Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1676 1577868 1575786 2026-07-01T18:18:12Z Kisare 60080 "en" si kifupi katika kiswahili bali kiingereza. "kiingereza" au "kng" (kama kifupi katika TUKI) ni bora. 1577868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Kenya |jina_asili=''Republic of Kenya'' ([[Kiingereza]]) |bendera=Flag_of_Kenya.svg |nembo=Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg |ukubwa_nembo=90 |kaulimbiu="[[Harambee]]" |wimbo="[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]"<br>[[File:National_anthem_of_Kenya,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav]] |ramani2=Kenya topographic map-sw.svg |ramani=Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |mji_mkuu=[[Nairobi]]|latd=1|latm=16|latNS=S|longd=36|longm=48|longEW=E |lugha_rasmi={{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} |lugha_taifa=[[Kiswahili]] |utaifa = Mkenya |kabila = {{plainlist| *17.13% [[Wakikuyu]] *14.35% [[Waluhya]] *13.37% [[Wakalenjin]] *10.65% [[Waluo]] *9.81% [[Wakamba]] *5.85% [[Wasomali]] *5.68% [[Wakisii]] *5.23% [[Mijikenda]] *4.15% [[Wameru]] *13.78% Wengine}} |mwaka_kabila = 2019 |dini ={{plainlist| *85.5% [[Ukristo]] *10.9% [[Uislamu]] *1.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *0.7% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika]] *1.3% Wengine }} |mwaka_dini = 2019 |serikali=[[Serikali ya kiraisi|Jamhuri ya kiraisi]] |vyeo_viongozi={{*}}[[Marais wa Kenya|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Naibu rais wa Kenya|Naibu Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Seneti ya Kenya|Spika wa Seneti]]<br>{{*}}[[Spika wa Bunge la Kenya|Spika wa Bunge]]<br>{{*}}Jaji Mkuu |majina_viongozi=[[William Ruto]]<br>[[Kithure Kindiki]]<br>[[Amason Kingi]]<br>[[Moses Wetangula]]<br>[[Martha Koome]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru Kutoka Uingereza ''' | tukio1 = [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili]] |tukio2 = Jamhuri |tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa |tukio1_tarehe= Karne ya 8 |tukio2_tarehe= 1963 |tukio3_tarehe= 2010 |eneo_jumla=580 367<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kenya|accessdate=2024-03-30|year=2023}}</ref>|maji=2.3 |watu_kadirio=52,428,290 <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Kenya population 2024|author=Knbs|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20Kenya,gender%20composition%20of%20the%20population. |accessdate=2025-04-02|lang=en}}</ref> |mwaka_kadirio=2024 |sensa=2019 |watu_sensa=47 564 296<ref name="Census2019a">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> |mwaka_pato=2025 |pato_halisi={{ongezeko}} $401.97 bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=April 2025 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}</ref> |pato_halisi_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} $7,530<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> |cheo_plt_ppp = 59 |pato={{ongezeko}} $131.67 Bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> |pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} $2,470<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> |mwaka_maendeleo=2025 |maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.628<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 March 2024|page=289|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>(ya 143)</br> {{kati}} |fedha=[[Shilingi ya Kenya]]|majira_saa=+3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) |tld=[[.ke]]|iso3166=KE |msimbo_simu=254 |udereva=Kushoto |muundo_tarehe=siku/mwezi/mwaka }} '''Kenya''' , rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kenya''' ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[Afrika Mashariki]] katika [[ikweta]], kando ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Kenya imepakana na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Somalia]] upande wa kaskazini mashariki, [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini, [[Uganda]] na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] upande wa magharibi, kisha [[Sudan Kusini]] upande wa kaskazini magharibi.Mnamo 2024 Kenya ina watu milioni 54 na kuwa nchi ya 26 kubwa duniani kwa Idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] wake mkuu na mkubwa ni [[Nairobi]], lakini [[Mombasa]] ni mji mashuhuri pia. Ukiwa kama mji kongwe zaidi na [[bandari]] kuu iliyopo katika [[Kisiwa cha Mombasa]]. Miji mingine ni pamoja na [[Nakuru]], [[Eldoret]], na [[Kisumu]]. Kenya ina [[Historia ya Kenya|historia ndefu]] inayojumuisha makazi ya awali ya binadamu, mitandao ya kale ya biashara ya pwani, [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza|utawala wa kikoloni]], na maendeleo ya taifa baada ya uhuru. Ugunduzi wa akiolojia katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] umechangia kuelewa maendeleo ya awali ya binadamu, ambapo baadhi ya mabaki ya kale zaidi ya jamii za hominidi yamepatikana katika eneo la Kenya ya sasa. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/History |author=Kenneth Ingham |title=History of Kenya |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kando ya pwani, miji kama [[Mombasa]] na [[Lamu]] ilikua vituo muhimu vya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Waswahili]] na [[biashara ya Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyohusisha wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]], [[Wahindi]], na baadaye [[Wazungu]]. <ref name="UNESCO_Lamu">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 |title=Mji Mkongwe wa Lamu |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ikawa sehemu ya [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na baadaye ilipata uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] mwaka 1963 chini ya uongozi wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. <ref name="BBC_Kenya_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341 |title=Wasifu wa Kenya |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ina [[mandhari]] mbalimbali kuanzia maeneo ya [[jangwa la Chalbi]] kaskazini, nyanda za juu zenye rutuba katikati, hadi [[msitu|misitu]] na [[pwani]] yenye mandhari ya kuvutia kusini mashariki. [[Mlima Kenya]], mlima wa pili kwa urefu barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], uko katikati ya nchi na ni kivutio kikubwa cha utalii. Zaidi ya hayo, mbuga za wanyama kama [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Amboseli|Amboseli]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki|Tsavo]], na [[Samburu]] huvutia watalii kutoka kote ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya wanyama pori kama [[simba]], [[tembo]], [[vifaru]], na pundamilia. [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]], Kenya ni nchi iliyoendelea zaidi katika eneo la bara ya [[Afrika Mashariki]], ikiwa na uchumi unaotegemea sekta za [[kilimo]], huduma, [[utalii]], na teknolojia. Kilimo, hasa uzalishaji wa [[chai]], [[kahawa]], [[maua]] na mboga, ni uti wa mgongo wa ajira na mapato ya kigeni. [[Teknolojia]] ya habari na mawasiliano pia imekua haraka, huku jiji la Nairobi likiitwa "''Silicon Savannah''" kwa mchango wake katika ubunifu wa kidijitali na kampuni za teknolojia kama [[Safaricom]] na huduma ya [[M-pesa]]. [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]] ndizo lugha rasmi za Kenya, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya makabila tofauti, na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika mandhari rasmi kama [[Shule]], [[bunge]] n.k Kenya ni jamhuri ya urais yenye udemokrasia wa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] uliowekwa chini ya Katiba ya mwaka 2010, ambayo ilianzisha serikali za ugatuzi kupitia kaunti 47. <ref name="WFB_Kenya_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |title=Kenya - World Factbook: Serikali |website=cia.gov |publisher=Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani (CIA) |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, huku mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yakitekelezwa na Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="Kenya_Parliament">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/ |title=Bunge la Kenya |website=parliament.go.ke |publisher=Serikali ya Kenya |date=2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[Jumuiya ya Madola]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na ina nafasi muhimu katika diplomasia ya kikanda, biashara, na shughuli za kulinda amani katika [[Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="EAC_Kenya">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/republic-of-kenya |title=Wasifu wa Kenya kama Nchi Mwanachama wa EAC |website=eac.int |publisher=Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Jiografia== {{Main|Jiografia ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Mlima Kenya ni kilele cha juu kabisa nchini. Kenya imepata jina lake kutoka mlima huo.]] Kenya ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 580,367 ([[maili mraba]] 224,081). Kutoka [[pwani]] ya Bahari ya Hindi, nyanda za chini zimeinuka hadi milima ya kati. Milima hii imetenganishwa na eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa]]; sehemu [[tambarare]] yenye [[rutuba]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Milima ya Kenya ni kati ya iliyofaulu kwa [[kilimo]] barani Afrika. Eneo hili la milima ndilo la juu zaidi nchini Kenya (na la pili kwa urefu barani Afrika<ref name="annexation1">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony|edition=15|volume=17|pages=801, 1b|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-85229-787-4}}</ref> [[Mlima Kenya]], unaofikia [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na ni eneo lenye [[mito]] ya [[barafu]]. Kusini mashariki [[milima ya Taita]] ndiyo mwanzo wa [[tao la Mashariki]], [[safu za milima]] zenye miaka zaidi ya [[milioni]] 100 ambazo zinaenea hasa nchini Tanzania. Upande huohuo wa [[kusini]] [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] ({{Convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) huweza kuonekana ukiwa ng'ambo ya mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{Cite map| publisher = Rough Guide| title = Rough Guide Map Kenya| edition =9| year = 2006 | cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> ===Halihewa=== Kenya ni nchi yenye [[jua]] kali na [[nguo]] za [[majira ya joto]] huvaliwa mwaka mzima. Hata hivyo, huwa na [[baridi]] [[usiku]] na pia [[asubuhi]] na mapema. [[Hali ya hewa]] ina [[joto]] na [[unyevu]] sehemu za pwani, joto kiasi sehemu za [[bara]] na ni [[Ukame|kame]] katika sehemu za kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Hata hivyo kuna [[mvua]] nyingi kati ya [[Machi]] na [[Aprili]], na mvua ya kadiri kati ya [[Oktoba]] na [[Novemba]]. [[Halijoto]] huwa juu zaidi miezi hii yote. Mvua ya [[masika]] hunyesha kuanzia Aprili hadi [[Juni]]. Mvua ya [[vuli]] nayo hunyesha kuanzia Oktoba hadi [[Desemba]]. Wakati mwingine mvua hii huwa nyingi na aghalabu hunyesha wakati wa [[alasiri]] na [[jioni]]. Majira ya joto jingi ni kuanzia [[Februari]] hadi Machi nayo ya baridi ni [[Julai]] hadi [[Agosti]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mji !Mwinuko ([[mita]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Free topographic maps, elevation, terrain|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/|work=Topographic maps|accessdate=2024-04-03|language=en}}</ref> !Wastani wa Halijoto ([[°C]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya|accessdate=2024-04-03|title=Climate in Kenya|language=en|author=Climates to Travel}}</ref> !Upeo wa juu ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> !Upeo wa chini ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> |- |Mombasa |50 |26.4 |30.4 |22.5 |- |Nairobi |1 795 |19.75 |25.7 |13.9 |- |Eldoret |2 111 |17.3 |23.6 |11.1 |- |Lodwar |509 |29.6 |35.3 |24 |- |Mandera |540 |29.4 |34.6 |24.3 |} ===Mazingira=== {{main|Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya}} Kenya ina maeneo makubwa wanapoishi [[wanyamapori]] likiwemo [[Masai Mara]], ambapo [[nyumbu]] na [[wanyama]] wengi [[walanyasi]] hushiriki katika [[uhamaji]] kila [[mwaka]]. Uhamaji huo, hasa uhamaji wa nyumbu, hutokea Juni hadi Septemba na hushirikisha mamilioni ya wanyama. Tukio hili huwavutia sana wapigaji [[picha]] za [[sinema]]. Takribani nyumbu 250,000 huangamia kila mwaka katika uhamaji huu wa kutafuta [[lishe]] wakati wa [[kiangazi]]. Wale wanyama wakubwa watano wa Afrika wanapatikana Kenya: [[simba]], [[chui]], [[nyati]], [[kifaru]] na [[ndovu]]. Wanyama wengine wengi wa [[pori]] na [[ndege]] hupatikana katika [[mbuga za taifa]] na [[hifadhi za wanyama]] hawa nchini. Mazingira ya Kenya yanahatarishwa na ongezeko kubwa la idadi ya watu na athari zake. [[Picha:A lone giraffe in Nairobi National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Twiga katika Mbuga ya wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Nairobi, na upeo wa macho wa Nairobi nyuma yake.]] [[Picha:African safari route.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Njia katika [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki]].]] ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Kenya}} === Historia ya awali === Eneo ambalo leo linajulikana kama Kenya lina ushahidi muhimu sana wa mwanzo wa mageuzi ya binadamu ndani ya Bonde la [[Ziwa Turkana]] na mfumo mpana wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Ugunduzi wa visukuku katika maeneo kama [[Koobi Fora]], [[Nariokotome]], na [[Kanapoi]] umejumuisha mabaki ya hominini wa awali kama vile ''Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis'', na ''Homo erectus'', ikiwemo mifupa karibu kamili inayojulikana kama ''Turkana Boy'' kutoka [[Nariokotome]], ambayo imetoa ushahidi muhimu kuhusu anatomia ya binadamu wa awali, ukuaji, na mabadiliko ya kimazingira. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.museums.or.ke/paleontology/ |title=Paleontology Section |website=museums.or.ke |publisher=National Museums of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia|kiakiolojia]] pia umeonyesha zana za mawe za Oldowan zilizotumika zaidi ya miaka milioni 2.6 iliyopita pamoja na handaxe za Acheulean za baadaye, zikionyesha maendeleo ya awali ya teknolojia zilizotumika kwa kukata, kuwinda, na kusindika chakula. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Mabadiliko ya mazingira katika [[Bonde la Ufa]] kama vile kubadilika kwa viwango vya maziwa na hali ya hewa yanaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na makazi ya muda mrefu ya binadamu na uwezo wa kuzoea mazingira katika eneo hilo kwa mamilioni ya miaka. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory"/> === Historia kabla ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Great Mosque of Gede.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Msikiti mkuu]] wa [[Gedi]] ambao ni wa kutoka [[karne ya 13]].]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo linaloitwa Kenya walikuwa wa jamii ya [[Wakhoisan]]: hadi leo kuna makabila matatu madogo yenye asili hiyo, ingawa yanatumia [[lugha za Kikushi]]: [[Waata]], [[Waawer]] na [[Wadahalo]]. [[Wakushi]] kutoka [[kaskazini]] waliingia Kenya kati ya [[miaka ya 3200 KK]] na [[1300 KK]]<ref name="pbs.org">[http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm Wonders wa Afrika World - ]PBS</ref>. Mwaka [[500 KK]] hivi wazungumzaji wa [[lugha za Kinilo-Sahara]] na katika [[milenia ya kwanza KK]] wale wa [[lugha za Kibantu]] waliingia katika eneo hili, na sasa [[Waniloti]] ni 30% ya Wakenya wote. [[Wafanyabiashara]] [[Waarabu]] walianza kufika [[pwani]] ya Kenya [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]]. Ukaribu wa Kenya na Uarabuni ulirahisisha [[ukoloni]], hivyo Waarabu na [[Waajemi]] walianza kuishi eneo la pwani [[karne ya 8]]. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya walioitwa "Waarabu" katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki walikuwa ma[[chotara]], Waafrika-Waarabu. Pwani ya Kenya imekuwa makao ya jamii ya [[wahunzi]] na jamii ya [[wakulima]] wadogowadogo, [[wawindaji]] na [[wavuvi]] ambao walikuwa [[mhimili]] wa [[uchumi]] kwa kushiriki katika kilimo, uvuvi, utengenezaji chuma, na [[biashara]] na nchi za kigeni.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kuanzia [[karne ya 6]] au [[karne ya 9]], Kenya ilijihusisha na [[shughuli]] za u[[baharia]] kukuza [[uchumi]] ikaanza kutengeneza [[meli]] za kuabiria kusini hadi miji mingine yenye [[bandari]] kama [[Kilwa]] na [[Shanga]] iliyo katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Mombasa]] ulikuwa [[mji]] wenye bandari wa nchi ya Kenya katika [[karne za kati]]. Bandari hiyo ilitumika kuendeleza [[biashara]] na miji mingine yenye bandari Afrika, [[Uajemi]], na wafanyabiashara Waarabu, [[Yemeni]] na hata [[Bara Hindi]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;lpg=PA22&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India&amp;source=web&amp;ots=KBr2nADf21&amp;sig=X9gvzWPMoRzXyLYW5YdQLVTHMpQ&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=eW2VSbTsKp6DtweemZScCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad]</ref> [[Baharia]] [[Mreno]] [[Duarte Barbosa]] wa [[karne ya 15]] alidai kuwa "[Mombasa] ni bandari nzuri na yenye shughuli nyingi, [[mashua]] nyingi na hata meli kubwa ajabu, ambazo zote hutoka [[Sofala]] na nyingine kutoka [[Cambay]], [[Melinde]] na nyingine zinazoabiri hadi kisiwani [[Unguja]]."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&amp;pg=PA24&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade&amp;source=web&amp;ots=4RAxkPTIWI&amp;sig=G9JDunc4cYFCp1kdp1ghtyPG9Q0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=Tm2VSdKwING3twfUlKS0Cw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ct=result Dispersal Afrika katika Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali]</ref> Karne kadhaa kabla ya ukoloni, [[upwa]] wa Kenya wanakoishi [[Waswahili]] ulikuwa sehemu ya eneo la mashariki mwa Afrika lililofanya biashara, hasa ya [[watumwa]] na [[pembe za ndovu]] na Waarabu na [[Wahindi]]. Inasemekana kwamba [[kabila]] la [[Wameru (Kenya)|Wameru]] lilitokana na watumwa waliotoroka utumwa [[Uarabuni]] [[miaka ya 1700]]. Mwanzoni wafanyabiashara wengi walitokea [[milki]] za Uarabuni lakini baadaye wengine wakatokea Unguja (kama [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Kiswahili Coast.] {{Wayback|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=20071230022459 }} Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> [[Kiswahili]], ambacho ni [[lugha]] ya [[Kibantu]] iliyokopa [[misamiati]] ya [[Kiarabu]], [[Kiajemi]] na mingine kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Asia Kusini]], baadaye ilikua ikawa [[lingua franca]] ya biashara kwa jamii mbalimbali.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, upwa wa Kenya umekuwa mwenyeji wa wafanyabiashara na wasafiri. Kati ya miji iliyopo kwenye upwa wa Kenya , mji wa [[Malindi]] umebakia kuwa makazi muhimu ya Waswahili tangu [[karne ya 14]] na wakati mmoja ulishindana na Mombasa kwa ukuu pande hizi za Afrika Mashariki. Kwa kawaida, Malindi umekuwa mji na bandari ya kirafiki kwa [[serikali]] nyingine. Mwaka wa [[1414]], [[Sultani]] Mwarabu wa Malindi alianzisha uhusiano wa ki[[diplomasia]] na utawala wa [[Uchina]] wa [[Ming]], wakati wa safari za [[mchunguzi]] [[Zheng He]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html Sultani wa Malinda, PBS]</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1498]], utawala wa Malindi ulimkaribisha msafiri na [[mvumbuzi]] maarufu kutoka Ureno, [[Vasco da Gama]]. === Chini ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg|thumb|left|360px| Seaport Mombasa, chini ya Malindi, ina reli ya Nairobi (kituo), kusini ya Naivasha &amp; Nyeri. (bonyeza ramani ilu kuipanua)]] [[Wareno]] walikuwa [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza kuzuru eneo la Kenya ya sasa: [[Vasco da Gama]] alikuwa amezuru Mombasa mwaka wa [[1498]]. Safari ya Vasco da Gama ilifaulu alipofikia huko [[India]], na jambo hilo liliwawezesha Wareno kufanya [[biashara]] moja kwa moja na [[Mashariki ya Mbali]] kupitia [[bahari]] na hivyo kutatiza mitandao ya kibiashara ya awali ya [[nchi kavu]] na baharini kama njia za biashara ya [[viungo]] zilizotumia [[Ghuba la Uajemi]], [[Bahari Nyekundu]] na misafara iliyofika hadi eneo la mashariki ya [[Bahari ya Kati|Mediterranea]]. [[Jamhuri ya Venisi]] ndiyo iliyotawala maeneo ya biashara kati ta [[Uropa]] na [[Asia]]. Baada ya njia za kawaida za nchi kavu hadi India kufungwa na [[Waturuki]] wa [[Waosmani|Ottoman]], Ureno ulitarajiwa kutumia njia ya baharini iliyotumiwa kwanza na Vasco da Ghama ili kuvunja [[ukiritimba]] wa [[Venice]]. Utawala wa Wareno huko Afrika Mashariki ulijihusisha hasa na pwani iliyokaribia Mombasa. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kulianza rasmi baada ya mwaka wa [[1505]], wakati [[manowari]] za Wareno, zikiongozwa na Don [[Francisco de Almeida]], zilipokishinda [[Kilwa]], [[kisiwa]] kilicho katika eneo ambalo sasa ni [[Tanzania]] kusini. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kuliwawezesha kudhibiti biashara katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], na kulinda njia za baharini zinazounganisha Uropa na Asia. Manowari zao za kivita zilikwamisha biashara za maadui wao magharibi mwa Bahari ya Hindi na walitoza [[kodi]] juu ya [[bidhaa]] zilizosafirishwa kupitia eneo hilo kwani walitawala [[bandari]] zote na njia kuu za [[meli]]. Kujengwa kwa [[ngome]] iliyoitwa [[Fort Jesus Mombasa]] mwaka wa [[1593]] kulikusudiwa kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo, lakini [[ushawishi]] wao ulikatizwa na kuja kwa [[Waingereza]], [[Waholanzi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]] katika eneo hilo [[karne ya 17]]. Waarabu kutoka Omani ndio waliokuwa [[tishio]] kuu la utawala wa Wareno Afrika Mashariki na waliizingira ngome ya Wareno, wakazishambulia meli zao za kivita, kisha kuwafukuza Wareno waliobaki kutoka pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania mwaka wa [[1730]]. Kufikia wakati huo, ufalme wa Ureno haukuwa na [[haja]] na njia ya bahari ya biashara ya viungo kwani [[faida]] yake ilikuwa imepungua sana. Utawala wa Wareno ulibakia tu katika bandari na maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Msumbiji]] hadi mwaka wa [[1975]]. Kutawaliwa kwa pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania na Waarabu kutoka Omani kuliifanya miji hii iliyojitawala hapo awali iwe chini ya uangalifu mkali wa wageni kuliko ilivyokuwa katika enzi za utawala wa Wareno. Waarabu wa Omani, kama Wareno waliowatangulia, waliweza kutawala eneo la pwani tu, si eneo la bara. Hata hivyo, kuanzishwa kwa ma[[shamba]] makubwa ya mi[[karafuu]], kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] na kuhamishwa kwa [[makao makuu]] ya Waomani hadi [[Zanzibar]] mwaka wa [[1839]] na [[Seyyid Said]] kulisababisha Waomani kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo. Utawala wa Waarabu katika bandari kuu zote za pwani ya Afrika Mashariki uliendelea hadi [[Uingereza]] ilipoamua kumaliza biashara ya utumwa na uanzishaji wa [[utaratibu]] wa kufanya [[kazi]] kwa [[malipo]] ukaanza kushinikiza utawala wa Waomani. Kufikia mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]], biashara ya watumwa katika bahari zote kuu ilikuwa imeharamishwa na Waingereza: Waarabu wa Omani hawakuwa na uwezo wa kupingana na [[jeshi la wanamaji]] la Uingereza lililokuwa likitekeleza amri hiyo. Waomani waliendelea kuwepo visiwani [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba]] hadi [[mapinduzi]] ya mwaka wa [[1964]], lakini kuwepo kwa Waarabu wa Omani nchini Kenya rasmi kulisitishwa wakati Wajerumani na Waingereza walipozidhibiti bandari zote kuu na kuanzisha mahusiano ya kibiashara na viongozi mashuhuri waliokuwa wenyeji [[miaka ya 1880]]. Hata hivyo, [[urithi]] waliouacha Afrika Mashariki ungali unaonekana kupitia kwa vizazi vyao vipatikanavyo pwani ya Kenya na ambavyo vinaona kuwa asili yao ni Oman. Vizazi hivi hata leo humiliki [[utajiri]] mwingi na ndio wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa katika jamii za pwani ya Kenya. [[Picha:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|400 px|[[Reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] karibu na Mombasa, [[1899]] hivi]] Hata hivyo, [[wanahistoria]] wengi hushikilia kuwa [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] nchini Kenya ilianza wakati Wajerumani walipoanza kutawala [[mali]] ya [[Sultani wa Unguja]] iliyo pwani mwaka wa [[1885]], ikifuatwa na kuja kwa [[kampuni]] ya Imperial British East Africa Company mwaka wa [[1888]]. [[Uhasama]] wa kwanza baina ya ma[[bepari]] ulikatizwa wakati Ujerumani ulipouachia Uingereza sehemu ya pwani iliyomiliki. Hii ilifuatia kujengwa kwa [[reli]] iliyounganisha Kenya na [[Uganda]]. Baadhi ya ma[[kabila]] ya Kenya yalipinga [[ujenzi]] huo, hasa [[Wanandi]] wakiongozwa na ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' Koitalel Arap Samoei kwa miaka kumi, kuanzia [[1895]] hadi [[1905]] – lakini hatimaye Waingereza waliijenga reli hii. Inaaminika kuwa Wanandi walikuwa kabila la kwanza kuwekwa kwenye maeneo yaliyotengewa [[Waafrika]] ili kuwazuia kutatiza ujenzi wa reli. Wakati huo [[Wahindi]] wengi wenye [[ujuzi]] waliingia nchini ili kuchangia ujenzi. Wakati wa ujenzi wa reli kupitia [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Magharibi]], Wahindi wengi na wenyeji Waafrika walivamiwa na [[simba]] wawili waliojulikana kama “[[wala watu wa Tsavo]]”. Wahindi hao na vizazi vyao baadaye walibakia nchini Kenya na kuunda [[kitovu]] cha [[jamii]] za Wahindi zijulikanayo kama [[Ismaili Muslim]] na [[Sikh]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archivedate=2009-01-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html Sikh]</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[1914]], [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] vilipoanza, ma[[gavana]] wa [[British East Africa]] (kama eneo hilo lilivyojulikana) na [[German East Africa]] walifikia makubaliano ili kuepusha ma[[koloni]] yao machanga na uhasama. Hata hivyo, [[Luteni Kanali]] [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] alichukua [[mamlaka]] ya majeshi ya Ujerumani, akiwa na kusudi la kutwaa [[raslimali]] nyingi iwezekanavyo za Uingereza. Jeshi la Uingereza likiwa limemtenga na Ujerumani, von Lettow aliendesha [[kampeni]] iliyofaulu ya [[vita vya kuvizia]], wakila walichopata, wakiteka bidhaa za matumizi za Uingereza, na kuepuka kushindwa. Mwishowe alisalimu amri na akajisalimisha nchini [[Zambia]] siku kumi na moja baada ya mapatano ya kusimamisha vita kutiwa [[sahihi]] mwaka wa [[1918]]. Waingereza walitumia jeshi la Wahindi kumfukuza Lettow na walihitaji [[wachukuzi]] wengi ili kubeba vifaa vya matumizi hadi [[bara]] kwa [[miguu]] na hivyo kutatua [[shida]] kuu ya uchukuzi. Kundi la wanajeshi wachukuzi liliundwa na kuwajumuisha Waafrika 400,000, na kuchangia katika [[uhamasishaji]] wao wa muda mrefu kisiasa. Hadi mwaka wa 1920, eneo linaloitwa Kenya lilijulikana kama Himaya ya Uingereza ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="annexation">{{Rejea kitabu|title=British East Africa Annexed--Kenya Colony|author=Reuter|section=News|date=8 Julai 1920|page=13|issue=42457}}</ref> Mwaka huo, [[koloni]] la Kenya liliundwa na kupatiwa jina linalotokana na Mlima Kenya<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Foottit |first=Claire |title=Kenya |origyear=2004 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |year=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>Waingereza walilitamka jina hilo kama {{pron-en|ˈkiːnjə}}<ref name="oed_kenya">{{OED|Kenya}}</ref> ingawa matamshi ya wenyeji na yaliyokusudiwa katika maendelezo asili, ''Kenia'' yalikuwa ˈkɛnja.