayo si ukurasa wa mtumiaji. Nadhani ulikuwa umechoka, Tuelewane sanduku hilo linaingia pekee kurasa za majidiliano ya watumiaji, si makala. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 06:49, 14 Desemba 2020 (UTC) Asante, '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:58, 14 Desemba 2020 (UTC) == Reminder to sign the confidentiality agreement == Hi, as outlined in [[:m:Stewards/Elections_2021/Guidelines#Sign_the_confidentiality_agreement|the guidelines for the Steward Election]], all candidates must sign the [[:m:Access to nonpublic personal data policy|confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]] before 5 February, or you will be disqualified. For instructions, see [[:m:Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information/How to sign]]. Best, '''[[Mtumiaji:Tks4Fish|Tks4Fish]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tks4Fish|majadiliano]])''' 18:37, 1 Februari 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januari 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> ==[[Laverne cox]]== Naomba uifute. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:27, 11 Februari 2022 (UTC) Nimefuta --'''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:Olimasy}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Swahili Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 12:04, 11 Machi 2022 (UTC) == Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test == Hello Subscribers! [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to: * Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer) * Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer) * Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer) * Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant) You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates: * Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC''' * Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC''' These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature. Thank you! <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> '''[[Mtumiaji:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:IBrazal (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 06:13, 18 Julai 2022 (UTC) == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']]. You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. We look forward to your participation. Thank you. Best, The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:46, 21 Julai 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23512297 --> == Campaigns Product Update #4 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Event Registration v0'''</div> :We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. :'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. :[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form]. *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Organizer Lab'''</div> Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''. The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. :[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]! <br> '''What's Next''': *'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']<br> *'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations. <br> ---- '''Community Feedback''': <center>''"Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system"'' <br> - French Organizer <br><br> ''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''<br> - Arabic Organizer </center><br> ---- <br> Thank you! '''The Campaigns Product Team''' </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 06:30, 21 Septemba 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23684552 --> == Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 == Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. <br> In V1, the following new features will be includedː * Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone * Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered * Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself. <br> <u>'''Office Hour Sessions''':</u> * '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] * '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] :[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] <br> These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili. Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']] if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting. <br><br> Thank you. '''The Campaigns Product Team''' <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=24091515 --> == Organizer Tools Office Hours & Event Discovery Project == ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') <small> {{int:please-translate}} </small>. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are: We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours & upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:''' *'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''') **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili *'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili '''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''. This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''. ; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:54, 24 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <small>You are receiving this message because you subscribed to this [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|list]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:EUwandu-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=25632558 --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. 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Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:11, 25 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Ukumbusho kuhusu kupiga kura sasa ili kuchagua washiriki wa U4C ya awamu ya kwanza == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Unaweza kupata ujumbe huu ukiwa umetafsiriwa katika lugha za ziada kwenye Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ndugu Mwanawikimedia, Unapokea ujumbe huu kwa sababu hapo kabla uliwahi kushiriki katika mchakato wa UCoC. Huu ni ukumbusho kwamba kipindi cha kupiga kura kwa Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) kitamalizika tarehe 9 Mei 2024. Soma maelezo kwenye [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|ukurasa wa kupiga kura kwenye Meta- wiki]] ili kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu upigaji kura na ustahiki wa mpiga kura. Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) ni kikundi cha kimataifa kilichojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Wanajamii walialikwa kutuma maombi yao kwa U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, tafadhali [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|pitia Mkataba wa U4C]]. Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe wanajumuiya wenzako ili nao waweze kushiriki. Kwa niaba ya timu ya mradi wa UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 22:54, 2 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2024%2FAnnouncement+%E2%80%93+results&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2024-05-17. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! 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Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:56, 8 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WMDE+Technical+Wishes%2FSub-referencing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">The sub-referencing feature is planned to be implemented until the end of 2024 on various wikis. Therefore, it would be great to have information about the feature ready in multiple languages.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 20:36, 8 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing|User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AJohannes+Richter+%28WMDE%29%2FSub-referencing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-08-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Dear translators, Wikimedia Deutschland is currently developing a new feature for referencing ([[WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-references]]). Development will still take a while, but we'll send an announcement to the global communities soon, in order to let them know in advance and ask for feedback. Thanks for helping us translate this mass message!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:01, 9 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannnes89@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:What Meta is not == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:What Meta is not|Meta:What Meta is not]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AWhat+Meta+is+not&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Meta-Wiki guideline page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:03, 15 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity) == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)|Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AAdministrators%2FRemoval+%28inactivity%29&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:37, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Blue button == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Blue button|Template:Blue button]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABlue+button&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:12, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:User groups == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:User groups|Template:User groups]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AUser+groups&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:59, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Guideline == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Guideline|Template:Guideline]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AGuideline&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 01:32, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Keeping events safe == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Keeping events safe|Keeping events safe]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Keeping+events+safe&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:18, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety|Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation%2FLegal%2FCommunity+Resilience+and+Sustainability%2FTrust+and+Safety&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:39, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Argentina == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili na Kiingereza on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Argentina|Wikimedia Argentina]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Argentina&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Argentina&language=en&action=page translate to Kiingereza] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:09, 20 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Amical Wikimedia == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Amical Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:59, 22 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:29, 23 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WikiGap == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WikiGap|WikiGap]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiGap&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:27, 23 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Steward requests/Global/block-header == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Steward requests/Global/block-header|Steward requests/Global/block-header]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Steward+requests%2FGlobal%2Fblock-header&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains information on how to appeal global blocks.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:50, 25 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Changing username == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Changing username|Changing username]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Changing+username&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 10:49, 27 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiktionary == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 11:52, 13 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure|Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission%2F2019%2FCU+Global+Procedure+on+information+disclosure&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 12:29, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Deoband Community Wikimedia/News == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Deoband Community Wikimedia/News|Deoband Community Wikimedia/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Deoband+Community+Wikimedia%2FNews&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 17:33, 27 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Aafi (DCW)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Policy-cross-project == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Policy-cross-project|Template:Policy-cross-project]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3APolicy-cross-project&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 09:12, 30 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Annual+Plan%2F2024-2025%2FProduct+%26+Technology+OKRs&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 08:07, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Translation notification: Help:Unified login == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Unified login|Help:Unified login]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 06:05, 23 Machi 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 23:50, 3 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Tech/News == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tech/News|Tech/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FNews&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 01:30, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2F2025%2FVoter+information&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-25. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">--- Hello, and thank you for the work you do. '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate We request you also translate these two sentences.]''' There are more details below. There is an ongoing community vote - the voter information is in the page linked for translation above. We would appreciate your help to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translate the two sentence CentralNotice banner], as a priority. If you can also translate the voter information page, I know the folks working on this - including the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) group - would be highly appreciative. ~ In cooperation with the U4C</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:30, 23 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing|User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FEGCharter+closing&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-29. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">If you have some time to translate this message that will be sent to the communities prior to the close of the vote, it would be of great benefit.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:18, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025%2FCall+for+candidates&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-05-15. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">I'm sorry for the short notice, details for the election came together at the last minute.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 18:53, 14 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025 == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This is the information page of 2025 U4C election. Please help with translation; your contributions will be greatly appreciated.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:09, 19 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 Juni 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 16 Juni 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 Juni 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:41, 30 Juni 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 8 Julai 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:10, 14 Julai 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 21 Julai 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:27, 29 Julai 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == Translation notification: Incident Reporting System == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Incident Reporting System|Incident Reporting System]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Incident+Reporting+System&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:53, 2 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:41, 5 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]], unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 08:01, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 11 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:39, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 26 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == Translation notification: Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025 == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025|Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffiliate+recognition+pause+notice+2025&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 15:33, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:15, 9 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == Translation notification: Meta:Deletion policy == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Deletion policy|Meta:Deletion policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ADeletion+policy&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 07:07, 15 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:08, 15 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:56, 22 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation website == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation website|Wikimedia Foundation website]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+website&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 05:47, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:54, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> ==Rangi nyekundu== Ndugu, usiogope rangi hiyo: inachochea utungaji wa makala na jamii mpya, kama hiyo ya wanasayansi wa Masedonia Kaskazini. Siku yoyote mimi au mwingine ataianzisha na mhusika ataonekana mara moja. Lakini ukiondoa jamii nyekundu, hata tukianzisha jamii hiyo mhusika huyo hatakumbukwa! Mimi nabana matumizi ya muda kwa kuanzisha mfululizo jamii nyingi zinazofanana, si mojamoja. Nadhani umenielewa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:53, 5 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:24, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:00, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:37, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 27 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == Translation notification: Template:AffCom == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:AffCom|Template:AffCom]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffCom&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 04:55, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 3 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == Translation notification: Template:Cat main == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Cat main|Template:Cat main]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACat+main&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 06:12, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:26, 17 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:57, 24 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:58, 1 Desemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 03:09, 6 Desemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:46, 8 Desemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 Desemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 22 Desemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == Kufutwa kwa Jamii:User tok-1 == Habari. Naomba kufahamu kwa nini [[:Jamii:User tok-1]] ilifutwa. Niliunda kwa muundo sawa na [[:Jamii:User sw-1]] na [[:Jamii:User en-1]]: <pre><nowiki>{{Commonscat|User tok-1}} [[Jamii:User tok]] </nowiki></pre> Asante. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Volvox|Volvox]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Volvox|majadiliano]])''' 19:31, 23 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :Kweli umekuwa mkali mno! Usipende kufuta kurasa kwa kuona tu kasoro. Afadhali uzirekebishe na kuelekeza mtumiaji. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:12, 24 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ::Amani babu @Riccardo, Kunahaja gani ya kuanzisha jamii ambazo hazina matumizi? nimeona nikawaida ya mwanzirishi kufanya hiki kitendo ambapo anaongeza mzigo tuu kwa wakabidhi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 21:05, 7 Januari 2026 (UTC) :::Mbona jamii hiyo ina kurasa mbili? Ndiyo matumizi! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:44, 8 Januari 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:34, 12 Januari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2FMessages%2FReview+open&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-01-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This message will be sent to all the wikis to inform communities about their chance to participate in proposing changes to the Universal Code of Conduct. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 22:30, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 19 Januari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 26 Januari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:44, 2 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:31, 9 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Translation notification: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1 == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Ramadan+2026%2FList+of+Articles%2FCulture%2F1&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1. Thank you!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 11:02, 15 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global username policy == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global username policy|Global username policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+username+policy&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-12-31. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Global username policy. Thank you very much!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 14:25, 15 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Translation notification: Event:Queer Women in Arts == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Event:Queer Women in Arts|Event:Queer Women in Arts]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AQueer+Women+in+Arts&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Event:Queer Women in Arts. Thanks!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 19:11, 18 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:04, 23 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Translation notification: Mission == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Mission|Mission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Mission&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 02:15, 28 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:52, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 16 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Translation notification: Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026 == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026|Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AWikipedia+%26+Education+User+Group+Showcase%2FMarch+2026&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-03-21. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hi translators, The EduWiki Hub is seeking your support to help translate the Meta page for the EduWiki Knowledge Showcase (March 2026) into Portuguese, Spanish, French, Hindi, and Arabic The event will take place on 24 March 2026, and translations will help make it accessible to more communities. Thank you for your support. Kind regards, Barakat, for the EduWiki Hub.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 12:56, 17 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAdegboye (EdWH)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:26, 30 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 Aprili 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 Aprili 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:01, 20 Aprili 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Translation notification: User:Keegan (WMF)/U4C eligible voter == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Keegan (WMF)/U4C eligible voter|User:Keegan (WMF)/U4C eligible voter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FU4C+eligible+voter&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-05-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 00:28, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:22, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2026/Vote now == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2026/Vote now|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2026/Vote now]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2026%2FVote+now&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-05-26. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 21:17, 20 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> ==Demo== Ndugu, makala ulizoanzisha kama kielelezo hazina ubora hata kidogo. Mkifundisha hivi, tutapata kurasa za kapuni. Naomba muangalie vizuri. Amina kwenu! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:40, 23 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Tayari makala mbovu zimeshaanza kumiminika. Tafadhali, mwazuie haraka!!! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:43, 23 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Sawa kabisa tutachukua hatua kuanzia leo, kulikua na tatizo kidogo wakati wa mafunzo umeme ulikatika kabla hatuja waeleza vyote '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:37, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:09, 1 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == Translation notification: Global locks == Hello Olimasy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global locks|Global locks]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+locks&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 01:45, 7 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:30, 8 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:49, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:05, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:48, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> o0ny6f12hqyqy71lwj24dn06ej4m79p 0 91962 1577302 1577236 2026-06-28T13:15:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Football4.png|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Jezi uwanjani.]] '''Jezi''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] "jersey") ni [[vazi]] au [[nguo]] inayovaliwa na [[wachezaji]] pindi wakiwa wanacheza [[uwanjani]], hasa katika mchezo fulani mfano, mchezo wa [[mpira wa miguu]], [[mpira wa kikapu]], [[mpira wa wavu]] na [[voliboli]]. Pia inaweza kutumika kama sare katika nafasi nyinginezo mbalimbali. ==Madhumuni ya jezi== # Kutambulisha [[timu]] za wachezaji wakiwa uwanjani. # Iwe rahisi kumtambua mchezaji akiwa uwanjani au akifanya kosa. {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mavazi]] gmzbvgeh1uu5hbibil4wiziozemsbdh 0 104668 1577320 1555376 2026-06-28T13:54:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Sandra A. Mushi |picha =Sandra Seated01.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 28 Februari 1974 |alikufa = |nchi =Tanzania |kazi yake =Msanifu |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Sandra Aikaruwa Mushi''' (alizaliwa [[28 Februari]] [[1974]]) ni [[mwanamke]] [[Mtanzania]] ambaye ni [[msanifu]] wa mambo ya ndani ya majengo na [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya [http://www.creativestudios.co.tz/ Creative Studios Limited] mjini [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]].<ref>http://www.sheroes.co.tz/sheroes.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.sheroes.co.tz/sheroes.html |date=20190308083906 }} iliangaliwa tar 7 March 2019</ref>. Pia ni mwanachama wa [http://www.iida.org/#!/ International Interior Design Association] na [https://www.iidprofessions.org.za/ The African Institue Of Interior Design Professions] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iidprofessions.org.za/ |date=20180905141345 }}<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.iidprofessions.org.za/listing-by-area/dar-es-salaam/professional-interior-designers |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-09-24 |archivedate=2017-11-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105215604/http://www.iidprofessions.org.za/listing-by-area/dar-es-salaam/professional-interior-designers }}</ref> na [[mwandishi]] wa [[hadithi]]<ref>http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewshortstories_all.asp?Authorid=28003&order=title&page=1</ref><ref>[https://www.africanwriter.com/author/sandra-a-mushi/ Author - Sandra A. Mushi] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/author/sandra-a-mushi/ |date=20190718091737 }} kwenye tovuti ya www.africanwriter.com, iliangaliwa Septemba 2018</ref> na [[mashairi]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://badilishapoetry.com/sandra-a-mushi/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-09-08 |archive-date=2019-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202152006/http://badilishapoetry.com/sandra-a-mushi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> yanayolenga matatizo na changamoto wanazopata wanawake na [[watoto]]. ==Hadithi zake== #A Choice #A Leaking Roof #Bride Price #Family Business #Her Eyes #Her Mother #Imbeciles #Jasmine #Kokushiba #Lunch #Miscounted Dreams #Oil On Water #Shattered Dreams<ref>[https://www.africanwriter.com/shattered-dreams-fiction-by-sandra-a-mushi/ Shattered Dreams: Fiction by Sandra A. Mushi] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/shattered-dreams-fiction-by-sandra-a-mushi/ |date=20190824072038 }}, kwenye tovuti ya www.africanwriter.com, iliangaliwa Septemba 2018</ref> #Stupid Women #Stains on My Khanga (Mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi), Hadithi Media, Centurion (Gauteng, South Africa) 2014, ISBN13 9780620584753<ref>[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/23482409-stains-on-my-khanga Stains on My Khanga], kwenye tovuti ya goodreads.com, iliangaliwa septemba 2018</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1974|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves Women Tanzania]] e037jp8eguch20k8jfwnq1oavlwqwnq 0 108963 1577396 1055338 2026-06-29T04:55:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1577396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[visiwa]] vya [[Wilaya ya Ukerewe]], [[mkoa wa Mwanza]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kinapatikana katika [[ziwa Nyanza]], la pili [[duniani]] kwa ukubwa. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ukerewe]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] k0j346ndpewijeeaix2x37409y9hig2 0 109583 1577368 1527453 2026-06-28T22:12:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Tulanana Bohela |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake =Mwandishi wa habari |nchi = Tanzania }} '''Tulanana Bohela''' ni [[mwanamke]] [[Mtanzania]] ambaye ni [[mwandishi wa habari]], mtengeneza [[filamu]] na mpenda [[maendeleo]] ya [[jamii]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zanzibar votes in re-run election|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-35855804/zanzibar-votes-in-re-run-tanzanian-election|work=BBC News|accessdate=2020-06-20|language=en}}</ref> Amekuwa akifanya kazi ya [[uandishi wa habari]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 7 hadi kufikia [[mwaka]] [[2019]] huku akiripoti mambo mbalimbali yanayojiri ukanda wa [[Afrika mashariki]] kwenye [[televisheni]], [[redio]] na vyombo vingine vya [[Digitali|kidijitali]] hasa kwa BBC Africa na BBC Swahili.<ref>http://www.sheroes.co.tz/sheroes.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.sheroes.co.tz/sheroes.html |date=20190308083906 }} iliangaliwa tar 7 March 2019</ref> Baadaye Bohela aliingia katika kitengo cha [[BBC World News|BBC World]] Service kama mwandishi na mzalishaji mkuu wa [[maudhui]] ya kidijitali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://xrmust.com/interview-tulanana-bohela-tanzania/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173822/https://xrmust.com/interview-tulanana-bohela-tanzania/ }}</ref><ref>https://ela-newsportal.com/bbc-african-service-covers-elearning-africa/</ref><ref>https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13353</ref> ==Kipaji na Kazi== Tulanana Bohela amekuwa maarufu kutokana na kazi mbalimbali anazozifanya ikiwa ni pamoja na uandishi wa habari na uzalishaji filamu,<ref>https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/tanzania/news-and-events/2016/women-in-liberation-event/</ref> [[mwanzilishi]] wa Snap Productions TZ<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.filmcontact.com/member/tulanana-bohela |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080844/http://www.filmcontact.com/member/tulanana-bohela }}</ref><ref>https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13353</ref>, mwanzilishi mwenza wa Ona stories<ref>https://arvrjourney.com/meet-the-3rd-annual-electric-south-ar-vr-lab-creators-e2afd30056e9{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, mzalishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali na ripota wa habari za BBC<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.globalshapers.org/hubs/dar-es-salaam-hub |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307174028/https://www.globalshapers.org/hubs/dar-es-salaam-hub }}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-35855804/zanzibar-votes-in-re-run-tanzanian-election</ref>, muongoza filamu<ref>http://film.britishcouncil.org/calendar/2018/were-off-to-sheffield-docfest</ref> na mzalishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali yajulikanayo kwa [[Kiingereza]] kama [[Virtual reality|Virtual Reality]] (VR).<ref>http://film.britishcouncil.org/calendar/2018/were-off-to-sheffield-docfest</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://futureoffilm.virtualconference.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2020-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815082933/https://futureoffilm.virtualconference.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:everyones-child-85-mins&catid=11:feature-films&Itemid=6</ref> Kupitia kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari Bohela amekuwa mdau wa kutumia njia za kidijitali kuhamasisha usimulizi wa hadithi za Kiafrika na kukuza maendeleo ya Afrika hususani katika [[teknolojia]], [[jamii]] na [[biashara]].<ref>https://www.slideshare.net/TulananaBohela</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGGepGPu3oY</ref> Tulanana kwa wakati mwingine ni mzungumzaji katika mikutano mbalimbali hasa ihusuyo teknolojia<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGGepGPu3oY</ref> na mdau anayejishughulisha na kuzuia ndoa za utotoni kwa kuangazia matendo yahusuyo ndoa za utotoni barani Afrika<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/world/gambia-and-tanzania-ban-child-marriage/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185207/https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/world/gambia-and-tanzania-ban-child-marriage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:everyones-child-85-mins&catid=11:feature-films&Itemid=6</ref> Baadhi ya matukio muhimu nchini [[Tanzania]] ambayo Bohela amewahi kuripoti kama mwandishi wa habari wa BBC ni pamoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]] wa mwaka 2015 nchini Tanzania,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.times.mw/tanzania-election-ccm-faces-strong-challenge-from-ukawa/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2017-02-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209084309/http://www.times.mw/tanzania-election-ccm-faces-strong-challenge-from-ukawa/ }}</ref> kufutwa kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Zanzibar <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/voters-in-benin-cape-verde-congo-niger-senegal-and-zanzibar-go-to-polls/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173946/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/voters-in-benin-cape-verde-congo-niger-senegal-and-zanzibar-go-to-polls/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, kumwagiwa [[tindikali]] kwa wanawake wawili wa [[Uingereza]] huko [[Zanzibar]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.wluml.org/fr/node/8642 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080752/http://www.wluml.org/fr/node/8642 }}</ref> na kupinduka kwa [[kivuko]] cha [[MV Nyerere]], moja ya matukio mabaya nchini Tanzania lililoua watu wasiopungua 224 mwaka [[2018]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/survivor-pulled-from-capsized-tanzanian-ferry-as-death-toll-reaches-224-20392 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2019-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308004405/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/survivor-pulled-from-capsized-tanzanian-ferry-as-death-toll-reaches-224-20392 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazi yake kwa kiasi kikubwa hujihusisha na utafiti wa utengenezwaji na ushirikishwanaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGGepGPu3oY</ref> ==Tuzo== Mwaka [[2017]] Bohela alishinda shindano lijulikanalo kama #innovateAFRICA 2017 shindano lililolenga uvumbuzi na [[ubunifu]] wa namna video na simu vinaweza kutumika kutengeneza maudhui ya kidijitali. Pia akiwa mkerereketwa wa teknolojia iitwayo [[Virtual reality|Virtual Reality]] (VR), Bohela alifanya onyesho la kwanza nchini Tanzania la VR wakati wa wiki ya ubunifu iliyofadhiliwa na HDIF na Kenyan VR production house, Black Rhino.<ref>https://arvrjourney.com/meet-the-3rd-annual-electric-south-ar-vr-lab-creators-e2afd30056e9{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Tuzo]] nyingine alizowahi kupokea ni pamoja na filamu yake ya Uthando iliyotangazwa na the Ousmane Sembene Award at the Zanzibar International Film Festival huku pia akishinda kama Muongoza filamu bora akiwa huko [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13353 iliangaliwa 7March 2019</ref><ref>https://www.flickr.com/photos/61526027@N05/19982255336</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://eacgermany.org/ousmane-sembene-award-zanzibar-international-film-festival-2015-ziff/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173855/http://eacgermany.org/ousmane-sembene-award-zanzibar-international-film-festival-2015-ziff/ }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves Women Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] [[Jamii:ACWP + film in Tanzania]] 6sf1lufqxljt0y1fdjcyqwce6ru7rgj 0 111704 1577395 1063018 2026-06-29T04:54:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1577395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]], [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Turkana]] ([[Kenya]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:ziwa Turkana]] 6s1rel5fer3i25cceoupp8riatxw3o0 0 118736 1577305 1577244 2026-06-28T13:15:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Josefu chipiti|Josefu chipiti]] ([[User talk:Josefu chipiti|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1091526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Egyptian Alexandria Jews. Choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen in Samuel Menashe synagogue. Alexandria.jpg|thumb|Kwaya ya [[Kiyahudi]] huko [[Aleksandria]], [[Misri]].]] '''Kwaya''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] "choir" au "quire") ni [[kundi]] la [[waimbaji]] au [[uimbaji]] wa [[watu]] kwa pamoja. Kuna aina mbalimbali za kwaya lakini hapa tunaorodhesha baadhi tu ya aina hizo. # Kwaya ya [[wanawake]]: Hii ni kwaya inayojumuisha wanawake (watu wa [[jinsia]] ya kike) pekee bila wanaume (watu wa jinsia ya kiume). Kwaya ya namna hii kwa kawaida huwa na [[sauti]] [[mbili]] tu, yaani sauti ya kwanza (Soprano) na sauti ya pili (Alto). # Kwaya ya [[watoto]]: Hii ni kwaya inayoundwa na watoto tu. Kwaya hii nayo kwa kawaida huwa na sauti mbili kama ilivyo kwaya ya wanawake pekee. # Kwaya ya [[wanaume]]: Aina hii ya kwaya hujumuisha wanaume pekee. Hii pia huwa na sauti moja hadi mbili kwa kawaida, lakini wakati mwingine huwa hata na sauti zote [[nne]]. Hii sasa si kwa kwaya ya wanaume tu bali hata kwaya ya wanawake pia hata ya watoto kufuatia maendeleo ya kimuziki [[wataalamu]] wameendelea kugundua uwezekano wa kutengeneza sauti zote nne kama ilivyo katika kwaya ya mchanganyiko. # Kwaya ya mchanganyiko: Hii hujumuisha wote, wanaume na wanawake hata na watoto pia. Kama yalivyo maelezo ya hapo juu; aina hii ya kwaya kwa kawaida huwa na sauti zote nne yaani yaani sauti ya kwanza (Soprano), sauti ya pili (Alto), sauti ya tatu (Tenor) na sauti ya nne (Bass). {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] 7oqcxypp4eehxu6ores265mjzlyr2p0 0 120745 1577385 1288690 2026-06-29T03:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wakaoda''' ni wafuasi wa [[dini]] ya [[Vietnam]] inayomuamini [[Mungu]] mmoja. [[Jina]] lake rasmi ni '''Đại Đạo Tam Kỳ Phổ Độ''' (''Imani Kuu [kwa] Ukombozi wa Tatu wa Ulimwengu'') Ilianzishwa katika [[mji]] wa [[Tay Ninh]] [[mwaka]] [[1926]] kwa kuchanganya [[imani]] mbalimbali. Wafuasi wanakadiriwa kuwa [[milioni]] 4-6. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * {{Citation|last1=Biederman|first1=Patricia Ward|title=Cao Dai Fuses Great Faiths of the World|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/07/local/me-beliefs7|accessdate=7 December 2014|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=2006-01-07}} * {{Citation|last1=Eller|first1=Jack David|title=Introducing Anthropology of Religion: Culture to the Ultimate|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317579144}} * {{Citation|last=Hoskins (a)|first=Janet Alison|title=What Are Vietnam's Indigenous Religions?|year=2012|url=http://www.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/edit/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/NL643-6.pdf|publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University}} * {{Citation|last=Hoskins (b)|first=Janet Alison|title="God's Chosen People": Race, Religion and Anti-Colonial Struggle in French Indochina|year=2012|url=https://www.academia.edu/1933794/_Gods_Chosen_People_Race_Religion_and_Anti-colonial_Struggle_in_French_Indochina_|publisher=Asia Research Institute of the National University of Singapore}} * {{Citation|last=Hoskins|first=Janet Alison|title=The Divine Eye and the Diaspora: Vietnamese Syncretism Becomes Transpacific Caodaism|year=2015|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-824-85140-8}} * {{Citation|author1=Hộ-Pháp Phạm Công Tắc|title=Divine Path to Eternal Life|url=http://www.daotam.info/booksv/dptel/dptel.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism|accessdate=18 July 2015}} * {{Citation|title=Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14914&LangID=E|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|accessdate=17 July 2015|location=Hanoi, Viet Nam|date=2014-07-31}} * {{Citation|last=Oliver|first=Victor L.|title=Caodai Spiritism: A Study of Religion in Vietnamese Society|year=1976|url=https://books.google.fi/books?id=AC02pmaBAdYC&lpg=PR2&ots=n6V4rjEXnv&dq=Caodai%20Spiritism%3A%20A%20Study%20of%20Religion%20in%20Vietnamese%20Society&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004045477}} * {{Citation|title=Cao Dai Rituals|url=http://www.daotam.info/caodai.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism (c)|accessdate=18 July 2015|archive-date=2015-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812175623/http://daotam.info/caodai.htm|dead-url=yes}} * {{Citation|title=Caodaism in a nutshell|url=http://www.daotam.info/cdinans.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism (a)|accessdate=17 July 2015|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054955/http://www.daotam.info/cdinans.htm|dead-url=yes}} * {{Citation|title=KINH THIÊN-ĐẠO & THẾ-ĐẠO|url=http://www.daotam.info/booksv/ktdvtd.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism (d)|accessdate=18 July 2015|language=Vietnamese}} * {{Citation|title=Structure of CaoDai Religion|url=http://www.daotam.info/struc.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism|accessdate=18 July 2015|archive-date=2015-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721131136/http://www.daotam.info/struc.htm|dead-url=yes}} * {{Citation|title=The New Canonical Codes|url=http://www.daotam.info/tanluat.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism|accessdate=17 July 2015|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212707/http://www.daotam.info/tanluat.htm|dead-url=yes}} * {{Citation|title=The outline of Caodaism|url=http://www.daotam.info/cdinans.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism (b)|accessdate=17 July 2015|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054955/http://www.daotam.info/cdinans.htm|dead-url=yes}} * {{Citation|last1=Tâm|first1=Đào Công|title=THE RELIGIOUS CONSTITUTION OF CAO ĐÀI RELIGION|url=http://www.daotam.info/booksv/PhapChanhTruyen/PhapChanhTruyen.htm|website=Sydney Centre for Studies in Caodaism|accessdate=18 July 2015|location=University of Sydney|date=1996-11-08}} * {{Citation|last1=Tam|first1=Dao|title=Understanding Caodaism in 10 minutes|date=2000|publisher=University of Sydney|url=http://www-personal.usyd.edu.au/_cdao/media/10phutTHDCDenglish/Doctrine3/index.html|archive-url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/10190/20090921-1311/www-personal.usyd.edu.au/_cdao/media/10phutTHDCDenglish/Doctrine3/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-09-21}} * {{Citation|url=http://www.vietnamgear.com/Indochina1955.aspx|title=Vietnam Timeline 1955|publisher=VietnamGear.com|accessdate=18 July 2015}} * "Caodaism" Encyclopedia entry by Janet Alison Hoskins at World Religion and Spirituality website https://wrldrels.org/2017/08/10/caodaism/ (accessed 10 August 2017) ==Marejeo mengine== * Blagov, Sergei (2012). ''Caodaism: Vietnamese Traditionalism and Its Leap Into Modernity''. Nova Science Publishers. {{ISBN|1590331508}} * Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). ''The Religious Question in Modern China''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. {{ISBN|022600533X}} * Jammes, Jeremy (2010). ''[http://www.viet-studies.info/CaoDai_Sep2010.pdf Divination and Politics in Southern Vietnam: Roots of Caodaism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.viet-studies.info/CaoDai_Sep2010.pdf |date=20121223050449 }}''. Social Compass 57(3), 357–371. DOI: 10.1177/0037768610375520 * Jammes, Jeremy (2014). Les Oracles du Cao Dai: Étude d'un mouvement religieux vietnamien et de ses réseaux. Paris: Les Indes Savantes. {{ISBN|978-2-84654-351-4}} * Werner, Jayne (1981). Peasant Politics and Religious Sectarianism: Peasant and Priest in the Cao Dai in Vietnam. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asian Studies. {{ISBN|978-0-938692-07-2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Cao Dai}} * [http://www.daotam.info/tusachdd.htm Cao Dai Library in Sydney (Multilingual)] * [http://www.daotam.info/tam.htm Cao Dai Library in English] * [http://www.daotam.info/tusachdd.htm#ebooks-pdf Cao Dai Ebooks in PDF, Kindle, Nook formats] * [http://www.caodai.org Caodaism main website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050924125003/http://www.caodai.net/ Caodaist Overseas Missionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619052058/http://caodai.org.au/ Hội Văn Hóa Cao Đài – Caodaist Cultural Association, Australia] * [http://caodaitv.free.fr Caodaist French Resources] * [http://caodai.com.vn/ Sacerdotal Council of Caodaism] {{mbegu-dini}} [[Category:Dini| ]] t4b7wftidtjckmh3q4zvsnrhvoyvjzv 0 121116 1577390 1441379 2026-06-29T04:37:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group=Twa |image=[[File:Twa peoples (Hewlett & Fancher).png|250px]]<br>Uenezi wa Watwa kadiri ya Hewlett & Fancher.<br>[[File:Twa peoples (Stokes).png|250px]]<br>Uenezi wa Watwa kadiri ya Stokes.<br>[[File:Twa per Cavalli-Sforza.png|250px]]<br>Uenezi wa Watwa kadiri ya Cavalli-Sforza.<br>[[File:Twa (Blench) small.png|250px]]<br>Uenezi wa Watwa kadiri ya Blench. |caption= |poptime= |popplace= |rels= |langs=[[Lugha za Kibantu]], [[Kifaransa]] |related= }} '''Watwa''' (pia: '''Batwa''', '''Cwa''') ni [[kundi]] la [[wabilikimo]] wa [[Afrika ya Kati]] ([[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]]), lakini pia [[Zambia]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]] na [[Botswana]] ambao wanaishi kwa kushirikiana na majirani wao wa [[makabila]] ya [[Bantu|Kibantu]]. [[Historia|Kihistoria]] inafikiriwa kwamba ndio wakazi asili ya [[misitu]] ya eneo hilo kabla ya [[uvamizi]] wa [[wakulima]]<ref>[[Jan Vansina|Vansina]] argues that the original meaning of the ([[Proto-Bantu]]) word ''*twa'' was "[[hunter-gatherer]], bushpeople", alongside ''yaka'' used for the western (Mbuti) pygmies (''[[Bayaka]]'')</ref><ref name="vansina">{{cite book |last1=Vansina |first1=Jan |title=Paths in the rainforests : toward a history of political tradition in equatorial Africa |date=October 1990 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-12574-5}}</ref> Kwa kiasi kikubwa Watwa wamemezwa na makabila hayo ya Kibantu, kwa mfano katika [[Tanzania]] ya leo. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite journal |ref=harv|lang=fr |last1=Kazadi |first1=Ntole |title=Meprises et admires: l'ambivalence des relations entre les Bacwa (Pygmees) et les Bahemba (Bantu) |journal=Africa |date=2011 |volume=51 |issue=04 |pages=836–847 |doi=10.2307/1159357}} * {{cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Michael |title=Silencing the past: historical and archaeological colonisation of the Southern San in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Anthropology Southern Africa |date=25 September 2015 |volume=32 |issue=3-4 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.1080/23323256.2009.11499985}} * {{cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Downing |editor1-first=John D.H. |contribution=Eland Ceremony, Abatwa People's (Southern Africa) |title=Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media |date=2011 |page=172 |doi=10.4135/9781412979313.n83 |url=http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/socialmovement/n83.xml |accessdate=31 October 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.}} * {{cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Tomaselli |editor1-first=Keyan |title=Explorations in Ethnicity and Social Change among Zulu-speaking San Descendents of the Drakensberg Mountains, KwaZulu-Natal |date=2007 |url=http://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/files/articles/PhD_theses/francis%20phd.pdf |accessdate=31 October 2018 |format=PhD thesis |archive-date=2019-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819033833/http://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/files/articles/PhD_theses/francis%20phd.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{Makabila ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{makabila ya Angola}} {{makabila ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Category:Historia ya Afrika]] [[Category:Makabila ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|T]] [[Category:Makabila ya Zambia|T]] [[Category:Makabila ya Botswana|T]] [[Category:Makabila ya Namibia|T]] [[Category:Makabila ya Angola|T]] [[Category:Makabila ya Burundi|T]] [[Category:Makabila ya Rwanda|T]] j3g1bg1tin8i3w2x928f1orxjkhdri5 0 122353 1577392 1104085 2026-06-29T04:44:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1577392 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shigeharu Ueki''' (植木 繁晴; alizaliwa [[13 Septemba]] [[1954]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Japani]]. Aliwahi kucheza [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]]. Ueki alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]] tarehe 13 Julai 1979 dhidi ya [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Singapuri|Singapuri]]. Ueki alicheza Japani katika mechi 1.<ref name="JNFTD">[http://www.jfootball-db.com/en/players/ueki_shigeharu.html Japan National Football Team Database]</ref><ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> ==Takwimu== <ref name="JNFTD"/><ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan="3"|[[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|Timu ya Taifa ya Japani]] |- !Mwaka||Mechi||Magoli |- |1979||1||0 |- !Jumla||1||0 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] 2ni0r5ybanoa757vwvm0zjgqfyiy2vp 0 129398 1577369 1527578 2026-06-28T22:19:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Taasisi ya Tunapanda, Tunapanda Institute | logo = Tunapanda Logo.png |founders=Jay and Mick Larson |formation=2013 |website= {{url|https://www.tunapanda.org}} |status= |headquaters=Olympic Estate, [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] }} '''Tunapanda Institute''' (yaani '''Taasisi ya Tunapanda''') ni shirika lisilo la [[faida]] lenye makao [[Marekani]] na uendeshaji katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]. Linalenga kufundisha [[vijana]] wasiojiweza: kozi mbalimbali za bure za [[teknolojia]], [[ubunifu]] na [[ujasiriamali]] hutolewa ili kuongeza nafasi kwa wahitimu katika [[soko la ajira]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dw.com/en/inspiring-young-people-in-kenyas-kibera-slum/a-47042852|title=Inspiring young people in Kenya's Kibera slum {{!}} DW {{!}} 17.01.2019|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-05-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.catchafire.org/|title=Catchafire|work=www.catchafire.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-10}}</ref> Kazi zake nyingi zinapatikana [[Kibera]], makazi duni huko [[Nairobi]], lakini pia limefanya kazi katika maeneo mengine ya [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 2016, Taasisi ya Tunapanda ilitajwa kama moja ya 2016 NT100, sherehe ya kila mwaka ya Nominet Trust ya biashara 100 zenye kuhamasisha-kwa-uzuri kote ulimwenguni. == Historia na shughuli == Tunapanda ilianzishwa mnamo 2013 na ndugu Jay Larson na Mick Larson, <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Digital Kenya: An Entrepreneurial Revolution in the Making|date=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137578808|editor-last=Ndemo|editor-first=Bitange|location=London|language=en|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-57878-5|editor-last2=Weiss|editor-first2=Tim}}</ref> kwa lengo la kutoa fursa za kujifunza kwa jamii ziso na muunganisho wa mtandao kupitia matumizi ya "elimu juu ya hard drive". Walipakua programu iliyo na leseni-wazi, mada zilizomo ni uhandisi wa kompyuta, muundo, na biashara / ujasiriamali, na vile vile yaliyomo kwenye maarifa ya jumla kutoka [[Wikipedia]] na Khan Academy, ambayo walisambaza kwenye CD, hard drive za nje, na diski za USB katika shule anuwai, na mashirika ya kijamii. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sun-connect-news.org/articles/market/details/how-to-start-a-technology-revolution-for-refugees-in-east-africa/|title=How to Start a Technology Revolution for Refugees in East Africa|work=Sun-Connect-News|language=de-DE|accessdate=2019-05-10|archivedate=2019-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510120239/https://www.sun-connect-news.org/articles/market/details/how-to-start-a-technology-revolution-for-refugees-in-east-africa/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.socialtech.org.uk/projects/tunapanda-institute/|title=Tunapanda Institute|work=Social Tech Guide|accessdate=2019-05-10}}</ref> Tunapanda kisha ilifungua kituo chake cha mafunzo na kuandaa kozi makini ya miezi mitatu ya teknolojia, ubunifu na biashara ambayo hadi sasa inafundishwa kwa zaidi ya wanafunzi 200. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://um.fi/news/-/asset_publisher/GRSnUwaHDPv5/content/koodaamalla-kiberan-koyhyytta-karkuun?curAsset=0&stId=47307|title=Coding helps people escape poverty in Kibera - Ministry for Foreign Affairs|work=Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-26}}</ref> Programu nyingi za Tunapanda zinapatikana [[Kibera (Nairobi)|Kibera]], makazi duni huko [[Nairobi]], lakini Tunapanda imeanzisha maabara za kompyuta na vifaa vya mafunzo katika maeneo mengine ya mijini na vijijini ndani ya [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]]. Ilhali lengo kuu zaidi ni elimu na mafunzo, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://brightthemag.com/how-nairobi-became-hub-systems-change-education-innovation-kenya-africa-edtech-metis-5e1712cd79f2|title=Looking For Education Innovation? Go to Kenya|author=Kathlyn|first=Patillo|work=Bright Magazine|accessdate=2020-09-06|archive-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020185246/https://brightthemag.com/how-nairobi-became-hub-systems-change-education-innovation-kenya-africa-edtech-metis-5e1712cd79f2|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://venturesafrica.com/10-african-tech-for-good-startups-to-watch-in-2017/|title=10 African "Tech for Good" Startups to Watch in 2017|work=Ventures Africa}}</ref> Tunapanda pia huwapa wahitimu fursa ya kupata mapato kutokana na kufanya kazi kwenye miradi inayohusiana na teknolojia kwa wateja na washirika wake. <ref name=":0"/> == TunapandaNET == Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, TunapandaNET ilianzishwa kama njia ya kutoa ufikiaji wa vifaa vya ujifunzaji wa kidijitali na majukwaa ya vijana ndani ya Kibera ambao hawawezi kumudu matumizi ya kawaida ya mtandao. Mtandao unaunganisha shule na vituo vya kijamii kwa kituo cha kujifunzia cha Tunapanda kupitia mawasiliano yasiyo ya waya. Kwa kuwa rasilimali za elimu zinapatikana kwa moja ya kompyuta hapo Tunapanda, mtandao hufanya kazi kama mtandao wa ndani na hugharimu gharama ndogo kwa watumiaji kupata yaliyomo kuliko watoa huduma wa mtandao wa jadi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.devex.com/news/community-networks-bring-education-online-in-kibera-kenya-90492|title=Community networks bring education online in Kibera, Kenya|date=2017-06-22|work=Devex|accessdate=2019-05-10}}</ref> Mtandao umekua ukijumuisha nodi kumi ndani ya Kibera na imepanga kupanua hadi kufikia mwisho wa 2019. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.internetsociety.org/blog/2018/06/tunapandanet-paves-the-way-for-kenya-to-connect-the-underserved/|title=TunapandaNET Paves the Way for Kenya to Connect the Underserved|date=2018-06-19|work=Internet Society|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-10}}</ref> == Kibera Aeronautics and Space Academy == [[Picha:KASA's_Logo.png|right|frameless]] Mwisho wa 2018, Tunapanda ilizindua Kibera Aeronautics and Space Academy [https://kiberaspace.tunapanda.org/ (KASA)] {{Wayback|url=https://kiberaspace.tunapanda.org/ |date=20201101021726 }} kwa lengo la kuwafundisha vijana wanaopenda [[sayansi]] na [[teknolojia]] . Lengo la programu hiyo ni kuwapa watu wasiojiweza kutoka Kibera na maeneo mengine ya karibu ujuzi wa vitendo kwa maisha zaidi ya mpango huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://techtrendske.co.ke/the-need-to-explore-space-tunapanda-institute-plans-to-open-a-space-exploration-facility-in-kibera/|title=The Need To Explore Space: Tunapanda Institute Plans to Open A Space Exploration Facility in Kibera|author=TechTrendsKE|date=2019-01-12|work=TechTrendsKE|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-17}}</ref> Kwa muda mrefu, mfumo wa mafunzo utawekwa, ambao washiriki wanaweza kujiandaa kwa taaluma za kiteknolojia juu ya mfano wa mfumo wa elimu mbili ya Ujerumani na baadaye kuhamishiwa kwa waajiri. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ideajesus.wordpress.com/category/technology/|title=Technology|work=KidKreative|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-17}}</ref> == Tuzo == * 2016: Ilitajwa kama moja ya 2016 NT100, sherehe ya kila mwaka ya Nominet Trust ya biashara 100 za kuhamasisha-kwa-uzuri kote ulimwenguni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=2019-05-15|title=Tunapanda Institute|url=https://www.socialtech.org.uk/projects/tunapanda-institute/|work=Social Tech Guide}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Taasisi za elimu]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Marekani]] 00c0yu0zgavwu6za5rgh6kgn6rtm8g0 0 132552 1577332 1526758 2026-06-28T15:35:18Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577332 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Tamy Contro 2020.jpg|thumb|Tamy Moyo]] '''Thamsanqa 'Tamy' Moyo''' (alizaliwa [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Januari]] [[1998]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa kike na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name= pindula>{{cite web | url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/Tamy_Moyo| title=Tamy Moyo career| publisher=pindula | access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> Anajulikana Sana kwa wimbo wake wa Ndibereke aliouimba mwaka [[2016]], mwaka [[2020]] Alipata jukumu la kuigiza katika [[filamu]] ya ''Gonarezhou''.<ref name= herald>{{cite web | url=https://www.herald.co.zw/nama-opens-tammy-moyo-acting-career/| title=NAMA opens Tammy Moyo acting career| publisher=herald | access date=19 October 2020}}</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Baba yake, Richard Kohola ni mtangazaji wa Star FM Zimbabwe maarufu kwa jina la ‘’RK The Music Doctor’’. Alilelewa na mama yake Doris Moyo Pamoja na babu yake Makwara.<ref name= youthvillage>{{cite web | url=https://youthvillage.co.zw/2015/07/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-teen-sensation-tammy-moyo/| title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Teen Sensation Tammy Moyo| publisher=youthvillage | access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> ==Kazi== Akiwa na miaka 7 pekee, alianza kuimba katika kwaya ya watu wazima. Alihitimu elimu yake ya msingi kutoka shule ya Lusitania na baadae kuendelea na masomo ya sekondari katika shule ya Westridge High School. Alipofika kidato cha kwanza, wakati huo akiwa na miaka 13, alijiunga na wanamuziki mashuhuri kama Joe Thomas, [[Oliver Mtukudzi]], Stunner, Ba Shupi, na Alexio Kawara. Baadaye akawa balozi wa Watoto nchini [[Zimbabwe]], na kufanikiwa kuwa balozi mdogo zaidi katika historia ya Zimbabwe. Mnamo mwaka [[2008]], Tamy aliunda kikundi cha kwaya kwa jina la Uganda African Choir, akiwa na wengine watatu, hii ilikua huko Madison Square, [[New York]] wakati wa shughuli ya kihisani.<ref name= pindula /><ref name= youthvillage /> Aliandika na kuimba wimbo kwa jina la, ''Cry For Help'', wimbo huo ulihamasisha Watoto kupiga simu za kuomba msaada wakiwa na shida kwenda namba 116 bure. Mnamo mwaka [[2012]], kwa mara ya kwanza Tamy aliachia albamu yake ya kwa jina la ''Celebrate Yo Lyf''.<ref name= youthvillage /> hii ilimfanya apate nafasi ya kutumbuiza katika matamasha makubwa ya muziki nchini Zimbabwe kama ‘’Harare International Festival of the Arts’’ na Shoko Festival. Pia alishiriki katika sherehe za tuzo za ‘’National Arts Merit Awards’’ na mashindano ya ulimbwende ya ‘’Miss Tourism Zimbabwe’’ ambamo alitumbuiza mwezi Novemba mwaka [[2016]].<ref name= pindula /> Mwaka [[2017]], Tamy alialikwa na mtayarishaji wa filamu Sydney Taivavashe kuwa mhusika katika filamu ya ''Gonarezhou''. Filamu hiyo ilitengenezwa kwa ushirikiano na Shirika la wanyamapori na uhifadhi wa Wanyama la nchini Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2018/10/02/ed-s-daughter-in-anti-poaching-film|title=ED's daughter in anti-poaching film|last=comments|first=Blessing Masakadza • 2 October 2018 1:59&nbsp;pm • 0|website=DailyNews Live|access-date=27 March 2019|accessdate=2021-01-30|archivedate=2020-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020140737/https://dailynews.co.zw/articles/2018/10/02/ed-s-daughter-in-anti-poaching-film}}</ref> In the film Tamy played the role 'Chipo' as his debut cinema appearance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dailynews.co.zw/tamy-cherishes-acting-role/| title=Tamy cherishes acting role| publisher=Daily News Zimbabwe| access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> In the same year, she had her first nomination in the National Arts Merit Awards (NAMA awards) for the excellence in her role.