<ref>''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0368-4016(194301)42%3A166%3C42%3A%22SOK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P The Spelling ya Kenya.]'' BJ Ratcliffe. Journal ya Royal African Society, Vol. 42, Namba 166 (Januari 1943), uk. 42-44</ref> Enzi ya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kuwa [[rais]] wa Kenya miaka ya [[1960]]-[[1969]], matamshi ya [[Kiingereza]], yaani {{IPA-en|ˈkɛnjə|}} yalikubalika na kutumiwa sana kwa sababu jina lake lilidumisha matamshi asilia ya wenyeji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Foottit | first = Claire | title = Kenya | origyear = 2004 | series = The Brade Travel Guide | year = 2006 | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | isbn = 1-84162-066-1 }}</ref> Kumbe saa ya uhuru, mwaka [[1963]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alichaguliwa kama rais wa kwanza.<ref name="castro">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Castro |first=Alfonso Peter |title=Facing Kirinyaga |url=https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast |year=1995 |publisher=Intermediat Technology Publications Ltd. |location=London |isbn = 1-85339-253-7}}</ref> Awali alikuwa alishika jina hili kutafakari ahadi yake ya kuikomboa nchi yake na matamshi yake ya jina lake ulisababisha katika matamshi ya Kenya katika Kiingereza kubadilisha nyuma ya makadirio ya awali uliotokea matamshi, {{pron-en|ˈkɛnjə}} Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], [[wakulima]] Waingereza na Wazungu wengine walituama katika [[nyanda za juu]] katika eneo la kati walikoondokea kuwa ma[[tajiri]] kwa kulima [[kahawa]] na [[chai]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "Tunataka nchi yetu"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html |date=20130723000220 }}. Wakati. 5 Novemba 1965.</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1930]], takribani [[walowezi]] 30,000 waliishi katika maeneo hayo na walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa ki[[uchumi]]. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa makao ya watu [[milioni]] moja wa kabila la [[Wakikuyu]], na wengi wao hawakuwa na [[ithibati]] ya kumiliki mashamba kwa mujibu wa Waingereza (ingawa mashamba hayo yalimilikiwa na kabila hilo kabla ya Wazungu kufika), na waliishi kama wakulima wanaohamahama. Ili kuendeleza matakwa yao, walowezi waliwakataza kilimo cha kahawa na kuwalazimisha kulipa kodi ya [[nyumba]], na maskwota walipewa mashamba madogo baada ya kuwafanyia kazi. Wakikuyu wengi walihamia mijini kwani mashamba yao hayangeweza kutosheleza mahitaji yao. Mwaka wa [[1951]], [[Horace Hector Hearne]] akawa [[mkuu wa sheria]] nchini Kenya (alitoka [[Ceylon]] alikoshikilia [[wadhifa]] huohuo) na alifanya kazi katika [[Mahakama Kuu]] mjini [[Nairobi]]. Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo hadi mwaka [[1954]] alipoteuliwa kama [[Hakimu wa Rufaa]] katika [[Mahakama ya Rufaa]] ya [[Afrika Magharibi]]. [[Usiku]] wa tarehe [[5 Februari]] [[1952]], wakati [[Mfalme]] [[Mfalme George VI|George VI]] alipoaga dunia, Hearne alimsindikiza [[Malkia]] [[Elizabeth II]] na [[mume]]we Filipo [[mwanamfalme]] wa [[Edinburgh]], kwa dhifa ya kitaifa hotelini Treetops, ambayo sasa ni kivutio maarufu cha watalii. Hapa ndipo alipouanzia umalkia.<ref>[http://www.africagenweb.org/kenya/ Kenya, AfricaGenWeb]</ref> Alirudi Uingereza mara moja akiandamana na Hearne. Kuanzia Oktoba 1952 mpaka Desemba [[1959]], Kenya ilikuwa katika [[hali ya hatari]] kufuatia [[uasi]] wa [[Mau Mau]] dhidi ya utawala wa Uingereza. Gavana aliomba na kupata msaada wa wanajeshi Waingereza na Waafrika, pamoja na [[King's African Rifles]]. Mnamo Januari [[1953]], [[Meja Jenerali]] Hinde aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa oparesheni ya kuzima uasi. Hali hii haikuimarika kwa kukosa uchunguzi, kwa hivyo [[Jenerali]] [[George Erskine]] aliteuliwa kuwa [[kamanda]] msimamizi wa majeshi ya kikoloni mnamo Mei 1953, akiungwa mkono hasa na [[Winston Churchill]]. Kutiwa mbaroni kwa [[Warũhiũ Itote]] (aka [[General China]]) tarehe [[15 Januari]] 1954, na kuhojiwa kwake kulipelekea Waingereza kuuelewa vyema usimamizi wa Mau Mau. [[Oparesheni Anvil]] iliyoanzishwa tarehe [[24 Aprili]] 1954 ilipangwa na [[jeshi]] kwa [[wiki]] kadhaa baada ya kukubaliwa na kamati kuu ya vita. Wakati wa oparesheni hiyo, mji wa Nairobi ulidhibitiwa na wanajeshi na wakazi wake walihojiwa huku wafuasi wa Mau Mau wakikamatwa na kupelekwa vizuizini. Mnamo Mei 1953, walinzi wa nyumbani walitambulika rasmi kama [[askari wa usalama]]. Askari hao wa nyumbani ndio waliounda kikosi cha kupambana na mikakati ya Mau Mau kwani walikuwa Waafrika waaminifu, na si majeshi ya kigeni kama Jeshi la Uingereza na King's African Rifles. Kufikia mwisho wa hali ya hatari, askari hao walikuwa wamewaua Mau Mau 4886, ambao ni asilimia 42% ya waasi wote. Kukamatwa kwa [[Dedan Kimathi]] huko [[Nyeri]] tarehe [[21 Oktoba]] [[1956]] kuliashiria kushindwa kwa Mau Mau kukamaliza vita. === Baada ya uhuru === [[Picha:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|thumb|260px|[[Sanamu]] ya Jomo Kenyatta mjini Nairobi.]] ====Utawala wa Kenyatta==== Waafrika walichaguliwa moja kwa moja katika [[bunge la uwakilishi]] kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1957]]. Licha ya Waingereza kutamani kuwakabidhi [[mamlaka]] wapinzani wasio na [[siasa kali]] ya Kiafrika, ni [[chama]] cha [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) kilichoongozwa na [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kilichounda [[serikali]] punde tu kabla ya Kenya kupata [[uhuru]] tarehe [[12 Desemba]] [[1963]]. Tarehe 12 Desemba [[1964]], Kenya ilipotangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]], Kenyatta akawa [[rais]] wa kwanza. Mwaka huohuo, [[jeshi la Kenya]] lilipigana na [[Vita vya Shifta]] dhidi ya kabila la [[Wasomali]] waliokusudia kuiona NFD imejiunga na [[Jamhuri ya Somalia]]. [[Mashifta]] walililemea jeshi la Kenya lakini baadaye walishindwa mwaka wa [[1967]]. Kenya ilitia [[saini]] [[mkataba]] na nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] mwaka wa [[1969]] unaodumu mpaka leo kwa kuhofia ma[[shambulizi]] kutoka kwa [[jeshi la Somalia]] lililokuwa na nguvu zaidi.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm Post-Uhuru Low intensiteten Conflict Nchini Kenya]</ref> Eneo la NFD nchini Kenya halijaendelea kutokana na [[kiangazi]] na [[mafuriko]]. Hata hivyo, [[wakimbizi]] wafanyabiashara wa Kisomali waliotajirika wamebadilisha [[mtaa]] wa Eastleigh uliokuwa wa ma[[banda]] na kuufanya kuwa ngome ya kibiashara katika sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa mji wa Nairobi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=E. H.|first=Campbell|date=2006|title=Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration|url=https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/19/3/396/1571241|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=396|doi=10.1093/jrs}}</ref> ====Utawala wa Moi==== Mwaka wa [[1978]], Kenyatta alifariki na [[Daniel Arap Moi]] akawa rais. Moi alidumisha [[urais]] kwa kuchaguliwa bila kupingwa katika chaguzi za mwaka wa [[1979]], [[1983]] (uchaguzi wa [[dharura]]) na [[1988]], zote zikiwa zilifanyika chini ya [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Uchaguzi wa 1983 ulifanyika mwaka mmoja kabla ya wakati kutokana na [[njama]] ya [[kupindua serikali]] iliyokosa kufaulu tarehe [[1 Agosti]] [[1982]]. [[Mapinduzi]] hayo yaliyotibuka yalipangwa na [[askari]] [[mwanahewa]] wa [[cheo]] cha chini, Bwana [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] na kuendelezwa hasa na wanahewa. [[Jaribio]] hilo lilizimwa kwa haraka na wanajeshi waaminifu wakiongozwa na [[Jeshi la Nchi Kavu]], General Service Unit (GSU) - kikosi cha [[polisi]] wenye [[hadhi]] ya kijeshi - na baadaye polisi wa kawaida. Hata hivyo [[raia]] kadhaa walijeruhiwa na wengine kuuawa. [[Tukio]] hilo lilisababisha kuvunjwa kwa kikosi chote cha wanahewa, huku wengine wakiachishwa kazi na wengine wakishtakiwa kwenye [[mahakama ya kijeshi]]. Katika uchaguzi wa 1988 ''[[kura za mlolongo]]'' zilianzishwa, ambapo wapigakura walitakiwa kupiga [[foleni]] nyuma ya [[wagombea]] wanaowapenda, badala ya kutumia [[kura ya siri]]<ref>Wapiga kura wengi kukaa nyumbani kama Kenya Drops Secret Ballot katika Uchaguzi Parliamentary http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html |date=20110215084715 }}: The Washington Post Kifungu tarehe: 25 Februari 1988 Author: Blaine Harden</ref> Jambo hilo lilionekana kama [[kilele]] cha enzi ya [[ukiukaji]] mkubwa wa [[demokrasia]] likasababisha [[msukumo]] mkuu wa [[mageuzi]] ya kikatiba. Vipengele vilivyokuwa na utata, kikiwemo kile kilichoruhusu chama kimoja pekee cha kisiasa, vilibadilishwa miaka iliyofuata.<ref>religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu / rihand / Kenya.html</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi wa miaka ya [[1992]] na [[1997]], Daniel Arap Moi alichaguliwa tena. ====Utawala wa Kibaki==== Kulingana na katiba, mwaka [[2002]] Moi hakuruhusiwa kuwania urais tena, na [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[chama cha upinzani]] cha "[[National Rainbow Coalition]]" — NARC akachaguliwa kuwa rais. Uchaguzi huo ulitambulikana kuwa wa kidemokrasia na [[wachunguzi]] wa humu nchini na wa kimataifa na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha mageuzi makubwa ya kidemokrasia nchini Kenya. Mnamo Desemba [[2002]], Wakenya walifanya uchaguzi uliokuwa wa kidemokrasia na uwazi ambao kwa kiasi kikubwa uliamuliwa kuwa huru na wa haki na wachunguzi wa kimataifa. Uchaguzi wa mwaka huo ulikuwa mwanzo mpya na uliiletea Kenya mabadiliko makuu ya kisiasa yaliyowezesha chama cha Kenya African National Union (KANU), kilichokuwa kimeitawala nchi tangu uhuru, kukabidhi kwa amani mamlaka kwa chama cha National Rainbow Coalition (NARK), uliokuwa muungano wa vyama vingi. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Mwai Kibaki, muungano wa vyama tawala ulihahidi kushughulikia ukuaji wa kiuchumi, kumaliza ufisadi, kuimarisha elimu na kuandika katiba mpya. Baadhi ya ahadi hizi zimeshatimizwa. Kuna elimu ya msingi ya bure. Mwaka wa 2007 serikali ilitangaza kuwa, kuanzia mwaka 2008 gharama ya masomo ya shule za upili itapunguzwa huku serikali ikilipia gharama zote za mafundisho. ====Uchaguzi wa 2007==== {{Main|Uchaguzi wa bunge nchini Kenya, 2007}} Katika uchaguzi mkuu uliofanyika tarehe 27 Desemba 2007, Rais Kibaki wa chama cha Party of National Unity (PNU) aliwania uchaguzi dhidi ya chama kikuu cha upinzani Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Kulingana na wachunguzi wa kimataifa, uchaguzi huo ulikumbwa na udanganyifu na hivyo kutofikia kiwango kinachokubalika kimataifa. Chama cha ODM kilisambaratika na kupoteza 8 % ya kura zake kwa chama kipya cha Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM) - kikiongozwa na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]]. Kinyang’anyiro kilikuwa kikali kati ya mgombea wa ODM, [[Raila Odinga]] na Kibaki wa PNU. Kuhesabiwa kwa kura na [[Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya]] kulionyesha Raila akiongoza kwa [[kura]] chache na baadaye kwa kura nyingi. Hata hivyo, kura zilipoendelea kuhesabiwa na Tume ya Uchaguzi, Kibaki alimkaribia [[mpinzani]] wake kwa kura, kisha akamshinda. Matokeo hayo yalisababisha [[maandamano]] na kulaumiwa kwa Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya kwa kumpendelea Kibaki, hivyo Oginga akajitangaza “rais wa watu” na kutaka kura zihesabiwe tena.<ref>ghasia za uchaguzi Kenya unatishia mafanikio yake ya kiuchumi http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm</ref> Maandamano hayo yalibadilika kuwa [[ghasia]] zilizosababisha kuharibiwa kwa [[mali]].<ref name="reuters">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715200529/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400}}</ref>. Viongozi mashuhuri wa Afrika, wakiongozwa na aliyekuwa [[katibu mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Kofi Annan]] walisuluhisha [[mzozo]] huo wa kisiasa. Kundi la Annan liliungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuia ya Ulaya]], [[Muungano wa Nchi za Afrika]], Serikali ya Marekani na nchi nyingine maarufu ulimwenguni kote. Kwa habari zaidi rejelea [[Ghasia nchini Kenya (2007-2008)]]. Annan aliomba usaidizi kwa [[kamati]] yake ya [[upatanishi]] kutoka kwa shirika la kushughulikia mizozo la [[Uswisi]] lijulikanalo kama Kituo cha Mazungumzo ya Kihisani yaani Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. ====Serikali ya muungano==== Tarehe [[12 Februari]] 2008 Kibaki na Odinga walitia sahihi mkataba wa kuunda [[serikali ya muungano]] ambapo Odinga angekuwa [[waziri mkuu]] wa pili nchini Kenya. Kulingana na mkataba huo, rais angeteua [[baraza la mawaziri]] kutoka pande zote mbili za PNU na ODM kulingana na wingi wa wabunge wa kila chama bungeni. Mkataba huo ulieleza kuwa baraza la mawaziri litajumuisha [[Makamu wa Rais]] na manaibu wawili wa Waziri Mkuu. Baada ya majadiliano bungeni ilipitishwa kuwa muungano huo utadumu hadi mwisho wa kipindi cha bunge, ama chama kimoja kikijitoa kwenye muungano kabla ya kipindi cha bunge kuisha. [[Wadhifa]] huo mpya wa waziri mkuu utakuwa na nguvu na mamlaka kuratibu na kusimamia shughuli za serikali. Vilevile itaongozwa na mbunge aliyechaguliwa ambaye pia atakuwa kiongozi wa chama au muungano wa vyama wenye idadi kubwa ya wabunge bungeni. Ulimwengu ulimshuhudia Annan na kamati yake iliyoungwa mkono na Umoja wa Mataifa na mwenye kiti wa muungano wa nchi za Afrika Jakaya Kikwete, walipowaleta pamoja wapinzani hawa sugu kwenye sherehe za kutia sahihi mkataba huu. Sherehe hizi zilionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenya televisheni ya kitaifa kutoka kiingilio cha Jumba la Harambee mjini Nairobi. Wawakilishi wa PNU na ODM walianza majadiliano ya kina kuhusu ugavi wa mamlaka tarehe 29 Februari 2008.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' kwa Kenya - CNN.com] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html |date=20080305205228 }} saa edition.cnn.com</ref> Wabunge wa Kenya, kwa pamoja, waliidhinisha mkataba wa ugawaji mamlaka tarehe 18 mwezi wa Machi 2008 ili kuiokoa Kenya iliyoaminika kama mojawapo ya nchi thabiti na iliyoendelea barani Afrika. Mkataba huu uliunganisha PNU iliyoongozwa na Kibaki na ODM ya Odinga kisha kupelekea kuundwa kwa serikali ya muungano, vyama vyote viwili vikiwa na mamlaka sawa.<ref>wabunge Kenya kupitisha sheria ya kugawana madaraka-english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera Kiingereza 18 Machi</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] 2008, Rais Kibaki aliitangaza baraza la mawaziri 41 wa serikali hii ya muungano ikijumuisha waziri mkuu na makamu wake wawili. Baraza hili lilijumuisha pia manaibu wa mawaziri 50 na lilitawazwa katika [[Ikulu]] ya Nairobi tarehe [[17 Aprili]] 2008 huku Kofi Annan na viongozi wengine mashuhuri wakishuhudia. Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] [[2008]] ilitangazwa kuwa [[sikukuu ya kitaifa]] kusherehekea [[ushindi]] wa [[Barack Obama]], ambaye [[baba]] yake alikuwa Mkenya, kama rais wa [[Marekani]]. Katika sehemu za mashambani, kama wilayani [[Kisii]], visa vya kuchoma watu wakidaiwa kuwa [[wachawi]] vinaongezeka.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8119201.stm Horror ya Kenya's 'Witch' lynchings]</ref> Waathiriwa hasa ni wanawake wakongwe. Mnamo Mei 2008, watu 11 waliuwa na nyumba 30 kuchomwa.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm Mob nzito kifo 11 Kenya 'witches']</ref> ==Siasa na Utawala== Tazama pia: [[Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya]] Kwa sasa Kenya ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya kiuwakilishi inayoongozwa na rais, ambaye ndiye mkuu wa taifa na kiongozi wa serikali, na yenye [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]. [[Serikali]] ndiyo yenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu. Utungaji wa [[sheria]] ni jukumu la serikali na la [[bunge]] la taifa. Idara ya Mahakama ni huru, na imejitenga na serikali kuu na bunge. Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na kutoridhika kwingi, hasa katika enzi ya rais mstaafu [[Daniel Arap Moi]], kuwa serikali iliingilia sana shughuli za mahakama. Kenya imedumisha uthabiti wa kutosha licha ya mabadiliko katika mifumo yake ya kisiasa na michafuko katika nchi kadhaa jirani. Bunge la mseto wa vyama vingi la [[1997]] lilianzisha [[mageuzi]] yaliyobadilisha sheria za kikoloni zenye [[dhuluma]] zilizotumika kuuzuia uhuru wa kuongea na kutangamana. Jambo hilo liliimarisha uhuru wa [[umma]] na kuchangia kiasi kuaminika kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Desemba 1997. ===Kaunti na tarafa=== {{Main|Kaunti za Kenya|Wilaya, tarafa na kata za Kenya}} [[Picha:Map showing Counties underthe new kenyan constitution..gif|thumb|Kaunti za Kenya.]] Kenya ina [[kaunti]] 47, kila moja ikiongozwa na Mkuu wa Kaunti anayechaguliwa na watu ambao wanaishi kwenye hiyo kaunti. [[Serikali za mitaa]] huendelezwa kupitia mabaraza ya miji. Maeneo mengi ya mijini huwa ni [[mji]], [[manisipaa]] au baraza la mji. Serikali za mitaa katika maeneo ya [[Shamba|mashambani]] huitwa [[serikali]] za [[wilaya]]. Ma[[diwani]] wa mitaa hii huchaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi]] wa madiwani unaofanywa wakati mmoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]]. Maeneo ya uwakilishi bungeni yamegawanywa kwa sababu ya upigaji [[kura]]. Kuna maeneobunge 210 nchini Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency ufadhili chini ya RMLF] {{Wayback|url=http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php |date=20080113052023 }}</ref> == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Kenya}} === Miji === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Kenya}} Ukuaji wa miji nchini Kenya umeongezeka kwa kasi, huku ongezeko la idadi ya watu likijikita zaidi katika miji mikubwa. Kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2019, [[Nairobi]] ndilo jiji kubwa zaidi lenye wakazi 4,397,073, likifuatiwa na [[Mombasa]] (1,208,333) na [[Nakuru]] (570,674). Miji mingine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Eldoret]] (475,716) na [[Kisumu]] (397,957). Ukuaji wa miji ya karibu na [[Nairobi]], hasa katika [[Kaunti ya Kiambu]] kama [[Ruiru]], [[Kikuyu (mji)|Kikuyu]] na [[Thika]], unaonyesha kuendelea kwa upanuzi wa jiji hilo. {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Kenya | stat_ref = Kulingana na sensa ya 2019 <ref name="Census2019">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume III: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200037/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Kaunti | div_link = Kaunti za Kenya{{!}}Kaunti | city_1 = Nairobi | div_1 = Kaunti ya Nairobi{{!}}Nairobi | pop_1 = 4 397 073 | img_1 = Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG | city_2 = Mombasa | div_2 = Kaunti ya Mombasa{{!}}Mombasa | pop_2 = 1 208 333 | img_2 = Mombasa skyline.jpg | city_3 = Nakuru | div_3 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_3 = 570 674 | img_3 = | city_4 = Ruiru | div_4 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_4 = 490 120 | img_4 = | city_5 = Eldoret | div_5 = Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu{{!}}Uasin Gishu | pop_5 = 475 716 | city_6 = Kisumu | div_6 = Kaunti ya Kisumu{{!}}Kisumu | pop_6 = 397 957 | city_7 = Kikuyu, Kenya{{!}}Kikuyu | div_7 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_7 = 323 881 | city_8 = Thika | div_8 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_8 = 251 407 | city_9 = Naivasha | div_9 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_9 = 198 444 | city_10 = Karuri | div_10 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_10 = 194 342 | city_11 = Ongata Rongai | div_11 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_11 = 172 569 | city_12 = Garissa | div_12 = Kaunti ya Garissa{{!}}Garissa | pop_12 = 163 399 | city_13 = Kitale | div_13 = Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia{{!}}Trans-Nzoia | pop_13 = 162 174 | city_14 = Juja | div_14 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_14 = 156 041 | city_15 = Mlolongo | div_15 = Kaunti ya Machakos{{!}}Machakos | pop_15 = 136 351 | city_16 = Malindi | div_16 = Kaunti ya Kilifi{{!}}Kilifi | pop_16 = 119 859 | city_17 = Mandera | div_17 = Kaunti ya Mandera{{!}}Mandera | pop_17 = 114 718 | city_18 = Kisii, Kenya{{!}}Kisii | div_18 = Kaunti ya Kisii{{!}}Kisii | pop_18 = 112 417 | city_19 = Kakamega | div_19 = Kaunti ya Kakamega{{!}}Kakamega | pop_19 = 107 227 | city_20 = Ngong, Kenya{{!}}Ngong | div_20 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_20 = 102 323 }} === Kabila/Asili === {{Main|Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya|Dini nchini Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye ma[[kabila]] mengi tofautitofauti, hasa ya [[Kibantu]] (67%) na ya [[Waniloti|Kiniloti]]. Wakenya wengi huzungumza [[lugha]] mbili, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]], na [[asilimia]] kubwa pia huzungumza [[lugha mama]] ya kabila lao. Makundi ya makabila ni kama ifuatavyo:17.13% [[Wakikuyu]], 14.35% [[Waluhya]], 13.37% [[Wakalenjin]], 10.65% [[Waluo]], 9.81% [[Wakamba]], 5.85% [[Wasomali]] 5.68% [[Wakisii]], makabila mengine ya Kiafrika 15%, wasio Waafrika ([[Wahindi]], [[Waingereza]] na [[Waarabu]]) 1% <ref name="worldfactbook"/> Kila kundi au kabila lina lugha yake na Kiswahili hutumika kama chombo cha kuwasiliana miongoni mwa makabila tofauti. ===Dini=== [[File:Catholic Church in Mombasa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kanisa Katoliki huko [[Mombasa]].]] Upande wa [[dini]], idadi kubwa ya Wakenya ni [[Wakristo]]: kulingana na [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2019]], [[asilimia]] 85.5 ya [[wakazi]] wa [[Kenya]] walikuwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] (asilimia 53.9 ni [[Waprotestanti]], asilimia 20.6 ni [[Wakatoliki]], asilimia 11.8 ni Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mengine mbalimbali, wakiwemo Waorthodoksi 621,200), asilimia 10.9 ni [[Waislamu]], asilimia 0.7 ni wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], asilimia 1.7 ni wa makundi mengine ya dini (kuna [[Wahindu]] takribani 60,000, ambao wameingiliana vyema na Wakenya wengine na huchangia pakubwa uchumi wa nchi), na asilimia 1.6 wanadai hawana uhusiano na [[dini]] yoyote ile. {{bar box |float=right |title=Dini nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka 2019 |width=250px |bars= {{bar percent|[[Ukristo]]|DodgerBlue|85.5}} {{bar percent| [[Uislamu]]|Green|10.9}} {{bar percent|Wasio na dini|DodgerBlue|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Dini za jadi]]|grey|0.7}} |caption=Chanzo : KNBS (Sensa 2019) }} Waislamu wengi huishi katika kaunti za Kaskazini na Kaskazini Magharibi mwa nchi huku wengine wakiishi katika pwani. Wengi wa wanaoishi sehemu ya magharibi mkoani Pwani ni Wakristo. Eneo la kaskazini la Mkoa wa Mashariki ni makazi ya asilimia 10 ya jumla ya Waislamu nchini; hii ndiyo [[dini]] ya wakazi wengi wa hapa, na mbali na idadi ndogo ya [[Wasomali]] wanaoishi Nairobi, idadi kubwa ya Wakenya wengine ni Wakristo.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm US Department of State</ref> ==Sanaa na Utamaduni== === Utamaduni=== [[Picha:Maasai tribe.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Askari Wamasai]] [[Picha:Kenyan man.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Mmasai katika mapambo ya jadi]] {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kenya|Muziki wa Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye tamaduni anuwai. Tamaduni zinazotambulika ni pamoja na Waswahili walio katika eneo la pwani, jamii za wafugaji katika eneo la kaskazini na jamii nyingine mbalimbali katika maeneo ya kati na magharibi. [[Wajaluo]] wa Kenya ni wazawa wa [[jamii]] za [[wakulima]] na [[wafugaji]] walioishi magharibi mwa Kenya kabla ya ukoloni. Inafahamika kwamba asili ya Wajaluo na makabila mengine ya [[Waniloti]] ni kaskazini mwa Kenya, pengine maeneo ya Sudan Kusini ya sasa. Waniloti, kama wanavyoitwa, ni kikundi cha ki[[anthropolojia]] kilichotoka maeneo ya kaskazini mashariki mwa Afrika. Pengine walihamia kusini kutokana na [[vita]] vilivyosababishwa na ukuaji wa [[Kush]] na [[Misri]]. Waniloti nchini Kenya ni [[Wajaluo]], [[Waturkana]], [[Wakalenjin]] na [[Wamasai]]. Hili linadhihirika kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[lahaja]] zinazofanana kati ya makabila fulani nchini Sudan Kusini leo. Makabila haya ni pamoja na [[Akoli]] na [[Lwo]] (si sawa na Luo) wanaoishi katika eneo la [[Darfur]]. Kuna makabila mengine ya Waniloti yanayoishi nchini [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya Wajaluo kuvutiwa na [[Ziwa Victoria]], ambako wanapatikana katika nchi hizi tatu (Uganda, Tanzania na Kenya). Nchini Uganda, wanajulikana kwa kuanzisha [[himaya]] ya [[Waganda]] na ya himaya ya [[Watoro]]. Wajaluo nchini Kenya walipigana vita na majirani wao, hasa Wakalenjin, ili kulidhibiti ziwa hilo. Leo hii, utamaduni wa Wamaasai unajulikana sana kwa kuangaziwa vilivyo na utalii, hata hivyo Wamaasai ni asilimia ndogo ya idadi ya Wakenya kwa jumla. Wamaasai wanatambulika kwa kujipamba sehemu ya juu ya mwili na kwa vito. Kenya ina utajiri mwingi wa [[muziki]], vituo vya [[runinga]] na [[maonyesho ya sanaa]]. ===Fasihi=== {{Main|Fasihi ya Kenya}} [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] ni mmoja wa [[waandishi]] maarufu wa Kenya. [[Kitabu]] chake ''[[:en:Weep Not, Child]]'' ni ufafanuzi wa [[maisha]] yalivyokuwa Waingereza walipoitwaa Kenya. Hii ni [[hadithi]] kuhusu athari za Mau Mau katika maisha ya Wakenya asili. Kinavyochanganya maudhui - ukoloni, elimu, na mapenzi - kunakifanya kuwa kimojawapo kati ya vitabu bora vya hadithi barani Afrika. Kitabu cha hadithi cha [[M. G. Vassanji]] ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' kilishinda tuzo la Giller Prize mwaka 2003. Hii ni hadithi ya kubuni ya Mkenya mwenye asili ya Kihindi na [[familia]] yake wavyojizatiti na mabadiliko ya kisiasa wakati wa ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni nchini Kenya. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2003, jarida la fasihi ''[[Kwani?]]'' limekuwa likichapisha fasihi ya kisasa ya Kenya. ==Elimu== {{Main|Elimu nchini Kenya}} Mfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya unajumuisha elimu ya [[chekechea]], [[elimu ya msingi|ya msingi]], ya [[sekondari]] na ya [[vyuo]]. Elimu ya watoto wadogo aghalabu huchukua miaka mitatu, ya msingi miaka minane, sekondari minne na chuo kikuu miaka minne au sita kwa kutegemea kozi. Shule za chekechea, ambazo ni za watoto wa umri wa miaka mitatu hadi mitano, ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo huu wa elimu na ni kigezo muhimu kabla ya kusajiliwa katika darasa la kwanza (Gredi ya Kwanza). Mwishoni mwa elimu ya msingi wanafunzi hufanya mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Msingi Kenya (KCPE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na shule ya sekondari au vyuo vya ufundi. Umri wa shule ya msingi ni miaka 6/7 hadi 13/14. Wale wanaojiunga na shule ya upili hufanya mtihani wa taifa mwishoni mwa kidato cha nne - Mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Shule ya Upili Kenya (KCSE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu, vyuo vya taatuma nyinginezo au kuajiriwa. Baraza Kuu la Usajili (JAB) ndilo lenye jukumu la kuwachagua wanafunzi watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu vya umma. Mbali na shule za umma, kuna shule nyingi za binafsi nchini, hasa katika sehemu za miji. Vilevile, kuna shule kadhaa za kimataifa zinazofundisha mifumo mbalimbali ya elimu ya ng'ambo. === Historia ya elimu === Mfumo wa kwanza wa elimu nchini Kenya baada ya uhuru uliletwa na wakoloni Waingereza. Baada ya nchi kupata uhuru tarehe 12 Desemba 1963, Tume ya Ominde iliundwa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yaakisi matarajio ya taifa huru la Kenya. Tume hii ilimulika masuala ya usawa na umoja, ambayo yalikuwa muhimu hasa wakati huo. Mabadiliko ya kilichofundishwa katika historia na jiografia yalifanywa ili kuakisi umoja wa kitaifa. Kati ya miaka 1964 na 1985, mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 ulifuatwa (miaka saba masomo ya msingi, miaka minne sekondari ya daraja la chini, miaka miwili sekondari ya daraja la juu, na miaka mitatu masomo ya chuo kikuu). Shule zote zilifuata [[mtaala]] mmoja. Mwaka wa 1981, kamati iliyoteuliwa na rais kuratibu namna ya kuanzisha chuo kikuu cha pili nchini Kenya, na pia kuubadilisha mfumo wa elimu kwa jumla, ilianza kazi yake. Kamati hii ilipendekeza kuwa mfumo ule wa 7-4-2-3 ubadilishwe kuwa mfumo wa 8-4-4 (miaka minane shule ya msingi, miaka minne shule ya upili, miaka minne elimu ya chuo kikuu). Jedwali lililo katika Elimu ya Sasa Nchini Kenya linaonyesha muundo wa mfumo wa 8-4-4. Ingawa mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 kinadharia ulifikia kikomo mfumo wa 8-4-4 ulipoanzishwa mwaka wa 1985, kundi la mwisho la mfumo huo wa awali lilihitimu kutoka vyuo vikuu vya Kenya mwaka wa 1992. === Elimu nchini Kenya sasa === Mfumo wa sasa wa 8-4-4 ilizinduliwa Januari 1985. Ulitilia mkazo masomo ya kiufundi kwa matarajio kuwa, muundo huu mpya utawawezesha wanaoacha shule katika viwango mbalimbali aidha kujiajiri wenyewe au kupata ajira katika sekta ya juakali. Mnamo Januari 2003, Serikali ya Kenya ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa masomo ya shule za msingi bila malipo. Hili lilipelekea kuongezeka kwa wanafunzi waliojiunga na shule za msingi kwa asilimia 70. Hata hivyo, idadi ya waliojiunga na shule za upili na vyuo haikuongezeka sana kwa sababu malipo bado yalihitajika ili kuhudhuria masomo. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya msingi nchini Kenya (KCPE) hufanywa katika darasa la nane. Matokeo ya mtihani huu huhitajika ili kusajiliwa katika shule ya upili. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya shule ya upili nchini Kenya (K.C.S.E.) hufanywa katika kidato cha nne. Wanafunzi hufanya mtihani katika masomo nane. === Ukosoaji === Mfumo wa elimu wa Kenya 8-4-4 umepitia mengi magumu katika kipindi kirefu ulichodumu. Punde tu baada ya kufuzu kwa kundi la kwanza la wanafunzi wa mfumo huu mwaka wa 1989, wananchi wengi walijitokeza kuilaumu na kuihukumu serikali kwa kuuanzisha mfumo huu. Wakosoaji hao walidai kuwa waliohitimu hawajaandaliwa vyema na hawangeweza kushindana na wenzao kutoka sehemu nyingine za [[ulimwengu]]. Wengine walihoji kuwa waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu walikuwa aidha wachanga sana au hawajaandaliwa vyema kwa nafasi za kazi zilizokuweko. Serikali haikusikiliza hayo yote pengine kwa sababu uwezekano wa kuubadilisha na kuuunda upya kungeigharimu pesa nyingi. Hata hivyo, kwa miaka mingi waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu wamewaaibisha walioupinga kwa kufualu katika vyuo vya nchini na ng’ambo. Pia wasomi na wafanyakazi wa afya kuhamia [[nchi zilizoendelea]] ni dhihirisho tosha la hali hii. Mkazo uliotiliwa masomo ya ufundi umefifia na mabadiliko ya hivi juzi katika mtaala yanasisitiza [[teknolojia]] ya [[upashanaji habari]], [[sayansi]], [[hesabu]] na lugha. Kwa vyovyote vile, kazi ya kiakademia na kusisitizwa kwa kupita mitihani iliyoandikwa hakujaacha nafasi kwa [[useremala]], [[uashi]], [[upishi]] na mafunzo mengine ya [[ufundi]]. ==Michezo== {{Main|Michezo ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Icc Wcl Championship Nepal Vs Kenya Tu Ground Kathmandu @ Nepal 6.jpg|thumb|Timu ya kriketi ya Kenya]] [[Picha:Elgon Cup 2007.png|thumb|Timu ya rugby ya Kenya]] Kenya hushiriki katika [[michezo]] mbalimbali ikiwemo [[kriketi]], [[mbio za magari]], [[soka]], [[raga]] na [[ngumi]]. Lakini nchi hii inajulikana hasa kwa kutawala katika [[mbio za masafa ya kadiri]] na [[mbio za masafa marefu]]. Kenya, kwa muda mrefu, imetoa [[Bingwa|mabingwa]] wa [[Olimpiki]] na [[michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola]] katika nyanja mbalimbali, hasa katika mbio za mita 800, mita 1,500, mita 3,000 kuruka viunzi na maji, mita 5,000, mita 10,000 na mbio za masafa marefu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya (hasa wa kabila la Wakalenjin) wanaendelea kutawala mbio za masafa ulimwenguni, ingawa ushindani kutoka nchi ya [[Moroko]] na Ethiopia umepunguza umaarufu huu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya wanaosifika sana ni pamoja na mshindi mara nne wa mbio za masafa marefu za [[Boston]] kwa [[wanawake]] na mshindi mara mbili wa mbio za dunia [[Catherine Ndereba]], aliyeshikilia rekodi ya awali ya mbio za dunia [[Paul Tergat]], na [[John Ngugi]]. Wakati wa michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Beijing]] Kenya ilishinda [[medali]] 6 za [[dhahabu]], 4 za [[fedha]], 4 za [[shaba]] na kulifanya taifa lililofaulu sana barani Afrika katika michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. Wanariadha wapya walitambulikana, kama [[Pamela Jelimo]], mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za mita 800 kwa wanawake aliyejitahidi na kushinda tuzo la Golden League, na [[Samuel Wajiru]] aliyeshinda mbio za masafa marefu kwa wanaume. Bingwa mstaafu wa mbio za Olimpiki na za Jumuia ya Madola, [[Kipchoge Keino]], alisaidia kuanza ubingwa wa mbio za masafa marefu [[miaka ya 1970]] akafuatwa na bingwa wa michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola, [[Henry Rono]], aliyeshikilia rekodi kadhaa za dunia. Hivi majuzi, kumekuwa na mzozo wa wanariadha wa Kenya waliosaliti nchi yao na kuwakilisha nchi nyingine, hasa [[Bahrain]] na [[Qatar]]. [[Wizara ya michezo]] ya Kenya imejaribu kuzuia usaliti huu, lakini umeendelea tu, [[Bernard Lagat]] akiwa wa mwisho, akichagua kuiwakilisha [[Marekani]].Usaliti huu, kwingi unatokana na sababu za kiuchumi au kifedha ingawa pia wanariadha wazuri wasioweza kufaulu katika timu nzuri ya taifa huona ni rahisi kufaulu kwa kukimbilia nchi nyingine. Kenya pia imetawala [[voliboli]] ya wanawake barani Afrika, huku vilabu na [[timu ya taifa]] vikishinda mashindano kadhaa barani Afrika katika [[mwongo]] uliopita. Timu ya wanawake pia imeshiriki katika michezo ya Olimpiki na Mashindano ya Ulimwengu ingawa haijafaulu vilivyo. Mchezo wa kriketi ni maarufu na pia ni mchezo wa timu ambao umefaulu sana. Kenya imeshiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi]] tangu mwaka [[1996]]. Timu hii ilishinda baadhi ya timu maarufu ulimwenguni na kufikia [[semifainali]] katika mchuano wa mwaka [[2003]] na wachezaji kama vile [[Steve Tikolo]] na [[Maurice Odumbe]]. Walishinda ligi ya kriketi ya dunia daraja la 1 iliyofanyika Nairobi kwa mara ya kwanza, kisha wakashiriki katika mchuano wa ulimwengu wa T20. [[Nahodha]] wa sasa wa timu ni [[Collins Obuya]]. Kenya imejiundia jina katika muungano wa raga na wachezaji kama vile [[Collins Injera]] na [[Lucas Onyango]]. Mchezo huo ni maarufu nchini hasa kwa sababu ya mchuano wa kila mwaka wa Safari Sevens. Timu ya Kenya ya raga ya wachezaji [[saba]] kila upande ilikuwa nambari ya 9 katika michezo ya dunia ya wachezaji saba IRB katika msimu wa mwaka 2006. Kenya ilikuwa bingwa wa soka katika eneo hili lakini ubingwa huu umefifia kutokana na kutoelewana kwa maafisa wa Kamati ya Soka Nchini.<ref>New Vision, 3 Juni 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles ardhi Kenya utan fastställd FIFA marufuku] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 |date=20080110015009 }}</ref> Mizozo hii ilipelekea Kenya kupigwa marufuku na FIFA, lakini marufuku hii iliondolewa mnamo Machi 2007. Kwa upande wa mbio za magari, Kenya ndio waandalizi wa mbio za magari maarufu za [[Safari Rally]] zinazotambulika kuwa ngumu zaidi ulimwenguni,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 Julai 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA Rally: Delecour inachukua pointi kumaliza tarehe Safari Rally kwanza]</ref> na ambazo ni sehemu ya Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari kwa miaka mingi hadi kuondolewa kwake baada ya mbio za 2002 kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kifedha. Baadhi ya [[dereva|madereva]] maarufu wa mbio za magari ulimwenguni walioshiriki na kushinda mbio hizi ni [[Bjorn Waldegard]], [[Hannu Mokkola]], [[Tommi Makinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] na [[Colin McRae]]. Ingawa mbio hizi bado huendelea kila mwaka kama sehemu ya kutafuta Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari Afrika, waandalizi wanatarajia kuruhusiwa kujiunga tena na Ubingwa wa Magari Ulimwenguni katika miaka michache ijayo. ==Uchumi== {{Main|Uchumi wa Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Noti ya shilingi 20 ya mwaka 1994, ikimuonyesha Rais Daniel Arap Moi.]] Baada ya uhuru, Kenya iliendeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi haraka kupitia kwa uwekezaji wa umma, kuhimiza uzalishaji wa kilimo, na kushawishi uwekezaji wa watu binafsi na wageni katika viwanda. Pato la taifa lilikua kwa asilimia 6.6 kuanzia 1963 hadi 1973. Uzalishaji wa kilimo ulikua kwa asilimia 4.7 kila mwaka kwa kipindi hicho ukiwa umechochewa na ugawaji upya wa mashamba, kuanzishwa kwa kilimo cha mimea iliyoimarishwa, na kuanzisha mashamba mapya. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1974 na 1993 ukuaji wa uchumi wa Kenya ulipungua. Kupungua kwa kilimo kulisababishwa na sera za kilimo zisizofaa, mikopo isiyotosha na vikwazo visiyofaa vya biashara ya kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1993, Serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mpango mkuu wa kuimarisha uchumi na kuufanya huru. Waziri mpya wa fedha na gavana mpya wa Benki Kuu ya Kenya walianza mikakati iliyofuatana kuimarisha uchumi kwa usaidizi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]). Kama sehemu ya mpango huu, serikali iliondoa usimamizi wa bei za bidhaa, leseni za uagizaji na uthibiti wa ubadilishaji fedha, kubinafsisha kampuni nyingi zilizomilikiwa na umma, kupunguza idadi ya wafanyi kazi wa serikali na kuanzisha sera madhubuti za kulinda fedha. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1994 hadi 1996 ukuaji halisi wa uchumi wa Kenya ulikadiriwa juu kidogo ya asilimia 4 kwa mwaka. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1997 na 2000, uchumi uliingia kipindi cha kupungua au kutoimarika, kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya anga na kupungua kwa shughuli za kiuchumi. Mwaka wa 2001 pato la taifa liliimarika kiasi kwani mvua ilirejea kunyesha karibu na viwango vya awali. Ukuaji wa kiuchumi uliendelea kuimarika kiasi mwaka wa 2002 na kufikia asilimia 1.4 mwaka wa 2003, asilimia 4.3 mwaka wa 2004, kisha asilimia 5.8 mwaka wa 2005. [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Uwanja wa ndege wa Kimataifa wa Jomo Kenyatta]], ambao ndio mkubwa zaidi na wenye shughuli nyingi zaidi katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki.]] Mnamo Julai 1997, Serikali ya Kenya ilikataa kutimiza makubaliano ya awali na IMF kuhusu mabadiliko ya utawala wake. Jambo hili lilisababisha kukatizwa kwa misaada kwa miaka 3, nayo Benki ya Dunia ikaubana mkopo wa dola milioni 90 za mpango wa kuufufua uchumi. Ingawa mabadiliko mengi ya kiuchumi yaliyofanywa kati ya 1993-94 yalibakia, wataalamu wa maswala ya kiuchumi wasiopendelea mabadiliko waliamini kuwa Kenya iliitaji mabadiliko zaidi, hasa ya kiutawala ili kuongeza ukuaji wa pato la taifa (GDP). Serikali ya Kenya ilichukua hatua yakini za mabadiliko, pamoja na kuunda Tume ya Kupambana na Ufisadi (KACA), kuanzisha hatua za kuimarisha uwazi wa katika mikakati ya serikali kupata bidhaa na kupunguza fedha inayotumiwa na serikali kulipia mishahara. Mnamo Julai 2000, shirika la IMF lilitia saini dola milioni 150 za Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), nayo Benki ya Dunia ilifuatia na mkopo wa dola milioni 157 kuimarisha uchumi na kuibadilisha sekta ya umma. Mwezi wa Desemba 2000, iliamuliwa kuwa tume ya kupambana na ufisadi haikuwa ya kikatiba na sehemu za juhudi za mabadiliko kukatizwa mwaka 2001. Shirika la IMF na Benki ya Dunia zilikatiza mipango yao. Juhudi zilizofanywa kuanzisha upya mipango hii katikati ya mwaka wa 2002 hazikufaulu. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Kibaki, aliyechukua hatamu za uongozi tarehe 30 mwezi wa Desemba 2002, serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mipango mipya na kabambe ya uimarishaji uchumi na imerejelea ushirikiano wake na Benki ya Dunia na IMF. Serikali mpya ya National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) iliidhinisha Sheria dhidi ya Ufisadi na Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi pamoja na Sheria ya Maadili ya Watumishi wa Umma mnamo Mei 2003 iliyolenga kupiga vita ufisadi katika ofisi za umma. Mabadiliko mengine, hasa katika idara ya sheria, kuagiza bidhaa za umma na kadhalika yamepelekea kurejelewa kwa misaada na matumaini ya kuimarisha uchumi. Kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria muhimu za kupambana na ufisadi na serikali mpya, wafadhili walirejelea ufadhili mwezi wa Novemba 2003 na IMF ikaidhinisha msaada wa miaka mitatu wa dola milion 250 ili kupunguza umaskini na kuimarisha uchumi. Wafadhili wakatoa dola bilioni 4.2 kama msaada wa miaka minnne. Kurejelewa kwa ufadhili na kujihusizisha upya kwao kumevutia imani ya wawekezaji. Mswada wa [[ubinafsishaji]] umeidhinishwa ingawa kuanzishwa kwa tume ya ubinafsishaji hakujakamilika, mabadiliko katika utendakazi wa umma yametekelezwa na mwaka wa 2007 Kenya ilishinda tuzo la Umoja wa Kimataifa la Utendakazi wa Umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083024/http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |archivedate=2008-02-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235927/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kazi nyingi zinahitajika kufanywa ili kuiwezesha nchi hii kuyafikia mataifa yaliyoendelea sana kiuchumi, hasa yale ya Mashariki ya Mbali. Changamoto kuu ni pamoja na kuchukua hatua thabiti dhidi ya ufisadi, kupitisha sheria zinazoshughulikia ugaidi na biashara haramu, kutatua upungufu wa ufadhili wa bajeti kisha kurekebisha na kuunda miundo msingi. Inaaminika haya yatasaidia kudumisha sera za kimsingi za kiuchumi, na kuhakikisha ukuaji wa kasi wa kiuchumi uliofikia asilimia 7.2 mwaka wa 2007. Mwaka wa 2007, serikali ya Kenya ilizindua [[Ruwaza ya Kenya 2030|Ruwaza 2030]], ambao ni mpango wa kiuchumi wenye matumaini makuu na ambao ikiwa utatekelezwa kikamilifu, una uwezo wa kuifanya nchi hii kuwa katika kiwango sawa na mataifa yaliyoendelea kiuchumi ya Asia. Nairobi inaendelea kuwa kituo muhimu na cha kimsingi kwa mawasiliano na biashara cha Afrika Mashariki. Kinajivuna kuwa na miundo msingi ya uchukuzi na mawasiliano bora zaidi katika eneo hili, na wafanyi kazi wenye ujuzi. Makampuni mengi ya kigeni hudumisha matawi yao katika eneo hili ama ofisi za kuyawakilisha mjini Nairobi. Mnamo Machi 1996, Marais wa Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda waliifufua Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC). Shabaha za EAC ni pamoja na kusawazisha kodi na ada zinazotozwa bidhaa, utembeaji huru wa watu na kuimarisha miundo msingi katika eneo hili. Nchi hizi tatu za Afrika Mashariki zilitia saini mkataba wa Customs Union Agreement mwezi wa Machi 2004. {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1400px|<center>Mji wa Nairobi</center>}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| <td>{{Resize|120%|Muhtasari wa uchumi wa nchi}}</td> |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la taifa | Dola bilioni 41.84 (2012) kwa bei ya sasa. Dola bilioni 76.07 (Uwezo wa kununua bidhaa usio sawa, 2012) Kuna pia uchumi mkubwa usio rasmi ambao haujawahi kujumuishwa kama sehemu ya pato la taifa. |- ! style="text-align:left"| Ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa mwaka | 5.1% (2012) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka | Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka (PPP)= $1,800 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Malighafi ya kiasili | Wanyama wa pori, Ardhi (5% inayolimika) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Bidhaa za kilimo | Chai, kahawa, mahindi, ngano, miwa, mboga na matunda, pareto, bidhaa za maziwa, nyama na bidhaa za wanyama |- ! style="text-align:left"| Viwanda | Bidhaa za petroli, usagaji wa nafaka na miwa, saruji, pombe, vinywaji, nguo, uunganishaji magari, makaratasi, utengenezaji wa bidhaa za kimsingi, utalii |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| Biashara ya mwaka 2012 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Biasharanje | Dola bilioni 5.942 | chai, kahawa, bidhaa za mboga na matunda, bidhaa za petroli, saruji, samaki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Masoko muhimu (2012) <ref name="worldfactbook"/> | colspan="2"| Uganda, Tanzania, Uholanzi, Uingereza, Marekani, Misri, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |- ! style="text-align:left"| Maduhuli | Dola bilioni 14.39 | mashine, magari, bidhaa za petroli, vyuma, resini na bidhaa za plastiki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Mataifa muhimu yaletayo bidhaa Kenya {{nbsp|2}} | colspan="2"| China, Uhindi, Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu, Saudi Arabia, Afrika Kusini, Ujapani |} === Utafutaji wa mafuta === Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa [[2006]] Rais wa [[Uchina]], [[Hu Jintao]], alitia saini kandarasi ya utafutaji wa mafuta na Kenya. Haya ndiyo makubaliano ya hivi punde kati ya mfululizo wa mapatano yaliyopagwa kuelekeza maliasili ya Afrika huko Uchina ambako uchumi wake waendelea kukua kwa haraka. Kandarasi hii iliwezesha kampuni inayoongozwa na taifa la Uchina “offshore oil and gas company” CNOOC Ltd kutafuta mafuta Kenya, ambayo ilianza kuchimba visima vya kwanza mpakani mwa Sudan na Somalia na katika maji ya upwa wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel|date=10 Agosti 2006|publisher=Financial Times|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Athari za Ukoloni nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Kenya]] * [[Mito ya Kenya|Orodha ya mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya benki nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Kenya}} ; Serikali * [http://www.communication.go.ke/ Spokeperson serikali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |date=20081022110047 }} Ofisi Mnenaji wa Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Kenya. * [http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Serikali ya Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenya.go.ke/ |date=20081113033437 }} Official site. * [http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Legislation Kenya, Uchunguzi Sheria, Official Gazette Notices na kisheria Info. * [http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ |date=20081105143157 }} Official site State House, Kenya. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Mkuu wa Nchi na Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html |date=20091026201734 }} ; Jumla * Maelezo ya nchi (Country Profile) kutoka BBC News * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] kutoka [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm |date=20091024050050 }} kutoka ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}} ; Vyombo vya habari * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Vyombo vya habari Kenya] orodha kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] ; Utalii * [http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] * {{wikivoyage|Kenya}} ; Historia * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu ya Kenya Colony] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu wa 1908 Dermacation wa Ethiopia-Kenya Border] ; Nyingine * [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ Kenya Coast bibliography.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |date=20091108081958 }} ''Academic bibliography, hasa kwa Kiingereza, compiled by Jan Hoorweg, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden.'' * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Kimaiyo | first = Towett J. | title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices&nbsp;— 1902–2004 | publisher = Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | pages = 127 pages + appendices | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ | access-date = 2009-12-07 | archive-date = 2007-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ }} * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Who Owns Kenya?&nbsp;— What is the Queen Doing in Parliament? | date = 31 Machi 2007 | url = http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | accessdate = 2009-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221033/http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | archivedate = 2008-03-18 }} * [http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/africa/ken/index.htm Vijijini umaskini katika Kenya] (IFAD) * [http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html Kenya View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html |date=20070726094957 }} Mandhari na uzuri wa Kenya katika pica *[https://www.georgenjogu.com/ Kenyan Money News] {{Wayback|url=https://www.georgenjogu.com/ |date=20190806051930 }} Mkusanyiko wa Kazi kutoka kenya. * [http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ UNESCO Nairobi Office - Sekta ya Elimu Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ |date=20100331001952 }} * [[Wikia:Solarcooking:Kenya|Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni ya kupikia nishati ya jua nchini Kenya]] * [https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ Plus Size Expert] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ |date=20180226115134 }} Mkusanyo wa habari kutoka Kenya. {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Kenya|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] jqtsj4rdhu4x17u9ot86585db7uuym2 1577869 1577868 2026-07-01T18:24:31Z Kisare 60080 1577869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kenya | jina_asili = ''Republic of Kenya'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag_of_Kenya.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg | ukubwa_nembo = 90 | kaulimbiu = "[[Harambee]]" | wimbo = "[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]"<br>[[File:National_anthem_of_Kenya,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav]] | ramani2 = Kenya topographic map-sw.svg | ramani = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkuu = [[Nairobi]] | latd = 1 | latm = 16 | latNS = S | longd = 36 | longm = 48 | longEW = E | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | utaifa = Mkenya | kabila = {{plainlist| *17.13% [[Wakikuyu]] *14.35% [[Waluhya]] *13.37% [[Wakalenjin]] *10.65% [[Waluo]] *9.81% [[Wakamba]] *5.85% [[Wasomali]] *5.68% [[Wakisii]] *5.23% [[Mijikenda]] *4.15% [[Wameru]] *13.78% Wengine}} | mwaka_kabila = 2019 | dini = {{plainlist| *85.5% [[Ukristo]] *10.9% [[Uislamu]] *1.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *0.7% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika]] *1.3% Wengine }} | mwaka_dini = 2019 | serikali = [[Serikali ya kiraisi|Jamhuri ya kiraisi]] | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Marais wa Kenya|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Naibu rais wa Kenya|Naibu Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Seneti ya Kenya|Spika wa Seneti]]<br>{{*}}[[Spika wa Bunge la Kenya|Spika wa Bunge]]<br>{{*}}Jaji Mkuu | majina_viongozi = [[William Ruto]]<br>[[Kithure Kindiki]]<br>[[Amason Kingi]]<br>[[Moses Wetangula]]<br>[[Martha Koome]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili]] | tukio2 = Jamhuri | tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = Karne ya 8 | tukio2_tarehe = 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 2010 | eneo_jumla = 580 367<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kenya|accessdate=2024-03-30|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 2.3 | watu_kadirio = 52,428,290 <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Kenya population 2024|author=Knbs|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20Kenya,gender%20composition%20of%20the%20population. |accessdate=2025-04-02|lang=en}}</ref> | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | sensa = 2019 | watu_sensa = 47 564 296<ref name="Census2019a">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} $401.97 bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=April 2025 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}</ref> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $7,530<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | cheo_plt_ppp = 59 | pato = {{ongezeko}} $131.67 Bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $2,470<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2025 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.628<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 March 2024|page=289|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>(ya 143)</br> {{kati}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Kenya]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | tld = [[.ke]] | iso3166 = KE | msimbo_simu = 254 | udereva = Kushoto | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka }} '''Kenya''' , rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kenya''' ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[Afrika Mashariki]] katika [[ikweta]], kando ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Kenya imepakana na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Somalia]] upande wa kaskazini mashariki, [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini, [[Uganda]] na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] upande wa magharibi, kisha [[Sudan Kusini]] upande wa kaskazini magharibi.Mnamo 2024 Kenya ina watu milioni 54 na kuwa nchi ya 26 kubwa duniani kwa Idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] wake mkuu na mkubwa ni [[Nairobi]], lakini [[Mombasa]] ni mji mashuhuri pia. Ukiwa kama mji kongwe zaidi na [[bandari]] kuu iliyopo katika [[Kisiwa cha Mombasa]]. Miji mingine ni pamoja na [[Nakuru]], [[Eldoret]], na [[Kisumu]]. Kenya ina [[Historia ya Kenya|historia ndefu]] inayojumuisha makazi ya awali ya binadamu, mitandao ya kale ya biashara ya pwani, [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza|utawala wa kikoloni]], na maendeleo ya taifa baada ya uhuru. Ugunduzi wa akiolojia katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] umechangia kuelewa maendeleo ya awali ya binadamu, ambapo baadhi ya mabaki ya kale zaidi ya jamii za hominidi yamepatikana katika eneo la Kenya ya sasa. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/History |author=Kenneth Ingham |title=History of Kenya |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kando ya pwani, miji kama [[Mombasa]] na [[Lamu]] ilikua vituo muhimu vya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Waswahili]] na [[biashara ya Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyohusisha wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]], [[Wahindi]], na baadaye [[Wazungu]]. <ref name="UNESCO_Lamu">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 |title=Mji Mkongwe wa Lamu |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ikawa sehemu ya [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na baadaye ilipata uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] mwaka 1963 chini ya uongozi wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. <ref name="BBC_Kenya_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341 |title=Wasifu wa Kenya |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ina [[mandhari]] mbalimbali kuanzia maeneo ya [[jangwa la Chalbi]] kaskazini, nyanda za juu zenye rutuba katikati, hadi [[msitu|misitu]] na [[pwani]] yenye mandhari ya kuvutia kusini mashariki. [[Mlima Kenya]], mlima wa pili kwa urefu barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], uko katikati ya nchi na ni kivutio kikubwa cha utalii. Zaidi ya hayo, mbuga za wanyama kama [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Amboseli|Amboseli]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki|Tsavo]], na [[Samburu]] huvutia watalii kutoka kote ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya wanyama pori kama [[simba]], [[tembo]], [[vifaru]], na pundamilia. [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]], Kenya ni nchi iliyoendelea zaidi katika eneo la bara ya [[Afrika Mashariki]], ikiwa na uchumi unaotegemea sekta za [[kilimo]], huduma, [[utalii]], na teknolojia. Kilimo, hasa uzalishaji wa [[chai]], [[kahawa]], [[maua]] na mboga, ni uti wa mgongo wa ajira na mapato ya kigeni. [[Teknolojia]] ya habari na mawasiliano pia imekua haraka, huku jiji la Nairobi likiitwa "''Silicon Savannah''" kwa mchango wake katika ubunifu wa kidijitali na kampuni za teknolojia kama [[Safaricom]] na huduma ya [[M-pesa]]. [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]] ndizo lugha rasmi za Kenya, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya makabila tofauti, na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika mandhari rasmi kama [[Shule]], [[bunge]] n.k Kenya ni jamhuri ya urais yenye udemokrasia wa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] uliowekwa chini ya Katiba ya mwaka 2010, ambayo ilianzisha serikali za ugatuzi kupitia kaunti 47. <ref name="WFB_Kenya_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |title=Kenya - World Factbook: Serikali |website=cia.gov |publisher=Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani (CIA) |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, huku mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yakitekelezwa na Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="Kenya_Parliament">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/ |title=Bunge la Kenya |website=parliament.go.ke |publisher=Serikali ya Kenya |date=2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[Jumuiya ya Madola]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na ina nafasi muhimu katika diplomasia ya kikanda, biashara, na shughuli za kulinda amani katika [[Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="EAC_Kenya">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/republic-of-kenya |title=Wasifu wa Kenya kama Nchi Mwanachama wa EAC |website=eac.int |publisher=Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Jiografia== {{Main|Jiografia ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Mlima Kenya ni kilele cha juu kabisa nchini. Kenya imepata jina lake kutoka mlima huo.]] Kenya ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 580,367 ([[maili mraba]] 224,081). Kutoka [[pwani]] ya Bahari ya Hindi, nyanda za chini zimeinuka hadi milima ya kati. Milima hii imetenganishwa na eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa]]; sehemu [[tambarare]] yenye [[rutuba]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Milima ya Kenya ni kati ya iliyofaulu kwa [[kilimo]] barani Afrika. Eneo hili la milima ndilo la juu zaidi nchini Kenya (na la pili kwa urefu barani Afrika<ref name="annexation1">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony|edition=15|volume=17|pages=801, 1b|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-85229-787-4}}</ref> [[Mlima Kenya]], unaofikia [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na ni eneo lenye [[mito]] ya [[barafu]]. Kusini mashariki [[milima ya Taita]] ndiyo mwanzo wa [[tao la Mashariki]], [[safu za milima]] zenye miaka zaidi ya [[milioni]] 100 ambazo zinaenea hasa nchini Tanzania. Upande huohuo wa [[kusini]] [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] ({{Convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) huweza kuonekana ukiwa ng'ambo ya mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{Cite map| publisher = Rough Guide| title = Rough Guide Map Kenya| edition =9| year = 2006 | cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> ===Halihewa=== Kenya ni nchi yenye [[jua]] kali na [[nguo]] za [[majira ya joto]] huvaliwa mwaka mzima. Hata hivyo, huwa na [[baridi]] [[usiku]] na pia [[asubuhi]] na mapema. [[Hali ya hewa]] ina [[joto]] na [[unyevu]] sehemu za pwani, joto kiasi sehemu za [[bara]] na ni [[Ukame|kame]] katika sehemu za kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Hata hivyo kuna [[mvua]] nyingi kati ya [[Machi]] na [[Aprili]], na mvua ya kadiri kati ya [[Oktoba]] na [[Novemba]]. [[Halijoto]] huwa juu zaidi miezi hii yote. Mvua ya [[masika]] hunyesha kuanzia Aprili hadi [[Juni]]. Mvua ya [[vuli]] nayo hunyesha kuanzia Oktoba hadi [[Desemba]]. Wakati mwingine mvua hii huwa nyingi na aghalabu hunyesha wakati wa [[alasiri]] na [[jioni]]. Majira ya joto jingi ni kuanzia [[Februari]] hadi Machi nayo ya baridi ni [[Julai]] hadi [[Agosti]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mji !Mwinuko ([[mita]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Free topographic maps, elevation, terrain|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/|work=Topographic maps|accessdate=2024-04-03|language=en}}</ref> !Wastani wa Halijoto ([[°C]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya|accessdate=2024-04-03|title=Climate in Kenya|language=en|author=Climates to Travel}}</ref> !Upeo wa juu ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> !Upeo wa chini ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> |- |Mombasa |50 |26.4 |30.4 |22.5 |- |Nairobi |1 795 |19.75 |25.7 |13.9 |- |Eldoret |2 111 |17.3 |23.6 |11.1 |- |Lodwar |509 |29.6 |35.3 |24 |- |Mandera |540 |29.4 |34.6 |24.3 |} ===Mazingira=== {{main|Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya}} Kenya ina maeneo makubwa wanapoishi [[wanyamapori]] likiwemo [[Masai Mara]], ambapo [[nyumbu]] na [[wanyama]] wengi [[walanyasi]] hushiriki katika [[uhamaji]] kila [[mwaka]]. Uhamaji huo, hasa uhamaji wa nyumbu, hutokea Juni hadi Septemba na hushirikisha mamilioni ya wanyama. Tukio hili huwavutia sana wapigaji [[picha]] za [[sinema]]. Takribani nyumbu 250,000 huangamia kila mwaka katika uhamaji huu wa kutafuta [[lishe]] wakati wa [[kiangazi]]. Wale wanyama wakubwa watano wa Afrika wanapatikana Kenya: [[simba]], [[chui]], [[nyati]], [[kifaru]] na [[ndovu]]. Wanyama wengine wengi wa [[pori]] na [[ndege]] hupatikana katika [[mbuga za taifa]] na [[hifadhi za wanyama]] hawa nchini. Mazingira ya Kenya yanahatarishwa na ongezeko kubwa la idadi ya watu na athari zake. [[Picha:A lone giraffe in Nairobi National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Twiga katika Mbuga ya wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Nairobi, na upeo wa macho wa Nairobi nyuma yake.]] [[Picha:African safari route.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Njia katika [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki]].]] ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Kenya}} === Historia ya awali === Eneo ambalo leo linajulikana kama Kenya lina ushahidi muhimu sana wa mwanzo wa mageuzi ya binadamu ndani ya Bonde la [[Ziwa Turkana]] na mfumo mpana wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Ugunduzi wa visukuku katika maeneo kama [[Koobi Fora]], [[Nariokotome]], na [[Kanapoi]] umejumuisha mabaki ya hominini wa awali kama vile ''Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis'', na ''Homo erectus'', ikiwemo mifupa karibu kamili inayojulikana kama ''Turkana Boy'' kutoka [[Nariokotome]], ambayo imetoa ushahidi muhimu kuhusu anatomia ya binadamu wa awali, ukuaji, na mabadiliko ya kimazingira. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.museums.or.ke/paleontology/ |title=Paleontology Section |website=museums.or.ke |publisher=National Museums of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia|kiakiolojia]] pia umeonyesha zana za mawe za Oldowan zilizotumika zaidi ya miaka milioni 2.6 iliyopita pamoja na handaxe za Acheulean za baadaye, zikionyesha maendeleo ya awali ya teknolojia zilizotumika kwa kukata, kuwinda, na kusindika chakula. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Mabadiliko ya mazingira katika [[Bonde la Ufa]] kama vile kubadilika kwa viwango vya maziwa na hali ya hewa yanaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na makazi ya muda mrefu ya binadamu na uwezo wa kuzoea mazingira katika eneo hilo kwa mamilioni ya miaka. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory"/> === Historia kabla ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Great Mosque of Gede.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Msikiti mkuu]] wa [[Gedi]] ambao ni wa kutoka [[karne ya 13]].]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo linaloitwa Kenya walikuwa wa jamii ya [[Wakhoisan]]: hadi leo kuna makabila matatu madogo yenye asili hiyo, ingawa yanatumia [[lugha za Kikushi]]: [[Waata]], [[Waawer]] na [[Wadahalo]]. [[Wakushi]] kutoka [[kaskazini]] waliingia Kenya kati ya [[miaka ya 3200 KK]] na [[1300 KK]]<ref name="pbs.org">[http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm Wonders wa Afrika World - ]PBS</ref>. Mwaka [[500 KK]] hivi wazungumzaji wa [[lugha za Kinilo-Sahara]] na katika [[milenia ya kwanza KK]] wale wa [[lugha za Kibantu]] waliingia katika eneo hili, na sasa [[Waniloti]] ni 30% ya Wakenya wote. [[Wafanyabiashara]] [[Waarabu]] walianza kufika [[pwani]] ya Kenya [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]]. Ukaribu wa Kenya na Uarabuni ulirahisisha [[ukoloni]], hivyo Waarabu na [[Waajemi]] walianza kuishi eneo la pwani [[karne ya 8]]. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya walioitwa "Waarabu" katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki walikuwa ma[[chotara]], Waafrika-Waarabu. Pwani ya Kenya imekuwa makao ya jamii ya [[wahunzi]] na jamii ya [[wakulima]] wadogowadogo, [[wawindaji]] na [[wavuvi]] ambao walikuwa [[mhimili]] wa [[uchumi]] kwa kushiriki katika kilimo, uvuvi, utengenezaji chuma, na [[biashara]] na nchi za kigeni.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kuanzia [[karne ya 6]] au [[karne ya 9]], Kenya ilijihusisha na [[shughuli]] za u[[baharia]] kukuza [[uchumi]] ikaanza kutengeneza [[meli]] za kuabiria kusini hadi miji mingine yenye [[bandari]] kama [[Kilwa]] na [[Shanga]] iliyo katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Mombasa]] ulikuwa [[mji]] wenye bandari wa nchi ya Kenya katika [[karne za kati]]. Bandari hiyo ilitumika kuendeleza [[biashara]] na miji mingine yenye bandari Afrika, [[Uajemi]], na wafanyabiashara Waarabu, [[Yemeni]] na hata [[Bara Hindi]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;lpg=PA22&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India&amp;source=web&amp;ots=KBr2nADf21&amp;sig=X9gvzWPMoRzXyLYW5YdQLVTHMpQ&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=eW2VSbTsKp6DtweemZScCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad]</ref> [[Baharia]] [[Mreno]] [[Duarte Barbosa]] wa [[karne ya 15]] alidai kuwa "[Mombasa] ni bandari nzuri na yenye shughuli nyingi, [[mashua]] nyingi na hata meli kubwa ajabu, ambazo zote hutoka [[Sofala]] na nyingine kutoka [[Cambay]], [[Melinde]] na nyingine zinazoabiri hadi kisiwani [[Unguja]]."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&amp;pg=PA24&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade&amp;source=web&amp;ots=4RAxkPTIWI&amp;sig=G9JDunc4cYFCp1kdp1ghtyPG9Q0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=Tm2VSdKwING3twfUlKS0Cw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ct=result Dispersal Afrika katika Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali]</ref> Karne kadhaa kabla ya ukoloni, [[upwa]] wa Kenya wanakoishi [[Waswahili]] ulikuwa sehemu ya eneo la mashariki mwa Afrika lililofanya biashara, hasa ya [[watumwa]] na [[pembe za ndovu]] na Waarabu na [[Wahindi]]. Inasemekana kwamba [[kabila]] la [[Wameru (Kenya)|Wameru]] lilitokana na watumwa waliotoroka utumwa [[Uarabuni]] [[miaka ya 1700]]. Mwanzoni wafanyabiashara wengi walitokea [[milki]] za Uarabuni lakini baadaye wengine wakatokea Unguja (kama [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Kiswahili Coast.] {{Wayback|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=20071230022459 }} Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> [[Kiswahili]], ambacho ni [[lugha]] ya [[Kibantu]] iliyokopa [[misamiati]] ya [[Kiarabu]], [[Kiajemi]] na mingine kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Asia Kusini]], baadaye ilikua ikawa [[lingua franca]] ya biashara kwa jamii mbalimbali.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, upwa wa Kenya umekuwa mwenyeji wa wafanyabiashara na wasafiri. Kati ya miji iliyopo kwenye upwa wa Kenya , mji wa [[Malindi]] umebakia kuwa makazi muhimu ya Waswahili tangu [[karne ya 14]] na wakati mmoja ulishindana na Mombasa kwa ukuu pande hizi za Afrika Mashariki. Kwa kawaida, Malindi umekuwa mji na bandari ya kirafiki kwa [[serikali]] nyingine. Mwaka wa [[1414]], [[Sultani]] Mwarabu wa Malindi alianzisha uhusiano wa ki[[diplomasia]] na utawala wa [[Uchina]] wa [[Ming]], wakati wa safari za [[mchunguzi]] [[Zheng He]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html Sultani wa Malinda, PBS]</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1498]], utawala wa Malindi ulimkaribisha msafiri na [[mvumbuzi]] maarufu kutoka Ureno, [[Vasco da Gama]]. === Chini ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg|thumb|left|360px| Seaport Mombasa, chini ya Malindi, ina reli ya Nairobi (kituo), kusini ya Naivasha &amp; Nyeri. (bonyeza ramani ilu kuipanua)]] [[Wareno]] walikuwa [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza kuzuru eneo la Kenya ya sasa: [[Vasco da Gama]] alikuwa amezuru Mombasa mwaka wa [[1498]]. Safari ya Vasco da Gama ilifaulu alipofikia huko [[India]], na jambo hilo liliwawezesha Wareno kufanya [[biashara]] moja kwa moja na [[Mashariki ya Mbali]] kupitia [[bahari]] na hivyo kutatiza mitandao ya kibiashara ya awali ya [[nchi kavu]] na baharini kama njia za biashara ya [[viungo]] zilizotumia [[Ghuba la Uajemi]], [[Bahari Nyekundu]] na misafara iliyofika hadi eneo la mashariki ya [[Bahari ya Kati|Mediterranea]]. [[Jamhuri ya Venisi]] ndiyo iliyotawala maeneo ya biashara kati ta [[Uropa]] na [[Asia]]. Baada ya njia za kawaida za nchi kavu hadi India kufungwa na [[Waturuki]] wa [[Waosmani|Ottoman]], Ureno ulitarajiwa kutumia njia ya baharini iliyotumiwa kwanza na Vasco da Ghama ili kuvunja [[ukiritimba]] wa [[Venice]]. Utawala wa Wareno huko Afrika Mashariki ulijihusisha hasa na pwani iliyokaribia Mombasa. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kulianza rasmi baada ya mwaka wa [[1505]], wakati [[manowari]] za Wareno, zikiongozwa na Don [[Francisco de Almeida]], zilipokishinda [[Kilwa]], [[kisiwa]] kilicho katika eneo ambalo sasa ni [[Tanzania]] kusini. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kuliwawezesha kudhibiti biashara katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], na kulinda njia za baharini zinazounganisha Uropa na Asia. Manowari zao za kivita zilikwamisha biashara za maadui wao magharibi mwa Bahari ya Hindi na walitoza [[kodi]] juu ya [[bidhaa]] zilizosafirishwa kupitia eneo hilo kwani walitawala [[bandari]] zote na njia kuu za [[meli]]. Kujengwa kwa [[ngome]] iliyoitwa [[Fort Jesus Mombasa]] mwaka wa [[1593]] kulikusudiwa kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo, lakini [[ushawishi]] wao ulikatizwa na kuja kwa [[Waingereza]], [[Waholanzi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]] katika eneo hilo [[karne ya 17]]. Waarabu kutoka Omani ndio waliokuwa [[tishio]] kuu la utawala wa Wareno Afrika Mashariki na waliizingira ngome ya Wareno, wakazishambulia meli zao za kivita, kisha kuwafukuza Wareno waliobaki kutoka pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania mwaka wa [[1730]]. Kufikia wakati huo, ufalme wa Ureno haukuwa na [[haja]] na njia ya bahari ya biashara ya viungo kwani [[faida]] yake ilikuwa imepungua sana. Utawala wa Wareno ulibakia tu katika bandari na maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Msumbiji]] hadi mwaka wa [[1975]]. Kutawaliwa kwa pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania na Waarabu kutoka Omani kuliifanya miji hii iliyojitawala hapo awali iwe chini ya uangalifu mkali wa wageni kuliko ilivyokuwa katika enzi za utawala wa Wareno. Waarabu wa Omani, kama Wareno waliowatangulia, waliweza kutawala eneo la pwani tu, si eneo la bara. Hata hivyo, kuanzishwa kwa ma[[shamba]] makubwa ya mi[[karafuu]], kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] na kuhamishwa kwa [[makao makuu]] ya Waomani hadi [[Zanzibar]] mwaka wa [[1839]] na [[Seyyid Said]] kulisababisha Waomani kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo. Utawala wa Waarabu katika bandari kuu zote za pwani ya Afrika Mashariki uliendelea hadi [[Uingereza]] ilipoamua kumaliza biashara ya utumwa na uanzishaji wa [[utaratibu]] wa kufanya [[kazi]] kwa [[malipo]] ukaanza kushinikiza utawala wa Waomani. Kufikia mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]], biashara ya watumwa katika bahari zote kuu ilikuwa imeharamishwa na Waingereza: Waarabu wa Omani hawakuwa na uwezo wa kupingana na [[jeshi la wanamaji]] la Uingereza lililokuwa likitekeleza amri hiyo. Waomani waliendelea kuwepo visiwani [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba]] hadi [[mapinduzi]] ya mwaka wa [[1964]], lakini kuwepo kwa Waarabu wa Omani nchini Kenya rasmi kulisitishwa wakati Wajerumani na Waingereza walipozidhibiti bandari zote kuu na kuanzisha mahusiano ya kibiashara na viongozi mashuhuri waliokuwa wenyeji [[miaka ya 1880]]. Hata hivyo, [[urithi]] waliouacha Afrika Mashariki ungali unaonekana kupitia kwa vizazi vyao vipatikanavyo pwani ya Kenya na ambavyo vinaona kuwa asili yao ni Oman. Vizazi hivi hata leo humiliki [[utajiri]] mwingi na ndio wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa katika jamii za pwani ya Kenya. [[Picha:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|400 px|[[Reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] karibu na Mombasa, [[1899]] hivi]] Hata hivyo, [[wanahistoria]] wengi hushikilia kuwa [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] nchini Kenya ilianza wakati Wajerumani walipoanza kutawala [[mali]] ya [[Sultani wa Unguja]] iliyo pwani mwaka wa [[1885]], ikifuatwa na kuja kwa [[kampuni]] ya Imperial British East Africa Company mwaka wa [[1888]]. [[Uhasama]] wa kwanza baina ya ma[[bepari]] ulikatizwa wakati Ujerumani ulipouachia Uingereza sehemu ya pwani iliyomiliki. Hii ilifuatia kujengwa kwa [[reli]] iliyounganisha Kenya na [[Uganda]]. Baadhi ya ma[[kabila]] ya Kenya yalipinga [[ujenzi]] huo, hasa [[Wanandi]] wakiongozwa na ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' Koitalel Arap Samoei kwa miaka kumi, kuanzia [[1895]] hadi [[1905]] – lakini hatimaye Waingereza waliijenga reli hii. Inaaminika kuwa Wanandi walikuwa kabila la kwanza kuwekwa kwenye maeneo yaliyotengewa [[Waafrika]] ili kuwazuia kutatiza ujenzi wa reli. Wakati huo [[Wahindi]] wengi wenye [[ujuzi]] waliingia nchini ili kuchangia ujenzi. Wakati wa ujenzi wa reli kupitia [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Magharibi]], Wahindi wengi na wenyeji Waafrika walivamiwa na [[simba]] wawili waliojulikana kama “[[wala watu wa Tsavo]]”. Wahindi hao na vizazi vyao baadaye walibakia nchini Kenya na kuunda [[kitovu]] cha [[jamii]] za Wahindi zijulikanayo kama [[Ismaili Muslim]] na [[Sikh]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archivedate=2009-01-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html Sikh]</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[1914]], [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] vilipoanza, ma[[gavana]] wa [[British East Africa]] (kama eneo hilo lilivyojulikana) na [[German East Africa]] walifikia makubaliano ili kuepusha ma[[koloni]] yao machanga na uhasama. Hata hivyo, [[Luteni Kanali]] [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] alichukua [[mamlaka]] ya majeshi ya Ujerumani, akiwa na kusudi la kutwaa [[raslimali]] nyingi iwezekanavyo za Uingereza. Jeshi la Uingereza likiwa limemtenga na Ujerumani, von Lettow aliendesha [[kampeni]] iliyofaulu ya [[vita vya kuvizia]], wakila walichopata, wakiteka bidhaa za matumizi za Uingereza, na kuepuka kushindwa. Mwishowe alisalimu amri na akajisalimisha nchini [[Zambia]] siku kumi na moja baada ya mapatano ya kusimamisha vita kutiwa [[sahihi]] mwaka wa [[1918]]. Waingereza walitumia jeshi la Wahindi kumfukuza Lettow na walihitaji [[wachukuzi]] wengi ili kubeba vifaa vya matumizi hadi [[bara]] kwa [[miguu]] na hivyo kutatua [[shida]] kuu ya uchukuzi. Kundi la wanajeshi wachukuzi liliundwa na kuwajumuisha Waafrika 400,000, na kuchangia katika [[uhamasishaji]] wao wa muda mrefu kisiasa. Hadi mwaka wa 1920, eneo linaloitwa Kenya lilijulikana kama Himaya ya Uingereza ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="annexation">{{Rejea kitabu|title=British East Africa Annexed--Kenya Colony|author=Reuter|section=News|date=8 Julai 1920|page=13|issue=42457}}</ref> Mwaka huo, [[koloni]] la Kenya liliundwa na kupatiwa jina linalotokana na Mlima Kenya<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Foottit |first=Claire |title=Kenya |origyear=2004 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |year=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>Waingereza walilitamka jina hilo kama {{pron-en|ˈkiːnjə}}<ref name="oed_kenya">{{OED|Kenya}}</ref> ingawa matamshi ya wenyeji na yaliyokusudiwa katika maendelezo asili, ''Kenia'' yalikuwa ˈkɛnja.