<ref name= herald /> Mwaka [[2019]], Tamy aliteuliwa katika kinyang’anyiro cha msanii bora wa kike nyanda za Afrika ya Kusini karika tuzo za [[AFRIMA]] zilizofanyika nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/afrima-nomination-a-dream-come-true-for-zims-tammy-moyo| title=AFRIMA nomination a dream come true for Zim's Tammy Moyo| publisher=The Southern Times| access-date=19 October 2020| accessdate=2021-01-30| archivedate=2020-10-27| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027084004/https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/afrima-nomination-a-dream-come-true-for-zims-tammy-moyo}}</ref> ==Sanaa na Filamu== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mwaka !! Filamu !! Uhusika !! Aina !! Marejeo. |- | 2020 || ‘’Gonarezhou'' || Chipo || Filamu || |} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1998]] owhp0jbjsj00tnfvjwme4o710p3514p 0 133652 1577373 1527684 2026-06-28T22:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577373 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubebaji Mke''' ('''Kifini:''' eukonkanto au akankanto, '''Kiestonia:''' naisekandmine, '''Kiswidi:''' kärringkånk, '''Kiingereza:''' Wife-Carrying) ni [[mashindano]] ambayo washindani wa kiume hukimbia katika njia maalum yenye vikwazo zaidi wakati kila mmoja amembeba mwenzake wa kike. Mchezo huo ulianzishwa huko Sonkajärvi, [[Ufini|nchini Ufini]]. Aina kadhaa za kubeba zinaweza kutumika: ubebaji juu ya mabega, au mtindo wa Kiestonia (mke anakuwa kichwa chini na miguu juu ya shingo na mabega ya [[mwanaume]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What is Wife-Carrying?|url=https://mentalitch.com/what-is-wife-carrying/|work=Mental Itch|accessdate=2021-03-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wife Carrying {{!}} Cultures and Customs|url=https://sites.psu.edu/mgeitnerrcl/2014/04/04/wife-carrying/|work=sites.psu.edu|accessdate=2021-03-17|archivedate=2020-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811002747/https://sites.psu.edu/mgeitnerrcl/2014/04/04/wife-carrying/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wife Carrying Official Rules and History|url=https://www.fredericksd.com/wife-carrying|accessdate=2021-03-17|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Historia == Ubebaji Mke ilitokea [[Ufini|nchini Ufini.]] Hadithi zimepitishwa kwa mtu anayeitwa Herkko Rosvo-Ronkainen (ajulikanaye kama Ronkainen the ʻRobber).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wife-carrying is a thing. This man and woman are world champs|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2154287/wife-carrying-thing-finland-man-and-woman-are-world-champions|work=South China Morning Post|date=2018-07-08|accessdate=2021-03-17|language=en}}</ref> Mtu huyu alichukuliwa kama mnyang'anyi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1800, aliishi msituni, na alikimbia na kundi lake la wezi wakisababisha madhara vijijini. Kutoka na yale yaliyopatikana, kuna maoni matatu juu ya kwanini / jinsi mchezo huu ulivumbuliwa. Kwanza, kwamba Rosvo-Ronkainen na wezi wake walituhumiwa kwa kuiba chakula na kuwateka wanawake kutoka vijiji katika eneo alilokuwa akiishi, kisha kuwabeba wanawake hawa migongoni wanapokimbia. Pendekezo la pili ni kwamba vijana wangeenda kwenye vijiji jirani, na kuwateka wanawake na kuwaoa kwa nguvu na mara nyingi wanawake hao ni wale ambao walikuwa tayari wamekwisha kuolewa. Vijana hawa pia waliwabeba hao wanawake migongoni: hii ilijulikana kama "mazoea ya kuiba wanawake. Mwishowe, ni wazo kwamba Rosvo-Ronkainen aliwafundisha wezi wake kuwa "wepesi na [[hodari]]" kwa kubeba mifuko mikubwa mizito migongoni mwao, ambayo ilipelekea kuvumbuliwa kwa [[mchezo]] huu<ref name=":0" />.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wife Carrying Is the Latest Strength Sport for Couples|url=https://barbend.com/wife-carrying-strength-sport-couples/|work=BarBend|date=2016-11-16|accessdate=2021-03-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916093619/https://barbend.com/wife-carrying-strength-sport-couples/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ubebaji Mke ni mashindano ambayo yamefanyika [[Australia]], [[Marekani]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Uhindi]], [[Ujerumani]], [[Uingereza]] na maeneo mengine ya [[ulimwengu]] kando na [[Ufini]] na [[Uswidi]] wa karibu na [[Estonia]] na [[Latvia]], na mchezo huo una kitengo katika [[Kitabu cha kumbukumbu cha Guinness]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Strange Sport of Wife Carrying {{!}} bettor.com|url=http://blogs.bettor.com/The-Strange-Sport-of-Wife-Carrying-a15233|work=web.archive.org|date=2011-02-19|accessdate=2021-03-17|archivedate=2011-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219161852/http://blogs.bettor.com/The-Strange-Sport-of-Wife-Carrying-a15233}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wife Carrying World Championship|url=https://www.funny-jokes.com/wife-carrying-world-championship.htm|work=Funny Jokes|accessdate=2021-03-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413205815/https://www.funny-jokes.com/wife-carrying-world-championship.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.theskichannel.com/news/skinews/20101009/Maine-couple-wins-North-American-Wife-Carrying-Championship-at-Sunday-River-Ski-Resort |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-03-17 |archivedate=2011-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001022956/http://www.theskichannel.com/news/skinews/20101009/Maine-couple-wins-North-American-Wife-Carrying-Championship-at-Sunday-River-Ski-Resort }}</ref> == Sheria za Mchezo == Mashindano ya asili yalifanyika katika eneo lenye miamba, lenye mawe na uzio na vijito, lakini baadae likabadilishwa ili kuendana na hali za kisasa. Sasa kuna mchanga badala ya miamba na mawe, uzio, na eneo lililojazwa maji (dimbwi). Zifuatazo ni sheria zilizowekwa na Kamati ya kimataifa ya mashindano ya Ubebaji Mke. * Urefu wa njia rasmi ni mita 253. * Njia hiyo ina vizuizi viwili kavu na kikwazo cha maji chenye kina cha urefu wa karibu mita moja. * Mke wa kubebwa anaweza kuwa wako mwenyewe, au wa jirani, au unaweza kuwa umemkuta katika mashindano; lazima, hata hivyo, awe na zaidi ya umri wa miaka 17. * Uzito wa chini wa mke kubeba ni kilo 49. Ikiwa ana uzito chini ya kilo 49, atabebeshwa begi lililo na uzito wa ziada ili kuleta mzigo wote wa kubeba hadi kilo 49. * Washiriki wote lazima wafurahie. * Vifaa pekee vinavyoruhusiwa ni mkanda unaovaliwa na mbebaji na kofia ya usalama iliyovaliwa na waliobeba. * Washiriki hukimbia mbio jozi mbili kwa wakati, kwa hivyo kila joto ni mashindano yenyewe. * Kila mshiriki hujali usalama wake na, ikionekana ni muhimu awe na bima. * Washiriki wanapaswa kuzingatia maagizo yaliyotolewa na waandaaji wa shindano. * Kuna kitengo kimoja tu katika Mashindano ya Dunia, na mshindi ni wenzi ambao wanamaliza kozi hiyo kwa muda mfupi zaidi. * Pia, wenzi wenye kuonyesha burudani zaidi, mavazi bora, na mbebaji hodari watapewa tuzo maalum. Wakati sheria za Kimataifa ni msingi wa mashindano yote, sheria na zawadi zinatofautiana kwa kila mashindano. Mashindano ya Dunia ya Ubebaji MKe yamekuwa yakifanyika kila mwaka huko Sonkajärvi, nchini Ufini, tangu 1992 (ambapo tuzo ni bia kulingana na uzito wa mke).<ref>{{Citation|last=Jurvetson|first=Steve|title=World “Wife Carry” Championships|date=2004-09-29|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/641867/|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Plantation couple win beer, silver medal at Wife Carrying World Championships|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/features/fl-fea-plantation-couple-wins-silver-at-the-20170713-story.html|work=sun-sentinel.com|accessdate=2021-03-17|author=Cady Herring}}</ref> == Mabingwa wa Dunia == * 2019 - [[:en:Vytautas_Kirkliauskas|Vytautas Kirkliauskas]] (Lithuania) na [[:en:Neringa_Kirkliauskiene|Neringa Kirkliauskiene]] (Lithuania), Sekunde 66.7 . * 2018 - Vytautas Kirkliauskas (Lithuania) na Neringa Kirkliauskiene (Lithuania), Sekunde 65.1. * 2017 – [[:en:Taisto_Miettinen|Taisto Miettinen]] (Finland) na Kristiina Haapanen (Finland), Sekunde 68.6. * 2016 – [[:en:Dmitry_Sagal|Dmitry Sagal]] (Russia) na [[:en:Anastasia_Loginova|Anastasia Loginova]] (Russia), Sekunde 62.7. * 2015 – Ville Parviainen (Finland) na Sari Viljanen (Finland), Sekunde 62.7. * 2014 – Ville Parviainen (Finland) na Janette Oksman (Finland), sekunde 63.7. * 2013 – [[:en:Taisto_Miettinen|Taisto Miettinen]] (Finland) na Kristiina Haapanen (Finland), Sekunde 65.0.<ref>The Daily Telegraph, 10 July 2013, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/10170324/Finland-hosts-annual-wife-carrying-world-championships.html Finland hosts annual wife-carrying world championships] {{Wayback|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/10170324/Finland-hosts-annual-wife-carrying-world-championships.html |date=20200809153109 }}, Imewekwa mnamo 17/03/2021.</ref> * 2012 – [[:en:Taisto_Miettinen|Taisto Miettinen]] (Finland) na Kristiina Haapanen (Finland), Sekunde 61.2. * 2011 – [[:en:Taisto_Miettinen|Taisto Miettinen]] (Finland) na Kristiina Haapanen (Finland), Sekunde 60.7.<ref name="The Age">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/wifecarrying-team-defends-title-20110703-1gwz9.html|title=Wife-carrying team defends title|publisher=The Age|date=2011-07-03|access-date=2011-07-03|location=Melbourne}}</ref> * 2010 – [[:en:Taisto_Miettinen|Taisto Miettinen]] (Finland) na Kristiina Haapanen (Finland), Sekunde 64.9. * 2009 – [[:en:Taisto_Miettinen|Taisto Miettinen]] (Finland) na Kristiina Haapanen (Finland), Sekunde 62.0. * 2008 – Alar Voogla (Estonia) na Kirsti Viltrop (Estonia), Sekunde 61.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=69900b5e-4e98-4e46-961d-6e94b7cda749|title=Wives in Finland worth their weight in beer|publisher=Canada.com|date=2008-07-06|access-date=2010-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108023305/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=69900b5e-4e98-4e46-961d-6e94b7cda749|archive-date=2012-01-08|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-03-17|archivedate=2012-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108023305/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=69900b5e-4e98-4e46-961d-6e94b7cda749}}</ref> * 2007 – Madis Uusorg (Estonia) na Inga Klauso (Estonia), Sekunde 61.7.<ref name="Estonia dominates">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.triplem.com.au/brisbane/win/grill-team-wife-carrying-championships-2013/|access-date=18 January 2013|work=triplem.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111193340/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-10/estonia-dominates-wife-carrying-championships/94496|archive-date=January 11, 2016|url-status=dead|title=Estonia dominates wife-carrying championships|date=July 9, 2007}}</ref> * 2006 – Margo Uusorg (Estonia) na Sandra Kullas (Estonia), Sekunde 56.9.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200607/s1676565.htm|title=Estonians reign at wife-carrying championships|publisher=ABC News Online|agency=Reuters|date=2006-07-02|access-date=2010-07-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307100751/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200607/s1676565.htm|archive-date=2007-03-07}}</ref> * 2005 – Margo Uusorg (Estonia) na Egle Soll (Estonia), Sekunde 59.1.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200507/s1405669.htm|title=Estonians snatch world wife-carrying title again|publisher=ABC News Online|agency=Reuters|date=2005-07-03|access-date=2010-07-11}}</ref> * 2004 – Madis Uusorg (Estonia) na Inga Klauso (Estonia), Sekunde 65.3.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3865227.stm|title=Estonian carries 'wife' to glory|publisher=BBC News|date=2004-07-04|access-date=2010-07-11}}</ref> * 2003 – Margo Uusorg (Estonia) na Egle Soll (Estonia), Sekunde 60.7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetimes.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=183154|title=Estonians romp home in wife-carrying contest|publisher=Cape Times|date=2003-07-07|access-date=2010-07-11}}</ref> * 2002 – Meelis Tammre (Estonia) na Anne Zillberberg (Estonia), Sekunde 63.8. * 2001 – Margo Uusorg (Estonia) na Birgit Ulrich (Estonia), Sekunde 55.6. * 2000 – Margo Uusorg (Estonia) na Birgit Ulrich (Estonia),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/815978.stm|title=Estonia's clean sweep at wife-carrying|publisher=BBC News|date=2000-07-02|access-date=2010-07-11}}</ref> Sekunde 55.5. * 1999 – Imre Ambos (Estonia) na Annela Ojaste (Estonia), Sekunde 64.5. * 1998 – [[:en:Imre_Ambos|Imre Ambos]] (Estonia) na [[:en:Annela_Ojaste|Annela Ojaste]] (Estonia), Sekunde 69.2.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19555274.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104084251/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19555274.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-04|title=Estonians take double victory in international wife carrying contest|publisher=Highbeam.com|agency=Associated Press|date=1998-07-04|first=Matti|last=Huuhtanen|access-date=2010-07-11|accessdate=2021-03-17|archivedate=2012-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104084251/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19555274.html}}</ref> * 1997 – [[:en:Jouni_Jussila|Jouni Jussila]] (Finland) na [[:en:Tiina_Jussila|Tiina Jussila]] (Finland), Sekunde 65.0.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB32ECAACFBEC86&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Finn carries the day – and his wife – in unique race|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=1997-07-06|access-date=2010-07-11|accessdate=2021-03-17|archivedate=2011-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609103046/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB32ECAACFBEC86&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}</ref> == Nchi == === Australia === Australian Wife Carrying Championships have been held annually since 2005. * 2016 – Washindi: Adrian and Amanda Betts * 2013 – [[:en:South_Bank,_Queensland|South Bank]], [[:en:Brisbane|Brisbane]]<ref name="Estonia dominates2">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.triplem.com.au/brisbane/win/grill-team-wife-carrying-championships-2013/|access-date=18 January 2013|work=triplem.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111193340/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-10/estonia-dominates-wife-carrying-championships/94496|archive-date=January 11, 2016|url-status=dead|title=Estonia dominates wife-carrying championships|date=July 9, 2007}}</ref> * 2008 – in [[:en:Singleton,_NSW|Singleton, NSW]]<ref name="News">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/australia/singletons-wild-with-wife-carrying/story-e6frfq8i-1111116035530|title=Wife carrying makes its mark in Australia|access-date=18 January 2013|date=April 11, 2008|work=news.com.au|publisher=News Limited|accessdate=2021-03-17|archivedate=2011-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119211747/http://www.news.com.au/travel/australia/singletons-wild-with-wife-carrying/story-e6frfq8i-1111116035530}}</ref> * 2007 – Washindi: Anthony Partridge na Angela Moore<ref name="News" /> === Amerika ya kaskazini === Mashindano ya Kubeba Mke wa Amerika Kaskazini hufanyika kila mwaka tangu 1999 kwenye Juma la Siku ya Columbus mwezi Oktoba katika hotel ya [[:en:Sunday_River_(Maine)|Sunday River Ski Resort]] Newry, Maine. * 2019 – Washindi: Olivia na Jerome Roehm (Delaware) === Uingereza === Mchezo wa Ubebaji Mke Uingereza ulianzishwa mnamo mwaka 2008, ingawaje mchezo unadasadikika kufanywa kwa msaada kutoka kwa binamu zetu wa Scandinavia" kwa karibu miaka 300 kutoka 793AD wakati wavamizi wa Viking walipovamia vijiji na kuteka nyara wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The UK Wife Carrying Race|url=http://trionium.com/wife/|work=trionium.com|accessdate=2021-03-17}}</ref> * 2008 - Joel Hicks akimbeba Wendy Cook * 2009 - Matt Evans akimbeba Jatinder Gill (zawadi yao ilikuwa ni ujazo wa bia kilingana na uzito wao kwa pamoja - Kilo 120) * 2010 - John Lund * 2011 - Sam Trowbridge Akimbeba Nathalie * 2012 - Tom Wilmot akimbeba Kirsty Wilmot * 2013 - Mike Witko akimmbeba Lindsey Finn (Mike alisonga mbele na alishika nafasi ya 3 akimbeba Hattie Archer kwenye mashindano ya dunia nchii Ufini) * 2014 - Rich Blake Smith Akimbeba Anna * 2015 - Jonathon Schwochert akimbeba Charlotte Xiong (mashindano haya yalimshuhudia pia Joel Hicks akimbeba "Tiny Tina" rafiki wa kiume) * 2016 - Jonathan Schwochert akimbeba Charlotte Xiong (shindano hili lilimshuhudia Joel Hicks akibeba wake wawili lakini akamaliza wa mwisho) * 2017 - Jack McKendrick akimbeba Kirsty Jones * 2018 - Chris Hepworth akimbeba Tanisha Prince<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-surrey-43689192|title=UK wife-carrying contest takes place in Dorking|date=April 8, 2018|publisher=BBC}}</ref> * 2019 - Chris Hepworth akimbeba Tanisha Prince === Marekani === Fainali ya Amerika inafanyika wikendi ya pili ya Julai huko Menahga Minnesota (MN-St. Urho Wife Carry for Charity Challenge). Mashindano makubwa ya kubeba mke pia hufanyika Monona, Wisconsin, Minocqua, Wisconsin na Marquette, Michigan. === Asia === Ecorun India, jamii ya kuleta mwamko kuhusu mazingira waliandaa masindano ya Ubebaji Mke huko Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, Asia mnamo tarehe 1 Januari 2011. Hafla hiyo inaitwa "Bhaaryaasametham" iliyotafsiriwa kama "na mke wako" katika Kimalayalam, lugha ya asili. Jamii inapanga kufanya hafla kama hizo kila mwaka nchini India. Ubebaji Mke Asia pia huitwa matukinina.[[Filamu|Sinema]] ya kihindi inayoitwa ''Dum Laga Ke Haisha'' ilikuwa na "shindano la Ubebaji Mke" nyuma ya pazia. == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Mabingwa wa Amerika Kaskazini Ehrin na Aprili Armstrong walionyeshwa kama wageni waalikwa kwenye kipindi cha msimu wa kwanza wa revival of [[:en:I've_Got_a_Secret|I've Got a Secret]] ya GSN. * Watangazaji wa BBC Mike Bushell na Steph McGovern walibadilisha majukumu yao wakati walishiriki mashindano ya kila mwaka ya Ubebaji Mke huko Uingereza mnamo 2013. Mtangazaji huyo wa kiume alisema hii ilikuwa ya kwanza.<ref>{{Citation|title=BBC pair swap roles for 'wife carrying' race|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-21979926|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> * Margo Uusorg na Sandra Kullas wanashikilia rekodi ya ulimwengu wakati wa mashindano haya, wakimaliza njia ya mita 253.5 kwa sekunde 56.9 mnamo mwaka 2006<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7|title=Guinness world records 2014|date=2013|publisher=[England] : Guinness World Records Limited|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-908843-35-7}}</ref> * Wahusika wakuu katika filamu ya Baba wa Mwaka wa 2018 waliingia na kushinda shindano la Ubebaji Mke == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171110162849/http://eukonkanto.fi/en Sonkajärvi – Wife Carrying World Championships] * [http://www.trionium.com/wife/ Wife carrying competition in the UK] == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] qpa2bvfkab7jtu798z8ct0syfzyef5i 0 134005 1577366 1527377 2026-06-28T21:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Toyin Ojih Odutola |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[1985]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Ile-Ife, [[Nigeria]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Msanii |nchi = [[Nigeria]] }} '''Toyin Ojih Odutola''' (amezaliwa [[1985]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kisasa wa [[Nigeria]] na [[Amerika]] anayejulikana kwa [[michoro]] yake ya [[media]] na hufanya [[kazi]] kwenye [[karatasi]].<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Morse|first=Trent|date=2014-01-08|title=Making Cutting-Edge Art with Ballpoint Pens|url=http://www.artnews.com/2014/01/08/great-art-made-with-ballpoint-pens/|access-date=2017-09-29|website=ARTnews|language=en-US}}</ref> Mtindo wake wa kipekee wa utengenezaji wa alama na utunzi wa kifahari hufikiria tena [[jamii]] na mila ya picha na [[hadithi]].<ref name=":2">{{Rejea habari|author=Sydney Gove|date=2017-02-26|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola Uses Art To Challenge Invented Constructs Of The Self|language=en|work=NYLON|url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/toyin-ojih-odutola-interview|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref>Mchoro wa Ojih Odutola mara nyingi huchunguza mada anuwai kutoka usawa wa kijamii na kiuchumi, urithi wa [[ukoloni]], malkia na nadharia ya jinsia, maoni ya watu weusi kama ishara ya kuona jamii, na pia uzoefu wa uhamiaji na uhamishaji.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea habari|last=Fallon|first=Claire|date=2015-12-09|title=Stunning Ballpoint Imagery Explores Blackness And The Power Of Ink|language=en-US|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/toyin-ojih-odutola-portraits_us_5666e090e4b079b2818ff529|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Ojih Odutola alizaliwa mnamo [[1985]] huko Ile-Ife, [[Nigeria]], ambapo wazazi wake wote walikuwa walimu. Mnamo [[1990]] mama yake, Nelene Ojih, alimpeleka Toyin na [[kaka]] yake aliokuwa na miaka miwili kwenda [[Marekani]] kuungana na baba yao, Dk. J. Ade Odutola, huko [[Berkeley]], [[California]], alikokuwa akifanya utafiti na kufundisha kemia katika chuo kikuu.Baada ya miaka minne huko [[Berkeley]], familia ilihamia [[Huntsville]], [[Alabama]] mnamo [[1994]] ambapo baba yake alikua profesa katika chuo kikuu cha A & M cha [[Alabama]] na mama yake muuguzi. Ojih Odutola ni wa asili ya [[kiyoruba]] na [[Igbo]] kutoka urithi wa baba na mama.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite web |last1=Kazanjian |first1=Dodie |title=Reimagining Black Experience in the Radical Drawings of Toyin Ojih Odutola |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/toyin-ojih-odutola-interview-vogue-august-2018 |website=Vogue |accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref> Mnamo [[2007]], akiwa mwanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza, alishiriki katika Norfolk Summer Residency kwenye [[muziki]] na [[sanaa]], kutoka [[chuo kikuu]] cha Yale huko [[Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Toyin Ojih Odutola |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/toyin-odutola/biography |website=Artnet |accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yale Norfolk School of Art |url=https://www.art.yale.edu/about/study-areas/summer-programs/norfolk |website=Norfolk-Yale School of Art |accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref> Muda mfupi baadaye mnamo [[2008]], alipokea shahada ya sanaa katika studio ya sanaa na mawasiliano kutoka chuo kikuu cha [[Alabama]] huko [[Huntsville]].<ref name="JACK">[http://www.jackshainman.com/files/4615/4040/0665/Ojih_Odutola_Biography.pdf "Ojih Odutola Biography"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/files/4615/4040/0665/Ojih_Odutola_Biography.pdf |date=20181126134844 }}, Jack Shainman Gallery, Retrieved 25 November 2018.</ref>Mnamo mwaka wa [[2012]], alipata shada ya kwanza ya uzamili ya sanaa kutoka chuo cha sanaa cha [[California]], huko [[San Francisco]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.toyinodutola.com/|title=AllContent|website=Toyin Ojih Odutola|accessdate=30 October 2017|archivedate=2015-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423143437/http://toyinodutola.com/}}</ref> ==Kazi== Alipokuwa akisoma katika chuo cha sanaa cha [[California]] huko [[San Francisco]], aliwasilisha onyesho lake la kwanza la solo huko [[New York]], "(MAPS)" katika jumba la sanaa la Jack Shainman mnamo [[2011]]. Ilijumuishwa na mkusanyiko wa takwimu nyeusi kwenye asili nyeupe iliyokatwa kwa safu na kalamu. Mawazo nyuma ya safu hii ya ngozi kama jiografia ilimtambulisha kama sauti mpya katika uwakilishi wa ngozi nyeusi.<ref name="vogue.com"/> Jarida la Forbes lilimshirikisha Ojih Odutola katika orodha yake ya [[2012]] ya watu 30 mashuhuri chini ya miaka 30 katika kitengo cha "Sanaa na Mtindo."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mkl45jfhj/toyin-odutola-artist-2/#76d71ec97074|title=Toyin Odutola, Artist, 27 - pg.21|last=Adams|first=Susan|website=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamlehrer/2016/02/25/artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-explores-and-questions-the-construct-of-blackness/#79c967cbc015|title=Artist Toyin Ojih Odutola Explores and Questions the Construct of Blackness|last=Lehrer|first=Adam|work=Forbes|date=2016-02-25|access-date=2017-09-29|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa [[2015]], maonyesho yake ya makumbusho ya solo, ''Untold Stories'' katika jumba la kumbukumbu ya sanaa ya kisasa [[St Louis]], ilianzisha usimuliaji wa hadithi na maandishi katika kazi yake, ikiashiria mabadiliko katika mazoezi yake ya studio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-01-25|title=Toyin Odutola: Untold Stories|url=https://camstl.org/exhibitions/toyin-odutola-untold-stories/|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa [[2016]], aliwasilisha "A Matter of Fact," maonyesho ya peke yake kwenye jumba la kumbukumbu la Waafrika huko [[San Francisco]], akichunguza mtindo mpya wa kazi alizotengeneza wakati wa makazi yake katika kituo cha sanaa cha Headlands, huko Sausalito, [[California]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=http://www.headlands.org/artist/toyin-ojih-odutola/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Headlands Center for the Arts|language=en}}</ref> Kazi yake ilitumika kama jalada la Jarida la Juxtapoz mnamo [[Novemba]] [[2017]], kwenye hafla ya maonyesho yake ya pekee ya makumbusho, "To Wander Determined," katika jumba la kumbukumbu la Whitney la sanaa ya [[Amerika]], [[New York]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.juxtapoz.com/news/magazine/features/behind-the-cover-toyin-ojih-odutola/|title=Beyond the Cover: Toyin Ojih Odutola|last=Benson|first=Eben|access-date=2017-09-29|language=en}}</ref> Maonyesho hayo yalionyesha safu kadhaa za takwimu zilizounganishwa na hadithi ya nasaba mbili za kifalme za [[Nigeria]], ambao wamejiunga na umoja wa wana wenye jina kutoka kwa familia zote mbili. Ojih Odutola anatambulisha picha kama mkusanyiko wa kibinafsi kutoka kwa familia hizi, ambazo ni za asili tofauti za kiwango cha juu ambazo hazijahusishwa na historia ya ukoloni. Msingi wa picha zilizo za uwongo hualika watazamaji kufafanua ukweli ulio nyuma yao.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Rebecca |title=Wandering with Determination and Beauty |url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/review-wandering-determination-beauty/ |website=WNYC |accessdate=8 July 2020}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwa msanii wa Lida A. Orzeck ’68 Distinguished Artist-in-Residence kwa mwaka wa masomo wa [[2017]] hadi [[2018]] katika chuo cha Barnard huko [[New York]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://barnard.edu/news/visual-artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-join-barnard-college-orzeck-artist-residence|title=Visual Artist Toyin Ojih Odutola to Join Barnard College as Orzeck Artist-in-Residence|access-date=2019-03-16|language=en|accessdate=2021-03-27|archivedate=2019-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226122529/https://www.barnard.edu/news/visual-artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-join-barnard-college-orzeck-artist-residence}}</ref> Mwaka wa [[2018]], alishiriki katika upigaji kura wa 12 wa manifesta ya miaka miwili, huko [[Palermo]], [[Italia]], na maonyesho yake ya solo ya, "Scenes of Exchange."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-06-15|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=http://m12.manifesta.org/toyin-ojih-odutola/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Manifesta 12 Palermo|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba [[2018]], aliteuliwa kama mmoja wa wasanii 21 waliochaguliwa kuwania [[tuzo]] ya sanaa ya ''Future Generation Art Prize'' kwa [[2019]], iliyowasilishwa katika maonyesho ya kikundi huko PinchukArtCentre huko Kiev, [[Ukraine]], ambayo baadaye ilisafiri kujumuishwa katika maonyesho ya Venice Biennale ya 58 mnamo [[2019]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://futuregenerationartprize.org/|title=The Future Generation Art Prize|website=Future Generation Art Prize|language=en|access-date=2019-03-09|archive-date=2019-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119022000/https://futuregenerationartprize.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ojih Odutola aliingizwa katika daraja la kitaifa la wanataaluma wa [[2019]], wa chuo cha kitaifa cha ubunifu.Uteuzi wa heshima ya maisha na mila iliyoanza mnamo [[1825]], washiriki wa sasa huteua kwa siri na kuchagua darasa jipya kila mwaka kuheshimu michango ya wasanii kwa kanuni na hadithi ya sanaa ya [[Amerika]]. Maonyesho na kazi za sanaa ambazo zinaonyeshwa na mabalozi huhamasisha kizazi kijacho wakati wakilima utamaduni wake wa miaka 200. Wanataaluma wa kitaifa wanasaidia kama mabalozi wa sanaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nationalacademy.org/class-of-2019|title=Class of 2019|website=National Academy of Design|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-03|accessdate=2021-03-27|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101204703/https://www.nationalacademy.org/class-of-2019}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[2020]], jumba lake la kwanza la kumbukumbu la makumbusho huko [[Uingereza]] lilifunguliwa kwenye ukumbi wa sanaa wa The Curve katika kituo cha Barbican, [[London]], kilichoitwa "A Countervailing Theory." Hasa kwa tume hii, Ojih Odutola aliunda kazi 40 zinazoonyesha mfano wa zamani uliowekwa katikati mwa [[Nigeria]] Jos Plateau. Katika mahojiano ya msanii huyo na The Guardian, Ojih Odutola alisema kuwa maonyesho hayo yaliongozwa na vipindi viwili: kusoma juu ya muundo wa miamba ya zamani katikati mwa [[Nigeria]]; na kusikia juu ya mtaalam wa akiolojia wa kijerumani ambaye kwa makosa alihusisha sanamu za shaba zilizopatikana nchini [[Nigeria]] na 'Wagiriki kutoka Atlantis' kwa sababu yeye 'hakuweza kuwashawishi wanijeria wenye uwezo wa akili wa kuunda vitu sawa na vizuri'. Kati ya hii michoro miwili,nyeusi na nyeupe ambazo 'hupiga hati katika kila hali', kwa maneno ya msanii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Interview - Artist Toyin Ojih Odutola: 'I’m interested in how power dynamics play out'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/aug/01/artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-through-drawing-i-can-cope-with-racism-sexism-cultural-friction|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Guardian}}</ref>Mwandishi, Zadie Smith, aliandika insha juu ya mada za maonyesho kwenye '''The New Yorker''',<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Smith|first=Zadie|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola’s Visions of Power|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/08/17/toyin-ojih-odutolas-visions-of-power|access-date=2020-09-22|website=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref>pia imejumuishwa katika orodha ya maonyesho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: A Countervailing Theory {{!}} Barbican|url=https://www.barbican.org.uk/our-story/press-room/toyin-ojih-odutola-a-countervailing-theory|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.barbican.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> ==Mtindo na ushawishi== Ojih Odutola anajulikana zaidi kwa michoro yake ya kina kabisa au kimsingi imefanywa kwa wino mweusi wa kalamu. Kazi yake ya hivi karibuni imeongezeka kuwa ni matumizi ya mkaa, pasteli, chaki, na penseli.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/raw-material/|title=Raw Material: A Podcast from SFMOMA|website=SFMOMA|language=en|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref>Walakini,hajifikiri kama msanii; masomo ya michoro yake ni kweli yamechorwa kutoka kwa watu wengi tofauti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Toyin Ojij Odutola {{!}} Artist Profile|url=https://ocula.com/artists/toyin-ojih-odutola/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Ocula}}</ref>Anamsifu mwalimu wake wa sanaa ya shule ya upili, Dana Bathurst, kwa kumtambulisha kwa wasanii wa picha za Kiafrika-Amerika kama vile Jacob Lawrence, Elizabeth Catlett, Romare Bearden na Barkley L. Hendricks.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/08/t-magazine/yaa-gyasi-toyin-ojih-odutola.html|title=A Portrait of the Artist as a Young African Immigrant|last=Selasi|first=Taiye|date=2017-05-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ojih Odutola pia amepokea msukumo na ushawishi kutoka kwa vitabu vya kuchekesha, manga ya Kijapani, na anime. Kwa kuongezea, kusoma kazi za wasanii wa kisasa kama Kerry James Marshall, Wangechi Mutu, na Julie Mehretu kulikuwa na athari wakati alikuwa shule muda wa kuhitimu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bramowitz |first1=Julie |title=Toyin Odutola and the Public Struggle |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/toyin-odutola-the-constant-struggle |website=Interview Magazine}}</ref> Kazi ya Ojih Odutola mara nyingi huonwa kuwa yenye kupinga dhana nyingi za jadi juu ya kitambulisho cha kijamii na kisiasa na pia mfumo ambao hufafanuliwa. Kazi yake ni njia ya kukusudia ya kutafsiri hadithi hizo juu ya rangi, kitambulisho,kwa kuibua. Hii inafanywa kupitia njia na nyuso anazotumia pamoja na maumbo yanayowasilishwa kwenye takwimu na mandhari anayoonyesha katika michoro yake ya kina. Kwa Ojih Odutola, muundo ni aina ya mawasiliano na lugha kwa mtazamaji. Alama anuwai anazounda zinawakilisha aina ya lahaja na lafudhi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/toyin-ojih-odutola-on-connecting-with-others-through-portraiture|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola on connecting with others through portraiture|date=2019-09-19|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> ==Makusanyo== Kazi za Ojih Odutola zimehifadhiwa katika makusanyo mengi ya umma, pamoja na: *Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, New York<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/67272|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola {{!}} MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Whitney la Sanaa ya Amerika, New York<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://whitney.org/artists/17270|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola|website=whitney.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> *Jumba la Metropolitan ya Sanaa, New York<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/780428|title=Unclaimed Estates, 2017, Toyin Ojih Odutola|last=|first=|date=|website=www.metmuseum.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Sanaa la Birmingham, AL<ref name=":0" /> *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Sanaa la Baltimore, Maryland<ref name=":0" /> *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Frye, Seattle, Washington<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Recent Acquisitions: Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=https://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/7155|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Frye Art Museum|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-03-27|archivedate=2022-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222122744/https://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/7155}}</ref> *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Sanaa, Chuo cha Dartmouth, New Hampshire *Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, Boston, Massachusetts<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Heir Apparent {{!}} icaboston.org|url=https://www.icaboston.org/art/toyin-ojih-odutola/heir-apparent|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.icaboston.org}}</ref> *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Sanaa la Mississippi, Mississippi *Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa San Diego<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-05-09|title=MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART SAN DIEGO ANNOUNCES NEW EXHIBITIONS|url=https://www.mcasd.org/about/press/museum-contemporary-art-san-diego-announces-new-exhibitions|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919230829/https://www.mcasd.org/about/press/museum-contemporary-art-san-diego-announces-new-exhibitions|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Picha ya Kitaifa, [[London]], [[Uingereza]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola - National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp165431/toyin-ojih-odutola|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.npg.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Sanaa la New Orleans, Louisiana *Chuo cha Sanaa Bora cha Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Sanaa la Philadelphia, Pennsylvania *Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton, New Jersey *Jumba la kumbukumbu la RISD la Sanaa, Providence, Rhode Island *Jamii ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Chicago, Illinois *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Sanaa la Spencer, Kansas *Jumba la kumbukumbu la Honolulu la Nyumba ya Uchoraji wa Sanaa, Hawaii *Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Sanaa za Kiafrika, Taasisi ya Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. ==Tuzo== *2007: Ellen Battell Stoeckel Fellowship Grant, Chuo Kikuu cha Yale. *2008: Erzulie Veasey Johnson Uchoraji na Tuzo ya Kuchora, Chuo Kikuu cha Alabama huko Huntsville. *2011: Tuzo ya Ushirika wa Murphy na Cadogan, The San Francisco Foundation. *2017: Lida A. Orzeck Msanii mashuhuri wa Makazi, Chuo cha Barnard. *2018: Tuzo ya Maono ya Rees, Amref Health Africa. *2019: Iliyoorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Sanaa ya Kizazi cha Baadaye ya Victor Pinchuk. *2020: Lauréate of the Prix Jean-François Prat, The Bredin Prat Foundation for Contemporary Art. ==Machapisho== *Alfabeti: Fahirisi Iliyochaguliwa ya Hadithi na Michoro, [[2012]]. *Matibabu, 2015-17, Vitabu vya Anteism, [[2018]]. *Kwa Opacity: Elijah Burgher, Toyin Ojih Odutola, na Nathaniel Mary, Kituo cha Kuchora, Katalogi ya Maonyesho, [[2018]]. *Toyin Ojih Odutola: Jambo la Ukweli, Jumba la kumbukumbu la Wajumbe wa Kiafrika, orodha ya Maonyesho, [[2019]]. *Nadharia ya Kukabili, Kituo cha Barbican, Katalogi ya Maonyesho, [[2020]]. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] pgjrvq92xhnpcqpgxtmwfg8pnj7vvvz 0 134656 1577342 1299582 2026-06-28T15:51:05Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Jahanna Brant |picha = Johanna Brandt.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[18 Novemba]] [[1876]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = [[13 Januari]] [[1964]] |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = mtangazaji wa propaganda |nchi = {{flag|South Africa}} }} {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Johanna Brandt''' [[18 Novemba]] [[1876]] huko Heidelberg, Gauteng Jamhuri ya Afrika Kusini - 13 Januari [[1964]] Newlands, [[Cape Town]] alikuwa mwenezaji wa propaganda wa [[Afrika Kusini]] Utaifa wa Kiafrika, upelelezi wakati wa Vita vya Boer, nabii na mwandishi juu ya masomo ya afya yenye utata. ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1876]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] 2if0vje93myru2ycmvfrqng4rr9bxww 0 136665 1577351 1469978 2026-06-28T17:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Slimane Bengui | nchi = | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Slimane Bengui | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Algeria | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = Mwandishi na Mfanyabiashara | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Slimane Bengui''' alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Algeria]]. Alikuwa [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[gazeti]] la kwanza la [[Kifaransa|Kifaransa-]] lugha ya Algeria ''"El Hack"''. Kwa kuongezea, pia alikuwa mtengenezaji wa [[tumbaku]].<ref name="LNR">{{citation|title=Maison "Dar Bengui"|url=http://www.lnr-dz.com/index.php?page=details&id=63641|year=2017|publisher=La Nouvelle République|quote=Selon nos sources, cette maison d'époque ottomane appartenait à El Haj Omar Bengui, suite à son mariage avec la fille de Mostefa Ben Karim. Cette dernière était une notable de la famille Bey Kara Ali une famile d'origine Turque, proche du Bey Brahim El Greitli (l'avant dernier Bey de Constantine de l'Empire Ottoman). Leur fils, Slimane Bengui, était manufacturier de tabac, au coeur de la médina. En 1893, Slimane Bengui devient directeur du premier journal algérien de langue française, « El Hack » (« La Vérité », en arabe)...Journal hebdomadaire, dont certaines éditions furent publiées également en langue arabe, El Hack menait un combat à la fois culturel et politique pour défendre les valeurs de la population musulmane colonisée. Jugé rebelle, l'administration française l'interdit en 1894. Son aspect extérieue La maison se démarque du reste des constructions avoisinantes par l'encorbellement du balcon.}}.</ref><ref name="DarBengui">Annaba-Patrimoine. "Dar Bengui". https://annaba-patrimoine.org/dar-bengui/ {{Wayback|url=https://annaba-patrimoine.org/dar-bengui/ |date=20251213044920 }}</ref><ref name="DunwoodieBengui">Dunwoodie, Peter. *Francophone Writing in Transition: Algeria 1900-1945*. Peter Lang.</ref><ref name="SegalCulturalStruggle">Segal, Daniel Alan. *Crossing Cultures: Essays in the Displacement of Western Civilization*. University of Arizona Press.</ref> == "El Hack" gazeti == Mnamo [[1893]] Slimane Bengui, pamoja na Omar Samar na Khelil Kaid Laioun, walizindua gazeti la ''"El Hack"'' huko [[Hippo|Bône]] (Annaba). Gazeti lilikuwa chapisho la kwanza kupatikana kwa umma nchini Algeria<ref>{{citation |last=Dunwoodie|first=Peter|year=2005|title=Francophone Writing in Transition: Algeria 1900-1945|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|isbn=303910294X|page=24}}</ref>. Limeandikwa zaidi katika [[Kifaransa]], gazeti la kila wiki pia lilijumuisha machapisho kadhaa katika [[Kiarabu|lugha]] ya [[Kiarabu]]. Baba yake Bengui Hadj Omar, ndiye alikuwa mfadhili mkuu wa gazeti hilo<ref>{{citation |last=Segal|first=Daniel Alan|year=1992|title=Crossing cultures: essays in the displacement of western civilization|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|isbn=0816512779|page=207}}</ref> . Kama mkurugenzi, Bengui na wenzake walishiriki katika mapambano ya kitamaduni na kisiasa kutetea [[maadili]] ya [[Mwislamu|waislamu]] waliokuwa wakitawaliwa. Kwa hivyo, uongozi wa Ufaransa ulipiga marufuku gazeti la ''"El Hack"'' mnamo [[1894]]<ref name="LNR"/>. == Maisha binafsi == Babake Bengui alikuwa El Haj Omar Bengui, ambaye alikuwa akimiliki ikulu ya "Dar Bengui" huko Annaba<ref name="LNR"/>. Mama yake alikuwa binti wa Mostefa Ben Karim ambaye alitoka katika familia ya Bey Kara Ali - [[familia]] mashuhuri ya asili ya [[Kituruki]]<ref name="LNR"/>. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Algeria]] jlnbt3pnv9lzzrmzuzskg7n1u1d0xqy 0 137286 1577380 1430825 2026-06-29T01:26:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uwanja wa michezo wa Pillars''' ni uwanja wenye matumizi tofautitofauti ulio katika eneo la Sabon Gari Kano, [[Jimbo la Kano]], nchini [[Nigeria]], kwenye makutano ya [[barabara]] ya [[Abuja]] na barabara ya [[Uwanja wa Ndege]]. Uwanja huo una uwezo wa kuchukua watu 10,000. Mnamo mwaka [[2014]] ulikuwa uwanja wa muda wa timu ya El-Kanemi Warriors baada ya ule wa nyumbani kwao huko [[Maiduguri]] kuonekana kutokuwa salama kwa mechi. Hivi sasa unatumiwa zaidi kwa [[mpira wa miguu]] (soka/kandanda) na mechi, pia ni mojawapo ya viwanja viwili vinavyotumiwa na Kano [[Pillars FC]], kingine kikiwa Uwanja wa Sani Abacha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://africanfootball.com/news/485302/CAF-inspect-Pillars-Sabongari-Stadium |title=CAF Inspects Pillars Sabongari Stadium |accessdate=2015-03-13 |author= |date=2014-11-28 |ref= |archive-date=2015-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101202017/http://africanfootball.com/news/485302/CAF-inspect-Pillars-Sabongari-Stadium |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la Kano]] 1wi6hx4uyqtzka6seauknzdfzipwvty 0 137546 1577379 1555500 2026-06-29T01:18:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:King's Park Stadium, Durban.jpg|thumb|Uwanja Wa Kings Park]] [[Picha:Kings Park panorama.jpg|thumb|Uwanja Wa Kings Park ]] '''Uwanja wa michezo wa Kings Park''' kwa sasa hujulikana kama ''Jonsson Kings Park'' baada ya kudhaminiwa mnamo [[Machi 8]], [[2018]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/03/16/time-for-a-break/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114093635/https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/03/16/time-for-a-break/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ni uwanja wa michezo uliopo ''Kings Park Sporting Precinct'' huko [[Durban]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Uwanja huo ulijengwa kustahimili mnamo mwaka [[1958]],<ref name="Stadium history">{{cite web | url=http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/stadium/history | title=Stadium history | publisher=The Sharks | access-date=25 Jun 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707205407/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/stadium/history | archive-date=2014-07-07 | accessdate=2021-06-08 | archivedate=2014-07-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707205407/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/stadium/history }}</ref><ref name="Facts about Durban">{{cite web | url=http://www.fad.co.za/Resources/memoirs/kp/kp.htm | title=Facts about Durban - Kings Park | publisher=Allan Jackson | date=6 Mar 2007 | access-date=25 Jun 2014 | archive-date=2022-01-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127022950/https://www.fad.co.za/Resources/memoirs/kp/kp.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> na una uwezo wa kuchukua watu 12,000. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] rb1j21uhyio9x6513bwv81p0yg08sem 0 139041 1577382 1528704 2026-06-29T01:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577382 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Valentine Rugwabiza, Deputy Director General of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).jpg|thumb|Picha ya Valentine Rugwabiza (2011)]] '''Valentine Sendanyoye Rugwabiza''' (amezaliwa [[25 Julai]] [[1963]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Rwanda]] ambaye amewahi kuwa [[Mwakilishi]] wa Kudumu wa nchi hiyo kwa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] tangu [[2016]]. == Maisha na Elimu == Rugwabiza alizaliwa tarehe 25 Julai 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=New Permanent Representative of Rwanda Presents Credentials {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/bio4900.doc.htm|work=www.un.org|accessdate=2021-06-30}}</ref> Ana [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza]] na [[shahada ya uzamili]] ya uchumi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Kitaifa cha [[Zaire (mkoa)|Zaire]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Valentine Sendanyoye Rugwabiza|url=http://grandslacsafrique.unblog.fr/2008/05/29/valentine-sendanyoye-rugwabiza/|work=Grandslacs|accessdate=2021-06-30}}</ref> == Kazi == Kwa miaka nane, Rugwabiza alifanya kazi kwa [[kampuni]] ya kimataifa ya Uswisi Hoffmann-La Roche, akiwa mkuu wa maendeleo ya kibiashara na uuzaji wa Afrika ya Kati huko Yaoundé na kisha kama mkurugenzi wa mkoa huko [[Cote d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]]. [3] Alirudi [[Kigali]] mnamo [[1997]] kuendesha kampuni yake mwenyewe, Synergy Group.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=404|url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-details/?id=1495|work=www.parliament.gov.rw|accessdate=2021-06-30|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181701/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-details/?id=1495|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Mnamo [[2002]], Rugwabiza aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Rwanda nchini Uswizi na Mwakilishi wa Kudumu katika Ofisi ya UN huko Geneva, akihudumu kwa miaka mitatu.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=WTO {{!}} Deputy Directors-General|url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/ddgs_e.htm|work=www.wto.org|accessdate=2021-06-30|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Kuanzia 2005 hadi 2013, Rugwabiza alikuwa Naibu Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Shirika la Biashara Ulimwenguni,<ref name=":0" /> mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo.<ref name=":1" /> Yeye ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Shirikisho la Sekta Binafsi la Rwanda, Shirika la Wajasiriamali Wanawake wa Rwanda na Mkutano wa Viongozi wa Wanawake wa Rwanda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hon. Valentine Rugwabiza|url=https://africanscholars.yale.edu/people/hon-valentine-rugwabiza|work=Yale Young African Scholars|accessdate=2021-06-30|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> Rugwabiza alikuwa [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji wa Bodi ya Maendeleo ya Rwanda kutoka 2013–2014.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rwanda’s bet: Middle-income or bust|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/4236/rwandas-bet-middle-income-or-bust/|work=The Africa Report.com|date=2014-07-01|accessdate=2021-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref>Alihudumu kama Waziri wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] kutoka 2014 hadi 2016.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka wa [[2015]], alitajwa kama mmoja wa "wanawake 50 wenye uwezo barani Afrika Jeune Afrique."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rwanda : Valentine Rugwabiza, de l’OMC à l’intégration est-africaine – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/36020/politique/rwanda-valentine-rugwabiza-de-l-omc-l-int-gration-est-africaine/|work=JeuneAfrique.com|date=2015-01-12|accessdate=2021-06-30|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Rugwabiza aliteuliwa kuwa Mwakilishi wa Kudumu wa Rwanda katika Umoja wa Mataifa na Rais Paul Kagame mnamo [[Novemba]] 2016. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.minicom.gov.rw/index.php?id=24&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1115&cHash=eef0f8de04657ba4a040ca53b4c3b3e9 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-30 |archivedate=2017-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817122428/http://www.minicom.gov.rw/index.php?id=24&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=1115&cHash=eef0f8de04657ba4a040ca53b4c3b3e9 }}</ref> Anabaki kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Mawaziri la Rwanda<ref name=":0" /> na alikuwa mjumbe wa [[Bunge la Afrika Mashariki]] kwa kipindi cha miaka mitano kuanzia 2012 hadi Juni 2017.<ref>http://www.eala.org/members/view/amb.-rugwabiza-valentine</ref> Mnamo Februari 2022, Umoja wa Mataifa ulitangaza kwamba Valentine Rugwabiza atachukua nafasi ya Mankeur Ndiaye wa Senegal kama mkuu wa Minusca, ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa kulinda amani katika Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220224-v</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Rugwabiza ameolewa na John Paulin Sendanyoye. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] 9vilaahhlh9q9zlcigdzdisiviaiibf 0 144654 1577439 1428824 2026-06-29T10:41:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albert Khanbulatovich Batyrgaziev''', (alizaliwa [[23 Juni]], [[1998]]) ni mshindi wa [[medali]] ya dhahabu kutokea [[Urusi|nchini Urusi]] [23 Juni 1998] katika mashindano ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] huko [[Tokyo]].<ref>https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/856316</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://boxing.athlete365.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/C32A__ALL-1.pdf | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2021-12-03 |archivedate=2021-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203172115/http://boxing.athlete365.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/C32A__ALL-1.pdf }}</ref> == Kazi == Batyrgaziev alikuwa mpiga ndondi bingwa alipokua kijana kabla ya kuanza ndondi mwaka 2016.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-sports-boxing-russia-olympic-team-united-states-olympic-team-772c9613267f8c0a460fa7b01c54688f</ref> Alikua mchezaji mashuhuri, Batyrgaziev aliiwakilisha [[Urusi]] kwenye Mashindano ya Dunia ya 2019, Baada ya kucheza kwa mara ya kwanza kitaaluma mwaka 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eubcboxing.org/news/dzambekov-and-abduljabbar-boxed-over-their-previous-limits-at-the-aiba-world-boxing-championships-on-day7/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-12-03 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205415/http://www.eubcboxing.org/news/dzambekov-and-abduljabbar-boxed-over-their-previous-limits-at-the-aiba-world-boxing-championships-on-day7/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Batyrgaziev alishinda mapambano yake mawili ya kwanza [[Tokyo|mjini Tokyo]] na kufika nusu fainali, ambapo alitoka nyuma kwenye ubingwa na kumshinda mshindi wa medali tatu za [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] wa [[Kuba|Cuba]] Lázaro Álvarez. <ref>https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-sports-boxing-russia-olympic-team-united-states-olympic-team-772c9613267f8c0a460fa7b01c54688f</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://sport-journal.com/batyrgaziev-first-professional-boxer-with-an-olympic-gold/ | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2021-12-03 |archivedate=2021-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203172116/https://sport-journal.com/batyrgaziev-first-professional-boxer-with-an-olympic-gold/ }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:USLWO]] fntaydxlt0iarp2yht3ak8by1yseidh 0 147787 1577410 1297844 2026-06-29T08:07:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina = Zoë Wicomb |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = [[23 Novemba]] [[1948]] |alikufa = |nchi = [[Afrika Kusini]] |kazi yake = [[mwandishi]] na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[fasihi]] |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Zoë Wicomb''' (alizaliwa [[23 Novemba]] [[1948]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[fasihi]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]-Scottish ambaye ameishi nchini [[Uingereza]] tangu mwaka [[1970]].<ref>[[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]], [http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/06/homing-instinct-october-zo-wicomb "Homing instinct: October by Zoë Wicomb"], ''[[New Statesman]]'', 26 June 2014.</ref> Mwaka [[2013]] alitunukiwa [[tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa kazi yake ya fasihi. ==Maisha ya Awali== Zoë Wicomb alizaliwa karibu na Vanrhynsdorp, [[Rasi ya Magharibi]], nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alikulia katika [[mji]] mdogo wa Namaqualand, alikwenda [[Cape Town]] kusoma shule ya sekondari, na alisoma Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape (ambacho kilianzishwa mwaka [[1960]] kama chuo kikuu cha "Coloreds").<ref>[https://www.uwc.ac.za/Pages/History.aspx "UWC History"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/Pages/History.aspx |date=20130228173346 }}, University of the Western Cape.</ref><ref>[http://www.intermix.org.uk/features/FEA_13_zoe_wicomb.asp "Zoe Wicomb A Writer Of Rare Brilliance"]. Interview by David Robinson for ''The Scotsman'', 2000; via Intermix.</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu, alihama Afrika Kusini mwaka wa [[1970]] na kwenda Uingereza, ambako aliendelea na masomo yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Reading. Aliishi huko [[Nottingham]] na [[Glasgow]] na kurudi Afrika Kusini mwaka [[1990]], ambapo alifundisha kwa miaka mitatu katika idara ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape. Mwaka [[1994]], alihamia Glasgow, [[Uskoti]], ambapo alikuwa [[Profesa]] wa Uandishi na Ubunifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Strathclyde hadi kustaafu kwake mwaka [[2009]]. Alikuwa Profesa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] tangu mwaka wa [[2005]] hadi [[2011]]. Pia ni profesa mstaafu wa chuo kikuu cha Strathclyde. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.scottishbooktrust.com/profile-author/33187 "Author details: Zoe Wicomb"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scottishbooktrust.com/profile-author/33187 |date=20161124093633 }}, [[Scottish Book Trust]]. * [[Bharati Mukherjee]], [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE0D91F3AF937A15756C0A961948260 "They Never Wanted To Be Themselves" (review)], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 May 1987.[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/24/books/they-never-wanted-to-be-themselves.html?pagewanted=all "They Never Wanted To Be Themselves"], ''The New York Times'', 24 May 1987. * [http://randomhouse-umuzi.book.co.za/blog/2008/07/16/fourteen-new-short-stories-from-zoe-wicomb-the-one-that-got-away "Fourteen New Short Stories from Zoë Wicomb: The One That Got Away"] {{Wayback|url=http://randomhouse-umuzi.book.co.za/blog/2008/07/16/fourteen-new-short-stories-from-zoe-wicomb-the-one-that-got-away |date=20080906221149 }}, Umuzi @ ''Sunday Times Books LIVE'', 16 July 2008. * [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cjss20/36/3 ''Journal of Southern African Studies''], 36.3 (2010). Special Issue: Zoe Wicomb: Texts and Histories. * [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rsaf20/12/3-4 ''Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies''] 12.3-4 (2011). Special Issue: Zoë Wicomb, the Cape & the Cosmopolitan. * ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcwr20/23/2 Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa]'' 23.2 (2011). * [http://www.intermix.org.uk/features/FEA_13_zoe_wicomb.asp "Zoe Wicomb A Writer Of Rare Brilliance"], Intermix. * [https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/01/14/conversation-issue-intersectionality-seems-so-blindingly-obvious-a-notion-zoe-wicomb-in-conversation-with-andrew-van-der-vlies-from-their-new-book-race-nation-translation/ "‘Intersectionality seems so blindingly obvious a notion’—Zoë Wicomb in conversation with Andrew van der Vlies, from their new book Race, Nation, Translation"], ''The Johannesburg Review of Books'', Conversation Issue, 14 January 2019. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Uandishi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] 0cpky88ut5r76sgt2hovbuunejoxn6t 0 147918 1577365 1451895 2026-06-28T21:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577365 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tope Folarin 0289.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Tope Folarin]] '''Tope Folarin''' (alizaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1981]]) ni [[mwandishi]] [[Nigeria|Mnigeria]]-[[Mmarekani]] na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Sera. Alishinda Tuzo ya Caine ya 2013 ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika kwa hadithi yake fupi "Muujiza". <ref>[http://caineprize.com/previous-winners/?rq=tope%20folarin "Previous winners: 2013 Tope Folarin"] {{Wayback|url=http://caineprize.com/previous-winners/?rq=tope%20folarin |date=20200809171112 }}, The Caine Prize.</ref> Mnamo Aprili [[2014]] alitajwa katika mradi wa Hay Festival 's Africa39 kama mmoja wa waandishi 39 wa Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara wenye umri wa chini ya miaka 40 mwenye uwezo na talanta ya kufafanua mitindo ya eneo hilo. <ref>[http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-e-h.aspx Africa39 list of artists], Hay Festival.</ref> Hadithi yake "Genesis" iliorodheshwa kwenye Tuzo za 2016 za Caine. <ref>Alison Flood, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/11/nigerian-author-tope-folarin-in-running-for-second-caine-prize "Nigerian author Tope Folarin in running for second Caine prize"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 May 2016.</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Folarin anaishi [[Washington, D.C.]] <ref>Charlotte Lytton, [http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/africa/folarin-wins-caine-prize/index.html "Nigerian Tope Folarin wins Caine Prize for tale of deceit in Texas church"], CNN, 9 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] 002evrtnl6yqt7zkq1akknzud7n1jzh 0 148048 1577364 1443001 2026-06-28T21:05:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martinus Johannes "Tinus" de Jongh''' ([[31 Januari]] [[1885]] huko [[Amsterdam]] &#x2013; [[17 Julai]] [[1942]] huko [[Bloemfontein]]) alikuwa mmoja wa wachoraji maarufu nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Maisha binafsi == Tinus alifunga [[ndoa]] na Johanna Maria Verhoef mnamo [[Aprili]] [[1911]]. Walikuwa na watoto 3 ambao ni Wilhelmina, Petronella na Gabriel de Jongh, ambaye alikuja kuwa msanii wa mandhari nchini Afrika Kusini. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tinusdejongh.co.za/tinus-de-jongh/ |title=Tinus De Jongh Art Gallery |accessdate=2022-03-20 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424030447/https://tinusdejongh.co.za/tinus-de-jongh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1885]] 3654r55qs3lth30jdhw2vehnqun51ak 1577377 1577364 2026-06-29T01:06:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1577377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martinus Johannes "Tinus" de Jongh''' ([[31 Januari]] [[1885]] huko [[Amsterdam]] &#x2013; [[17 Julai]] [[1942]] huko [[Bloemfontein]]) alikuwa mmoja wa wachoraji maarufu nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Maisha binafsi == Tinus alifunga [[ndoa]] na Johanna Maria Verhoef mnamo [[Aprili]] [[1911]]. Walikuwa na watoto 3 ambao ni Wilhelmina, Petronella na Gabriel de Jongh, ambaye alikuja kuwa msanii wa mandhari nchini Afrika Kusini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tinusdejongh.co.za/tinus-de-jongh/ |title=Tinus De Jongh Art Gallery |accessdate=2022-03-20 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424030447/https://tinusdejongh.co.za/tinus-de-jongh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1885]] j1gitavhnbnvhlvw1xokgnrgsj9hn93 0 148774 1577294 1524859 2026-06-28T12:56:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saalumarada Thimmakka''', vile vile anajulikana kama '''Aala Marada Thimmakka''', ni [[mwanamazingira]] wa [[Uhindi]] kutoka [[Majimbo ya Uhindi|jimbo]] la [[Karnataka]], anayejulikana kwa kazi yake ya kupanda na kutunza miti 385 aina YA banyan (''Ficus benghalensis'') kwenye eneo linalochukua takribani kilomita arobaini na tano kufuata barabara kuu kati ya Hulikal na Kudur. Pia amepanda karibu miti mingine 8000. <ref>{{Rejea habari|date=16 March 2019|last=PTI|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-when-mother-of-trees-saalumarada-thimmakka-blessed-president-ram-nath-kovind-2008623|title=Watch: When The "Mother Of Trees" Blessed President Ram Nath Kovind|work=NDTV.com}}</ref> Haya yote alifanikiwa kwa kushirikiana na mume wake. Mwanzo hakubahatika kupata elimu rasmi, alifanya kazi kama mfanyakazi wa kawaida katika machimbo ya mawe ya jirani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/content/inspirational/thimmakka.html|title=The 300 trees of Thimmakka and Chikkanna.|work=www.goodnewsindia.com|accessdate=14 February 2020|archive-date=2023-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212000049/http://www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/content/inspirational/thimmakka.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kazi yake ilitambuliwa na Serikali ya India nakupewa tuzo ya heshima ya raia wa India ya Padma Shri mnamo 2019. Shirika la mazingira la Marekani lililoko [[Los Angeles]] na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[California]] liitwalo ''Rasilimali za Thimmakka kwa Elimu ya Mazingira'' (en. ''Thimmakka's Resources for Environmental Education'') lilipewa jina lake. <ref name="org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thimmakka.org/aboutus/us_r.html|title=About Thimmakka|work=Online Webpage of Thimmakka.org|publisher=Thimmakka's Resources for Environmental Education|accessdate=23 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231185555/http://thimmakka.org/aboutus/us_r.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=31 December 2006}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2020 Chuo Kikuu cha Kati cha Karnataka (Eng. [[:en:Central_University_of_Karnataka|Central University of Karnataka]]) kimetangaza udaktari wa heshima wa Thimmakka <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/state/saalumarada-thimmakka-among-5-selected-by-cuk-honorary-doctorate-rbj-qh0ipa|title=ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಯ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯದಿಂದ ಸಾಲುಮರದ ತಿಮ್ಮಕ್ಕ ಸೇರಿ ಐವರಿಗೆ ಗೌರವ ಡಾಕ್ಟರೇಟ್}}</ref>. == Maisha ya zamani == Thimmakka alizaliwa huko Gubbi Taluk, Wilaya ya Tumukuru huko Karnataka. Aliolewa na Chikkaiah, mzaliwa wa kijiji cha Hulikal huko Magadi taluk ya wilaya ya Ramanagara huko [[Karnataka]] . Wenzi hao hawakuweza kupata watoto lakini, walikuwa wameasili mtoto wa kiume anayeitwa Surya Prakash. Inasemekana kwamba Thimmakka alianza kupanda miti ya banyan badala ya watoto. Jina la ''Saalumarada'' ( ''safu ya miti'' katika [[Kikannada|lugha ya Kikannada]] ) ndivyo alivyorejelewa kwa sababu ya kazi yake. [[Picha:Trees_planted_by_Salumarada_Thimmakka_mapped_on_OSM.png|thumb| Miti iliyopandwa na Salumarada Thimmakka kando ya barabara SH94 kutoka Hulikal hadi kijiji cha Kuduru]] Miti ya [[Mkuyu|Ficus]] (banyan) ilikuwa mingi karibu na kijiji cha Thimmakka. Hivyo Thimakka na mumewe walianza kupandikiza miche kutoka kwenye miti hii iliyokuwa imeota kijiji kwao kama mbegu. Walifanikiwa kupandikiza miche kumi na kuipanda kwa umbali wa kilometa 5 kila mtu kwa mwaka wa kwanza, kisha wakapandikiza miche 15 kwa mwaka wa pili, na baadae niche 20 kwa mwaka wa 3, Yote haya walifanikiwa kwakutumia rasilimari duni walizokuwa nazo. Hawakuishia hapo wawili hawa walilazimika kutembea umbari wa kilometa 4 wakiwa na ndoo za maji kichwani hasa kwakipindi cha kiangazi kwaajili ya kumwagilia miti waliyoipanda. vile vile waliiwekea uzio miti waliyo ipanda ili kuikinga na uharibifu hasa wa wanyama kama ng'ombe . Miche hiyo ilipandwa zaidi wakati wa msimu [[Monsuni|wa masika]] ili maji ya mvua ya kutosha yawepo. Kufikia mwanzo wa misimu ya kipupwe iliyofuata, miche ilikuwa imeota mizizi. Kwa jumla, miti 384 ilipandwa, na thamani ya mali yake imekadiriwa kuwa karibu rupia milioni 1.5. <ref name="outlook">A biography of Thimmakka is provided by {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/mad.asp?fname=making_a_difference.htm&subsubsec=Bangalore&synopsis=Environment&fodname=19990503&personname=Saalumarada+Thimmakka|title=Thimmakka's Green Crusade Transforms Heat-And-Dust Hulikal|author=B. R. Srikanth|work=Online Edition of The Outlook, dated 1999-05-03|publisher=© Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited|accessdate=23 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218133038/http://www.outlookindia.com/mad.asp?fname=making%5Fa%5Fdifference%2Ehtm&subsubsec=Bangalore&synopsis=Environment&fodname=19990503&personname=Saalumarada+Thimmakka|archivedate=18 February 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFB._R._Srikanth">B. R. Srikanth. </cite></ref> Usimamizi wa miti hii sasa umechukuliwa na Serikali ya Karnataka . <ref name="child">Thimmakka started to plant banyan trees to overcome the grief of being childless: {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/woman-plants-trees-village-thrives/35476-3.html|author=Priyanjana Dutta|title=Woman plants trees, village thrives|work=Online webpage of Ibnlive.com|accessdate=23 May 2007|archive-date=2007-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182955/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/woman-plants-trees-village-thrives/35476-3.html|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPriyanjana_Dutta">Priyanjana Dutta. </cite></ref> Kwa mafanikio yake, Thimmakka ametunukiwa tuzo na nukuu zifuatazo: [[Picha:Padma_Shri_Saalumarada_Thimakka.jpg|thumb| Rais, Shri Ram Nath Kovind akiwasilisha Tuzo la Padma Shri kwa Saalumarada Thimakka, kwenye Sherehe ya Uwekezaji, huko Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi mnamo Machi 16, 2019.]] * Tuzo la Padma Shri - 2019 * Tuzo la Nadoja Na Chuo Kikuu cha Hampi - 2010 * Tuzo ya Raia wa Kitaifa - 1995 <ref name="plant">Planting of tree by Thimmakka and the Chikkaiah is mentioned by {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20020715&filename=gra&sec_id=11&sid=1|author=Malini Shankat|title=A mother's love|work=Online webpage of DownToEarth.org|publisher=©2004 Society for Environmental Communications|accessdate=23 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003240/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20020715&filename=gra&sec_id=11&sid=1 <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=28 September 2007}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalini_Shankat">Malini Shankat. </cite></ref> * Tuzo za Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra - 1997 <ref name="plant" /> * Tuzo la Veerachakra Prashasthi - 1997 * Cheti cha Heshima kutoka Idara ya Ustawi wa Wanawake na Watoto, Serikali ya Karnataka * Cheti cha Shukrani kutoka Taasisi ya India ya Sayansi ya Mbao na Teknolojia, [[Bangalore]] . * Tuzo la Karnataka Kalpavalli - 2000 * Godfrey Phillips Tuzo la Ushujaa - 2006. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/26/stories/2006032619010200.htm|title=Unsung heroes' hour of glory|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2022-04-20|archivedate=2007-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809022317/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/26/stories/2006032619010200.htm}}</ref> * Tuzo la Vishalakshi na Sanaa ya Shirika Hai * Tuzo ya Vishwathma na [http://www.hoovinahole.org Hoovinahole] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hoovinahole.org/ |date=20210518043542 }} Foundation -2015 * Mmoja wa Wanawake 100 wa BBC katika 2016 <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 2016], BBC, Retrieved 26 November 2016</ref> * Imeheshimiwa kwa Tuzo la She's Divine na I and You Being Together Foundation 2017 * tuzo ya Parisara Rathana * tuzo ya bingwa wa kijani * tuzo ya Vriksmatha Mnamo 2016, Saalumarada Thimmakka aliorodheshwa na Shirika la Utangazaji la Uingereza kama mmoja wa wanawake wenye ushawishi na msukumo zaidi ulimwenguni. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022]] cvwpu7aeh0ha5w1v66yunf7q6aaz299 0 149022 1577434 1426876 2026-06-29T09:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mzwandile Moya''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 16]], [[1983]]) anafahamika kwa jina la [[Sanaa]] kama ''Afrotraction'', ni mtayarishaji na <nowiki>[[mwanamuziki]]</nowiki> wa R&B wa [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Moya anatokea katika [[familia]] ya kimuziki na kupenda kwake [[muziki]] ilianzia utotoni. Moya alijifunza [[piano]] mwenyewe na uimbaji katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswazi]] katika staili ya ''neo soul'' na ''R&B''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.montecasino.co.za/whatson/Events/Pages/Afrotraction.aspx| title = Afrotraction at Montecasino|publisher=Montecasino.co.za|accessdate=18 November 2014|archivedate=2015-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523015512/http://www.montecasino.co.za/whatson/Events/Pages/Afrotraction.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2010/09/10/album-review-afrotraction---soul-deep| title = Album Review: Afrotraction - 'Soul Deep' - Times LIVE|author=Boitumelo Tlhoaele|work=Times LIVE|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> Albamu yake ya ''[[For The Lovers]]'' ([[2014]]), ilikuwa albamu bora katika ''R&B/Soul/Rege'' kwenye tuzo za karne ya 21 ya muziki wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. ''Relationships'' albamu yake ya pili iliyoachiliwa mwaka [[2017]], inahusisha nyimbo kama ''Ngiphelele'', ''Ngeke K’lunge'', ''Ngimtholile'', ''Angeke'', ''Imali Yamalobolo'' nayo pia ilikuwa [[albamu]] bora yenye mauzo zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url = https://samusicmag.co.za/2017/11/watch-afrotraction-asjabule-music-video/amp/| title = WATCH: Afrotraction - As'jabule Music video| date = 14 Novemba 2017|accessdate = 2022-04-23|archivedate = 2022-04-23|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20220423192904/https://samusicmag.co.za/2017/11/watch-afrotraction-asjabule-music-video/amp/}}</ref> ==Diskografia== ===Albamu za Studio=== * ''Soul Deep'' ([[2009]]) * ''Soulfully Yours'' ([[2012]]) * ''For The Lovers'' ([[2014]]) * ''Love & Respect'' ([[2016]]) * ''Relationships'' ([[2017]]) * ''The Gospel Of Afrotraction: Moya Movement'' ([[2020]]) * ''The Launch of JazzYano'' ([[2021]]) ===studio EP's=== * ''Love Over Dose (L.O.D EP)'' ([[2019]]) ==Tuzo== {|class="wikitable" ! Mwaka ! Tuzo ! Jamii !Matokeo !Marejesho |- |[[2013]] |Tuzo za 14th Metro FM | Albamu bora ya [[Afro-pop]] ''For the Lovers'' |Ilishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title=WINNERS of 14th Metro FM Music Awards {{!}} YoMzansi| url=https://www.yomzansi.com/2015/02/28/winners-of-14th-metro-fm-music-awards/| publisher=YoMzansi| access-date=2015-02-28| archive-date=2017-04-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103249/http://www.yomzansi.com/2015/02/28/winners-of-14th-metro-fm-music-awards/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[2018]] |Tuzo za karne ya 21 ya Afrika Kusini |Albamu bora ya [[R&B/Soul/Rege]] ''For the Lovers'' |Ilishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|url=https://www.news24.com/amp/move/celebs/the-full-list-of-sama-nominees-20180420| title = The full list of SAMA nominees|website=news24.com|last=| date = 20 Aprili 2018}}</ref> |} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] k76pz7u78hvlxbdvb1byfmt8stym05b 3 154299 1577414 1238857 2026-06-29T09:07:48Z J ansari 29211 J ansari alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Waliyullah Tunde]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Akásọrọ̀bíàgbà]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Waliyullah Tunde|Waliyullah Tunde]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Akásọrọ̀bíàgbà|Akásọrọ̀bíàgbà]]" 1238857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 00:46, 4 Agosti 2022 (UTC) jrq03ioki3ywaatfpqy0c4l2trsr3t8 0 158658 1577334 1299759 2026-06-28T15:38:09Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Renzi Arpaci-Dusseau at SYSTOR 2012.jpg|thumb|Renzi Arpaci-Dussea]] '''Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau''' ni profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha ''Wisconsin-Madison'' na mwenyekiti wa idara ya Sayansi ya [[Kompyuta]]. Anaongoza kikundi cha utafiti pamoja na Profesa Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau. Yeye na Andrea wameandika pamoja kitabu cha kiada kuhusu mifumo ya uendeshaji, "Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces" (OSTEP), ambacho hupakuliwa mamilioni ya mara kila mwaka na kutumika katika mamia ya taasisi duniani kote. Utafiti wake umetajwa zaidi ya mara 12,000 na ni mmoja wa wataalam wakuu katika eneo la kuhifadhi data. ==Elimu== ''Arpaci-Dusseau'' alipokea Shahada yake ya Sayansi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan, Ann Arbor mwaka wa [[1993]], kisha akaendelea kupata Shahada ya Uzamili mwaka wa [[1996]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley. Baadaye alipata Ph.D yake katika taasisi hiyo hiyo, na nadharia iliyopewa jina la Upatikanaji wa Utendaji kwa Mitandao ya Vituo vya Kazi. ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] 7xa36fv1abzpbbcoysl24x8tura7d58 0 171375 1577341 1525583 2026-06-28T15:47:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shehu Usman Abdullahi''' (alizaliwa [[12 Machi]] [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] kutoka [[Nigeria]] anayecheza kama beki. == Ushiriki katika klabu == ===Qadsia SC=== Mwezi wa Julai 2014, Abdullahi alijiunga na klabu ya [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars]] kwenda klabu ya [[Ligi Kuu ya Kuwait]] ya [[Qadsia SC]] kwa mkataba wenye thamani ya dola 480,000, ambapo Abdullahi alipokea dola 330,000 na Kano Pillars dola 150,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=PILLARS GET $150,000 FOR SHEHU ABDULLAHI MOVE|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/440459/Pillars-get-150000-for-Shehu-Abdullahi-move|website=africanfootball.com|publisher=africanfootball.com|accessdate=3 September 2014|date=19 July 2014|archive-date=2014-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904145433/http://africanfootball.com/news/440459/Pillars-get-150000-for-Shehu-Abdullahi-move|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===União da Madeira=== Tarehe 6 Juni 2015, Shehu alijiunga na klabu ya [[C.F. União]], ambayo ni mwanachama mpya katika [[Segunda Liga ya 2014–15|Ligi Daraja la Pili]] ya [[Uingereza]], kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?id=553456|title=Shehu assina por duas épocas|trans-title=Shehu signs for two seasons|publisher=[[A Bola]]|language=Portuguese|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191805/http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?id=553456|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|archivedate=2016-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191805/http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?id=553456}}</ref> ===Anorthosis Famagusta=== Tarehe 2 Septemba 2016, Shehu alijiunga na klabu ya Kikupro ya [[Anorthosis Famagusta FC|Anorthosis Famagusta]] kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili wenye thamani ya asilimia 20 <ref>[http://www.reporter.com.cy/sports/football-cyprus/article/103236/ypogafei-stin-anorthosi-diethnis-nigrianos-video- Ένας χάλκινος Ολυμπιονίκης στην Ανόρθωση (video)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reporter.com.cy/sports/football-cyprus/article/103236/ypogafei-stin-anorthosi-diethnis-nigrianos-video- |date=20180430020602 }}, reporter.com.cy</ref> ya ada ya kuuza upya mchezaji kwa klabu nyingine ya Ulaya.<ref>[http://www.anorthosisfc.com.cy/ Στην Ανόρθωση ο Abdullah Shehu], Tovuti Rasmi ya Anorthosis Famagusta</ref> ===Bursaspor=== Tarehe 24 Januari 2018, Shehu alisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na nusu na klabu ya Kituruki ya [[Bursaspor]] kwa ada ambayo haikutajwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.anorthosisfc.com.cy/2018/01/metengrafi-siechou-stin-boursaspor/|title=Μετεγγραφή Σιεχού στην Μπούρσασπορ|date=24 January 2018}}</ref> ===Omonia=== Tarehe 19 Septemba 2020, Shehu alisaini mkataba na klabu ya [[Cyprus First Division]] ya [[AC Omonia|Omonia]]. ===Levski Sofia=== Tarehe 16 Septemba 2022, Shehu alisaini mkataba na klabu ya [[First Professional Football League (Bulgaria)|Ligi ya Kwanza ya Soka ya Kulipwa ya Bulgaria]] ya [[PFC Levski Sofia|Levski Sofia]] hadi mwisho wa msimu wa 2022-23.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://levski.bg/%d0%bf%d1%84%d0%ba-%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%b0-%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%be%d1%80-%d1%81-%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%b4%d1%83%d0%bb/|title=„ПФК Левски“ подписа договор с Абдулахи Шеху|date=16 September 2022|publisher=PFC Levski Sofia|website=levski.bg|language=bg}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hdl1s39ft5vd9p8ihkj353k3hbm3xfj 0 172715 1577333 1520262 2026-06-28T15:36:47Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577333 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Conway meara (1).jpg|thumb|Meara Conway]] '''Meara Conway''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye alichaguliwa katika [[Bunge]] la [[Wabunge]] la [[Saskatchewan]] katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu uliofanyika mwaka [[2020]] Saskatchewan. Anawakilisha wilaya ya uchaguzi ya ''Regina Elphinstone-Center'' kama mwanachama wa Saskatchewan New Democratic Party<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Saskatchewan election: Regina Elphinstone-Centre|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6661613/saskatchewan-election-regina-elphinstone-centre/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref>. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Wakati wa uchaguzi wa 2020 Saskatchewan [[Conway, Arkansas|Conway]] alishutumiwa na [[Chama]] cha Saskatchewan kutokana na maoni ya [[Mitandao ya kijamii ya kampuni|mitandao ya kijami]]<nowiki/>i yaliyotolewa mwaka wa [[2018]] ambayo yaliashiria upinzani dhidi ya mchanga wa mafuta wa [[Alberta]]. Kiongozi wa chama Ryan Meili baadaye alishughulikia maoni na kuthibitisha msaada wa NDP kwa mafuta na [[gesi]], huku akitambua hitaji la kuwekeza katika vyanzo vya [[nishati mbadala]].<ref name="Global">{{Rejea tovuti|title=‘A f—ing nightmare’: NDP candidate’s past comments on oil and gas draw scrutiny|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7378727/ndp-candidates-meara-conway-comments-oil-and-gas/|access-date=November 11, 2020|publisher=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref>.Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] 2020, Conway aliteuliwa kuwa mkosoaji wa NDP kwa Huduma za Kijamii, Makazi, Haki za Binadamu na Mashirika Yanayotegemea Jamii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=CJME News|date=November 4, 2020|title=Saskatchewan NDP leader names shadow cabinet|url=https://www.cjme.com/2020/11/04/saskatchewan-ndp-leader-names-shadow-cabinet/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 20, 2020|website=980 CJME|language=en}}</ref> Kufikia tarehe [[22 Juni]] [[2024]], anahudumu kama mkosoaji rasmi wa Upinzani kwa Huduma za Kijamii, Makazi, Mashirika Yanayotegemea Jamii, Huduma za Watoto na Elimu ya Awali, Masuala ya Wafaransa, Maadili na Demokrasia, pamoja na kuwa mkosoaji msaidizi wa Elimu. Conway pia anahudumu kama Naibu Kiongozi wa Bunge wa Upinzani Rasmi. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] [[Jamii:Siasa nchi kwa nchi]] 6toexlmbv90t8bmr4tthmtx8m1dhkuy 0 173648 1577367 1527412 2026-06-28T21:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trine Haltvik''' (amezaliwa [[23 Machi|Machi 23]], [[1965]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[Mpira wa mkono|mpira wa mikono]] kutoka [[Norwei]] na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa mikono. Kwa sasa ni kocha wa timu ya [[Msichana|wasichana]] ya Norwei chini ya umri wa [[Mwaka|miaka]] 17. Haltvik alianza uchezaji wa mpira wa mikono akiwa na miaka 16 pekee katika klabu ya [[Byåsen IL]], alitarajiwa kucheza mwaka mmoja kwenye [[timu]] ya [[Remudas Gran Canaria]] nchini [[Hispania|Uhispania]], alibaki katika klabu hiyo. Uaminifu wake na ukongwe wake kwenye [[taaluma]] yake, umempa jina la [[utani]] "''Mor''" au "''Mother''" ikimaanisha [[Mama]]. Ameichezea timu ya taifa ya Norwei katika michezo 241, akifunga mabao 834.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=404 {{!}} handball.no|url=https://www.handball.no/Statistikk_Landskamper.asp?LagId=6014&SpillerId=29740|work=handball.no - Norges Håndballforbund|accessdate=2023-07-30|language=no|archive-date=2023-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730131855/https://www.handball.no/Statistikk_Landskamper.asp?LagId=6014&SpillerId=29740|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alichaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa [[Dunia]] wa [[1998]] na [[Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Mpira wa Mikono]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=International Handball Federation|url=http://www.ihf.info/front_content.php?idcat=173&idart=516|work=web.archive.org|date=2007-05-20|accessdate=2023-07-30|archivedate=2007-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520165735/http://www.ihf.info/front_content.php?idcat=173&idart=516}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Norwei]] j38xs7r6fucsx4vapygw0na7y31m39q 0 180303 1577339 1519747 2026-06-28T15:44:49Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Marthe Solange Achy Brou.jpg|thumb|Marthe Solange Achy Brou]] '''Marthe Solange Achy Brou''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Ivory Coast]]. Alikuwa [[Waziri]] wa masuala ya kijamii na mshikamano mwaka wa [[2000]] katika serikali ya Seydou Diarra, makamu wa rais wa [[Bunge]] la Kitaifa la [[Ivory Coast]]. Alikuwa mjumbe wa Bunge kutokea mwaka [[1976]] hadi [[1980]] na kutokea [[1986]] hadi [[1990]], na pia meya wa jimbo la [[Tarafa ya Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] kutokea [[1985]] hadi [[1990]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Marthe Solange Achy Brou: Ivorian politician (1949 - 2011) {{!}} Biography, Facts, Information, Career, Wiki, Life|url=https://peoplepill.com/i/marthe-solange-achy-brou|work=peoplepill.com|accessdate=2024-04-13|language=en|author=peoplepill.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Achy Brou, Marthe Solange}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ivory Coast]] d1mv9dzefqhkpu1bp81wxmjbklmlrif 0 180394 1577362 1526868 2026-06-28T19:38:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577362 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tebogo Tau''' ni jaji wa Botswana kwa sasa anahudumu kama rais wa [[Mahakama]] ya Rufaa (Botswana).<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Sennamose |first=Olekantse |date=8 May 2023 |title=JUSTICE TAU GIVES APPELLANT CHANCE TO RESUBMIT |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/72930 |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=Botswana Daily News}}</ref> Aliteuliwa tarehe 1 Desemba 2021 na Rais [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]. Hapo awali, Tau aliwahi kuwa msajili msaidizi mwandamizi wa Mahakama Kuu ya Lobatse.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-09-23 |title=Motshidi launches scathing attack against Justice Tau |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/motshidi-launches-scathing-attack-against-justice-tau/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Sunday Standard |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title="Corruption" judge appointed to reduce delays |url=https://dullahomarinstitute.org.za/acjr/news/corruption-judge-appointed-to-reduce-delays |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Dullah Omar Institute |language=en-us}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mnnfrd1gc2wcg1ijqoenxnslyfzfli6 0 181332 1577318 1577217 2026-06-28T13:33:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1577318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Beatrice1.jpg|thumb|Mediatrices AHISHAKIYE, mjumbe wa Bunge la Rwanda.]] '''Médiatrice Ahishakiye''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1978 nchini [[Rwanda]]) ni mwanasiasa wa Rwanda, kwa sasa ni [[Mbunge]] wa Bunge la Wawakilishi katika Bunge la [[Rwanda]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-30 |archive-date=2026-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212105921/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ahishakiye anawakilisha Mkoa wa Kusini na wilaya yake ni ''Huye''. Ahishakiye awali alifanya kazi kama mwalimu katika shule mbalimbali, alikuwa mkuu wa shule ya sekondari, ana hudumu kama katibu wa baraza la Wilaya ya [[Gisagara]], na kama mwanachama wa baraza la Wilaya ya Gisagara. Katika uchaguzi wa bunge wa mwaka 2018, Ahishakiye alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Kike wa Bunge la Wawakilishi katika Bunge la Rwanda.<ref>https://boo.world/database/profile/1072666/m%C3%A9diatrice-ahishakiye-personality-type</ref> == Elimu == Ana shahada ya kwanza katika Psikolojia-pedagogia. == Kazi == * Kutoka 2018 hadi sasa: Mbunge * Kutoka 2011-2018: Mjumbe wa Baraza la Wilaya * Kutoka 2011-2016: Mwenyekiti wa sheria katika SNF (Ngazi ya Wilaya) * Kutoka 2011-2016: Katibu wa Baraza la Wilaya * Kutoka 2009-2011: Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Sekta * Kutoka 2009-2018: Mkuu wa Shule * Kutoka 2001-2010: Mwenyekiti wa Mahakama ya Gacaca katika Sekta ya Muhororo * Kutoka 2000 - 2003: Mwalimu katika EP MUHORORO.[https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles] {{Wayback|url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles |date=20260212105921 }} == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Rwanda]] rz9s3hcbde7v14fatm0hk718we0uzey 0 184629 1577347 1525713 2026-06-28T16:19:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shule ya Kanisa Kuu la Katoliki ya Lideta''' (Shule ya Wavulana ya Kuzaliwa kwa [[Yesu]]) ni moja ya shule binafsi za msingi na sekondari za kipekee huko [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lideta Catholic Cathedral School – LCCS|url=https://lidetacatholiccathedral.com/|accessdate=2024-07-23|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723171318/https://lidetacatholiccathedral.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Inahusishwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] la Ethiopia. Ilianzishwa mwaka [[1954]]. Umiliki wa Shule ya Kanisa Kuu la Katoliki ya Lideta umeorodheshwa kama Kanisa na ni mojawapo ya taasisi nyingi za elimu zilizoanzishwa na Kanisa Katoliki la Ethiopia pamoja na Shule ya [[Mtakatifu]] Joseph na Shule ya Wasichana ya ya Kuzaliwa kwa Yesu. Shule hii ya sekondari nchini Ethiopia ina wanafunzi 3,500 waliojiandikisha na jumla ya walimu 150. Shule ina wanafunzi kutoka darasa la 9 hadi 12. Anwani ya Shule ni PO BOX 22896 na namba yao ya simu ni 111572240, http://www.lidetacatholiccathedral.com/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.lidetacatholiccathedral.com/ |date=20240723171318 }} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Elimu]] [[Jamii:Elimu Afrika]] [[Jamii:Shule]] [[Jamii:Dini barani Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 05w17294ahe7wy21i0furrwydcj5x8p 0 185045 1577381 1528678 2026-06-29T01:45:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Poland map flag.svg|thumb|Ramani ya Polandi ikiwa na rangi ya bendera yake.]] '''Uziwi nchini [[Polandi]]''' unarejelea jamii za watu wenye [[ulemavu]] wa kusikia nchini Polandi na elimu inayohusu tamaduni na lugha yao. Polandi ina historia ya watu wenye matatizo ya kusikia tangu mwaka [[1817]].<ref name="Deaf History-2">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Europe - 2011: Poland, Legal Recognition of Polish Sign Language |url=https://deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/poland-legal-recognition-of-polish-sign-language |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Deaf History |archive-date=2025-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014061833/https://www.deafhistory.eu/index.php/component/zoo/item/poland-legal-recognition-of-polish-sign-language |url-status=dead }}</ref> Takriban asilimia 15.1 ya [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] wana upotevu wa kusikia. Lugha ya ishara ya Kipolandi (PJM) ndiyo lugha kuu ya ishara nchini Polandi.<ref name="www.hear-it.org">{{Rejea tovuti |date=9 January 2020 |title=In Poland, more than one in six say they have a hearing loss |url=https://www.hear-it.org/poland-more-one-six-say-they-have-hearing-loss |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=hear-it |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928011629/https://www.hear-it.org/poland-more-one-six-say-they-have-hearing-loss |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Polandi]] [[Jamii:Wiki4Inclusion Campaign in Tanzania]] hmmtrhbppeul4gq69k3khtcbedo09oi 0 186931 1577335 1355377 2026-06-28T15:41:00Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577335 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flickr - tpower1978 - Japan Athletics Championships.jpg|thumb|Kanno (wa pili kutoka kushoto) katika Mashindano ya Japani ya 2008]] '''Yuta Kanno''' (菅野 優太, ''Kanno Yūta'',alizaliwa [[13 Disemba]] [[1980]] katika Wilaya ya [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani nchini [[Japani]] Mtaalamu wa mbio na kukimbia uwanjani,alimaliza wa sita katika mbio za mita 100 kwenye mashindano ya [[Asia]] ya mwaka [[2002]] na kumaliza wa nne katika mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 100. Pia alikuwa bingwa wa vijana wa Asia mwaka 1999 katika mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 100 na bingwa wa Japani mwaka [[1999]] katika mita 200.<ref name="Fujifilm">{{cite web|url=https://www.fujifilm.co.jp/corporate/news/articleffnr_1484.html|date=31 October 2019|title=KYOTOGRAPHIE 京都国際写真祭 SPECIAL EDITION TOKYOGRAPHIE 2019 開催のお知らせ|website=[[Fujifilm]]|access-date=28 October 2020|language=Japanese|archive-date=2020-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102091919/https://www.fujifilm.co.jp/corporate/news/articleffnr_1484.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] sqlduu0x90kyt0f8z4rxdd3nlt07ioe 0 193905 1577292 1524601 2026-06-28T12:14:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald William Gainer''' (amezaliwa Pottsville, Pennsylvania, 24 Agosti [[1947]]) ni kiongozi kutoka [[Marekani]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Alihudumu kama [[askofu]] wa Dayosisi ya [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] huko [[Pennsylvania]] kutoka 2014 hadi 2023. Hapo awali aliwahi kuwa askofu wa Dayosisi ya [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] huko [[Kentucky]] kutoka 2002 hadi 2014. == Wasifu == Gainer alikuwa mtoto pekee <ref name="choose">{{cite news|work=IChooseYou.com|title=Greetings from Bishop Ronald W. Gainer|url=http://www.ichoseyou.com/greetings.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531211317/http://www.ichoseyou.com/greetings.html|archivedate=2009-05-31}}</ref> kwa wazazi wenye asili ya Ulaya Mashariki.<ref name="coat">{{cite news|work=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lexington]]|title=Bishop Gainer's Coat of Arms|url=http://home.catholicweb.com/lexingtonbishop/index.cfm/NewsItem?id=230395&From=About|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708124805/http://home.catholicweb.com/lexingtonbishop/index.cfm/NewsItem?id=230395&From=About|archivedate=2011-07-08}}</ref>Alihudhuria Seminari ya Mtakatifu Charles Borromeo huko Philadelphia, ambako alipata shahada ya Sanaa mwaka wa 1969 na shahada ya Mwalimu wa Divinity mwaka wa 1973.<ref name="who">{{cite news|work=Who's Who in America|title=Profile: Ronald William Gainer|url=http://whoswhoinamerica.com/ronald_william_gainer/bishop/occ34/7631962|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801002419/http://whoswhoinamerica.com/ronald_william_gainer/bishop/occ34/7631962|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-01}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bishop Ronald Gainer of Harrisburg, a Former Priest in Allentown Diocese, to Retire|url=https://www.allentowndiocese.org/news/bishop-ronald-gainer-harrisburg-former-priest-allentown-diocese-retire#:~:text=Bishop%20Gainer%20has%20led%20the,,%20Ky.,%20in%202003.|access-date=2023-11-14|website=Roman Catholic Diocese of Allentown|archive-date=2023-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114212007/https://www.allentowndiocese.org/news/bishop-ronald-gainer-harrisburg-former-priest-allentown-diocese-retire#:~:text=Bishop%20Gainer%20has%20led%20the,,%20Ky.,%20in%202003.|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] scfevtvmfrz7n1p18o3eatas27m5cx2 0 194902 1577344 1576255 2026-06-28T15:53:59Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577344 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:FC Red Bull Salzburg gegen Grazer AK (2025-08-09 Bundesliga Zweite Runde) 31.jpg|thumb|Kitano akiwa na Red Bull Salzburg mwaka [[2025]]]] '''Sota Kitano''' (alizaliwa [[13 Agosti]] [[2004]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa kushambulia kwa kilabu cha J1 Ligi Cerezo Osaka.<ref>[https://www.transfermarkt.com/sota-kitano/profil/spieler/671114 Sota Kitano Transfermarkt profile]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cq1rne8nirafbpucr549m65atx2ff5f 0 196202 1577409 1524559 2026-06-29T08:00:42Z Rei Momo 16685 1577409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roger Mantovani''' ([[1966]] – [[2 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Italia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=3 January 2025|title=Roger Mantovani morto a 59 anni, mistero sulle cause. Chi era il conduttore, voce cult di radio e tv|url=https://www.leggo.it/spettacoli/musica/roger_mantovani_chi_e_come_morto_lavoro_radio_tv_oggi_3_1_2024-8571963.html|access-date=5 January 2025|website=[[Leggo]]|language=Italian}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mantovani, Roger}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Italia]] t3r8tbjz2xxh7bjds4kk6mrrk40teff 0 198439 1577338 1512706 2026-06-28T15:43:41Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Geneviève Racette avec Dallas Green.jpg|thumb|Geneviève Racette]] '''Geneviève Racette''' (aliyezaliwa [[31 Agosti]], [[1990]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] kutoka [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Dunlop|first=Emily|title=Genevieve Racette celebrates one year anniversary of No Water, No Flowers {{!}} Canadian Beats Media|date=May 23, 2020 |url=https://canadianbeats.ca/2020/05/23/genevieve-racette-celebrates-one-year-anniversary-of-no-water-no-flowers/|access-date=April 22, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geneviève Racette|url=https://reclaimingthecolonies-onestateatatime.blogspot.com/2014/05/genevieve-racette.html|access-date=April 23, 2021|website=Geneviève Racette}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 1pavl6prf9k14feljvcsbnif74l2a3m 0 199380 1577293 1515017 2026-06-28T12:14:54Z Ji-Elle 184 +image 1577293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mgr Jacques Danka Longa.jpg|thumb|Jacques Danka Longa.]] '''Jacques Danka Longa''' (alizaliwa [[26 Julai]] [[1961]]) ni [[askofu]] wa tatu na wa sasa wa Jimbo Katoliki la Kara, [[Togo]]. Alizaliwa [[Sokode|Sokodé]] na alisomea [[fizikia]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lomé]] kabla ya kujiunga na Seminari Kuu ya Saint-Gall de Ouidah, [[Benin]], ambako alipata shahada ya teolojia. Baada ya kupadrishwa tarehe 25 Januari 1992, aliteuliwa kuwa mwelekezi wa kiroho na mhadhiri katika Seminari ya Kati ya Saint-Paul de Notsé katika Jimbo la Kpalimé. Baadaye, aliendelea na masomo ya teolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kipapa cha Urbaniana, Roma, ambako alibobea katika Sheria za Kanisa. Mwaka 2003, aliteuliwa kuwa rektor wa Seminari Kuu ya Kati ya Jean-Paul II huko Lomé. Mwaka 2008, aliteuliwa na kuwekwa wakfu kama askofu msaidizi wa Kara, na mwaka 2009 akawa askofu wa Kara baada ya mtangulizi wake, Ignace Baguibassa Sambar-Talkena, kustaafu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=NULL|date=2009-01-07|title=Togo : Mgr Jacques Danka Longa évêque de Kara|url=https://fr.zenit.org/2009/01/07/togo-mgr-jacques-danka-longa-eveque-de-kara/|access-date=2020-10-04|website=ZENIT - Francais|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:watu wa Togo]] m4khjkuwuq4q4j2x1vljosldfouk6us 0 201322 1577393 1419273 2026-06-29T04:50:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Western Star Trucks''' ni mtengenezaji wa [[Lori|malori]] kutoka [[Marekani]] mwenye makao yake [[Portland]], [[Oregon]]. Ni kampuni tanzu ya Daimler Truck North America na inaleta malori yake sokoni kupitia maduka ya [[Freightliner]]<ref name=T&BT>Western Star Australia buys Western Star Canada ''[[Truck & Bus Transportation]]'' April 1991 page 9</ref><ref name=ATN>Star Still Shines Bright ''[[Australasian Transport News]]'' June 2013 pages 60-63</ref><ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503458&objectid=11410067 An empire built to last] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503458&objectid=11410067 |date=20200619115004 }} ''[[New Zealand Herald]]'' March 1, 2015</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Kampuni za Marekani]] ho2dfvftrsrp387rujz6tlavxxvp744 0 201976 1577331 1401968 2026-06-28T15:32:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shannon LaBrie'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Discovery: Shannon Labrie, "I Remember A Boy"|url=https://americansongwriter.com/2013/02/daily-discovery-shannon-labrie-just-be-honest/|website=American Songwriter|date=15 February 2013|accessdate=27 February 2019|archive-date=2019-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731202046/https://americansongwriter.com/2013/02/daily-discovery-shannon-labrie-just-be-honest/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bialas|first=Michael|title=Shannon LaBrie Gets to the Heart of the Matter in "All By Myself"|url=https://www.popmatters.com/shannon-labrie-all-by-myself-2628898017|website=PopMatters|date=14 February 2019|accessdate=27 February 2019}}</ref> Ni msanii, [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], mchezaji [[gitaa]], na mpiga [[kinanda]] kutoka [[Lincoln]], [[Nebraska]], [[Marekani]], akiishi [[Nashville, Tennessee]], tangu 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Richter|first=Alison|title=Singer/songwriter Shannon LaBrie: "I don't think that art can ever be too personal" - Guitar Girl Magazine|url=http://guitargirlmag.com/interviews/singer-songwriter-shannon-labrie-i-dont-think-that-art-can-ever-be-too-personal-2016-04-29/|website=Guitar Girl Magazine|date=29 April 2016|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] sfpuv9jy3l7fxfct09cpnirx83k2iyc 0 202464 1577445 1403471 2026-06-29T11:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amanda Rose Shires''' (alizaliwa [[5 Machi]], [[1982]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], na mpiga fiddle kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Citation|title=60th Annual Grammy Awards|date=2020-08-17|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=60th_Annual_Grammy_Awards&oldid=973533069|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-23}}</ref><ref name="Chron">{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/Amanda-Shires-makes-expressive-connection-1687085.php|title=Amanda Shires makes expressive connection|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|first=Andrew|last=Dansby|date=May 3, 2011|access-date=December 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2011/12/american-songwriters-top-50-songs-of-2011/5/|title=American Songwriter's Top 50 Songs Of 2011|date=December 13, 2011|access-date=April 5, 2012|archive-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019181639/https://americansongwriter.com/2011/12/american-songwriters-top-50-songs-of-2011/5/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1982|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 760c23c1l93f4knzndiaq0gsx1bg6ms 0 202831 1577441 1431987 2026-06-29T11:05:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Gruss afrika.jpg|thumb|Alex Sadkowsky]] '''Alex Sadkowsky''' ([[16 Januari]] [[1934]] – [[8 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[Wasanii|msanii]], [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] wa vielelezo, msanii wa [[michoro]] ya picha, mpiga picha, mcheza [[maigizo]], na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Uswisi]]. <ref>[https://ch-cultura.ch/theater-kabarett-literatur/der-schweizer-kuenstler-performer-fotograf-und-autor-alex-sadkowsky-ist-gestorben/ Der Schweizer Künstler, Performer, Fotograf und Autor Alex Sadkowsky ist gestorben] {{de}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sadkowsky.ch/portrait/index.html|title=Alex Sadkowsky: Portrait|website=sadkowsky.ch|access-date=2019-12-29}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://ch-cultura.ch/theater-kabarett-literatur/der-schweizer-kuenstler-performer-fotograf-und-autor-alex-sadkowsky-ist-gestorben/ Der Schweizer Künstler, Performer, Fotograf und Autor Alex Sadkowsky ist gestorben] {{de}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Sadkowsky alizaliwa mjini [[Zürich]], Uswisi. Mama yake na kaka yake walikuwa wasanii, wakati baba yake alikuwa mchoraji wa picha za watu na mtaalamu wa kurejesha kazi za sanaa huko Vienna, Zürich, na [[Salzburg]], kama mama yake alivyokuwa kabla yake. Akiwa kijana, alijihusisha na kazi mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Jazz|jazzi]], muuzaji wa bidhaa kwa safari, mwalimu wa [[Kihispania]], mcheza tap dance, mchoraji wa nje ya majengo, na hata [[bondia]] kwa muda mfupi. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Uswisi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uswisi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uswisi]] l1s9gfri109two1zmqs8krqlw8ydydl 0 203636 1577340 1558742 2026-06-28T15:46:44Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Diana-burkot-rote-sonne-munich 2025.jpg|thumb|Burkot]] '''Diana Yurievna Burkot''' (alizaliwa [[16 Machi]] [[1985]], Lyubertsy, USSR) ni msanii na mchezaji muziki kutoka [[Urusi]], maarufu kwa kushirikiana na bendi ya Rosemary Loves a Blackberry pamoja na kuwa mwanachama wa kundi la punk Pussy Riot. Kama sehemu ya kundi la Pussy Riot, alishiriki katika tukio la "Punk Prayer" lililotokea katika Kanisa la Christ the Savior. Alikuwa mwanachama pekee wa kundi hilo ambaye alibaki bila kujulikana, hadi wakati ambao muda wa kisheria ulipokwisha katika kesi ya jinai inayohusiana na tukio hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=September 19, 2023|title=Pussy Riot Announce Fall 2023 North American Tour|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/pussy-riot-announce-fall-2023-north-american-tour/|access-date=2024-05-30|website=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref> == Wasifu == Diana Yurievna Burkot alizaliwa katika Lyubertsy, USSR tarehe 16 Machi 1985. Mwaka 2003, alijiunga na Moscow College of Improvisational Music, akichukua masomo ya ala za ngoma, na alihitimu mwaka 2008. Mwisho wa mwaka 2012, alijiunga na Rodchenko Moscow School of Photography and Multimedia, ambapo alisomea sanaa ya vyombo vya habari na sanaa ya video hadi mwaka 2015.<ref name="ob2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://syg.ma/@tcivil_me/diana-burkot-v-polovinie-sluchaiev-dievochku-na-barabanakh-schitaiut-prosto-zabavnoi-obieziankoi|title=Диана Буркот: "В половине случаев девочку на барабанах считают просто забавной обезьянкой"|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=2024-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116222536/https://syg.ma/@tcivil_me/diana-burkot-v-polovinie-sluchaiev-dievochku-na-barabanakh-schitaiut-prosto-zabavnoi-obieziankoi|url-status=live}}</ref> == Uharakati wa kisiasa == Diana Yurievna Burkot alikutana na wanachama wa Pussy Riot katika mazoezi, ambapo alikuwa akifanya kazi kwenye muziki, na kwa msaada wa marafiki wa pamoja, alianza kuandika mipangilio kwao. Kwa mwaliko wa Yekaterina Samutsevich na Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, alishiriki katika onyesho la kundi hilo kwenye Red Square.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 2, 2020|title="I didn't want to sit down": The fourth participant in the Pussy Riot punk prayer about hiding and life after|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-52889179|access-date=2024-05-30|website=BBC|language=ru}}</ref> Pamoja na Maria Alekhina, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, na Yekaterina Samutsevich, alishiriki katika kitendo cha Pussy Riot cha "Punk Prayer / Mother of God, drive Putin away!" kilichofanyika tarehe 21 Februari 2012 katika Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Tukio hili liliibua mtafaruku mkubwa wa umma na kusababisha kesi ya jinai. Burkot, kinyume na washiriki wengine, alifanikiwa kubaki katika hali ya kutokujulikana na kuepuka mashtaka ya jinai. Baada ya muda wa kisheria kupita katika kesi ya jinai, jina lake lilifichuliwa katika mahojiano na Nadezhda Tolokonnikova.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=May 29, 2020|title=Tolokonnikova for the first time named the fourth participant in the action in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.|url=https://www.the-village.ru/city/news/382001-burkot|access-date=2024-05-30|website=The Village|language=ru|archive-date=2024-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113183813/https://www.the-village.ru/city/news/382001-burkot|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2018, alianzisha mradi wa video unaojumuisha mfululizo wa tamko za video zenye jina la jumla "Blood and Sweat", zilizopigwa pamoja na msanii wa video Ekaterina Frolova. Mradi huu, katika umbo la maonyesho ya video, ulionyeshwa katika Multimedia Art Museum Moscow na Garage Museum mwaka 2018–2019, na pia katika Svigroom Gallery Reykjavik mwaka 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=March 23, 2023|title=Pussy Riot Named Woody Guthrie Prize 2023 Honoree, Set to Perform 'Riot Days' for the First Time in U.S.|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/pussy-riot-woody-guthrie-prize-honoree-performance-1235562611/|access-date=2024-05-30|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Oktoba 2020, alikamatwa na polisi kuhusiana na kushiriki kwake kwenye maandamano ya kupinga unyanyapaa wa mashoga yaliyofanywa na Pussy Riot. Jioni ya siku hiyo, aliachiliwa kutoka kituo cha polisi kwa ripoti ya kuvunja kanuni za kushiriki kwenye maandamano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=July 21, 2023|title=Russian punk collective Pussy Riot takes centre stage in honorary degree ceremony|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/news/engagement/33648/russian-punk-collective-pussy-riot-take-centre-stage-in-honorary-degree-ceremony|access-date=2024-05-30|website=University of Kent|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Urusi]] 60hrucj6ewnqqblhitpozw0vud4f5uh 0 204718 1577399 1457068 2026-06-29T06:40:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edgar Yipsel Harburg''' (alizaliwa Isidore Hochberg; [[8 Aprili]] [[1896]] – [[5 Machi]] [[1981]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[nyimbo]] maarufu wa [[Marekani]] na mwandishi wa libretto aliyehusiana na watunzi wengi waliyojulikana. Aliandika maneno ya viwango vya nyimbo kama "''Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?''" (kwa Jay Gorney), "''April in Paris''", na "It's Only a Paper Moon", pamoja na nyimbo zote za filamu "The Wizard of Oz", ikiwa ni pamoja na "Over the Rainbow". Alijulikana kwa maoni yake ya kijamii yaliyomo kwenye maneno yake, pamoja na mtazamo wake wa mrengo wa kushoto. Alipigania usawa wa rangi, ngono na jinsia, na pia sera za kijamii za umoja. Pia alikuwa mkosoaji mkali wa jamii ya juu na dini.<ref name="Who Is Yip">{{cite web|url=http://yipharburg.com/about-yip-2/|title=Who Is Yip |publisher=Yip Harburg Foundation}}</ref><ref name="E.Y. Yip Harburg">{{cite web|url=https://ffrf.org/news/day/famous-freethinkers-secular-stars/spotlight/item/14286-e-y-yip-harburg|publisher=[[Freedom From Religion Foundation]]|title=E.Y. (Yip) Harburg|date=8 Aprili 1980}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Kazi == Harburg, mtoto mdogo kati ya watoto wanne waliobaki kati ya kumi, alizaliwa Isidore Hochberg katika Lower East Side ya [[Jiji la New York]] mnamo [[8 Aprili]] [[1896]]. Wazazi wake, Lewis Hochberg na Mary Ricing, walikuwa Wayahudi wa Orthodox wanaozungumza Kiyidi waliokuwa wakihema kutoka Urusi.<ref name="parents1">[http://www.answers.com/topic/yip-harburg Yip Harburg: Biography from Answers.com]. Retrieved January 2, 2010.</ref> Baadaye alichukua jina "''Edgar Yipsel Harburg''" na akajulikana zaidi kama "Yip". Imedaiwa kuwa Harburg alichukua jina "Yipsel" kwa maana ya "kindi" katika Kiyidi, ingawa hakuna neno kama hilo rasmi; kuna uwezekano jina hilo lilitokana na chama cha [[vijana]] cha Umoja wa Vijana wa Kijamaa ([[1907]]) kilichoitwa "yipsels". Harburg alienda Shule ya Upili ya Townsend Harris, ambapo alikutana na Ira Gershwin, na wakiwa na shauku ya Gilbert na Sullivan, walifanya kazi kwenye gazeti la shule na kuwa [[marafiki]] wa maisha yote. Kulingana na mwanawe, Ernie Harburg, baba yake alikuwa "msoshalisti wa kidemokrasia, [na] mpinzani aliyeapishwa wa jeuri zote dhidi ya watu," akisema kuwa "'ucheshi ni tendo la ujasiri' na upinzani." <ref name="parents4">[http://www.nndb.com/people/371/000205753/ E. Y. Harburg]. NNDB. Retrieved January 12, 2010.</ref> Baada ya [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]], Harburg alirudi [[New York]] na kuhitimu kutoka City College (baadaye sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha [[Jiji la New York]]) mnamo [[1921]], ambapo Ira Gershwin alikua mwanafunzi wake pia. Baada ya Harburg kuoa na kupata watoto wawili, alianza kuandika mistari ya nyimbo kwa magazeti ya mitaa. Alikuwa mmiliki mwenza wa Kampuni ya Vifaa vya Umeme ya Consolidated, ambayo ilifilisika kufuatia mgogoro wa [[1929]], ikiacha Harburg na deni la kati ya $50,000–$70,000, ambalo alilisuluhisha kwa miongo michache. Katika kipindi hiki, Harburg alianza kuandika maneno ya nyimbo kwa ushauri wa Ira Gershwin.<ref name="parents2">[http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/bio/C14 Songwriters Hall of Fame - E.Y. Harburg Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218092411/http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/bio/C14 |date=December 18, 2010 }}. Retrieved January 2, 2010.</ref><ref name="SWHF">[http://songwritershalloffame.org/index.php/exhibits/bio/C14 "E. Y. Harburg"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031315/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/index.php/exhibits/bio/C14 |date=May 15, 2013 }}, Songwriters Hall of Fame</ref><ref name="democracynow.org">{{cite web |date=31 Januari 1997 |others=Ernie Harburg interviewed by [[Amy Goodman]] |title=A Tribute to Yip Harburg: The Man Who Put the Rainbow in The Wizard of Oz |url=https://www.democracynow.org/1997/1/31/who_put_the_rainbow_in_the |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609023916/https://www.democracynow.org/1997/1/31/who_put_the_rainbow_in_the |archive-date=9 Juni 2023 |access-date=9 Oktoba 2023 |website=[[Democracy Now!]] |publisher= }}</ref> Gershwin alimuweka Harburg kwa Jay Gorney, ambaye alishirikiana naye kwenye nyimbo za Earl Carroll wa Broadway (Earl Carroll's Sketchbook). Onyesho hilo lilifanikiwa na Harburg kuajiriwa kama mwandishi wa maneno kwa mfululizo wa revues zilizofanikiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na "''Americana''" mnamo [[1932]], ambapo aliandika maneno ya "''Brother, Can You Spare a Dime''?" Wimbo huu ukawa maarufu kote nchini, ukawa wimbo wa Mdororo Mkuu wa Kiuchumi.<ref name="parents3">[http://www.yipharburg.com/biography.html Yip Harburg biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829092515/http://www.yipharburg.com/biography.html |date=29 Agosti 2009 }}. Retrieved January 2, 2010.</ref><ref>Gene Lees [https://books.google.com/books?id=EujKPSbVOooC&dq=%22Yip+Harburg%22+was+not+a+communist&pg=PA153 ''The Musical Worlds of Lerner and Loewe''], Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004, pg. 153</ref><ref>Harmetz, Aljean. ''The Making of The Wizard of Oz'', New York: Dell Publishing, 1989; p. 73</ref> Harburg alikuwa mkosoaji mkubwa wa jamii ya juu na [[dini]]. Aliandika shairi lililoitwa "Atheist" lililofupisha maoni yake kuhusu [[Mungu]]. Harburg na Gorney walipata mkataba na Paramount: huko Hollywood, Harburg alifanya kazi na watunzi Harold Arlen, Vernon Duke, Jerome Kern, Jule Styne, na Burton Lane. Baadaye aliandika maneno ya "''The Wizard of Oz''", mojawapo ya "miziki iliyojumuishwa" ya kwanza, ambapo alishinda Tuzo ya Chuo cha Sanaa kwa Muziki Bora, Wimbo wa [[Asili]] kwa "''Over the Rainbow''". Kuhusu kazi yake kwenye "''The Wizard of Oz''", mwanawe Ernie Harburg alisema: "''Kwa hivyo, Yip pia aliandika mazungumzo yote katika wakati huo na mpangilio wa nyimbo na pia aliandika sehemu ambapo wanatoa moyo, akili na ujasiri, kwa sababu alikuwa mhariri wa mwisho wa hati. Na yeye—kulikuwa na waandishi wa skrini kumi na moja kwenye hiyo—na aliunganisha kila kitu pamoja, akaandika mistari yake mwenyewe na akakipa kitu hicho umoja na umoja ambao ulikifanya kiwe kazi ya sanaa. Lakini hapati sifa kwa hilo. Anapata maneno na E. Y. Harburg, unaona. Lakini hata hivyo, aliweka ushawishi wake kwenye kitu hicho.''"<ref name="42ndSt">{{cite web |url=http://www.42ndstmoon.com/History/Harburg.html |title=Spotlight on E. Y. Harburg |publisher=42ndstmoon.com |date=5 Machi 1981 |author=Kathleen Phillis Lorenz |access-date=31 Julai 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207112034/http://www.42ndstmoon.com/History/Harburg.html |archive-date=7 Februari 2012 }}</ref><ref>Leigh Donaldson [http://www.americansongwriter.com/2011/04/yip-harburg-father-of-the-socially-conscious-lyric "Yip Harburg: Father of the Socially Conscious Lyric"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2011/04/yip-harburg-father-of-the-socially-conscious-lyric |date=20181117060138 }}, American Songwriter, 17 Aprili 2011.</ref><ref>Thomas Hischak ''The Oxford Companion to the American Musical: Theatre, Film and Television,'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 246</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Meyerson |first1=Harold |url=https://archive.org/details/whoputrainbowinw0000meye/page/326/mode/2up |title=Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz?: Yip Harburg, Lyricist |last2=Harburg |first2=Ernie |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |others=With the assistance of Arthur Perlman |year=1993 |isbn=0-472-10482-9 |location=Ann Arbor |page=326 |author-link=Harold Meyerson |access-date=12 Oktoba 2023 |url-access=registration |name-list-style=and |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1896]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1981]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] 9jhtrdzybbiw8w0t0h073ae0s0qve3h 0 204973 1577337 1576506 2026-06-28T15:42:36Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1577337 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Samia at Brooklyn Steel 5.30.25-41 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Picha ya Mwanamuziki Samia]] '''Samia Najimy Finnerty''' (alizaliwa [[12 Desemba]] [[1996]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na mchezaji muziki kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/samia-on-the-rise-no-one-puts-baby-in-the-corner|title = New York songwriter Samia Finnerty proves that no one puts baby in the corner|website=Thelineofbestfit.com}}</ref><ref name="pitchfork">{{cite web |last1=Bardhan |first1=Ashley |title=Samia: The Baby |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/samia-the-baby/ |publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |accessdate=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://issuu.com/yorkprep/docs/york-prep-winter-2014-newsletter/20 | title =York Prep Winter 2014 Newsletter, page 20 | date =13 August 2014 | website =Issuu | access-date =3 December 2021 | archive-date =2024-11-30 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20241130213117/https://issuu.com/yorkprep/docs/york-prep-winter-2014-newsletter/20 | url-status =dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] chijcrhay7wp9wdvx72fmolvelhn3zt 0 207050 1577374 1527972 2026-06-29T00:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Urusishaji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]/[[Kifaransa]]: '''Russification''', kwa [[Kirusi]]: '''русификация, обрусение, русификационная политика''') ni sera rasmi iliyofuatwa na Milki ya [[Urusi]] na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] hapo awali na kwa kiasi fulani na [[Urusi|Shirikisho la Urusi]] leo kuhusu wananchi wote wasio Warusi kwa asili. Inahusisha kuhamishwa kwa lugha ya asili ya watu fulani, kuanzishwa kwa lugha ya Kirusi, na baadaye kufuta kabisa utambulisho wa watu fulani na utambulisho wao kujiunga na Warusi. Kwa ujumla, [[Belarus]] iliteseka zaidi kutoka kwa Urusishaji. [[Ukraini]] ilikuwa ya pili. [[File:Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg|thumb|280px|Kirusi ni lugha ya asili ya watu milioni 120, na watu milioni 150 wanaizungumza kama lugha ya pili. Hasa katika makoloni ya zamani ya Urusi.]] [[File:Александр Дугин на Всемирном русском народном соборе 2022 года.jpg|thumb|250px|Alexander Dugin, mwana itikadi wa Urusishaji katika zama za kisasa, mtu wa karibu zaidi na Putin. Mnamo 1997, aliandika kitabu "The Geopolitical Future of Russia", ambayo baadaye ikawa kitabu cha kiada katika taasisi za elimu za juu za jeshi la Urusi.]] [[File:Продвижение подразделений ВС РФ в ходе вторжения на Украину 013.png|thumb|250px|Jeshi la Urusi katika maeneo yaliyochukuliwa ya nchi zingine kwanza kabisa huharibu lugha za wenyeji na kulazimisha Kirusi katika nyanja zote za maisha.]] Kwa kuwa watu hawa, kama Warusi, pia ni wa kikundi cha Waslavi wa Mashariki, ilikuwa katika nchi hizi mbili ambapo Warusi walitumia ushawishi wao kwa bidii kwa sababu ya uhusiano wao wa mbali na watu hawa. Kwa kiasi kidogo, sera hii ilifanywa katika [[Lituanya]], [[Latvia]], [[Estonia]], [[Ufini]], [[Georgia]] na [[Armenia]], lakini haikufaulu huko kwa sababu watu hawa hawakuwa na uhusiano wowote na Warusi na mabadiliko yanapunguzwa tu kwa makaratasi na kazi ya utawala. == Historia == Katika karne VII hadi IX, makabila ya Waslavi wa Mashariki walihamia kutoka eneo la Ukraini ya kisasa hadi ardhi za Urusi ya magharibi ya kisasa. Katika Zama za Kati, ardhi za mataifa yote mawili zilikuwa sehemu ya dola moja iliyokuwa na mji mkuu wa Kyiv. Katika karne ya XII, Rus ya Kyiv ilianza kugawanyika katika himaya tofauti. Wakati huo huo, mwana wa mkuu wa Kyiv, Volodymyr Monomakh, aitwaye Yuri Dolgorukiy, ambaye hakuwa na haki ya kiti cha enzi cha Kyiv, alikwenda kushinda ardhi za kaskazini-mashariki. Katikati ya karne ya XII, Waslavi walijikuta katika ardhi za Urusi ya kati. Kabla ya kuwasili kwao, kwenye tovuti ya Moscow, ambayo ilianzishwa na Dolgorukiy kama makazi madogo, makabila yanayofanana na Wafini wa kisasa yaliishi. Walikuwa wameangamizwa kabisa na Dolgorukiy, na mwaka 1169 vita vilianza kati ya Himaya ya Vladimir-Suzdal na Kyiv, ambayo ilisababisha kujitenga kwa ya kwanza kutoka Jimbo la Kyiv <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>. [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Karne ya IX. Makazi ya Waslavi wa Mashariki]] Mnamo 1240, baada ya uvamizi wa Batu, mkuu wa himaya za kaskazini, Alexander Nevsky, alikua mwana wa kumudu wa Batu. Shukrani kwa ushiriki wa Alexander katika ushindi wa Horde, mwanawe wa miaka 16, Daniil, alikua mkuu wa kwanza wa Himaya ya Moscow, ambayo ilianza kuunda Urusi ya kisasa. Mji mwingine muhimu wa zama za kati ulikuwa Novgorod, ambayo ilipigana mara kwa mara na Moscow na hatimaye ikashindwa nayo mwaka 1478. Hatimaye, ardhi za baadaye za Ukraini na Belarusi zilitengana na dola ya baadaye ya Urusi katika karne ya XIV, zikijumuishwa katika Duchy Kubwa ya Lituanya (hadi karne ya XVIII, lugha za Kiukraini na Kibelarusi zilibaki karibu sana, na msamiati wao bado unalingana kwa 84%). Mwishoni mwa karne ya XV, Golden Horde iligawanyika katika Khanate ya Crimea, Astrakhan, na Kazan, pamoja na Dola ya Moscow, ambayo ilifanya vita vya mara kwa mara vya uchukuzi dhidi ya washirika wake wa zamani na majirani, hasa dhidi ya Duchy Kubwa ya Lituanya, haswa kwa ajili ya mji wa Smolensk. Watu wa Kirusi walitokana na makabila ya Waslavi wa Mashariki na waliundwa kama watu tofauti wakati wa Dola ya Moscow <ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : Act; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны / Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — Спб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. [[File:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897).svg|thumb|250px|Ramani ya Taifa za Msingi za Idadi ya Watu wa Dola ya Urusi, Warusi Walikuwa Wachache]] Katika karne za XVIII na XIX, Dola ya Urusi ilikuwa dola ya kawaida ya enzi yake, kama vile Dola ya Uingereza, Ufaransa, Uhispania, Austro-Hungary, au Ujerumani. Mbali na Urusi yenyewe, ilijumuisha makumi ya mataifa mengine yaliyoshindwa. Tofauti ya msingi kati ya Dola ya Urusi na zingine ilikuwa kwamba makoloni yake hayakuwa ng’ambo au kwenye mabara mengine, bali yalikuwa karibu na mji mkuu. Ikilinganishwa na nguvu zingine za wakati huo, ilikuwa ya kujitenga zaidi, na sera yake kuelekea majirani ilikuwa ya muda mrefu na ya uchukuzi zaidi. Kama milki nyingi za mamlaka, Dola ya Urusi ilikoma kuwepo baada ya Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia. Baada ya Mapinduzi ya Urusi yaliyoongozwa na Alexander Kerensky, Urusi ikawa jamhuri, ambayo iliruhusu mataifa yaliyoshindwa hapo awali kupata uhuru. Muungano wa Sovyeti, hasa wakati wa utawala wa Stalin, uliendeleza sera ya kulazimisha lugha ya Kirusi, ikifuatana na ukandamizaji wa hala za juu, njaa ya 1932-1933, ambayo ilichukua maisha ya watu milioni kumi, na ugaidi <ref>Росія / Українська мала енциклопедія : 16 кн. : у 8 т. / проф. Є. Онацький. — Накладом Адміністратури Уапц в Аргентині. — Буенос-Айрес, 1964. — Т. 7, кн. XIII : Літери Риз — Се. — С. 1633. — 1000 екз.</ref><ref>Патин К. А. Справочник полный и подробный алфавитный указатель всех действующих приказов по военному ведомству… с 1859 по 1907 год. Т. 2. — Тамбов, 1908. — 1473 с.</ref><ref>Eastman, Stalin's Russia and the Crisis of Socialism, 1940, p. 84 / Цит. за Гаєк, Фрідріх. Шлях до рабства / пер. з англ. Сергій Рачинський. — К. : Наш Формат, 2022. — 208 с.</ref><ref>Гетти Арч. Практика сталинизма. Большевики, бояре и неумирающая традиция. Москва: Росспэн, 2016. 374 с.</ref>. Tamaduni za watu wote wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti isipokuwa Warusi zilikandamizwa kwa nguvu na kupangwa kuharibiwa hatua kwa hatua. Hii ilionekana katika kulazimishwa kwa ujumuishaji (watu walilazimishwa kuishi katika mashamba ya pamoja, na wale waliokataa kuachana na umiliki wa kibinafsi walihamishwa kwenda Urusi ambako walikufa au walipigwa risasi), kukomeshwa kwa mila, uchumi wa kujitegemea, na uharibifu wa wawakilishi bora wa mataifa yote isipokuwa Warusi <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160914174318/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/poshta-dnya/pravda-pro-rozstril-kobzariv-postaie-z-popelu-zabuttya Правда про розстріл кобзарів постає з попелу забуття] / День: газета. — 2013. — 22 лютого.</ref>. Pia ilipigwa marufuku rasmi kusherehekea sikukuu za kitamaduni, ikiwa ni pamoja na Krismasi ya Kikristo, na wakati wa enzi ya Stalin, waliokuwa wakisherehekea walipigwa risasi, na katika kipindi cha baadaye, walifungwa gerezani au hospitali za magonjwa ya akili. Kuna pia hadithi kuhusu jinsi, katika Ukraini ya Mashariki, huduma za usalama za NKVD ziliwaua wanamuziki waliopiga chombo maarufu cha Kiukraini, bandura. Kwa hiyo, sherehe za sikukuu za Kikristo zilifanyika kwa siri. Badala yake, katika USSR ya marehemu, ziliundwa nyumba za utamaduni ambapo, chini ya udhibiti mkali wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, maonyesho yaliyochanganywa na propaganda yalifanyika kwa wafanyikazi wa Biashara za Serikali (katika USSR, Biashara zote zilikuwa za serikali, na shughuli za kibinafsi zilipigwa marufuku, ikiwa ni pamoja na vyombo vya habari) <ref>Алексеева Л. История инакомыслия в СССР. Новейший период. — М.: ЗАО РИЦ «Зацепа», 2001. — С. 24.</ref>. [[File:Знам’янський Палац Культури, 30 листопада 2021.png|thumb|180px|Nyumba ya kawaida ya Utamaduni iliyojengwa katika Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] Mwaka 1972, watu walikamatwa kwa sababu ya ngoma ya kigeni ya jazz. Bidhaa za kitamaduni za kigeni na hata habari ziliingia kwa kiasi kidogo sana. Katika USSR ya marehemu, ni siku za sikukuu zilizowekwa na serikali pekee ambapo watu waliruhusiwa kuvaa mavazi ya kitaifa, na kwa idadi ndogo sana; kwa kuvaa mavazi ya kitaifa siku za kawaida, mtu angeweza kufungwa gerezani kwa tuhuma za utaifa. Ni tu wakati wa demokrasia ya 1985-1991 na kufunguliwa kwa mipaka ndipo Umoja wa Kisovyeti ulivunjika, na nchi nyingi zikapata uhuru <ref>БСЭ3 Дворцы и дома культуры в СССР</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Belarus == [[File:Маскалізацыя (русіфікацыя). Полацак.jpg|thumb|230px|Uharibifu wa usanifu na Warusi wa Polotsk, jiji kongwe zaidi huko Belarusi, mnamo 1812, 1912, na 2006]] Baada ya mgawanyiko wa Polandi, ambao ulijumuisha ardhi nyingi za kabila la Belarusi, Belarusi ikawa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi, baada ya hapo viongozi wa Urusi walianza kukamatwa kwa watu wengi wa wasomi wa Belarusi na uingizwaji wao na Warusi<ref>Уладзімер Арлоў. Краіна Беларусь. Вялікае Княства Літоўскае. — Kalligram, 2012. С. 330.</ref>. Mnamo 1772, Katherini Mkuu alitia saini amri kulingana na ambayo hati katika maeneo yaliyounganishwa yanapaswa kuandikwa kwa Kirusi tu, na mnamo 1773 alisaini amri nyingine "Juu ya Uanzishwaji wa Mahakama za Mitaa", ambayo ilitoa tena matumizi ya lazima ya lugha ya Kirusi katika mfumo wa mahakama<ref>Філатава А. Нацыянальнае пытанне і палітыка царскага ўраду ў Беларусі (канец XVIII — першая палова ХІХ ст.) / Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд. Т. 7, Сш. 1, 2000.</ref> [[File:Siemaszko01.jpg|thumb|160px|Semashko]] Baadaye, serfdom ilianza - wakati wa utawala wa Katherini Mkuu, karibu nusu milioni ya wakulima wa Kibelarusi walikuwa mali ya wakuu wa Kirusi. Maasi yalizuka mara kwa mara kwenye ardhi za Belarusi, lakini wote walikandamizwa kikatili. Hasa, baada ya kukandamizwa kwa ghasia za Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Alexander Suvorov alipokea watumwa elfu 25 kama thawabu. Fasihi za Kibelarusi kutoka kwa monasteri na maktaba pia zilichomwa kila mahali; vitabu vingi vilichomwa kwa amri ya Joseph Semashko. Urusishaji pia ilionekana katika usanifu: uharibifu wa majengo matakatifu kutoka enzi ya Kilituanya ilianza, hasa nyumba za uchapishaji ambazo zilikuwa mwaminifu kwa lugha ya Kibelarusi<ref>Швед В. Эвалюцыя расейскай урадавай палітыкі адносна земляў Беларусі (1772—1863 г.)</ref>. Makanisa yanayoitwa Muravyov yalijengwa kwenye tovuti ya majengo yaliyoharibiwa, jina lake baada ya gavana wa "Wilaya ya magharibi" Mikhail Muravyov, anayejulikana kwa uhalifu wake dhidi ya Wabelarusi na kukandamiza uasi wa Kalinovsky. Wito wake "Nini bayonet ya Kirusi haikufanya, afisa wa Kirusi, shule ya Kirusi na kuhani wa Kirusi atafanya" ikawa maarufu sana<ref>Філатава А. Нацыянальнае пытанне і палітыка царскага ўраду ў Беларусі (канец XVIII — першая палова ХІХ ст.) / Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд. Т. 7, Сш. 1, 2000.</ref>. 1795. Urusi inakataa rasmi kuwepo kwa taifa la Kibelarusi na lugha ya kujitegemea ya Kibelarusi. 1825. Baada ya kuingia madarakani kwa Mtawala Nicholas I, Maasi ya Novemba ya 1830-1831 yalizimwa.<ref>Филиппов М. Игры интеграции: Белоруссия и Россия в поисках друг друга / Неприкосновенный запас. — 2007.</ref> [[File:Kosciuszko (5871133) (cropped).jpg|thumb|160px|Tadeusz Kosciuszko]] 1831. Uundaji wa "Kamati maalum ya Magharibi", ambayo kazi yake ilikuwa "kusawazisha eneo la magharibi katika mambo yote na majimbo ya ndani ya Urusi". Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani ya Dola ya Urusi Piotr Valuev alitayarisha kwa tume iliyotajwa hapo juu "Insha Maalum juu ya Njia za Uenezaji wa Urusi wa Mkoa wa Magharibi" (kwa Kirusi. Очерк о средствах обрусения Западного края)<ref>Арлоў У. Як беларусы змагаліся супраць расейскага панавання? / Літаратура/100 пытаньняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі С. 51—52.</ref>. 1832. Shule ambazo zililinda lugha na utamaduni wa Kibelarusi zilifutwa kwa kiasi kikubwa. Udhibiti wa Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi juu ya elimu uliimarishwa, ambayo ilisababisha uharibifu wake.<ref> Арлоў У. Дзесяць вякоў беларускай гісторыі (862―1918): Падзеі. Даты. Ілюстрацыі. / У. Арлоў, Г. Сагановіч. ― Вільня: «Наша Будучыня», 1999</ref><ref>Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксьце сусьветных цывілізацыяў) С. 237</ref> 1840. Mtawala Nicholas I alitoa amri ya kuzuia matumizi ya maneno "Belarusi" na "Kibelarusi" katika nyaraka rasmi. Belarus ilipewa jina la "Wilaya ya Magharibi" (Kirusi: Северо-Западный край)<ref>Комзолова А. А. Политика самодержавия в Северо-Западном крае во второй половине 1850-х — 1870-х годах. М. 2003</ref><ref>Калубовіч А. Мова ў гісторыі беларускага пісьменства. Клыўлэнд, 1978</ref>. [[File:Муравьёв-Виленский литография.jpg|thumb|180px|Mikhail Muravyov]] 1864. Mikhail Muravyov (1796-1866), anayejulikana kwa uhalifu wake dhidi ya wakazi wa Belarusi, akawa Gavana Mkuu wa "Wilaya ya Magharibi". Kwa amri yake, mvulana wa Kibelarusi ambaye alikataa kuomba kwa Kirusi alichapwa viboko mara 200, baada ya hapo akageuka na kuwa Orthodoksi ya Kirusi na akafa kwa maambukizi<ref>Герасімчык В., Забіць Мураўёва / Наша гісторыя, № 2, 2018, с. 16-17. ISBN 2617—2305</ref>. Licha ya ukandamizaji wa Kirusi, uhamisho wa mara kwa mara wa watu wasiohitajika kwenda Siberia, na vikwazo vya matumizi ya lugha ya Kibelarusi kwenye vyombo vya habari, ambavyo viliondolewa tu mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, ilikuwa wakati huu kwamba mtindo wa ubunifu wa waandishi wengine wakuu wa Belarusi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Yanka Kupala, uliundwa kwa siri. Mnamo 1900, Wizara ya Elimu ya Dola ya Kirusi iliweka kazi ifuatayo kwa shule zote nchini: "watoto wa mataifa tofauti wanapaswa kupokea mwelekeo wa Kirusi tu na kujiandaa kwa ushirikiano kamili na taifa la Kirusi."<ref>Краіна Беларусь. Вялікае Княства Літоўскае (2012) С. 327.</ref> 1914. Watu wa Belarusi hawakutajwa katika Kongamano la Kwanza la Elimu la Kirusi, ambalo lilijumuisha idadi kubwa ya watu wa Dola ya Kirusi. Kwa ujumla, katika kipindi chote cha utawala wake huko Belarusi, Milki ya Urusi haikuruhusu kufunguliwa kwa shule moja ya Belarusi.<ref>Катлярчук А. Прадмова да «літоўскага» нумару / Arche № 9, 2009</ref> 1929. Mwisho wa sera ya kukuza lugha za kiasili katika Umoja wa Kisovyeti, mwanzo wa ukandamizaji mkubwa wa kisiasa<ref>Клімчук Ф. Старадаўняя пісьменнасць і палескія гаворкі [archive] / Беларуская лінгвістыка. Вып. 50., 2001. С. 19—24.</ref>. 1930. Katika USSR, chini ya kivuli cha "vita dhidi ya dini", uharibifu mkubwa wa makaburi ya kipekee ya usanifu huanza<ref>Бекус Н. Тэрапія альтэрнатывай, або Беларусь, уяўленая інакш / Arche. № 2 (31), 2004.</ref>. [[File:Kurapaty - 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Kurapati]] 1937. Kwa amri ya mamlaka ya Sovyeti, wawakilishi wote wa wasomi wa Belarusi wakati huo walipigwa risasi, sawa na matukio ya Ukraini, na mabaki yao yalizikwa katika msitu wa Kurapati (Курапаты), ambapo baada ya kuanguka kwa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, kama huko Ukraini, ukumbusho mkubwa uliundwa<ref>Пацюпа Ю. Занядбаная старонка правапісу: прапановы пісаньня прыназоўніка у/ў перад словамі, што пачынаюцца з галоснай / Arche. № 6 (29), 2003.</ref>. 1942. Yanka Kupala, mwandishi mkuu wa nchi, mwanasayansi na classic ya maandiko ya Kibelarusi, aliuawa na NKVD. 1948. Alesya Furs, mtu wa kawaida, alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 25 jela kwa kuonyesha nembo ya kitaifa ya Belarusi "Pagonya"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170905001658/https://news.tut.by/society/556639.html Памерла беларуская патрыётка Алеся Фурс. У маладосці яна атрымала 25 гадоў лагера за "Пагоню"281 комментарий]</ref>. 1960. Baada ya Vita vya Kidunia vya pili, chini ya kivuli cha mipango kuu ya kurejesha na ujenzi wa miji, uharibifu wa makaburi ya usanifu uliendelea<ref>Касперович Л. Местные бабушки плакали: "Оставьте нам церковь". Деревянные храмы Беларуси, которые нужно увидеть</ref>. 1995. Baada ya Alexander Lukashenko kuingia madarakani, alama za kitaifa za Belarusi - bendera nyeupe-nyekundu-nyeupe na kanzu ya kihistoria ya silaha - ilibadilishwa na alama za Sovyeti zilizobadilishwa, na wimbo pia ulibadilishwa. Kirusi hutumiwa katika taasisi zote za elimu na katika vyombo vya habari), kulingana na UNESCO, lugha ya Kibelarusi iko chini ya tishio la kutoweka<ref>Мікуліч Т. Мова і этнічная самасвядомасць. — Менск (Мінск): Навука і тэхніка, 1996. — 159 с. </ref>. [[File:2020 Belarusian protests, Minsk, 25 October p17.jpg|thumb|200pz|Waandamanaji waandamana kupinga matokeo ya uchaguzi yaliyoibiwa]] Miaka ya 2010. Waandamanaji mjini Minsk mwaka 2010 walipigwa kikatili na vikosi vya usalama na sasa wako gerezani, ambapo wanaendelea kuteswa. 2020 - Baada ya maandamano kukandamizwa, shinikizo na udhibiti wa lugha uliongezeka. Lugha ya Kibelarusi inateswa kwa msaada wa utawala wa Putin nchini Urusi. == Urusishaji wa Ukraini == [[File:Ukraine census 2001 Ukrainian.svg|thumb|250px|Kiukraini kama lugha ya asili kulingana na sensa ya 2001]] 1690. Marufuku ya Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi la uchapishaji wa vitabu vya kanisa katika Kiukraini na kesi za kwanza za uharibifu wao<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027050204/http://movahistory.org.ua/wiki/XVII_%D1%81%D1%82#1690 XVII ст]</ref>. 1720. Amri ya Mtawala Peter I juu ya kukataza vitabu vya uchapishaji katika Kiukraini katika nyumba za uchapishaji za Kyiv na Chernigiv<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIV Як Москва знищила волю друку києво-печерської лаври]</ref>. 1764. Maagizo ya Katherini II juu ya Urusishaji ya Ukraini. 1775. Uharibifu wa Kossaki ya Kiukraini. [[File:Viktor Kovalyov (mid-19th century) Last Rada on Sich.jpg|thumb|230px|Uchoraji unaoonyesha mkutano rasmi wa mwisho katika ngome ya Kossaki ya Kiukraini - Sich, kabla ya kuharibiwa na Warusi]] 1778. Amri ya Sinodi ya Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi juu ya kunyang'anywa kwa vitabu vya kanisa la Kiukraini kutoka kwa idadi ya watu<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. 1786. Marufuku ya matumizi ya lugha ya Kiukraini katika huduma za kimungu na ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiukraini katika taasisi za elimu za juu za Dola ya Urusi. 1831. Kukomesha Sheria ya Magdeburg katika miji, ambayo ilifanya kuwa haiwezekani kufanya kesi za kisheria katika lugha ya Kiukraini. 1862. Shule za mwisho za Kiukraini zilifungwa. Uchapishaji wa jarida la fasihi la Kiukraini, kisayansi na kisiasa "Osnova" (Msingi) lilikomeshwa<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. 1863. Amri ya Piotr Valuev, ambayo alitangaza kwamba "lugha ya Kiukraini haipo, na yeyote asiyekubaliana na hili ni adui wa Urusi." Maarufu zaidi wa sera hii.<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar Валуєвський циркуляр]</ref> 1876. Amri ya Ems. Marufuku ya kuagiza vitabu vya Kiukraini kutoka nje ya nchi, marufuku ya maonyesho ya maonyesho ya Kiukraini. Kwaya ya Mykola Lysenko ililazimishwa kuimba wimbo wa watu wa Kiukraini kwa Kifaransa kwenye tamasha. 1881. Sheria kuruhusu uchapishaji wa kamusi katika Kiukraini, lakini kwa mujibu wa othografia ya Kirusi. 1887. Mdhibiti alirudisha maandishi ya sarufi ya lugha ya Kiukraini bila kuisoma, akiandika kwa mwandishi kwamba "sio lazima kuruhusu uchapishaji wa sarufi ya lugha hii, ambayo inaelekea kutokuwepo." 1888. Amri ya Mtawala Alexander III "Juu ya marufuku ya matumizi ya lugha ya Kiukraini katika taasisi rasmi na ubatizo na majina ya Kiukraini." 1889. Huko Kiev, kwenye kongamano la akiolojia, lugha zote isipokuwa Kiukraini ziliruhusiwa kuzungumzwa. 1882. Serikali ya Urusi inaamuru wadhibiti kufuatilia kwa uangalifu uzuiaji wa tafsiri za fasihi za Kiukraini za fasihi ya kigeni. [[File:Ems Ukaz plaque in Bad Ems.JPG|thumb|200px|Bamba la ukumbusho la Amri ya Ems]] 1895. Kupiga marufuku vitabu vya watoto wa Kiukraini. 1903. Katika ufunguzi wa monument kwa mwandishi Ivan Kotlyarevsky huko Poltava, Kiukraini haikuruhusiwa kusema. 1905. Baraza la Mawaziri la Mawaziri la Urusi lilikataa ombi la Vyuo Vikuu vya Kyiv na Kharkiv la kuondoa marufuku ya lugha ya Kiukraini, na kuiita "isiyofaa." 1906 na 1907. Kufungwa kwa gazeti "Prosvita" huko Odesa na Mykolaiv. 1908. Amri ya Seneti ikisema kwamba "kuboresha elimu nchini Ukraini ni hatari na hatari kwa Urusi." 1910. Amri ya Stolypin juu ya kuingizwa kwa Waukraini katika jamii ya wageni na kupiga marufuku mashirika yote ya kisiasa ya Kiukraini. 1914. Marufuku ya kusherehekea ukumbusho wa miaka 100 tangu kuzaliwa kwa mwandishi mkuu wa Kiukraini Taras Shevchenko <ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. 1929. Kukamatwa kwa wasomi na wanaharakati (ilibadilika kuwa "sera ya kukuza lugha za asili" katika USSR ilifanyika katika miaka ya 1920 ili kutambua waathirika wa baadaye wa ukandamizaji)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «Арт Книга», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. 1932. Mwanzo wa njaa iliyosababishwa kwa njia ya bandia iliyoteseka na Ukraini na kusini mwa Urusi, yenye wakazi wengi wa Kiukraini<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «Арт Книга», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. 1933. Wakati wa Holodomor (njaa ya bandia) telegramu ya Stalin ilichapishwa kuhusu mwisho wa sera ya kusaidia lugha ya Kiukraini<ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Kyiv Bykivnia central monument.JPG|thumb|220px|Makaburi ya wahasiriwa wa ukandamizaji nje kidogo ya Kyiv]] 1937. Utekelezaji wa wasomi wa Kiukraini wa kiakili.<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref> 1938. Amri ya Kremlin juu ya utafiti wa lazima wa lugha ya Kirusi katika shule za Sovyeti Ukraini<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. 1958. Azimio la Urais wa Chama cha Kikomunisti juu ya mpito wa shule za Kiukraini hadi lugha ya Kirusi ya mafundisho<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220508234920/https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2016/10/161027_ru_s_ukrainian_in_donetsk Школы "ДНР": как изучают украинскую историю и язык?]</ref>. 1961. Mkutano wa 22 wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Umoja wa Kisovyeti - mpango mpya wa chama juu ya "kuunganisha mataifa katika watu mmoja wa Sovyeti"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220509000046/https://ru.krymr.com/a/29219102.html Искоренить идентичность: как из крымских школ выдавливают украинский]</ref>. 1972. Kazi za waandishi wa Kiukraini zinachapishwa kwa fomu iliyofupishwa kwa sababu ya udhibiti wa Sovyeti. Kukamatwa mpya kwa wasomi na wapinzani wa Kiukraini<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220509000048/https://ru.krymr.com/a/news-v-krimu-ne-ostalos-shkol-s-obucheniem-na-ukrainskom-yazike/29842791.html В Крыму не осталось ни одной школы с обучением на украинском языке – правозащитники]</ref>. 2014. Katika maeneo yaliyochukuliwa na Kirusi ya mashariki mwa Ukraini, shule zinalazimika kubadili lugha ya Kirusi ya mafundisho. Kukamata na kuchomwa hadharani kwa vitabu na alama za Kiukraini na wanajeshi wa Urusi. Uharibifu wa makaburi kwa takwimu za Kiukraini.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220405005345/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/novyny-pryazovya-okupatsiya-peresliduvannya-vchyteliv/31782322.html Змушують вчити російською». На півдні України військові РФ полюють на освітян]</ref><ref>[https://m.censor.net/ua/news/3342092/v_melitopoli_okupanty_nyschat_knygy_z_istoriyi_ukrayiny В Мелітополі окупанти нищать книги з історії України]</ref> [[File:Cemetery in Izium made during Russian occupation (25).jpg|thumb|220px|Mili ya watu wanaounga mkono Kiukraini waliouawa na Warusi]] 2022. Wanajeshi wa Kirusi katika maeneo yaliyochukuliwa kwa muda walinyakua na kuharibu vitabu vya maandishi na historia ya Kiukraini, na pia kuwalazimisha walimu wa jiji kufanya mchakato wa elimu katika shule pekee kwa Kirusi. Vikosi vya Urusi viliweka shinikizo kwa waelimishaji.Warusi wanaondoa vitabu vya Kiukraini kutoka kwa makusanyo ya maktaba za umma na shule na kuvichoma katika vyumba vya boileri<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/okupanty-spalyuyut-na-tot-ukrayinski-knygy-v-kotelnyah/ |title=Окупанти спалюють на ТОТ українські книги в котельнях |accessdate=2025-06-04 |archive-date=2024-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324065313/https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/okupanty-spalyuyut-na-tot-ukrayinski-knygy-v-kotelnyah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Polandi == [[File:Polish Prometheus 1831.PNG|thumb|220px|Mchoro wa Msanii wa Ufaransa "Prometheus wa Polandi]] [[File:Belarusians - on Ethnic Map of European Russia by Aleksandr Rittich - 1875 AD.jpg|thumb|220px|Eneo Lililokaliwa na Wapolandi Katika Dola ya Urusi]] [[File:Marcin Zaleski, Wzięcie Arsenału.jpg|thumb|220px|Uasi wa Polandi wa 1831]] Urusi ilipigana vita na Polandi kwa karne nyingi, na baada ya migawanyiko mitatu ya Polandi kati ya Dola ya Urusi, Ujerumani, na Austria, sehemu kubwa ya Polandi ilifall chini ya udhibiti wa Dola ya Urusi, wakati Galicia (Ukraini ya Magharibi ya leo) ikawa chini ya Dola ya Austro-Hungary. Lviv ilibaki kuwa kitovu cha utamaduni wa Kipolandi chini ya utawala wa Austro-Hungary, ambapo haki kadhaa zilihifadhiwa. Zaidi ya hayo, katika eneo la Galicia, ambapo nusu ya wakazi walikuwa Waukraini, harakati za kisiasa za Kiukraini ziliruhusiwa. Wapolandi ni Waslavi wa Magharibi, na Warusi ni Waslavi wa Mashariki, kwa hivyo kwa sababu ya umbali wa kitamaduni, mchakato wa uchukuzi uliharakishwa. Katika sehemu ya Polandi iliyodhibitiwa na Dola ya Urusi, sera kali ya urasishaji ilitekelezwa: * 1795. Kukandamiza uasi mkubwa wa kwanza wa Kipolandi na mauaji ya raia wa Kipolandi waliokuwa na amani katika vitongoji vya Warsaw na jeshi la Dola ya Urusi chini ya uongozi wa Alexander Suvorov <ref>Грабеньский М. История польского народа. — Мн.: Мфцп, 2006. — С.625—636.</ref>. * 1810. Tsar Nicholas I alipiga marufuku kufundisha lugha ya Kipolandi katika taasisi za elimu na kuanza kuweka lugha ya Kirusi kwa wingi katika nyanja zote za maisha. Pia, mamlaka ya Urusi ililazimisha Wakatoliki kubadili imani ya Kiorthodoksi ya Kirusi kwa nguvu <ref>Ольденбург С. С. Царствование императора Николая II. В 2 т. Т. 1. — М.: издательская и рекламно-информационная фирма «Феникс», 1992. — С. 90—91.</ref>. * 1830–1831. Kukandamiza Uasi wa Januari huko Polandi, Belarusi, na Ukraini. Tukio hili lilisababishwa na kumudu taifa kupitia marufuku ya lugha ya asili na uhamisho wa wingi kwenda Urusi <ref>Война женскими глазами. Русская и польская аристократки о польском восстании 1830—1831 годов. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2005. — С. 18. (Из вступительной статьи В. М. Боковой и Н. М. Филатовой «Польское восстание 1830—1831 гг.: взгляд с двух сторон».)</ref>. [[File:Lwów - Pomnik Jana Kilińskiego.JPG|thumb|180px|Mnara wa Shujaa wa Kitaifa wa Polandi, Jan Kiliński, katika Mji wa Lviv]] * 1863–1864. Kukandamiza uasi mkubwa zaidi huko Polandi, ambao ulilenga kuikomboa nchi kutoka kwa utawala wa Urusi. Uasi huo ulishindwa, na baada yake mchakato wa urasishaji ulizidi kuimarika kwa miongo kadhaa <ref>Ольденбург С. С. Царствование императора Николая II. В 2 т. Т. 1. — М.: издательская и рекламно-информационная фирма «Феникс», 1992. — С. 90—91.</ref>. * 1917–1920 (rasmi 1919–1920). Vita vya Sovyeti-Polandi. Urusi ya Sovyeti ilitaka kurejesha mamlaka yake huko Polandi na kuvamia nchi za Ulaya ili kuchochea mapinduzi ya Kikomunisti na "mapinduzi ya dunia", lakini jeshi la Kipolandi lilizuia uvamizi wa Urusi ya Sovyeti huko Ulaya katika "Muujiza kwenye Vistula" (1920) na kuhifadhi uhuru wake. Baada ya hili, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Polandi ilianzishwa <ref>Денисов Ю. Н. Россия и Польша. История взаимоотношений в XVII—XX веках. — М.: Флинта; Наука, 2012. — С. 403.</ref>. [[File:Pilsudski and Rydz-Smigly.jpg|thumb|220px|Kiongozi wa Kipolandi Józef Piłsudski]] Ambaye aliongoza urejesho wa uhuru wa nchi na kuzuia uvamizi wa kijeshi wa Urusi ya Sovyeti katika nchi za Ulaya. * 1939. Mnamo Agosti, Muungano wa Sovyeti ulifanya makubaliano ya siri ya kijeshi na Ujerumani ya Nazi, yaliyopanga kugawanya dunia katika maeneo ya ushawishi. Mnamo Septemba, Hitler na Stalin kwa pamoja walianza Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na kuvamia Polandi. Katika eneo lililokaliwa na Sovyeti (sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi), Jeshi la Nyekundu liliua kila raia wa kumi wa Kipolandi aliye na amani <ref>Мельков А. С. Влияние русского Православия на политику русификации Холмщины в XIX — начале XX вв. / Studia Humanitatis. 2016. </ref>. * 1950–1980. Utawala wa Kikomunisti wa baada ya vita uliendelea kuweka lugha ya Kirusi na kuimarisha uhusiano na Muungano wa Sovyeti wa kidikteta, ukiitenga nchi na dunia. Hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya uzembe wa uchumi wa Sovyeti, mnamo 1989 "pazia la chuma" lilianguka, na mnamo 1991 Muungano wa Sovyeti ulivunjika. Polandi ilibadilisha mamlaka yake na kujifungua tena kwa dunia <ref>Henryk Bałabuch, Cenzura a rusyfikacja: tożsamość czy podobieństwo celów i metod?: uwagi na przykładzie polskiej prasy prowincjonalnej końca XIX wieku, „Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska”, 185, 1997.</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Ufini == [[File:Suomineito (Isto).jpg|thumb|200px|Uchoraji wa Edvard Isto "Shambulio", ambayo tangu 1899 imekuwa ishara ya Urusishaji machoni pa watu wa wakati wake. Tai wa Kirusi mwenye kichwa-mbili hunyakua sheria za Kifini kutoka kwa mikono ya msichana.]] Tai mwenye vichwa viwili, ishara ya Urusi, ananyakua kitabu cha sheria za Kifini kutoka kwa msichana. Urusi ilishinda Ufini mwanzoni mwa karne ya 19 kufuatia vita vya muda mrefu na Uswidi. Sera ya urasishaji ilichangia kuibuka kwa harakati za kitaifa za Kifini, ambazo wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia zilibadilika kuwa mapambano ya uhuru wa Ufini. Sera ya urasishaji ilitekelezwa kwa uthabiti zaidi katika vipindi vya 1899–1905 na 1908–1917, ambavyo katika historia ya Kifini vinajulikana kama “nyakati za ukandamizaji” (Kifini: sortokaudet/sortovuodet). Ilifanyika hasa katika nyanja za utawala na sheria, lakini kwa sababu ya tofauti kubwa za lugha na utamaduni kati ya Warusi na Wafini, haikuathiri sana utamaduni na mfumo wa elimu wa nchi hiyo. 6 Disemba 1917 Ufini ilitangaza uhuru wake. Kwa kuzingatia ufahamu wa kitaifa wa jamii ya Kifini na utayari wake wa vita, Lenin hakupinga hamu ya Ufini kujitenga na Urusi. Ufini ilitetea uhuru wake katika Vita vya Majira ya Baridi vya 1939–1940, na Muungano wa Sovyeti uliweza kumudu na kushikilia 10% tu ya eneo lake. Stalin aliita vita hivi vita vya Urusi-Ufini wakati wa Mkutano wa Yalta (Crimea) <ref>Тегеран. Ялта. Потсдам. Сборник документов / Составители Ш. П. Санакоев, Б. Л. Цыбулевский. Изд. 2-е, дополненное. — М.: Международные отношения, 1970. — С. 139.</ref>. === Kronolojia === [[File:Nikolai Bobrikov.jpg|thumb|160px|Nikolai Bobrikov, Gavana-Jenerali wa Ufini]] * 1899. Manifesto wa Februari, ulioweka haki ya tsar kutoa sheria bila idhini ya vyombo vya uwakilishi vya Ufini <ref>Сергеевский Н. Д. К вопросу о коренных законах в.к. Финляндского. 1899</ref>. * 1900. Manifesto ulilazimisha matumizi ya lugha ya Kirusi katika kazi za utawala wa Kifini kwa usawa na Kiswidi na Kifini <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://histdoc.net/history/ru/kieli1900.htm |title=Высочайшій Его Императорскаго Величества Манифестъ |accessdate=2025-09-12 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624061307/https://histdoc.net/history/ru/kieli1900.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>. * 1901. Sheria iliyoondoa jeshi tofauti la Kifini na kulijumuisha katika jeshi la Dola ya Urusi. * 1910. Sheria iliyopunguza mamlaka ya Sejm ya Kifini kwa niaba ya Duma ya Dola ya Urusi. * 1910–1914. Kuvunjwa kwa bunge na kukandamiza vikosi vya kitaifa vya Kifini <ref>[https://www.hrono.ru/dokum/zakon1910.html Закон о порядке издания касающихся Финляндии законов и постановлений общегосударственного значения]</ref>. * 1939. Majeshi ya Sovyeti yalikuwa na faida kubwa ya anga: kwa kila ndege ya Kifini kulikuwa na ndege 9 za Sovyeti. Tarehe 30 Novemba 1939, wapiganaji wa Sovyeti walianza mashambulizi ya anga kwenye Helsinki, Vyborg, na miji mingine ya Kifini kutoka kwa besi za kijeshi. Mashambulizi hayo yalisababisha vifo vya raia wengi wa Kifini, na kusababisha Muungano wa Sovyeti kufukuzwa kutoka Ligi ya Mataifa. Vitendo vya kigaidi vya [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] vilisababisha uharibifu mkubwa kwa makumbusho, taasisi za elimu, na urithi wa usanifu wa Ufini <ref>Mäkelä, Jukka (1967). Helsinki liekeissä. Helsinki: Werner Söderström osakeyhtiö. с. 20.</ref>. [[File:Dead Russian soldier in the Winter War 1939.jpg|thumb|170px|Wafini walifanikiwa kupata mwanajeshi wa Kisovyeti ambaye alikuwa amekufa kwa theluji kwenye theluji na kuuweka mwili wake kwenye mpaka kama onyo.]] * 1940. Wakazi wa sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi — Karelia — walikabiliwa na usafishaji wa hala na uhamisho wa wingi na Warusi; ukandamizaji uliathiri Wafini na watu wa asili waliokuwa wakiishi karibu <ref>[http://www.fono.fi/KappaleenTiedot.aspx?kappale=njet+molotoff&ID=64fad317-515d-4153-832c-5744b443f28c Njet Molotoff (tässä: Niet Molotoff) (Finlandia, Finlandia, sinne taas matkalla oli Iivana)]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120712110938/premier.gov.ru/visits/world/9349/info/9352/ Российско-Финляндские отношения], сайт Председателя Правительства Российской Федерации</ref><ref>[http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf Sergei Prozorov: Border Regions and the Politics of EU-Russian Relations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf |date=20090316000000 }} Январь 2004, (pdf, англ. яз.)</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Ucheki == [[File:Memorial to the Victims of Communism, Prague.jpg|thumb|160px|Kumbukumbu kwa wahasiriwa wa utawala wa kikomunisti wa kiimla huko Prague]] Baada ya uvamizi wa Kisovyeti mwaka 1968, lugha ya Kirusi ilianza kutumika katika nyanja zote za maisha, huku lugha za Kicheki na Kislovakia zikisukumwa pembeni. Hili pia lilionekana katika ukandamizaji dhidi ya wasomi wa Kicheki na Kislovakia — kukamatwa, utekaji nyara na huduma ya siri ya Kisovyeti KGB, pamoja na kuwekwa kwa waandishi, wanahabari, na wakurugenzi wa filamu waliopinga utawala wa kiimla katika hospitali za magonjwa ya akili. Uhuru kamili ulipatikana tu baada ya kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Kisovyeti, na baadaye nchi iligawanyika kwa amani kuwa Jamhuri ya Cheki na Slovakia, huku ikihifadhi uhusiano wa karibu wa kitamaduni kati ya nchi hizi mbili <ref>Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: Статистическое исследование. — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 2001. — С. 533.</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Lituanya == [[File:Monument dedicated to the Independence of Lithuania in Dusetos, Lithuania.jpg|thumb|220px|Moja ya Monumenti za Uhuru wa Lituanya]] Baada ya Mgawanyiko wa Tatu wa Jumuiya ya Polandi-Lituanya (1795), Lituanya ilikua kabisa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi. Urusishaji ulihusisha marufuku rasmi ya kuchapisha kwa lugha ya Kilituanya mwaka 1864–1904, kulazimisha lugha ya Kirusi katika nyanja zote za maisha, kufunga makanisa ya Kikatoliki, na kukuza dini ya Orthodoksi. Baada ya mapinduzi na Vita vya Sovyeti-Lituanya, nchi ilipata uhuru, lakini ilitekwa na Muungano wa Kisovyeti wa kimabavu, ambapo urusishaji uliendelea kutoka 1940 hadi 1990 na ulikamilika kwa kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Kisovyeti<ref>Валуев П. А., Дневник П. А. Валуева, министра внутренних дел. — Москва, Академия наук, 1961. — Том 2. — С. 430.</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Latvia == [[File:1991.gada barikāžu atcerei veltītie pasākumi 2024.gada 20.janvāris - 55.jpg|thumb|220px|Mnara wa Uhuru huko Riga]] Baada ya kujiunga na Milki ya Urusi katika karne ya 18, urusishaji hadi karne ya 19 ulikuwa wa kiwango cha chini ikilinganishwa na nchi zingine zilizotekwa na Urusi. Pamoja na kuingia madarakani kwa Tsar Alexander III katika miaka ya 1880, urusishaji uliongezeka: lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa katika taasisi za elimu, mahakama, na utawala. Katika miaka ya 1917–1920, nchi ilipata uhuru, lakini baadaye, katika miaka ya 1940–1990, ilitekwa na Muungano wa Kisovyeti, ambapo kulifanyika uhamishaji wa Warusi kwa wingi nchini, kulazimishwa kwa lugha ya Kirusi katika maisha ya umma, kukandamiza utamaduni wa Kilatvia, kuhamishwa kwa wakaazi wa eneo hilo hadi Urusi, na ukandamizaji wa kisiasa. Ukweli wa kuvutia: katika Siku ya Uhuru, mtu yeyote aliyeweka maua kwenye Mnara wa Uhuru huko Riga angeweza kupelekwa Gulag, kunyongwa, au kufungwa katika jela ya Kisovyeti <ref>Дыдоров К. И. Освобождение Риги от большевиков 22 мая 1919 года. / Служба связи ливенцев и северо-западников № 3. Стр. 22.</ref><ref>Hannes Valter. Ausalt ja avameelselt Landeswehri sõjast, Võnnu lahingust, Riia operatsioonist. — Tallinn: Perioodika, 1989.</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=ZwkyAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=uk&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Steven Kiersons. Bear-Slayers - Latvian Myth, Memory, and the World Wars. — Lulu Publishers, 2008.]</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Estonia == [[File:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn 20180807.jpg|thumb|220px|Kanisa la Kirusi katikati ya Tallinn, lililojengwa mwaka wa 1900, linasimama tofauti kabisa na usanifu wa Kiestonia.]] Waestonia na Warusi waliishi karibu kwa karne nyingi, lakini kwa sababu ya tofauti za kina katika lugha na utamaduni, mawasiliano yao yalikuwa ya chini sana. Mawasiliano ya kwanza ya maana yalianza katika karne ya 18, wakati Urusi ilipofika kwenye ardhi za Estonia kama mshindi. * 1721. Baada ya ushindi wa Urusi dhidi ya Uswidi katika vita, Estonia ikawa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi. Lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa kama lugha ya utawala, lakini athari zake kwa wananchi zilibaki za kikomo<ref>Римский С. В., Конфесиональная политика России в Западном крае и Прибалтике XIX столетия. / Вопросы истории. Nr 3, 1998</ref>. * 1819. Ombi la kumaliza utumwa (mfumo wa kumudu) lilitimizwa - kwa mara ya kwanza katika Milki ya Urusi (katika sehemu zingine za milki hii ilimalizwa kwa kiwango kikubwa mwaka 1861). Hili lilichangia ukuaji wa miji na kuamsha hisia za kitaifa miongoni mwa Waestonia<ref>Andreas Renner. Russischer Nationalismus und Öffentlichkeit im Zarenreich 1855—1875. Köln, Weimar, Wien, 2000. / Ab Imperium. 2002. № 3</ref>. * 1881. Baada ya Tsar Alexander III kuingia madarakani, urasishaji mkali ulianza. Sheria za Estonia zilibadilishwa na sheria za Kirusi, lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa katika shule zote, na kusoma kwa lugha ya Kiestonia kulipigwa marufuku * 1893. Urasishaji wa Chuo Kikuu cha Tartu, cha msingi nchini: elimu ilihamishwa kabisa kwa lugha ya Kirusi, na vitabu vya Kiestonia viliharibiwa. * 1895–1905. Lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa katika mahakama, polisi, na mamlaka za manispaa. * 1905–1907. Wakati wa mapinduzi ya kwanza katika Milki ya Urusi, Waestonia walidai uhuru. Mamlaka za Urusi zilijibu kwa ukandamizaji wa kisiasa, mauaji ya umma ya waandamanaji, na kuhamisha Waestonia kwenye mikoa ya ndani ya Urusi. * 1917–1920. Estonia ilishinda katika vita vya ukombozi na kupata uhuru. Urasishaji ulikoma, na lugha ya Kiestonia ikawa lugha pekee ya taifa. Wakati huo, Warusi walikuwa 8% tu ya idadi ya watu wa Estonia [[File:TallinnWarMemorial2009.JPG|thumb|220px|Monument kwa askari waliokufa katika Vita vya Ukombozi vya 1918-1920]] * 1940. Uvamizi wa Sovyeti (16 Juni). Kuanzishwa kwa serikali ya vibaraka, na baada ya "uchaguzi" wa kujionyesha mnamo Julai, Estonia ilijumuishwa katika Muungano wa Sovyeti tarehe 6 Agosti. Mara moja ukandamizaji wa hali ya juu ulianza: katika mwezi wa kwanza tu, vikosi vya usalama vya Sovyeti vilikamata watu 60,000 <ref>Советская Эстония. Энциклопедический справочник / Гл. ред. Г. Наан. — Таллин: Валгус, 1979. — С. 210—211. — 440 с.</ref>. * 1944. Baada ya Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, Muungano wa Sovyeti uliendeleza urasishaji. Kwa amri ya kibinafsi ya Stalin, vikosi vya usalama vya Sovyeti viliwaua Bunge lote la Estonia. Katika miongo iliyofuata, maandamano yote ya amani ya uhuru yalikandamizwa. Wakati wa utawala wa Stalin, waandamanaji waliuawa au kupelekwa kwenye kambi za Gulag. Katika kipindi cha baadaye cha Sovyeti (1960–1980), walifungwa gerezani au hospitali za magonjwa ya akili. [[File:Мемориал жертвам коммунизма.jpg|thumb|220px|Makaburi ya wahasiriwa wa tawala za kiimla, pamoja na ukomunisti]] *1988. Mapinduzi ya Kuimba - maandamano makubwa ya uhuru. Tamaduni hii bado inaadhimishwa kama Siku ya Kumbukumbu ya Kitaifa (Laulupidu). Miji yote - mamilioni ya watu - waliimba nyimbo za kitaifa na za uzalendo za Estonia, ambazo ziliharakisha kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti na kurejeshwa kwa uhuru mwaka 1991 <ref>John Ginkel. Identity Construction in Latvia's "Singing Revolution": Why inter-ethnic conflict failed to occur / Nationalities Papers. — сентябрь 2002. — Т. 30, вып. 3. — С. 403—433.</ref>. == Nchi za Kaukazi == [[File:Семья Газдиевых у тела умершей дочери (Казахстан).jpg|thumb|200px|Wachechnya waliofukuzwa wanamzika binti yao aliyekufa]] [[File:Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg|thumb|200px|Ikifunikwa na mablanketi, miili ya raia wa Chechnya waliouawa wakati wa utakaso wa kikabila uliofanywa na askari wa Urusi.]] [[File:Russian troops on their way to Grozny, 1999.jpg|thumb|200px|Wanajeshi wa Urusi wakiwa njiani kuelekea Grozny]] Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 19, wakati wa vita na Dola ya Ottoman, Dola ya Urusi iliteka nchi nyingi za Kaukazi: Georgia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Armenia, na Azerbaijan, lakini Chechnya ilipinga kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Watawala wa Kirusi, wanasiasa wa Sovyeti, na marais wa Urusi walionyesha ukatili wa pekee dhidi ya Chechnya. Katika karne ya 19, kama ilivyokuwa kwa mataifa mengine yaliyoshindwa, lugha ya Kichechnya ilikandamizwa, na wasomi wa kiakili waliharibiwa na kubadilishwa na Warusi. Katika karne ya 20, baada ya 1917, Chechnya ilitangaza uhuru, lakini mwaka 1920 Muungano wa Sovyeti uliiteka. Katika miaka ya 1930 hadi 1950, Wachechnya walihamishwa kwa wingi, na katika miaka ya 1960 hadi 1980, harakati zozote za uhuru, hasa zile zilizokuwa za nguvu sana huko Chechnya, zilikandamizwa vikali. Baada ya kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti, Chechnya ilipata tena uhuru, lakini Urusi ilianza vita viwili: mwaka 1994-1996 Chechnya ilipinga uvamizi wa Urusi na kuhifadhi uhuru wake, lakini katika vita vya pili vya 1999-2000, Urusi iliharibu kabisa mji mkuu wa Chechnya, Grozny, na kuuiteka tena. Kwa makadirio tofauti, wakati wa vita hivi, raia wa Chechnya 150,000 hadi 200,000 waliuawa. Hadi mwaka 2009 (awamu ya kazi) na 2021 (vikundi vya kijeshi vilivyotawanyika), vita vya siri vya msituni vya kurejesha uhuru viliendelea, lakini kwa sababu ya usawa wa nguvu, Chechnya ilishindwa na inabaki kuwa jamhuri inayojitawala ndani ya Urusi <ref>Норин Е. А. Чеченская война. — М.: Чёрная сотня, 2022. — Т. 1. 1999–... — 480 с.</ref>. == Asia ya kaskazini == Katika karne za 17 na 18, Urusi ilianza upanuzi wa nguvu kuelekea mashariki, ikishinda na kuharibu nchi na watu wengi, lakini nchi na watu waliopinga zaidi hawakuharibiwa, bali walilazimishwa kujiunga na Dola ya Urusi wakiwa na haki za kujitawala. === Urusishaji wa Tatarstan === [[File:Pokorenie Kazani.jpg|thumb|200px|कजान शहर पर कब्जा करने की तस्वीर]] Mnamo 1552, Tsar wa kwanza wa Urusi, Ivan wa Kutisha, alishinda Khanate ya Kazan. Baada ya ushindi, mji mkuu wa Kazan uliharibiwa. Mchakato wa urusishaji ulifanyika kama ilivyokuwa huko Ukraini. Katika karne ya 21, lugha ya Kitatar iko karibu na kutoweka. Katika miaka ya 1990, baada ya kuanguka kwa udikteta nchini Urusi na demokrasia ya jumla, Tatarstan ilitaka uhuru, lakini Rais wa kwanza wa Urusi, Boris Yeltsin, aliwajibu waandamanaji: "Chukua uhuru mwingi kama unaweza kumeza", na licha ya vitisho vya vita sawa na vile Urusi ilipigana dhidi ya Chechnya, Tatarstan ilibaki kuwa sehemu ya Urusioris-el <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book594293/#page/459/mode/1up |title=Лицевой летописный свод XVI века. Русская летописная история. Книга 21. 1551-1553 гг. |website=runivers.ru |access-date=2021-12-13 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331120822/http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book594293/#page/459/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://mir24.tv/news/society/13838086 |title=Загадочная история Бориса Ельцина |access-date=2017-02-25 |archive-date=2017-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210170822/http://mir24.tv/news/society/13838086 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Союз можно было сохранить. Белая книга: Документы и факты о политике М. С. Горбачёва по реформированию и сохранению многонационального государства. М.: Апрель-85, 1995., c. 110—111</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://politics-80-90.livejournal.com/53085.html|title=Воспоминания В. В. Михайлова, в 1990-м году - депутата Верховного Совета Татарской АССР|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120083913/https://politics-80-90.livejournal.com/53085.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOprLcRfEHE|title=Фрагмент выступления в Уфе 6 августа 1990 года (отрывок - 19 секунд)|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOprLcRfEHE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzuXQHXk7fE|title=Фрагмент выступления в Уфе 6 августа 1990 года (отрывок - 120 секунд)|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093037/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzuXQHXk7fE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://disk.yandex.ru/i/_8YntlZXhVyMHA Сообщение Ельцин-Центра] {{Wayback|url=https://disk.yandex.ru/i/_8YntlZXhVyMHA |date=20220120111516 }} (Фонд "Президентский центр Б. Н. Ельцина) от 22.12.2021 № 567/Д</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://mir24.tv/news/16410153/put-v-bolshuyu-politiku-borisa-elcina|title=Путь в большую политику Бориса Ельцина|website=Mir24|access-date=2022-04-14|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509233025/https://mir24.tv/news/16410153/put-v-bolshuyu-politiku-borisa-elcina|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/10/05/sovereign/|title=«Два десятка президентов» 30 лет назад регионы России один за другим объявляли о независимости. Чего и как они добивались?|website=lenta.ru|access-date=2022-04-14|archive-date=2022-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414064646/https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/10/05/sovereign/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://yeltsin.ru/news/boris-elcin-berite-stolko-suverineteta-skolko-smozhete-proglotit/|title=Борис Ельцин: "Берите столько суверенитета , сколько сможете проглотить"|website=Ельцин Центр|date=2015-08-06|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120113541/https://yeltsin.ru/news/boris-elcin-berite-stolko-suverineteta-skolko-smozhete-proglotit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Протокол Центральной комиссии референдума Республики Татарстан от 25 марта 1992 года «[https://web.archive.org/web/19991023001118/http://www.kcn.ru/tat_ru/politics/pan_for/wb77.htm Результаты референдума Республики Татарстан 21 марта 1992 года]».</ref>. === Urusishaji wa Bashkortostan === [[File:Члены Башкирского Правительства.png|thumb|200px|स्वतंत्र गणराज्य बश्कोर्तोस्तान की पहली सरकार के सदस्य]] Mnamo 1557, Urusi iliteka Bashkortostan, mchakato ulikuwa sawa na wa Tatarstan. Katika miaka ya kwanza ya utawala wa Sovyeti, sera ya kukuza lugha za mitaa ilipitishwa, lakini kwa kweli hii ilifanyika ili katika miaka ya 1930, wakati wa ugaidi wa Stalin, wasomi wote wa kiakili wa nchi hiyo waliangamizwa na urusishaji ukaanza tena<ref>Историко-культурный энциклопедический атлас Республики Башкортостан. — Москва, Уфа: Феория, 2007. — С. 97. — 695 с.</ref>. === Urusishaji wa Buryatia === [[File:Памятник Ленину В. И., площадь Советов, Улан-Удэ, Бурятия.jpg|thumb|200px|Lenin monument huko Ulan-Ude]] Mnamo 1650, Urusi iliteka sehemu ya Buryatia, na baada ya makubaliano ya amani na China mwaka 1689, nchi nzima ikawa sehemu ya Dola ya Urusi. Katika karne za 18 na 19, Waburyati, ambao kijadi walifuata Ubudha, walilazimishwa kukubali Ukristo wa Orthodoksi na Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi. Katika miaka ya 1930, wakati wa ukandamizaji wa enzi ya Joseph Stalin, wasomi wote wa kiakili waliangamizwaт <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ostrog.ucoz.ru/publ/b/buraeva_o_v/novoe_v_istorii_udinskogo_zimovja_ostroga/107-1-0-419 |title=''Бураева О. В.'' Новое в истории Удинского зимовья/острога. |access-date=2017-01-25 |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042358/http://ostrog.ucoz.ru/publ/b/buraeva_o_v/novoe_v_istorii_udinskogo_zimovja_ostroga/107-1-0-419 |url-status=live }}</ref>. == Asia ya Kati == [[File:Karazin - Entry of Russian troops into Samarkand 1868.jpg|thumb|220px|Warusi walivamia Samarkand]] Katika karne ya 19, Dola ya Urusi iliteka nchi nyingi za Asia ya Kati zinazopakana na Pakistan na India, kama vile Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, na Tajikistan. Katika karne ya 20, nchi hizi zilikuwa na harakati za uhuru zilizokuwa na nguvu, lakini mwaka 1922 Muungano wa Sovyeti uliziteka tena na kuhamisha sehemu ya wakazi wa eneo hilo. Kuanzia 1979 hadi 1989, Muungano wa Sovyeti ulipigana vita nchini Afghanistan, ambapo lugha ya Kirusi ililazimishwa kwa nguvu, na ushawishi huu unadumu hadi leo miongoni mwa wahamiaji wa Afghanistan katika nchi nyingine <ref>Иванов П. П. Очерки по истории Средней Азии (XVI — середина XIX в.), М., 1958.</ref> == Urusishaji wa Mongolia == [[File:Phagspa imperial edict dragon year.jpg|thumb|220px|Alfabeti ya asili ya Kimongolia, "herufi za mraba", ilikuwepo kwa karne nyingi kabla ya ujamaa]] Katika karne ya 19, baada ya kuanzishwa kwa uhusiano wa kidiplomasia na Dola ya Urusi, Mongolia ilianza kuchukua vipengele vya utamaduni wa Kirusi, hasa kupitia biashara na uhusiano wa kidini (Orthodoksi ya Kikristo kati ya Waburyati). Baada ya Mapinduzi ya Mongolia ya 1921 na kuanzishwa kwa utawala wa Kikomunisti chini ya ushawishi wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, urusikazi wa kazi ulianza: Kuanzishwa kwa herufi za Kisirili kwa lugha ya Kimongolia, Kuenea kwa lugha ya Kirusi katika elimu, Utawala na Jeshi, mabadilishano ya kitamaduni, Ushawishi wa kisiasa kupitia itikadi ya Kimarx-Kilenin. Baada ya 1991, baada ya kuanguka kwa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, ushawishi wa lugha ya Kirusi na utamaduni ulipungua, Mongolia ilirudi kwenye utambulisho wake wa kitaifa, lakini herufi za Kisirili zilibaki zikitumika. Hadi miaka ya 2020, lugha ya Kirusi ilifundishwa kama lugha ya pili ya lazima, lakini polepole nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na Kiingereza <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.archipelag.ru/ru_mir/rm-diaspor/russ/russian-in-mongolia/ |title=К истории русских в Монголии (до 1917 г.) |publisher= Русский архипелаг |access-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227041736/http://archipelag.ru/ru_mir/rm-diaspor/russ/russian-in-mongolia/ |archive-date=2009-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Japani == [[File:Карта Курил и Сахалина 1852.png|thumb|220px|Ramani ya Kirusi ya visiwa vya magharibi vya Japani]] [[File:TraktatRJ.JPG|thumb|220px|Makubaliano kati ya Urusi na Japan katikati ya karne ya 19]] [[File:JapaneseNestingDolls.jpg|thumb|220px|Takwimu ndogo za Kijapani ziliongoza uundaji wa wanasesere wa kiota wa Kirusi mwishoni mwa karne ya 19]] Dola ya Urusi chini ya Tsar Nikolai II ilipigana vita dhidi ya Japani mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, vita vilivyoanzishwa tu kwa ajili ya kuimarisha mamlaka ya Nikolai II na kuondoa umakini kutoka kwa matatizo ya ndani ya Urusi: 80% ya wakazi walikuwa wajinga, wasio na elimu ya msingi, wakulima waliokaa katika vibanda vya mbao vilivyooza vilivyofunikwa na majani, lakini walishindwa na Japani ambayo ilizama meli zote za Pasifiki za Urusi zilizokuwepo wakati huo, jambo ambalo lilisababisha mapinduzi ya kwanza ya Urusi ya 1905-1907. Inafaa pia kuzingatia kwamba "matryoshka" za Kirusi zilinakiliwa kabisa kutoka kwa utamaduni wa Japani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://iocs.hse.ru/news/212660701.html|title=Лекция Александра Мещерякова об истории культурных связей между Россией и Японией в XIX-XX вв.|publisher=iocs.hse.ru|lang=ru|accessdate=2017-12-22|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162816/https://iocs.hse.ru/news/212660701.html}}</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Amerika == [[File:Этнографическая карта Русской Америки на 1859 год.jpg|thumb|220px|Ramani ya Alaska iliyoundwa na Urusi]] Urusishaji ya Alaska, au "Amerika ya Kirusi", (Русская Америка) ni mchakato wa ukoloni, ushawishi wa kitamaduni na kilugha wa Dola ya Urusi katika eneo la jimbo la sasa la Alaska nchini Marekani tangu mwisho wa karne ya 18 hadi 1867, wakati Urusi ilipouza Alaska kwa Marekani. Mchakato huu ulihusisha uanzishaji wa makazi, shughuli za kimishonari za Kikristo, na ujumuishaji wa lugha na tamaduni za Kirusi miongoni mwa wakazi wa asili. Uwepo wa Warusi huko Alaska ulianza katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 18. Mnamo 1784, msafara wa mfanyabiashara wa Irkutsk, Grigory Shelikhov, ulianzisha makazi ya kwanza ya kudumu kwenye kisiwa cha Kodiak. Hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa Amerika ya Kirusi, ambayo ilisimamiwa na Kampuni ya Urusi-Amerika iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1799. Wakoloni wa Kirusi walianzisha makazi huko Kodiak, Sitka (ambayo sasa ni mji mkuu wa Alaska), na maeneo mengine. Idadi ya watu ilijumuisha Warusi, Waaleut, Watlingit, na Waeskimo <ref>Алексеев, В. Н. Русская книга в дореволюционной Сибири: распространение и бытование: тематический сборник научных трудов. — Гпнтб, 1986. — С. 77.</ref> <ref>А.А.Алексеев. Судьба Русской Америки. — Магадан: Книжное издательство Магадан, 1975. — С. 322—325. — 326 с.</ref>. [[File:Russian chapel at Fort Ross (2016).jpg|thumb|200px|Ngome ya Urusi huko California]] Urusishaji ilionekana katika ujenzi wa ngome, makanisa, na shule, ambapo lugha ya Kirusi ilikuwa chombo cha mawasiliano na elimu. Mnamo 1867, Urusi iliuza Alaska kwa Marekani kwa dola milioni 7.2. Uhamisho huo ulifanyika kwa amani, lakini lugha na tamaduni za Kirusi ziliendelea kuwepo miongoni mwa wakaazi waliobaki. Wakati wa uuzaji, kulikuwa na Warusi takriban 800 na wakaazi wa asili 30,000 huko Alaska. Leo, wazao wa Warusi ni takriban 20,000, lakini urusishaji inaonekana katika utambulisho wa mseto. Baada ya uuzaji wa Alaska, lugha ya Kirusi ilitumika katika Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi, ambalo lilibaki likifanya kazi. Magazeti kama "Svet" (tangu 1897) na "Russian Emigrant" (tangu 1912) yalisambazwa miongoni mwa wazungumzaji wa Kirusi. Mnamo 1871, San Francisco ilipata uchapishaji uliotoa vifaa vya kujifunzia vya Kirusi-Kiingereza kwa shule za Alaska. Majina mengi ya kijiografia yamehifadhiwa, kama vile Mlango wa Shelikhov na Kisiwa cha Baranov <ref>Алексеев А. И. Освоение русскими людьми Дальнего Востока и Русской Америки: До конца XIX века / Отв. ред. А. П. Окладников; Ин-т истории СССР. — М.: Наука, 1982. — 288 с.</ref> <ref>Виньковецкий И. Русская Америка: заокеанская колония континентальной империи, 1804—1867 / Пер. с англ. С. Константинова; науч. ред. перевода А. Миллер. — М.: Новое лит. обозрение, 2015. — 320 с.</ref>. == Wapinzani wa Urusishaji == [[File:ChaadaevPetr.jpg|thumb|180px|Pyotr Chaadayev]] [[File:Painting of maxim gorki.jpg|thumb|160px|Maxim Gorky]] Mwandishi Pyotr Chaadayev anajulikana kwa vitabu vyake, ambavyo alishutumu vikali njia ya maisha ya Kirusi na asili yake ya fujo. Kazi zake zilipigwa marufuku nchini Urusi <ref>П. Я. Чаадаев: pro et contra. Личность и творчество Петра Чаадаева в оценке русских мыслителей и исследователей: Антология. — СПб., 1998.</ref>. Mwandishi mashuhuri wa Urusi Maxim Gorky aliandika nakala mnamo 1922 yenye kichwa "Kuhusu wakulima wa Kirusi" (О русском крестьянстве) ambayo ilipigwa marufuku katika Umoja wa Sovyeti na haikuchapishwa nchini Urusi <ref>[https://ru.m.wikisource.org/wiki/О_русском_крестьянстве_(Горький) О русском крестьянстве (Горький)]</ref>. == Katika usanifu == Mbali na lugha na utamaduni, Urusikazi uliharibu sana usanifu wa nchi zilizotekwa na Urusi. Katika karne za 18 na 19, wakati wa Dola ya Urusi, hii ilihusu tu majengo ya kidini, lakini katika karne ya 20, wakati wa enzi ya kiimla ya Kisovyeti, hii iligusa majengo yote, ikiwa ni pamoja na nyumba za makazi. Kazi nyingi za usanifu ziliharibiwa, haswa wakati wa Stalin, na badala yake, katika USSR ya marehemu na kwa ujumla katika nchi za kambi ya Mashariki, majengo ya ghorofa tano na tisa yalijengwa kwa wingi katika maeneo yote ya makazi, kwa lengo la kukandamiza ubinafsi wowote. Hata filamu ya ucheshi "Kejeli ya hatima" (1975) ilitengenezwa kuhusu mtu ambaye, alipofika katika mji wa kigeni, aliingia kwenye nyumba ya mgeni akiichukulia kuwa yake kwa sababu kila kitu, ikiwa ni pamoja na samani, kilikuwa sawa. Maamuzi kama haya ya usanifu yalifanywa kwa idhini ya mamlaka, kwa lengo la kukandamiza saiki ya watu. Lakini kwa kuwa mfumo huu haukuweza kutosheleza mahitaji ya msingi ya watu, ulianguka bila kuepukika. <gallery> Маскалізацыя (русіфікацыя). Горадня. Фара Вітаўта.jpg|Moja ya makanisa ya Kibelarusi yalijengwa upya kwa mtindo wa Kirusi na kisha kuharibiwa. File:House in Lasnamae.jpg|majengo ya makazi ya enzi ya Sovyeti huko Estonia File:Казань. Пятиэтажные хрущёвки серии 1-464 на улице Рихарда Зорге.JPG|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti nchini Urusi File:Спальный район, Хрущевки - panoramio.jpg|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti nchini Urusi File:Кропивницький , вулиця Полтавська.jpg|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti huko Ukraini File:Remblai de la rivière Inhul, Kropyvnytskyi, 25.12.2023.jpg|Tuta iliyojengwa wakati wa Sovyeti File:Inhul Kropyvnytskyi.jpg|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti huko Ukraini File:Історична пам'ятка у Олександрії.jpg|Moja ya majengo kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Kirusi File:Пам'ятник невідомому солдату, Знам'янкп.jpg|Kaburi la Askari Asiyejulikana ni mojawapo ya mamia ya maelfu ya makaburi ya kijeshi ya Sovyeti yaliyojengwa wakati wa Vita Baridi kwenye makaburi ya halaiki ya wale waliouawa katika Vita Kuu ya II File:Один з провулків на вулиці Соборній , Знам'янка , кінець 2022.png|Barabara za kawaida zilizobaki kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Urusi na Umoja wa Kisovyeti File:31 грудня 2022 , Знам'янка , Кіровоградська область , Україна.png|Barabara za kawaida zilizobaki kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Urusi na Umoja wa Kisovyeti File:2й Поперечний провулок , Знам'янка , Кіровоградська область , Україна , 15 березня 2023.jpg|Barabara za kawaida zilizobaki kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Urusi na Umoja wa Kisovyeti </gallery> == Urusi ya kisasa == [[File:Shedrovitskiy.jpg|thumb|220px|Petr Shchedrovitsky, mmoja wa wataalam juu ya dhana ya ulimwengu wa Urusi]] [[File:Vladislav Surkov in 2010.jpeg|thumb|220px|Vladislav Surkov, mmoja wa wataalam juu ya dhana ya ulimwengu wa Urusi]] [[File:Russian occupied territories in map.svg|thumb|220px|Maeneo yaliyochukuliwa na Urusi katika karne ya 21]] Baada ya kuanguka kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti katika miaka ya 1990, wazo la "Ulimwengu wa Kirusi" ({{Lang-ru|Русский мир, russkiy mir}}) liliibuka, yaani, Urusi inayovuka mipaka yake ya kweli. Mbunge wa baadaye wa Duma ya Urusi na msimamizi wa kumudu Peninsula ya Crimea na kusini-mashariki mwa Ukraini, Vladislav Surkov, alielezea maono yake hivi: "Ulimwengu wa Kirusi sio tu mahali ambapo watu wanazungumza Kirusi, bali pia mahali ambapo wanaogopa silaha za Kirusi, huo pia ni Ulimwengu wa Kirusi." Wazo hili ni sehemu ya itikadi ya kisasa ya Urusi na linahusiana moja kwa moja na uchukuzi wake dhidi ya nchi jirani katika nyakati za sasa. Mbali na urasishaji, linajidhihirisha katika kufuta historia ya mataifa mengine au kupunguza jukumu lao katika historia ya dunia, na pia kurudi kwa ibada ya watu wa zamani wa kiimla au wa kifalme ili kuhalalisha uvamizi wa kijeshi. Sera za ndani na za nje za Urusi na Vladimir Putin zimejengwa juu ya wazo la Ulimwengu wa Kirusi, ambalo ni sehemu ya mchakato wa jumla wa urasishaji, uliorithiwa nao na unaohusiana moja kwa moja na udhalimu na umma wa kijeshi <ref>Mark Smith. Pax Russica: Russiaś Monroe Doctrine. 1993</ref> <ref>К возрождению Святой Руси / Русь Державная. – 2009. – № 9 (183)</ref><ref>Україна і «Русский мир»: Важкий досвід співіснування: від «братского союза» до ненависті і масової українофобії: Історичні нариси та наукова публіцистика / С. А. Цвілюк. — Одеса: Астропринт, 2016. — 524 с.</ref>. Itikadi hii pia inaeneza hadithi za kihistoria za uwongo, kama vile "Moscow ni Roma ya Tatu" baada ya kumudu Constantinople na Waislamu na kuanguka kwa Dola ya Roma ya Mashariki, pamoja na madai kwamba "Warusi na Waukraini ni watu wamoja", wakipuuza ukweli wa ukandamizaji dhidi ya Waukraini, kuharibu lugha ya Kiukraini na kuchanganya kwa makusudi na lugha ya Kirusi kupitia upotoshaji wa sarufi ya Kiukraini. Urasishaji unabaki kuwa chombo cha msingi cha itikadi hii <ref>Новикова Л. И. Три модели развития России / Л. И. Новикова, И. Н. Сиземская. — М. : ИФ РАН, 2000. — 272 с</ref><ref>Schreder H. Moskau das Dritte Rom. Hamburg, 1929: 2. Aufl.: Darmstadt, 1957</ref><ref>[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/539633 Fabian Burkhardt, Dmitry Dubrovskiy, Stephen K. Wegren, Jan Matti Dollbaum, Seongcheol Kim, Political Regime Stability / Universities / Agriculture, 2022-03-29, Russian Analytical Digest (RAD), tome 281, page 9, ISBN 1863-0421, DOI 10.3929/ethz-b-000539633]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220704015306/https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/539633 www.research-collection.ethz.ch 2022-07-04]</ref>. == Rashizimu == [[File:Letter Z in the colours of the Russian Ribbon of Saint George.svg|thumb|180px|Barua Z, iliyojenga rangi ya Ribbon ya St George ya Kirusi, ishara kuu ya uvamizi wa Ukraini. Pia ni ishara kuu ya kisasa ya Urusishaji.]] [[File:Russia + Fascism = Ruscism (51911310536).jpg|thumb|220px|Maandamano dhidi ya uvamizi wa Ukraini]] [[File:White-blue-white flag in Tbilisi.jpg|thumb|220px|Wanadiaspora wa Urusi waandamana kupinga vita katika balozi za Urusi nje ya nchi]] Nukuu maarufu zaidi ya Vladimir Putin: "Mipaka ya Urusi haiishi popote katika nchi yoyote." ('''Границы России нигде не заканчиваются.''') Itikadi ya kisiasa ya dola ya kisasa ya Urusi, iliyokamilika kabisa wakati wa utawala wa Vladimir Putin, inawakilisha mchanganyiko wa urithi wa Dola ya Urusi na Muungano wa Sovyeti. Itikadi hii inajulikana, hasa, kwa ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu ndani ya Urusi na sera za uchukuzi sana dhidi ya nchi jirani. Moja ya zana za msingi za itikadi hii ni urasishaji, ambapo inasambazwa na kuimarishwa katika maeneo yaliyokaliwa. Itikadi hii inaitwa "rashizimu" (kutoka kwa Kiingereza Ruscism, mchanganyiko wa jina la nchi na neno "ufashisti"), ambayo inasisitiza tabia yake ya kijeshi. Alama zake mara nyingi hutumiwa kwenye vifaa vya kijeshi vya Urusi na zimepigwa marufuku rasmi katika nchi nyingi za Ulaya <ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-letter-z-fascist-symbol/31758267.html Special Operation Z: Moscow's Pro-War Symbol Conquers Russia -- And Sets Alarm Bells Ringing]</ref><ref>[https://www.ukr.net/news/details/russianaggression/102194748.html Чому росіяни катують викрадених українських дітей - відповідь Save Ukraine]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://zmina.ua/event/rrosiyany-u-shkoli-na-hersonshhyni-katuvaly-ukrayincziv-do-smerti-imituvaly-rozstrily-ta-majzhe-ne-goduvaly-zvit-pro-bilyayivsku-kativnyu/ |title=Росіяни у школі на Херсонщині катували українців до смерті, імітували розстріли та майже не годували. Звіт про Біляївську катівню |accessdate=2025-09-12 |archive-date=2025-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606075043/https://zmina.ua/event/rrosiyany-u-shkoli-na-hersonshhyni-katuvaly-ukrayincziv-do-smerti-imituvaly-rozstrily-ta-majzhe-ne-goduvaly-zvit-pro-bilyayivsku-kativnyu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://prm.ua/filtratsiia-po-ordynsky-v-mariupoli-okupanty-vbyvaiut-tsyvilnykh-za-nepravylne-tatuiuvannia-na-tili/ “Фільтрація” по-ординськи: в Маріуполі окупанти вбивають цивільних за “неправильне” татуювання на тілі]</ref>. Miongoni mwa kesi za kifungo zinazojulikana zaidi kwa msimamo wa kupinga vita (unaodaiwa rasmi kama "kueneza habari za uwongo kuhusu jeshi la Urusi") ni kesi ya mstaafu wa Moscow, ambaye aliandika maoni kuhusu jinsi mabomu ya Urusi huko Moscow na Mariupol yalivyo mabaya, na mwanasiasa Alexei Gorinov, ambaye aliita vita "vita" badala ya "operesheni maalum" <ref>[https://memopzk.org/news/gosobvinenie-zaprosilo-dlya-pensionera-iz-moskvy-7-let-kolonii-za-dva-kommentariya-o-bombardirovkah-kieva-i-mariupolya/ Гособвинение запросило для пенсионера из Москвы 7 лет колонии за два комментария о бомбардировках Киева и Мариуполя]</ref><ref>[https://genevasolutions.news/explorations/ukraine-stories/%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F20-%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B1-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C-%D0%B2-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC-%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC Муниципального депутата приговорили к 7 годам колонии за то, что он назвал войну войной. Это первый реальный срок за антивоенную позицию в России]</ref>. Wapigaji wa filamu wengi wa hali halisi wanasema kwamba Vladimir Putin sio muundaji wa mfumo huu, bali ni mwendelezaji wake tu, ambapo chombo chake cha msingi kwa karne nyingi kilikuwa urasishaji. Hata hivyo, ni Putin mwenyewe aliyeanzisha tamaduni ya kuandaa gwaride kubwa la kijeshi la kila mwaka huko Moscow mnamo Mei 9, ambalo pia linawakilisha kujitolea kwa Urusi kwa sera ya uchukuzi ulimwenguni kote [109]. Utawala wa Vladimir Putin unawakilisha sifa za kikatili zaidi za vipindi vya kifalme na vya kiimla vya historia ya Urusi; mara nyingi unalinganishwa na utawala wa Nazi. Kuna mfanano mwingi kati ya utawala wa Putin na utawala wa Nazi: ibada ya kiongozi, ukandamizaji wa uhuru wa kujieleza, ukandamizaji wa wanaopinga, wakiwemo watoto, uhalifu wa hala dhidi ya ubinadamu, na matumizi ya historia ya kale kuhalalisha uchukuzi wa kijeshi <ref>[https://armyinform.com.ua/2023/05/17/ostannya-vijna-dokumentalnyj-proyekt-yakyj-rozpovidaye-pro-transformacziyu-rashyzmu-ta-rosijsko-ukrayinsku-vijnu/ «Остання війна» — документальний проєкт, який розповідає про трансформацію рашизму та російсько-українську війну]</ref>. <gallery> File:Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin 17 July 2012 01.jpeg|Dmitry Medvedev, rais wa zamani na sasa mkuu wa serikali ya Urusi, ametoa wito wa vita vya nyuklia dhidi ya dunia nzima. File:Vitaly Milonov, 2018.jpg|Vitaly Milonov, mbunge wa Urusi, anadai kwamba "mataifa yote ya dunia yalitokana na nyani na minyoo, na Warusi ni uumbaji wa Mungu." File:Igor Ivanovich Strelkov Yekaterinburg4.JPG|Igor Girkin, afisa wa huduma maalum za Kirusi, mmoja wa wana itikadi kuu wa Urushshaji na kiongozi wa kijeshi ambaye chini ya uongozi wake vita vya mashariki mwa Ukraini vilianzishwa, vinavyoendelea hadi leo. File:Владимир Жириновский (05-04-2018).jpg|Kiongozi wa moja ya vyama vikubwa zaidi vya Urusi, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, alitoa wito wa "maangamizi kamili ya nchi kadhaa na mabadiliko ya Moscow kuwa mji mkuu wa ulimwengu." File:Ivan Okhlobystin 01.jpg|Ivan Okhlobystin, muigizaji wa Urusi ambaye alitaka mauaji ya watu wengi wa Ukraini na kukamilisha Urusishaji ya ardhi zilizotekwa. File:Museum of Hryhoriy Skovoroda after Russian shelling on 6 May 2022 (02).jpg|Moja ya makumbusho ya kipekee ya Kiukraini yaliyoharibiwa na mabomu ya Urusi File:Gorinov prigovor.jpg|Mmoja wa wapinzani wa utawala wa Putin akiwa na bango kwenye chumba cha mahakama "je bado unahitaji vita hivi?" File:Anatoly Shariy 2018.jpg|Anatoly Shariy, msaliti wa Ukraini, mfuasi wa Urusishaji File:Anatoly Wasserman (2010-09-11) 2.jpg|Mwanasiasa wa Urusi Anatoly Wasserman anathibitisha kwamba "kwa ushindani wa kweli na lugha ya Kirusi, lugha zote za ulimwengu zitatoweka mapema au baadaye" File:Григорий Азарёнок (08-07-2021).png|Grigory Azarenok - mtangazaji wa propaganda ambaye alitoa wito wa "kuharibu Kyiv kwa makombora ya nyuklia na kusimamisha sanamu ya mita 300 ya Putin badala ya jangwa lililoteketezwa" <ref>[https://vlasti.net/ru/news/340753 Разнесем Киев ядерными ракетами и поставим 300-метровую статую Путина: на белорусском ТВ пригрозили Украине]</ref><ref>[https://censor.net/ru/videonews/3314437/raznesem_kiev_yadernymi_raketami_a_na_meste_vyjjennoyi_pustyni_postavim_300metrovuyu_statuyu_putina "Разнесем Киев ядерными ракетами, а на месте выжженной пустыни поставим 300-метровую статую Путина", - белорусский пропагандист Азарёнок. Видео Источник: https://censor.net/ru/v3314437]</ref> File:Iljin02.jpg|Ivan Ilyin, mwandishi, mtu wa umma, fashisti wa Kirusi, mwandishi anayependa zaidi wa Vladimir Putin, ambaye alitaka kuharibu watu wengine kwa njia ya Urusishaji File:Alexey Milchakov.png|Alexey Milchakov ni Mnazi maarufu wa Urusi ambaye alishiriki katika vita dhidi ya Ukraini </gallery> Sawa na jinsi Hitler alivyohalalisha mwanzo wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia kwa uvamizi wa Polandi, akidai kuwa miji mingi ya Polandi ilianzishwa na Wajerumani, Putin alisema vivyo hivyo kuhusu miji ya kusini-mashariki mwa Ukraini. Inafurahisha kwamba mwandishi anayependa zaidi wa Putin ni Ivan Ilyin, mwanazi wa kiitikadi wa Urusi, ambaye alitaka uharibifu wa mataifa mengine kupitia urasishaji. Vikundi vingi vya Neonazi vya Urusi pia vinapigana upande wa Urusi, kubwa zaidi likiongozwa na Alexei Milchakov maarufu <ref name="Al Jazeera 8-09-22">{{Rejea habari|title=UN says ‘credible’ reports Ukraine children transferred to Russia|trans-title= ООН вважає «достовірними» повідомлення про передачу українських дітей до Росії |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/8/un-says-credible-reports-ukraine-children-transferred-to-russia|accessdate=2022-09-08|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |date=2022-09-08|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044540/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/8/un-says-credible-reports-ukraine-children-transferred-to-russia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human rights concerns related to forced displacement in Ukraine|trans-title=Проблеми з правами людини, пов'язані з вимушеним переміщенням в Україні |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/09/human-rights-concerns-related-forced-displacement-ukraine|accessdate=2022-09-11|website=OHCHR Управління Верховного комісара ООН з прав людини - УВКПЛ|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912151804/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/09/human-rights-concerns-related-forced-displacement-ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gerasym">{{Rejea tovuti|author1=Дмитро Михайлов |author2=Влада Прізова|title=Кількість депортованих до РФ дітей, яку озвучила Львова-Бєлова, може бути завищена — Герасимчук|url=https://suspilne.media/540811-gerasimcuk-sprostuvala-zaavi-lvovoi-belovoi-sodo-700-tisac-vivezenih-do-rf-ukrainskih-ditej/ |website=Суспільне|date=2023-07-31|accessdate=|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|title='Deporting Ukrainian children and "Russifying" them is jeopardizing the future of Ukraine'|trans-title= «Депортація українських дітей та їх «русифікація» ставить під загрозу майбутнє України» |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/08/05/deporting-ukrainian-children-and-russifying-them-is-jeopardizing-the-future-of-ukraine_5992568_23.html|work=Le Monde|date=2022-08-05|last=|accessdate=2022-10-13|archivedate=2023-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317175343/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/08/05/deporting-ukrainian-children-and-russifying-them-is-jeopardizing-the-future-of-ukraine_5992568_23.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://zaborona.com/rosiya-nezakonno-utrymuye-do-15-mln-ukrayinskyh-ditej-i-povertaty-yih-staye-vse-vazhche-kuleba/|title=Микола Кулеба: інтерв’ю про дітей|last=Hudkova|first=Svitlana|date=2023-11-29|website=Заборона|language=uk|access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref><ref name="lvova-2023-07">{{Rejea tovuti|title=У Росії заявляють, що вивезли понад 700 тисяч українських дітей|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3742632-u-rosii-zaavlaut-so-vivezli-ponad-700-tisac-ukrainskih-ditej.html|website=Укрінформ|date=2023-07-31|accessdate=2023-07-31|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref><ref name="duma-07-2023">{{Rejea tovuti|title=У держдумі РФ підтвердили депортацію 700 тис. українських дітей за роки війни в Україні|url=https://espreso.tv/u-derzhdumi-rf-pidtverdili-deportatsiyu-700-tis-ukrainskikh-ditey-za-roki-viyni-v-ukraini |website=Еспресо TV|date=2023-07-03|accessdate=|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin01.html |title=Иван Ильин. Национал-социализм. Новый Дух.(«Возрождение» (Париж), 17 мая 1933) |accessdate=2016-06-09 |archive-date=2016-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419151457/http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin01.html }}</ref><ref name="О фашизме">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin02.html |title=Иван Ильин. О фашизме &#91;1948&#93; |accessdate=2016-06-09 |archive-date=2016-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619232214/http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin02.html }}</ref><ref name="Snyder"/><ref name="Snyder">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkX6eBk4w-w |title=Timothy Snyder: The Ancient is the Modern |accessdate=2016-06-09 |archive-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228051444/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkX6eBk4w-w&feature=youtu.be&t=368 }}</ref><ref name="putin">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://archive.kremlin.ru/text/appears/2006/05/105546.shtml |title=Послание Президента России Путина В. В. Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации 10 мая 2006 года |accessdate=2009-09-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425004742/http://archive.kremlin.ru/text/appears/2006/05/105546.shtml |archivedate=2013-04-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://svpressa.ru/politic/news/106134/ |title=Путин процитировал слова русского философа Ивана Ильина |accessdate=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2019-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205427/http://svpressa.ru/politic/news/106134/ }}</ref><ref>[https://glavcom.ua/publications/khto-zrobiv-volodju-fashistom-filosof-na-jakoho-molitsja-putin-885339.html Мансур Міровалев. Хто зробив Володю фашистом. Філософ, на якого молиться Путін]</ref><ref>[https://razumkov.org.ua/statti/uliublenyi-filosof-putina Улюблений філософ Путіна]</ref><ref>[https://tyzhden.ua/ivan-ilin-patriarkh-rosijskoho-fashyzmu/ Лариса Якубова. Іван Ільїн. Патріарх російського фашизму]</ref><ref>[https://argumentua.com/stati/kak-teoretik-russkogo-fashizma-stal-ideologom-putinskogo-rezhima Как теоретик русского фашизма стал идеологом путинского режима]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ethos.org.ua/velykodnij-nastup-rosiyi-yak-putin-namagayetsya-vypravdaty-vijnu-ta-smert/ |title=Великодній наступ Росії. Як Путін намагається виправдати війну та смерть. Автор статті Тімоті Снайдер. Американський історик, професор Єльського університету, спеціаліст з історії Східної Європи |accessdate=2025-09-12 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227033032/https://www.ethos.org.ua/velykodnij-nastup-rosiyi-yak-putin-namagayetsya-vypravdaty-vijnu-ta-smert/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.0332.ua/news/3528803/amerikanskij-istorik-snajder-pro-rasove-pidgrunta-putinskoi-vijni-ta-sprobu-formuvanna-zdorovisogo-rosijskogo-narodu Дмитро Вишневецький.Американський історик Снайдер про расове підґрунтя путінської війни та спробу формування «здоровішого» російського народу]</ref>. == Mwisho wa sera hii katika baadhi ya nchi == [[File:Falling of Lenin in Khmelnytskyi park.jpg|thumb|220px|Kubomoa Mnara wa Lenin. Mtu huyu anawajibika kwa vita vya Sovyeti-Ukraini vya 1917–1921 na ugaidi wa Red Terror, ambapo Waukraini milioni 3 walikufa. Lenin na watawala wengine wa zamani wa Urusi mara nyingi hutumiwa nchini Urusi kuwachochea propaganda na uchukuzi dhidi ya Ukraini. Chini ya kauli mbiu ya urafiki kati ya watu, Lenin alitekeleza urasishaji, lakini kwa kweli utambulisho wa mataifa mengi ulifutwa kwa nguvu, na badala yake utambulisho wa Kirusi uliwekwa.]] Kufuatia uhalifu wa kivita wa hali ya juu uliofanywa na Urusi dhidi ya Ukraini mwaka 2014, kwa mara ya kwanza katika karne nyingi za urasishaji, mchakato wa kinyume ulianza. Hili lilidhihirika katika ufufuo wa utambulisho wa kitaifa wa Ukraini, kurudi kwa upana wa lugha ya Kiukraini katika matumizi, na pia kurudisha majina ya asili ya miji na mitaa. Majina ya maeneo na makaburi yanayohusiana na historia ya kiimla na ya kidikteta ya Sovyeti yaliondolewa kwa wingi, na makaburi ya madikteta yakabomolewa <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://ukurier.gov.ua/uk/articles/skidayuchi-pamyatniki-leninu-ukrayinci-mentalno-zv/|title=Скидаючи пам’ятники Леніну, українці ментально звільняються від радянського минулого|last=|first=|date=|language=|work=Урядовий Кур’єр|accessdate=2017-03-01|archive-date=2015-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227081649/http://ukurier.gov.ua/uk/articles/skidayuchi-pamyatniki-leninu-ukrayinci-mentalno-zv/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nashkiev.ua/culture/yak-ukraina-povertae-vkradenu-istoriyu-muziku-ta-kulinariyu|title=Як Україна повертає вкрадену історію|website=Наш Київ}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Україна категорично потребує повної та остаточної деросифікації, тобто – знеросійщення {{!}} Жінка-УКРАЇНКА|url=http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/5959|website=ukrainka.org.ua|accessdate=2021-01-21|archive-date=2018-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193853/http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/5959}}</ref>. Kwa sababu ya uhalifu mwingi dhidi ya Ukraini, Ukomunisti ulitangazwa sawa na Unazi nchini Ukraini, na mwaka 2015 marufuku ya propaganda ya tawala za kidikteta za Nazi na Sovyeti pamoja na ishara zao ilianzishwa. Mwaka 2023, sheria ya dekolonization ilipitishwa, ambapo Ukraini inajiondoa kwenye tafsiri za kihistoria zilizowekwa na Urusi na zinazotumiwa na Putin kwa uchukuzi dhidi ya Ukraini, na inarejesha urithi wake wa kihistoria, ikijumuisha ufufuo wa lugha ya Kiukraini <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zalimas|first1=Dainius|date=2004-01-01|title=Commentary to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the Occupation of the USSR|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j82fTuPRr8C&pg=PA116|journal=Baltic Yearbook of International Law|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|volume=3|pages=97–164|DOI=10.1163/221158903x00063|isbn=978-90-04-13746-2|accessdate=2021-03-15|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104053827/https://books.google.com/books?id=7j82fTuPRr8C&pg=PA116}}</ref><ref name="RussLithTreaty">[http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/1998-1/Treaty.pdf Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and the Republic of Lithuania on the Basis for Relations between States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140152/http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/1998-1/Treaty.pdf|date=2011-07-22}}</ref>. [[File:SovietBlockade1940.jpg|thumb|220px|Kuzingirwa kwa Kijeshi kwa Sovyeti na Mpango wa Uvamizi wa Estonia]] [[File:КомплексМаарьямягиплощадь.jpg|thumb|220px|Makumbusho ya Waathiriwa wa Tawala za Kidikteta, Ikiwa ni pamoja na Ukomunisti, huko Estonia]] Hapo awali, sera sawa ilipitishwa na Estonia, ambayo ilishinda katika vita vya ukombozi vya 1918–1920, ikapata uhuru, na ikawa chini ya kumudu kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti kutoka 1940 hadi 1991, na ikawa nchi ya kwanza kurejesha uhuru baada ya kuanguka kwake. Kanisa la Kirusi lililopo katikati mwa mji mkuu wa Estonia, Tallinn, lililojengwa mwaka 1900 kwa heshima ya Tsar wa Urusi Alexander III, lilipendekezwa kubomolewa, lakini kwa sababu ya thamani yake ya usanifu, iliamuliwa kuliacha, licha ya kuwa tofauti na usanifu wa Estonia wa mji huo <ref name="ц">{{cite news |title=Закон, який забороняє пропаганду комуністичного та нацистського режимів, визнано конституційним {{!}} Конституційний Суд України |url=https://ccu.gov.ua/novyna/zakon-yakyy-zaboronyaye-propagandu-komunistychnogo-ta-nacystskogo-rezhymiv-vyznano |accessdate=2023-11-16 |work=ccu.gov.ua |publisher=Конституційний Суд України |date=2019-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Деколонізація в законі: Рада проголосувала за скасування російських географічних назв|url=https://novynarnia.com/2023/03/21/dekolonizacziya-v-zakoni-rada-progolosuvala-za-skasuvannya-rosijskyh-geografichnyh-nazv/|website=novynarnia.com|date=2023-03-21|accessdate=2023-06-08|language=uk}}</ref>. == Katika utengenezaji wa filamu na uandishi wa habari == Mnamo mwaka wa 2023, nchini Ukraini, kwa msaada wa wataalamu wa kimataifa na hata baadhi ya wataalamu wa Urusi, filamu ya hali halisi iliyoitwa "Anatomy ya Rashizimu" (kwa Kiukraini: "Анатомія Рашизму") iliundwa, ambayo haielezei tu uhalifu uliofanywa wakati wa uvamizi wa Urusi, bali pia vita vingine katika historia ya kisasa ya Urusi, kama vile uvamizi wa Georgia na vita viwili vya Urusi dhidi ya Jamhuri ya Chechnya, pamoja na asili ya itikadi ya kisiasa ya kisasa ya Urusi iliyoundwa wakati wa utawala wa Vladimir Putin na misingi na kanuni zinazoongoza utawala wake wa kisiasa. Filamu hii imetambuliwa kama filamu bora zaidi ya hali halisi iliyotengenezwa nchini Ukraini na imepigwa marufuku kuonyeshwa nchini Urusi<ref>[https://blog.poltava.to/pustovgar/17788/ Анатомія рашизму | Документальний цикл «Остання війна»]</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Belarus]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]] ofce8yztbi03gi992fvxjnh7h78judq 1577378 1577374 2026-06-29T01:12:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1577378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Urusishaji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]/[[Kifaransa]]: '''Russification''', kwa [[Kirusi]]: '''русификация, обрусение, русификационная политика''') ni sera rasmi iliyofuatwa na Milki ya [[Urusi]] na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] hapo awali na kwa kiasi fulani na [[Urusi|Shirikisho la Urusi]] leo kuhusu wananchi wote wasio Warusi kwa asili. Inahusisha kuhamishwa kwa lugha ya asili ya watu fulani, kuanzishwa kwa lugha ya Kirusi, na baadaye kufuta kabisa utambulisho wa watu fulani na utambulisho wao kujiunga na Warusi. Kwa ujumla, [[Belarus]] iliteseka zaidi kutoka kwa Urusishaji. [[Ukraini]] ilikuwa ya pili. [[File:Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg|thumb|280px|Kirusi ni lugha ya asili ya watu milioni 120, na watu milioni 150 wanaizungumza kama lugha ya pili. Hasa katika makoloni ya zamani ya Urusi.]] [[File:Александр Дугин на Всемирном русском народном соборе 2022 года.jpg|thumb|250px|Alexander Dugin, mwana itikadi wa Urusishaji katika zama za kisasa, mtu wa karibu zaidi na Putin. Mnamo 1997, aliandika kitabu "The Geopolitical Future of Russia", ambayo baadaye ikawa kitabu cha kiada katika taasisi za elimu za juu za jeshi la Urusi.]] [[File:Продвижение подразделений ВС РФ в ходе вторжения на Украину 013.png|thumb|250px|Jeshi la Urusi katika maeneo yaliyochukuliwa ya nchi zingine kwanza kabisa huharibu lugha za wenyeji na kulazimisha Kirusi katika nyanja zote za maisha.]] Kwa kuwa watu hawa, kama Warusi, pia ni wa kikundi cha Waslavi wa Mashariki, ilikuwa katika nchi hizi mbili ambapo Warusi walitumia ushawishi wao kwa bidii kwa sababu ya uhusiano wao wa mbali na watu hawa. Kwa kiasi kidogo, sera hii ilifanywa katika [[Lituanya]], [[Latvia]], [[Estonia]], [[Ufini]], [[Georgia]] na [[Armenia]], lakini haikufaulu huko kwa sababu watu hawa hawakuwa na uhusiano wowote na Warusi na mabadiliko yanapunguzwa tu kwa makaratasi na kazi ya utawala. == Historia == Katika karne VII hadi IX, makabila ya Waslavi wa Mashariki walihamia kutoka eneo la Ukraini ya kisasa hadi ardhi za Urusi ya magharibi ya kisasa. Katika Zama za Kati, ardhi za mataifa yote mawili zilikuwa sehemu ya dola moja iliyokuwa na mji mkuu wa Kyiv. Katika karne ya XII, Rus ya Kyiv ilianza kugawanyika katika himaya tofauti. Wakati huo huo, mwana wa mkuu wa Kyiv, Volodymyr Monomakh, aitwaye Yuri Dolgorukiy, ambaye hakuwa na haki ya kiti cha enzi cha Kyiv, alikwenda kushinda ardhi za kaskazini-mashariki. Katikati ya karne ya XII, Waslavi walijikuta katika ardhi za Urusi ya kati. Kabla ya kuwasili kwao, kwenye tovuti ya Moscow, ambayo ilianzishwa na Dolgorukiy kama makazi madogo, makabila yanayofanana na Wafini wa kisasa yaliishi. Walikuwa wameangamizwa kabisa na Dolgorukiy, na mwaka 1169 vita vilianza kati ya Himaya ya Vladimir-Suzdal na Kyiv, ambayo ilisababisha kujitenga kwa ya kwanza kutoka Jimbo la Kyiv <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>. [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Karne ya IX. Makazi ya Waslavi wa Mashariki]] Mnamo 1240, baada ya uvamizi wa Batu, mkuu wa himaya za kaskazini, Alexander Nevsky, alikua mwana wa kumudu wa Batu. Shukrani kwa ushiriki wa Alexander katika ushindi wa Horde, mwanawe wa miaka 16, Daniil, alikua mkuu wa kwanza wa Himaya ya Moscow, ambayo ilianza kuunda Urusi ya kisasa. Mji mwingine muhimu wa zama za kati ulikuwa Novgorod, ambayo ilipigana mara kwa mara na Moscow na hatimaye ikashindwa nayo mwaka 1478. Hatimaye, ardhi za baadaye za Ukraini na Belarusi zilitengana na dola ya baadaye ya Urusi katika karne ya XIV, zikijumuishwa katika Duchy Kubwa ya Lituanya (hadi karne ya XVIII, lugha za Kiukraini na Kibelarusi zilibaki karibu sana, na msamiati wao bado unalingana kwa 84%). Mwishoni mwa karne ya XV, Golden Horde iligawanyika katika Khanate ya Crimea, Astrakhan, na Kazan, pamoja na Dola ya Moscow, ambayo ilifanya vita vya mara kwa mara vya uchukuzi dhidi ya washirika wake wa zamani na majirani, hasa dhidi ya Duchy Kubwa ya Lituanya, haswa kwa ajili ya mji wa Smolensk. Watu wa Kirusi walitokana na makabila ya Waslavi wa Mashariki na waliundwa kama watu tofauti wakati wa Dola ya Moscow <ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : Act; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны / Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — Спб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. [[File:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897).svg|thumb|250px|Ramani ya Taifa za Msingi za Idadi ya Watu wa Dola ya Urusi, Warusi Walikuwa Wachache]] Katika karne za XVIII na XIX, Dola ya Urusi ilikuwa dola ya kawaida ya enzi yake, kama vile Dola ya Uingereza, Ufaransa, Uhispania, Austro-Hungary, au Ujerumani. Mbali na Urusi yenyewe, ilijumuisha makumi ya mataifa mengine yaliyoshindwa. Tofauti ya msingi kati ya Dola ya Urusi na zingine ilikuwa kwamba makoloni yake hayakuwa ng’ambo au kwenye mabara mengine, bali yalikuwa karibu na mji mkuu. Ikilinganishwa na nguvu zingine za wakati huo, ilikuwa ya kujitenga zaidi, na sera yake kuelekea majirani ilikuwa ya muda mrefu na ya uchukuzi zaidi. Kama milki nyingi za mamlaka, Dola ya Urusi ilikoma kuwepo baada ya Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia. Baada ya Mapinduzi ya Urusi yaliyoongozwa na Alexander Kerensky, Urusi ikawa jamhuri, ambayo iliruhusu mataifa yaliyoshindwa hapo awali kupata uhuru. Muungano wa Sovyeti, hasa wakati wa utawala wa Stalin, uliendeleza sera ya kulazimisha lugha ya Kirusi, ikifuatana na ukandamizaji wa hala za juu, njaa ya 1932-1933, ambayo ilichukua maisha ya watu milioni kumi, na ugaidi <ref>Росія / Українська мала енциклопедія : 16 кн. : у 8 т. / проф. Є. Онацький. — Накладом Адміністратури Уапц в Аргентині. — Буенос-Айрес, 1964. — Т. 7, кн. XIII : Літери Риз — Се. — С. 1633. — 1000 екз.</ref><ref>Патин К. А. Справочник полный и подробный алфавитный указатель всех действующих приказов по военному ведомству… с 1859 по 1907 год. Т. 2. — Тамбов, 1908. — 1473 с.</ref><ref>Eastman, Stalin's Russia and the Crisis of Socialism, 1940, p. 84 / Цит. за Гаєк, Фрідріх. Шлях до рабства / пер. з англ. Сергій Рачинський. — К. : Наш Формат, 2022. — 208 с.</ref><ref>Гетти Арч. Практика сталинизма. Большевики, бояре и неумирающая традиция. Москва: Росспэн, 2016. 374 с.</ref>. Tamaduni za watu wote wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti isipokuwa Warusi zilikandamizwa kwa nguvu na kupangwa kuharibiwa hatua kwa hatua. Hii ilionekana katika kulazimishwa kwa ujumuishaji (watu walilazimishwa kuishi katika mashamba ya pamoja, na wale waliokataa kuachana na umiliki wa kibinafsi walihamishwa kwenda Urusi ambako walikufa au walipigwa risasi), kukomeshwa kwa mila, uchumi wa kujitegemea, na uharibifu wa wawakilishi bora wa mataifa yote isipokuwa Warusi <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160914174318/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/poshta-dnya/pravda-pro-rozstril-kobzariv-postaie-z-popelu-zabuttya Правда про розстріл кобзарів постає з попелу забуття] / День: газета. — 2013. — 22 лютого.</ref>. Pia ilipigwa marufuku rasmi kusherehekea sikukuu za kitamaduni, ikiwa ni pamoja na Krismasi ya Kikristo, na wakati wa enzi ya Stalin, waliokuwa wakisherehekea walipigwa risasi, na katika kipindi cha baadaye, walifungwa gerezani au hospitali za magonjwa ya akili. Kuna pia hadithi kuhusu jinsi, katika Ukraini ya Mashariki, huduma za usalama za NKVD ziliwaua wanamuziki waliopiga chombo maarufu cha Kiukraini, bandura. Kwa hiyo, sherehe za sikukuu za Kikristo zilifanyika kwa siri. Badala yake, katika USSR ya marehemu, ziliundwa nyumba za utamaduni ambapo, chini ya udhibiti mkali wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, maonyesho yaliyochanganywa na propaganda yalifanyika kwa wafanyikazi wa Biashara za Serikali (katika USSR, Biashara zote zilikuwa za serikali, na shughuli za kibinafsi zilipigwa marufuku, ikiwa ni pamoja na vyombo vya habari) <ref>Алексеева Л. История инакомыслия в СССР. Новейший период. — М.: ЗАО РИЦ «Зацепа», 2001. — С. 24.</ref>. [[File:Знам’янський Палац Культури, 30 листопада 2021.png|thumb|180px|Nyumba ya kawaida ya Utamaduni iliyojengwa katika Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] Mwaka 1972, watu walikamatwa kwa sababu ya ngoma ya kigeni ya jazz. Bidhaa za kitamaduni za kigeni na hata habari ziliingia kwa kiasi kidogo sana. Katika USSR ya marehemu, ni siku za sikukuu zilizowekwa na serikali pekee ambapo watu waliruhusiwa kuvaa mavazi ya kitaifa, na kwa idadi ndogo sana; kwa kuvaa mavazi ya kitaifa siku za kawaida, mtu angeweza kufungwa gerezani kwa tuhuma za utaifa. Ni tu wakati wa demokrasia ya 1985-1991 na kufunguliwa kwa mipaka ndipo Umoja wa Kisovyeti ulivunjika, na nchi nyingi zikapata uhuru <ref>БСЭ3 Дворцы и дома культуры в СССР</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Belarus == [[File:Маскалізацыя (русіфікацыя). Полацак.jpg|thumb|230px|Uharibifu wa usanifu na Warusi wa Polotsk, jiji kongwe zaidi huko Belarusi, mnamo 1812, 1912, na 2006]] Baada ya mgawanyiko wa Polandi, ambao ulijumuisha ardhi nyingi za kabila la Belarusi, Belarusi ikawa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi, baada ya hapo viongozi wa Urusi walianza kukamatwa kwa watu wengi wa wasomi wa Belarusi na uingizwaji wao na Warusi<ref>Уладзімер Арлоў. Краіна Беларусь. Вялікае Княства Літоўскае. — Kalligram, 2012. С. 330.</ref>. Mnamo 1772, Katherini Mkuu alitia saini amri kulingana na ambayo hati katika maeneo yaliyounganishwa yanapaswa kuandikwa kwa Kirusi tu, na mnamo 1773 alisaini amri nyingine "Juu ya Uanzishwaji wa Mahakama za Mitaa", ambayo ilitoa tena matumizi ya lazima ya lugha ya Kirusi katika mfumo wa mahakama<ref>Філатава А. Нацыянальнае пытанне і палітыка царскага ўраду ў Беларусі (канец XVIII — першая палова ХІХ ст.) / Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд. Т. 7, Сш. 1, 2000.</ref> [[File:Siemaszko01.jpg|thumb|160px|Semashko]] Baadaye, serfdom ilianza - wakati wa utawala wa Katherini Mkuu, karibu nusu milioni ya wakulima wa Kibelarusi walikuwa mali ya wakuu wa Kirusi. Maasi yalizuka mara kwa mara kwenye ardhi za Belarusi, lakini wote walikandamizwa kikatili. Hasa, baada ya kukandamizwa kwa ghasia za Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Alexander Suvorov alipokea watumwa elfu 25 kama thawabu. Fasihi za Kibelarusi kutoka kwa monasteri na maktaba pia zilichomwa kila mahali; vitabu vingi vilichomwa kwa amri ya Joseph Semashko. Urusishaji pia ilionekana katika usanifu: uharibifu wa majengo matakatifu kutoka enzi ya Kilituanya ilianza, hasa nyumba za uchapishaji ambazo zilikuwa mwaminifu kwa lugha ya Kibelarusi<ref>Швед В. Эвалюцыя расейскай урадавай палітыкі адносна земляў Беларусі (1772—1863 г.)</ref>. Makanisa yanayoitwa Muravyov yalijengwa kwenye tovuti ya majengo yaliyoharibiwa, jina lake baada ya gavana wa "Wilaya ya magharibi" Mikhail Muravyov, anayejulikana kwa uhalifu wake dhidi ya Wabelarusi na kukandamiza uasi wa Kalinovsky. Wito wake "Nini bayonet ya Kirusi haikufanya, afisa wa Kirusi, shule ya Kirusi na kuhani wa Kirusi atafanya" ikawa maarufu sana<ref>Філатава А. Нацыянальнае пытанне і палітыка царскага ўраду ў Беларусі (канец XVIII — першая палова ХІХ ст.) / Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд. Т. 7, Сш. 1, 2000.</ref>. 1795. Urusi inakataa rasmi kuwepo kwa taifa la Kibelarusi na lugha ya kujitegemea ya Kibelarusi. 1825. Baada ya kuingia madarakani kwa Mtawala Nicholas I, Maasi ya Novemba ya 1830-1831 yalizimwa.<ref>Филиппов М. Игры интеграции: Белоруссия и Россия в поисках друг друга / Неприкосновенный запас. — 2007.</ref> [[File:Kosciuszko (5871133) (cropped).jpg|thumb|160px|Tadeusz Kosciuszko]] 1831. Uundaji wa "Kamati maalum ya Magharibi", ambayo kazi yake ilikuwa "kusawazisha eneo la magharibi katika mambo yote na majimbo ya ndani ya Urusi". Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani ya Dola ya Urusi Piotr Valuev alitayarisha kwa tume iliyotajwa hapo juu "Insha Maalum juu ya Njia za Uenezaji wa Urusi wa Mkoa wa Magharibi" (kwa Kirusi. Очерк о средствах обрусения Западного края)<ref>Арлоў У. Як беларусы змагаліся супраць расейскага панавання? / Літаратура/100 пытаньняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі С. 51—52.</ref>. 1832. Shule ambazo zililinda lugha na utamaduni wa Kibelarusi zilifutwa kwa kiasi kikubwa. Udhibiti wa Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi juu ya elimu uliimarishwa, ambayo ilisababisha uharibifu wake.<ref> Арлоў У. Дзесяць вякоў беларускай гісторыі (862―1918): Падзеі. Даты. Ілюстрацыі. / У. Арлоў, Г. Сагановіч. ― Вільня: «Наша Будучыня», 1999</ref><ref>Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксьце сусьветных цывілізацыяў) С. 237</ref> 1840. Mtawala Nicholas I alitoa amri ya kuzuia matumizi ya maneno "Belarusi" na "Kibelarusi" katika nyaraka rasmi. Belarus ilipewa jina la "Wilaya ya Magharibi" (Kirusi: Северо-Западный край)<ref>Комзолова А. А. Политика самодержавия в Северо-Западном крае во второй половине 1850-х — 1870-х годах. М. 2003</ref><ref>Калубовіч А. Мова ў гісторыі беларускага пісьменства. Клыўлэнд, 1978</ref>. [[File:Муравьёв-Виленский литография.jpg|thumb|180px|Mikhail Muravyov]] 1864. Mikhail Muravyov (1796-1866), anayejulikana kwa uhalifu wake dhidi ya wakazi wa Belarusi, akawa Gavana Mkuu wa "Wilaya ya Magharibi". Kwa amri yake, mvulana wa Kibelarusi ambaye alikataa kuomba kwa Kirusi alichapwa viboko mara 200, baada ya hapo akageuka na kuwa Orthodoksi ya Kirusi na akafa kwa maambukizi<ref>Герасімчык В., Забіць Мураўёва / Наша гісторыя, № 2, 2018, с. 16-17. ISBN 2617—2305</ref>. Licha ya ukandamizaji wa Kirusi, uhamisho wa mara kwa mara wa watu wasiohitajika kwenda Siberia, na vikwazo vya matumizi ya lugha ya Kibelarusi kwenye vyombo vya habari, ambavyo viliondolewa tu mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, ilikuwa wakati huu kwamba mtindo wa ubunifu wa waandishi wengine wakuu wa Belarusi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Yanka Kupala, uliundwa kwa siri. Mnamo 1900, Wizara ya Elimu ya Dola ya Kirusi iliweka kazi ifuatayo kwa shule zote nchini: "watoto wa mataifa tofauti wanapaswa kupokea mwelekeo wa Kirusi tu na kujiandaa kwa ushirikiano kamili na taifa la Kirusi."<ref>Краіна Беларусь. Вялікае Княства Літоўскае (2012) С. 327.</ref> 1914. Watu wa Belarusi hawakutajwa katika Kongamano la Kwanza la Elimu la Kirusi, ambalo lilijumuisha idadi kubwa ya watu wa Dola ya Kirusi. Kwa ujumla, katika kipindi chote cha utawala wake huko Belarusi, Milki ya Urusi haikuruhusu kufunguliwa kwa shule moja ya Belarusi.<ref>Катлярчук А. Прадмова да «літоўскага» нумару / Arche № 9, 2009</ref> 1929. Mwisho wa sera ya kukuza lugha za kiasili katika Umoja wa Kisovyeti, mwanzo wa ukandamizaji mkubwa wa kisiasa<ref>Клімчук Ф. Старадаўняя пісьменнасць і палескія гаворкі [archive] / Беларуская лінгвістыка. Вып. 50., 2001. С. 19—24.</ref>. 1930. Katika USSR, chini ya kivuli cha "vita dhidi ya dini", uharibifu mkubwa wa makaburi ya kipekee ya usanifu huanza<ref>Бекус Н. Тэрапія альтэрнатывай, або Беларусь, уяўленая інакш / Arche. № 2 (31), 2004.</ref>. [[File:Kurapaty - 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Kurapati]] 1937. Kwa amri ya mamlaka ya Sovyeti, wawakilishi wote wa wasomi wa Belarusi wakati huo walipigwa risasi, sawa na matukio ya Ukraini, na mabaki yao yalizikwa katika msitu wa Kurapati (Курапаты), ambapo baada ya kuanguka kwa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, kama huko Ukraini, ukumbusho mkubwa uliundwa<ref>Пацюпа Ю. Занядбаная старонка правапісу: прапановы пісаньня прыназоўніка у/ў перад словамі, што пачынаюцца з галоснай / Arche. № 6 (29), 2003.</ref>. 1942. Yanka Kupala, mwandishi mkuu wa nchi, mwanasayansi na classic ya maandiko ya Kibelarusi, aliuawa na NKVD. 1948. Alesya Furs, mtu wa kawaida, alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 25 jela kwa kuonyesha nembo ya kitaifa ya Belarusi "Pagonya"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170905001658/https://news.tut.by/society/556639.html Памерла беларуская патрыётка Алеся Фурс. У маладосці яна атрымала 25 гадоў лагера за "Пагоню"281 комментарий]</ref>. 1960. Baada ya Vita vya Kidunia vya pili, chini ya kivuli cha mipango kuu ya kurejesha na ujenzi wa miji, uharibifu wa makaburi ya usanifu uliendelea<ref>Касперович Л. Местные бабушки плакали: "Оставьте нам церковь". Деревянные храмы Беларуси, которые нужно увидеть</ref>. 1995. Baada ya Alexander Lukashenko kuingia madarakani, alama za kitaifa za Belarusi - bendera nyeupe-nyekundu-nyeupe na kanzu ya kihistoria ya silaha - ilibadilishwa na alama za Sovyeti zilizobadilishwa, na wimbo pia ulibadilishwa. Kirusi hutumiwa katika taasisi zote za elimu na katika vyombo vya habari), kulingana na UNESCO, lugha ya Kibelarusi iko chini ya tishio la kutoweka<ref>Мікуліч Т. Мова і этнічная самасвядомасць. — Менск (Мінск): Навука і тэхніка, 1996. — 159 с. </ref>. [[File:2020 Belarusian protests, Minsk, 25 October p17.jpg|thumb|200pz|Waandamanaji waandamana kupinga matokeo ya uchaguzi yaliyoibiwa]] Miaka ya 2010. Waandamanaji mjini Minsk mwaka 2010 walipigwa kikatili na vikosi vya usalama na sasa wako gerezani, ambapo wanaendelea kuteswa. 2020 - Baada ya maandamano kukandamizwa, shinikizo na udhibiti wa lugha uliongezeka. Lugha ya Kibelarusi inateswa kwa msaada wa utawala wa Putin nchini Urusi. == Urusishaji wa Ukraini == [[File:Ukraine census 2001 Ukrainian.svg|thumb|250px|Kiukraini kama lugha ya asili kulingana na sensa ya 2001]] 1690. Marufuku ya Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi la uchapishaji wa vitabu vya kanisa katika Kiukraini na kesi za kwanza za uharibifu wao<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027050204/http://movahistory.org.ua/wiki/XVII_%D1%81%D1%82#1690 XVII ст]</ref>. 1720. Amri ya Mtawala Peter I juu ya kukataza vitabu vya uchapishaji katika Kiukraini katika nyumba za uchapishaji za Kyiv na Chernigiv<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIV Як Москва знищила волю друку києво-печерської лаври]</ref>. 1764. Maagizo ya Katherini II juu ya Urusishaji ya Ukraini. 1775. Uharibifu wa Kossaki ya Kiukraini. [[File:Viktor Kovalyov (mid-19th century) Last Rada on Sich.jpg|thumb|230px|Uchoraji unaoonyesha mkutano rasmi wa mwisho katika ngome ya Kossaki ya Kiukraini - Sich, kabla ya kuharibiwa na Warusi]] 1778. Amri ya Sinodi ya Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi juu ya kunyang'anywa kwa vitabu vya kanisa la Kiukraini kutoka kwa idadi ya watu<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. 1786. Marufuku ya matumizi ya lugha ya Kiukraini katika huduma za kimungu na ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiukraini katika taasisi za elimu za juu za Dola ya Urusi. 1831. Kukomesha Sheria ya Magdeburg katika miji, ambayo ilifanya kuwa haiwezekani kufanya kesi za kisheria katika lugha ya Kiukraini. 1862. Shule za mwisho za Kiukraini zilifungwa. Uchapishaji wa jarida la fasihi la Kiukraini, kisayansi na kisiasa "Osnova" (Msingi) lilikomeshwa<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. 1863. Amri ya Piotr Valuev, ambayo alitangaza kwamba "lugha ya Kiukraini haipo, na yeyote asiyekubaliana na hili ni adui wa Urusi." Maarufu zaidi wa sera hii.<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar Валуєвський циркуляр]</ref> 1876. Amri ya Ems. Marufuku ya kuagiza vitabu vya Kiukraini kutoka nje ya nchi, marufuku ya maonyesho ya maonyesho ya Kiukraini. Kwaya ya Mykola Lysenko ililazimishwa kuimba wimbo wa watu wa Kiukraini kwa Kifaransa kwenye tamasha. 1881. Sheria kuruhusu uchapishaji wa kamusi katika Kiukraini, lakini kwa mujibu wa othografia ya Kirusi. 1887. Mdhibiti alirudisha maandishi ya sarufi ya lugha ya Kiukraini bila kuisoma, akiandika kwa mwandishi kwamba "sio lazima kuruhusu uchapishaji wa sarufi ya lugha hii, ambayo inaelekea kutokuwepo." 1888. Amri ya Mtawala Alexander III "Juu ya marufuku ya matumizi ya lugha ya Kiukraini katika taasisi rasmi na ubatizo na majina ya Kiukraini." 1889. Huko Kiev, kwenye kongamano la akiolojia, lugha zote isipokuwa Kiukraini ziliruhusiwa kuzungumzwa. 1882. Serikali ya Urusi inaamuru wadhibiti kufuatilia kwa uangalifu uzuiaji wa tafsiri za fasihi za Kiukraini za fasihi ya kigeni. [[File:Ems Ukaz plaque in Bad Ems.JPG|thumb|200px|Bamba la ukumbusho la Amri ya Ems]] 1895. Kupiga marufuku vitabu vya watoto wa Kiukraini. 1903. Katika ufunguzi wa monument kwa mwandishi Ivan Kotlyarevsky huko Poltava, Kiukraini haikuruhusiwa kusema. 1905. Baraza la Mawaziri la Mawaziri la Urusi lilikataa ombi la Vyuo Vikuu vya Kyiv na Kharkiv la kuondoa marufuku ya lugha ya Kiukraini, na kuiita "isiyofaa." 1906 na 1907. Kufungwa kwa gazeti "Prosvita" huko Odesa na Mykolaiv. 1908. Amri ya Seneti ikisema kwamba "kuboresha elimu nchini Ukraini ni hatari na hatari kwa Urusi." 1910. Amri ya Stolypin juu ya kuingizwa kwa Waukraini katika jamii ya wageni na kupiga marufuku mashirika yote ya kisiasa ya Kiukraini. 1914. Marufuku ya kusherehekea ukumbusho wa miaka 100 tangu kuzaliwa kwa mwandishi mkuu wa Kiukraini Taras Shevchenko <ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. 1929. Kukamatwa kwa wasomi na wanaharakati (ilibadilika kuwa "sera ya kukuza lugha za asili" katika USSR ilifanyika katika miaka ya 1920 ili kutambua waathirika wa baadaye wa ukandamizaji)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «Арт Книга», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. 1932. Mwanzo wa njaa iliyosababishwa kwa njia ya bandia iliyoteseka na Ukraini na kusini mwa Urusi, yenye wakazi wengi wa Kiukraini<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «Арт Книга», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. 1933. Wakati wa Holodomor (njaa ya bandia) telegramu ya Stalin ilichapishwa kuhusu mwisho wa sera ya kusaidia lugha ya Kiukraini<ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Kyiv Bykivnia central monument.JPG|thumb|220px|Makaburi ya wahasiriwa wa ukandamizaji nje kidogo ya Kyiv]] 1937. Utekelezaji wa wasomi wa Kiukraini wa kiakili.<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref> 1938. Amri ya Kremlin juu ya utafiti wa lazima wa lugha ya Kirusi katika shule za Sovyeti Ukraini<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. 1958. Azimio la Urais wa Chama cha Kikomunisti juu ya mpito wa shule za Kiukraini hadi lugha ya Kirusi ya mafundisho<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220508234920/https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine_in_russian/2016/10/161027_ru_s_ukrainian_in_donetsk Школы "ДНР": как изучают украинскую историю и язык?]</ref>. 1961. Mkutano wa 22 wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Umoja wa Kisovyeti - mpango mpya wa chama juu ya "kuunganisha mataifa katika watu mmoja wa Sovyeti"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220509000046/https://ru.krymr.com/a/29219102.html Искоренить идентичность: как из крымских школ выдавливают украинский]</ref>. 1972. Kazi za waandishi wa Kiukraini zinachapishwa kwa fomu iliyofupishwa kwa sababu ya udhibiti wa Sovyeti. Kukamatwa mpya kwa wasomi na wapinzani wa Kiukraini<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220509000048/https://ru.krymr.com/a/news-v-krimu-ne-ostalos-shkol-s-obucheniem-na-ukrainskom-yazike/29842791.html В Крыму не осталось ни одной школы с обучением на украинском языке – правозащитники]</ref>. 2014. Katika maeneo yaliyochukuliwa na Kirusi ya mashariki mwa Ukraini, shule zinalazimika kubadili lugha ya Kirusi ya mafundisho. Kukamata na kuchomwa hadharani kwa vitabu na alama za Kiukraini na wanajeshi wa Urusi. Uharibifu wa makaburi kwa takwimu za Kiukraini.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220405005345/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/novyny-pryazovya-okupatsiya-peresliduvannya-vchyteliv/31782322.html Змушують вчити російською». На півдні України військові РФ полюють на освітян]</ref><ref>[https://m.censor.net/ua/news/3342092/v_melitopoli_okupanty_nyschat_knygy_z_istoriyi_ukrayiny В Мелітополі окупанти нищать книги з історії України]</ref> [[File:Cemetery in Izium made during Russian occupation (25).jpg|thumb|220px|Mili ya watu wanaounga mkono Kiukraini waliouawa na Warusi]] 2022. Wanajeshi wa Kirusi katika maeneo yaliyochukuliwa kwa muda walinyakua na kuharibu vitabu vya maandishi na historia ya Kiukraini, na pia kuwalazimisha walimu wa jiji kufanya mchakato wa elimu katika shule pekee kwa Kirusi. Vikosi vya Urusi viliweka shinikizo kwa waelimishaji.Warusi wanaondoa vitabu vya Kiukraini kutoka kwa makusanyo ya maktaba za umma na shule na kuvichoma katika vyumba vya boileri<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/okupanty-spalyuyut-na-tot-ukrayinski-knygy-v-kotelnyah/ |title=Окупанти спалюють на ТОТ українські книги в котельнях |accessdate=2025-06-04 |archive-date=2024-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324065313/https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/okupanty-spalyuyut-na-tot-ukrayinski-knygy-v-kotelnyah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Polandi == [[File:Polish Prometheus 1831.PNG|thumb|220px|Mchoro wa Msanii wa Ufaransa "Prometheus wa Polandi]] [[File:Belarusians - on Ethnic Map of European Russia by Aleksandr Rittich - 1875 AD.jpg|thumb|220px|Eneo Lililokaliwa na Wapolandi Katika Dola ya Urusi]] [[File:Marcin Zaleski, Wzięcie Arsenału.jpg|thumb|220px|Uasi wa Polandi wa 1831]] Urusi ilipigana vita na Polandi kwa karne nyingi, na baada ya migawanyiko mitatu ya Polandi kati ya Dola ya Urusi, Ujerumani, na Austria, sehemu kubwa ya Polandi ilifall chini ya udhibiti wa Dola ya Urusi, wakati Galicia (Ukraini ya Magharibi ya leo) ikawa chini ya Dola ya Austro-Hungary. Lviv ilibaki kuwa kitovu cha utamaduni wa Kipolandi chini ya utawala wa Austro-Hungary, ambapo haki kadhaa zilihifadhiwa. Zaidi ya hayo, katika eneo la Galicia, ambapo nusu ya wakazi walikuwa Waukraini, harakati za kisiasa za Kiukraini ziliruhusiwa. Wapolandi ni Waslavi wa Magharibi, na Warusi ni Waslavi wa Mashariki, kwa hivyo kwa sababu ya umbali wa kitamaduni, mchakato wa uchukuzi uliharakishwa. Katika sehemu ya Polandi iliyodhibitiwa na Dola ya Urusi, sera kali ya urasishaji ilitekelezwa: * 1795. Kukandamiza uasi mkubwa wa kwanza wa Kipolandi na mauaji ya raia wa Kipolandi waliokuwa na amani katika vitongoji vya Warsaw na jeshi la Dola ya Urusi chini ya uongozi wa Alexander Suvorov <ref>Грабеньский М. История польского народа. — Мн.: Мфцп, 2006. — С.625—636.</ref>. * 1810. Tsar Nicholas I alipiga marufuku kufundisha lugha ya Kipolandi katika taasisi za elimu na kuanza kuweka lugha ya Kirusi kwa wingi katika nyanja zote za maisha. Pia, mamlaka ya Urusi ililazimisha Wakatoliki kubadili imani ya Kiorthodoksi ya Kirusi kwa nguvu <ref>Ольденбург С. С. Царствование императора Николая II. В 2 т. Т. 1. — М.: издательская и рекламно-информационная фирма «Феникс», 1992. — С. 90—91.</ref>. * 1830–1831. Kukandamiza Uasi wa Januari huko Polandi, Belarusi, na Ukraini. Tukio hili lilisababishwa na kumudu taifa kupitia marufuku ya lugha ya asili na uhamisho wa wingi kwenda Urusi <ref>Война женскими глазами. Русская и польская аристократки о польском восстании 1830—1831 годов. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2005. — С. 18. (Из вступительной статьи В. М. Боковой и Н. М. Филатовой «Польское восстание 1830—1831 гг.: взгляд с двух сторон».)</ref>. [[File:Lwów - Pomnik Jana Kilińskiego.JPG|thumb|180px|Mnara wa Shujaa wa Kitaifa wa Polandi, Jan Kiliński, katika Mji wa Lviv]] * 1863–1864. Kukandamiza uasi mkubwa zaidi huko Polandi, ambao ulilenga kuikomboa nchi kutoka kwa utawala wa Urusi. Uasi huo ulishindwa, na baada yake mchakato wa urasishaji ulizidi kuimarika kwa miongo kadhaa <ref>Ольденбург С. С. Царствование императора Николая II. В 2 т. Т. 1. — М.: издательская и рекламно-информационная фирма «Феникс», 1992. — С. 90—91.</ref>. * 1917–1920 (rasmi 1919–1920). Vita vya Sovyeti-Polandi. Urusi ya Sovyeti ilitaka kurejesha mamlaka yake huko Polandi na kuvamia nchi za Ulaya ili kuchochea mapinduzi ya Kikomunisti na "mapinduzi ya dunia", lakini jeshi la Kipolandi lilizuia uvamizi wa Urusi ya Sovyeti huko Ulaya katika "Muujiza kwenye Vistula" (1920) na kuhifadhi uhuru wake. Baada ya hili, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Polandi ilianzishwa <ref>Денисов Ю. Н. Россия и Польша. История взаимоотношений в XVII—XX веках. — М.: Флинта; Наука, 2012. — С. 403.</ref>. [[File:Pilsudski and Rydz-Smigly.jpg|thumb|220px|Kiongozi wa Kipolandi Józef Piłsudski]] Ambaye aliongoza urejesho wa uhuru wa nchi na kuzuia uvamizi wa kijeshi wa Urusi ya Sovyeti katika nchi za Ulaya. * 1939. Mnamo Agosti, Muungano wa Sovyeti ulifanya makubaliano ya siri ya kijeshi na Ujerumani ya Nazi, yaliyopanga kugawanya dunia katika maeneo ya ushawishi. Mnamo Septemba, Hitler na Stalin kwa pamoja walianza Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na kuvamia Polandi. Katika eneo lililokaliwa na Sovyeti (sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi), Jeshi la Nyekundu liliua kila raia wa kumi wa Kipolandi aliye na amani <ref>Мельков А. С. Влияние русского Православия на политику русификации Холмщины в XIX — начале XX вв. / Studia Humanitatis. 2016. </ref>. * 1950–1980. Utawala wa Kikomunisti wa baada ya vita uliendelea kuweka lugha ya Kirusi na kuimarisha uhusiano na Muungano wa Sovyeti wa kidikteta, ukiitenga nchi na dunia. Hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya uzembe wa uchumi wa Sovyeti, mnamo 1989 "pazia la chuma" lilianguka, na mnamo 1991 Muungano wa Sovyeti ulivunjika. Polandi ilibadilisha mamlaka yake na kujifungua tena kwa dunia <ref>Henryk Bałabuch, Cenzura a rusyfikacja: tożsamość czy podobieństwo celów i metod?: uwagi na przykładzie polskiej prasy prowincjonalnej końca XIX wieku, „Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska”, 185, 1997.</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Ufini == [[File:Suomineito (Isto).jpg|thumb|200px|Uchoraji wa Edvard Isto "Shambulio", ambayo tangu 1899 imekuwa ishara ya Urusishaji machoni pa watu wa wakati wake. Tai wa Kirusi mwenye kichwa-mbili hunyakua sheria za Kifini kutoka kwa mikono ya msichana.]] Tai mwenye vichwa viwili, ishara ya Urusi, ananyakua kitabu cha sheria za Kifini kutoka kwa msichana. Urusi ilishinda Ufini mwanzoni mwa karne ya 19 kufuatia vita vya muda mrefu na Uswidi. Sera ya urasishaji ilichangia kuibuka kwa harakati za kitaifa za Kifini, ambazo wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia zilibadilika kuwa mapambano ya uhuru wa Ufini. Sera ya urasishaji ilitekelezwa kwa uthabiti zaidi katika vipindi vya 1899–1905 na 1908–1917, ambavyo katika historia ya Kifini vinajulikana kama “nyakati za ukandamizaji” (Kifini: sortokaudet/sortovuodet). Ilifanyika hasa katika nyanja za utawala na sheria, lakini kwa sababu ya tofauti kubwa za lugha na utamaduni kati ya Warusi na Wafini, haikuathiri sana utamaduni na mfumo wa elimu wa nchi hiyo. 6 Disemba 1917 Ufini ilitangaza uhuru wake. Kwa kuzingatia ufahamu wa kitaifa wa jamii ya Kifini na utayari wake wa vita, Lenin hakupinga hamu ya Ufini kujitenga na Urusi. Ufini ilitetea uhuru wake katika Vita vya Majira ya Baridi vya 1939–1940, na Muungano wa Sovyeti uliweza kumudu na kushikilia 10% tu ya eneo lake. Stalin aliita vita hivi vita vya Urusi-Ufini wakati wa Mkutano wa Yalta (Crimea) <ref>Тегеран. Ялта. Потсдам. Сборник документов / Составители Ш. П. Санакоев, Б. Л. Цыбулевский. Изд. 2-е, дополненное. — М.: Международные отношения, 1970. — С. 139.</ref>. === Kronolojia === [[File:Nikolai Bobrikov.jpg|thumb|160px|Nikolai Bobrikov, Gavana-Jenerali wa Ufini]] * 1899. Manifesto wa Februari, ulioweka haki ya tsar kutoa sheria bila idhini ya vyombo vya uwakilishi vya Ufini <ref>Сергеевский Н. Д. К вопросу о коренных законах в.к. Финляндского. 1899</ref>. * 1900. Manifesto ulilazimisha matumizi ya lugha ya Kirusi katika kazi za utawala wa Kifini kwa usawa na Kiswidi na Kifini <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://histdoc.net/history/ru/kieli1900.htm |title=Высочайшій Его Императорскаго Величества Манифестъ |accessdate=2025-09-12 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624061307/https://histdoc.net/history/ru/kieli1900.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>. * 1901. Sheria iliyoondoa jeshi tofauti la Kifini na kulijumuisha katika jeshi la Dola ya Urusi. * 1910. Sheria iliyopunguza mamlaka ya Sejm ya Kifini kwa niaba ya Duma ya Dola ya Urusi. * 1910–1914. Kuvunjwa kwa bunge na kukandamiza vikosi vya kitaifa vya Kifini <ref>[https://www.hrono.ru/dokum/zakon1910.html Закон о порядке издания касающихся Финляндии законов и постановлений общегосударственного значения]</ref>. * 1939. Majeshi ya Sovyeti yalikuwa na faida kubwa ya anga: kwa kila ndege ya Kifini kulikuwa na ndege 9 za Sovyeti. Tarehe 30 Novemba 1939, wapiganaji wa Sovyeti walianza mashambulizi ya anga kwenye Helsinki, Vyborg, na miji mingine ya Kifini kutoka kwa besi za kijeshi. Mashambulizi hayo yalisababisha vifo vya raia wengi wa Kifini, na kusababisha Muungano wa Sovyeti kufukuzwa kutoka Ligi ya Mataifa. Vitendo vya kigaidi vya [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] vilisababisha uharibifu mkubwa kwa makumbusho, taasisi za elimu, na urithi wa usanifu wa Ufini <ref>Mäkelä, Jukka (1967). Helsinki liekeissä. Helsinki: Werner Söderström osakeyhtiö. с. 20.</ref>. [[File:Dead Russian soldier in the Winter War 1939.jpg|thumb|170px|Wafini walifanikiwa kupata mwanajeshi wa Kisovyeti ambaye alikuwa amekufa kwa theluji kwenye theluji na kuuweka mwili wake kwenye mpaka kama onyo.]] * 1940. Wakazi wa sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi — Karelia — walikabiliwa na usafishaji wa hala na uhamisho wa wingi na Warusi; ukandamizaji uliathiri Wafini na watu wa asili waliokuwa wakiishi karibu <ref>[http://www.fono.fi/KappaleenTiedot.aspx?kappale=njet+molotoff&ID=64fad317-515d-4153-832c-5744b443f28c Njet Molotoff (tässä: Niet Molotoff) (Finlandia, Finlandia, sinne taas matkalla oli Iivana)]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120712110938/premier.gov.ru/visits/world/9349/info/9352/ Российско-Финляндские отношения], сайт Председателя Правительства Российской Федерации</ref><ref>[http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf Sergei Prozorov: Border Regions and the Politics of EU-Russian Relations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf |date=20090316000000 }} Январь 2004, (pdf, англ. яз.)</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Ucheki == [[File:Memorial to the Victims of Communism, Prague.jpg|thumb|160px|Kumbukumbu kwa wahasiriwa wa utawala wa kikomunisti wa kiimla huko Prague]] Baada ya uvamizi wa Kisovyeti mwaka 1968, lugha ya Kirusi ilianza kutumika katika nyanja zote za maisha, huku lugha za Kicheki na Kislovakia zikisukumwa pembeni. Hili pia lilionekana katika ukandamizaji dhidi ya wasomi wa Kicheki na Kislovakia — kukamatwa, utekaji nyara na huduma ya siri ya Kisovyeti KGB, pamoja na kuwekwa kwa waandishi, wanahabari, na wakurugenzi wa filamu waliopinga utawala wa kiimla katika hospitali za magonjwa ya akili. Uhuru kamili ulipatikana tu baada ya kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Kisovyeti, na baadaye nchi iligawanyika kwa amani kuwa Jamhuri ya Cheki na Slovakia, huku ikihifadhi uhusiano wa karibu wa kitamaduni kati ya nchi hizi mbili <ref>Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: Статистическое исследование. — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 2001. — С. 533.</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Lituanya == [[File:Monument dedicated to the Independence of Lithuania in Dusetos, Lithuania.jpg|thumb|220px|Moja ya Monumenti za Uhuru wa Lituanya]] Baada ya Mgawanyiko wa Tatu wa Jumuiya ya Polandi-Lituanya (1795), Lituanya ilikua kabisa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi. Urusishaji ulihusisha marufuku rasmi ya kuchapisha kwa lugha ya Kilituanya mwaka 1864–1904, kulazimisha lugha ya Kirusi katika nyanja zote za maisha, kufunga makanisa ya Kikatoliki, na kukuza dini ya Orthodoksi. Baada ya mapinduzi na Vita vya Sovyeti-Lituanya, nchi ilipata uhuru, lakini ilitekwa na Muungano wa Kisovyeti wa kimabavu, ambapo urusishaji uliendelea kutoka 1940 hadi 1990 na ulikamilika kwa kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Kisovyeti<ref>Валуев П. А., Дневник П. А. Валуева, министра внутренних дел. — Москва, Академия наук, 1961. — Том 2. — С. 430.</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Latvia == [[File:1991.gada barikāžu atcerei veltītie pasākumi 2024.gada 20.janvāris - 55.jpg|thumb|220px|Mnara wa Uhuru huko Riga]] Baada ya kujiunga na Milki ya Urusi katika karne ya 18, urusishaji hadi karne ya 19 ulikuwa wa kiwango cha chini ikilinganishwa na nchi zingine zilizotekwa na Urusi. Pamoja na kuingia madarakani kwa Tsar Alexander III katika miaka ya 1880, urusishaji uliongezeka: lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa katika taasisi za elimu, mahakama, na utawala. Katika miaka ya 1917–1920, nchi ilipata uhuru, lakini baadaye, katika miaka ya 1940–1990, ilitekwa na Muungano wa Kisovyeti, ambapo kulifanyika uhamishaji wa Warusi kwa wingi nchini, kulazimishwa kwa lugha ya Kirusi katika maisha ya umma, kukandamiza utamaduni wa Kilatvia, kuhamishwa kwa wakaazi wa eneo hilo hadi Urusi, na ukandamizaji wa kisiasa. Ukweli wa kuvutia: katika Siku ya Uhuru, mtu yeyote aliyeweka maua kwenye Mnara wa Uhuru huko Riga angeweza kupelekwa Gulag, kunyongwa, au kufungwa katika jela ya Kisovyeti <ref>Дыдоров К. И. Освобождение Риги от большевиков 22 мая 1919 года. / Служба связи ливенцев и северо-западников № 3. Стр. 22.</ref><ref>Hannes Valter. Ausalt ja avameelselt Landeswehri sõjast, Võnnu lahingust, Riia operatsioonist. — Tallinn: Perioodika, 1989.</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=ZwkyAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=uk&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Steven Kiersons. Bear-Slayers - Latvian Myth, Memory, and the World Wars. — Lulu Publishers, 2008.]</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Estonia == [[File:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn 20180807.jpg|thumb|220px|Kanisa la Kirusi katikati ya Tallinn, lililojengwa mwaka wa 1900, linasimama tofauti kabisa na usanifu wa Kiestonia.]] Waestonia na Warusi waliishi karibu kwa karne nyingi, lakini kwa sababu ya tofauti za kina katika lugha na utamaduni, mawasiliano yao yalikuwa ya chini sana. Mawasiliano ya kwanza ya maana yalianza katika karne ya 18, wakati Urusi ilipofika kwenye ardhi za Estonia kama mshindi. * 1721. Baada ya ushindi wa Urusi dhidi ya Uswidi katika vita, Estonia ikawa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi. Lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa kama lugha ya utawala, lakini athari zake kwa wananchi zilibaki za kikomo<ref>Римский С. В., Конфесиональная политика России в Западном крае и Прибалтике XIX столетия. / Вопросы истории. Nr 3, 1998</ref>. * 1819. Ombi la kumaliza utumwa (mfumo wa kumudu) lilitimizwa - kwa mara ya kwanza katika Milki ya Urusi (katika sehemu zingine za milki hii ilimalizwa kwa kiwango kikubwa mwaka 1861). Hili lilichangia ukuaji wa miji na kuamsha hisia za kitaifa miongoni mwa Waestonia<ref>Andreas Renner. Russischer Nationalismus und Öffentlichkeit im Zarenreich 1855—1875. Köln, Weimar, Wien, 2000. / Ab Imperium. 2002. № 3</ref>. * 1881. Baada ya Tsar Alexander III kuingia madarakani, urasishaji mkali ulianza. Sheria za Estonia zilibadilishwa na sheria za Kirusi, lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa katika shule zote, na kusoma kwa lugha ya Kiestonia kulipigwa marufuku * 1893. Urasishaji wa Chuo Kikuu cha Tartu, cha msingi nchini: elimu ilihamishwa kabisa kwa lugha ya Kirusi, na vitabu vya Kiestonia viliharibiwa. * 1895–1905. Lugha ya Kirusi ilianzishwa katika mahakama, polisi, na mamlaka za manispaa. * 1905–1907. Wakati wa mapinduzi ya kwanza katika Milki ya Urusi, Waestonia walidai uhuru. Mamlaka za Urusi zilijibu kwa ukandamizaji wa kisiasa, mauaji ya umma ya waandamanaji, na kuhamisha Waestonia kwenye mikoa ya ndani ya Urusi. * 1917–1920. Estonia ilishinda katika vita vya ukombozi na kupata uhuru. Urasishaji ulikoma, na lugha ya Kiestonia ikawa lugha pekee ya taifa. Wakati huo, Warusi walikuwa 8% tu ya idadi ya watu wa Estonia [[File:TallinnWarMemorial2009.JPG|thumb|220px|Monument kwa askari waliokufa katika Vita vya Ukombozi vya 1918-1920]] * 1940. Uvamizi wa Sovyeti (16 Juni). Kuanzishwa kwa serikali ya vibaraka, na baada ya "uchaguzi" wa kujionyesha mnamo Julai, Estonia ilijumuishwa katika Muungano wa Sovyeti tarehe 6 Agosti. Mara moja ukandamizaji wa hali ya juu ulianza: katika mwezi wa kwanza tu, vikosi vya usalama vya Sovyeti vilikamata watu 60,000 <ref>Советская Эстония. Энциклопедический справочник / Гл. ред. Г. Наан. — Таллин: Валгус, 1979. — С. 210—211. — 440 с.</ref>. * 1944. Baada ya Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, Muungano wa Sovyeti uliendeleza urasishaji. Kwa amri ya kibinafsi ya Stalin, vikosi vya usalama vya Sovyeti viliwaua Bunge lote la Estonia. Katika miongo iliyofuata, maandamano yote ya amani ya uhuru yalikandamizwa. Wakati wa utawala wa Stalin, waandamanaji waliuawa au kupelekwa kwenye kambi za Gulag. Katika kipindi cha baadaye cha Sovyeti (1960–1980), walifungwa gerezani au hospitali za magonjwa ya akili. [[File:Мемориал жертвам коммунизма.jpg|thumb|220px|Makaburi ya wahasiriwa wa tawala za kiimla, pamoja na ukomunisti]] *1988. Mapinduzi ya Kuimba - maandamano makubwa ya uhuru. Tamaduni hii bado inaadhimishwa kama Siku ya Kumbukumbu ya Kitaifa (Laulupidu). Miji yote - mamilioni ya watu - waliimba nyimbo za kitaifa na za uzalendo za Estonia, ambazo ziliharakisha kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti na kurejeshwa kwa uhuru mwaka 1991 <ref>John Ginkel. Identity Construction in Latvia's "Singing Revolution": Why inter-ethnic conflict failed to occur / Nationalities Papers. — сентябрь 2002. — Т. 30, вып. 3. — С. 403—433.</ref>. == Nchi za Kaukazi == [[File:Семья Газдиевых у тела умершей дочери (Казахстан).jpg|thumb|200px|Wachechnya waliofukuzwa wanamzika binti yao aliyekufa]] [[File:Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg|thumb|200px|Ikifunikwa na mablanketi, miili ya raia wa Chechnya waliouawa wakati wa utakaso wa kikabila uliofanywa na askari wa Urusi.]] [[File:Russian troops on their way to Grozny, 1999.jpg|thumb|200px|Wanajeshi wa Urusi wakiwa njiani kuelekea Grozny]] Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 19, wakati wa vita na Dola ya Ottoman, Dola ya Urusi iliteka nchi nyingi za Kaukazi: Georgia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Armenia, na Azerbaijan, lakini Chechnya ilipinga kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Watawala wa Kirusi, wanasiasa wa Sovyeti, na marais wa Urusi walionyesha ukatili wa pekee dhidi ya Chechnya. Katika karne ya 19, kama ilivyokuwa kwa mataifa mengine yaliyoshindwa, lugha ya Kichechnya ilikandamizwa, na wasomi wa kiakili waliharibiwa na kubadilishwa na Warusi. Katika karne ya 20, baada ya 1917, Chechnya ilitangaza uhuru, lakini mwaka 1920 Muungano wa Sovyeti uliiteka. Katika miaka ya 1930 hadi 1950, Wachechnya walihamishwa kwa wingi, na katika miaka ya 1960 hadi 1980, harakati zozote za uhuru, hasa zile zilizokuwa za nguvu sana huko Chechnya, zilikandamizwa vikali. Baada ya kuvunjika kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti, Chechnya ilipata tena uhuru, lakini Urusi ilianza vita viwili: mwaka 1994-1996 Chechnya ilipinga uvamizi wa Urusi na kuhifadhi uhuru wake, lakini katika vita vya pili vya 1999-2000, Urusi iliharibu kabisa mji mkuu wa Chechnya, Grozny, na kuuiteka tena. Kwa makadirio tofauti, wakati wa vita hivi, raia wa Chechnya 150,000 hadi 200,000 waliuawa. Hadi mwaka 2009 (awamu ya kazi) na 2021 (vikundi vya kijeshi vilivyotawanyika), vita vya siri vya msituni vya kurejesha uhuru viliendelea, lakini kwa sababu ya usawa wa nguvu, Chechnya ilishindwa na inabaki kuwa jamhuri inayojitawala ndani ya Urusi <ref>Норин Е. А. Чеченская война. — М.: Чёрная сотня, 2022. — Т. 1. 1999–... — 480 с.</ref>. == Asia ya kaskazini == Katika karne za 17 na 18, Urusi ilianza upanuzi wa nguvu kuelekea mashariki, ikishinda na kuharibu nchi na watu wengi, lakini nchi na watu waliopinga zaidi hawakuharibiwa, bali walilazimishwa kujiunga na Dola ya Urusi wakiwa na haki za kujitawala. === Urusishaji wa Tatarstan === [[File:Pokorenie Kazani.jpg|thumb|200px|कजान शहर पर कब्जा करने की तस्वीर]] Mnamo 1552, Tsar wa kwanza wa Urusi, Ivan wa Kutisha, alishinda Khanate ya Kazan. Baada ya ushindi, mji mkuu wa Kazan uliharibiwa. Mchakato wa urusishaji ulifanyika kama ilivyokuwa huko Ukraini. Katika karne ya 21, lugha ya Kitatar iko karibu na kutoweka. Katika miaka ya 1990, baada ya kuanguka kwa udikteta nchini Urusi na demokrasia ya jumla, Tatarstan ilitaka uhuru, lakini Rais wa kwanza wa Urusi, Boris Yeltsin, aliwajibu waandamanaji: "Chukua uhuru mwingi kama unaweza kumeza", na licha ya vitisho vya vita sawa na vile Urusi ilipigana dhidi ya Chechnya, Tatarstan ilibaki kuwa sehemu ya Urusioris-el <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book594293/#page/459/mode/1up |title=Лицевой летописный свод XVI века. Русская летописная история. Книга 21. 1551-1553 гг. |website=runivers.ru |access-date=2021-12-13 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331120822/http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book594293/#page/459/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://mir24.tv/news/society/13838086 |title=Загадочная история Бориса Ельцина |access-date=2017-02-25 |archive-date=2017-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210170822/http://mir24.tv/news/society/13838086 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Союз можно было сохранить. Белая книга: Документы и факты о политике М. С. Горбачёва по реформированию и сохранению многонационального государства. М.: Апрель-85, 1995., c. 110—111</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://politics-80-90.livejournal.com/53085.html|title=Воспоминания В. В. Михайлова, в 1990-м году - депутата Верховного Совета Татарской АССР|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120083913/https://politics-80-90.livejournal.com/53085.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOprLcRfEHE|title=Фрагмент выступления в Уфе 6 августа 1990 года (отрывок - 19 секунд)|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOprLcRfEHE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzuXQHXk7fE|title=Фрагмент выступления в Уфе 6 августа 1990 года (отрывок - 120 секунд)|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093037/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzuXQHXk7fE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://disk.yandex.ru/i/_8YntlZXhVyMHA Сообщение Ельцин-Центра] {{Wayback|url=https://disk.yandex.ru/i/_8YntlZXhVyMHA |date=20220120111516 }} (Фонд "Президентский центр Б. Н. Ельцина) от 22.12.2021 № 567/Д</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://mir24.tv/news/16410153/put-v-bolshuyu-politiku-borisa-elcina|title=Путь в большую политику Бориса Ельцина|website=Mir24|access-date=2022-04-14|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509233025/https://mir24.tv/news/16410153/put-v-bolshuyu-politiku-borisa-elcina|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/10/05/sovereign/|title=«Два десятка президентов» 30 лет назад регионы России один за другим объявляли о независимости. Чего и как они добивались?|website=lenta.ru|access-date=2022-04-14|archive-date=2022-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414064646/https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/10/05/sovereign/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|lang=ru|url=https://yeltsin.ru/news/boris-elcin-berite-stolko-suverineteta-skolko-smozhete-proglotit/|title=Борис Ельцин: "Берите столько суверенитета , сколько сможете проглотить"|website=Ельцин Центр|date=2015-08-06|access-date=2022-01-20|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120113541/https://yeltsin.ru/news/boris-elcin-berite-stolko-suverineteta-skolko-smozhete-proglotit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Протокол Центральной комиссии референдума Республики Татарстан от 25 марта 1992 года «[https://web.archive.org/web/19991023001118/http://www.kcn.ru/tat_ru/politics/pan_for/wb77.htm Результаты референдума Республики Татарстан 21 марта 1992 года]».</ref>. === Urusishaji wa Bashkortostan === [[File:Члены Башкирского Правительства.png|thumb|200px|स्वतंत्र गणराज्य बश्कोर्तोस्तान की पहली सरकार के सदस्य]] Mnamo 1557, Urusi iliteka Bashkortostan, mchakato ulikuwa sawa na wa Tatarstan. Katika miaka ya kwanza ya utawala wa Sovyeti, sera ya kukuza lugha za mitaa ilipitishwa, lakini kwa kweli hii ilifanyika ili katika miaka ya 1930, wakati wa ugaidi wa Stalin, wasomi wote wa kiakili wa nchi hiyo waliangamizwa na urusishaji ukaanza tena<ref>Историко-культурный энциклопедический атлас Республики Башкортостан. — Москва, Уфа: Феория, 2007. — С. 97. — 695 с.</ref>. === Urusishaji wa Buryatia === [[File:Памятник Ленину В. И., площадь Советов, Улан-Удэ, Бурятия.jpg|thumb|200px|Lenin monument huko Ulan-Ude]] Mnamo 1650, Urusi iliteka sehemu ya Buryatia, na baada ya makubaliano ya amani na China mwaka 1689, nchi nzima ikawa sehemu ya Dola ya Urusi. Katika karne za 18 na 19, Waburyati, ambao kijadi walifuata Ubudha, walilazimishwa kukubali Ukristo wa Orthodoksi na Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi. Katika miaka ya 1930, wakati wa ukandamizaji wa enzi ya Joseph Stalin, wasomi wote wa kiakili waliangamizwaт <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ostrog.ucoz.ru/publ/b/buraeva_o_v/novoe_v_istorii_udinskogo_zimovja_ostroga/107-1-0-419 |title=''Бураева О. В.'' Новое в истории Удинского зимовья/острога. |access-date=2017-01-25 |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042358/http://ostrog.ucoz.ru/publ/b/buraeva_o_v/novoe_v_istorii_udinskogo_zimovja_ostroga/107-1-0-419 |url-status=live }}</ref>. == Asia ya Kati == [[File:Karazin - Entry of Russian troops into Samarkand 1868.jpg|thumb|220px|Warusi walivamia Samarkand]] Katika karne ya 19, Dola ya Urusi iliteka nchi nyingi za Asia ya Kati zinazopakana na Pakistan na India, kama vile Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, na Tajikistan. Katika karne ya 20, nchi hizi zilikuwa na harakati za uhuru zilizokuwa na nguvu, lakini mwaka 1922 Muungano wa Sovyeti uliziteka tena na kuhamisha sehemu ya wakazi wa eneo hilo. Kuanzia 1979 hadi 1989, Muungano wa Sovyeti ulipigana vita nchini Afghanistan, ambapo lugha ya Kirusi ililazimishwa kwa nguvu, na ushawishi huu unadumu hadi leo miongoni mwa wahamiaji wa Afghanistan katika nchi nyingine <ref>Иванов П. П. Очерки по истории Средней Азии (XVI — середина XIX в.), М., 1958.</ref> == Urusishaji wa Mongolia == [[File:Phagspa imperial edict dragon year.jpg|thumb|220px|Alfabeti ya asili ya Kimongolia, "herufi za mraba", ilikuwepo kwa karne nyingi kabla ya ujamaa]] Katika karne ya 19, baada ya kuanzishwa kwa uhusiano wa kidiplomasia na Dola ya Urusi, Mongolia ilianza kuchukua vipengele vya utamaduni wa Kirusi, hasa kupitia biashara na uhusiano wa kidini (Orthodoksi ya Kikristo kati ya Waburyati). Baada ya Mapinduzi ya Mongolia ya 1921 na kuanzishwa kwa utawala wa Kikomunisti chini ya ushawishi wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, urusikazi wa kazi ulianza: Kuanzishwa kwa herufi za Kisirili kwa lugha ya Kimongolia, Kuenea kwa lugha ya Kirusi katika elimu, Utawala na Jeshi, mabadilishano ya kitamaduni, Ushawishi wa kisiasa kupitia itikadi ya Kimarx-Kilenin. Baada ya 1991, baada ya kuanguka kwa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, ushawishi wa lugha ya Kirusi na utamaduni ulipungua, Mongolia ilirudi kwenye utambulisho wake wa kitaifa, lakini herufi za Kisirili zilibaki zikitumika. Hadi miaka ya 2020, lugha ya Kirusi ilifundishwa kama lugha ya pili ya lazima, lakini polepole nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na Kiingereza <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.archipelag.ru/ru_mir/rm-diaspor/russ/russian-in-mongolia/ |title=К истории русских в Монголии (до 1917 г.) |publisher= Русский архипелаг |access-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227041736/http://archipelag.ru/ru_mir/rm-diaspor/russ/russian-in-mongolia/ |archive-date=2009-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Japani == [[File:Карта Курил и Сахалина 1852.png|thumb|220px|Ramani ya Kirusi ya visiwa vya magharibi vya Japani]] [[File:TraktatRJ.JPG|thumb|220px|Makubaliano kati ya Urusi na Japan katikati ya karne ya 19]] [[File:JapaneseNestingDolls.jpg|thumb|220px|Takwimu ndogo za Kijapani ziliongoza uundaji wa wanasesere wa kiota wa Kirusi mwishoni mwa karne ya 19]] Dola ya Urusi chini ya Tsar Nikolai II ilipigana vita dhidi ya Japani mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, vita vilivyoanzishwa tu kwa ajili ya kuimarisha mamlaka ya Nikolai II na kuondoa umakini kutoka kwa matatizo ya ndani ya Urusi: 80% ya wakazi walikuwa wajinga, wasio na elimu ya msingi, wakulima waliokaa katika vibanda vya mbao vilivyooza vilivyofunikwa na majani, lakini walishindwa na Japani ambayo ilizama meli zote za Pasifiki za Urusi zilizokuwepo wakati huo, jambo ambalo lilisababisha mapinduzi ya kwanza ya Urusi ya 1905-1907. Inafaa pia kuzingatia kwamba "matryoshka" za Kirusi zilinakiliwa kabisa kutoka kwa utamaduni wa Japani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://iocs.hse.ru/news/212660701.html|title=Лекция Александра Мещерякова об истории культурных связей между Россией и Японией в XIX-XX вв.|publisher=iocs.hse.ru|lang=ru|accessdate=2017-12-22|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162816/https://iocs.hse.ru/news/212660701.html}}</ref>. == Urusishaji wa Amerika == [[File:Этнографическая карта Русской Америки на 1859 год.jpg|thumb|220px|Ramani ya Alaska iliyoundwa na Urusi]] Urusishaji ya Alaska, au "Amerika ya Kirusi", (Русская Америка) ni mchakato wa ukoloni, ushawishi wa kitamaduni na kilugha wa Dola ya Urusi katika eneo la jimbo la sasa la Alaska nchini Marekani tangu mwisho wa karne ya 18 hadi 1867, wakati Urusi ilipouza Alaska kwa Marekani. Mchakato huu ulihusisha uanzishaji wa makazi, shughuli za kimishonari za Kikristo, na ujumuishaji wa lugha na tamaduni za Kirusi miongoni mwa wakazi wa asili. Uwepo wa Warusi huko Alaska ulianza katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 18. Mnamo 1784, msafara wa mfanyabiashara wa Irkutsk, Grigory Shelikhov, ulianzisha makazi ya kwanza ya kudumu kwenye kisiwa cha Kodiak. Hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa Amerika ya Kirusi, ambayo ilisimamiwa na Kampuni ya Urusi-Amerika iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1799. Wakoloni wa Kirusi walianzisha makazi huko Kodiak, Sitka (ambayo sasa ni mji mkuu wa Alaska), na maeneo mengine. Idadi ya watu ilijumuisha Warusi, Waaleut, Watlingit, na Waeskimo <ref>Алексеев, В. Н. Русская книга в дореволюционной Сибири: распространение и бытование: тематический сборник научных трудов. — Гпнтб, 1986. — С. 77.</ref> <ref>А.А.Алексеев. Судьба Русской Америки. — Магадан: Книжное издательство Магадан, 1975. — С. 322—325. — 326 с.</ref>. [[File:Russian chapel at Fort Ross (2016).jpg|thumb|200px|Ngome ya Urusi huko California]] Urusishaji ilionekana katika ujenzi wa ngome, makanisa, na shule, ambapo lugha ya Kirusi ilikuwa chombo cha mawasiliano na elimu. Mnamo 1867, Urusi iliuza Alaska kwa Marekani kwa dola milioni 7.2. Uhamisho huo ulifanyika kwa amani, lakini lugha na tamaduni za Kirusi ziliendelea kuwepo miongoni mwa wakaazi waliobaki. Wakati wa uuzaji, kulikuwa na Warusi takriban 800 na wakaazi wa asili 30,000 huko Alaska. Leo, wazao wa Warusi ni takriban 20,000, lakini urusishaji inaonekana katika utambulisho wa mseto. Baada ya uuzaji wa Alaska, lugha ya Kirusi ilitumika katika Kanisa la Orthodoksi la Urusi, ambalo lilibaki likifanya kazi. Magazeti kama "Svet" (tangu 1897) na "Russian Emigrant" (tangu 1912) yalisambazwa miongoni mwa wazungumzaji wa Kirusi. Mnamo 1871, San Francisco ilipata uchapishaji uliotoa vifaa vya kujifunzia vya Kirusi-Kiingereza kwa shule za Alaska. Majina mengi ya kijiografia yamehifadhiwa, kama vile Mlango wa Shelikhov na Kisiwa cha Baranov <ref>Алексеев А. И. Освоение русскими людьми Дальнего Востока и Русской Америки: До конца XIX века / Отв. ред. А. П. Окладников; Ин-т истории СССР. — М.: Наука, 1982. — 288 с.</ref> <ref>Виньковецкий И. Русская Америка: заокеанская колония континентальной империи, 1804—1867 / Пер. с англ. С. Константинова; науч. ред. перевода А. Миллер. — М.: Новое лит. обозрение, 2015. — 320 с.</ref>. == Wapinzani wa Urusishaji == [[File:ChaadaevPetr.jpg|thumb|180px|Pyotr Chaadayev]] [[File:Painting of maxim gorki.jpg|thumb|160px|Maxim Gorky]] Mwandishi Pyotr Chaadayev anajulikana kwa vitabu vyake, ambavyo alishutumu vikali njia ya maisha ya Kirusi na asili yake ya fujo. Kazi zake zilipigwa marufuku nchini Urusi <ref>П. Я. Чаадаев: pro et contra. Личность и творчество Петра Чаадаева в оценке русских мыслителей и исследователей: Антология. — СПб., 1998.</ref>. Mwandishi mashuhuri wa Urusi Maxim Gorky aliandika nakala mnamo 1922 yenye kichwa "Kuhusu wakulima wa Kirusi" (О русском крестьянстве) ambayo ilipigwa marufuku katika Umoja wa Sovyeti na haikuchapishwa nchini Urusi <ref>[https://ru.m.wikisource.org/wiki/О_русском_крестьянстве_(Горький) О русском крестьянстве (Горький)]</ref>. == Katika usanifu == Mbali na lugha na utamaduni, Urusikazi uliharibu sana usanifu wa nchi zilizotekwa na Urusi. Katika karne za 18 na 19, wakati wa Dola ya Urusi, hii ilihusu tu majengo ya kidini, lakini katika karne ya 20, wakati wa enzi ya kiimla ya Kisovyeti, hii iligusa majengo yote, ikiwa ni pamoja na nyumba za makazi. Kazi nyingi za usanifu ziliharibiwa, haswa wakati wa Stalin, na badala yake, katika USSR ya marehemu na kwa ujumla katika nchi za kambi ya Mashariki, majengo ya ghorofa tano na tisa yalijengwa kwa wingi katika maeneo yote ya makazi, kwa lengo la kukandamiza ubinafsi wowote. Hata filamu ya ucheshi "Kejeli ya hatima" (1975) ilitengenezwa kuhusu mtu ambaye, alipofika katika mji wa kigeni, aliingia kwenye nyumba ya mgeni akiichukulia kuwa yake kwa sababu kila kitu, ikiwa ni pamoja na samani, kilikuwa sawa. Maamuzi kama haya ya usanifu yalifanywa kwa idhini ya mamlaka, kwa lengo la kukandamiza saiki ya watu. Lakini kwa kuwa mfumo huu haukuweza kutosheleza mahitaji ya msingi ya watu, ulianguka bila kuepukika. <gallery> Маскалізацыя (русіфікацыя). Горадня. Фара Вітаўта.jpg|Moja ya makanisa ya Kibelarusi yalijengwa upya kwa mtindo wa Kirusi na kisha kuharibiwa. File:House in Lasnamae.jpg|majengo ya makazi ya enzi ya Sovyeti huko Estonia File:Казань. Пятиэтажные хрущёвки серии 1-464 на улице Рихарда Зорге.JPG|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti nchini Urusi File:Спальный район, Хрущевки - panoramio.jpg|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti nchini Urusi File:Кропивницький , вулиця Полтавська.jpg|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti huko Ukraini File:Remblai de la rivière Inhul, Kropyvnytskyi, 25.12.2023.jpg|Tuta iliyojengwa wakati wa Sovyeti File:Inhul Kropyvnytskyi.jpg|Majengo ya makazi ya zama za Sovyeti huko Ukraini File:Історична пам'ятка у Олександрії.jpg|Moja ya majengo kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Kirusi File:Пам'ятник невідомому солдату, Знам'янкп.jpg|Kaburi la Askari Asiyejulikana ni mojawapo ya mamia ya maelfu ya makaburi ya kijeshi ya Sovyeti yaliyojengwa wakati wa Vita Baridi kwenye makaburi ya halaiki ya wale waliouawa katika Vita Kuu ya II File:Один з провулків на вулиці Соборній , Знам'янка , кінець 2022.png|Barabara za kawaida zilizobaki kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Urusi na Umoja wa Kisovyeti File:31 грудня 2022 , Знам'янка , Кіровоградська область , Україна.png|Barabara za kawaida zilizobaki kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Urusi na Umoja wa Kisovyeti File:2й Поперечний провулок , Знам'янка , Кіровоградська область , Україна , 15 березня 2023.jpg|Barabara za kawaida zilizobaki kutoka nyakati za Dola ya Urusi na Umoja wa Kisovyeti </gallery> == Urusi ya kisasa == [[File:Shedrovitskiy.jpg|thumb|220px|Petr Shchedrovitsky, mmoja wa wataalam juu ya dhana ya ulimwengu wa Urusi]] [[File:Vladislav Surkov in 2010.jpeg|thumb|220px|Vladislav Surkov, mmoja wa wataalam juu ya dhana ya ulimwengu wa Urusi]] [[File:Russian occupied territories in map.svg|thumb|220px|Maeneo yaliyochukuliwa na Urusi katika karne ya 21]] Baada ya kuanguka kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti katika miaka ya 1990, wazo la "Ulimwengu wa Kirusi" ({{Lang-ru|Русский мир, russkiy mir}}) liliibuka, yaani, Urusi inayovuka mipaka yake ya kweli. Mbunge wa baadaye wa Duma ya Urusi na msimamizi wa kumudu Peninsula ya Crimea na kusini-mashariki mwa Ukraini, Vladislav Surkov, alielezea maono yake hivi: "Ulimwengu wa Kirusi sio tu mahali ambapo watu wanazungumza Kirusi, bali pia mahali ambapo wanaogopa silaha za Kirusi, huo pia ni Ulimwengu wa Kirusi." Wazo hili ni sehemu ya itikadi ya kisasa ya Urusi na linahusiana moja kwa moja na uchukuzi wake dhidi ya nchi jirani katika nyakati za sasa. Mbali na urasishaji, linajidhihirisha katika kufuta historia ya mataifa mengine au kupunguza jukumu lao katika historia ya dunia, na pia kurudi kwa ibada ya watu wa zamani wa kiimla au wa kifalme ili kuhalalisha uvamizi wa kijeshi. Sera za ndani na za nje za Urusi na Vladimir Putin zimejengwa juu ya wazo la Ulimwengu wa Kirusi, ambalo ni sehemu ya mchakato wa jumla wa urasishaji, uliorithiwa nao na unaohusiana moja kwa moja na udhalimu na umma wa kijeshi <ref>Mark Smith. Pax Russica: Russiaś Monroe Doctrine. 1993</ref> <ref>К возрождению Святой Руси / Русь Державная. – 2009. – № 9 (183)</ref><ref>Україна і «Русский мир»: Важкий досвід співіснування: від «братского союза» до ненависті і масової українофобії: Історичні нариси та наукова публіцистика / С. А. Цвілюк. — Одеса: Астропринт, 2016. — 524 с.</ref>. Itikadi hii pia inaeneza hadithi za kihistoria za uwongo, kama vile "Moscow ni Roma ya Tatu" baada ya kumudu Constantinople na Waislamu na kuanguka kwa Dola ya Roma ya Mashariki, pamoja na madai kwamba "Warusi na Waukraini ni watu wamoja", wakipuuza ukweli wa ukandamizaji dhidi ya Waukraini, kuharibu lugha ya Kiukraini na kuchanganya kwa makusudi na lugha ya Kirusi kupitia upotoshaji wa sarufi ya Kiukraini. Urasishaji unabaki kuwa chombo cha msingi cha itikadi hii <ref>Новикова Л. И. Три модели развития России / Л. И. Новикова, И. Н. Сиземская. — М. : ИФ РАН, 2000. — 272 с</ref><ref>Schreder H. Moskau das Dritte Rom. Hamburg, 1929: 2. Aufl.: Darmstadt, 1957</ref><ref>[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/539633 Fabian Burkhardt, Dmitry Dubrovskiy, Stephen K. Wegren, Jan Matti Dollbaum, Seongcheol Kim, Political Regime Stability / Universities / Agriculture, 2022-03-29, Russian Analytical Digest (RAD), tome 281, page 9, ISBN 1863-0421, DOI 10.3929/ethz-b-000539633]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220704015306/https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/539633 www.research-collection.ethz.ch 2022-07-04]</ref>. == Rashizimu == [[File:Letter Z in the colours of the Russian Ribbon of Saint George.svg|thumb|180px|Barua Z, iliyojenga rangi ya Ribbon ya St George ya Kirusi, ishara kuu ya uvamizi wa Ukraini. Pia ni ishara kuu ya kisasa ya Urusishaji.]] [[File:Russia + Fascism = Ruscism (51911310536).jpg|thumb|220px|Maandamano dhidi ya uvamizi wa Ukraini]] [[File:White-blue-white flag in Tbilisi.jpg|thumb|220px|Wanadiaspora wa Urusi waandamana kupinga vita katika balozi za Urusi nje ya nchi]] Nukuu maarufu zaidi ya Vladimir Putin: "Mipaka ya Urusi haiishi popote katika nchi yoyote." ('''Границы России нигде не заканчиваются.''') Itikadi ya kisiasa ya dola ya kisasa ya Urusi, iliyokamilika kabisa wakati wa utawala wa Vladimir Putin, inawakilisha mchanganyiko wa urithi wa Dola ya Urusi na Muungano wa Sovyeti. Itikadi hii inajulikana, hasa, kwa ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu ndani ya Urusi na sera za uchukuzi sana dhidi ya nchi jirani. Moja ya zana za msingi za itikadi hii ni urasishaji, ambapo inasambazwa na kuimarishwa katika maeneo yaliyokaliwa. Itikadi hii inaitwa "rashizimu" (kutoka kwa Kiingereza Ruscism, mchanganyiko wa jina la nchi na neno "ufashisti"), ambayo inasisitiza tabia yake ya kijeshi. Alama zake mara nyingi hutumiwa kwenye vifaa vya kijeshi vya Urusi na zimepigwa marufuku rasmi katika nchi nyingi za Ulaya <ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-letter-z-fascist-symbol/31758267.html Special Operation Z: Moscow's Pro-War Symbol Conquers Russia -- And Sets Alarm Bells Ringing]</ref><ref>[https://www.ukr.net/news/details/russianaggression/102194748.html Чому росіяни катують викрадених українських дітей - відповідь Save Ukraine]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://zmina.ua/event/rrosiyany-u-shkoli-na-hersonshhyni-katuvaly-ukrayincziv-do-smerti-imituvaly-rozstrily-ta-majzhe-ne-goduvaly-zvit-pro-bilyayivsku-kativnyu/ |title=Росіяни у школі на Херсонщині катували українців до смерті, імітували розстріли та майже не годували. Звіт про Біляївську катівню |accessdate=2025-09-12 |archive-date=2025-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606075043/https://zmina.ua/event/rrosiyany-u-shkoli-na-hersonshhyni-katuvaly-ukrayincziv-do-smerti-imituvaly-rozstrily-ta-majzhe-ne-goduvaly-zvit-pro-bilyayivsku-kativnyu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://prm.ua/filtratsiia-po-ordynsky-v-mariupoli-okupanty-vbyvaiut-tsyvilnykh-za-nepravylne-tatuiuvannia-na-tili/ “Фільтрація” по-ординськи: в Маріуполі окупанти вбивають цивільних за “неправильне” татуювання на тілі]</ref>. Miongoni mwa kesi za kifungo zinazojulikana zaidi kwa msimamo wa kupinga vita (unaodaiwa rasmi kama "kueneza habari za uwongo kuhusu jeshi la Urusi") ni kesi ya mstaafu wa Moscow, ambaye aliandika maoni kuhusu jinsi mabomu ya Urusi huko Moscow na Mariupol yalivyo mabaya, na mwanasiasa Alexei Gorinov, ambaye aliita vita "vita" badala ya "operesheni maalum" <ref>[https://memopzk.org/news/gosobvinenie-zaprosilo-dlya-pensionera-iz-moskvy-7-let-kolonii-za-dva-kommentariya-o-bombardirovkah-kieva-i-mariupolya/ Гособвинение запросило для пенсионера из Москвы 7 лет колонии за два комментария о бомбардировках Киева и Мариуполя]</ref><ref>[https://genevasolutions.news/explorations/ukraine-stories/%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F20-%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B1-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C-%D0%B2-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC-%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC Муниципального депутата приговорили к 7 годам колонии за то, что он назвал войну войной. Это первый реальный срок за антивоенную позицию в России]</ref>. Wapigaji wa filamu wengi wa hali halisi wanasema kwamba Vladimir Putin sio muundaji wa mfumo huu, bali ni mwendelezaji wake tu, ambapo chombo chake cha msingi kwa karne nyingi kilikuwa urasishaji. Hata hivyo, ni Putin mwenyewe aliyeanzisha tamaduni ya kuandaa gwaride kubwa la kijeshi la kila mwaka huko Moscow mnamo Mei 9, ambalo pia linawakilisha kujitolea kwa Urusi kwa sera ya uchukuzi ulimwenguni kote [109]. Utawala wa Vladimir Putin unawakilisha sifa za kikatili zaidi za vipindi vya kifalme na vya kiimla vya historia ya Urusi; mara nyingi unalinganishwa na utawala wa Nazi. Kuna mfanano mwingi kati ya utawala wa Putin na utawala wa Nazi: ibada ya kiongozi, ukandamizaji wa uhuru wa kujieleza, ukandamizaji wa wanaopinga, wakiwemo watoto, uhalifu wa hala dhidi ya ubinadamu, na matumizi ya historia ya kale kuhalalisha uchukuzi wa kijeshi <ref>[https://armyinform.com.ua/2023/05/17/ostannya-vijna-dokumentalnyj-proyekt-yakyj-rozpovidaye-pro-transformacziyu-rashyzmu-ta-rosijsko-ukrayinsku-vijnu/ «Остання війна» — документальний проєкт, який розповідає про трансформацію рашизму та російсько-українську війну]</ref>. <gallery> File:Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin 17 July 2012 01.jpeg|Dmitry Medvedev, rais wa zamani na sasa mkuu wa serikali ya Urusi, ametoa wito wa vita vya nyuklia dhidi ya dunia nzima. File:Vitaly Milonov, 2018.jpg|Vitaly Milonov, mbunge wa Urusi, anadai kwamba "mataifa yote ya dunia yalitokana na nyani na minyoo, na Warusi ni uumbaji wa Mungu." File:Igor Ivanovich Strelkov Yekaterinburg4.JPG|Igor Girkin, afisa wa huduma maalum za Kirusi, mmoja wa wana itikadi kuu wa Urushshaji na kiongozi wa kijeshi ambaye chini ya uongozi wake vita vya mashariki mwa Ukraini vilianzishwa, vinavyoendelea hadi leo. File:Владимир Жириновский (05-04-2018).jpg|Kiongozi wa moja ya vyama vikubwa zaidi vya Urusi, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, alitoa wito wa "maangamizi kamili ya nchi kadhaa na mabadiliko ya Moscow kuwa mji mkuu wa ulimwengu." File:Ivan Okhlobystin 01.jpg|Ivan Okhlobystin, muigizaji wa Urusi ambaye alitaka mauaji ya watu wengi wa Ukraini na kukamilisha Urusishaji ya ardhi zilizotekwa. File:Museum of Hryhoriy Skovoroda after Russian shelling on 6 May 2022 (02).jpg|Moja ya makumbusho ya kipekee ya Kiukraini yaliyoharibiwa na mabomu ya Urusi File:Gorinov prigovor.jpg|Mmoja wa wapinzani wa utawala wa Putin akiwa na bango kwenye chumba cha mahakama "je bado unahitaji vita hivi?" File:Anatoly Shariy 2018.jpg|Anatoly Shariy, msaliti wa Ukraini, mfuasi wa Urusishaji File:Anatoly Wasserman (2010-09-11) 2.jpg|Mwanasiasa wa Urusi Anatoly Wasserman anathibitisha kwamba "kwa ushindani wa kweli na lugha ya Kirusi, lugha zote za ulimwengu zitatoweka mapema au baadaye" File:Григорий Азарёнок (08-07-2021).png|Grigory Azarenok - mtangazaji wa propaganda ambaye alitoa wito wa "kuharibu Kyiv kwa makombora ya nyuklia na kusimamisha sanamu ya mita 300 ya Putin badala ya jangwa lililoteketezwa" <ref>[https://vlasti.net/ru/news/340753 Разнесем Киев ядерными ракетами и поставим 300-метровую статую Путина: на белорусском ТВ пригрозили Украине]</ref><ref>[https://censor.net/ru/videonews/3314437/raznesem_kiev_yadernymi_raketami_a_na_meste_vyjjennoyi_pustyni_postavim_300metrovuyu_statuyu_putina "Разнесем Киев ядерными ракетами, а на месте выжженной пустыни поставим 300-метровую статую Путина", - белорусский пропагандист Азарёнок. Видео Источник: https://censor.net/ru/v3314437]</ref> File:Iljin02.jpg|Ivan Ilyin, mwandishi, mtu wa umma, fashisti wa Kirusi, mwandishi anayependa zaidi wa Vladimir Putin, ambaye alitaka kuharibu watu wengine kwa njia ya Urusishaji File:Alexey Milchakov.png|Alexey Milchakov ni Mnazi maarufu wa Urusi ambaye alishiriki katika vita dhidi ya Ukraini </gallery> Sawa na jinsi Hitler alivyohalalisha mwanzo wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia kwa uvamizi wa Polandi, akidai kuwa miji mingi ya Polandi ilianzishwa na Wajerumani, Putin alisema vivyo hivyo kuhusu miji ya kusini-mashariki mwa Ukraini. Inafurahisha kwamba mwandishi anayependa zaidi wa Putin ni Ivan Ilyin, mwanazi wa kiitikadi wa Urusi, ambaye alitaka uharibifu wa mataifa mengine kupitia urasishaji. Vikundi vingi vya Neonazi vya Urusi pia vinapigana upande wa Urusi, kubwa zaidi likiongozwa na Alexei Milchakov maarufu <ref name="Al Jazeera 8-09-22">{{Rejea habari|title=UN says ‘credible’ reports Ukraine children transferred to Russia|trans-title= ООН вважає «достовірними» повідомлення про передачу українських дітей до Росії |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/8/un-says-credible-reports-ukraine-children-transferred-to-russia|accessdate=2022-09-08|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |date=2022-09-08|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044540/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/8/un-says-credible-reports-ukraine-children-transferred-to-russia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human rights concerns related to forced displacement in Ukraine|trans-title=Проблеми з правами людини, пов'язані з вимушеним переміщенням в Україні |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/09/human-rights-concerns-related-forced-displacement-ukraine|accessdate=2022-09-11|website=OHCHR Управління Верховного комісара ООН з прав людини - УВКПЛ|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912151804/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/09/human-rights-concerns-related-forced-displacement-ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gerasym">{{Rejea tovuti|author1=Дмитро Михайлов |author2=Влада Прізова|title=Кількість депортованих до РФ дітей, яку озвучила Львова-Бєлова, може бути завищена — Герасимчук|url=https://suspilne.media/540811-gerasimcuk-sprostuvala-zaavi-lvovoi-belovoi-sodo-700-tisac-vivezenih-do-rf-ukrainskih-ditej/ |website=Суспільне|date=2023-07-31|accessdate=|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|title='Deporting Ukrainian children and "Russifying" them is jeopardizing the future of Ukraine'|trans-title= «Депортація українських дітей та їх «русифікація» ставить під загрозу майбутнє України» |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/08/05/deporting-ukrainian-children-and-russifying-them-is-jeopardizing-the-future-of-ukraine_5992568_23.html|work=Le Monde|date=2022-08-05|last=|accessdate=2022-10-13|archivedate=2023-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317175343/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/08/05/deporting-ukrainian-children-and-russifying-them-is-jeopardizing-the-future-of-ukraine_5992568_23.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://zaborona.com/rosiya-nezakonno-utrymuye-do-15-mln-ukrayinskyh-ditej-i-povertaty-yih-staye-vse-vazhche-kuleba/|title=Микола Кулеба: інтерв’ю про дітей|last=Hudkova|first=Svitlana|date=2023-11-29|website=Заборона|language=uk|access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref><ref name="lvova-2023-07">{{Rejea tovuti|title=У Росії заявляють, що вивезли понад 700 тисяч українських дітей|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3742632-u-rosii-zaavlaut-so-vivezli-ponad-700-tisac-ukrainskih-ditej.html|website=Укрінформ|date=2023-07-31|accessdate=2023-07-31|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref><ref name="duma-07-2023">{{Rejea tovuti|title=У держдумі РФ підтвердили депортацію 700 тис. українських дітей за роки війни в Україні|url=https://espreso.tv/u-derzhdumi-rf-pidtverdili-deportatsiyu-700-tis-ukrainskikh-ditey-za-roki-viyni-v-ukraini |website=Еспресо TV|date=2023-07-03|accessdate=|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin01.html |title=Иван Ильин. Национал-социализм. Новый Дух.(«Возрождение» (Париж), 17 мая 1933) |accessdate=2016-06-09 |archive-date=2016-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419151457/http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin01.html }}</ref><ref name="О фашизме">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin02.html |title=Иван Ильин. О фашизме &#91;1948&#93; |accessdate=2016-06-09 |archive-date=2016-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619232214/http://www.anticompromat.org/naziki/ilyin02.html }}</ref><ref name="Snyder"/><ref name="Snyder">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkX6eBk4w-w |title=Timothy Snyder: The Ancient is the Modern |accessdate=2016-06-09 |archive-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228051444/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkX6eBk4w-w&feature=youtu.be&t=368 }}</ref><ref name="putin">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://archive.kremlin.ru/text/appears/2006/05/105546.shtml |title=Послание Президента России Путина В. В. Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации 10 мая 2006 года |accessdate=2009-09-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425004742/http://archive.kremlin.ru/text/appears/2006/05/105546.shtml |archivedate=2013-04-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://svpressa.ru/politic/news/106134/ |title=Путин процитировал слова русского философа Ивана Ильина |accessdate=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2019-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205427/http://svpressa.ru/politic/news/106134/ }}</ref><ref>[https://glavcom.ua/publications/khto-zrobiv-volodju-fashistom-filosof-na-jakoho-molitsja-putin-885339.html Мансур Міровалев. Хто зробив Володю фашистом. Філософ, на якого молиться Путін]</ref><ref>[https://razumkov.org.ua/statti/uliublenyi-filosof-putina Улюблений філософ Путіна]</ref><ref>[https://tyzhden.ua/ivan-ilin-patriarkh-rosijskoho-fashyzmu/ Лариса Якубова. Іван Ільїн. Патріарх російського фашизму]</ref><ref>[https://argumentua.com/stati/kak-teoretik-russkogo-fashizma-stal-ideologom-putinskogo-rezhima Как теоретик русского фашизма стал идеологом путинского режима]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ethos.org.ua/velykodnij-nastup-rosiyi-yak-putin-namagayetsya-vypravdaty-vijnu-ta-smert/ |title=Великодній наступ Росії. Як Путін намагається виправдати війну та смерть. Автор статті Тімоті Снайдер. Американський історик, професор Єльського університету, спеціаліст з історії Східної Європи |accessdate=2025-09-12 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227033032/https://www.ethos.org.ua/velykodnij-nastup-rosiyi-yak-putin-namagayetsya-vypravdaty-vijnu-ta-smert/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.0332.ua/news/3528803/amerikanskij-istorik-snajder-pro-rasove-pidgrunta-putinskoi-vijni-ta-sprobu-formuvanna-zdorovisogo-rosijskogo-narodu Дмитро Вишневецький.Американський історик Снайдер про расове підґрунтя путінської війни та спробу формування «здоровішого» російського народу]</ref>. == Mwisho wa sera hii katika baadhi ya nchi == [[File:Falling of Lenin in Khmelnytskyi park.jpg|thumb|220px|Kubomoa Mnara wa Lenin. Mtu huyu anawajibika kwa vita vya Sovyeti-Ukraini vya 1917–1921 na ugaidi wa Red Terror, ambapo Waukraini milioni 3 walikufa. Lenin na watawala wengine wa zamani wa Urusi mara nyingi hutumiwa nchini Urusi kuwachochea propaganda na uchukuzi dhidi ya Ukraini. Chini ya kauli mbiu ya urafiki kati ya watu, Lenin alitekeleza urasishaji, lakini kwa kweli utambulisho wa mataifa mengi ulifutwa kwa nguvu, na badala yake utambulisho wa Kirusi uliwekwa.]] Kufuatia uhalifu wa kivita wa hali ya juu uliofanywa na Urusi dhidi ya Ukraini mwaka 2014, kwa mara ya kwanza katika karne nyingi za urasishaji, mchakato wa kinyume ulianza. Hili lilidhihirika katika ufufuo wa utambulisho wa kitaifa wa Ukraini, kurudi kwa upana wa lugha ya Kiukraini katika matumizi, na pia kurudisha majina ya asili ya miji na mitaa. Majina ya maeneo na makaburi yanayohusiana na historia ya kiimla na ya kidikteta ya Sovyeti yaliondolewa kwa wingi, na makaburi ya madikteta yakabomolewa <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://ukurier.gov.ua/uk/articles/skidayuchi-pamyatniki-leninu-ukrayinci-mentalno-zv/|title=Скидаючи пам’ятники Леніну, українці ментально звільняються від радянського минулого|last=|first=|date=|language=|work=Урядовий Кур’єр|accessdate=2017-03-01|archive-date=2015-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227081649/http://ukurier.gov.ua/uk/articles/skidayuchi-pamyatniki-leninu-ukrayinci-mentalno-zv/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nashkiev.ua/culture/yak-ukraina-povertae-vkradenu-istoriyu-muziku-ta-kulinariyu|title=Як Україна повертає вкрадену історію|website=Наш Київ}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Україна категорично потребує повної та остаточної деросифікації, тобто – знеросійщення {{!}} Жінка-УКРАЇНКА|url=http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/5959|website=ukrainka.org.ua|accessdate=2021-01-21|archive-date=2018-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193853/http://ukrainka.org.ua/node/5959}}</ref>. Kwa sababu ya uhalifu mwingi dhidi ya Ukraini, Ukomunisti ulitangazwa sawa na Unazi nchini Ukraini, na mwaka 2015 marufuku ya propaganda ya tawala za kidikteta za Nazi na Sovyeti pamoja na ishara zao ilianzishwa. Mwaka 2023, sheria ya dekolonization ilipitishwa, ambapo Ukraini inajiondoa kwenye tafsiri za kihistoria zilizowekwa na Urusi na zinazotumiwa na Putin kwa uchukuzi dhidi ya Ukraini, na inarejesha urithi wake wa kihistoria, ikijumuisha ufufuo wa lugha ya Kiukraini <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zalimas|first1=Dainius|date=2004-01-01|title=Commentary to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the Occupation of the USSR|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j82fTuPRr8C&pg=PA116|journal=Baltic Yearbook of International Law|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|volume=3|pages=97–164|DOI=10.1163/221158903x00063|isbn=978-90-04-13746-2|accessdate=2021-03-15|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104053827/https://books.google.com/books?id=7j82fTuPRr8C&pg=PA116}}</ref><ref name="RussLithTreaty">[http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/1998-1/Treaty.pdf Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and the Republic of Lithuania on the Basis for Relations between States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140152/http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/1998-1/Treaty.pdf|date=2011-07-22}}</ref>. [[File:SovietBlockade1940.jpg|thumb|220px|Kuzingirwa kwa Kijeshi kwa Sovyeti na Mpango wa Uvamizi wa Estonia]] [[File:КомплексМаарьямягиплощадь.jpg|thumb|220px|Makumbusho ya Waathiriwa wa Tawala za Kidikteta, Ikiwa ni pamoja na Ukomunisti, huko Estonia]] Hapo awali, sera sawa ilipitishwa na Estonia, ambayo ilishinda katika vita vya ukombozi vya 1918–1920, ikapata uhuru, na ikawa chini ya kumudu kwa Muungano wa Sovyeti kutoka 1940 hadi 1991, na ikawa nchi ya kwanza kurejesha uhuru baada ya kuanguka kwake. Kanisa la Kirusi lililopo katikati mwa mji mkuu wa Estonia, Tallinn, lililojengwa mwaka 1900 kwa heshima ya Tsar wa Urusi Alexander III, lilipendekezwa kubomolewa, lakini kwa sababu ya thamani yake ya usanifu, iliamuliwa kuliacha, licha ya kuwa tofauti na usanifu wa Estonia wa mji huo <ref name="ц">{{cite news |title=Закон, який забороняє пропаганду комуністичного та нацистського режимів, визнано конституційним {{!}} Конституційний Суд України |url=https://ccu.gov.ua/novyna/zakon-yakyy-zaboronyaye-propagandu-komunistychnogo-ta-nacystskogo-rezhymiv-vyznano |accessdate=2023-11-16 |work=ccu.gov.ua |publisher=Конституційний Суд України |date=2019-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Деколонізація в законі: Рада проголосувала за скасування російських географічних назв|url=https://novynarnia.com/2023/03/21/dekolonizacziya-v-zakoni-rada-progolosuvala-za-skasuvannya-rosijskyh-geografichnyh-nazv/|website=novynarnia.com|date=2023-03-21|accessdate=2023-06-08|language=uk}}</ref>. == Katika utengenezaji wa filamu na uandishi wa habari == Mnamo mwaka wa 2023, nchini Ukraini, kwa msaada wa wataalamu wa kimataifa na hata baadhi ya wataalamu wa Urusi, filamu ya hali halisi iliyoitwa "Anatomy ya Rashizimu" (kwa Kiukraini: "Анатомія Рашизму") iliundwa, ambayo haielezei tu uhalifu uliofanywa wakati wa uvamizi wa Urusi, bali pia vita vingine katika historia ya kisasa ya Urusi, kama vile uvamizi wa Georgia na vita viwili vya Urusi dhidi ya Jamhuri ya Chechnya, pamoja na asili ya itikadi ya kisiasa ya kisasa ya Urusi iliyoundwa wakati wa utawala wa Vladimir Putin na misingi na kanuni zinazoongoza utawala wake wa kisiasa. Filamu hii imetambuliwa kama filamu bora zaidi ya hali halisi iliyotengenezwa nchini Ukraini na imepigwa marufuku kuonyeshwa nchini Urusi<ref>[https://blog.poltava.to/pustovgar/17788/ Анатомія рашизму | Документальний цикл «Остання війна»]</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Belarus]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]] eu6ams5uvy617yo2c8bs5b6azclaar1 4 208508 1577321 1577269 2026-06-28T13:58:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 636 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 746 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1328 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1042 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34945 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30224 || ↓ -0.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} fjk2rmehnc82r749lolbvib61qir7ji 1577322 1577321 2026-06-28T14:02:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 636 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 746 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1328 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1042 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34946 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30224 || ↓ -0.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} n67lo3jn9428uy8xh12gh53y52mpy7j 1577361 1577322 2026-06-28T19:29:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 636 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 746 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2954 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1328 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1042 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34946 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30224 || ↓ -0.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} trf1ri3koc1ic229w6i6r994o9k3isn 1577363 1577361 2026-06-28T19:39:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 636 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 746 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2954 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1328 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1042 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 779 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 582 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1746 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 479 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34946 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30224 || ↓ -0.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 2wk02fo7yy7796a06tyiju5implfgjh 1577389 1577363 2026-06-29T04:21:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-29) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-29)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 611 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2868 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1281 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 784 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 586 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1772 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 472 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34946 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30224 || ↓ -0.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2874 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1746 || ↑ +1700.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1306 || ↑ +23.6% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 779 || ↑ +60.6% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 728 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 597 || ↓ -14.2% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 582 || ↑ +56.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.5% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 497 || ↓ -36.8% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 479 || ↑ +136.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 32xbaihrug3qdkulgrs85ycuozg87fn 1577391 1577389 2026-06-29T04:43:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-29) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-29)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 611 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2868 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1281 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 784 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 586 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1772 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 472 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34946 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28953 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 168.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2868 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1772 || ↑ +1689.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1281 || ↑ +19.1% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 784 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 714 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 611 || ↓ -12.1% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 586 || ↑ +54.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.3% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 541 || ↑ +176.0% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 482 || ↓ -38.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} t29hf1kt506lli2qisqq16qqxojdbpl 1577442 1577391 2026-06-29T11:10:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-29) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-29)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 611 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2868 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1281 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 784 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 586 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1772 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 472 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34946 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28953 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 168.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2868 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1772 || ↑ +1689.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1281 || ↑ +19.1% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 784 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 714 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 611 || ↓ -12.1% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 586 || ↑ +54.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.3% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 541 || ↑ +176.0% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 482 || ↓ -38.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} g3y84mg6zc3c80rxnytrpvegh1xl8yy 1577443 1577442 2026-06-29T11:12:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-29) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-29)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 611 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2868 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1281 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 784 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 586 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1772 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 232 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 472 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34947 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29883 || ↓ -2.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 173.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2868 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1772 || ↑ +1689.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1281 || ↑ +19.1% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 784 || ↑ +59.7% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 714 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 611 || ↓ -12.1% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 586 || ↑ +54.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +4.3% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 541 || ↑ +176.0% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 482 || ↓ -38.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} gc2mjgjyttefbwap7sp8f4d2souhfg6 0 212704 1577316 1459475 2026-06-28T13:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sam Joseph Ntiro''' ([[20 Aprili]] [[1923]] – [[1 Januari]] [[1993]]) alikuwa msanii na Kamishna Mkuu wa kwanza kutoka Afrika Mashariki katika Mahakama ya Mtakatifu James mjini London, akiwakilisha Jamhuri ya Tanganyika ya wakati huo nchini Uingereza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tzembassy.go.tz/ambassadors/view/sam-joseph-ntiro |title=Sam Joseph Ntiro {{!}} Tanzania Foreign Ministry Official List |accessdate=2025-08-30 |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103202811/https://www.tzembassy.go.tz/ambassadors/view/sam-joseph-ntiro |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alitumikia nafasi hiyo kuanzia mwaka wa uhuru [[1961]] hadi [[1964]], na pia alikuwa Balozi wa [[Tanganyika]] nchini Ireland katika kipindi hicho. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ntiro alizaliwa Ndereny, parokia ya Nkuu, eneo la Machame, Wilaya ya Hai, Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro, kaskazini-magharibi mwa Tanzania, kwenye miteremko ya Mlima Kilimanjaro. Ntiro alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Ndereny Nkuu na alipata elimu ya Sekondari ya Awali na ya Juu katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Old Moshi iliyoko eneo la Marangu. Katika maisha yake, Ntiro alijifunza na kuzungumza kwa ufasaha Kiingereza, Kiswahili, na lugha za kienyeji za Kimachame na Kimarangu. Aidha, alikuwa na uelewa wa kazi wa lugha za Runyoro, [[Luganda]], [[Kifaransa]], Kijerumani na Kiitalia. Ntiro alipata elimu ya juu katika Chuo cha Makerere cha Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki, ambacho wakati huo kilikuwa chini ya Chuo Kikuu cha London, ambako alisomea Sanaa na Elimu. Baadaye alifanya masomo ya uzamili katika Chuo cha Slade cha Sanaa Nzuri, Chuo Kikuu cha [[London]].<ref>[https://www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/argyllcollection/cutting-wood/ Cutting Wood – The Argyll Collection]</ref> == Taaluma == Alifundisha katika Chuo cha Makerere (ambacho sasa ni Chuo Kikuu cha [[Makerere]]), Taasisi ya Ufundi ya Kyambogo (sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo) na Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Pamoja na Elias Jengo, alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa Idara ya Muziki, Sanaa na Utamaduni ya chuo hicho. Akiwa Dar es Salaam, alikuwa Msanii Mkazi, Mhadhiri Mwandamizi, na alipoondoka kazini alihudumu kama Profesa Mshiriki. Aidha, alifanya utafiti nchini Marekani katika miaka ya [[1970]] katika Vyuo vya Dillard na Xavier vilivyoko [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, na katika miaka ya [[1980]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin kilichoko Madison, akijikita katika maeneo ya Sanaa Nzuri na Masomo ya Kiafrika. Ntiro pia alihudumu kama mtahini wa nje katika masomo ya Sanaa Nzuri, Historia ya Sanaa, na wakati mwingine Historia na Jiografia katika nchi za Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Uingereza, Marekani, Kanada, Ghana na Nigeria. Mnamo mwaka [[1961]], Ntiro aliacha Chuo cha Makerere ambako alikuwa amefikia cheo cha Profesa wa Uchoraji, ili kukubali wadhifa wa kuwa Kamishna Mkuu wa kwanza wa Jamhuri ya Tanganyika katika Mahakama ya Mtakatifu James mjini London. Baada ya hapo, Ntiro alifundisha katika vyuo vikuu vya Kyambogo na [[Dar es Salaam]] kuanzia mwaka [[1967]] hadi [[1973]]. Zaidi ya hayo, alihudumu kama Kamishna wa Utamaduni katika Serikali ya [[Tanzania]]. Idara hiyo ilianza chini ya Wizara ya Elimu na baadaye ikahamishiwa katika Wizara ya Utamaduni wa Taifa na vijana. == Maisha binafsi == Ntiro alifunga ndoa na Evangeline Sarah Nyendwoha, ambaye alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuhitimu kutoka chuo kikuu nchini Uganda na Afrika Mashariki, mwaka 1958. Walijaliwa watoto wawili wa kiume, Joseph na Simbo (1961–2008). == Mapokezi == Mchoro wake wa rangi ya mafuta wa mwaka 1956 uliopewa jina "Wanaume Wakipeleka Pombe ya Ndizi kwa Bibi Harusi Usiku" unahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, Jiji la [[New York]].<ref>[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78896 Sam Joseph Ntiro. Men Taking Banana Beer to Bride by Night. 1956 | MoMA]</ref> == Marejeo == {{BD|1923|1993}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Tanzania]] llfgqbvo2k6hhlwz20z7oo6v2b66e6n 1577326 1577316 2026-06-28T14:28:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1577326 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sam Joseph Ntiro''' ([[20 Aprili]] [[1923]] – [[1 Januari]] [[1993]]) alikuwa msanii na Kamishna Mkuu wa kwanza kutoka Afrika Mashariki katika Mahakama ya Mtakatifu James mjini London, akiwakilisha Jamhuri ya Tanganyika ya wakati huo nchini Uingereza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tzembassy.go.tz/ambassadors/view/sam-joseph-ntiro |title=Sam Joseph Ntiro {{!}} Tanzania Foreign Ministry Official List |accessdate=2025-08-30 |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103202811/https://www.tzembassy.go.tz/ambassadors/view/sam-joseph-ntiro |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alitumikia nafasi hiyo kuanzia mwaka wa uhuru [[1961]] hadi [[1964]], na pia alikuwa Balozi wa [[Tanganyika]] nchini Ireland katika kipindi hicho. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ntiro alizaliwa Ndereny, parokia ya Nkuu, eneo la Machame, Wilaya ya Hai, Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro, kaskazini-magharibi mwa Tanzania, kwenye miteremko ya Mlima Kilimanjaro. Ntiro alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Ndereny Nkuu na alipata elimu ya Sekondari ya Awali na ya Juu katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Old Moshi iliyoko eneo la Marangu. Katika maisha yake, Ntiro alijifunza na kuzungumza kwa ufasaha Kiingereza, Kiswahili, na lugha za kienyeji za Kimachame na Kimarangu. Aidha, alikuwa na uelewa wa kazi wa lugha za Runyoro, [[Luganda]], [[Kifaransa]], Kijerumani na Kiitalia. Ntiro alipata elimu ya juu katika Chuo cha Makerere cha Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki, ambacho wakati huo kilikuwa chini ya Chuo Kikuu cha London, ambako alisomea Sanaa na Elimu. Baadaye alifanya masomo ya uzamili katika Chuo cha Slade cha Sanaa Nzuri, Chuo Kikuu cha [[London]].<ref>[https://www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/argyllcollection/cutting-wood/ Cutting Wood – The Argyll Collection]</ref> == Taaluma == Alifundisha katika Chuo cha Makerere (ambacho sasa ni Chuo Kikuu cha [[Makerere]]), Taasisi ya Ufundi ya Kyambogo (sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo) na Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Pamoja na Elias Jengo, alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa Idara ya Muziki, Sanaa na Utamaduni ya chuo hicho. Akiwa Dar es Salaam, alikuwa Msanii Mkazi, Mhadhiri Mwandamizi, na alipoondoka kazini alihudumu kama Profesa Mshiriki. Aidha, alifanya utafiti nchini Marekani katika miaka ya [[1970]] katika Vyuo vya Dillard na Xavier vilivyoko [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, na katika miaka ya [[1980]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin kilichoko Madison, akijikita katika maeneo ya Sanaa Nzuri na Masomo ya Kiafrika. Ntiro pia alihudumu kama mtahini wa nje katika masomo ya Sanaa Nzuri, Historia ya Sanaa, na wakati mwingine Historia na Jiografia katika nchi za Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Uingereza, Marekani, Kanada, Ghana na Nigeria. Mnamo mwaka [[1961]], Ntiro aliacha Chuo cha Makerere ambako alikuwa amefikia cheo cha Profesa wa Uchoraji, ili kukubali wadhifa wa kuwa Kamishna Mkuu wa kwanza wa Jamhuri ya Tanganyika katika Mahakama ya Mtakatifu James mjini London. Baada ya hapo, Ntiro alifundisha katika vyuo vikuu vya Kyambogo na [[Dar es Salaam]] kuanzia mwaka [[1967]] hadi [[1973]]. Zaidi ya hayo, alihudumu kama Kamishna wa Utamaduni katika Serikali ya [[Tanzania]]. Idara hiyo ilianza chini ya Wizara ya Elimu na baadaye ikahamishiwa katika Wizara ya Utamaduni wa Taifa na vijana. == Maisha binafsi == Ntiro alifunga ndoa na Evangeline Sarah Nyendwoha, ambaye alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuhitimu kutoka chuo kikuu nchini Uganda na Afrika Mashariki, mwaka 1958. Walijaliwa watoto wawili wa kiume, Joseph na Simbo (1961–2008). == Mapokezi == Mchoro wake wa rangi ya mafuta wa mwaka 1956 uliopewa jina "Wanaume Wakipeleka Pombe ya Ndizi kwa Bibi Harusi Usiku" unahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, Jiji la [[New York]].<ref>[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78896 Sam Joseph Ntiro. Men Taking Banana Beer to Bride by Night. 1956 | MoMA]</ref> == Marejeo == {{BD|1923|1993}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Tanzania]] epf1fsxqyhl78a535t46l6ptkj1c9xx 0 215013 1577372 1463742 2026-06-28T22:40:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:L02 898 Hp Laurenzgasse, ET 20.jpg|thumb|right|Treni za mstari 62 kituoni cha ''Laurenzgasse'']] [[File:18 Südtiroler Platz 1.JPG|thumb|right|Treni za mstari 18 inaingia kituoni cha Suedtiroler Platz / Hauptbahnhof'']] [[File:I09 596 Bf Matzleinsdorfer Platz, ET 4303.jpg|thumb|right|Kituo cha Matzleinsdorfer Platz]] [[File:2017-09-09 AT Wien 05 Margareten, Margaretengürtel @ Hst. Eichenstraße, A1 72 Linie 62 (33044755478).jpg|thumb|right|Treni za mstari 62 imetokea [[kituo cha reli Vienna Meidling]] / Lainz inashuka tuneli kituoni cha ''Eichenstrasse'']] '''USTRAB Wien''' ni "Unterpflasterstrassenbahn Wien" (treni za barabarani chini ya barabara) ni tuneli ya [[Treni za barabarani Vienna]] kwenye wilaya ya 4, 6 na [[Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus|15]] ya mji mkubwa [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. Kuna tuneli za treni za barabarani chini ya barabara ya ''Guertel'' kutoka kituo cha ''Eichenstrasse'' hadi kituo cha Tirol kusini (Suedtiroler Platz) / [[Kituo kikuu cha reli Vienna]], pia kutoka kituo cha Matzleinsdorfer Platz hadi kituo cha Laurenzgasse treni zitasafirishwa chini ya barabara nyingine ndani za tu eki za USTRAB Vienna. Vituo vinakaa kama vituo cha treni za mjini Vienna (U-Bahn Wien), lakini treni ni treni za barabarani Vienna (Strassenbahn Wien). Hii ni sababu kuenda jukwaani la vituo inawezekana bila tiketi pia. Kuna huduma za treni za barabarani na ya [[Lokalbahn Wien - Baden|Treni za mkoani Wien - Baden]] (Lokalbahn Wien - Baden) ndani za tuneli pia. Kituoni kikuu cha reli kuna optioni kupanda treni za eneo, [[treni za mkoani Vienna]] (S-Bahn) na treni za masafa marefu pia, kituoni cha Matzleinsdorfer Platz kuna huduma za treni za eneo na treni za mkoani. Tuneli ya USTRAB ina vituo (''Eichenstrasse'', ''Matzleinsdorfer Platz'', ''Kliebebergasse'', ''Laurenzgasse'', ''Blechturmgasse'' na ''Suedtiroler Platz / Hauptbahnhof'' (Tirol kusini / kituo kikuu cha reli). == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.strassenbahnjournal.at/wiki/index.php?title=Ustrab Historia ya Vienna, USTRAB Wien] {{Wayback|url=https://www.strassenbahnjournal.at/wiki/index.php?title=Ustrab |date=20240918142040 }} {{de}} jss6c8cl4otm9n5pac8iqnt7qonznkk 0 215718 1577387 1529200 2026-06-29T04:09:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wanajeshi wa Uingereza na madai ya unyanyasaji wa kingono nchini Kenya''' ni madai yanayohusu wale wanaohudumu katika Kitengo cha Mafunzo ya Jeshi la [[Uingereza]] Kenya .Kwa miaka mingi wanajeshi wa [[Uingereza]] wanaohudumu huko wamekabiliwa na madai ya unyanyasaji wa kingono, ukatili wa kingono, na utovu wa nidhamu inayohusisha uhusiano wa wanawake na wasichana katika eneo hilo. Uchunguzi, hadithi za habari, na kesi mahakamani zimeonyesha utaratibu wa kutokuwa na adhabu, kushindwa kwa mfumo na haki kutimizwa polepole. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-08-12|title=British Army in Kenya: Some soldiers using sex workers despite ban, inquiry finds|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czjmveemj7zo|accessdate=2025-09-24|work=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=British soldiers still paying for sex in Kenya despite ban|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/british-army-soldiers-paying-for-sex-kenya-agnes-wanjiru-killed-inquiry/|accessdate=2025-09-24|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref> == Usuli == [[Faili:Ex_Askari_Storm_Kenya_MOD_45166129.jpg|border|right|frameless]] [[Britania|Uingereza]] iliruhusiwa kutoa mafunzo kwa wanajeshi wake huko mara mbili kwa mwaka tangu [[Kenya]] ilipotangaza uhuru wake mwaka wa 1963. Kitengo cha Mafunzo ya Jeshi la [[Uingereza]] ndicho kituo kikuu cha mafunzo cha akari wa [[Uingereza]], ambapo wanapata eneo kubwa zaidi ya maeneo ya mafunzo yanayotolewa na mamlaka ya [[Kenya]]. Makubaliano huu unaipa [[Kenya]] mapato kila mwaka ya takriban pauni milioni 58. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Musambi|first=Evelyne|date=2025-04-07|title=UK minister meets family of Kenyan woman who died after a night out with British soldiers|url=https://apnews.com/article/kenya-agnes-wanjiru-death-britain-0389c1ecb7f2a593796869e77180e79e|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-08-15|title=Kenya launches an inquiry into alleged abuses by a British army training unit, including a killing|url=https://apnews.com/article/britain-kenya-military-inquiry-parliament-bba99105b3e1e71e7ceaf39e291c1d7e|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> Wkaazi wa karibu na wale wa [[Nanyuki]] wameelezea wasiwasi wao kuhusu jinsi wakazi wanavyotendewa, madhara kwa mazingira, na athari zisizo za haki kutokana na askari kuwa katika eneo hilo. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Historia ya madai ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia == Tangu mwaka wa 1963 wakati[[Kenya]] ilipata uhuru wanajeshi wa [[Uingereza]] walikuwa nchini humo, kumekuwa na madai ya [[ubakaji]] na uhalifu mwingine wa [[Ukatili wa kijinsia|unyanyasaji wa kingono]] unaofanywa nao. Ripoti ya muhtasari kutoka mwaka wa 1965 hadi mwaka wa 2001 ilichapishwa na Shirika la kimataifa la Amnesty, ikibainisha madai 650 ya ukatili wa ngono, ikiwa ni pamoja na ubakaji wa kundi . Kulingana na ripoti hiyo, baadhi ya waathiriwa walikuwa watoto wadogo, na kesi nyingi hazijachunguzwa na mamlaka ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] na ya [[Kenya]]. Uchunguzi wa kisheria unaendelea kubainisha kuwa uhalifu huo bado unaendelea. <ref name="longroad">{{Rejea tovuti|author=View|first=The Sunday Times|date=2025-06-21|title=A long road to finding the truth on Agnes Wanjiru|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/the-times-view/article/a-long-road-to-finding-the-truth-on-agnes-wanjiru-pc8wzlnpb|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=www.thetimes.com|language=en}}</ref> == Kesi mashuhuri == Kabla ya ripoti kutoka Shirika la kimataifa la Amnesty, kesi za unyanyasaji wa kijinsia na ukatili wa kingono kutoka kwa askari wa [[Uingereza]] ziliripotiwa. Wakati wa [[Mau mau|uasi wa Mau Mau]] mwaka wa 1950 ripoti za ubakaji na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia zilirekodiwa, na kusababisha askari 56 wa Uingereza kuhukumiwa, 17 kati yao walihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka sita kwa tuhuma za ubakaji wa genge. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Web of Deceit Britain's Real Role in the World|last=Curtis|first=Mark|publisher=Vintage|year=2003|isbn=978-0-099-44839-6|location=London: Vintage.|pages=324}}</ref> === Mauaji ya Agnes Wanjiru === Kesi moja inayo mashauri zaidi in ya Agnes Wanjiru . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Overton|first=Iain|date=2024-10-14|title=The cover-up of Agnes Wanjiru's murder: a very British Army scandal|url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/the-cover-up-of-agnes-wanjirus-murder-a-very-british-army-scandal/|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=AOAV|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="okoth">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Okoth|first=David Collins, Northern Editor {{!}} Hugo Daniel {{!}} Edwin|date=2025-06-21|title=Agnes Wanjiru killing: soldier may be extradited as 20 troops come forward|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/agnes-wanjiru-murder-charge-soldier-extradition-8jfw570wr|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=www.thetimes.com|language=en}}</ref> Tukio hilo lilitendeka mwezi Machi wa 2012, wakati Agnes Wanjiru mwenye umri wa miaka 21 alitoweka baada ya kuonekana mara ya mwisho akiwa na askari kutoka Kikosi cha Duke of Lancaster kwenye hoteli moja huko mji wa [[Nanyuki]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=NJOKI|first=ESTHER|date=2024-12-10|title=A British soldier murdered my aunt. Will Labour let him get away with it?|url=https://www.declassifieduk.org/a-british-soldier-murdered-my-aunt-will-labour-let-him-get-away-with-it/|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=Declassified UK|language=en-US}}</ref> Miezi miwili baadaye, mwili wake ulipatikana kwenye tanki la maji taka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=MILLER|first=PHIL|date=2024-07-15|title=Dozens of soldiers suspected of paying for sex in Kenya|url=https://www.declassifieduk.org/dozens-of-soldiers-suspected-of-paying-for-sex-in-kenya/|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=Declassified UK|language=en-US}}</ref> Uchunguzi ulihitimisha mwaka wa 2019 kwamba Wanjiru aliuawa na askari mmoja au zaidi wa [[Uingereza]]. Ingawa uchunguzi ulikamilika, hakuna mtu aliyekamatwa, na kuacha kesi hiyo bila kutatuliwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-11-11|title=Family of Kenyan woman allegedly murdered by British soldier to sue UK army|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/family-of-kenyan-woman-allegedly-murdered-by-british-soldier-to-sue-uk-army/9fuxv02y0|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=SBS News|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2021, baadhi ya picha za skrini zilizovuja kutoka kwa kikundi cha kibinafsi cha [[Facebook]] ziliibuka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-11-01|title=British soldier accused of killing young mum 'joked about her death on Facebook'|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/11/01/british-soldier-accused-of-killing-young-mum-joked-about-her-death-15524309/|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=Metro|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Hlatshwayo|first=Mukelwa|title=Agnes Wanjiru: Armed forces minister pledges to 'leave no stone unturned' as Kenyan police reopen murder investigation|url=https://news.sky.com/story/agnes-wanjiru-armed-forces-minister-pledges-to-leave-no-stone-unturned-as-kenyan-police-reopen-murder-investigation-12459357|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> Kundi hilo lilidaiwa kuendeshwa na askari wa Kikosi cha Duke wa Lancaster na lilionyesha washiriki wakitania kuhusu kesi ya mauaji hio. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-11-02|title=Kenyan police reopen case of woman allegedly killed by British soldier|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/agnes-wanjiru-murder-soldier-kenya-b1949839.html|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Machapisho katika kikundi yalijumuisha meme, picha za hoteli zilizo na nukuu "kama unajua unajua" na emoji za kucheka, na maoni yanayorejelea mauaji hayo kwa maneno ya dhihaka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-08-13|title=DCI to Reopen Murder Case on Kenyan Woman Allegedly Killed by a British Soldier|url=https://mwakilishi.com/article/kenya-news/2021-11-01/dci-to-reopen-murder-case-on-kenyan-woman-allegedly-killed-by-a-british-soldier|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=Mwakilishi.com|language=en}}</ref> Polisi wa [[Kenya]] walisababishwa kufungua upya kesi na kuendelea na uchunguzi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Buck|first=Kate|date=2021-11-01|title=Brit squaddies 'made jokes about murder of mum' after body found in septic tank|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/squaddies-made-vile-jokes-murder-25341911|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=Daily Mirror|language=en}}</ref> Kufikia mwezi wa Juni mwaka wa 2025, Iliripotiwa kua Wanajeshi 20 walijitokeza kama mashahidi. Hii ilisababisha polisi wa [[Kenya]] kupendekeza mashtaka ya mauaji. Maendeleo haya katika kesi hii yanaweza kusababisha hatua ambayo haijawahi kutokea ambapo askari wa [[Uingereza]] watakabidhiwa. <ref name="okoth"/> <ref name="longroad"/> Septemba 16 mwaka wa 2025, baada ya ushahidi wa kutosha kuwasilishwa kwa jaji wa mahakama kuu nchini [[Kenya]] na waendesha mashtaka, jaji huyo alitoa hati ya kukamatwa kwa mshukiwa aliyekua raia wa [[Uingereza]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-09-16|title=Agnes Wanjiru's murder: Kenya's high court issues arrest warrant for British national|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwywng4jp08o|accessdate=2025-09-16|work=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Iwapo mwanajeshi huyo wa [[Uingereza]] angerudishwa nchini, itakuwa ni mara ya kwanza kihistoria kwamba mwanajeshi anayehudumu au wa zamani atatumwa nje ya nchi kusimama kesi na kujibu mashtaka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-09-21|title=Agnes Wanjiru: 'The British Army cannot keep ignoring the murder of our friend'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3yn033xewo|accessdate=2025-09-21|work=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>Alikamatwa na maafisa maalum kutoka Kitengo cha Kitaifa cha Upasuaji cha Shirika la Uhalifu la Kitaifa mnamo Novemba 6, 2025, huko Tidworth, Wiltshire na alifikishwa katika Mahakama ya Westminster siku iliyofuata.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mionekano elfu 22 · Hisia 76 {{!}} A former British soldier has been arrested and now faces extradition to Kenya over the alleged murder of Agnes Wanjiru in 2012. Robert James Purkiss from Salisbury was arrested by officers from the National Extradition Unit overnight and on Friday appeared at an extradition hearing at Westminster Magistrate’s Court in London. He said he does not consent to his extradition to Kenya on a charge of murdering the 21-year-old. #itvnews #kenya #agneswanjiru {{!}} ITV News|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1385296903318394/|language=sw|access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Mionekano elfu 22 · Hisia 76 {{!}} A former British soldier has been arrested and now faces extradition to Kenya over the alleged murder of Agnes Wanjiru in 2012. Robert James Purkiss from Salisbury was arrested by officers from the National Extradition Unit overnight and on Friday appeared at an extradition hearing at Westminster Magistrate’s Court in London. He said he does not consent to his extradition to Kenya on a charge of murdering the 21-year-old. #itvnews #kenya #agneswanjiru {{!}} ITV News|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1385296903318394/|language=sw|access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ex-British soldier contests extradition over alleged murder of Kenyan woman|url=https://news.sky.com/story/ex-british-soldier-contests-extradition-over-murder-of-kenyan-woman-13465921|work=Sky News|accessdate=2025-11-15|language=en}}</ref> == Mabadiliko ya sera na ripoti zinazoendelea == Wizara ya Ulinzi ya [[Uingereza]] iliongoza marufuku ya kutovumilia kabisa mwaka wa 2012 kwa wanajeshi wanaohudumu nje ya nchi kulipia ngono, ikisema inaweza kusababisha ukatili na unyanyasaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UK Defence Secretary concerned by British soldiers in Kenya visiting brothels {{!}} Pulselive Kenya|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/articles/news/uk-defence-secretary-says-soldiers-use-of-sex-workers-is-deeply-concerning-2024082216583155564|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=www.pulselive.co.ke|language=en|archive-date=2025-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121161035/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/articles/news/uk-defence-secretary-says-soldiers-use-of-sex-workers-is-deeply-concerning-2024082216583155564|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lakini uchunguzi wa mwaka wa 2024 na mwaka wa 2025 ulionyesha kuwa wanajeshi kadhaa bado wanashukiwa kufanya hivyo nchini [[Kenya]], ikithibitisha kuwa sheria hiyo haijatekelezwa kwa nguvu. Tuhuma 24 yalichunguzwa tangu kupigwa marufuku; hakuna zilizothibitishwa, lakini tena, hakuna vikwazo vilivyoripotiwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=British soldiers still paying for sex abroad despite ban|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/british-army-sexual-exploitation-abroad-soldiers-sex-workers-kenya/|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref> == Watoto waliozaliwa na askari == Wanawake wengi kutoka nchini Kenya wanadai wamezaa watoto na wanajeshi wa [[Uingereza]], ambao mara nyingi waliwaacha na watoto wao waliporejea [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] . Baadhi ya watoto hawa wamejaribu kutambuliwa kisheria na kupata [[uraia]] . Mwaka wa 2024, Mahakama Kuu ya [[Uingereza]] iliamuru Wizara ya Ulinzi kufichua majina ya wanajeshi wanaoshukiwa kuwa baba ya watoto hawa, ambayo inaweza kusaidia kwa madai ya kisheria ya kupata msaada na kupata utaifa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Tiro|first=Desmond|date=2024-12-01|title=Left behind in Kenya, children of British soldiers struggle to find their identity|url=https://apnews.com/article/kenya-british-army-children-934890cc191dc30de44d52e8fc8b9f1b|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kenya|first=Hugo Daniel, David Collins and Edwin Okoth in|date=2024-06-29|title=My child’s father is a British soldier. He has abandoned her|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/africa/article/my-childs-father-is-a-british-soldier-he-has-abandoned-her-bp6r95rxj|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=www.thetimes.com|language=en}}</ref> == Uchunguzi wa Bunge na juhudi za uwajibikaji == Tangu mwaka wa 2003, [[Bunge la Taifa la Kenya|Bunge la Kenya]] limeanza uchunguzi wa kina kuhusu Kitengo cha Mafunzo ya Jeshi la Uingereza Kenya. Uchunguzi huu unaangazia madai ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia, mauaji, madhara ya mazingira na migogoro ya ardhi. Kitengo cha Mafunzo ya Jeshi la Uingereza Kenya na Ubalozi Mkuu wa Uingereza wamesema watashirikiana kwa ukamilifu. Kwa tabia yoyote mbaya ya askari wa [[Uingereza]] wakiwa nje ya kazi, mamlaka ya [[Kenya]] ndiyo yenye uwezo mkuu wa kisheria kuchukua hatua. <ref name=":1"/> == Tazama pia == * [[Ukahaba nchini Kenya]] == Marejeleo == <references /> {{Reflist}} g3w0yipmx4qps51bqchcjk017imzq2s 0 218068 1577319 1472694 2026-06-28T13:48:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:African Sudan Art Basket-Tray.jpg|thumb|Kikapu-sinia cha Sudan, tabar ya nyuzi za mimea zilizofumwa, zikiwa zimepakwa rangi tofauti.]] '''Sanaa ya Jadi ya Kiafrika''' inajumuisha aina mbalimbali za vitu: vifaa vya nyumbani, vitu vya chuma, vinyago, vitambaa vya Kiafrika, barakoa za jadi za Kiafrika na sanamu za mbao. ==Vitu vya chuma== Sehemu kubwa ya sanaa za Jadi za Kiafrika zinaundwa na vitu vya chuma, kutokana na sehemu kwa heshima ya jadi ya kutengeneza chuma kama ''mchakato unaolinganishwa na uundaji wa maisha yenyewe.''<ref>[http://www.moifa.org/collections/coll-african.html African Folk Art] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516124415/http://www.moifa.org/collections/coll-african.html |date=May 16, 2007 }}, Museum of International Folk Art.</ref> Hali ya zamani, vipande vya sherehe vilibadilishana kama sehemu ya mila za kijamii (mfano, ndoa), leo hii nchini [[Senegal]], vitu vya chuma vinatumika tena kama sanaa za Jadi za Kiafrika zinazotumika kwa matumizi ya kila siku.<ref>[http://www.moifa.org/exhibitions/past/recycledreseen/globalmarketpage.html Recycling in the Global Marketplace] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302145030/http://www.moifa.org/exhibitions/past/recycledreseen/globalmarketpage.html |date=March 2, 2007 }}, [[Museum of International Folk Art]], [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], New Mexico, USA.</ref><ref name="Pottery">{{cite journal |last1=Jesse |first1=Friederike |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa - An Overview |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=8 |jstor=43135518 |year=2010 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.all-about-african-art.com/african-folk-art.html African folk art illustrates the traditions, political systems and spirituality of tribal villages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.all-about-african-art.com/african-folk-art.html |date=20250625044246 }}, [http://www.all-about-african-art.com/ All-About-African-Art.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.all-about-african-art.com/ |date=20141012075012 }}.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Sanaa ya Afrika]] bnofnvknlitay654eicoy3ksgcjgw2b 0 218158 1577336 1473003 2026-06-28T15:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577336 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaun Thompson''' (anajulikana zaidi kama '''Shaun T'''; amezaliwa [[Camden, New Jersey]], [[2 Mei]] [[1978]]) ni mkufunzi wa mazoezi ya viungo kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa programu zake za mazoezi ya nyumbani kwa watu wazima na watoto ambazo ni pamoja na ''T25'', ''Insanity'', ''Hip-Hop AB's'', ''Cize'' na ''Let's Get Up!'' . Sasa pia amegeukia kwa [[kujenga mwili]] na kushindana, ambayo ilileta programu zake za hivi karibuni ''Dig Deeper'' na ''Dig In'' . == Maisha na Kazi == Thompson alikulia [[Philadelphia]] na alilelewa na babu yake huko Deptford Township, New Jersey, ambapo alifurahiya mpira wa miguu, [[Baseball|besiboli]] na wimbo wa kukimbia kama mwanafunzi katika Shule ya Upili ya Deptford Township . <ref>Kuperinsky, Amy. [https://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/08/shaun_t_insanity_cize_beachbody_hip_hop_abs.html "How celebrity trainer Shaun T went from Camden survivor to fitness superstar"], NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], August 8, 2016, updated July 21, 2017. Accessed September 27, 2018. </ref> Alipata digrii ya bachelor katika sayansi ya mazoezi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Rowan ambapo pia alijishughulisha na uigizaji na dansi. Yeye ni mwanachama wa udugu wa Alpha Phi Alpha . Anaishi Phoenix, Arizona. <ref name="shauntfitnesssite.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130123070727/http://shauntfitnesssite.com/bio.html Biography from Shaun T Fitness]</ref> <ref name="Interview for Team Ripped">Coach Wayne, [http://teamripped.com/interview-with-shaun-t Interview for Team Ripped] {{Wayback|url=http://teamripped.com/interview-with-shaun-t |date=20250520063913 }}, Dec 17, 2010</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:wanamichezo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] lsojqxkwzqwnvjmy5bleewnhbgtbj21 0 219848 1577359 1480973 2026-06-28T19:01:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taka za umma katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]''' zinarejelea hasa mahali ambapo taka ngumu za manispaa hutupwa. Miundombinu hiyo inaweza kuwa rasmi au isiyo rasmi, lakini katika miji mingi, bado haijadhibitiwa na haitoshi kudhibiti kiasi cha taka kinachotokana na kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu mijini. Mifumo ya maji taka ya umma ni sehemu ya tatizo tata linalojumuisha masuala ya mazingira, afya, kijamii na kiuchumi. == Kichwa == [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] inakabiliwa na milipuko ya haraka na mara nyingi isiyotabirika, hasa katika miji kama Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Goma, Bukavu, na Mbuji-Mayi. Ukuaji huu wa miji unasababisha ongezeko kubwa la uzalishaji wa taka ngumu. Mjini Kinshasa, jiji hilo linakadiriwa kuzalisha tani elfu kadhaa za taka kila siku, lakini chaguzi za ukusanyaji na matibabu bado ni chache. Kwa hiyo, tovuti za jumuiya za kutupa taka, au utupaji haramu, zinaonekana kuwa suluhisho la muda, lakini zinaleta matatizo mengi. Watu hutupa taka zao katika maeneo yanayofikika, kama vile njia za kuzunguka, vituo vya mabasi, sehemu wazi, njia za maji, au maeneo ya zamani ya uchimbaji madini, kwa sababu hakuna maeneo ya umma na salama<ref name=":0" />. == Aina za Dampo == # Dampo za kawaida au za porini #* Taka zilizowekwa katika maeneo ambayo hayajajengwa au ambayo hayajaidhinishwa. #* Kawaida zinapatikana katika vitongoji vilivyo na watu wengi, ufuo, sehemu zisizo na watu, au maeneo ya umma. #* Kuongezeka kwa uzalishaji wa taka za manispaa katika miji kadhaa ya Kongo<ref>"Assainissement : dépôt des déchets ménagers dans des décharges « sauvages » à Kinshasa", [https://acp.cd/nation/assainissement-depot-des-dechets-menagers-dans-des-decharges-sauvages-a-kinshasa/?, ACP.CD, mars 28, 2023]</ref>. # Mifumo ya Utupaji Taka za Umma #* Ni nadra sana nchini DRC. #* Tovuti ziko chini ya vizuizi vya utupaji na wakati mwingine hatua za kuzuia na kufunika. #* Mara nyingi hujaa haraka na hawawezi kunyonya taka zote zinazozalishwa katika miji mikubwa<ref>"PLAN DE GESTION DES DECHETS BIOMEDICAUX, [https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/506441468026354058/pdf/E26010EA0P12221C10Abstract0as0E1074.pdf?, Décembre 2003, consulté le 27 décembre 2025]</ref>. == Sababu == Sababu kuu za kuenea kwa dampo za umma ni: * Ukuaji wa miji wa haraka na usiopangwa: Miji inapanuka bila kukusanya taka na vifaa vya matibabu vya kutosha. * Ukosefu wa vifaa vya kutosha vya kutupa taka: Kuna dampo chache, hakuna lori za kuzoa taka, na hakuna vifaa vya kukusanya na kuchakata tena. * Mbinu zisizofaa za utupaji taka: Kutupa taka moja kwa moja kwenye barabara, mito au maeneo ya umma. * Uelewa mdogo wa umma: Ukosefu wa elimu juu ya hatari za mazingira na afya zinazohusiana na taka. * Ukosefu wa fedha na uratibu wa kitaasisi: Manispaa hazina miundombinu ya kifedha na kiufundi ili kudhibiti ipasavyo taka ngumu za manispaa<ref name="DR Congo: Kinshasa residents sound alarm over mounting rubbish crisis - Video" />. == Bampasi == === Mzunguko === * Uchafuzi wa ardhi na njia za maji: Takataka, hasa plastiki na metali, huchafua ardhi na mito, na kuathiri viumbe vya baharini na ardhi oevu. * Mifereji ya maji na mifereji iliyoziba: Huzuia maji ya mvua, na kusababisha mafuriko mijini. * Uharibifu wa ardhioevu na bayoanuwai: Uchafuzi huathiri vibaya mimea na wanyama asilia, na kuathiri mzunguko wa asili na ubora wa maji<ref>"Bukavu : la Sociv Nyalukemba demande aux autorités de procéder au débouchage des caniveaux pour prévenir d'éventuelles inondations", [https://bukavufm.com/bukavu-la-sociv-nyalukemba-demande-aux-autorites-de-proceder-au-debouchage-des-caniveaux-pour-prevenir-deventuelles-inondations/, BukavuFM, 2024-03-28, consulté le 2025-12-27]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. === Safi === * Kuenea kwa Magonjwa: Taka hurahisisha uwepo wa mbu, nzi, na viumbe vingine vinavyosababisha magonjwa ya maji na kuhara. * Vitongoji Visivyo na Usafi: Maeneo karibu na madampo yanakuwa machafu na hatari. === Mambo ya kijamii na kiuchumi === * Kuziba Ugavi wa Manispaa: Takataka zilizolundikana huziba barabara na mifereji ya maji, hivyo kusababisha gharama kubwa za kusafisha. * Athari kwa uchumi wa eneo: Vitongoji vilivyo chini ya utupaji taka usiofaa na mafuriko vinaweza kushuhudia kushuka kwa shughuli za biashara na thamani ya mali == Mikakati na suluhu == * Ujenzi wa vifaa vinavyofaa vya kutupa taka: Kuanzisha maeneo yaliyotengwa na kupangwa kwa ajili ya kutupa taka. * Ukusanyaji na urejelezaji: Tekeleza suluhu za kupanga na kuchakata tena ili kupunguza kiasi cha nyenzo zinazotumwa kwenye madampo. * Uhamasishaji na elimu: Kampeni za umma za kuhimiza utupaji taka ufaao na usafi katika miji. * Upangaji wa miji uliojumuishwa: Kuunganisha usimamizi wa taka katika mipango miji na sera za maendeleo. * Ushirikiano wa Sekta ya Umma na Kibinafsi: Himiza ushiriki wa sekta binafsi katika ukusanyaji, upangaji na usimamizi wa taka ngumu. == Vipendwa == * Huko Kinshasa, bei za vituo na mabasi zimefungwa kwa miaka mingi kutokana na mkuu rasmi wa bwawa hilo<ref name="Kinshasa, les arrêts de bus devenus des sites de décharges publiques" />. * Mifereji ya maji katika baadhi ya manispaa hutumiwa kama dampo, na kusababisha uchafuzi wa mazingira na hatari ya mafuriko<ref name=":0" />. * Vifaa vya taka na kuchakata tena ni vichache sana, licha ya programu za majaribio huko Kinshasa na Lubumbashi. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 2ocepcdv52nocyqq8px3pdmqx0m8kmp 0 219851 1577360 1480977 2026-06-28T19:28:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tatizo la mifereji ya maji kuziba katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]''' ni jinsi mifumo ya mifereji ya maji mijini (mito, mito, vijito) inavyozibwa na taka ngumu, plastiki, mchanga au nyenzo nyinginezo. Hii ni kweli hasa katika miji inayokua kwa kasi nchini na inaleta changamoto kubwa katika suala la usafi wa mazingira mijini na kuzuia mafuriko. == Kichwa == Katika miji ya DRC kama vile Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Bukavu, na Bunia, usimamizi wa taka ngumu mara nyingi ni duni. Watu mara nyingi hutupa taka mitaani au moja kwa moja kwenye mifereji ya maji kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa vifaa vya kukusanya taka na vifaa sahihi vya kutupa. Mifereji ya maji iliyoziba huchelewesha au kuzuia maji ya dhoruba kabisa, na kusababisha mafuriko, mafuriko na uharibifu wa mazingira. == Sababu == '''Ukusanyaji wa Taka Ngumu''' Plastiki, vifaa vya ufungaji, majani yaliyokufa, na taka za nyumbani na za viwandani mara nyingi hutupwa moja kwa moja, na kuziba<ref name=":1" />{{,}}<ref name=":2">"Kinshasa : "Les inondations que nous connaissons à chaque grande pluie sont en grande partie causées par l’obstruction de nos caniveaux et par des déchets jetés anarchiquement"( Gouv Daniel Bumba)", [https://topdirect.cd/publications/5103-kinshasa-rquot-les-inondations-que-nous-connaissons-a-chaque-grande-pluie-sont-en-grande-partie-causees-par-l-obstruction-de-nos-caniveaux-et-par-des-dechets-jetes-anarchiquementrquot-gouv-daniel-bumba-?, 10-04-2025, consulté le 27 décembre 2025]</ref>. '''Ukosefu wa matengenezo na usafishaji wa mifereji ya maji''' Ukosefu wa mipango ya mara kwa mara ya kusafisha na matengenezo ya mifereji ya maji huchangia mkusanyiko wa maji taka na maji taka<ref name=":0" />. '''Ukuaji wa miji wa haraka na usio na mpango''' Ongezeko la miji bila mifereji ya maji ya kutosha na miundombinu ya kukusanya taka kunazidisha hali hiyo<ref name=":0" />. '''Taratibu mbovu za usimamizi wa taka''' Ukosefu wa elimu na uelewa wa mazingira miongoni mwa watu unahimiza utupaji ovyo wa taka kwenye vyanzo vya maji na njia za maji<ref name=":2" />. == Matatizo == === Mzunguko === * Mafuriko ya mijini: Maji ya mvua hunasa nyuma ya vizuizi, na kusababisha mafuriko katika mitaa na vitongoji. * Uchafuzi wa ardhi na njia za maji: Maji yaliyotuama hubeba vichafuzi na vichafuzi kwenye mito na ardhi oevu<ref name=":1">"Kinshasa, une ville noyée sous les déchets ", [https://voixdesoublies.mondoblog.org/kinshasa-les-aventures-de-ngobila-sur-lassainissement-de-la-ville-et-la-gestion-des-dechets/, VOIX DES OUBLIES, en 2023-02-20, consulté en 2025-12-27]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. === Safi === * Kuenea kwa Magonjwa: Maji yaliyotuama huwa mazalia ya mbu na wanyama wengine wanaobeba magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na mbu. * Ukosefu wa Usafi: Mlundikano wa takataka huchangia hali ya uchafu katika vitongoji vya mijini<ref name=":2" />. === Athari za kijamii na kiuchumi === * Uharibifu wa Kimuundo: Mtiririko wa maji unaosababishwa na mifereji ya maji iliyoziba husababisha uharibifu wa barabara na majengo. * Gharama za ziada: Manispaa lazima zitenge pesa za usafishaji wa dharura na misaada ya mafuriko<ref name=":0" />. == Matokeo na viungo == * Usafishaji na matengenezo ya mara kwa mara ya mifumo ya mifereji ya maji: Kuendeleza programu za kusafisha na matengenezo ya manispaa<ref name=":0" />. * Udhibiti bora wa taka: Weka mifumo bora ya ukusanyaji na utupaji taka ili kupunguza utupaji taka usiofaa<ref name=":2" />. * Kuongeza ufahamu: Kampeni za elimu kuhimiza watu kutotupa takataka<ref name=":1" />. * Mipango ya miji iliyojumuishwa: Kubuni miji yenye maji safi na majengo yanayostahimili<ref name=":0" />. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Category:Mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] e3vnr9bxkil2xj32f3c6xeyi0uwhj90 0 220979 1577327 1494438 2026-06-28T14:44:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maitumelo Sedilame Boseja''' (alizaliwa [[1 Desemba]] [[1997]]), anayejulikana kwa jina la [[utani]] “Tsontso,” ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchini [[Botswana]] anayecheza kama [[golikipa]] katika [[klabu]] ya mpira ya ''Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.'' na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Botswana]].<ref name="Sundowns #1">{{cite web|title=Rousing return for Sedilame Boseja after Long Injury-lay Off|url=https://sundownsfc.co.za/rousing-return-for-sedilame-boseja-after-long-injury-lay-off/|website=sundownsfc.co.za|access-date=1 August 2023|date=10 May 2022|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522054839/https://sundownsfc.co.za/rousing-return-for-sedilame-boseja-after-long-injury-lay-off/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Botswana]] 2gfgq0n41mi8u3dxjjad5gbcgsuo8l3 0 223915 1577404 1529798 2026-06-29T07:13:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youssouf Sabaly''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[5 Machi]], [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[soka]] anayekipiga kama beki wa kulia kwa klabu ya Qatar Stars League ya Al-Duhail. Alizaliwa [[Ufaransa]], lakini anawakilisha timu ya taifa Senegal katika ngazi ya kimataifa. == Kazi ya klabu == Sabaly alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika Ligue 1 akiwa na Thonon Évian F.C. katika mchezo wa ufunguzi wa msimu wa 2013–14 dhidi ya FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, akicheza dakika zote za mchezo, ambao ulimalizika kwa sare ya 1–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/sabaly-youssouf |title=La fiche de Youssouf Sabalay |publisher=Ligue de Football Professionel |access-date=22 November 2013 |language=fr}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2016, alikubaliana na nyongeza ya mkataba hadi mwaka 2020, kabla ya kujiunga na FC Girondins de Bordeaux kwa mkopo wa msimu mzima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=7 June 2021|title=Youssouf Sabaly, new Real Betis player|url=https://en.realbetisbalompie.es/news/latest_news/youssouf-sabaly-new-real-betis-player-25963|access-date=8 June 2021|website=en.realbetisbalompie.es/}}</ref> Tarehe [[7 Juni]], [[2021]], Sabaly alisaini na klabu ya La Liga ya Real Betis kwa uhamisho wa bure, kuanza rasmi tarehe 1 Julai. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Sabaly alizaliwa Ufaransa kutoka kwa wazazi wa Senegal.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/729475/Former-French-juniors-Niang-Sabaly-called-up-by-Senegal|title=Former French juniors Niang & Sabaly called up by Senegal – 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers – Africa – Senegal|website=African Football|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162805/https://africanfootball.com/news/729475/Former-French-juniors-Niang-Sabaly-called-up-by-Senegal|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 73yv286qfw4k35vktpu6bu4pbqvhk7j 3 224783 1577438 1493711 2026-06-29T10:16:26Z Ternarius 21360 Ternarius moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Eiskis]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Renamed user a59188f749dcab551870ef0f5bb4ec1e]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Eiskis|Eiskis]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user a59188f749dcab551870ef0f5bb4ec1e|Renamed user a59188f749dcab551870ef0f5bb4ec1e]]" 1493711 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 25 Februari 2026 (UTC) 45girmtef5z8b73xeeun8baclbdm2w1 0 226582 1577349 1574404 2026-06-28T17:01:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sindisiwe van Zyl''' (née '''Mahamba-Sithole'''; 3 Aprili 1976 - 10 Aprili 2021) ni [[tabibu]], DJ wa redio, mwandishi wa safu, mwanaharakati wa afya na [[Utafiti|mtafiti]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Africa passport|url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/795540992782979072|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Africa citizen|url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/1325994589241679873|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Green |first=Andrew |date=June 2021 |title=Sindisiwe van Zyl |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=397 |issue=10292 |pages=2330 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01322-2 |pmid=34147147 |doi-access=free}}</ref> alijulikana kwa kutumia vyombo vya habari vya kijamii na vya kawaida kuongelea habari zinazohusiana na [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]], [[afya ya akili]], afya ya uzazi, na habari nyingine za matibabu na afya ya umma. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service|title=The Local Doctors Are At Your Service - O, The Oprah Magazine|work=www.oprahmag.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=12 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083133/http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service}}</ref> <ref name="702.co.za">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/3626/healthy-lifestyle-mental-health-and-psychosocial-disorders|title=Healthy Lifestyle : Mental health and psychosocial disorders|work=702|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49|title=SAMA Insider|date=November 2017|accessdate=26 July 2019|archive-date=2021-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626124427/http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012-06-21|title=Advocacy through social media #AngryBlacks|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-21-hrough-social-media/|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mthethwa|first=Ayanda|date=2021-04-11|title=OBITUARY: Health activist, the people's doctor, Sindi van Zyl 'gave us a light to look up to'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-11-health-activist-the-peoples-doctor-sindi-van-zyl-gave-us-a-light-to-look-up-to/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Malan|first=Mia|title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Sindi van Zyl, the doctor who never stopped caring|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-sindi-van-zyl-the-doctor-who-never-stopped-caring-20210412|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Alishinda tuzo kadhaa kwa kazi yake. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/|title=Sindi van Zyl – 2012|work=ysa.mg.co.za|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=26 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095|title=And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are...|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya utetezi wake mkubwa wa afya ya umma, alijulikana kama "daktari wa binadamu". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Zulu|first=Sifiso|title='A beacon of light who gave endlessly' - Dr Sindi van Zyl remembered|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/10/a-beacon-of-light-who-gave-endlessly-dr-sindi-van-zyl-remembered|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Van Zyl alizaliwa tarehe [[3 Aprili]] [[1976]] huko [[Harare|Salisbury]], Rhodesia, leo [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]. Elimu ya sekondari alisoma Shule ya Arundel . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zim media review|url=https://twitter.com/zimmediareview/status/1380943439420919813|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=[[Twitter]]|language=en}}</ref> Na elimu ya juu alisoma [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]], ambapo alipata Shahada ya Sayansi na fiziolojia na katika saikolojia ya binadamu na Shahada ya Tiba, Shahada ya Upasuaji. Sindisiwe Van Zyl alisomea katika Hospitali ya Chris Hani Baragwanath. Mnamo 2004, aliolewa na Marinus van Zyl. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What's the colour of love?|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-09-whats-the-colour-of-love/|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kazi == Alitumia mtandao wa [[X (Twitter)|Twitter]], kutoa taarifa na kushirikiana jamii kuhusu [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] hasa kuzuia maambukizi kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto. Pia alionekana mara kwa mara kwenye TV, redio na majukwaa mengine ya vyombo vya habari. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Malan|first=Mia|title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Sindi van Zyl, the doctor who never stopped caring|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-sindi-van-zyl-the-doctor-who-never-stopped-caring-20210412|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Alishiriki kuhusu safari yake binafsi na [[Major Depressive Disorder|mfadhaiko]] na uchovu wa madaktari. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Landisa/landisa-i-am-a-doctor-in-gauteng-and-who-is-supposed-to-help-me-when-i-have-burnout-20200306|title=Landisa: I am a doctor in Gauteng, and who is supposed to help me when I have burnout?|date=2020-03-06|work=News24|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/3626/healthy-lifestyle-mental-health-and-psychosocial-disorders|title=Healthy Lifestyle : Mental health and psychosocial disorders|work=702|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> Alisimulia jinsi alivyopoteza watu 41.&nbsp;kila alipokuwa kwenye lishe ya Banting . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.magzter.com/share/mag/5880/185489|title=Lose It! Magazine Volume 15 2016 issue – Get your digital copy|work=Magzter|accessdate=2019-08-31}}</ref> Alikuwa mtu wa kawaida wa kulala kwa muda mchache alihitaji takribani saa 4 za [[usingizi]] kwa usiku huku alifanya kazi za kawaida. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mohan|first=Pavithra|date=2019-08-09|title=I'm one of the rare few who needs only 4 hours of sleep per night|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90386657/im-one-of-the-rare-few-who-needs-only-4-hours-of-sleep-per-night|accessdate=2020-10-15|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> Utafiti [[Sayansi|wa kisayansi]] uliojumuisha miongozo ya kuwasaidia watu walioathiriwa na VVU na wanandoa kupata ujauzito salama <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Davies |first=Natasha E. C. G. |last2=Ashford |first2=Gail |last3=Bekker |first3=Linda-Gail |last4=Chandiwana |first4=Nomathemba |last5=Cooper |first5=Diane |last6=Dyer |first6=Silker J. |last7=Jankelowitz |first7=Lauren |last8=Mhlongo |first8=Otty |last9=Mnyani |first9=Coceka N. |last10=Mulaudzi |first10=Muhangwi B. |last11=Moorhouse |first11=Michelle |date=2018-10-18 |title=Guidelines to support HIV-affected individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy safely: Update 2018 |url=https://sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/915 |journal=Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.915 |issn=2078-6751 |pmc=6244351 |pmid=30473876}}</ref> na maambukizi ya pamoja ya [[COVID-19]] na VVU. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Masukume |first=Gwinyai |last2=Mapanga |first2=Witness |last3=Grinberg |first3=Sagy |last4=Zyl |first4=Doreen S. van |year=2021 |title=COVID-19 and HIV co-infection an emerging consensus |url= |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=170–171 |doi=10.1002/jmv.26270 |issn=1096-9071 |pmc=7361738 |pmid=32633849}}</ref> Alishikilia majukumu mbalimbali katika Chama cha Madaktari cha Afrika Kusini . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Medical fraternity mourns 'passionate, dedicated' Dr Sindi van Zyl|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/11/medical-fraternity-mourns-passionate-dedicated-dr-sindi-van-zyl|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanachama wa Bodi ya wakurugenzi ya [[Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF|Médecins Sans Frontières]] Kusini mwa Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=In Memoriam {{!}} Dr Sindi van Zyl, former MSF Southern Africa Board member|url=https://www.msf.org.za/news-and-resources/press-release/memoriam-dr-sindi-van-zyl-former-msf-southern-africa-board-member|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=MSF Southern Africa|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya utetezi wake mkubwa wa afya ya umma, alijulikana kama "daktari wa binadamu". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mthethwa|first=Ayanda|date=2021-04-11|title=OBITUARY: Health activist, the people's doctor, Sindi van Zyl 'gave us a light to look up to'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-11-health-activist-the-peoples-doctor-sindi-van-zyl-gave-us-a-light-to-look-up-to/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Ushirika wake katika vyombo vya habari ulijumuisha: * Mwandishi wa safu ya habari wa Health24, Jarida la ''Bona'' '', jarida la Choma'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Choma|title=Depression Q&A with Dr Sindi|url=https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=choma.co.za|language=en|archivedate=12 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095223/https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Search - Choma|url=https://choma.co.za/search/results?search=Sindi|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=choma.co.za|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095223/https://choma.co.za/search/results?search=Sindi|url-status=dead}}</ref> * DJ wa redio, Kaya FM wakiongoza upau wa pembeni na Sindi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kayafm.co.za/sindi-van-zyl-kaya-fm/|title=Dr. Sindi van Zyl Joins Kaya FM Taking Over From Mapaseka Mokwele|date=2019-04-24|work=KAYA FM|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=FM|first=Kaya|title=Sidebar with Sindi|url=https://iono.fm/c/4313|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=iono.fm|language=en}}</ref> * Msanii mgeni katika opera ya mfululizo ''7de Laan'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-04-10|title=RIP Dr Sindi Van Zyl: South Africa lost 'such a great Queen'|url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=The South African|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410184522/http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Engelbrecht|first=Leandra|title=7de Laan pays tribute to Dr Sindi van Zyl|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/tv/news/7de-laan-pays-tribute-to-dr-sindi-van-zyl-20210415-2|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=Channel|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kifo == Tarehe 10 Aprili Mwaka 2021, alifariki, akiwa na umri wa miaka 45 kutokana na [[COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-04-10-dr-sindi-dies-aged-45-after-two-month-fight-for-life-in-hospital/|title=Dr Sindi dies aged 45 after two-month fight for life in hospital|work=Times Live|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-04-10|title=Popular doctor and broadcaster Sindi van Zyl succumbs to COVID-19|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/popular-doctor-and-dj-sindi-succumbs-to-covid-19/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}</ref> Mazishi yake yalifanyika tarehe 15 Aprili mwaka 2021. Kumbukumbu za Dkt. Sindi walishirika watu kuzichapisha kwenye mitandao ya kijamii wakiwa wamevaa magauni yenye mifuko, ambayo ilikuwa mtindo wake wa kipekee. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nyathi|first=Ayanda|title=Funeral of much-loved Dr Sindi van Zyl under way in Johannesburg|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/15/funeral-of-much-loved-dr-sindi-van-zyl-under-way-in-johannesburg|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Katlego Danke remembers Dr Sindi van Zyl with #DresswithPockets tribute|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/entertainment/2021-06-03-katlego-danke-remembers-dr-sindi-van-zyl-with-dresswithpockets-tribute/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=DispatchLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Tuzo na heshima == * ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' (2012) Vijana 200 wa Afrika Kusini <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/|title=Sindi van Zyl – 2012|work=ysa.mg.co.za|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=26 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/ "Sindi van Zyl – 2012"]. ''ysa.mg.co.za''. Archived from [http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/ the original] on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * Tuzo ya Wanawake <nowiki><i id="mw8g">Bora</i></nowiki> wa Mwaka (2018) - iliyotolewa kwa ubora na Wanaharakati katika afya na dawa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095|title=And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are...|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095 "And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are..."] ''www.glamour.co.za''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> * Amref Health Africa Ajenda ya Afya ya Afrika baada ya kifo Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa Tuzo ya Wanawake katika Afya ya Kimataifa ya 2023 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tonight, we honor and recognize Dr. Sindi van Zyl, the People's Doctor, the Duchess of Healing, with the posthumous #AHAIC2023 Women in Global Health Award|url=https://twitter.com/Amref_Worldwide/status/1633528252445646863?s=20|accessdate=2023-03-08|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] 8evsmke5rcb52wb23x7c9ng4jbzif74 0 226867 1577329 1530228 2026-06-28T14:51:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sefi Atta''' (alizaliwa [[Lagos]], Nigeria, [[Januari 19]], [[1964]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya, hadithi fupi, tamthilia na filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]]. Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa kwenda lugha nyingi, tamthilia zake za redio zimetangazwa hadi huko na [[BBC]], na tamthilia zake za jukwaani zimechezwa kimataifa. Tuzo alizopokea ni pamoja na Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Wole Soyinka ya 2006 barani [[Afrika]] na [[Tuzo ya Noma|Tuzo ya Noma ya 2009 ya Uchapishaji barani Afrika]]. == Biografia == Atta alizaliwa kwenye familia ya watoto watano. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ifeoma|date=2018-09-19|title=5 Female Revolutionary Writers From Nigeria Whose Books Are Widely Acclaimed|url=https://fabwoman.ng/nigerian-female-contemporary-authors-2018-fabwoman/|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=FabWoman|language=en-US}}</ref> Baba yake Abdul-Aziz Atta alikuwa Katibu wa [[Siasa ya Nigeria|Serikali ya Shirikisho]] na Mkuu wa Utumishi wa Umma hadi kifo chake mwaka wa 1972, na alilelewa na mama yake Iyabo Atta. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Atta, Sefi 1964- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/atta-sefi-1964|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Alihudhuria Chuo cha Malkia, Lagos, na Shule ya Millfield nchini [[Uingereza]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12277|accessdate=2025-02-07|work=www.litencyc.com|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1985, alihitimu na shahada ya BA kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham . Alihitimu kama mhasibu aliyeidhinishwa nchini Uingereza na kama CPA nchini Marekani, ambapo alihamia mnamo 1994. Alipata shahada ya Uzamili katika uandishi wa ubunifu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Antioch Los Angeles kwenye kipindi cha mwaka 2001. Ameolewa na Gboyega Ransome-Kuti, daktari wa wanadamu, kijana wa [[:en:Olikoye_Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye Ransome-Kuti]] na wamepata mtoto moja, anaeitwa Temi. == Kazi == Atta alihitimu kutoka programu ya uandishi wa ubunifu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Antioch mahali panapoitwa Los Angeles. <ref>{{Citation|last=TOBAR|first=HÉCTOR|title=Americanismo|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt21kk1rh.19|pages=173–182|periodical=Latinx Writing Los Angeles|publisher=UNP - Nebraska|doi=10.2307/j.ctt21kk1rh.19|access-date=2025-02-07}}</ref> Hadithi zake fupi zimeonekana kwenye majarida ya fasihi kama vile ''The Los Angeles Review'', ''Mississippi Review'' na ''World Literature Today'' . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8255951-swallow|title=Swallow|last=Atta|first=Sefi|date=2010|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1-56656-833-3|location=Northampton, Mass|oclc=606053609}}</ref> Pia ameandika insha, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/one-or-the-other-by-sefi-atta/|title=One or the Other: An Essay by Sefi Atta|first=Sefi|author=Atta|work=AfricanWriter.com|date=9 May 2008|accessdate=1 April 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na makala zake kuhusu Lagos na Nigeria zimeonekana kwenye machapisho mbalimbali kama vile ''Time'' and ''Libération'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Szupernap|title=Sefi Atta az angol Wikipedián · Moly|url=https://moly.hu/alkotok/sefi-atta/wikipedia-angol|accessdate=2025-02-07|work=Moly|language=hu}}</ref> Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa kwenye lugha kadhaa ulimwenguni. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Everything Good Will Come'', ilishinda Tuzo ya kwanza ya Wole Soyinka ya Fasihi barani Afrika mwaka wa 2006. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=639|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.cambriapress.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131218003947/http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archivedate=2013-12-18|title=The Prize {{!}} 2006 Winner|publisher=The Lumina Foundation|accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref> Yeye ni mchangiaji mzuri wa mkusanyiko wa vitabu wa 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa'', uliohaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131218003947/http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archivedate=2013-12-18|title=After seminal anthology, Busby celebrates New Daughters of Africa|first=Olatoun|author=Gabi-Williams|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Kampuni ya uzalishaji ya Atta yenye makao yake makuu huko eneo la Lagos, Atta Girl, inaunga mkono Jali Kusoma, mpango aliouanzisha ili kupata fedha kwa ajili ya mashirika halali ya kutoa misaada kupitia usomaji wa vipindi. == Bibliografia == '''Riwaya''' * 2005: ''Kila Kitu Kizuri Kitakuja'', Marekani: Vitabu vya Interlink, . Uingereza: Matoleo Mingi, * 2010: ''Swallow'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2013: ''Tofauti Kidogo'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2019: ''Mkusanyaji wa Shanga'', Marekani: Vitabu vya Interlink, . Uingereza: Matoleo Mingi, * 2022: ''Wahamiaji Wabaya'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Makusanyo ya hadithi fupi''' * 2010: ''Habari kutoka Nyumbani'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2025: ''Asili'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Kitabu cha watoto''' * 2018: ''Malkia wa Tamthilia'', AAA Press, Nigeria, '''Riwaya ya Vijana Wazima''' * 2024: ''Msichana Asiye na Faida'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Mikusanyiko ya Cheza''' * 2019: ''Sefi Atta; Tamthilia Zilizochaguliwa'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Maonyesho ya kwanza ya mchezo wa jukwaani''' * 2005: ''The Engagement'', Kituo cha MUSON, Lagos * 2011: ''Gharama ya Maisha'', Tamasha la Urithi la Lagos * 2011: ''Hagel auf Zamfara'', Theatre Krefeld, Ujerumani * 2012: ''Sherehe ya Kutaja Majina'', Ulimwengu Mpya Nigeria, Ukumbi wa Maonyesho Royal Stratford East, London * 2012: ''Urithi wa Kawaida'', Tamasha la MUSON, Kituo cha MUSON, Lagos * 2014: ''Stand ya Mwisho'', Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2018: ''Ukarabati'', Tamasha la Jos la Ukumbi wa Maigizo * 2019: ''Barabara ya Kifo'', Tamasha la Jos la Ukumbi wa Maonyesho '''Maigizo ya Redioni''' * 2002: ''The Engagement'', BBC Radio * 2004: ''Muujiza wa Makinwa'', BBC Radio * 2007: ''Siku ya Bure'', BBC Radio '''Filamu''' * 2021: ''Swallow'', filamu asilia ya [[Netflix]] inayotokana na riwaya ya pili ya Sefi Atta, ''Swallow'', iliyoandikwa kwa ushirikiano na Atta na Kunle Afolayan, ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo Oktoba 1. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Otosirieze|date=2021-03-09|title=Sefi Atta's Novel, Swallow, Goes to Netflix|url=https://opencountrymag.com/sefi-attas-swallow-being-adapted-for-netflix-by-kunle-afolayan-with-niyola-as-lead/|accessdate=2026-03-05|work=Open Country Mag|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == * 2002: Tuzo ya Waandishi ya Macmillan kwa Afrika, orodha fupi * 2002: Utendaji wa BBC African, Tuzo ya 2 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Previous Judges|url=http://caineprize.com/previous-judges|work=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archive-date=2020-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514214044/http://caineprize.com/previous-judges|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2002: Shindano la Hadithi Fupi za Zoetrope, Tuzo la 3 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Atta, Sefi - Peter Hammer Verlag|url=https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/|work=www.peter-hammer-verlag.de|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=7 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033822/https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo ya Hadithi Fupi ya Red Hen Press, tuzo ya kwanza <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/cambriapress.cfm?template=4&bid=639|work=www.cambriapress.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo ya ''Glimmer Train'' 's Very Short Fiction, iliyofika fainali * 2004: Utendaji wa [[BBC]] African, Tuzo ya 2 * 2005: Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya PEN David TK Wong, Tuzo ya 1 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/133292.Sefi_Atta|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2006: Tuzo ya Caine ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika, orodha fupi * 2006: Tuzo ya Wole Soyinka ya Fasihi barani Afrika <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Authors|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/|work=AfricanWriter.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=15 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515101315/https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/}}</ref> * 2009: [[Tuzo ya Noma|Tuzo ya Noma kwa Uchapishaji barani Afrika]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta, Author Info, Published Books, Bio, Photo, Video, and More|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Sefi+Atta|work=AALBC.com, the African American Literature Book Club|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2009: Shindano la Sinema la Zoetrope la Marekani, lililofika robo fainali <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta :: Plays|url=https://www.sefiatta.com/plays.html|accessdate=2026-03-05|work=www.sefiatta.com}}</ref> * 2019: Maabara ya WeScreenPlay Diverse Voices, iliyofika fainali <ref name=":0" /> * 2019: Shindano la Sinema la Zoetrope la Marekani, lililofika fainali <ref name=":0" /> * 2021: Mkutano wa Kitaifa wa Waandishi wa Michezo, uliofika nusu fainali <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://africabokutalent.org/directory/talent/sefi-atta/|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=Africa Boku Talent|language=en-US}}</ref> '''Mwandishi Mgeni''' * 2024: Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Jackson * 2006: Chuo Kikuu cha Kusini mwa Mississippi * 2008: Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern * 2010: École Normale Supérieure de Lyon Atta alikuwa kwenye baraza la majaji kwa ajili ya Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Neustadt ya 2010 ya Fasihi, na jaji kwa ajili ya Tuzo ya Caine ya 2019 ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=ThisisLagos|date=2018-12-19|title=Sefi Atta, others to judge Caine Prize for African Writing 2019|url=https://thisislagos.ng/sefi-atta-others-to-judge-caine-prize-for-african-writing-2019/|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=This Is Lagos|language=en-US}}</ref> Utafiti muhimu wa kazi zake, ''Writing Contemporary Nigeria: Namna Sefi Atta anavyoelezea Utamaduni na Mila'', uliohaririwa na Profesa Walter P. Collins, III, ulichapishwa na Cambria Press mwaka 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=639|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=www.cambriapress.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.sefiatta.com/ Tovuti ya Sefi Atta] * [[Ike Anya]], [https://www.africanwriter.com/sefi-atta-something-good-comes-to-nigerian-literature/ "Sefi Atta: Kitu Kizuri Huja katika Fasihi ya Nigeria"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Jarida la Mwandishi wa Kiafrika'' [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] snty6ppzwts0tbnw9jyoun4awrc7mca 0 227118 1577350 1502987 2026-06-28T17:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siphokazi Magadla''' ni [[mwanamke]] wa Afrika Kusini, [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Ufeministi|kifeministi]], [[mwanasayansi]] wa siasa, msomi, mwandishi na msomi wa masuala ya umma.<ref name="mg">{{cite web |title=Siphokazi Magadla |url=https://mg.co.za/author/siphokazi-magadla/ |website=Mail & Guardian |access-date=29 December 2025 |archive-date=2026-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416225051/https://mg.co.za/author/siphokazi-magadla/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ru">{{cite web |title=Professor Siphokazi Magadla |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/politicalinternationalstudies/people/academic/profsiphokazimagadlahod/ |website=Rhodes University |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="stias">{{cite web |title=From Meadowlands to Libya: Love, family, and the betrayal of freedom |url=https://www.stias.ac.za/news/from-meadowlands-to-libya-love-family-and-the-betrayal-of-freedom/ |website=STIAS |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> Kwa sasa ni profesa katika Idara ya Sayansi ya Siasa na Mahusiano ya Kimataifa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes|chuo kikuu cha Rhodes]], ambako pia anahudumu kama Mkuu wa Idara. Kazi zake zinajikita katika masuala ya jinsia, uraia, mapambano ya silaha, kumbukumbu za kihistoria, na siasa za baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi kusini mwa Afrika.<ref name="ru" /> Yeye ni mwandishi wa kitabu ''Guerrillas and Combative Mothers: Women and the Armed Struggle in South Africa''.<ref name="book">{{cite book |last=Magadla |first=Siphokazi |title=Guerrillas and Combative Mothers: Women and the Armed Struggle in South Africa |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal Press / Routledge |year=2023}}</ref> Magadla amewahi kuwa Fulbright Scholar na pia mshindi wa ufadhili wa utafiti wa Social Science Research Council (SSRC).<ref name="ru" /><ref name="ssrc">{{cite web |title=Fellow Profile: Siphokazi Magadla |url=https://www.ssrc.org/fellows/fbbfee08-834d-e411-9403-005056ab4b80/ |website=SSRC |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> == Elimu ya awali == Magadla ana Shahada ya [[Sanaa]] katika Sayansi ya Siasa na Uhusiano wa Kimataifa na Uandishi wa Habari na Vyombo vya Habari, pamoja na Honours katika Political and International Studies kutoka Rhodes University. Alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Uhusiano wa Kimataifa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ohio|chuo kikuu cha Ohio]] kupitia Fulbright Programme, kabla ya kukamilisha PhD yake mwaka 2017 katika chuo kikuu cha Rhodes.<ref name="mg" /> == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Magadla ni [[Profesa]] na Mkuu wa Idara ya Sayansi ya Siasa na Uhusiano wa Kimataifa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes|chuo kikuu cha Rhodes]].<ref name="stias" /> Utafiti wake unahusu mawazo ya kifeministi ya Kiafrika, ukatili wa kisiasa, kijeshi na kumbukumbu za mapambano, pamoja na sera za Afrika Kusini. Amechapisha kazi yake muhimu katika vitabu na majarida mbalimbali, ikiwemo uchambuzi wa wanawake walioshiriki katika mapambano ya ukombozi wa Afrika Kusini.<ref name="book" /> Pia ameandika makala katika majarida ya kitaaluma kama ''African Journal on Conflict Resolution'', ''Sage Journals'', na ''Johannesburg Review of Books''.<ref name="ajcr">{{cite journal |title=A Renegade called Simphiwe: The Wounded Hero |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |year=2015 |doi=10.1177/0021909614533638}}</ref> == Uandishi wa habari na michango ya umma == Magadla ni mwandishi wa mara kwa mara katika vyombo vya habari vya kimataifa na kikanda. Ameandika kwa Al Jazeera kuhusu siasa za [[Afrika Kusini]], utawala na mabadiliko ya kijamii baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite web |title=Author: Siphokazi Magadla |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/author/siphokazi_magadla_201459192114875363 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> Amechangia pia katika Mail & Guardian, Pambazuka News, Thought Leader na Johannesburg Review of Books, akijadili masuala ya jinsia, utaifa na historia ya ukombozi.<ref name="mg" /> == Kitabu chake == Kitabu chake ''Guerrillas and Combative Mothers'' kinachambua nafasi ya wanawake katika mapambano ya silaha ya Afrika Kusini na kupinga simulizi zinazoegemea upande wa wanaume pekee. Kimepitiwa katika majukwaa mbalimbali ya kitaaluma na fasihi kama ACCORD, Kujenga Amani, na Taylor & Francis.<ref name="accord">{{cite web |title=ACCORD Review |url=https://www.accord.org.za/ajcr-issues/guerrillas-and-combative-mothers-women-and-the-armed-struggle-in-south-africa/ |website=ACCORD |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="kujenga">{{cite web |title=Kujenga Amani Review |url=https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2024/06/18/book-review-guerrillas-and-combative-mothers/ |website=SSRC |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="taylor">{{cite journal |title=Book Review |journal=South African Historical Journal |publisher=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.1080/02589346.2024.2335035}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} eevj0vg8lpi8zyn9wga3a3ny2ognijs 0 229841 1577388 1509204 2026-06-29T04:15:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wangūi wa Goro''' (alizaliwa [[1961]]) ni msomi, mkosoaji wa kijamii, mtafiti, mtafsiri na mwandishi kutoka Kenya anayeishi Uingereza. Kama msomi wa umma, ana nia ya kuendeleza lugha na fasihi ya Kiafrika, na pia anahusika mara kwa mara katika kukuza tafsiri ya fasihi kimataifa, akizungumza na kuandika mara kwa mara kuhusu mada hiyo. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mHmzh1L8dBsC&dq=%22Wangui+wa+Goro%22+born+kenya&pg=PP3 Translator's biographical details], Véronique Tadjo, ''As the Crow Flies'', Heinemann, 2001 (cover).</ref> Profesa Wangūi wa Goro ni mwandishi, mtafsiri, msomi wa masomo ya tafsiri na mwanzilishi ambaye ameishi na kutoa mihadhara katika sehemu tofauti za dunia ikiwa ni pamoja na Uingereza, Marekani, Ujerumani na Afrika Kusini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Wangui wa Goro {{!}} SOAS|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/wangui-wa-goro|accessdate=2025-09-11|work=www.soas.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa [[Kenya]] lakini aliondoka kwenda kusoma [[Ulaya]] kwa ajili ya masomo yake ya shahada ya kwanza katika Lugha za Kisasa na Uchumi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Leicester . Aliendelea kuendelea na masomo yake katika elimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]] (sasa ni sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha London), na baadaye masomo yake ya udaktari katika Masomo ya Tafsiri katika Chuo Kikuu cha Middlesex . == Kazi == Mnamo 2020, alipewa Uprofesa wa Heshima katika Chuo Kikuu cha SOAS cha London na kuteuliwa kuwa profesa mgeni katika Chuo cha King's London . <ref name="SOAS">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff150759.php|title=Professor Wangui wa Goro|work=SOAS University of London|accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref>Amefanya kazi katika serikali za mitaa, pia kama msomi katika masomo ya ubinadamu nchini Uingereza, na pia katika miktadha ya maendeleo ya kimataifa. Kutokana na uanaharakati wake na ushiriki wake katika uanaharakati wa haki za binadamu kwa ajili ya demokrasia nchini [[Kenya]], Wa Goro aliishi uhamishoni Uingereza kwa miaka mingi. Aliunga mkono harakati nyingi za haki na uhuru, ikiwa ni pamoja na Harakati ya Kupinga Ubaguzi wa Rangi, na pia alihusika katika harakati za wanawake kama mtetezi wa haki za wanawake, akifanya kazi ya upainia wa kazi za Wafeministi Weusi na Waafrika nchini Uingereza na [[Ulaya]] . Kwa miaka mingi pia amekuwa katika kamati za ushauri au bodi za mashirika mengi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mtandao wa Mafunzo ya Wanawake Uingereza, Kituo cha Uingereza cha Tafsiri ya Fasihi, Baraza la Sanaa Uingereza, PEN International na Chama cha Fasihi ya Kiafrika. <ref name="londonmet">[http://archive.londonmet.ac.uk/metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/research-units/hrsj/staff-and-associates/$wangui-wa-goro.html?D176F252-E1FF-5B09-BF6D-D5F4C08D8D8D "Wangui Wa Goro"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.londonmet.ac.uk/metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/research-units/hrsj/staff-and-associates/$wangui-wa-goro.html?D176F252-E1FF-5B09-BF6D-D5F4C08D8D8D |date=20161024152329 }} , Human Rights and Social Justice Research Institute, [[London Metropolitan University]].</ref> Amehudumu kama mjumbe wa baraza la Tuzo ya Caine ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika, ambayo alikuwa jaji wake mnamo 2007. <ref name="Caine">[http://caineprize.com/people/ "About Us"] {{Wayback|url=http://caineprize.com/people/ |date=20160303141108 }}, The Caine Prize.</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] muvv8rhup3tbqe27cs0epx4q43s0vdw 0 231585 1577435 1564315 2026-06-29T09:59:33Z Rei Momo 16685 1577435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annalisa Malara''' ni daktari na mwandishi kutoka [[Italia]]. Yeye ni daktari bingwa wa uangalizi maalumu (ICU) na daktari wa anesthesiolojia anayefanya kazi katika [[Codogno]], Italia. Anajulikana kwa kumtibu mgonjwa wa kwanza wa [[COVID-19]] nchini Italia wakati wa janga la COVID-19. Alichaguliwa kuwa “mtu wa mwaka” na SkyTg24, kituo cha habari cha satelaiti. Pia ameandika kitabu kinachohusu kazi yake. Mnamo Oktoba 2020, alitunukiwa heshima ya kuwa shujaa wa Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. == Maisha == Malara alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Cremona]] uliopo Lombardia, na alipata mafunzo ya anesthesiolojia na uokoaji (resuscitation) katika University of Pavia.<ref name="ilfattoquotidiano.it">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-05 |title=Annalisa Malara, il personaggio dell'anno di SkyTg24: la dottoressa che il 20 febbraio diagnosticò il primo caso di Covid a Codogno |url=[https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/12/05/annalisa-malara-il-personaggio-dellanno-di-skytg24-la-dottoressa-che-il-20-febbraio-diagnostico-il-primo-caso-di-covid-a-codogno/6027682/](https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/12/05/annalisa-malara-il-personaggio-dellanno-di-skytg24-la-dottoressa-che-il-20-febbraio-diagnostico-il-primo-caso-di-covid-a-codogno/6027682/) |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}</ref> Alifanya kazi katika hospitali ya Policlinico San Matteo huko [[Pavia]], na pia katika Hospitali ya Mkoa ya [[Vigevano]], kabla ya kuendelea kufanya kazi katika Ospedale Maggiore iliyoko Lodi.<ref name="ilfattoquotidiano.it" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Madaktari]] 97hizs18tn8twbub8dm09jztrlhhhv8 0 235718 1577295 1571273 2026-06-28T13:02:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabinah Thom''' (amezaliwa tarehe 3 Machi 1996) ni [[mchezaji]] wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Malawi anayechangia nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward). Kwa sasa anachezea klabu ya TP Mazembe na pia ni sehemu ya Malawi women's national football team, wanaojulikana kama ''The Scorchers''. == Maisha ya Klabu == Thom amecheza katika vilabu kadhaa kabla ya kujiunga na TP Mazembe, ikiwa ni pamoja na:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Golden Boot race heats up in women’s league - The Times Group Malawi|url=https://times.mw/golden-boot-race-heats-up-in-womens-league/|work=times.mw|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313125653/https://times.mw/golden-boot-race-heats-up-in-womens-league/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * DD Sunshine nchini Malawi * KB Lionesses * Simba SC (wanawake) nchini [[Tanzania]] * Kvarnsvedens IK nchini Sweden Baadaye alihamia TP Mazembe nchini Democratic Republic of the Congo. == Maisha ya Kimataifa == Thom ameichezea timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Malawi katika michuano ya COSAFA Women's Championship mwaka 2020 na 2021. Mwaka 2025, alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji waliocheza dhidi ya Zambia akiwa na wachezaji wengine wa Malawi wanaocheza nje ya [[nchi]]. Katika mchezo mmoja Malawi ilishinda 3–2, na Thom alifunga bao mojawapo. Pia amekuwa sehemu muhimu ya kikosi cha Malawi kinachoundwa na wachezaji wanaocheza katika ligi mbalimbali za kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women's Football: Malawi come back to beat Zambia in second friendly, exact revenge|url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/women-s-football-malawi-come-back-to-beat-zambia-in-second-friendly-exact-revenge/|work=www.panafricafootball.com|date=2025-02-25|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430002046/https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/women-s-football-malawi-come-back-to-beat-zambia-in-second-friendly-exact-revenge/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Malawi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] eilveh0d50jif80hvc22ebsx025syzc 0 237273 1577311 1547634 2026-06-28T13:21:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saleha Khanam''' (1942 – 24 Aprili 2025) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Bangladesh]] kutoka chama cha [[Chama cha Kitaifa cha Bangladesh]] (Bangladesh Nationalist Party - BNP) na alikuwa mbunge kupitia viti maalum vilivyotengwa kwa ajili ya wanawake. == Maisha ya mapema na familia == Khanam alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1942, akiwa mtoto wa nne kati ya watoto kumi na mmoja wa Haji Abdul Jalil katika eneo la Dhemushia Union, wilayani Cox's Bazar, ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa sehemu ya Mkoa wa Chittagong nchini Bangladesh. Aliolewa na mfanyabiashara wa viwanda Alhaj Mustafizur Rahman wa Gomatali, ambaye ni mwanzilishi wa Niribili Group. Mbunge Lutfur Rahman Kazal ni mtoto wake wa kiume.<ref name=kazal>{{cite web|url=https://www.kazalbnp.com/about|website=Kazal BNP|title=সংক্ষিপ্ত জীবনী|language=bn}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1942|2025|Khanam, Saleha}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Bangladesh]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Bangladesh] a6piwr463ehvtsof8am8w6zyhflrks2 0 237727 1577416 1569416 2026-06-29T09:08:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullahi Abdi Omar Jawaan''' (Kisomali: ''Cabdullaahi Cabdi Cumar Jawaan'', alizaliwa 1949) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Somaliland. Alijulikana kwa kuanzisha nembo ya [[taifa]] ya Somaliland mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Citation|title=Daawo:-Cabdilaahi Jawaan Oo Xukumada Ku Canaantay In Astaanta Qaranka Ee Uu Isagu Sameeyay magaciisa Lagu Xusi Waayo|date=2015-04-05|url=https://barkulannews.com/articles/10348/Daawo-Cabdilaahi-Jawaan-Oo-Xukumada-Ku-Canaantay-In-Astaanta-Qaranka-Ee-Uu-Isagu-Sameeyay-magaciisa-Lagu-Xusi-Waayo|work=barkulannews.com|access-date=2026-05-22|archive-date=2022-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218072849/https://barkulannews.com/articles/10348/Daawo-Cabdilaahi-Jawaan-Oo-Xukumada-Ku-Canaantay-In-Astaanta-Qaranka-Ee-Uu-Isagu-Sameeyay-magaciisa-Lagu-Xusi-Waayo|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pia aliwahi kuwa mmoja wa makamishna wa awali wa Tume ya [[Taifa]] ya [[Uchaguzi]] ya Somaliland.<ref>{{Citation|title=NEC Commissioners|url=http://slnec.org/nec-commissionaires/|work=Somaliland National Electoral Commission ( NEC )|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-22|archive-date=2022-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012193134/http://slnec.org/nec-commissionaires/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] fy68vtrq1f5adln6a20yjxdh01hqtco 0 237796 1577403 1569363 2026-06-29T07:11:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younes Reggab''' (alizaliwa [[1975]]) ni mtengenezaji wa filamu na mwandishi wa filamu kutoka [[Moroko]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Younes Reggab : Une passion nommée cinéma|url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/younes-reggab-une-passion-nommee-cinema-89920|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr-FR|author=Amine Harmach}}</ref><ref>https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=10156</ref> Yeye ni mtoto wa mtengenezaji wa filamu anayeitwa Mohamed Reggab. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika sherehe nyingi za filamu za [[Moroko]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - La 10ème édition du festival national du film (Tanger 2008)|url=https://africine.org/reportage/la-10eme-edition-du-festival-national-du-film-tanger-2008/8292|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr|archive-date=2025-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220174741/https://www.africine.org/reportage/la-10eme-edition-du-festival-national-du-film-tanger-2008/8292|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=M.O|title=Younes Reggab remporte le Grand prix du Festival du cinéma en plein air de Taza|url=https://www.libe.ma/Younes-Reggab-remporte-le-Grand-prix-du-Festival-du-cinema-en-plein-air-de-Taza_a104765.html|work=Libération|language=fr|access-date=2026-05-23|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123200711/https://www.libe.ma/Younes-Reggab-remporte-le-Grand-prix-du-Festival-du-cinema-en-plein-air-de-Taza_a104765.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=filmnat14|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf16/feuilles.html|work=www.ccm.ma|accessdate=2026-05-23|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123190309/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf16/feuilles.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> na amekuwa sehemu ya majaji wa baadhi yao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=11è édition du festival Ciné-Université : Younès Reggab préside le jury de la compétition officielle des ciné-clubs :|url=https://fr.le7tv.ma/2021/09/23/11e-edition-du-festival-cine-universite-younes-reggab-preside-le-jury-de-la-competition-officielle-des-cine-clubs/|work=Le7tv.ma|date=2021-09-23|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] 4cev16xevs5orjsmw8j3ukxqoh7yzp0 0 238526 1577383 1550080 2026-06-29T02:59:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vitaly Nikitich Ignatenko''' (alizaliwa 19 Aprili 1941) ni mwandishi wa habari na mwanasiasa wa [[Urusi]] aliyekuwa mkuu wa shirika la habari la [[ITAR-TASS]] kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 2012. Pia alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Urusi katika baraza la kwanza la mawaziri la Waziri Mkuu wa Urusi|Waziri Mkuu [[Viktor Chernomyrdin]] kuanzia mwaka 1995 hadi 1997. Amekuwa mwanachama wa mashirika na taasisi mbalimbali za uandishi wa habari zinazohamasisha matumizi ya [[Lugha ya Kirusi]] na vyombo vya habari vinavyotumia lugha hiyo. == Wasifu == Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Serikali cha Moscow]] akiwa na shahada ya uandishi wa habari, alifanya kazi katika magazeti ya ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'' na ''[[Novoye Vremya (gazeti)|Novoye Vremya]]'' mnamo miaka ya 1980.<ref>[https://russkiymir.ru/en/fund/board-of-trustees/Ignatenko-Vitalij-Nikitich.php Vitaly Ignatenko] {{Wayback|url=https://russkiymir.ru/en/fund/board-of-trustees/Ignatenko-Vitalij-Nikitich.php |date=20260527034859 }}. Russian World Foundation. Retrieved 10 May 2018</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1991, alihudumu kama katibu wa vyombo vya habari wa Rais wa Umoja wa Kisovieti, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].<ref>[[#Palazchenko2010|Palazchenko (2010)]], p. 377</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1941||}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]] 7gm7u0x8gf6g0o7qylra04e779mdkt5 0 239386 1577397 1553850 2026-06-29T05:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir William Gell''' ([[Machi 29]], [[1777]] – [[Februari 4]], [[1836]]) alikuwa [[mwanaakiolojia]] wa [[Uingereza]] na [[mchoraji]] picha. Alichapisha vielelezo vya topografia ya Troy na eneo jirani mwaka [[1804]]. <ref name="roth">[http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/gell.htm Gell of Hopton Hall] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/gell.htm |date=20170214212019 }}, Rotherham web, Retrieved 4 October 2008</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1777]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1836]] 070ym3kcaw6zr1mxmxhknlc8pfrxyqb 0 239478 1577440 1553945 2026-06-29T11:01:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alex Latio Elia''' (amezaliwa 12 Agosti 1984) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa South Sudan. Tangu mwaka 2023, amehudumu kama Waziri wa Rasilimali za Wanyama, Uvuvi na Utalii wa jimbo la Central Equatoria katika Serikali ya Mpito Iliyohuishwa ya Umoja wa Kitaifa (R-TGoNU).<ref>{{Citation|title=Kiir appoints state officers in Central Equatoria State [list]|url=https://www.cityreviewss.com/kiir-appoints-state-officers-in-central-equatoria-state/|work=The City Review South Sudan|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-27|archive-date=2026-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527171943/https://www.cityreviewss.com/kiir-appoints-state-officers-in-central-equatoria-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8nzosfubhbgcfy40q1j8ru69pb77pec 0 239786 1577412 1557517 2026-06-29T08:18:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Đorđe Genčić''' ( 16 Novemba 1861 – 19 Oktoba 1938) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa viwanda na mwanasiasa wa [[Serbia]] na baadaye Yugoslavia. Aliwahi kuwa Meya wa Niš (1894–1899), Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani (1899–1900), na Waziri wa Uchumi wa Taifa (1903). Alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa kisiasa waliohusishwa na Mapinduzi ya Mei ambayo yalimaliza utawala wa Nasaba ya Obrenović.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Lazić|first=Anđelija|date=2017-05-29|title=Alikumbukwa kama “mtu mwenye mikono ya damu”: Đorđe Genčić alihusika katika njama dhidi ya Obrenović na Karađorđević|url=[https://www.dnevno.rs/istorija/pamte-ga-kao-coveka-krvavih-ruku-dorde-gencic-je-kovao-zavere-i-protiv-obrenovice-i-protiv-karadordevica/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Dnevno.rs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711131053/http://www.dnevno.rs:80/istorija/pamte-ga-kao-coveka-krvavih-ruku-dorde-gencic-je-kovao-zavere-i-protiv-obrenovice-i-protiv-karadordevica/](https://www.dnevno.rs/istorija/pamte-ga-kao-coveka-krvavih-ruku-dorde-gencic-je-kovao-zavere-i-protiv-obrenovice-i-protiv-karadordevica/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Dnevno.rs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711131053/http://www.dnevno.rs:80/istorija/pamte-ga-kao-coveka-krvavih-ruku-dorde-gencic-je-kovao-zavere-i-protiv-obrenovice-i-protiv-karadordevica/) |archive-date=2018-07-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2017-04-30|title=Đorđe Genčić|url=[http://srpskaenciklopedija.org/doku.php?id=%D1%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%9B|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Српска](http://srpskaenciklopedija.org/doku.php?id=%D1%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%9B|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Српска) енциклопедија|language=sr}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1861|1938}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Serbia]] 4i0e4o1i6zcv0tqshm0wo3e5oi5ntcq 0 240909 1577405 1572918 2026-06-29T07:26:29Z Martha809 90543 Maelezo machache katika Aya ya pili kuhusu mto Agrumatue 1577405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agrumatue''' ni mto unaopatikana katika eneo la Mashariki ya Juu nchini Ghana.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfQnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|title=Evaluation des ressources en eau du bassin de la Volta. In French|last=Marloes|first=Mul|last2=E|first2=Obuobie|last3=R|first3=Appoh|last4=K|first4=Kankam-Yeboah|last5=E|first5=Bekoe-Obeng|last6=B|first6=Amisigo|last7=Y|first7=Logah, F.|last8=B|first8=Ghansah|last9=Matthew|first9=McCartney|date=2015-05-01|publisher=International Water Management Institute (IWMI)|isbn=978-92-9090-832-6|language=fr}}</ref> Mto huu unapita kati ya miji ya Bolgatanga na Zuarungu, na pia hutumika kama mpaka wa kiutawala kati ya Wilaya ya [[Manispaa]] ya Bolgatanga na Wilaya ya Bolgatanga Mashariki. Barabara kuu ya N11 huvuka mto huu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jH19CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|title=Water Resources Assessment of the Volta River Basin|last=Obuobie|first=Marloes Mul, Emmanuel|last2=Appoh|first2=Richard|last3=Yeboah|first3=Kwabena Kankam-|last4=Bekoe-Obeng|first4=Emmanuel|last5=Amisigo|first5=Barnabas|last6=Logah|first6=Frederick Yaw|last7=Ghansah|first7=Benjamin|last8=McCartney|first8=Matthew|date=2015-02-01|publisher=International Water Management Institute (IWMI)|isbn=978-92-9090-829-6|language=en}}</ref> Katika kipindi cha kiangazi, maji ya mto Agrumatue hupungua kwa Kiasi kubwa na hata kukauka.Hata hivyo, karibu na mji wa Bolgatanga kuna bwawa lililojengwa kwenye mto huo ambalo huhifadhi sehemu ya maji [[mwaka]] mzima. Kutokana na uwepo wa bwawa hilo, shughuli za [[kilimo]] kama umwagiliaji huendelea kufanyika hata wakati wa [[kiangazi]], jambo linalosaidia uzalishaji wa mazao katika eneo hilo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] j630b4yb7x6or2d09eyhs7bs4ya7few 0 240992 1577353 1573199 2026-06-28T17:48:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sound of Tears''' ni filamu ya nchini [[Kanada]] ya mwaka 2014 iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na mwongozaji kutokea nchini [[Kamerun|Kameruni]], Dorothy A. Atabong.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3225764/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref> == Kisa == Amina na familia yake wameondoka mjini wakimkimbia mpenzi wake waliyetengana, Josh, lakini alifanikiwa kuwafuatilia na kuwapata.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3225764/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref> == Tuzo == Sound of Tears ilishinda tuzo ya Filamu Fupi Bora ya Watu waishio Ughaibuni katika Tuzo za 11 za Academy ya Filamu za Afrika (AMAA) mnamo mwaka 2015. Filamu hiyo ilichaguliwa kushiriki katika Tamasha la Écrans Noirs mnamo mwaka 2016,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=La liste des 22 films Camerounais sélectionnés aux ÉCRANS NOIRS 2016 - Lebledparle|url=https://www.lebledparle.com/la-liste-des-22-films-camerounais-selectionnes-aux-ecrans-noirs-2016/|date=2016-06-25|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2025-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224154649/https://www.lebledparle.com/la-liste-des-22-films-camerounais-selectionnes-aux-ecrans-noirs-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na ilishinda tuzo katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu za Picha za Wanawake (IIFF) la mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AFRICAN WOMEN IN CINEMA BLOG: IIFF 2018 - International Images Film Festival for Women : Sound of Tears, Dorothy A. Atabong, Cameroon/Canada|url=https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2018/08/iiff-2018-international-images-film_22.html|work=AFRICAN WOMEN IN CINEMA BLOG|date=2018-08-22|accessdate=2026-06-15|author=Beti Ellerson}}</ref> == Waigizaji == * Dorothy Atabong * Edsson Morales * Eugene Paul * Rhoma Spencer * Edgar Fraser * Albert Williams * Aisha Betham == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2014]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Kanada]] 958lcbxewcez2qu2ohs4anz9weuowxl 0 241002 1577407 1574622 2026-06-29T07:42:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zara Mahamat Yacoub''' ni mtengenezaji, mwongozaji wa [[filamu]], na [[mwandishi wa habari]] kutoka nchini [[Chad]]. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali na elimu === Katika kipindi cha makuzi yake, Yacoub alitaka kuwa mwanasheria.<ref>{{Citation|title=JournalDuTchad.com: Mme Zara Mahamat Yacoub, femme de médias au Tchad|url=http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2633|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054234/http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2633|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yacoub alisoma masomo ya sanaa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chad]]. Baadaye, alisoma mawasiliano, akibobea katika vyombo vya habari vya sauti na picha katika chuo cha ''Institut national de l'audiovisuel'' ''kilichopo Bry-sur-Marne, nchini [[Ufaransa]].''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yacoub|url=https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Yacoub.html|work=www.africanwomenincinema.org|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129192445/https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Yacoub.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kazi === Aliporejea nchini Chad, Yacoub alifanya kazi kama mtangazaji na mwandishi wa habari wa redio. Baada ya kuanzishwa kwa kituo cha kwanza cha televisheni nchini humo, ''Télé Tchad'', alihamia huko na kuanza kufanya kazi kama mkuu wa vipindi. Yeye alikuwa mwanamke pekee katika kituo hicho kizima. Baadaye, Yacoub alipanda cheo na kuwa meneja mkuu wa Televisheni ya Taifa ya Chad. Pia alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari kwa ajili ya kituo cha ''Channel'' ''Africa cha [[Afrika Kusini]].''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yacoub|url=https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Yacoub.html|work=www.africanwomenincinema.org|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129192445/https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Yacoub.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa miaka kadhaa, Yacoub alifanya kazi kwa ajili ya Chama cha Vituo vya Redio Binafsi vya Chad (''Union des Radios Privées du Tchad'', URPT).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tchad : Zara Mahamat Yacoub reçue par le chef du gouvernement|url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Zara-Mahamat-Yacoub-recue-par-le-chef-du-gouvernement_a10692.html|work=Alwihda Info|date=2014-04-12|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=JournalDuTchad.com: Mme Zara Mahamat Yacoub, femme de médias au Tchad|url=http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2633|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054234/http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2633|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=JournalDuTchad.com: Tchad: Le 5ème congrès de l’URPT s’est ouvert à N’Djaména|url=http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2010|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054236/http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aidha, alikuwa mkuu wa kituo cha redio binafsi cha ''Dja FM''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mak|title=Tchad: Zara Mahamat Yacoub, arrêtée puis relâchée, la population de Ndjaména reste mobilisée - Makaila, plume combattante et indépendante|url=http://www.makaila.fr/2015/06/tchad-zara-mahamat-yacoub-arretee-puis-relachee-la-population-de-ndjamena-reste-mobilisee.html|work=Makaila, plume combattante et indépendante|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029155721/http://www.makaila.fr/2015/06/tchad-zara-mahamat-yacoub-arretee-puis-relachee-la-population-de-ndjamena-reste-mobilisee.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yeye ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza kuzindua kituo huru cha redio nchini Chad.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tchad : Zara Mahamat Yacoub reçue par le chef du gouvernement|url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Zara-Mahamat-Yacoub-recue-par-le-chef-du-gouvernement_a10692.html|work=Alwihda Info|date=2014-04-12|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=fr}}</ref> Alitangaza kuwa vituo vya redio vya kijamii vinacheza nafasi muhimu katika maendeleo ya Chad, lakini havipokei msaada wa kutosha kutoka kwa serikali ya Chad.<ref>{{Citation|title=JournalDuTchad.com: Tchad: Le 5ème congrès de l’URPT s’est ouvert à N’Djaména|url=http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2010|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054236/http://www.journaldutchad.com/article.php?aid=2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mbali na kazi yake katika Televisheni ya Chad, Yacoub pia ametengeneza filamu fupi kadhaa, hasa za makala, kupitia kampuni yake ya utayarishaji, ''Sud Cap Production'', aliyoianzisha mwaka [[2001]]. Katika filamu zake na hata nje ya skrini, Yacoub amejitolea kupigania haki za binadamu zaidi, hasa usawa wa wanawake nchini Chad, jambo ambalo lilimfanya kuwa mlengwa wa ukandamizaji. Filamu yake fupi ''"Dilemme au féminin"'', iliyokosoa ukeketaji wa wanawake, ilileta utata mkubwa sana.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=oGB486_zeFYC&pg=PA24&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=French-speaking Women Film Directors: A Guide|last=Pallister|first=Janis L.|date=1997|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3736-4|language=en}}</ref> Filamu hiyo ilisababisha maandamano makali nchini humo na fatwa ilitolewa dhidi yake kwa sababu ya utupu na maudhui mengine yaliyochukuliwa kuwa ya kukera.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/censorshipworlde0002unse|title=Censorship : a world encyclopedia|date=2001|publisher=London ; Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-57958-135-0}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IWRAW: Publications: The Women's Watch: January 1996|url=https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/iwraw/ww9-3-1996.html|work=hrlibrary.umn.edu|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref> === Kukamatwa === Mnamo mwaka 2015, alikamatwa baada ya ugomvi kuzuka kati ya familia yake na wafanyabiashara fulani waliotaka kununua nyumba yake. Yacoub aliachiliwa baada ya majirani kuingilia kati.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mak|title=Tchad: Zara Mahamat Yacoub, arrêtée puis relâchée, la population de Ndjaména reste mobilisée - Makaila, plume combattante et indépendante|url=http://www.makaila.fr/2015/06/tchad-zara-mahamat-yacoub-arretee-puis-relachee-la-population-de-ndjamena-reste-mobilisee.html|work=Makaila, plume combattante et indépendante|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029155721/http://www.makaila.fr/2015/06/tchad-zara-mahamat-yacoub-arretee-puis-relachee-la-population-de-ndjamena-reste-mobilisee.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliendesha kipindi cha mafunzo kuhusu uandishi wa habari za uchaguzi mwaka 2016, akizingatia zaidi ujuzi wa kuripoti, maadili na mwenendo wa kitaaluma.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161105033123/http://fr.africatime.com/articles/des-journalistes-tchadiens-en-formation-sur-la-couverture-des-elections</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:watu wa Chad]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] rf64fslh37tzop7mjipyszf1k2tchha 0 241005 1577312 1573228 2026-06-28T13:24:05Z Muddyb 379 1577312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vita vya Palestina vya 1948''' (vinajulikana pia kama '''Vita vya kwanza vya Waarabu na Waisraeli''' na kwa lugha ya Kiarabu ni '''Al-Nakba''' vikimaanisha ''maafa'') vilikuwa mgogoro mkubwa wa kijeshi na vita ilitokea katika ardhi ya Palestina ailiyokuwa chini ya Mamlaka ya Uingereza kuanzia Novemba 1947 mpaka Julai 1949. ===Chanzo cha Vita=== Vita hivi vilianza mapema karne ya 20 sababu ikiwa ni ongezeko la wahamiaji wa Kiyahudi nchini Palestina waliokuwa wakitafuta nchi yao ya asili baada ya mateso makubwa na mauaji ya Holocust yaliyokuwepo Ulaya. Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) ulipitisha Azimio namba 181 (Mpango wa Kugawanya Palestina), mnamo tarehe 29 Novemba 1947 uliopendekeza kuundwa kwa mataifa mawili huru: la Kiyahudi na la Kiarabu, na kutaka mji wa Yerusalemu kubaki chini ya usimamizi wa kimataifa.Mpango huu ulikubalika na viongozi wa Wayahudi , lakini viongozi wa Kiarabu na Wapalestina waliupinga vikali wakiona si wa haki kwa idadi kubwa ya Waarabu waliokuwepo eneo hilo. Kutokana na mkwamo huo, ghasia na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vilianza mara moja siku iliyofuata. ==Tazama pia== * [[Vita vya Waarabu na Israeli vya 1948]] * [[Ugomvi wa Waarabu na Israeli]] * [[Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina]] {{mbegu-historia}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:1948]] [[Jamii:vita]] [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:historia ya Israeli]] [[Jamii:historia ya Mashariki ya Kati]] duuy56sfkg6dbrrrbhy420o3xd4atkx 0 241225 1577376 1576053 2026-06-29T00:13:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Algeria.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Algeria]] '''Usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa na usafi wa mazingira nchini Algeria''' una sifa ya mafanikio na changamoto. Miongoni mwa mafanikio ni ongezeko kubwa la kiasi cha maji ya kunywa yanayosambazwa kutoka kwenye hifadhi, uhamishaji wa maji kwa umbali mrefu, na usafishaji wa maji ya bahari kwa bei nafuu kwa watumiaji, kutokana na mapato makubwa ya nchi hiyo ya mafuta na gesi. Hatua hizi ziliongeza usambazaji wa maji kwa kila mtu licha ya ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu. Mafanikio mengine ni mpito kutoka usambazaji wa maji wa mara kwa mara hadi usambazaji wa maji usio na kikomo katika mji mkuu wa [[Algiers]] mwaka 2011, pamoja na maboresho makubwa katika usafishaji wa maji taka yaliyosababisha ubora bora wa maji katika fukwe. Mafanikio haya yaliwezekana kupitia ushirikiano wa sekta ya umma na binafsi na kampuni binafsi ya maji ya Ufaransa. Idadi ya mitambo ya kusafisha maji taka nchi nzima iliongezeka kwa haraka kutoka 18 tu mwaka 2000 hadi 113 mwaka 2011, huku mingine 96 ikiwa chini ya ujenzi.<ref>https://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf</ref> Hata hivyo, kuna changamoto nyingi pia. Mojawapo ni ubora duni wa huduma katika miji mingi nje ya Algiers, ambapo 78% ya wakazi wa mijini wanateseka na usambazaji wa maji wa mara kwa mara. Changamoto nyingine ni uchafuzi wa rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algérie FocusUn Algérien sur quatre n'a l'eau potable qu'un jour sur deux|url=http://www.algerie-focus.com:80/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/|work=www.algerie-focus.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia kumekuwa na maendeleo yasiyotosheleza kuhusu utumiaji tena wa maji yaliyosafishwa, jambo ambalo ni kipaumbele cha serikali katika nchi hii kame. == Ufikiaji == [[Faili:Fontaine dans la haute Casbah Alger.JPG|thumb|Chemchemi za kiasili kama hii katika jiji la kale la Algiers zinabadilishwa na maji ya kunywa ya bomba kwenda nyumbani.]] Mnamo mwaka 2015, nchini Algeria, 84% ya wakazi walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa," huku 84% na 82% wakiwa maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, mtawalia. Mnamo mwaka 2015, kulikuwa na takriban watu milioni 7 waliokuwa hawana uwezo wa kupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa." Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, 88% ya wakazi walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata huduma "zilizoboreshwa" za usafi wa mazingira, 90% na 82% wakiwa maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, mtawalia.<ref>https://www.wateraid.org/washmatters/washwatch-has-ended</ref> Kulingana na Umoja wa Mataifa, 83% ya Waalgeria walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata chanzo cha maji kilichoboreshwa mnamo mwaka [[1978]], ikijumuisha 74% waliokuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji ya kunywa katika maeneo yao. Waliosalia walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji kutoka kwenye [[chemchemi]], mabomba ya [[umma]], visima vilivyolindwa au chemchemi zilizolindwa, hasa katika maeneo ya vijijini. 95% ya Waalgeria walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata huduma zilizoboreshwa za usafi wa mazingira.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=JMP > Welcome to the WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme|url=http://wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html|work=wssinfo.org|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en|archive-date=2010-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055730/http://wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Serikali ya Algeria inasema kuwa uwezo wa kupata usambazaji wa maji ni mkubwa kuliko inavyoonyeshwa katika takwimu za Umoja wa Mataifa, huku 93% wakiwa wameunganishwa na mitandao ya maji ya kunywa mnamo mwaka 2010. Pia inasema kuwa 86% ya wakazi wameunganishwa na mitandao ya maji taka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=人民网_网上的人民日报|url=http://www.people.com.cn/|work=www.people.com.cn|accessdate=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Ubora wa huduma == Ni 22% tu ya wakazi wa mijini nchini Algeria wanaopata maji saa 24 kwa siku. 34% wanapata maji mara moja tu kwa siku, 24% wanapata kila baada ya siku mbili, na 14% wanapata kila baada ya siku tatu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algérie FocusUn Algérien sur quatre n'a l'eau potable qu'un jour sur deux|url=http://www.algerie-focus.com:80/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/|work=www.algerie-focus.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katika baadhi ya maeneo, maji hupatikana kila baada ya siku 10, kama vile katika Wilaya ya Bouzeguène na wilaya nyingine katika eneo la Kabylie. Uhaba huu unatokana na utekelezaji mbovu na kutokamilika kwa miradi, matengenezo duni, na miunganisho mingi isiyo halali kwenye mtandao. Wakazi huhifadhi maji kwenye matanki au mitungi ndani ya nyumba zao, au hujaza mitungi kwenye minara ya maji hasa wakati wa kiangazi. Katika jiji la [[Sétif]], kaskazini-mashariki mwa Algeria, uhaba wa maji umesababisha maandamano na mapambano na polisi.<ref>https://middle-east-online.com/en?id=61157</ref> Kinyume chake, katika jiji la Algiers, usambazaji wa maji wa saa 24 uliimarishwa mnamo mwaka 2011 kwa msaada wa kampuni binafsi ya Ufaransa, SUEZ. == Rasilimali za maji na miundombinu == Maji ya kunywa nchini Algeria yanatoka katika vyanzo vya kawaida – maji ya juu ya ardhi na maji ya chini ya ardhi – pamoja na vyanzo visivyo vya kawaida kama vile usafishaji wa maji ya bahari. === Rasilimali za maji za kawaida === [[Faili:Taksebt Dam, Tizi Ouzou Province (Algéria).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Mabwawa ni chanzo kikuu cha maji ya kunywa nchini Algeria. Kwa mfano, hifadhi ya Taksebt hutoa maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa mikoa mitatu. ]] Kwa sababu mvua hunyesha kwa msimu, maji ya juu ya ardhi huhifadhiwa kwenye mabwawa 72 yenye uwezo wa jumla wa uzalishaji wa bilioni 7.4m³ kwa mwaka mnamo mwaka 2009. Maji mengi haya hutumika kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Algeria]] feh9w554x5ct54cgggzbcei8dwsafje 0 241294 1577345 1575447 2026-06-28T16:05:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin. Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2"/> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":2"/> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190730/https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3"/> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2"/> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1"/> . == Marejeo == </references> [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Benin]] dg1wo0moyev0c79ji0wo8gxcsu2hsdu 0 241295 1577346 1575456 2026-06-28T16:10:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Organisation2|type=Établissement public|latitude=6.360387145587819|longitude=2.4211998328988638|titre dirigeant=Directeur Général|dirigeant=Sylvain Adokpo-Migan|affiliation=Présidence de la République du Bénin|site web=}}'''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin . Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkruzugengi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2"/> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":2"/> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190730/https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3"/> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2"/> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1"/> . == Makala zinazohusiana == == Vidokezo na marejeleo == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Liens}}{{Palette|Administration publique du Bénin}}{{Lango|Bénin|politique|eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] grqdgwfmqxfzwtsq6e0o5uy1qv1y53d 0 241301 1577348 1576037 2026-06-28T16:40:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:World_Water_Day_(4462056279).jpg|thumb|Asilimia 87 ya idadi ya watu duniani - karibu watu bilioni 5.9 - wanapata rasilimali za [[Maji salama|maji safi na salama ya kunywa]], lakini hii ina maana kwamba karibu watu bilioni moja hawana huduma (tazama makala kamili kuhusu '''Power and Energy Africa''' ).]] [[Faili:World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg|thumb|Maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka wa [[2011]] .]] [[Faili:My_School_Toilet_puppet_theatre_(5226853487).jpg|thumb|Watoto wakiwasilisha onyesho la vibaraka kwa ajili ya shindano la "Choo Changu cha Shule" huko Cagayan de Oro, [[Ufilipino]], kwa ajili ya Siku ya Maji Duniani mwaka wa [[2010]] .]] Siku ya Maji Duniani ni tukio la kimataifa linaloadhimishwa chini ya usimamizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Imependekezwa katika Ajenda 21 wakati wa Mkutano wa Rio mwaka [[1992]] na kupitishwa tarehe {{Date|22|février|1993}} na [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=1983-04-01 |title=Résolution de l'ONU sur les Protocoles |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100128850 |journal=Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge |volume=65 |issue=740 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1017/s0035336100128850 |issn=0035-3361}}</ref>, inaadhimishwa tarehe Machi 22 kila mwaka na mada tofauti. == Historia == Mwaka 1992, Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo (UNCED) ulipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa siku maalumu ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kuhamasisha umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji safi. Baadaye, tarehe 22 Desemba 1992, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilipitisha Azimio A/RES/47/193 lililotangaza rasmi tarehe 22 Machi kuwa Siku ya Maji Duniani, maadhimisho ambayo yalifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1993. Katika juhudi za kimataifa za kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitangaza Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Hatua “Maji, Chanzo cha Uhai” (2005–2015), na baadaye Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Utekelezaji “Maji kwa Maendeleo Endelevu” (2018–2028) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . == Shirika == Umoja wa Mataifa pamoja na nchi wanachama wake huadhimisha siku hii kwa kuhamasisha utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yanayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za maji, uhifadhi wa maji na kuboresha upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa. Upatikanaji wa maji safi umetambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Kila mwaka<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Daudet |first=Yves |date=1992 |title=L'ONU et l'O.E.A. en Haïti et le droit international |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |journal=Annuaire français de droit international |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |issn=0066-3085}}</ref>, moja ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa yanayoshughulikia masuala ya maji hupewa jukumu la kuratibu na kuongoza shughuli za kimataifa za maadhimisho haya. Tangu mwaka 2003, programu ya ONU-Eau imekuwa ikichagua mada maalumu ya Siku ya Maji Duniani kila mwaka. Mbali na nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zinazoratibu shughuli mbalimbali za kuadhimisha siku hii kwa lengo la kueneza ujumbe wa kampeni, kama vile mikutano, maonesho na warsha, mashirika mengi yasiyo ya kiserikali pia hushiriki katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2007-04-01 |title=L'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en Afrique |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/243802036270}}</ref>. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1997, Baraza la Maji Duniani limekuwa likiandaa Jukwaa la Maji Duniani kila baada ya miaka mitatu, likiwa moja ya matukio makubwa yanayohusiana na maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani. Siku ya Maji Duniani, inayoadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 22 Machi, ina uhusiano wa karibu na kazi za UNESCO kupitia Mpango wa Tathmini ya Maji Duniani (WWAP). Kupitia mfumo huu, UNESCO huratibu uchapishaji wa Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani ya Umoja wa Mataifa (WWDR), ambayo kwa kawaida hutolewa siku hii ya maadhimisho. Tangu mwaka 2014, ripoti hiyo imekuwa ikilenga kila mwaka mada maalum ya kimkakati kuhusu usimamizi wa maji, jambo linalosaidia kuelekeza mijadala, sera za umma na hatua za kimataifa zinazohusiana na Siku ya Maji Duniani. == Malengo yanayofuatwa == Malengo yanayofuatwa na Siku ya Maji Duniani ni : * ili kuvutia umakini kwenye utendakazi mbaya wa mzunguko wa maji, ambao una athari ya kuathiri maendeleo yaliyopatikana katika matatizo yote makubwa ya kimataifa (afya, njaa, usawa wa kijinsia, upatikanaji wa ajira, elimu, viwanda, majanga au hata amani) ; * kuharakisha mabadiliko ili kutatua mgogoro wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. Hasa, 2023 ilikuwa mwaka muhimu kwa ahadi kuhusu matumizi ya maji na usafi wa mazingira, kwani maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani 2023 yaliambatana na kuanza kwa Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambao ulifanyika New York kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 22{{Date|24 mars 2023}} <ref name=":0"/> . * [[2026]] Maji na jinsia . * [[2025]] Uhifadhi wa [[Barafuto|barafu]] . * [[2024]] Maji kwa ajili ya amani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=OiEau|title=Journée Mondiale de l’Eau 2024 : l’eau pour la paix|url=https://www.oieau.org/actualites/journee-mondiale-de-l-eau-2024-l-eau-pour-la-paix|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref> * [[2023]] : Kuwa mabadiliko unayotaka kuyaona duniani » * [[2022]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi : kufanya kisichoonekana kionekane. * [[2021]] : Ili kutumia maji vizuri zaidi. * [[2020]] Maji kwa wote. * [[2019]] : Usimwache mtu yeyote nyuma. * [[2018]] Maji Jibu liko katika asili. * [[2017]] Kwa nini maji machafu? ? * [[2016]] Binadamu anahitaji maji. * [[2015]] Maji na maendeleo endelevu . * [[2014]] Maji na nishati. * [[2013]] : Ushirikiano katika uwanja wa maji <ref>{{En}} [http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ International year of water cooperation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ |date=20130410111905 }}.</ref> . Imeandaliwa na Ufalme wa Uholanzi huko [[Den Haag|The Hague]], siku hii inafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa [[2013]], Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Ushirikiano wa Maji . * [[2012]] Sayari ina kiu kwa sababu dunia ina njaa. Siku hii inaratibiwa na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] . Katika Siku hii ya Dunia, [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu|ICRC]] inavutia umakini wa jumuiya ya kimataifa kwenye matatizo yanayohusiana na maji yanayowakabili raia waliokwama katika migogoro . * [[2011]] Maji kwa miji : kukabiliana na changamoto ya mijini . * [[2010]] Maji safi kwa ajili ya ulimwengu wenye afya. * [[2009]] Maji yanayovuka mipaka. * [[2008]] Usafi wa mazingira. * [[2007]] : Kukabiliana na uhaba wa maji. * [[2006]] Maji na kilimo. * [[2005]] Maji, chanzo cha uzima. * [[2004]] Maji na majanga. * [[2003]] Maji kwa ajili ya siku zijazo. * [[2002]] Maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo. * [[2001]] Maji kwa XXI ya 21 karne * [[2000]] Maji na afya. * [[1999]] Maisha chini ya mito. * [[1998]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi - rasilimali isiyoonekana. * [[1997]] Maji duniani Je, kuna vya kutosha? ? * [[1996]] Maji kwa miji yenye kiu. * [[1995]] Wanawake na maji. * [[1994]] Kulinda rasilimali zetu za maji ni jukumu la kila mtu. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} * [http://www.un.org/fr/events/waterday/ Siku ya Maji Duniani] - Tovuti ya Umoja wa Mataifa. * [http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat Sehemu ya Maji na Makazi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat |date=20101115183234 }} - ICRC. [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] acg24l3fbjj77bxqv9llxp3nmp4puot 0 241370 1577314 1575986 2026-06-28T13:25:29Z Muddyb 379 1577314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kadi ya mgawo''' (au '''mgao''') ni hati rasmi inayotolewa na [[serikali]] au mamlaka husika kwa ajili ya kuruhusu mtu binafsi au [[kaya]] kupata bidhaa muhimu kwa kiwango kilichowekwa. Mfumo wa kadi za mgao hutumika wakati wa [[uhaba wa chakula]], [[vita]], [[majanga ya asili]] au katika programu za [[ustawi wa jamii]] ili kuhakikisha usambazaji wa rasilimali unafanyika kwa usawa. == Historia == Mfumo wa mgao ulianza kutumiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Serikali nyingi zilianzisha kadi za mgao ili kudhibiti matumizi ya bidhaa muhimu kama [[chakula]], [[sukari]], [[mafuta]], [[nguo]] na bidhaa nyingine zilizokuwa adimu kutokana na athari za vita. Baada ya vita, baadhi ya nchi ziliendelea kutumia mfumo huo kama sehemu ya sera za [[usalama wa chakula]] na maendeleo ya kijamii. == Matumizi == Kadi za mgao hutumika kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Kusambaza [[chakula]] na bidhaa muhimu kwa wananchi. * Kuzuia [[ulanguzi]] wa bidhaa. * Kusaidia kaya zenye kipato cha chini kupata mahitaji muhimu. * Kuwezesha serikali kufuatilia usambazaji wa bidhaa. == Faida == Miongoni mwa faida za mfumo wa mgao ni: * Kuhakikisha mgawanyo wa haki wa bidhaa muhimu. * Kupunguza uwezekano wa uhifadhi wa bidhaa kwa kiasi kikubwa na baadhi ya watu. * Kuimarisha [[usalama wa chakula]] wakati wa dharura. == Changamoto == Mfumo wa kadi za mgao unaweza kukumbwa na changamoto mbalimbali, zikiwemo: * [[Urasimu]] katika usimamizi wa mfumo. * [[Rushwa]] na matumizi mabaya ya kadi. * Upungufu wa bidhaa zinazogawiwa. == Nchi zinazotumia mfumo wa mgao == Baadhi ya nchi zimewahi kutumia au bado zinatumia mifumo ya mgao kwa viwango tofauti, zikiwemo [[India]], [[Korea Kaskazini]] na [[Cuba]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Ustawi wa jamii]] * [[Mgao wa chakula]] * [[Sera ya umma]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:chakula]] scfiek5b88kr01tqx76n0szbba4cx62 0 241415 1577313 1576501 2026-06-28T13:25:11Z Muddyb 379 {{WFR}} 1577313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uhaba wa chakula''' ni hali inayotokea wakati jamii, eneo au nchi inapokosa kiasi cha kutosha cha [[chakula]] chenye lishe bora ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kila siku ya watu wake. Hali hii inaweza kuwa ya muda mfupi (kwa mfano baada ya [[maafa]] ya asili) au ya muda mrefu ([[sugu]]). == Sababu za Uhaba wa Chakula == Kuna mambo mengi yanayosababisha uhaba wa chakula duniani, hasa katika nchi zinazoendelea: * '''Mabadiliko ya tabianchi:''' [[Ukataji miti]], [[ukame]] wa muda mrefu, na [[mafuriko]] huharibu [[kilimo]] na kupunguza uzalishaji wa mazao. * '''Vita na migogoro:''' [[Vita]] husababisha watu kukimbia makazi yao na kuacha mashamba, jambo linalofanya uzalishaji wa chakula kusimama. * '''Umaskini:''' Hata kama chakula kipo sokoni, [[umaskini]] huzuia familia nyingi kuwa na uwezo wa kifedha wa kukinunua. * '''Ongezeko la watu:''' Ukuaji wa haraka wa [[idadi ya watu]] duniani unazidi kasi ya uzalishaji na usambazaji wa chakula. * '''Magonjwa ya mimea na mifugo:''' [[Wadudu]] waharibifu (kama vile [[nzige]]) na magonjwa ya milipuko huangamiza [[mazao]] na [[mifugo]]. == Athari za Uhaba wa Chakula == Uhaba wa chakula una madhara makubwa kwa jamii: # '''Utapiamlo na Magonjwa:''' Ukosefu wa lishe bora husababisha [[utapiamlo]], hasa kwa [[watoto]], na kudhoofisha kinga ya mwili dhidi ya [[magonjwa]]. # '''Kushuka kwa Uchumi:''' Watu wenye njaa hawawezi kufanya kazi kwa ufanisi, jambo linalorudisha nyuma [[uchumi]] wa taifa. # '''Migogoro ya Kijamii:''' Njaa inaweza kusababisha vurugu, wizi, na hata [[maandamano]] dhidi ya serikali. == Suluhisho la Uhaba wa Chakula == Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hii, hatua zifuatazo ni muhimu: * Kuboresha [[teknolojia]] ya kilimo (kama vile kutumia [[umwagiliaji]] badala ya kutegemea [[mvua]]). * Kuanzisha maghala ya taifa ya kuhifadhi chakula cha akiba kwa ajili ya dharura. * Kusaidia [[wakulima wadogo]] kwa kuwapatia [[mbegu]] bora na [[mbolea]] kwa bei nafuu. * Kupunguza uharibifu wa mazingira ili kukabiliana na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. {{mbegu-uchumi}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:uchumi]] [[Jamii:afya]] cwkxb0pzak6wosfsy402oc65htil1f2 1577315 1577313 2026-06-28T13:26:20Z Muddyb 379 AI generated content. 1577315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uhaba wa chakula''' ni hali inayotokea wakati jamii, eneo au nchi inapokosa kiasi cha kutosha cha [[chakula]] chenye lishe bora ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kila siku ya watu wake. Hali hii inaweza kuwa ya muda mfupi (kwa mfano baada ya [[maafa]] ya asili) au ya muda mrefu ([[sugu]]). == Sababu za uhaba wa chakula == Kuna mambo mengi yanayosababisha uhaba wa chakula duniani, hasa katika nchi zinazoendelea: * '''Mabadiliko ya tabianchi:''' [[Ukataji miti]], [[ukame]] wa muda mrefu, na [[mafuriko]] huharibu [[kilimo]] na kupunguza uzalishaji wa mazao. * '''Vita na migogoro:''' [[Vita]] husababisha watu kukimbia makazi yao na kuacha mashamba, jambo linalofanya uzalishaji wa chakula kusimama. * '''Umaskini:''' Hata kama chakula kipo sokoni, [[umaskini]] huzuia familia nyingi kuwa na uwezo wa kifedha wa kukinunua. * '''Ongezeko la watu:''' Ukuaji wa haraka wa [[idadi ya watu]] duniani unazidi kasi ya uzalishaji na usambazaji wa chakula. * '''Magonjwa ya mimea na mifugo:''' [[Wadudu]] waharibifu (kama vile [[nzige]]) na magonjwa ya milipuko huangamiza [[mazao]] na [[mifugo]]. == Athari za uhaba wa chakula == Uhaba wa chakula una madhara makubwa kwa jamii: # '''Utapiamlo na Magonjwa:''' Ukosefu wa lishe bora husababisha [[utapiamlo]], hasa kwa [[watoto]], na kudhoofisha kinga ya mwili dhidi ya [[magonjwa]]. # '''Kushuka kwa Uchumi:''' Watu wenye njaa hawawezi kufanya kazi kwa ufanisi, jambo linalorudisha nyuma [[uchumi]] wa taifa. # '''Migogoro ya Kijamii:''' Njaa inaweza kusababisha vurugu, wizi, na hata [[maandamano]] dhidi ya serikali. == Suluhisho la uhaba wa chakula == Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hii, hatua zifuatazo ni muhimu: * Kuboresha [[teknolojia]] ya kilimo (kama vile kutumia [[umwagiliaji]] badala ya kutegemea [[mvua]]). * Kuanzisha maghala ya taifa ya kuhifadhi chakula cha akiba kwa ajili ya dharura. * Kusaidia [[wakulima wadogo]] kwa kuwapatia [[mbegu]] bora na [[mbolea]] kwa bei nafuu. * Kupunguza uharibifu wa mazingira ili kukabiliana na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. {{mbegu-uchumi}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:uchumi]] [[Jamii:afya]] 5jihtknykgj36i9obh9wwwvhlpm5pyu 0 241446 1577394 1576355 2026-06-29T04:51:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1577394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''888Starz''' ni kampuni ya kimataifa ya uchambuzi wa data za michezo na michezo ya kielektroniki (cybersports) inayofanya kazi kote ulimwenguni. Kampuni hii inajikita zaidi katika utafiti na utengenezaji wa ripoti za uchambuzi wa michezo.<ref>{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Why mobile platforms are winning African users|date=2026-03-27|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/867229-why-mobile-casino-platforms-are-winning-african-users.html|work=Premium Times|language=en|issn=2360-7688|access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sports Audience Acquisition and Digital Engagement Patterns in African Markets|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/10/20/888starz-sign-up-bonus-2025-registration-guide-for-kenya-africa/|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en|work=ThisDay}}</ref> Katika miaka ya 2020, 888STARZ ilipanua soko lake duniani kote, hasa katika maeneo ya[[Afrika]], [[Amerika ya Kusini]], na [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Mejores casas de apuesta deportivas en México|url=https://www.milenio.com/content/apuestas-deportivas-estos-son-los-mejores-sitios-de-mexico|work=Grupo Milenio|date=2023-06-10|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=es|author=}}</ref> Ripoti na data zake za uchambuzi zimekuwa zikitumiwa na kutajwa na vyombo mbalimbali vya habari vya kimataifa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Matches, Players & Moments Defining Europe’s 2025–26 Football Season|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/10/25/the-matches-players-moments-defining-europes-2025-26-football-season/|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en|work=ThisDay}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Can Leicester, Ipswich and Southampton survive in Premier League?|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13233295/southampton-go-in-search-of-first-win-vs-fellow-strugglers-leicester-is-gap-in-quality-growing|work=Sky Sports|date=2025-06-03|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en|author=}}</ref> Huduma za kampuni hiyo zinajumuisha uchambuzi wa kina wa michezo kama vile mpira wa miguu, kriketi, na michezo mingine mingi ya ushindani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket matches today {{!}} Upcoming live games to follow|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/betting/news/cricket-matches-today-live-games-bet-odds-wednesday-june-18/68e6eeeef18307dcdab076b7|work=Sporting News|date=2025-06-17|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en|author=Xaviour Raymond}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Fan engagement and match analytics ahead of the 2025 IPL final|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/betting/news/how-bet-ipl-2025-final-betting-websites-apps-guide-rcb-vs-pbks/dcdadcc1a42ac25bb754aa35|work=Sporting News|date=2025-06-03|accessdate=2026-06-24|language=en|author=Xaviour Raymond}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Kampuni]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za intaneti]] h0nwuy6s5hu586hknzqjvdlmfkzfm31 1728 241509 1577400 1576482 2026-06-29T06:46:11Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1577400 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:10px;"> [[File:WP25 potential birthday logo.svg|center|frameless|1400x1400px]] </div> <div style="width:600px; margin:auto; display:flex; justify-content:space-around; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center;"> <div style="flex:1; border-bottom:3px solid #005696; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Wikipedia 25 - Tabora|<span style="color:#333; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Kuhusu Tukio / About</span>]] </div> <div style="flex:1; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Wikipedia 25 - Tabora/Matunzio|<span style="color:#777; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Matunzio / Gallery</span>]] </div> </div> [[File:WP25 Birthday cake.gif|right|250px]] [[File:WP25 Number 25 - blue.gif|right|250px]] '''Wikipedia 25th Anniversary''' ni maadhimisho ya kihistoria ya miaka 25 ya Wikipedia, hazina kubwa zaidi ya maarifa huru duniani. Nchini Tanzania, hasa katika mkoa wa Tabora, tunaungana na jumuiya ya kimataifa ya Wikimedia kusherehekea mafanikio haya kwa kuimarisha maudhui yetu ya ndani na kuongeza ushiriki wa jamii katika maarifa huru. Kupitia kampeni hii, washiriki watapata nafasi ya kuchangia kwa kuandika na kuboresha makala mbalimbali zinazoakisi historia ya jamii yetu, maendeleo ya ndani, na utamaduni wetu, huku tukikumbuka mchango wa Wikipedia katika elimu na upatikanaji wa taarifa huru kwa miaka 25 iliyopita. ===''English''=== '''Wikipedia 25th Anniversary''' is a historic celebration of 25 years of Wikipedia, the world's largest repository of free knowledge. In Tanzania, particularly in the Tabora region, we are joining the global Wikimedia community to celebrate this milestone by strengthening our local content and increasing community participation in free knowledge. Through this campaign, participants will have the opportunity to contribute by writing and improving articles that reflect our local history, community development, and culture, while reflecting on Wikipedia's contribution to education and free access to information over the past 25 years. == Dhamira / ''Theme'' == '''Celebrating 25 Years of Free Knowledge''' (''Sw'': '''Kusherehekea Miaka 25 ya Maarifa Huru''') == Lini? / ''When?''== '''30 Juni 2026''' - '''31 Agosti 2026'''. == Malengo / ''Goals'' == * Kuadhimisha miaka 25 ya Wikipedia kwa kuandika na kuboresha angalau makala 50 zinazohusu historia ya jamii yetu na maendeleo ya ndani. * Kutambua na kuwapongeza wachangiaji wa muda mrefu wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili kutoka Tabora na Tanzania kwa ujumla. * Kuvutia na kutoa mafunzo kwa wahariri wapya ili kuhakikisha maarifa huru yanaendelea kukua kwa vizazi vijavyo. ===''English''=== *To celebrate 25 years of Wikipedia by creating and improving atleast 50 articles related to our local history and community development. *To recognize and honor long-term contributors to the Swahili Wikipedia from the Tabora and Tanzania community as whole. *To attract and train new editors to ensure that free knowledge continues to grow for future generations. [[Jamii:Editathons swwiki]] 256z3mwdeddia90umiuqaazo34xhb12 1728 241512 1577401 1576481 2026-06-29T06:46:47Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1577401 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:10px;"> [[File:WP25 potential birthday logo.svg|center|frameless|1400x1400px]] </div> <div style="width:600px; margin:auto; display:flex; justify-content:space-around; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center;"> <div style="flex:1; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Wikipedia 25 - Tabora|<span style="color:#777; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Kuhusu Tukio / About</span>]] </div> <div style="flex:1; border-bottom:3px solid #005696; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Wikipedia 25 - Tabora/Matunzio|<span style="color:#333; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Matunzio / Gallery</span>]] </div> </div> 27s2wov50v1i0ibz90a9p03zqg3w4od 0 241586 1577310 1576829 2026-06-28T13:20:20Z Muddyb 379 WFR 1577310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Piet Mondrian | jina_halisi = Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan | picha = Piet Mondriaan.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mondrian mwaka 1899 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1872|3|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Amersfoort, Uholanzi | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|1944|2|1|1872|3|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = New York City, Marekani | fani = Uchoraji | mafunzo = Rijksakademie (Chuo cha Sanaa, Amsterdam) | harakati = {{plainlist| * De Stijl * Sanaa ya kifasaha (abstract art) }} | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''Evening; Red Tree'' * ''Gray Tree'' * ''Composition with Red Blue and Yellow'' * ''Broadway Boogie Woogie'' * ''Victory Boogie Woogie'' }} | tuzo = | sahihi = Mondrian Signatur.svg }} '''Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan''' (7 Machi 1872 – 1 Februari 1944), aliyejulikana baada ya mwaka 1911 kama '''Piet Mondrian''', alikuwa mchoraji na mwana-nadharia wa sanaa wa [[Uholanzi]], ambaye anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii mashuhuri wa karne ya 20.<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica. [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Piet-Mondrian "Piet Mondrian | Biography, Paintings, & Facts"]. Ilipatikana mnamo Juni 2026.</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa sanaa isiyoshikika ya karne ya 20, kwani alibadilisha mwelekeo wake wa kisanii kutoka uchoraji wa maumbo halisi ya viumbe kwenda kwenye mtindo unaozidi kuwa wa kidhahania, hadi alipofikia hatua ambapo lugha yake ya kisanii ilipunguzwa na kuwa ya vipengele rahisi vya kijiometri. Sanaa ya Mondrian ilikuwa ya kidhahania mno, na ilijikita katika utafutaji wa maadili na uzuri wa ulimwengu wote. Alitangaza mnamo mwaka 1914, "Sanaa iko juu zaidi kuliko uhalisia na haina uhusiano wa moja kwa moja na uhalisia. Ili kukaribia mambo ya kiroho katika sanaa, mtu atatumia uhalisia kwa uchache kadiri iwezekanavyo, kwa sababu uhalisia unapingana na mambo ya kiroho. Tunajikuta mbele ya sanaa isiyoshikika. Sanaa inapaswa kuwa juu ya uhalisia, vinginevyo isingekuwa na thamani kwa mwanadamu."<ref>The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). [https://www.moma.org/artists/4057 "Piet Mondrian | MoMA"]. Ilipatikana mnamo Juni 2026.</ref> Alikuwa mchangiaji wa harakati na kikundi cha sanaa cha ''[[De Stijl]]'', ambacho alikianzisha kwa kushirikiana na [[Theo van Doesburg]]. Alianzisha mtindo usio wa uwasilishaji halisi aliouita ''[[Neoplasticism]]''. Hii ilikuwa sanaa mpya 'safi ya uundaji' ambayo aliamini ilikuwa muhimu ili kuunda 'uzuri wa ulimwengu wote'. Ili kueleza hili, hatimaye Mondrian aliamua kuweka mipaka ya lugha yake ya kimaumbo kwenye rangi tatu kuu (nyekundu, bluu, na manjano), viwango vitatu vikuu (nyeusi, nyeupe, na kijivu), na mwelekeo miwili mikuu (mlalo na wima). Kuwasili kwa Mondrian mjini [[Paris]] kutoka Uholanzi mnamo mwaka 1912 kuliashiria mwanzo wa kipindi cha mabadiliko makubwa. Alikutana na majaribio ya mtindo wa mchemko , na kwa nia ya kujumuika katika kundi la wasanii wa kimapinduzi wa Paris , aliondoa herufi 'a' moja kwenye tahajia ya Kihozi ya jina lake (Mondriaan).<ref>Kunstmuseum Den Haag. [https://www.kunstmuseum.nl/en/collection/piet-mondrian "Piet Mondrian in the collection of Kunstmuseum Den Haag"]. Ilipatikana mnamo Juni 2026.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1872]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1944]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] j6jwd7h5ut7gc5i01zenjv3z4ka8xcu 3 241624 1577309 1577052 2026-06-28T13:17:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577309 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, uwe makini zaidi katika kuhariri, usifanye mchezo. Baadhi ya mabadilisho hayo imenibidi kuyafuta. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:14, 27 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, wewe unazidi kuchezacheza tu na kazi yetu. Ngoja nikusimamishe kwanza kwa siku moja. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:17, 28 Juni 2026 (UTC) hlfcd64mfqghusxttpmff8pedy9anld 0 241642 1577296 1577210 2026-06-28T13:12:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki | rangi = Grey | jina = Joel Lwaga | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Joel Lwaga | jina la kisanii = | alizaliwa = | alikufa = | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Injili |kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]] | miaka ya kazi = [[2016]] - mpaka sasa | ameshirikiana na = | ala = Sauti | kampuni = | Daughter=|jina kamili=Joel Azaria Lwaga}} '''Joel Azaria Lwaga''' (maarufu kama '''Joel Lwaga''') ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa muziki wa Kiinjili nchini [[Tanzania]]. Amezaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]] na amekua na kulelewa katika maisha ya Kikristo. <ref name="musicinafrica">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-01-08 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/joel-lwaga |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tangu kuingia kwake kwenye tasnia ya [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|muziki wa injili]] na kutoa wimbo wake wa "Unaweza" mwaka 2016, "Sitabaki Nilivyo" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha" zilibadili historia ya muziki wake na kumfanya ajipatie wafuatiliaji wengi zaidi.<ref name="unleashmag">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2024-09-29 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://unleash.co.ke/joel-lwaga-bio-and-journey-into-gospel-music |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Unleash Mag |language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Joel Lwaga alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania katika familia ya Kikristo. Wazazi wake walikuwa wachungaji na baba yake aliwahi pia kuwa mwimbaji katika kwaya ya kanisa. Kwa muktadha huo, hii ilichangia kwa Joel kujijenga katika msingi wa kiimani huku ikimfanya kuvutiwa sana na kuupenda muziki wa injili katika umri mdogo. Alianza kuimba kanisani kwa kushiriki kwenye kwaya na hivyo kuimarika sana kwenye kipaji cha uimbaji. Licha ya kupenda kwake muziki, Joel aliendelea kuipa thamani kubwa elimu mpaka kufikia kiwango cha elimu ya juu akisomea uchumi.<ref name="gospohot">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-12-20 |title=Historia ya Joel Lwaga, Makubwa Ya Kusikitisha (Joel Lwaga Biography) |url=https://gospohot.com/historia-ya-joel-lwaga-makubwa-ya-kusikitisha-joel-lwaga-biography |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Gospo Hot |language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Muziki== Mwaka 2008, Joel alianza kuwekeza katika muziki akijifunza na kupambana kupata nafasi ya kuonekana kwenye tasnia ya muziki. Safari ya muziki kwa Joel haikuwa nyepesi sana, kwa sababu, licha ya mapambano yake yote bado hakuweza kufikia hatua ya kutambulika kwa watu wengi. Aliingia katika makundi mbalimbali ya kusifu na kuabudu pamoja na kwaya. Mwaka 2016, Joel alianza kutambulika kama msanii wa kujitegemea akianza na wimbo wake wa "Unaweza", ingawa haukupata mafanikio makubwa sana. Hilo halikumkatisha tamaa, alizidi kupambania ndoto zake. Baada ya muda, aliweza kutoa wimbo wa "Sitabaki Kama Nilivyo", wimbo ambao ulipata mapokezi makubwa sana kutoka kwa mshabiki wa muziki wa injili. kisha aliendelea kutoa nyimbo nyingine kama vile "Yote Mema", "Mimi ni wa Juu" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha". Moja ya nyimbo zake zilizosikilizwa sana hivi karibuni ni "Olodumare" ikiwa na zaidi ya watazamaji milioni 40 kwenye mtandao wa [[YouTube]]<ref name="thecitizen">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-12-19 |title=Joel Lwaga’s ‘Olodumare’ lyric video sets a new YouTube record |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/joel-lwaga-s-olodumare-lyric-video-sets-a-new-youtube-record-5303104 |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> pamoja na "Ni Neema" (akishirikiana na Boaz Danken). ==Tanibihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:watu kutoka Dar es Salaam]] hd3cw9fn6xytr2qf1o52seh2oqzpqs4 1577297 1577296 2026-06-28T13:12:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tanibihi */ 1577297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki | rangi = Grey | jina = Joel Lwaga | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Joel Lwaga | jina la kisanii = | alizaliwa = | alikufa = | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Injili |kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]] | miaka ya kazi = [[2016]] - mpaka sasa | ameshirikiana na = | ala = Sauti | kampuni = | Daughter=|jina kamili=Joel Azaria Lwaga}} '''Joel Azaria Lwaga''' (maarufu kama '''Joel Lwaga''') ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa muziki wa Kiinjili nchini [[Tanzania]]. Amezaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]] na amekua na kulelewa katika maisha ya Kikristo. <ref name="musicinafrica">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-01-08 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/joel-lwaga |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tangu kuingia kwake kwenye tasnia ya [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|muziki wa injili]] na kutoa wimbo wake wa "Unaweza" mwaka 2016, "Sitabaki Nilivyo" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha" zilibadili historia ya muziki wake na kumfanya ajipatie wafuatiliaji wengi zaidi.<ref name="unleashmag">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2024-09-29 |title=Joel Lwaga |url=https://unleash.co.ke/joel-lwaga-bio-and-journey-into-gospel-music |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Unleash Mag |language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Joel Lwaga alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania katika familia ya Kikristo. Wazazi wake walikuwa wachungaji na baba yake aliwahi pia kuwa mwimbaji katika kwaya ya kanisa. Kwa muktadha huo, hii ilichangia kwa Joel kujijenga katika msingi wa kiimani huku ikimfanya kuvutiwa sana na kuupenda muziki wa injili katika umri mdogo. Alianza kuimba kanisani kwa kushiriki kwenye kwaya na hivyo kuimarika sana kwenye kipaji cha uimbaji. Licha ya kupenda kwake muziki, Joel aliendelea kuipa thamani kubwa elimu mpaka kufikia kiwango cha elimu ya juu akisomea uchumi.<ref name="gospohot">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-12-20 |title=Historia ya Joel Lwaga, Makubwa Ya Kusikitisha (Joel Lwaga Biography) |url=https://gospohot.com/historia-ya-joel-lwaga-makubwa-ya-kusikitisha-joel-lwaga-biography |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= Gospo Hot |language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Muziki== Mwaka 2008, Joel alianza kuwekeza katika muziki akijifunza na kupambana kupata nafasi ya kuonekana kwenye tasnia ya muziki. Safari ya muziki kwa Joel haikuwa nyepesi sana, kwa sababu, licha ya mapambano yake yote bado hakuweza kufikia hatua ya kutambulika kwa watu wengi. Aliingia katika makundi mbalimbali ya kusifu na kuabudu pamoja na kwaya. Mwaka 2016, Joel alianza kutambulika kama msanii wa kujitegemea akianza na wimbo wake wa "Unaweza", ingawa haukupata mafanikio makubwa sana. Hilo halikumkatisha tamaa, alizidi kupambania ndoto zake. Baada ya muda, aliweza kutoa wimbo wa "Sitabaki Kama Nilivyo", wimbo ambao ulipata mapokezi makubwa sana kutoka kwa mshabiki wa muziki wa injili. kisha aliendelea kutoa nyimbo nyingine kama vile "Yote Mema", "Mimi ni wa Juu" na "Umejua Kunifurahisha". Moja ya nyimbo zake zilizosikilizwa sana hivi karibuni ni "Olodumare" ikiwa na zaidi ya watazamaji milioni 40 kwenye mtandao wa [[YouTube]]<ref name="thecitizen">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-12-19 |title=Joel Lwaga’s ‘Olodumare’ lyric video sets a new YouTube record |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/joel-lwaga-s-olodumare-lyric-video-sets-a-new-youtube-record-5303104 |access-date=2026-06-27 |website= The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> pamoja na "Ni Neema" (akishirikiana na Boaz Danken). ==Tanibihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:watu kutoka Dar es Salaam]] 7tvthlguk1tv704exg7nnimi90dyvk5 0 241657 1577328 2026-06-28T14:45:52Z NyandaI 74622 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Msanii muziki | rangi = Grey | jina = <div style="text-align: center;">Timoth Mayala</div> [[File:Timoth Mayala at the University of Dar es Salaam New Library in 2022.jpg|thumb|]] | picha = | jina la kisanii = | alizaliwa = | alikufa = | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Injili | kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]], [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki]...' 1577328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki | rangi = Grey | jina = <div style="text-align: center;">Timoth Mayala</div> [[File:Timoth Mayala at the University of Dar es Salaam New Library in 2022.jpg|thumb|]] | picha = | jina la kisanii = | alizaliwa = | alikufa = | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Injili | kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]], [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki]] | miaka ya kazi = [[2024]] - Hadi Sasa | ameshirikiana na = | ala = Sauti, Kinanda | kampuni = | Daughter=|jina kamili=Timoth Moses Mayala}} '''Timoth Moses Mayala''' (maarufu kwa jina la '''Timoth Mayala''') ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa ''Muziki wa Injili'' kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Amebeba kusudi la kueneza injili kupitia nyimbo na muziki wake. <ref name="musicinafrica">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-10-22 |title=Timoth Mayala |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/timoth-mayala |access-date=2026-06-28 |website= Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Muziki kwake imekuwa sio kama kipaji pekee, bali ni taaluma yake kabisa ambayo amekuwa akiipambania na kuweka bidii na jitihada katika kujifunza kuhusu muziki kwa muda wa kutosha. <ref name="tmcubicstudios">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-04-15 |title=Timoth Mayala: Biography and Music Career |url=https://tmcubicstudios.blogspot.com/2026/04/timoth-mayala.html |access-date=2026-06-28 |website= TMcubic Studios |language=en}}</ref> Licha ya kuanza kwake utayarishaji wa muziki katika kipindi cha awali, mwaka [[2024]] aliibuka rasmi kama mwimbaji katika tasnia ya ''Muziki wa Inili'' kwa kutoa nyimbo kama "Ni Mungu" (akishirikiana na Goodie Mgeta) na "Tembea Nami". Nyimbo zingine ni pamoja na "Nikubali", "Yesu ni Rafiki", na "Furaha Yangu".<ref name="famousfix">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Timoth Moses Mayala |url=https://www.famousfix.com/topic/timoth-moses-mayala |access-date=2026-06-28 |website= FamousFix |language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Timoth Mayala alizaliwa Kahama, Shinyanga, Tanzania. Alianza kupenda muziki katika umri mdogo, japo hakufanikiwa kupiga hatua hadi pale alipofika elimu ya sekondari ya upili, ambapo alianza kujifunza kupiga kinanda pamoja na kuimba kutoka kwa marafiki zake (wanafunzi wenzake shuleni). Alianza kujihusisha na kufuatilia zaidi kuhusu ''Muziki wa Injili'' baada ya kumaliza elimu yake ya sekondari. Kutokana na kuupenda sana muziki, hakutaka aishie tu kuwa na shauku ya kujua muziki, bali aliamua kuufanya kuwa taaluma yake. Mwaka 2019, alianza shahada yake ya awali katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] akisomea muziki na kuhitimu mwaka 2022. Mwaka huohuo wa 2022 baada ya kuhitimu, aliendelea na ngazi ya juu hapo chuoni akisomea shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa katika muziki na kuhitimu mwaka 2025. <ref name="musicinafrica" /> <ref name="tmcubicstudios" /> ==Kazi ya Muziki== Tangu alipoingia chuoni mwaka 2019, Timoth alikuwa akitembelea studio kadhaa za [[Dar es Salaam]] kwa ajili ya kurekodi ingawa muziki wake bado haukuwa na uwanda mkubwa sana na alikuwa akiwasikilizisha zaidi watu wake wa karibu na kuimba kanisani alipokuwa akisali. Kwa wakati wote huo alikuwa akihumu katika vikundi vya kusifu na kuabudu, pia alikuwa akishiriki kwenye kwaya ya chuo kikuu cha Dar es Salaam kama sauti ya tatu. Nyimbo alizowahi kurekodi katika siku za awali ni kama vile "Nikubali", "Yesu ni Rafiki" na "Furaha Yangu". Mwaka 2023, alianza kujihusisha na shughuli za uzalishaji muziki akitengeneza mabiti ya waimbaji kadhaa amabao pia walikuwa wakijaribu kupambania ndoto zao katika muziki. Baadae aliendelea kurekodi nyimbo kadhaa ndani ya mwaka huo akishirikiana na watayarishaji wengine wa muziki. Ndipo mwaka 2024, aliibuka rasmi katika tasnia ya ''Muziki wa Injili'' kama mwimbaji akiachia nyimbo zake mbili mfululizo zenye picha mjongeo, ambazo ni "Ni Mungu" na "Tembea Nami". <ref name="viberate">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Timoth Mayala |url=https://www.viberate.com/artist/timoth-mayala/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website= Viberate |language=en}}</ref> Nyimbo hizi hazikuonesha tu nia yake ya kuwa madhubuti, bali ilifungua mwanzo mpya wa safari yake ya muziki. ==Diskografia== {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Mwaka !! Jina la Wimbo !! Albamu !! Umbizo |- | 2020 || Nikubali || Moja || audio |- | 2021 || Yesu ni Rafiki || Moja || audio |- | 2023 || Furaha Yangu || Moja || audio |- | 2024 || Ni Mungu (ft. Goodie Mgeta) || Moja || audio, video |- | 2024 || Tembea Nami || Moja || audio, video |- |} ==Tanibihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} l8e15by7vik8hmnuppr6fgjpdqzxvem 2 241658 1577413 2026-06-29T08:45:03Z Rei Momo 16685 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Image:Pino Pagani from Codogno Italy.jpg|thumb|180px|Pino Pagani katika miaka ya 2000.]] '''Pino Pagani''' ([[Codogno]], [[29 Novemba]] [[1838]] – Codogno, [[27 Desemba]] [[1882]]) alikuwa [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] na mwandishi wa habari kutoka [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/lombardia/23_dicembre_09/codogno-morto-pino-pagani-speaker-di-radio-zona-rossa-durante-la-pandemia-di-covid-47c80d26-cd7f-494d-b1ed-836950f79x...' 1577413 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Pino Pagani from Codogno Italy.jpg|thumb|180px|Pino Pagani katika miaka ya 2000.]] '''Pino Pagani''' ([[Codogno]], [[29 Novemba]] [[1838]] – Codogno, [[27 Desemba]] [[1882]]) alikuwa [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] na mwandishi wa habari kutoka [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/lombardia/23_dicembre_09/codogno-morto-pino-pagani-speaker-di-radio-zona-rossa-durante-la-pandemia-di-covid-47c80d26-cd7f-494d-b1ed-836950f79xlk.shtml|title=Codogno, morto Pino Pagani, speaker di «Radio zona rossa» durante la pandemia di Covid|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa akijishughulisha na kijamii, vyama vya wafanyikazi na duru za michezo na aliandika kwenye magazeti Corriere della Sera, Libertà, Il Cittadino, Giornale di Brescia, na Il Popolo Codognese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.necrologibassolodigiano.it/necrologi/italia/lo/codogno/necrologio-giuseppe-pagani-88315?cid=1297 |title=Necrologio Giuseppe Pagani |author= |date=8 December 2023|publisher=necrologibassolodigiano.it |accessdate=25 June 2026 |language=Italian}}</ref> Akiwa mtangazaji wa redio, alijulikana sana kwa kuandaa kipindi cha Radio Codogno Radio Zona Rossa (Red Zone Radio) mnamo 2020, wakati wa COVID-19, ili kuwafahamisha wakaazi na kuwapa usaidizi unaoendelea. Pia anajulikana kama mshairi wa lahaja.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilcittadino.it/stories/basso_lodigiano/codogno-addio-pino-pagani-fu-voce-radio-zona-rossa-lultimo-video-dialetto-o_104381_96/ |title=CODOGNO Addio a Pino Pagani: fu la voce di Radio Zona Rossa - L’ultimo video in dialetto per «il Cittadino» |author=Cristiano Brandazzi |date=9 December 2023|publisher=ilcittadino.it |accessdate=25 June 2026 |language=Italian}}</ref>; <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilgiorno.it/lodi/cronaca/addio-a-pino-pagani-lo-speaker-di-radio-zona-rossa-af17fd54 |title=Addio a Pino Pagani, lo speaker di “Radio Zona Rossa“ |author=Redazione Lodi |date=10 December 2023|publisher=ilgiorno.it |accessdate=26 June 2026 |language=Italian}}</ref> == Tuzo na heshima == * ''Tirinnanzi Tuzo'', Legnano, silver medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premiotirinnanzi.it/ |title=Premio Tirinnanzi |author= |date=|publisher=premiotirinnanzi.it |accessdate=25 June 2026 |language=Italian}}</ref> * ''Antica credenza di Sant'Ambrogio Tuzo'', 17e ediction, 2014, Milan, for prose and in the same competition, section poetry, 2nd prize.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilgiorno.it/lodi/cronaca/morto-pino-pagani-speaker-radio-zona-rossa-3ef2c314 |title=Morto Pino Pagani, addio allo speaker di Radio Zona Rossa e voce di Codogno nei giorni bui dell’emergenza Covid |author=Paola Arensi |date=9 December 2023|publisher=ilgiorno.it |accessdate=25 June 2026 |language=Italian}}</ref> == Bibliography == * AA VV, Codogno: un paese, la sua storia, la sua anima, Milan, Telesio Editore * Pino Pagani; ''Brevi di cronaca lunga cento anni - 1908 A.C. Codogno (associazione calcio) - Codogno. Un secolo di storia''; Ed. MG Artigrafiche s.a.s.; [[Corno Giovine]] (LO); pp. 35 e 90; magg 2008 * Pino Pagani, ''Miòt e chisöl, as trèva via gnènt'', ''Il Cittadino'', 23 November 2011 * Pino Pagani; ''I bàgul dl donn in dla stala'', Il Cittadino, 14 December 2011 * Pino Pagani; ''Melga catàda, batüda e mìsa nal granè'', Il Cittadino, 29 August 2012 * Pino Pagani, ''El magnan, laurèri ‘d quèi antìch'', ''Il Cittadino'', 21 May 2014 * Pino Pagani and Chiara Rocca, Quella "Madre dei Poveri" chiamata Giulietta - novantanove appunti per una riflessione , dagli scritti della Venerabile Giulia di Barolo nata Colbert, Corno Giovine (LO), MG Artigrafiche s.a.s., 2016 * Pino Pagani, ''È mort Doru Riboldi, el re d'la raspadüra'', ''Il Cittadino'', 28 February 2018 * Pino Pagani, ''Riva al temp di pum cudògn e pum granìn'', ''Il Cittadino'', 12 October 2023 ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.radiocodogno.com/ Radio Codogno Website] {{it}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pino Pagani}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] nsehp4xasq8f77tinlmuhxxa43tpn3y 3 241659 1577415 2026-06-29T09:07:48Z J ansari 29211 J ansari alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Waliyullah Tunde]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Akásọrọ̀bíàgbà]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Waliyullah Tunde|Waliyullah Tunde]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Akásọrọ̀bíàgbà|Akásọrọ̀bíàgbà]]" 1577415 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Akásọrọ̀bíàgbà]] czsipni9ait4cduv821gbtts2tckwwg 3 241660 1577418 2026-06-29T09:48:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577418 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) ll3qy71t5jgk4sxzkqt4ubcn6oxc9sq 3 241661 1577419 2026-06-29T09:48:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577419 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) ll3qy71t5jgk4sxzkqt4ubcn6oxc9sq 3 241662 1577420 2026-06-29T09:48:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577420 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) ll3qy71t5jgk4sxzkqt4ubcn6oxc9sq 3 241663 1577421 2026-06-29T09:48:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577421 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) ll3qy71t5jgk4sxzkqt4ubcn6oxc9sq 3 241664 1577422 2026-06-29T09:48:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577422 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) ll3qy71t5jgk4sxzkqt4ubcn6oxc9sq 3 241665 1577423 2026-06-29T09:49:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577423 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) 6l6nlhodpqkpo24d5ladbk20lulifax 3 241666 1577424 2026-06-29T09:49:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577424 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) 6l6nlhodpqkpo24d5ladbk20lulifax 3 241667 1577425 2026-06-29T09:49:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577425 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) 6l6nlhodpqkpo24d5ladbk20lulifax 3 241668 1577426 2026-06-29T09:49:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577426 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) 6l6nlhodpqkpo24d5ladbk20lulifax 3 241669 1577427 2026-06-29T09:49:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577427 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) 6l6nlhodpqkpo24d5ladbk20lulifax 3 241670 1577428 2026-06-29T09:49:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577428 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) 6l6nlhodpqkpo24d5ladbk20lulifax 3 241671 1577429 2026-06-29T09:50:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577429 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) jbubqinuvdjoe45bebqgfh7chiuwd5r 3 241672 1577430 2026-06-29T09:50:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577430 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) jbubqinuvdjoe45bebqgfh7chiuwd5r 3 241673 1577431 2026-06-29T09:50:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577431 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) jbubqinuvdjoe45bebqgfh7chiuwd5r 3 241674 1577432 2026-06-29T09:50:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577432 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) jbubqinuvdjoe45bebqgfh7chiuwd5r 3 241675 1577433 2026-06-29T09:50:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577433 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Juni 2026 (UTC) jbubqinuvdjoe45bebqgfh7chiuwd5r 0 241676 1577436 2026-06-29T10:07:16Z Rei Momo 16685 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Codogno |picha_ya_nembo = |picha_ya_satelite = |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = Italia |pushpin_map_caption = |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Italia]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Italia|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Lombardia]] |subdivision_type2 = Wilaya za Ita...' 1577436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Codogno |picha_ya_nembo = |picha_ya_satelite = |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = Italia |pushpin_map_caption = |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Italia]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Italia|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Lombardia]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Italia|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Wilaya ya Lodi|Lodi]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 15,652 |latd=45 |latm=9 |lats=00 |latNS=N |longd=9 |longm=42 |longs=00 |longEW=E |website = [https://comune.codogno.lo.it/ comune.codogno.lo.it/] }} '''Caselle Landi''' ni [[kijiji]] cha [[Italia]] kilichopo katika [[Mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Lombardia]]. Kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2026, mji una wakazi wapatao 15,652. Ni karibu na [[mto]] [[Po (mto)|Po]], [[Kilomita|km]] 25 [[kusini]] kwa [[Lodi]] na 10 [[kaskazini]] kwa [[Piacenza]]. == Picha == <gallery> Image:Codogno-Ospedale-Soave.JPG| </gallery> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Italia]] * [[Pino Pagani]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} * {{it}} [https://comune.codogno.lo.it/ comune.codogno.lo.it/] {{mbegu-jio-Italia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Italia]] [[Jamii:Lombardia]] qlruvkzesmkto8xfbki85k58ty9iwh8