<ref>''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0368-4016(194301)42%3A166%3C42%3A%22SOK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P The Spelling ya Kenya.]'' BJ Ratcliffe. Journal ya Royal African Society, Vol. 42, Namba 166 (Januari 1943), uk. 42-44</ref> Enzi ya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kuwa [[rais]] wa Kenya miaka ya [[1960]]-[[1969]], matamshi ya [[Kiingereza]], yaani {{IPA-en|ˈkɛnjə|}} yalikubalika na kutumiwa sana kwa sababu jina lake lilidumisha matamshi asilia ya wenyeji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Foottit | first = Claire | title = Kenya | origyear = 2004 | series = The Brade Travel Guide | year = 2006 | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | isbn = 1-84162-066-1 }}</ref> Kumbe saa ya uhuru, mwaka [[1963]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alichaguliwa kama rais wa kwanza.<ref name="castro">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Castro |first=Alfonso Peter |title=Facing Kirinyaga |url=https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast |year=1995 |publisher=Intermediat Technology Publications Ltd. |location=London |isbn = 1-85339-253-7}}</ref> Awali alikuwa alishika jina hili kutafakari ahadi yake ya kuikomboa nchi yake na matamshi yake ya jina lake ulisababisha katika matamshi ya Kenya katika Kiingereza kubadilisha nyuma ya makadirio ya awali uliotokea matamshi, {{pron-en|ˈkɛnjə}} Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], [[wakulima]] Waingereza na Wazungu wengine walituama katika [[nyanda za juu]] katika eneo la kati walikoondokea kuwa ma[[tajiri]] kwa kulima [[kahawa]] na [[chai]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "Tunataka nchi yetu"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html |date=20130723000220 }}. Wakati. 5 Novemba 1965.</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1930]], takribani [[walowezi]] 30,000 waliishi katika maeneo hayo na walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa ki[[uchumi]]. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa makao ya watu [[milioni]] moja wa kabila la [[Wakikuyu]], na wengi wao hawakuwa na [[ithibati]] ya kumiliki mashamba kwa mujibu wa Waingereza (ingawa mashamba hayo yalimilikiwa na kabila hilo kabla ya Wazungu kufika), na waliishi kama wakulima wanaohamahama. Ili kuendeleza matakwa yao, walowezi waliwakataza kilimo cha kahawa na kuwalazimisha kulipa kodi ya [[nyumba]], na maskwota walipewa mashamba madogo baada ya kuwafanyia kazi. Wakikuyu wengi walihamia mijini kwani mashamba yao hayangeweza kutosheleza mahitaji yao. Mwaka wa [[1951]], [[Horace Hector Hearne]] akawa [[mkuu wa sheria]] nchini Kenya (alitoka [[Ceylon]] alikoshikilia [[wadhifa]] huohuo) na alifanya kazi katika [[Mahakama Kuu]] mjini [[Nairobi]]. Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo hadi mwaka [[1954]] alipoteuliwa kama [[Hakimu wa Rufaa]] katika [[Mahakama ya Rufaa]] ya [[Afrika Magharibi]]. [[Usiku]] wa tarehe [[5 Februari]] [[1952]], wakati [[Mfalme]] [[Mfalme George VI|George VI]] alipoaga dunia, Hearne alimsindikiza [[Malkia]] [[Elizabeth II]] na [[mume]]we Filipo [[mwanamfalme]] wa [[Edinburgh]], kwa dhifa ya kitaifa hotelini Treetops, ambayo sasa ni kivutio maarufu cha watalii. Hapa ndipo alipouanzia umalkia.<ref>[http://www.africagenweb.org/kenya/ Kenya, AfricaGenWeb]</ref> Alirudi Uingereza mara moja akiandamana na Hearne. Kuanzia Oktoba 1952 mpaka Desemba [[1959]], Kenya ilikuwa katika [[hali ya hatari]] kufuatia [[uasi]] wa [[Mau Mau]] dhidi ya utawala wa Uingereza. Gavana aliomba na kupata msaada wa wanajeshi Waingereza na Waafrika, pamoja na [[King's African Rifles]]. Mnamo Januari [[1953]], [[Meja Jenerali]] Hinde aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa oparesheni ya kuzima uasi. Hali hii haikuimarika kwa kukosa uchunguzi, kwa hivyo [[Jenerali]] [[George Erskine]] aliteuliwa kuwa [[kamanda]] msimamizi wa majeshi ya kikoloni mnamo Mei 1953, akiungwa mkono hasa na [[Winston Churchill]]. Kutiwa mbaroni kwa [[Warũhiũ Itote]] (aka [[General China]]) tarehe [[15 Januari]] 1954, na kuhojiwa kwake kulipelekea Waingereza kuuelewa vyema usimamizi wa Mau Mau. [[Oparesheni Anvil]] iliyoanzishwa tarehe [[24 Aprili]] 1954 ilipangwa na [[jeshi]] kwa [[wiki]] kadhaa baada ya kukubaliwa na kamati kuu ya vita. Wakati wa oparesheni hiyo, mji wa Nairobi ulidhibitiwa na wanajeshi na wakazi wake walihojiwa huku wafuasi wa Mau Mau wakikamatwa na kupelekwa vizuizini. Mnamo Mei 1953, walinzi wa nyumbani walitambulika rasmi kama [[askari wa usalama]]. Askari hao wa nyumbani ndio waliounda kikosi cha kupambana na mikakati ya Mau Mau kwani walikuwa Waafrika waaminifu, na si majeshi ya kigeni kama Jeshi la Uingereza na King's African Rifles. Kufikia mwisho wa hali ya hatari, askari hao walikuwa wamewaua Mau Mau 4886, ambao ni asilimia 42% ya waasi wote. Kukamatwa kwa [[Dedan Kimathi]] huko [[Nyeri]] tarehe [[21 Oktoba]] [[1956]] kuliashiria kushindwa kwa Mau Mau kukamaliza vita. === Baada ya uhuru === [[Picha:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|thumb|260px|[[Sanamu]] ya Jomo Kenyatta mjini Nairobi.]] ====Utawala wa Kenyatta==== Waafrika walichaguliwa moja kwa moja katika [[bunge la uwakilishi]] kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1957]]. Licha ya Waingereza kutamani kuwakabidhi [[mamlaka]] wapinzani wasio na [[siasa kali]] ya Kiafrika, ni [[chama]] cha [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) kilichoongozwa na [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kilichounda [[serikali]] punde tu kabla ya Kenya kupata [[uhuru]] tarehe [[12 Desemba]] [[1963]]. Tarehe 12 Desemba [[1964]], Kenya ilipotangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]], Kenyatta akawa [[rais]] wa kwanza. Mwaka huohuo, [[jeshi la Kenya]] lilipigana na [[Vita vya Shifta]] dhidi ya kabila la [[Wasomali]] waliokusudia kuiona NFD imejiunga na [[Jamhuri ya Somalia]]. [[Mashifta]] walililemea jeshi la Kenya lakini baadaye walishindwa mwaka wa [[1967]]. Kenya ilitia [[saini]] [[mkataba]] na nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] mwaka wa [[1969]] unaodumu mpaka leo kwa kuhofia ma[[shambulizi]] kutoka kwa [[jeshi la Somalia]] lililokuwa na nguvu zaidi.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm Post-Uhuru Low intensiteten Conflict Nchini Kenya]</ref> Eneo la NFD nchini Kenya halijaendelea kutokana na [[kiangazi]] na [[mafuriko]]. Hata hivyo, [[wakimbizi]] wafanyabiashara wa Kisomali waliotajirika wamebadilisha [[mtaa]] wa Eastleigh uliokuwa wa ma[[banda]] na kuufanya kuwa ngome ya kibiashara katika sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa mji wa Nairobi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=E. H.|first=Campbell|date=2006|title=Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration|url=https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/19/3/396/1571241|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=396|doi=10.1093/jrs}}</ref> ====Utawala wa Moi==== Mwaka wa [[1978]], Kenyatta alifariki na [[Daniel Arap Moi]] akawa rais. Moi alidumisha [[urais]] kwa kuchaguliwa bila kupingwa katika chaguzi za mwaka wa [[1979]], [[1983]] (uchaguzi wa [[dharura]]) na [[1988]], zote zikiwa zilifanyika chini ya [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Uchaguzi wa 1983 ulifanyika mwaka mmoja kabla ya wakati kutokana na [[njama]] ya [[kupindua serikali]] iliyokosa kufaulu tarehe [[1 Agosti]] [[1982]]. [[Mapinduzi]] hayo yaliyotibuka yalipangwa na [[askari]] [[mwanahewa]] wa [[cheo]] cha chini, Bwana [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] na kuendelezwa hasa na wanahewa. [[Jaribio]] hilo lilizimwa kwa haraka na wanajeshi waaminifu wakiongozwa na [[Jeshi la Nchi Kavu]], General Service Unit (GSU) - kikosi cha [[polisi]] wenye [[hadhi]] ya kijeshi - na baadaye polisi wa kawaida. Hata hivyo [[raia]] kadhaa walijeruhiwa na wengine kuuawa. [[Tukio]] hilo lilisababisha kuvunjwa kwa kikosi chote cha wanahewa, huku wengine wakiachishwa kazi na wengine wakishtakiwa kwenye [[mahakama ya kijeshi]]. Katika uchaguzi wa 1988 ''[[kura za mlolongo]]'' zilianzishwa, ambapo wapigakura walitakiwa kupiga [[foleni]] nyuma ya [[wagombea]] wanaowapenda, badala ya kutumia [[kura ya siri]]<ref>Wapiga kura wengi kukaa nyumbani kama Kenya Drops Secret Ballot katika Uchaguzi Parliamentary http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html |date=20110215084715 }}: The Washington Post Kifungu tarehe: 25 Februari 1988 Author: Blaine Harden</ref> Jambo hilo lilionekana kama [[kilele]] cha enzi ya [[ukiukaji]] mkubwa wa [[demokrasia]] likasababisha [[msukumo]] mkuu wa [[mageuzi]] ya kikatiba. Vipengele vilivyokuwa na utata, kikiwemo kile kilichoruhusu chama kimoja pekee cha kisiasa, vilibadilishwa miaka iliyofuata.<ref>religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu / rihand / Kenya.html</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi wa miaka ya [[1992]] na [[1997]], Daniel Arap Moi alichaguliwa tena. ====Utawala wa Kibaki==== Kulingana na katiba, mwaka [[2002]] Moi hakuruhusiwa kuwania urais tena, na [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[chama cha upinzani]] cha "[[National Rainbow Coalition]]" — NARC akachaguliwa kuwa rais. Uchaguzi huo ulitambulikana kuwa wa kidemokrasia na [[wachunguzi]] wa humu nchini na wa kimataifa na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha mageuzi makubwa ya kidemokrasia nchini Kenya. Mnamo Desemba [[2002]], Wakenya walifanya uchaguzi uliokuwa wa kidemokrasia na uwazi ambao kwa kiasi kikubwa uliamuliwa kuwa huru na wa haki na wachunguzi wa kimataifa. Uchaguzi wa mwaka huo ulikuwa mwanzo mpya na uliiletea Kenya mabadiliko makuu ya kisiasa yaliyowezesha chama cha Kenya African National Union (KANU), kilichokuwa kimeitawala nchi tangu uhuru, kukabidhi kwa amani mamlaka kwa chama cha National Rainbow Coalition (NARK), uliokuwa muungano wa vyama vingi. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Mwai Kibaki, muungano wa vyama tawala ulihahidi kushughulikia ukuaji wa kiuchumi, kumaliza ufisadi, kuimarisha elimu na kuandika katiba mpya. Baadhi ya ahadi hizi zimeshatimizwa. Kuna elimu ya msingi ya bure. Mwaka wa 2007 serikali ilitangaza kuwa, kuanzia mwaka 2008 gharama ya masomo ya shule za upili itapunguzwa huku serikali ikilipia gharama zote za mafundisho. ====Uchaguzi wa 2007==== {{Main|Uchaguzi wa bunge nchini Kenya, 2007}} Katika uchaguzi mkuu uliofanyika tarehe 27 Desemba 2007, Rais Kibaki wa chama cha Party of National Unity (PNU) aliwania uchaguzi dhidi ya chama kikuu cha upinzani Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Kulingana na wachunguzi wa kimataifa, uchaguzi huo ulikumbwa na udanganyifu na hivyo kutofikia kiwango kinachokubalika kimataifa. Chama cha ODM kilisambaratika na kupoteza 8 % ya kura zake kwa chama kipya cha Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM) - kikiongozwa na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]]. Kinyang’anyiro kilikuwa kikali kati ya mgombea wa ODM, [[Raila Odinga]] na Kibaki wa PNU. Kuhesabiwa kwa kura na [[Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya]] kulionyesha Raila akiongoza kwa [[kura]] chache na baadaye kwa kura nyingi. Hata hivyo, kura zilipoendelea kuhesabiwa na Tume ya Uchaguzi, Kibaki alimkaribia [[mpinzani]] wake kwa kura, kisha akamshinda. Matokeo hayo yalisababisha [[maandamano]] na kulaumiwa kwa Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya kwa kumpendelea Kibaki, hivyo Oginga akajitangaza “rais wa watu” na kutaka kura zihesabiwe tena.<ref>ghasia za uchaguzi Kenya unatishia mafanikio yake ya kiuchumi http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm</ref> Maandamano hayo yalibadilika kuwa [[ghasia]] zilizosababisha kuharibiwa kwa [[mali]].<ref name="reuters">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715200529/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400}}</ref>. Viongozi mashuhuri wa Afrika, wakiongozwa na aliyekuwa [[katibu mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Kofi Annan]] walisuluhisha [[mzozo]] huo wa kisiasa. Kundi la Annan liliungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuia ya Ulaya]], [[Muungano wa Nchi za Afrika]], Serikali ya Marekani na nchi nyingine maarufu ulimwenguni kote. Kwa habari zaidi rejelea [[Ghasia nchini Kenya (2007-2008)]]. Annan aliomba usaidizi kwa [[kamati]] yake ya [[upatanishi]] kutoka kwa shirika la kushughulikia mizozo la [[Uswisi]] lijulikanalo kama Kituo cha Mazungumzo ya Kihisani yaani Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. ====Serikali ya muungano==== Tarehe [[12 Februari]] 2008 Kibaki na Odinga walitia sahihi mkataba wa kuunda [[serikali ya muungano]] ambapo Odinga angekuwa [[waziri mkuu]] wa pili nchini Kenya. Kulingana na mkataba huo, rais angeteua [[baraza la mawaziri]] kutoka pande zote mbili za PNU na ODM kulingana na wingi wa wabunge wa kila chama bungeni. Mkataba huo ulieleza kuwa baraza la mawaziri litajumuisha [[Makamu wa Rais]] na manaibu wawili wa Waziri Mkuu. Baada ya majadiliano bungeni ilipitishwa kuwa muungano huo utadumu hadi mwisho wa kipindi cha bunge, ama chama kimoja kikijitoa kwenye muungano kabla ya kipindi cha bunge kuisha. [[Wadhifa]] huo mpya wa waziri mkuu utakuwa na nguvu na mamlaka kuratibu na kusimamia shughuli za serikali. Vilevile itaongozwa na mbunge aliyechaguliwa ambaye pia atakuwa kiongozi wa chama au muungano wa vyama wenye idadi kubwa ya wabunge bungeni. Ulimwengu ulimshuhudia Annan na kamati yake iliyoungwa mkono na Umoja wa Mataifa na mwenye kiti wa muungano wa nchi za Afrika Jakaya Kikwete, walipowaleta pamoja wapinzani hawa sugu kwenye sherehe za kutia sahihi mkataba huu. Sherehe hizi zilionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenya televisheni ya kitaifa kutoka kiingilio cha Jumba la Harambee mjini Nairobi. Wawakilishi wa PNU na ODM walianza majadiliano ya kina kuhusu ugavi wa mamlaka tarehe 29 Februari 2008.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' kwa Kenya - CNN.com] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html |date=20080305205228 }} saa edition.cnn.com</ref> Wabunge wa Kenya, kwa pamoja, waliidhinisha mkataba wa ugawaji mamlaka tarehe 18 mwezi wa Machi 2008 ili kuiokoa Kenya iliyoaminika kama mojawapo ya nchi thabiti na iliyoendelea barani Afrika. Mkataba huu uliunganisha PNU iliyoongozwa na Kibaki na ODM ya Odinga kisha kupelekea kuundwa kwa serikali ya muungano, vyama vyote viwili vikiwa na mamlaka sawa.<ref>wabunge Kenya kupitisha sheria ya kugawana madaraka-english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera Kiingereza 18 Machi</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] 2008, Rais Kibaki aliitangaza baraza la mawaziri 41 wa serikali hii ya muungano ikijumuisha waziri mkuu na makamu wake wawili. Baraza hili lilijumuisha pia manaibu wa mawaziri 50 na lilitawazwa katika [[Ikulu]] ya Nairobi tarehe [[17 Aprili]] 2008 huku Kofi Annan na viongozi wengine mashuhuri wakishuhudia. Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] [[2008]] ilitangazwa kuwa [[sikukuu ya kitaifa]] kusherehekea [[ushindi]] wa [[Barack Obama]], ambaye [[baba]] yake alikuwa Mkenya, kama rais wa [[Marekani]]. Katika sehemu za mashambani, kama wilayani [[Kisii]], visa vya kuchoma watu wakidaiwa kuwa [[wachawi]] vinaongezeka.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8119201.stm Horror ya Kenya's 'Witch' lynchings]</ref> Waathiriwa hasa ni wanawake wakongwe. Mnamo Mei 2008, watu 11 waliuwa na nyumba 30 kuchomwa.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm Mob nzito kifo 11 Kenya 'witches']</ref> ==Siasa na Utawala== Tazama pia: [[Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya]] Kwa sasa Kenya ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya kiuwakilishi inayoongozwa na rais, ambaye ndiye mkuu wa taifa na kiongozi wa serikali, na yenye [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]. [[Serikali]] ndiyo yenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu. Utungaji wa [[sheria]] ni jukumu la serikali na la [[bunge]] la taifa. Idara ya Mahakama ni huru, na imejitenga na serikali kuu na bunge. Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na kutoridhika kwingi, hasa katika enzi ya rais mstaafu [[Daniel Arap Moi]], kuwa serikali iliingilia sana shughuli za mahakama. Kenya imedumisha uthabiti wa kutosha licha ya mabadiliko katika mifumo yake ya kisiasa na michafuko katika nchi kadhaa jirani. Bunge la mseto wa vyama vingi la [[1997]] lilianzisha [[mageuzi]] yaliyobadilisha sheria za kikoloni zenye [[dhuluma]] zilizotumika kuuzuia uhuru wa kuongea na kutangamana. Jambo hilo liliimarisha uhuru wa [[umma]] na kuchangia kiasi kuaminika kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Desemba 1997. ===Kaunti na tarafa=== {{Main|Kaunti za Kenya|Wilaya, tarafa na kata za Kenya}} [[Picha:Map showing Counties underthe new kenyan constitution..gif|thumb|Kaunti za Kenya.]] Kenya ina [[kaunti]] 47, kila moja ikiongozwa na Mkuu wa Kaunti anayechaguliwa na watu ambao wanaishi kwenye hiyo kaunti. [[Serikali za mitaa]] huendelezwa kupitia mabaraza ya miji. Maeneo mengi ya mijini huwa ni [[mji]], [[manisipaa]] au baraza la mji. Serikali za mitaa katika maeneo ya [[Shamba|mashambani]] huitwa [[serikali]] za [[wilaya]]. Ma[[diwani]] wa mitaa hii huchaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi]] wa madiwani unaofanywa wakati mmoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]]. Maeneo ya uwakilishi bungeni yamegawanywa kwa sababu ya upigaji [[kura]]. Kuna maeneobunge 210 nchini Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency ufadhili chini ya RMLF] {{Wayback|url=http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php |date=20080113052023 }}</ref> == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Kenya}} === Miji === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Kenya}} Ukuaji wa miji nchini Kenya umeongezeka kwa kasi, huku ongezeko la idadi ya watu likijikita zaidi katika miji mikubwa. Kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2019, [[Nairobi]] ndilo jiji kubwa zaidi lenye wakazi 4,397,073, likifuatiwa na [[Mombasa]] (1,208,333) na [[Nakuru]] (570,674). Miji mingine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Eldoret]] (475,716) na [[Kisumu]] (397,957). Ukuaji wa miji ya karibu na [[Nairobi]], hasa katika [[Kaunti ya Kiambu]] kama [[Ruiru]], [[Kikuyu (mji)|Kikuyu]] na [[Thika]], unaonyesha kuendelea kwa upanuzi wa jiji hilo. {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Kenya | stat_ref = Kulingana na sensa ya 2019 <ref name="Census2019">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume III: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200037/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Kaunti | div_link = Kaunti za Kenya{{!}}Kaunti | city_1 = Nairobi | div_1 = Kaunti ya Nairobi{{!}}Nairobi | pop_1 = 4 397 073 | img_1 = Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG | city_2 = Mombasa | div_2 = Kaunti ya Mombasa{{!}}Mombasa | pop_2 = 1 208 333 | img_2 = Mombasa skyline.jpg | city_3 = Nakuru | div_3 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_3 = 570 674 | img_3 = | city_4 = Ruiru | div_4 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_4 = 490 120 | img_4 = | city_5 = Eldoret | div_5 = Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu{{!}}Uasin Gishu | pop_5 = 475 716 | city_6 = Kisumu | div_6 = Kaunti ya Kisumu{{!}}Kisumu | pop_6 = 397 957 | city_7 = Kikuyu, Kenya{{!}}Kikuyu | div_7 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_7 = 323 881 | city_8 = Thika | div_8 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_8 = 251 407 | city_9 = Naivasha | div_9 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_9 = 198 444 | city_10 = Karuri | div_10 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_10 = 194 342 | city_11 = Ongata Rongai | div_11 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_11 = 172 569 | city_12 = Garissa | div_12 = Kaunti ya Garissa{{!}}Garissa | pop_12 = 163 399 | city_13 = Kitale | div_13 = Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia{{!}}Trans-Nzoia | pop_13 = 162 174 | city_14 = Juja | div_14 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_14 = 156 041 | city_15 = Mlolongo | div_15 = Kaunti ya Machakos{{!}}Machakos | pop_15 = 136 351 | city_16 = Malindi | div_16 = Kaunti ya Kilifi{{!}}Kilifi | pop_16 = 119 859 | city_17 = Mandera | div_17 = Kaunti ya Mandera{{!}}Mandera | pop_17 = 114 718 | city_18 = Kisii, Kenya{{!}}Kisii | div_18 = Kaunti ya Kisii{{!}}Kisii | pop_18 = 112 417 | city_19 = Kakamega | div_19 = Kaunti ya Kakamega{{!}}Kakamega | pop_19 = 107 227 | city_20 = Ngong, Kenya{{!}}Ngong | div_20 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_20 = 102 323 }} === Kabila/Asili === {{Main|Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya|Dini nchini Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye ma[[kabila]] mengi tofautitofauti, hasa ya [[Kibantu]] (67%) na ya [[Waniloti|Kiniloti]]. Wakenya wengi huzungumza [[lugha]] mbili, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]], na [[asilimia]] kubwa pia huzungumza [[lugha mama]] ya kabila lao. Makundi ya makabila ni kama ifuatavyo:17.13% [[Wakikuyu]], 14.35% [[Waluhya]], 13.37% [[Wakalenjin]], 10.65% [[Waluo]], 9.81% [[Wakamba]], 5.85% [[Wasomali]] 5.68% [[Wakisii]], makabila mengine ya Kiafrika 15%, wasio Waafrika ([[Wahindi]], [[Waingereza]] na [[Waarabu]]) 1% <ref name="worldfactbook"/> Kila kundi au kabila lina lugha yake na Kiswahili hutumika kama chombo cha kuwasiliana miongoni mwa makabila tofauti. ===Dini=== [[File:Catholic Church in Mombasa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kanisa Katoliki huko [[Mombasa]].]] Upande wa [[dini]], idadi kubwa ya Wakenya ni [[Wakristo]]: kulingana na [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2019]], [[asilimia]] 85.5 ya [[wakazi]] wa [[Kenya]] walikuwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] (asilimia 53.9 ni [[Waprotestanti]], asilimia 20.6 ni [[Wakatoliki]], asilimia 11.8 ni Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mengine mbalimbali, wakiwemo Waorthodoksi 621,200), asilimia 10.9 ni [[Waislamu]], asilimia 0.7 ni wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], asilimia 1.7 ni wa makundi mengine ya dini (kuna [[Wahindu]] takribani 60,000, ambao wameingiliana vyema na Wakenya wengine na huchangia pakubwa uchumi wa nchi), na asilimia 1.6 wanadai hawana uhusiano na [[dini]] yoyote ile. {{bar box |float=right |title=Dini nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka 2019 |width=250px |bars= {{bar percent|[[Ukristo]]|DodgerBlue|85.5}} {{bar percent| [[Uislamu]]|Green|10.9}} {{bar percent|Wasio na dini|DodgerBlue|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Dini za jadi]]|grey|0.7}} |caption=Chanzo : KNBS (Sensa 2019) }} Waislamu wengi huishi katika kaunti za Kaskazini na Kaskazini Magharibi mwa nchi huku wengine wakiishi katika pwani. Wengi wa wanaoishi sehemu ya magharibi mkoani Pwani ni Wakristo. Eneo la kaskazini la Mkoa wa Mashariki ni makazi ya asilimia 10 ya jumla ya Waislamu nchini; hii ndiyo [[dini]] ya wakazi wengi wa hapa, na mbali na idadi ndogo ya [[Wasomali]] wanaoishi Nairobi, idadi kubwa ya Wakenya wengine ni Wakristo.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm US Department of State</ref> ==Sanaa na Utamaduni== === Utamaduni=== [[Picha:Maasai tribe.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Askari Wamasai]] [[Picha:Kenyan man.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Mmasai katika mapambo ya jadi]] {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kenya|Muziki wa Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye tamaduni anuwai. Tamaduni zinazotambulika ni pamoja na Waswahili walio katika eneo la pwani, jamii za wafugaji katika eneo la kaskazini na jamii nyingine mbalimbali katika maeneo ya kati na magharibi. [[Wajaluo]] wa Kenya ni wazawa wa [[jamii]] za [[wakulima]] na [[wafugaji]] walioishi magharibi mwa Kenya kabla ya ukoloni. Inafahamika kwamba asili ya Wajaluo na makabila mengine ya [[Waniloti]] ni kaskazini mwa Kenya, pengine maeneo ya Sudan Kusini ya sasa. Waniloti, kama wanavyoitwa, ni kikundi cha ki[[anthropolojia]] kilichotoka maeneo ya kaskazini mashariki mwa Afrika. Pengine walihamia kusini kutokana na [[vita]] vilivyosababishwa na ukuaji wa [[Kush]] na [[Misri]]. Waniloti nchini Kenya ni [[Wajaluo]], [[Waturkana]], [[Wakalenjin]] na [[Wamasai]]. Hili linadhihirika kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[lahaja]] zinazofanana kati ya makabila fulani nchini Sudan Kusini leo. Makabila haya ni pamoja na [[Akoli]] na [[Lwo]] (si sawa na Luo) wanaoishi katika eneo la [[Darfur]]. Kuna makabila mengine ya Waniloti yanayoishi nchini [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya Wajaluo kuvutiwa na [[Ziwa Victoria]], ambako wanapatikana katika nchi hizi tatu (Uganda, Tanzania na Kenya). Nchini Uganda, wanajulikana kwa kuanzisha [[himaya]] ya [[Waganda]] na ya himaya ya [[Watoro]]. Wajaluo nchini Kenya walipigana vita na majirani wao, hasa Wakalenjin, ili kulidhibiti ziwa hilo. Leo hii, utamaduni wa Wamaasai unajulikana sana kwa kuangaziwa vilivyo na utalii, hata hivyo Wamaasai ni asilimia ndogo ya idadi ya Wakenya kwa jumla. Wamaasai wanatambulika kwa kujipamba sehemu ya juu ya mwili na kwa vito. Kenya ina utajiri mwingi wa [[muziki]], vituo vya [[runinga]] na [[maonyesho ya sanaa]]. ===Fasihi=== {{Main|Fasihi ya Kenya}} [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] ni mmoja wa [[waandishi]] maarufu wa Kenya. [[Kitabu]] chake ''[[:en:Weep Not, Child]]'' ni ufafanuzi wa [[maisha]] yalivyokuwa Waingereza walipoitwaa Kenya. Hii ni [[hadithi]] kuhusu athari za Mau Mau katika maisha ya Wakenya asili. Kinavyochanganya maudhui - ukoloni, elimu, na mapenzi - kunakifanya kuwa kimojawapo kati ya vitabu bora vya hadithi barani Afrika. Kitabu cha hadithi cha [[M. G. Vassanji]] ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' kilishinda tuzo la Giller Prize mwaka 2003. Hii ni hadithi ya kubuni ya Mkenya mwenye asili ya Kihindi na [[familia]] yake wavyojizatiti na mabadiliko ya kisiasa wakati wa ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni nchini Kenya. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2003, jarida la fasihi ''[[Kwani?]]'' limekuwa likichapisha fasihi ya kisasa ya Kenya. ==Elimu== {{Main|Elimu nchini Kenya}} Mfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya unajumuisha elimu ya [[chekechea]], [[elimu ya msingi|ya msingi]], ya [[sekondari]] na ya [[vyuo]]. Elimu ya watoto wadogo aghalabu huchukua miaka mitatu, ya msingi miaka minane, sekondari minne na chuo kikuu miaka minne au sita kwa kutegemea kozi. Shule za chekechea, ambazo ni za watoto wa umri wa miaka mitatu hadi mitano, ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo huu wa elimu na ni kigezo muhimu kabla ya kusajiliwa katika darasa la kwanza (Gredi ya Kwanza). Mwishoni mwa elimu ya msingi wanafunzi hufanya mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Msingi Kenya (KCPE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na shule ya sekondari au vyuo vya ufundi. Umri wa shule ya msingi ni miaka 6/7 hadi 13/14. Wale wanaojiunga na shule ya upili hufanya mtihani wa taifa mwishoni mwa kidato cha nne - Mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Shule ya Upili Kenya (KCSE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu, vyuo vya taatuma nyinginezo au kuajiriwa. Baraza Kuu la Usajili (JAB) ndilo lenye jukumu la kuwachagua wanafunzi watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu vya umma. Mbali na shule za umma, kuna shule nyingi za binafsi nchini, hasa katika sehemu za miji. Vilevile, kuna shule kadhaa za kimataifa zinazofundisha mifumo mbalimbali ya elimu ya ng'ambo. === Historia ya elimu === Mfumo wa kwanza wa elimu nchini Kenya baada ya uhuru uliletwa na wakoloni Waingereza. Baada ya nchi kupata uhuru tarehe 12 Desemba 1963, Tume ya Ominde iliundwa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yaakisi matarajio ya taifa huru la Kenya. Tume hii ilimulika masuala ya usawa na umoja, ambayo yalikuwa muhimu hasa wakati huo. Mabadiliko ya kilichofundishwa katika historia na jiografia yalifanywa ili kuakisi umoja wa kitaifa. Kati ya miaka 1964 na 1985, mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 ulifuatwa (miaka saba masomo ya msingi, miaka minne sekondari ya daraja la chini, miaka miwili sekondari ya daraja la juu, na miaka mitatu masomo ya chuo kikuu). Shule zote zilifuata [[mtaala]] mmoja. Mwaka wa 1981, kamati iliyoteuliwa na rais kuratibu namna ya kuanzisha chuo kikuu cha pili nchini Kenya, na pia kuubadilisha mfumo wa elimu kwa jumla, ilianza kazi yake. Kamati hii ilipendekeza kuwa mfumo ule wa 7-4-2-3 ubadilishwe kuwa mfumo wa 8-4-4 (miaka minane shule ya msingi, miaka minne shule ya upili, miaka minne elimu ya chuo kikuu). Jedwali lililo katika Elimu ya Sasa Nchini Kenya linaonyesha muundo wa mfumo wa 8-4-4. Ingawa mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 kinadharia ulifikia kikomo mfumo wa 8-4-4 ulipoanzishwa mwaka wa 1985, kundi la mwisho la mfumo huo wa awali lilihitimu kutoka vyuo vikuu vya Kenya mwaka wa 1992. === Elimu nchini Kenya sasa === Mfumo wa sasa wa 8-4-4 ilizinduliwa Januari 1985. Ulitilia mkazo masomo ya kiufundi kwa matarajio kuwa, muundo huu mpya utawawezesha wanaoacha shule katika viwango mbalimbali aidha kujiajiri wenyewe au kupata ajira katika sekta ya juakali. Mnamo Januari 2003, Serikali ya Kenya ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa masomo ya shule za msingi bila malipo. Hili lilipelekea kuongezeka kwa wanafunzi waliojiunga na shule za msingi kwa asilimia 70. Hata hivyo, idadi ya waliojiunga na shule za upili na vyuo haikuongezeka sana kwa sababu malipo bado yalihitajika ili kuhudhuria masomo. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya msingi nchini Kenya (KCPE) hufanywa katika darasa la nane. Matokeo ya mtihani huu huhitajika ili kusajiliwa katika shule ya upili. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya shule ya upili nchini Kenya (K.C.S.E.) hufanywa katika kidato cha nne. Wanafunzi hufanya mtihani katika masomo nane. === Ukosoaji === Mfumo wa elimu wa Kenya 8-4-4 umepitia mengi magumu katika kipindi kirefu ulichodumu. Punde tu baada ya kufuzu kwa kundi la kwanza la wanafunzi wa mfumo huu mwaka wa 1989, wananchi wengi walijitokeza kuilaumu na kuihukumu serikali kwa kuuanzisha mfumo huu. Wakosoaji hao walidai kuwa waliohitimu hawajaandaliwa vyema na hawangeweza kushindana na wenzao kutoka sehemu nyingine za [[ulimwengu]]. Wengine walihoji kuwa waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu walikuwa aidha wachanga sana au hawajaandaliwa vyema kwa nafasi za kazi zilizokuweko. Serikali haikusikiliza hayo yote pengine kwa sababu uwezekano wa kuubadilisha na kuuunda upya kungeigharimu pesa nyingi. Hata hivyo, kwa miaka mingi waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu wamewaaibisha walioupinga kwa kufualu katika vyuo vya nchini na ng’ambo. Pia wasomi na wafanyakazi wa afya kuhamia [[nchi zilizoendelea]] ni dhihirisho tosha la hali hii. Mkazo uliotiliwa masomo ya ufundi umefifia na mabadiliko ya hivi juzi katika mtaala yanasisitiza [[teknolojia]] ya [[upashanaji habari]], [[sayansi]], [[hesabu]] na lugha. Kwa vyovyote vile, kazi ya kiakademia na kusisitizwa kwa kupita mitihani iliyoandikwa hakujaacha nafasi kwa [[useremala]], [[uashi]], [[upishi]] na mafunzo mengine ya [[ufundi]]. ==Michezo== {{Main|Michezo ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Icc Wcl Championship Nepal Vs Kenya Tu Ground Kathmandu @ Nepal 6.jpg|thumb|Timu ya kriketi ya Kenya]] [[Picha:Elgon Cup 2007.png|thumb|Timu ya rugby ya Kenya]] Kenya hushiriki katika [[michezo]] mbalimbali ikiwemo [[kriketi]], [[mbio za magari]], [[soka]], [[raga]] na [[ngumi]]. Lakini nchi hii inajulikana hasa kwa kutawala katika [[mbio za masafa ya kadiri]] na [[mbio za masafa marefu]]. Kenya, kwa muda mrefu, imetoa [[Bingwa|mabingwa]] wa [[Olimpiki]] na [[michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola]] katika nyanja mbalimbali, hasa katika mbio za mita 800, mita 1,500, mita 3,000 kuruka viunzi na maji, mita 5,000, mita 10,000 na mbio za masafa marefu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya (hasa wa kabila la Wakalenjin) wanaendelea kutawala mbio za masafa ulimwenguni, ingawa ushindani kutoka nchi ya [[Moroko]] na Ethiopia umepunguza umaarufu huu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya wanaosifika sana ni pamoja na mshindi mara nne wa mbio za masafa marefu za [[Boston]] kwa [[wanawake]] na mshindi mara mbili wa mbio za dunia [[Catherine Ndereba]], aliyeshikilia rekodi ya awali ya mbio za dunia [[Paul Tergat]], na [[John Ngugi]]. Wakati wa michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Beijing]] Kenya ilishinda [[medali]] 6 za [[dhahabu]], 4 za [[fedha]], 4 za [[shaba]] na kulifanya taifa lililofaulu sana barani Afrika katika michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. Wanariadha wapya walitambulikana, kama [[Pamela Jelimo]], mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za mita 800 kwa wanawake aliyejitahidi na kushinda tuzo la Golden League, na [[Samuel Wajiru]] aliyeshinda mbio za masafa marefu kwa wanaume. Bingwa mstaafu wa mbio za Olimpiki na za Jumuia ya Madola, [[Kipchoge Keino]], alisaidia kuanza ubingwa wa mbio za masafa marefu [[miaka ya 1970]] akafuatwa na bingwa wa michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola, [[Henry Rono]], aliyeshikilia rekodi kadhaa za dunia. Hivi majuzi, kumekuwa na mzozo wa wanariadha wa Kenya waliosaliti nchi yao na kuwakilisha nchi nyingine, hasa [[Bahrain]] na [[Qatar]]. [[Wizara ya michezo]] ya Kenya imejaribu kuzuia usaliti huu, lakini umeendelea tu, [[Bernard Lagat]] akiwa wa mwisho, akichagua kuiwakilisha [[Marekani]].Usaliti huu, kwingi unatokana na sababu za kiuchumi au kifedha ingawa pia wanariadha wazuri wasioweza kufaulu katika timu nzuri ya taifa huona ni rahisi kufaulu kwa kukimbilia nchi nyingine. Kenya pia imetawala [[voliboli]] ya wanawake barani Afrika, huku vilabu na [[timu ya taifa]] vikishinda mashindano kadhaa barani Afrika katika [[mwongo]] uliopita. Timu ya wanawake pia imeshiriki katika michezo ya Olimpiki na Mashindano ya Ulimwengu ingawa haijafaulu vilivyo. Mchezo wa kriketi ni maarufu na pia ni mchezo wa timu ambao umefaulu sana. Kenya imeshiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi]] tangu mwaka [[1996]]. Timu hii ilishinda baadhi ya timu maarufu ulimwenguni na kufikia [[semifainali]] katika mchuano wa mwaka [[2003]] na wachezaji kama vile [[Steve Tikolo]] na [[Maurice Odumbe]]. Walishinda ligi ya kriketi ya dunia daraja la 1 iliyofanyika Nairobi kwa mara ya kwanza, kisha wakashiriki katika mchuano wa ulimwengu wa T20. [[Nahodha]] wa sasa wa timu ni [[Collins Obuya]]. Kenya imejiundia jina katika muungano wa raga na wachezaji kama vile [[Collins Injera]] na [[Lucas Onyango]]. Mchezo huo ni maarufu nchini hasa kwa sababu ya mchuano wa kila mwaka wa Safari Sevens. Timu ya Kenya ya raga ya wachezaji [[saba]] kila upande ilikuwa nambari ya 9 katika michezo ya dunia ya wachezaji saba IRB katika msimu wa mwaka 2006. Kenya ilikuwa bingwa wa soka katika eneo hili lakini ubingwa huu umefifia kutokana na kutoelewana kwa maafisa wa Kamati ya Soka Nchini.<ref>New Vision, 3 Juni 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles ardhi Kenya utan fastställd FIFA marufuku] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 |date=20080110015009 }}</ref> Mizozo hii ilipelekea Kenya kupigwa marufuku na FIFA, lakini marufuku hii iliondolewa mnamo Machi 2007. Kwa upande wa mbio za magari, Kenya ndio waandalizi wa mbio za magari maarufu za [[Safari Rally]] zinazotambulika kuwa ngumu zaidi ulimwenguni,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 Julai 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA Rally: Delecour inachukua pointi kumaliza tarehe Safari Rally kwanza]</ref> na ambazo ni sehemu ya Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari kwa miaka mingi hadi kuondolewa kwake baada ya mbio za 2002 kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kifedha. Baadhi ya [[dereva|madereva]] maarufu wa mbio za magari ulimwenguni walioshiriki na kushinda mbio hizi ni [[Bjorn Waldegard]], [[Hannu Mokkola]], [[Tommi Makinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] na [[Colin McRae]]. Ingawa mbio hizi bado huendelea kila mwaka kama sehemu ya kutafuta Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari Afrika, waandalizi wanatarajia kuruhusiwa kujiunga tena na Ubingwa wa Magari Ulimwenguni katika miaka michache ijayo. ==Uchumi== {{Main|Uchumi wa Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Noti ya shilingi 20 ya mwaka 1994, ikimuonyesha Rais Daniel Arap Moi.]] Baada ya uhuru, Kenya iliendeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi haraka kupitia kwa uwekezaji wa umma, kuhimiza uzalishaji wa kilimo, na kushawishi uwekezaji wa watu binafsi na wageni katika viwanda. Pato la taifa lilikua kwa asilimia 6.6 kuanzia 1963 hadi 1973. Uzalishaji wa kilimo ulikua kwa asilimia 4.7 kila mwaka kwa kipindi hicho ukiwa umechochewa na ugawaji upya wa mashamba, kuanzishwa kwa kilimo cha mimea iliyoimarishwa, na kuanzisha mashamba mapya. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1974 na 1993 ukuaji wa uchumi wa Kenya ulipungua. Kupungua kwa kilimo kulisababishwa na sera za kilimo zisizofaa, mikopo isiyotosha na vikwazo visiyofaa vya biashara ya kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1993, Serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mpango mkuu wa kuimarisha uchumi na kuufanya huru. Waziri mpya wa fedha na gavana mpya wa Benki Kuu ya Kenya walianza mikakati iliyofuatana kuimarisha uchumi kwa usaidizi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]). Kama sehemu ya mpango huu, serikali iliondoa usimamizi wa bei za bidhaa, leseni za uagizaji na uthibiti wa ubadilishaji fedha, kubinafsisha kampuni nyingi zilizomilikiwa na umma, kupunguza idadi ya wafanyi kazi wa serikali na kuanzisha sera madhubuti za kulinda fedha. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1994 hadi 1996 ukuaji halisi wa uchumi wa Kenya ulikadiriwa juu kidogo ya asilimia 4 kwa mwaka. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1997 na 2000, uchumi uliingia kipindi cha kupungua au kutoimarika, kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya anga na kupungua kwa shughuli za kiuchumi. Mwaka wa 2001 pato la taifa liliimarika kiasi kwani mvua ilirejea kunyesha karibu na viwango vya awali. Ukuaji wa kiuchumi uliendelea kuimarika kiasi mwaka wa 2002 na kufikia asilimia 1.4 mwaka wa 2003, asilimia 4.3 mwaka wa 2004, kisha asilimia 5.8 mwaka wa 2005. [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Uwanja wa ndege wa Kimataifa wa Jomo Kenyatta]], ambao ndio mkubwa zaidi na wenye shughuli nyingi zaidi katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki.]] Mnamo Julai 1997, Serikali ya Kenya ilikataa kutimiza makubaliano ya awali na IMF kuhusu mabadiliko ya utawala wake. Jambo hili lilisababisha kukatizwa kwa misaada kwa miaka 3, nayo Benki ya Dunia ikaubana mkopo wa dola milioni 90 za mpango wa kuufufua uchumi. Ingawa mabadiliko mengi ya kiuchumi yaliyofanywa kati ya 1993-94 yalibakia, wataalamu wa maswala ya kiuchumi wasiopendelea mabadiliko waliamini kuwa Kenya iliitaji mabadiliko zaidi, hasa ya kiutawala ili kuongeza ukuaji wa pato la taifa (GDP). Serikali ya Kenya ilichukua hatua yakini za mabadiliko, pamoja na kuunda Tume ya Kupambana na Ufisadi (KACA), kuanzisha hatua za kuimarisha uwazi wa katika mikakati ya serikali kupata bidhaa na kupunguza fedha inayotumiwa na serikali kulipia mishahara. Mnamo Julai 2000, shirika la IMF lilitia saini dola milioni 150 za Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), nayo Benki ya Dunia ilifuatia na mkopo wa dola milioni 157 kuimarisha uchumi na kuibadilisha sekta ya umma. Mwezi wa Desemba 2000, iliamuliwa kuwa tume ya kupambana na ufisadi haikuwa ya kikatiba na sehemu za juhudi za mabadiliko kukatizwa mwaka 2001. Shirika la IMF na Benki ya Dunia zilikatiza mipango yao. Juhudi zilizofanywa kuanzisha upya mipango hii katikati ya mwaka wa 2002 hazikufaulu. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Kibaki, aliyechukua hatamu za uongozi tarehe 30 mwezi wa Desemba 2002, serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mipango mipya na kabambe ya uimarishaji uchumi na imerejelea ushirikiano wake na Benki ya Dunia na IMF. Serikali mpya ya National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) iliidhinisha Sheria dhidi ya Ufisadi na Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi pamoja na Sheria ya Maadili ya Watumishi wa Umma mnamo Mei 2003 iliyolenga kupiga vita ufisadi katika ofisi za umma. Mabadiliko mengine, hasa katika idara ya sheria, kuagiza bidhaa za umma na kadhalika yamepelekea kurejelewa kwa misaada na matumaini ya kuimarisha uchumi. Kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria muhimu za kupambana na ufisadi na serikali mpya, wafadhili walirejelea ufadhili mwezi wa Novemba 2003 na IMF ikaidhinisha msaada wa miaka mitatu wa dola milion 250 ili kupunguza umaskini na kuimarisha uchumi. Wafadhili wakatoa dola bilioni 4.2 kama msaada wa miaka minnne. Kurejelewa kwa ufadhili na kujihusizisha upya kwao kumevutia imani ya wawekezaji. Mswada wa [[ubinafsishaji]] umeidhinishwa ingawa kuanzishwa kwa tume ya ubinafsishaji hakujakamilika, mabadiliko katika utendakazi wa umma yametekelezwa na mwaka wa 2007 Kenya ilishinda tuzo la Umoja wa Kimataifa la Utendakazi wa Umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083024/http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |archivedate=2008-02-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235927/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kazi nyingi zinahitajika kufanywa ili kuiwezesha nchi hii kuyafikia mataifa yaliyoendelea sana kiuchumi, hasa yale ya Mashariki ya Mbali. Changamoto kuu ni pamoja na kuchukua hatua thabiti dhidi ya ufisadi, kupitisha sheria zinazoshughulikia ugaidi na biashara haramu, kutatua upungufu wa ufadhili wa bajeti kisha kurekebisha na kuunda miundo msingi. Inaaminika haya yatasaidia kudumisha sera za kimsingi za kiuchumi, na kuhakikisha ukuaji wa kasi wa kiuchumi uliofikia asilimia 7.2 mwaka wa 2007. Mwaka wa 2007, serikali ya Kenya ilizindua [[Ruwaza ya Kenya 2030|Ruwaza 2030]], ambao ni mpango wa kiuchumi wenye matumaini makuu na ambao ikiwa utatekelezwa kikamilifu, una uwezo wa kuifanya nchi hii kuwa katika kiwango sawa na mataifa yaliyoendelea kiuchumi ya Asia. Nairobi inaendelea kuwa kituo muhimu na cha kimsingi kwa mawasiliano na biashara cha Afrika Mashariki. Kinajivuna kuwa na miundo msingi ya uchukuzi na mawasiliano bora zaidi katika eneo hili, na wafanyi kazi wenye ujuzi. Makampuni mengi ya kigeni hudumisha matawi yao katika eneo hili ama ofisi za kuyawakilisha mjini Nairobi. Mnamo Machi 1996, Marais wa Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda waliifufua Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC). Shabaha za EAC ni pamoja na kusawazisha kodi na ada zinazotozwa bidhaa, utembeaji huru wa watu na kuimarisha miundo msingi katika eneo hili. Nchi hizi tatu za Afrika Mashariki zilitia saini mkataba wa Customs Union Agreement mwezi wa Machi 2004. {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1400px|<center>Mji wa Nairobi</center>}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| <td>{{Resize|120%|Muhtasari wa uchumi wa nchi}}</td> |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la taifa | Dola bilioni 41.84 (2012) kwa bei ya sasa. Dola bilioni 76.07 (Uwezo wa kununua bidhaa usio sawa, 2012) Kuna pia uchumi mkubwa usio rasmi ambao haujawahi kujumuishwa kama sehemu ya pato la taifa. |- ! style="text-align:left"| Ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa mwaka | 5.1% (2012) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka | Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka (PPP)= $1,800 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Malighafi ya kiasili | Wanyama wa pori, Ardhi (5% inayolimika) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Bidhaa za kilimo | Chai, kahawa, mahindi, ngano, miwa, mboga na matunda, pareto, bidhaa za maziwa, nyama na bidhaa za wanyama |- ! style="text-align:left"| Viwanda | Bidhaa za petroli, usagaji wa nafaka na miwa, saruji, pombe, vinywaji, nguo, uunganishaji magari, makaratasi, utengenezaji wa bidhaa za kimsingi, utalii |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| Biashara ya mwaka 2012 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Biasharanje | Dola bilioni 5.942 | chai, kahawa, bidhaa za mboga na matunda, bidhaa za petroli, saruji, samaki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Masoko muhimu (2012) <ref name="worldfactbook"/> | colspan="2"| Uganda, Tanzania, Uholanzi, Uingereza, Marekani, Misri, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |- ! style="text-align:left"| Maduhuli | Dola bilioni 14.39 | mashine, magari, bidhaa za petroli, vyuma, resini na bidhaa za plastiki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Mataifa muhimu yaletayo bidhaa Kenya {{nbsp|2}} | colspan="2"| China, Uhindi, Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu, Saudi Arabia, Afrika Kusini, Ujapani |} === Utafutaji wa mafuta === Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa [[2006]] Rais wa [[Uchina]], [[Hu Jintao]], alitia saini kandarasi ya utafutaji wa mafuta na Kenya. Haya ndiyo makubaliano ya hivi punde kati ya mfululizo wa mapatano yaliyopagwa kuelekeza maliasili ya Afrika huko Uchina ambako uchumi wake waendelea kukua kwa haraka. Kandarasi hii iliwezesha kampuni inayoongozwa na taifa la Uchina “offshore oil and gas company” CNOOC Ltd kutafuta mafuta Kenya, ambayo ilianza kuchimba visima vya kwanza mpakani mwa Sudan na Somalia na katika maji ya upwa wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel|date=10 Agosti 2006|publisher=Financial Times|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Athari za Ukoloni nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Kenya]] * [[Mito ya Kenya|Orodha ya mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya benki nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Kenya}} ; Serikali * [http://www.communication.go.ke/ Spokeperson serikali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |date=20081022110047 }} Ofisi Mnenaji wa Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Kenya. * [http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Serikali ya Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenya.go.ke/ |date=20081113033437 }} Official site. * [http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Legislation Kenya, Uchunguzi Sheria, Official Gazette Notices na kisheria Info. * [http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ |date=20081105143157 }} Official site State House, Kenya. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Mkuu wa Nchi na Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html |date=20091026201734 }} ; Jumla * Maelezo ya nchi (Country Profile) kutoka BBC News * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] kutoka [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm |date=20091024050050 }} kutoka ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}} ; Vyombo vya habari * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Vyombo vya habari Kenya] orodha kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] ; Utalii * [http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] * {{wikivoyage|Kenya}} ; Historia * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu ya Kenya Colony] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu wa 1908 Dermacation wa Ethiopia-Kenya Border] ; Nyingine * [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ Kenya Coast bibliography.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |date=20091108081958 }} ''Academic bibliography, hasa kwa Kiingereza, compiled by Jan Hoorweg, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden.'' * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Kimaiyo | first = Towett J. | title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices&nbsp;— 1902–2004 | publisher = Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | pages = 127 pages + appendices | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ | access-date = 2009-12-07 | archive-date = 2007-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ }} * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Who Owns Kenya?&nbsp;— What is the Queen Doing in Parliament? | date = 31 Machi 2007 | url = http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | accessdate = 2009-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221033/http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | archivedate = 2008-03-18 }} * [http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/africa/ken/index.htm Vijijini umaskini katika Kenya] (IFAD) * [http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html Kenya View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html |date=20070726094957 }} Mandhari na uzuri wa Kenya katika pica *[https://www.georgenjogu.com/ Kenyan Money News] {{Wayback|url=https://www.georgenjogu.com/ |date=20190806051930 }} Mkusanyiko wa Kazi kutoka kenya. * [http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ UNESCO Nairobi Office - Sekta ya Elimu Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ |date=20100331001952 }} * [[Wikia:Solarcooking:Kenya|Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni ya kupikia nishati ya jua nchini Kenya]] * [https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ Plus Size Expert] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ |date=20180226115134 }} Mkusanyo wa habari kutoka Kenya. {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Kenya|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] ck8c6lpluz1o9tiic3t79n3t4oteeqj 0 8390 1577892 1502545 2026-07-02T07:03:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Ufalme wa Thai | jina_asili = ราชอาณาจักรไทย (Ratcha-anachak Thai) | bendera = Flag of Thailand.svg | nembo = Emblem of Thailand.svg | kauli_mbiu = | wimbo_wa_taifa = เพลงชาติไทย (''Phleng Chat Thai'') – "Wimbo wa Taifa la Thai" | ramani = Thailand (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Bangkok]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kithai]] | lugha2 = | serikali = Ufalme wa kikatiba wa bunge lenye umoja | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Mfalme]] | kiongozi1 = Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi2 = Anutin Charnvirakul | bunge = Bunge la Kitaifa (Seneti na Bunge la Wawakilishi) | muundo_uhuru = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = 6 Aprili 2017 | tukio2 = Mapinduzi ya kikatiba | tukio2_tarehe = 24 Juni 1932 | eneo_jumla = 513,120 km² | maji = 0.4% | watu_kadirio = 65,975,198 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 132.1/km² | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025 | plt_ppp = $1.850 trilioni | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = $26,320 | mwaka_plt = 2025 | plt = $546.220 bilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = $7,770 | hdi = 0.798 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 76 | gini = 35.1 | mwaka_gini = 2021 | fedha = Baht ya Thai (฿) (THB) | majira_saa = +7 (ICT) | tld = .th, .ไทย | msimbo_simu = 66 }} '''Uthai''' pia '''Thai''' (kwa [[Kithai]] ''Ratcha-anachak Thai''), rasmi kama '''Ufalme wa Thai''', ni nchi katika [[Asia ya Kusini]]-mashariki, inapakana na [[Laos]] na [[Myanmar]] kaskazini, [[Kambodia]] mashariki, Ghuba ya Thailand na [[Malaysia]] kusini, na [[Bahari ya Andamani]] magharibi. Uthai ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 65, ikiwa ya 20 duniani, katika eneo la kilomita za mraba 513,120. Jiji lake kubwa zaidi ni [[Bangkok]], ambalo pia ni [[mji mkuu]]. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kithai]] Uthai ina urithi tajiri na wa kipekee wa [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] uliotengenezwa kwa karne nyingi za [[historia]], ukiathiriwa na [[India#Utamaduni|tamaduni za Kihindi]], Khmer, na [[Wachina|Kichina]]. Nchi hii inajulikana kwa mila zake thabiti za [[Ubudha|Kibudha]], ambazo zina jukumu kuu katika maisha ya kila siku, sherehe, na usanifu wa majengo. Falme za kihistoria kama ''Sukhothai'' na ''Ayutthaya'' zilichangia sana katika [[sanaa]], [[fasihi]], na mifumo ya kisiasa ya Uthai, zikianzisha msingi wa taifa la kisasa la Uthai. Licha ya shinikizo kutoka kwa nguvu za [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] katika eneo hilo, Uthai iliendelea kudumisha uhuru wake, ikawa nchi pekee ya [[Asia ya Kusini]]-Mashariki ambayo haikuwahi dhibitiwa kikoloni rasmi. [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]], Uthai ni mojawapo ya nchi zilizokua zaidi katika [[Asia ya Kusini]]-Mashariki, ikiwa na [[uchumi]] mchanganyiko unaotegemea [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], [[utalii]], na huduma. Uzalishaji wa mpunga umekuwa sekta muhimu [[Historia|kihistoria]], huku viwanda na uzalishaji unaolenga [[Mahuruji|kuuza nje]], hasa katika sekta za umeme, magari, na nguo, ukichochea ukuaji wa kiuchumi wa kisasa. Utalii pia una jukumu kubwa, huku mamia ya maelfu ya wageni wakitembelea kila mwaka kufurahia fukwe, alama za kitamaduni, na vyakula vya Uthai. Nchi imefanya uwekezaji mkubwa katika miundombinu na [[elimu]], ikichangia kuongezeka kwa viwango vya maisha na ushawishi wa kiuchumi kikanda. ==Historia== Uthai ilikuwa nchi pekee ya Asia Kusini Mashariki iliyofaulu kukwepa [[ukoloni]]. Nchi iliitwa rasmi 'Siam'' (สยาม) hadi mwaka [[1939]], tena kati ya [[1945]] na [[1949]]. [[Neno]] ''Thai'' (ไทย) linamaanisha "uhuru" kwa [[Kithai]] ni pia [[jina]] la [[kundi]] kubwa la [[watu]] nchini ambao ni [[Wathai]] (75-85[[%]]), mbali na Wathai-Wachina (12%). Tangu [[tarehe]] [[19 Septemba]] [[2006]] nchi imetawaliwa na kamati ya [[jeshi]]. Jeshi [[Mapinduzi|ilipindua]] [[serikali]] ya [[waziri mkuu]] [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] bila kumwaga [[damu]]. Viongozi wa kijeshi walipatana na [[mfalme]] kwamba wataandaa [[uchaguzi]] mpya. Lakini hata baada ya chaguzi huru kadhaa nchi haijatulia kisiasa. ==Demografia == Kama ilivyokadiriwa mnamo Desemba 2023, idadi ya wakazi wa Uthai ni takriban '''milioni 66.05'''. '''Ukuaji na Muundo wa Idadi ya Watu''' Kiwango cha ukuaji wa idadi ya watu cha Uthai kimekuwa kikipungua, na kupungua kwa 0.14% mwaka 2022. Ugawaji wa umri ni kama ifuatavyo: *'''Miaka 0-14:''' 16.87% *'''Miaka 15-64:''' 71.20% *'''Miaka 65 na zaidi:''' 11.93% Sahihi ya jinsia kwa kuzaliwa ni 1.05 mwanaume kwa kila mwanamke, na uwiano jumla wa jinsia ni 0.95 mwanaume kwa kila mwanamke. ===Takwimu za Kimaisha=== *Kiwango cha kuzaliwa: 7.0 kwa watu elfu (makadirio ya 2024) *Kiwango cha vifo: 8.7 kwa watu elfu (makadirio ya 2024) *Kiwango cha uhamiaji: -0.13 wahamiaji kwa watu 1,000 Kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga ni vifo 6.47 kwa kila elfu ya waliozaliwa hai. '''Umri wa kuishi wa wastani''' Umri wa kuishi wa wastani ni miaka 77.66, na wanaume wana umri wa kuishi wa miaka 74.65 na wanawake 80.83. ===Kiwango cha Kuzaliwa=== Kiwango cha kuzaliwa ni watoto 0.9 kwa kila mwanamke (makadirio ya 2024), kikionyesha kiwango cha kuzaliwa kilichoshuka chini ya kiwango kinachotakiwa kuziba pengo la wanaokufa. ===Dini=== * [[Ubudha]]: 93.5% * [[Uislamu]]: 5.4% * [[Ukristo]]: 1.1% * Dini nyingine au hakuna dini: 0.1% Ubudha wa Theravada ndiyo [[dini rasmi]] na ina nafasi muhimu katika utamaduni wa Thailand. ===Makabila=== Wananchi wa Uthai ni ya aina mbalimbali, na makundi makuu ni: *Wathai: Takriban milioni 53–56.5 *Wathai wa Kati (Wasiam): Takriban milioni 25 *Waisan (Wathai-Lao): Takriban milioni 18.5–20 *Wayuan (Wathai Yuan; Lanna): Takriban milioni 6–7 *Wathai wa kusini(Thai Pak Tai): Takriban milioni 5.5 *Wachina: Takriban milioni 6–9, wakiongoza kwa asili ya Teochew *Wamalay: Takriban milioni 2–4 *Wakhemere: Zaidi ya milioni 1.2 *Wakaren: Takriban milioni 1 Makabila mengine ni pamoja na Waphu Thai, Wahindi wa Thai, Wamon, na jamii mbalimbali za asili. ===Mijini=== Kama ilivyokadiriwa mwaka 2023, takriban 53.5% ya idadi ya watu wa Thailand wanaishi katika maeneo ya mijini, na Bangkok ndiyo jiji lenye idadi kubwa ya watu, likiwa na wakazi zaidi ya milioni 9. ===Vigezo vya afya=== Uthai imepiga hatua kubwa katika huduma za afya, ikiwa na nafasi ya sita duniani katika Indeksi la Usalama wa Afya wa 2019. Nchi inakutana na changamoto zinazohusiana na idadi ya watu wanaozeeka, ambapo zaidi ya 20% ya raia wake wana zaidi ya miaka 60, na kiwango cha kuzaliwa kilichoshuka chini, jambo ambalo linaweza kuathiri maendeleo ya uchumi na usalama wa taifa.<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Uthai|author=Worldometers|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/thailand-demographics/|accessdate=2025-02-18|lang=en}}</ref> == Uchumi == Uthai ina [[uchumi]] wenye utofauti na unaokua kwa kasi, na kuufanya mojawapo ya masoko makubwa na yenye nguvu zaidi katika [[Asia ya Kusini]]-Mashariki. [[Historia ya Uthai|Kihistoria]], [[kilimo]] kilikuwa uti wa mgongo wa uchumi, huku mpunga ukichukua nafasi ya zao kuu na chanzo kikuu cha [[ajira]]. Kadri muda ulivyopita, Uthai imeelekea [[viwanda]] na [[huduma]], huku mbinu za kisasa za kilimo na mifumo ya umwagiliaji zikiongeza tija ya [[kilimo]]. Bidhaa nyingine muhimu za kilimo ni mpira, [[miwa]], [[mahindi]], na [[samaki]], ambazo zinachangia katika matumizi ya ndani na [[Mahuruji|kuuza nje]]. Sekta ya uzalishaji na viwanda sasa inachangia sehemu kubwa ya uchumi wa Uthai. Nchi hii ni miongoni mwa wauzaji wakuu wa umeme, magari, mashine, na nguo, ikivutia uwekezaji wa kigeni na makampuni makubwa ya kimataifa. Eneo la viwanda karibu na [[Bangkok]] na miji mingine linarahisisha uzalishaji na kuuza nje, huku biashara ndogo na za kati zikichukua nafasi muhimu katika kuunga mkono ajira za ndani na ubunifu. [[Serikali]] ya Uthai imeendeleza utofauti wa uchumi kupitia sera zinazohimiza sekta za [[teknolojia]] ya juu, nishati mbadala, na maendeleo ya miundombinu. [[Utalii]] na [[huduma]] pia ni wachochezi wakuu wa uchumi wa Uthai. Mamia ya maelfu ya watalii kutoka nje huitembelea kila mwaka kufurahia fukwe, urithi wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], na vyakula vya Uthai, jambo linalozalisha mapato makubwa. Sekta ya kifedha na benki imeendelezwa vizuri, na nchi hii inahudumia kama kitovu cha [[Biashara|kibiashara]] na usafirishaji kikanda. Licha ya changamoto kama vile tofauti za mapato, mabadiliko ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], na shinikizo la uchumi wa kimataifa, Uthai inaendelea kudumisha ukuaji thabiti, ikijipanga kama mchezaji muhimu katika uchumi wa [[Asia ya Kusini]]-Mashariki. == Tazama pia == * [[Majimbo ya Uthai]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Thailand}} ; Serikali * [http://www.thaigov.go.th/ Thaigov.go.th] Government of Thailand * [http://www.mfa.go.th/ Mfa.go.th] Ministry of Foreign Affairs * [http://internet.nectec.or.th/webstats/internetmap.current.iir?Sec=internetmap_current Thailand Internet Information] {{Wayback|url=http://internet.nectec.or.th/webstats/internetmap.current.iir?Sec=internetmap_current |date=20080918094705 }} National Electronics and Computer Technology Center * [http://www.m-culture.go.th/english/ Ministry of Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://www.m-culture.go.th/english/ |date=20150428064708 }} ; Taarifa za jumla <!--Wikipedia is NOT a weblink directory. Please only add weblinks of top quality here, otherwise please consider using DMOZ (http://dmoz.org) --> * {{CIA World Factbook link|th|Thailand}} * [http://countrystudies.us/thailand/ Thailand] entry in [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]. 1987 * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/thailand.htm Thailand] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/thailand.htm |date=20090207001737 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Thailand}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15581957 Thailand] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589625/Thailand Thailand] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry * {{wikiatlas|Thailand}} * [http://map.longdo.com/en Longdo Map] On-line Thailand maps in English and Thai * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TH Key Development Forecasts for Thailand] from [[International Futures]] * [http://popcensus.nso.go.th/file/popcensus-20-12-54.pdf 2010 Thailand population census by Economic and Social statistics Bureau] {{Wayback|url=http://popcensus.nso.go.th/file/popcensus-20-12-54.pdf |date=20130116235916 }} ; Utalii * [http://www.tourismthailand.org/ Tourism Authority of Thailand] Official tourism website # [http://www.thailex.info/index.html Thailand travel dictionary] ; Vingine * {{cite web |url=http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/browse_image/date/1900.php|title=Browse the Southeast Asia Visions Collection |author=Southeast Asia Visions |publisher=Cornell University Library |accessdate=2 October 2011 |quote= Browse by image date }} == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Asia}} [[Jamii:Uthai| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 3ifnxdecwcx7f1uqibsnzpda1ggk9v4 0 9734 1577915 1577775 2026-07-02T11:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:lake tanganyika.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ziwa Tanganyika]] ni kati ya maziwa makubwa ya dunia (picha kutoka angani ya 1985]] [[Faili:Bariloche-_Argentina2.jpg|thumb|250px|Ziwa katika Bariloche ([[Argentina]])]] [[Faili:Lac d'arvoin.JPG|thumb|250px|Ziwa dogo milimani ya [[Ufaransa]]]] [[Faili:Seututie 325 Pelisalmi 2.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ufini]] inajulikana kama "Nchi ya Maziwa Maelfu".<ref>{{cite web|last=Li|first=Leslie|date=1989-04-16|title=A Land of a Thousand Lakes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/travel/a-land-of-a-thousand-lakes.html|access-date=2021-12-29|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref>]] '''Ziwa''' ni [[gimba]] kubwa la [[maji]] linalozungukwa na nchi kavu pande zote. Tofauti na [[bahari]] ni mbili: ukubwa na kutobadilishana maji na [[bahari kuu]]. Lakini maziwa kadhaa yamepewa pia jina la "bahari" hasa kama yana maji ya chumvi au kama watu wa eneo lake hawajui magimba makubwa zaidi ya maji. Mfano wake ni [[Bahari Kaspi]] katika [[Asia]] ambayo ni kubwa sana lakini hali halisi ni ziwa lenye [[maji ya chumvi]]. Mara nyingi ziwa ni mkusanyiko wa maji wa asili, mkubwa kiasi, na uliotulia juu au karibu na uso wa Dunia. Huwa limekaa kwenye bonde au mfululizo wa mabonde yaliyoungana na kuzungukwa na nchi kavu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Lake {{!}} Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lake|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-30}}</ref> Maziwa yanapatikana kikamilifu barani na yametengana na bahari, ingawa yanaweza kuunganishwa na bahari kupitia mito. Maziwa, kama yalivyo makusanyiko mengine ya maji, ni sehemu ya mzunguko wa maji, yaani michakato ambayo maji huhama nayo duniani kote. Maziwa mengi yana maji baridi na yanajumuisha takriban maji baridi yote ya juu ya ardhi duniani, lakini baadhi yake ni maziwa ya chumvi yenye viwango vya chumvi vilivyo juu hata kuliko vile vya maji ya bahari. Maziwa yanatofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa katika eneo la uso na ujazo wa maji, lakini kwa ujumla yanachukua takriban kilomita za mraba n 2.5 X 106 (chini ya 2%) ya uso wa Dunia. Maziwa kwa kawaida ni makubwa na yenye kina kirefu zaidi kuliko vidimbwi au mabwawa, ambayo nayo ni mabonde yaliyojaa maji ardhini, ingawa hakuna ufafanuzi rasmi au vigezo vya kisayansi vinavyotofautisha viwili hivyo. Maziwa pia ni tofauti na rasi, ambazo kwa ujumla ni madimbwi ya maji ya kupwa na kujaa yaliyozibwa na kingo za mchanga au nyenzo nyingine katika maeneo ya pwani ya bahari au maziwa makubwa. Maziwa mengi hupata maji kutoka kwenye chemchemi, na huishiwa pamoja na kutolewa maji na vijito pamoja na mito, lakini baadhi ya maziwa hayana njia ya kutolea maji, wakati maziwa ya volkano hujazwa moja kwa moja na maji ya mtiririko wa mvua na hayana mito yoyote inayomwaga maji ndani yake.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GL093366</ref> Maziwa ya asili kwa ujumla hupatikana katika maeneo ya milimani (yaani maziwa ya milima mirefu), kreta za volkano zilizozizima, maeneo ya mabonde ya ufa, na maeneo yenye barafu inayotiririka. Maziwa mengine hupatikana katika maeneo yaliyobonyea au kando ya mikondo ya mito iliyokomaa, ambapo njia ya mto imepanuka juu ya bonde lililoundwa na kingo za mito zilizomomonyoka na maeneo oevu. Maziwa mengine hupatikana katika mapango ya chini ya ardhi. Baadhi ya sehemu za dunia zina maziwa mengi yaliyoundwa na mifumo ya mifereji ya maji iliyoharibika iliyobaki kutoka enzi iliyopita ya barafu. Maziwa yote ni ya muda mfupi tu kwa vipindi virefu vya muda, kwani yatajaa polepole na mchanga au yatafurika na kutoka nje ya bonde lililoyahifadhi. Maziwa yanayodhibitiwa na binadamu yanajulikana kama hifadhi za maji au mabwawa, na kwa kawaida hujengwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya viwandani au kilimo, uzalishaji wa nishati ya umeme wa maji, usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa ya majumbani, kwa malengo ya kiekolojia au burudani, au kwa ajili ya shughuli nyingine za kibinadamu. Hakuna hakika kuhusu uwekaji wa mipaka ya tofauti kati ya maziwa na mabwawa, na hakuna neno hata moja kati ya hayo mawili lenye ufafanuzi unaokubalika kimataifa katika taaluma mbalimbali za kisayansi au mipaka ya kisiasa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=USGtfTkgSfwC&pg=PA4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Hydrological and Limnological Aspects of Lake Monitoring|last=Heinonen|first=Pertti|last2=Ziglio|first2=Giuliano|last3=Beken|first3=André Van der|date=2008-04-30|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-51113-8|language=en}}</ref> Kwa mfano, wataalamu wa viumbe na mifumo ya maji baridi wamefafanua maziwa kama makusanyiko ya maji ambayo kimsingi ni toleo kubwa zaidi la kidimbwi, ambalo linaweza kuwa na mtikisiko wa mawimbi kwenye ukingo wake au ambapo msukosuko unaosababishwa na upepo una mchango mkubwa katika kuchanganya safu ya maji. Hakuna ufafanuzi wowote kati ya hii unaotenga vidimbwi kikamilifu na yote ni magumu kupimika. Kwa sababu hii, ufafanuzi rahisi unaozingatia ukubwa unazidi kutumika kutofautisha vidimbwi na maziwa. Ufafanuzi wa ziwa unatofautiana katika kigezo cha ukubwa wa chini kabisa wa eneo la maji, kuanzia hekta 2 (ekari 5):331 hadi hekta 8 (ekari 20). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)|url=http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_e.htm|work=www.ramsar.org|accessdate=2026-06-30|author=Dwight Peck}}</ref>Mwanaekolojia wa wanyama wa mwanzo kabisa, Charles Elton, alichukulia maziwa kama makusanyiko ya maji yenye hekta 40 (ekari 99) au zaidi. Neno ziwa pia hutumika kuelezea eneo kama vile Ziwa Eyre, ambalo ni bonde kavu kwa wakati mwingi lakini linaweza kujaa chini ya hali ya msimu wa mvua kubwa. Katika matumizi ya kawaida, maziwa mengi yana majina yanayoishia na neno 'pond', na idadi ndogo ya majina yanayoishia na neno ''<nowiki/>'lake''<nowiki/>' (ziwa) kiuhalisia na kitaalamu ni vidimbwi tu. Kitabu kimoja cha kiada kinalisawijika jambo hili kama ifuatavyo: 'Huko Newfoundland, kwa mfano, karibu kila ziwa linaitwa kidimbwi, ambapo kule Wisconsin, karibu kila kidimbwi linaitwa ziwa.'<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=A2nJCPPixGQC&pg=PA83&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy|last=Cech|first=Thomas V.|date=2009-08-24|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-13631-7|language=en}}</ref> Kitabu kimoja cha hidrolojia (sayansi ya maji) kinapendekeza kufafanua neno 'ziwa' kama mkusanyiko wa maji wenye sifa tano zifuatazo: # Linajaza kwa kiasi au kikamilifu bonde moja au mabonde kadhaa yaliyounganishwa na mifereji ya bahari/mizigo ya maji; # Kimsingi lina kiwango kile kile cha usawa wa maji katika maeneo yote (ukiondoa mabadiliko ya muda mfupi yanayosababishwa na upepo, mabadiliko ya utando wa barafu, maji mengi yanayoingia, n.k.); # Halina uingiaji wa mara kwa mara wa maji ya bahari; # Kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo yaliyoambaa kwenye maji hukamatwa na mabonde (ili hili litokee yanahitaji kuwa na uwiano mdogo kiasi wa maji yanayoingia ukilinganisha na ujazo wa ziwa); # Eneo linalopimwa katika wastani wa usawa wa maji linazidi kiwango cha chini kilichochaguliwa kiholela (kwa mfano, hekta moja). Ukiondoa kigezo cha tatu, vile vingine vimekubaliwa au kufafanuliwa kwa kina zaidi na machapisho mengine ya hidrolojia (sayansi ya maji).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA427&redir_esc=y|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa|last=Shahin|first=M.|date=2002-11-30|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=cY6IN_Suku0C&pg=PA381&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology|last=Copernicus|first=Index|date=2004|publisher=Index Copernicus|language=en}}</ref> == Usambazaji == [[Faili:Eyre lake map of the shape and depth (bathymetry) 2020.jpg|thumb|Umbo na kina cha Ziwa Eyre katika mfumo wa ramani ya mabadiliko ya viwango]] Idadi kubwa ya maziwa duniani ni ya maji baridi, na mengi yanapatikana katika Kizio cha Kaskazini kwenye latitudo za juu. [[Kanada]], ikiwa na mfumo wa mtiririko wa maji usio na mpangilio maalum, inakadiriwa kuwa na maziwa 31,752 yenye ukubwa wa zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 3(maili za mraba 1.2) katika eneo la uso wake.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120415102959/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/lakes.html</ref> Jumla ya idadi ya maziwa nchini Kanada haijulikani lakini inakadiriwa kuwa angalau milioni 2.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Atlas of Canada - Physical Components of Watersheds|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/auth/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1|work=atlas.nrcan.gc.ca|accessdate=2026-06-30|language=en|author=Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Earth Sciences Sector, Geomatics Canada - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, GeoAccess Division, Atlas Infrastructure Section.|archive-date=2013-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104411/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/auth/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ufini]] ina maziwa 168,000 yenye ukubwa wa mita za mraba 500 (futi za mraba 5,400) au zaidi, ambapo maziwa 57,000 kati ya hayo ni makubwa (mita za mraba 10,000 (futi za mraba 110,000) au zaidi).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Suomi, 57 000 – 168 000 järven maa {{!}} Maanmittauslaitos|url=https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ajankohtaista/suomi-57-000-168-000-jarven-maa|work=www.maanmittauslaitos.fi|accessdate=2026-06-30|language=fi|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073223/https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ajankohtaista/suomi-57-000-168-000-jarven-maa|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maziwa mengi yana angalau mtiririko mmoja wa asili katika mfumo wa mto au kijito, ambao hudumisha wastani wa usawa wa maji wa ziwa hilo kwa kuruhusu utiririkaji wa maji ya ziada.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mark |first=David M. |date=1983 |title=On the Composition of Drainage Networks Containing Lakes: Statistical Distribution of Lake In-Degrees |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00772.x |journal=Geographical Analysis |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=97–106 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00772.x |issn=1538-4632}}</ref> Baadhi ya maziwa hayana njia ya asili ya kutolea maji na hupoteza maji kupitia uvukizaji au uvukizi wa chini ya ardhi, au vyote viwili. Maziwa haya yanajulikana kama maziwa yasiyo na mtiririko wa kwenda nje (''endorheic''). Maziwa mengi ni ya kutengenezwa na binadamu na hujengwa kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati ya umeme wa maji, malengo ya urembo na mandhari, shughuli za burudani, matumizi ya viwandani, matumizi ya kilimo, au usambazaji wa maji ya majumbani. Idadi ya maziwa duniani bado haijulikani kikamilifu kwa sababu maziwa na vidimbwi vingi ni vidogo sana na havionekani kwenye ramani au picha za satelaiti.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Downing |first=J. A. |last2=Prairie |first2=Y. T. |last3=Cole |first3=J. J. |last4=Duarte |first4=C. M. |last5=Tranvik |first5=L. J. |last6=Striegl |first6=R. G. |last7=McDowell |first7=W. H. |last8=Kortelainen |first8=P. |last9=Caraco |first9=N. F. |last10=Melack |first10=J. M. |last11=Middelburg |first11=J. J. |date=2006 |title=The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=2388–2397 |doi=10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Seekell |first=David A. |last2=Pace |first2=Michael L. |date=2011-01 |title=Does the Pareto distribution adequately describe the size‐distribution of lakes? |url=https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0350 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=350–356 |doi=10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0350 |issn=0024-3590}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Cael |first=B. B. |last2=Seekell |first2=D. A. |date=2016-07-08 |title=The size-distribution of Earth's lakes |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4937396/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |pages=29633 |doi=10.1038/srep29633 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4937396 |pmid=27388607}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=McDonald |first=Cory P. |last2=Rover |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Stets |first3=Edward G. |last4=Striegl |first4=Robert G. |date=2012 |title=The regional abundance and size distribution of lakes and reservoirs in the United States and implications for estimates of global lake extent |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0597 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=597–606 |doi=10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0597 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Licha ya kutokuwepo kwa uhakika huu, tafiti nyingi zinakubaliana kwamba vidimbwi vidogo ni vingi zaidi kuliko maziwa makubwa. Kwa mfano, utafiti mmoja unaotajwa sana ulikadiria kuwa Dunia ina maziwa na vidimbwi milioni 304, na kwamba asilimia 91 (91%) ya hivi vina ukubwa wa hekta 1 (ekari 2.5) au pungufu. Licha ya uwepo mkubwa wa vidimbwi hivyo, karibu maji yote ya maziwa duniani yanapatikana katika maziwa makubwa yasiyozidi 100; hii ni kwa sababu ujazo wa ziwa huongezeka kwa kasi kubwa isiyo ya mnyoosho kulingana na eneo la uso wake. Maziwa ya nje ya dunia yanapatikana kwenye mwezi unaoitwa [[Titani (mwezi)|Titan]], unaozunguka sayari ya [[Zohali]]. Umbo la maziwa kwenye mwezi wa Titan linafanana sana na yale yaliyopo Duniani.Hapo awali, maziwa yalikuwepo pia kwenye uso wa sayari ya [[Mirihi|Mihiri]], lakini kwa sasa yamebaki kuwa sakafu au mabonde makavu ya maziwa yaliyokauka. == Aina == [[Faili:Castiglione del Lago, Lago Trasimeno.jpg|thumb|[[Ziwa Trasimeno]] nchini [[Italia]] lina asili ya kivolkano.]] Mnamo mwaka 1957, G. Evelyn Hutchinson alichapisha tasnifu iliyopewa jina la ''A Treatise on Limnology'',ambayo inachukuliwa kama chapisho la kihistoria linalojadili na kuainisha aina zote kuu za maziwa, asili yake, sifa za kimofometria (vipimo vya umbo), na mtawanyiko wake. Katika chapisho lake, Hutchinson aliwasilisha uchambuzi wa kina wa asili ya maziwa na kupendekeza uainishaji unaokubalika sana wa maziwa kulingana na asili yake. Uainishaji huu unatambua aina 11 kuu za maziwa ambazo zimegawanywa katika vijiaina 76. Aina hizo 11 kuu za maziwa ni: * Maziwa ya kisonjo/tektoniki * Maziwa ya kivolkano * Maziwa ya barafu * Maziwa ya mto * Maziwa ya miamba inayoyeyuka * Maziwa ya maporomoko ya ardhi * Maziwa ya fukwe * Maziwa ya viumbehai * Maziwa ya kutengenezwa na binadamu === Maziwa ya kisonjo/tektoniki === Maziwa ya kisonjo ni maziwa yanayoundwa na mabadiliko na mienendo ya pembeni na wima ya ganda la Dunia. Misongeo hii inajumuisha mipasuko, kuinama, kujikunja, na kupinda kwa matabaka ya ardhi. Baadhi ya maziwa makubwa zaidi duniani ni maziwa ya bonde la ufa yanayochukua mabosho ya mabonde ya ufa, kwa mfano, maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki na Kati na Ziwa Baikal. Maziwa mengine maarufu ya kisonjo, kama vile Bahari ya Kaspi, Bahari ya Aral, na maziwa mengine kutoka ukanda wa Pontocaspian, yanachukua mabonde ambayo yametenganishwa na bahari kutokana na kunyanyuka kwa kisonjo kwa sakafu ya bahari juu ya usawa wa bahari kuu. Mara nyingi, harakati za kisonjo za kutanuka kwa ganda la dunia zimebuni mfululizo unaopokezana wa mabonde yaliyoshuka na safu za ardhi zilizonyanyuk ambazo hutengeneza mabonde marefu yanayopokezana na safu za milima. Hali hii haiishii tu kuchochea utengenezwaji wa maziwa kwa kuvuruga mifumo ya mtiririko wa maji iliyokuwepo awali, bali pia inatengeneza mabonde yasiyo na mtiririko wa kwenda nje ndani ya maeneo kame, ambayo huwa na maziwa ya chumvi . Maziwa haya hutokea pale ambapo hakuna njia ya asili ya kutolea maji, kukiwa na kiwango kikubwa cha uvukizaji, na eneo ambalo maji ya ardhini yanatiririka likiwa na kiwango cha chumvi kilicho juu kuliko kawaida. Mifano ya maziwa haya ya chumvi ni pamoja na Ziwa Kuu la Chumvi na Bahari Chumvi. Aina nyingine ya ziwa la kisonjo linalosababishwa na mipasuko ya ardhi ni vidimbwi vya mbonyeo. === Maziwa ya kivolkano === [[Faili:Gunung rinjani.jpg|thumb|Ziwa la kasoko la Mlima Rinjani, [[Indonesia]]]] Maziwa ya kivolkano ni maziwa yanayochukua ama mibonyeo ya eneo husika, kwa mfano kasoko na maars (mashimo ya milipuko ya gesi), au mabonde makubwa zaidi, kama vile kaldera, yaliyoundwa na shughuli za volkano. Maziwa ya kasoko hutengenezwa ndani ya kasoko za volkano na kaldera, ambazo hujaa maji ya mvua na theluji kwa kasi kubwa zaidi kuliko yanavyopungua kupitia uvukizaji, utiririkaji wa maji ya chini ya ardhi, au mchanganyiko wa vyote viwili. Wakati mwingine aina hizi za mwisho huitwa maziwa ya kaldera, ingawa mara nyingi hakuna tofauti inayowekwa kati yake. Mfano mmoja ni Ziwa la Kasoko huko Oregon, lililopo ndani ya kaldera ya Mlima Mazama. Kaldera hiyo ilitengenezwa kutokana na mlipuko mkubwa wa volkano uliosababisha kushuka chini kwa Mlima Mazama karibu miaka 4860 KK. Maziwa mengine ya kivolkano hutengenezwa pale ambapo mito au vijito vinapozibwa na maporomoko ya lava au matope ya kivolkano (lahars). Bonde ambalo sasa ni Ziwa Malheur huko Oregon lilitengenezwa pale maporomoko ya lava yalipoziba Mto Malheur. Kati ya aina zote za maziwa, maziwa ya kasoko za volkano ndiyo yanayokaribia zaidi kuwa na umbo la duara. === Maziwa ya Mto === Maziwa ya mto (ama ya mifumo ya mito) ni maziwa yanayotengenezwa na maji yanayotiririka. Maziwa haya yanajumuisha maziwa ya shoroba ya maporomoko, mabwawa ya asili ya mito, na maziwa ya makorongo. ==== '''Maziwa ya hilali''' ==== [[Faili:Nowitna river.jpg|thumb|Mto Nowitna huko Alaska. Maziwa mawili ya hilali – fupi moja chini kabisa ya picha na refu zaidi, lililopinda zaidi upande wa kulia-katikati.]] Aina ya kawaida zaidi ya ziwa la mto ni ziwa lenye umbo la mwezi linaloitwa hilali kutokana na umbo lake la kipekee lililopinda. Yanaweza kutengenezwa katika mabonde ya mito kama matokeo ya kupinda-pinda kwa mto. Mto unaotiririka taratibu hutengeneza umbo la upinde ambapo upande wa nje wa mapindo unamomonyolewa kwa kasi zaidi kuliko upande wa ndani. Hatimaye, pindo lenye umbo la kiatu cha farasi hutengenezwa na mto unakata katika shingo hiyo nyembamba. Njia hii mpya kisha inakuwa njia kuu ya mto na ncha za lile pindo la zamani zinazibwa na matope, na hivyo kutengeneza ziwa lenye umbo la upinde. Umbo lao la mwezi linayapa maziwa ya ng'ombe uwiano mkubwa zaidi wa mzunguko wa kingo zake kwa eneo la uso kuliko aina nyingine za maziwa. ==== Mabwawa ya asili ya mito ==== Haya hutengenezwa pale ambapo mashapo kutoka kwenye tawimto yanapoziba mto mkuu. ==== Maziwa ya kando ==== Haya hutengenezwa pale ambapo mashapo kutoka kwenye mto mkuu yanapoziba tawimto, kawaida katika mfumo wa ukingo wa asili. ==== Maziwa ya uwanda wa mafuriko ==== Maziwa yanayotengenezwa na michakato mingine inayohusika na uundaji wa mabonde ya nyanda za mafuriko. Wakati wa mafuriko makubwa, maziwa haya husafishwa na kufurishwa na maji ya mto. Kuna aina nne: 1. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko linalokutana na mto mkuu, 2. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko linalopingana na kukutana na mto mkuu, 3. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko linalopingana na mto mkuu, 4. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko la kina kirefu. === Maziwa ya miamba inayoyeyuka === Ziwa la myeyuko ni ziwa linalochukua bonde lililotengenezwa na mmomonyoko wa kuyeyuka kwa miamba ya msingi kwenye uso wa ardhi. Katika maeneo ambayo chini yake kuna miamba inayoyeyuka kwa urahisi, myeyuko wake unaosababishwa na maji ya mvua na maji yanayopenya ardhini mara nyingi hutengeneza mapango. Mapango haya mara kwa mara huanguka na kutengeneza mashimo ya mbonyeo ambayo ni sehemu ya topografia ya kakarst ya eneo hilo. Mahali ambapo maji ya ardhini yapo karibu na uso wa ardhi, shimo la mbonyeo hujaa maji na kuwa ziwa la mnyonyeo. Ikiwa ziwa kama hilo lina eneo kubwa la maji yaliyotuama ambalo linachukua mbonyeo mpana uliojifunga katika mwamba wa chokaa, pia huitwa ziwa la kakarst. Maziwa madogo zaidi ya myeyuko ambayo yana maji yaliyotuama ndani ya mbonyeo uliojifunga katika eneo la kakarst yanajulikana kama vidimbwi vya kakarst. Mapango ya miamba ya chokaa mara nyingi huwa na madimbwi ya maji yaliyotuama, ambayo yanajulikana kama maziwa ya chini ya ardhi. Mifano ya kitabia ya maziwa ya mnyonyeo inapatikana kwa wingi katika maeneo ya kakarst kwenye pwani ya Dalmatia nchini [[Kroatia]] na katika sehemu kubwa za [[Florida]]. == Mbinu nyingine za uanishaji == [[Faili:Lakesalaskarange.JPG|thumb|Maziwa haya ya aushi huko Alaska yalitengenezwa na barafuto inayorudi nyuma]] Mbali na njia yao ya asili ya utengenezaji, maziwa yamepewa majina na kuainishwa kulingana na mambo mengine mbalimbali muhimu kama vile matabaka ya joto, kujaa kwa hewa ya oksijeni, mabadiliko ya msimu katika ujazo wa ziwa na kina cha maji, chumvi katika maji yenyewe, uimara wa msimu unaoendana na mabadiliko, kiwango cha utiririkaji wa maji kwenda nje, na kadhalika. Majina yanayotumiwa na umma wa kawaida na katika jamii ya kisayansi kwa aina tofauti za maziwa mara nyingi yanatokana isivyo rasmi na mofolojia ya sifa za kimaumbile za maziwa hayo au mambo mengine. Pia, tamaduni na maeneo tofauti duniani yana mifumo yao wenyewe ya majina inayopendwa na watu wengi. === Kulingana na matabaka ya joto === [[Faili:Ice Melting on Lake Balaton.jpg|thumb|Barafu inayoyeyuka kwenye Ziwa Balaton nchini [[Hungaria]]]] Mbinu moja muhimu ya uainishaji wa maziwa ni kwa msingi wa matabaka ya joto, ambayo yana ushawishi mkubwa kwa maisha ya wanyama na mimea wanaoishi katika ziwa, pamoja na hatmiliki na usambazaji wa vitu vilivyoyeyuka na vilivyovundikana ziwani. Kwa mfano, matabaka ya joto, pamoja na kiwango na mzunguko wa mchanganyiko wa maji, vina udhibiti mkubwa juu ya usambazaji wa oksijeni ndani ya ziwa. [[Faili:Bellagio dal traghetto - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Bellagio, kwenye kingo za Ziwa Como, nchini Italia]] Profesa F.-A. Forel, ambaye pia anajulikana kama "Baba wa limnolojia" (sayansi ya maziwa), alikuwa mwanasayansi wa kwanza kuainisha maziwa kulingana na matabaka yake. Mfumo wake wa uainishaji baadaye ulifanyiwa marekebisho na kuboreshwa na Hutchinson pamoja na Löffler. Kwa kuwa uzito wa maji unabadilika kulingana na joto, huku ukiwa wa kiwango cha juu kabisa nyuzi joto +4 Selsiasi, matabaka ya joto ni sifa muhimu ya kimaumbile ya ziwa inayodhibiti viumbe hai, urundikaji wa mashapo, kemia, na mambo mengine ya maziwa husika. Kwanza, maji ya baridi zaidi na yenye uzito mkubwa kwa kawaida hutengeneza tabaka karibu na chini kabisa ya ziwa, ambalo linaitwa epilimnioni ya chini. Pili, kawaida juu ya tabaka hilo la chini kuna ukanda wa mpandisho unaojulikana kama metalimnioni. Mwishowe, juu ya metalimnioni kuna tabaka la juu la maji ya joto zaidi yenye uzito mdogo, linaloitwa epilimnioni ya juu. Mfuatano huu wa kawaida wa matabaka unaweza kutofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa, kulingana na ziwa husika au wakati wa mwaka, au mchanganyiko wa mambo yote mawili. Uainishaji wa maziwa kwa matabaka ya joto unazingatia maziwa yenye kina cha kutosha kutengeneza tabaka la hypolimnion; kwa sababu hiyo, maziwa ya duni au yenye kina kifupi sana hayatayashwi katika mfumo huu wa uainishaji. Kulingana na matabaka yao ya joto, maziwa yanaainishwa kama holomiktiki, yenye kiwango cha joto na uzito sawa kutoka juu hadi chini katika wakati fulani wa mwaka, au meromiktiki, yenye matabaka ya maji ya joto na uzito tofauti ambayo hayachanganyiki. Tabaka la chini kabisa la maji katika ziwa la meromiktiki halina oksijeni yoyote iliyoyeyuka, kwa hivyo hakuna viumbe hai vinavyohitaji hewa. Kutokana na hali hiyo, matabaka ya mashapo yaliyo chini kabisa ya ziwa la meromiktiki yanabaki bila kuvurugwa, jambo linaloruhusu kuundwa kwa urundikaji wa mashapo ya ziwani. Katika ziwa la holomiktiki, usawa wa joto na uzito unaruhusu maji ya ziwa kujichanganya kikamilifu. Kulingana na matabaka ya joto na mzunguko wa kugeuka kwa maji, maziwa ya holomiktiki yamegawanywa katika maziwa ya amiktiki, maziwa ya monomiktiki ya baridi, maziwa ya dimiktiki, maziwa ya monomiktiki ya moto, maziwa ya polimiktiki, na maziwa ya oligomiktiki. Matabaka ya ziwa hayatokei kila mara kutokana na mabadiliko ya uzito wa maji yanayosababishwa na nyuzi joto. Matabaka yanaweza pia kutokea kutokana na mabadiliko ya uzito wa maji yanayosababishwa na viwango vya chumvi. Katika hali hii, tabaka la chini la baridi na tabaka la juu la joto hayatenganishwi na tabaka la mpandisho wa joto, bali yanatenganishwa na tabaka la mpandisho wa chumvi, ambalo wakati mwingine hujulikana kama tabaka la mpandisho wa kikemikali. === Kulingana na mabadiliko ya kina na ujazo wa maji === Maziwa yanaainishwa na kupewa majina isivyo rasmi kulingana na mabadiliko ya msimu katika kina cha ziwa na ujazo wake. Baadhi ya majina hayo ni pamoja na: * Ziwa la msimu mfupi ni ziwa au kidimbwi cha muda mfupi sana. Likijaa maji na kukauka (kutoweka) kulingana na msimu, linajulikana kama ziwa la vipindi. Mara nyingi maziwa haya hujaza mabonde ya kakarst.<ref>{{Citation|title=Lakes - Aquatic Havens|url=http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/waters_in_slovenia/lakes_aquatic_havens/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-30|archive-date=2017-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053730/http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/waters_in_slovenia/lakes_aquatic_havens/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ziwa kavu ni jina linalopendwa na wengi kwa ajili ya ziwa la msimu mfupi ambalo huwa na maji kwa vipindi tu, katika majira yasiyotabirika na yasiyo ya mara kwa mara. * Ziwa la kudumu ni ziwa ambalo lina maji katika bonde lake mwaka mzima na halikumbwi na mabadiliko makubwa ya ghafula katika kina chake. * Ziwa la playa kwa kawaida ni ziwa la vipindi lenye kina kifupi ambalo hufunika au kujaza eneo la playa katika majira ya mvua au katika miaka yenye mvua nyingi isivyo kawaida, lakini baadaye hukauka kabisa katika maeneo yenye ukame au ukame wa kiasi. * Vlei ni jina linalotumiwa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] kurejelea ziwa lenye kina kifupi ambalo kina chake hubadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa kulingana na misimu. === Kulingana na kemia ya maji === Maziwa yanaweza kuainishwa na kupewa majina isivyo rasmi kulingana na kemia ya jumla ya maji yake. Kwa kutumia mbinu hii ya uainishaji, aina za maziwa ni pamoja na: * Ziwa lenye asidi huwa na maji yenye kiwango cha pH kilicho chini ya uasili, ambacho ni chini ya 6.5. Ziwa huchukuliwa kuwa na asidi kali ikiwa kiwango chake cha pH kitashuka chini ya 5.5, jambo linaloleta madhara ya kibiolojia. Maziwa ya namna hiyo ni pamoja na: maziwa ya mashimo ya asidi yanayojaza migodi iliyotelekezwa na maeneo ya uchimbaji; maziwa yenye asidi ya asili yanayopatikana kwenye maeneo ya miamba ya moto na miamba iliyogeuka; mabwawa ya peat katika mikoa ya kaskazini; maziwa ya kreta ya volkano hai na zile zilizolala; pamoja na maziwa yaliyowekwa asidi kutokana na mvua ya asidi. * Ziwa la chumvi, ambalo pia linajulikana kama ziwa la kisalini au ziwa la maji ya chumvi kali, ni mkusanyiko wa maji wa barani unaopatikana katika eneo lenye ukame au ukame wa kiasi, ambalo halina njia ya kutokea kuelekea baharini, na lina kiasi kikubwa cha chumvi asili zilizoyeyuka. Mifano ni pamoja na Ziwa Kuu la Chumvi huko Utah, na Bahari ya Chumvi upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa Asia. * Mbonyeo wa alkali, ambao pia unajulikana kama uwanda wa alkali au uwanda wa chumvi, ni eneo lenye kina kifupi la kisalini linaloweza kupatikana katika maeneo ya mabondeni ya mikoa yenye ukame na katika maeneo ya utokaji wa maji ya chini ya ardhi. Maeneo haya kwa kawaida yanaainishwa kama maziwa makavu, au playa, kwa sababu hufurika mara kwa mara kutokana na mvua au matukio ya mafuriko na kisha kukauka wakati wa vipindi vya ukame, huku yakiacha mrundikano wa maji yenye chumvi kali na madini yatokanayo na uvukizaji. * Unyevu wa chumvi ni kishimo kidogo na chenye kina kifupi cha asili ambacho maji hujikusanya humo na kuvukiza, huku kikiacha mrundikano wa chumvi, au ziwa lenye kina kifupi la maji ya magadi linalojaza kishimo hicho. (Istilahi "''salt pan''" inatokana na uchenuaji wa chumvi kwa majembe/nyungu wazi, mbinu ya kuchimba au kutoa chumvi kutoka kwenye maji ya chumvi kali kwa kutumia vyombo vikubwa vyenye nafasi wazi.) * Unyevu wa kisalini ni jina jingine la ziwa la msimu mfupi la asidi na chumv ambalo hutengeneza ukoko wa chumvi chini kabisa, ambao baadaye unabadilika unapogusana au kuachwa wazi hewani. === Linaloundwa na vimiminika vingine === * Ziwa la lava ni ujazo mkubwa wa lava iliyoyeyuka, ambayo kwa kawaida huwa ya kibasalti, iliyohifadhiwa ndani ya tundu la volkano, kreta, au mbonyeo mpana wa ardhi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Witham |first=F. |last2=Llewellin |first2=E. W. |date=2006-11-30 |title=Stability of Lava Lakes |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1544583 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=158 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.07.004 |issn=0377-0273}}</ref> * Maziwa ya haidrokaboni ni mikusanyiko ya ethane na methane ya kimiminika inayojaza mabonyeo yaliyo kwenye uso wa Titan. Maziwa haya yaligunduliwa na chombo cha anga za juu cha Cassini–Huygens. == Sifa == [[Faili:China Hangzhou Westlake-8.jpg|thumb|Maziwa yanaweza kuwa na umuhimu mkubwa wa kitamaduni. Ziwa la Magharibi la Hangzhou limewasisimua washairi wa kimapenzi katika vizazi vyote, na limekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika usanifu wa bustani nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]], [[Japani|Japan]] na [[Korea Kusini|Korea]].]] Maziwa yana sifa nyingi mbali na aina ya ziwa, kama vile bonde la mifereji ya maji (ambalo pia linajulikana kama eneo la vyanzo vya maji ), uingiaji na utokaji wa maji, kiasi cha virutubisho, oksijeni iliyoyeyuka, vichafuzi, pH, na mrundikano wa mashapo. Mabadiliko katika kiwango cha maji ya ziwa yanadhibitiwa na tofauti iliyopo kati ya maji yanayoingia na yanayotoka yakilinganishwa na ujazo mzima wa ziwa hilo. Vyanzo vikuu vya maji yanayoingia ni pamoja na usimbaji (mvua) unaoanguka moja kwa moja juu ya ziwa, maji ya mtiririko yanayobebwa na mito na mifereji kutoka kwenye eneo la vyanzo vya maji la ziwa, njia za maji ya chini ya ardhi na matabaka ya miamba yanayohifadhi maji, pamoja na vyanzo vya bandia kutoka nje ya eneo la vyanzo vya maji. Njia za maji yanayotoka ni pamoja na uvukizaji kutoka kwenye ziwa, mtiririko wa maji ya juu ya ardhi na chini ya ardhi, pamoja na uvunaji au utumiaji wowote wa maji ya ziwa unaofanywa na binadamu. Kadiri hali ya hewa na mahitaji ya maji ya binadamu yanavyobadilika, mambo haya husababisha mabadiliko ya kupanda na kushuka kwa kiwango cha ziwa. [[Faili:Lake mapourika NZ.jpeg|thumb|Ziwa Mapourika, [[Nyuzilandi]].]] Maziwa pia yanaweza kuainishwa kwa msingi wa utajiri wake wa virutubisho, ambavyo kwa kawaida huathiri ukuaji wa mimea. Maziwa yenye virutubisho haba yanajulikana kama maziwa oligotrofiki na kwa ujumla huwa safi na yenye maji meupe, huku yakiwa na kiwango kidogo cha viumbe vya mimea. Maziwa mesotrofiki yana usafi mzuri wa maji na kiwango cha wastani cha virutubisho. Maziwa eutrofiki yamejazwa virutubisho vingi, jambo linalosababisha ukuaji mzuri wa mimea na uwezekano wa mlipuko wa magugu-maji au mwani. Maziwa haipatrofiki ni makusanyiko ya maji ambayo yamerundikwa virutubisho kupita kiasi. Maziwa haya kwa kawaida yana maji machafu yasiyoonekana kwa mbali na yanakabiliwa na milipuko mibaya ya mwani inayoharibu mazingira. Maziwa kwa kawaida hufikia hali hii kutokana na shughuli za binadamu, kama vile matumizi makubwa ya mbolea katika eneo la vyanzo vya maji la ziwa. Maziwa ya namna hiyo yana faida kidogo sana kwa binadamu na yana mfumo wa ikolojia duni kutokana na kupungua kwa oksijeni iliyoyeyuka. [[Faili:九寨溝-五花海 Jiuzhaigou Five Flower Lake.jpg|thumb|Ziwa la Maua Matano huko Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan]] Kutokana na uhusiano usio wa kawaida kati ya halijoto ya maji na uzito wake, maziwa hutengeneza matabaka yanayoitwa themoklaini, ambayo ni matabaka yenye halijoto inayotofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa sana kulingana na kina. Maji baridi yasiyo na chumvi huwa na uzito mkubwa zaidi yanapofikia halijoto ya takriban nyuzi joto 4 za Selsiasi (39.2 °F) katika usawa wa bahari. Wakati halijoto ya maji yaliyo juu ya uso wa ziwa inapofikia kiwango sawa na halijoto ya maji ya chini kabisa, kama inavyotokea wakati wa miezi ya baridi katika maeneo yenye hali ya hewa ya wastani, maji katika ziwa yanaweza kuchanganyika; hatua hii hupandisha juu maji yaliyokosa oksijeni kutoka vilindini na kushusha oksijeni chini kwenye mashapo yanayooza. Maziwa marefu ya maeneo yenye hali ya hewa ya wastani yana uwezo wa kuhifadhi hazina ya maji ya baridi mwaka mzima, jambo linalofanya baadhi ya miji kutumia hazina hiyo kwa ajili ya mifumo ya kupozea majengo kwa kutumia maji ya vilindi vya maziwa. [[Faili:Yaylyu.JPG|thumb|Ziwa Teletskoye, [[Siberia]]]] Kwa kuwa maji ya juu ya maziwa marefu ya maeneo ya kitropiki hayafikii kamwe kiwango cha halijoto yenye uzito mkubwa zaidi, hakuna mchakato unaosababisha maji hayo kuchanganyika. Tabaka la chini kabisa hukosa oksijeni na linaweza kujaa gesi ya ukaa, au gesi nyingine kama vile kiberiti ikiwa kuna hata chembe ndogo ya shughuli za kivolkano. Matukio yasiyo ya kawaida, kama vile tetemeko la ardhi au maporomoko ya ardhi, yanaweza kusababisha mchanganyiko unaopandisha kwa kasi matabaka ya chini kuelekea juu na kuachia wingu kubwa la gesi ambalo lilikuwa limenaswa ndani ya maji ya baridi chini kabisa ya ziwa. Jambo hili linaitwa mlipuko wa limniki. Mfano mzuri ni janga lilitokea katika Ziwa Nyos huko [[Kamerun]]. Kiasi cha gesi kinachoweza kuyeyuka katika maji kinahusiana moja kwa moja na mgandamizo. Maji ya vilindini yanapopanda juu, mgandamizo hushuka na kiasi kikubwa cha gesi hutoka kwenye maji. Katika mazingira haya, gesi ya ukaa ni hatari kwa sababu ina uzito mkubwa kuliko hewa ya kawaida na huchukua nafasi yake, hivyo inaweza kutiririka kufuata bonde la mto kuelekea kwenye makazi ya watu na kusababisha vifo vya watu wengi kwa kukosa hewa. Mada au nyenzo iliyopo chini kabisa ya ziwa, yaani sakafu ya ziwa, inaweza kuwa imeundwa na aina mbalimbali za vitu visivyo hai, kama vile tabataba au mchanga, na vitu vya kikaboni, kama vile mabaki ya mimea au wanyama wanaooza. Muundo wa sakafu ya ziwa una athari kubwa kwa uoto wa asili (flora) na wanyama (fauna) wanaopatikana katika mazingira ya ziwa hilo kwa kuchangia katika kiasi na aina za virutubisho vinavyopatikana. Tabaka pacha (jeusi na jeupe) la mashapo ya ziwa ya varvi huwakilisha mwaka mmoja. Wakati wa majira ya baridi, viumbe hai wanapokufa, kaboni hutua chini na kutengeneza tabaka jeusi. Katika mwaka huo huo, wakati wa majira ya joto, ni vifaa vichache sana vya kikaboni vinavyotua chini, jambo linalosababisha kutengenezwa kwa tabaka jeupe kwenye sakafu ya ziwa. Tabaka hizi hutumiwa kwa kawaida kufuatilia matukio ya kale ya kipaliontolojia. Maziwa ya asili yanatoa mfano mdogo wa ulimwengu unaojumuisha viumbe hai na vitu visivyo hai ambavyo kwa kiasi fulani vinajitegemea vyenyewe bila kutegemea mazingira yanayoyazunguka. Kwa sababu hiyo, viumbe wa ziwani mara nyingi wanaweza kufanyiwa utafiti kwa kujitenga na mazingira ya nje ya ziwa hilo. == Maziwa mashuhuri Duniani == [[Faili:Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg|thumb|Bahari ya Kaspi inahesabiwa kuwa ama ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani au bahari halisi ya ndani ya nchi.]] *Ziwa kubwa zaidi kwa eneo la uso ni Bahari ya Kaspi, ambayo licha ya jina lake, inachukuliwa kuwa ni ziwa kulingana na mtazamo wa kijiografia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Caspian Sea|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/lakes/caspian-sea.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2021-01-28|accessdate=2026-06-30|language=en-US|author=John Misachi January 28 2021 in Bodies of Water}}</ref> Eneo la uso wake lina ukubwa wa maili mraba 143,000 au kilomita mraba 371,000 sq. mi./371,000 km2. *Ziwa la pili kwa ukubwa kwa eneo la uso, na ziwa kubwa zaidi la maji baridi (yasiyo na chumvi) kwa eneo la uso, ni Ziwa Michigan-Huron, ambalo kihidrolojia ni ziwa moja. Eneo la uso wake lina ukubwa wa maili mraba 45,300 au kilomita mraba 117,400. Kwa wale wanaochukulia Ziwa Michigan na Ziwa Huron kama maziwa mawili tofauti, na kuichukulia Bahari ya Kaspi kama bahari ya kawaida, basi Ziwa Superior ndilo lingekuwa ziwa kubwa zaidi likiwa na ukubwa wa kilomita mraba 82,100 (maili mraba 31,700). * Ziwa Baikal ndilo ziwa refu zaidi kwenda chini duniani, likipatikana huko Siberia, likiwa na sakafu yenye kina cha mita 1,637 (futi 5,371). Kina chake cha wastani pia ndicho kikubwa zaidi duniani (mita 749 au futi 2,457). Pia, ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani la maji baridi kwa ujazo (kilomita za ujazo 23,600 au maili za ujazo 5,700), ingawa ni dogo sana likilinganishwa na Bahari ya Kaspi yenye ujazo wa kilomita za ujazo 78,200 (maili za ujazo 18,800), na ni ziwa la pili kwa urefu wa kunyooka duniani (takriban kilomita 630 au maili 390 kutoka ncha hadi ncha). [[Faili:Roundtanglelake.JPG|thumb|Ziwa la Round Tangle, mojawapo ya Maziwa ya Tangle, lililopo futi 2,864 (mita 873) juu ya usawa wa bahari katika maeneo ya ndani ya Alaska.]] * Ziwa la kale zaidi duniani ni Ziwa Baikal, likifuatiwa na [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyik]]<nowiki/>a lililopo nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ziwa Maracaibo linachukuliwa na baadhi ya watu kama ziwa la pili kwa ukale zaidi Duniani, lakini kwa kuwa lipo katika usawa wa bahari na kwa sasa ni mkusanyiko wa maji unaoungana moja kwa moja na bahari, wengine wanaona kwamba limegeuka kuwa hori ndogo. * Ziwa refu zaidi kwa urefu wa kunyooka ni Ziwa Tanganyika, likiwa na urefu wa takriban kilomita 660 (maili 410) (ukipimwa kufuata mstari wa katikati wa ziwa hilo). Pia, ndilo ziwa la tatu kwa ukubwa kwa ujazo, la pili kwa ukale, na la pili kwa kwenda chini duniani, likiwa na kina cha mita 1,470 (futi 4,820), likifuata baada ya Ziwa Baikal. * Ziwa la juu zaidi duniani (kwa urefu wa kwenda juu), ikiwa ukubwa si kigezo, linaweza kuwa lile ziwa la kreta la Ojos del Salado, lililopo katika urefu wa mita 6,390 (futi 20,965).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Andes Website - Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the World's highest volcano|url=https://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-6000/ojos-del-salado-info.asp|work=www.andes.org.uk|accessdate=2026-06-30}}</ref> * Ziwa la chini kabisa duniani (kwa urefu wa kwenda chini kutoka usawa wa bahari) ni Bahari ya Chumvi, inayopakana na Jordan upande wa mashariki na [[Israeli|Israel]] na [[Palestina]] upande wa magharibi, likiwa katika urefu wa mita 418 (futi 1,371) chini ya usawa wa bahari. Pia, ni moja ya maziwa yenye kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha mkusanyiko wa chumvi. * Ziwa Michigan–Huron lina ukanda mrefu zaidi wa pwani ya ziwa duniani: takriban kilomita 5,250 (maili 3,260), bila kujumuisha pwani za visiwa vyake vingi vya ndani. Hata kama yakichukuliwa kama maziwa mawili tofauti, Ziwa Huron pekee bado lingekuwa na ukanda mrefu zaidi wa pwani duniani wenye urefu wa kilomita 2,980 (maili 1,850). * Kisiwa kikubwa zaidi kilichopo ndani ya ziwa ni Kisiwa cha Manitoulin kilichopo ndani ya Ziwa Michigan-Huron, kikiwa na eneo la uso lenye ukubwa wa kilomita mraba 2,766 (maili mraba 1,068). Ziwa Manitou, lililopo kwenye Kisiwa cha Manitoulin, ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lililopo kwenye kisiwa ambacho kiko ndani ya ziwa. * Ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani linalotiririsha maji yake kiasili kuelekea pande mbili tofauti ni Ziwa Wollaston. * Ziwa Toba lililopo kwenye kisiwa cha Sumatra linapatikana katika eneo ambalo pengine ndilo kreta-mbonyeo inayofufuka kubwa zaidi Duniani. * Ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani linalopatikana kikamilifu ndani ya mipaka ya mji mmoja ni Ziwa Wanapitei lililopo katika mji wa Sudbury, [[Ontario]], [[Kanada]]. Kabla ya mipaka ya sasa ya mji huo kuanza kutumika mnamo mwaka 2001, hadhi hiyo ilikuwa ikishikiliwa na Ziwa Ramsey, ambalo pia linapatikana Sudbury. * Ziwa Enriquillo lililopo katika [[Jamhuri ya Dominika]] ndilo ziwa pekee la maji ya chumvi duniani ambalo linakaliwa na mamba. * Ziwa Bernard, lililopo Ontario, Kanada, linadaiwa kuwa ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lisilo na kisiwa hata kimoja. * Ziwa Saimaa lililopo katika mikoa ya Savo Kusini na Karelia Kusini, nchini [[Ufini|Finland]], linatengeneza bonde kubwa zaidi la Saimaa, ambalo lina kingo nyingi zaidi za pwani kwa kila kizio cha eneo kuliko mahali pengine popote duniani, huku urefu wake wa jumla ukiwa ni karibu kilomita 15,000 (maili 9,300).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SAIMAA – Finland's largest lake — Virtual Finland|url=http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25710&LAN=ENG|work=virtual.finland.fi|accessdate=2026-06-30|archive-date=2008-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214225230/http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25710&LAN=ENG|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ziwa kubwa zaidi linalopatikana ndani ya nchi moja tu ni Ziwa Michigan, nchini [[Marekani]]. Hata hivyo, wakati mwingine huchukuliwa kama sehemu ya Ziwa Michigan-Huron, hatua inayofanya rekodi hiyo kuhamia kwenye Ziwa ''Great Bear'' lililopo katika Maeneo ya Kaskazini-Magharibi nchini Kanada, ambalo ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lililopo chini ya mamlaka moja ya kisheria. * Ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lililopo kwenye kisiwa ambacho kiko ndani ya ziwa ambalo nalo liko kwenye kisiwa ni Ziwa la Kreta lililopo kwenye Kisiwa cha Volkano ndani ya Ziwa Taal lililopo kwenye Kisiwa cha Luzon, nchini [[Ufilipino]]. * Ziwa lenye jina lililopo kaskazini zaidi duniani ni Ziwa Upper Dumbell lililopo katika Mkoa wa Qikiqtaaluk huko Nunavut, nchini Kanada, katika latitudo ya 82°28' Kaskazini. Linapatikana umbali wa kilomita 5.2 (maili 3.2) kusini-magharibi mwa Alert, makazi ya watu yaliyopo kaskazini kabisa duniani. Pia, kuna maziwa kadhaa madogo upande wa kaskazini mwa Ziwa Upper Dumbell, lakini yote hayana majina na yanaonekana tu kwenye ramani zenye maelezo ya kina sana. * Kuna maziwa ya kale 20 tu duniani – yaani yale yenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka milioni moja. === Kubwa zaidi kwa kila bara === Maziwa makubwa zaidi (kwa eneo la uso) kwa kila bara ni: * [[Australia]] – Ziwa Eyre (ziwa la maji ya chumvi) * [[Afrika]] – [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ambalo pia ni ziwa la tatu kwa ukubwa duniani kati ya maziwa ya maji baridi. Ni moja ya Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika. * [[Bara la Antaktiki|Antaktika]] – Ziwa Vostok (linalopatikana chini ya barafu) * [[Asia]] – Ziwa Baikal (ikiwa Bahari ya Kaspi itachukuliwa kama ziwa, basi ndilo kubwa zaidi katika Eurasia, lakini limegawanyika kati ya mabara mawili ya kijiografia) * Oceania – Ziwa Eyre likiwa limejaa; ziwa kubwa zaidi la kudumu (na la maji baridi) katika Oceania ni Ziwa Taupō. * [[Ulaya]] – Ziwa Ladoga, likifuatiwa na Ziwa Onega, yote mawili yakipatikana kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Urusi]]. * [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] – Ziwa Michigan–Huron, ambalo kihidrolojia (kimfumo wa maji) ni ziwa moja. Hata hivyo, maziwa ya Huron na Michigan kwa kawaida huchukuliwa kama maziwa mawili tofauti, na katika hali hiyo, Ziwa Superior ndilo linalokuwa kubwa zaidi. * [[Amerika ya Kusini]] – Ziwa Titicaca, ambalo pia ni eneo la maji linalopitika kwa meli lililopo juu zaidi duniani likiwa katika mita 3,812 (futi 12,507) juu ya usawa wa bahari. (Ziwa Maracaibo ambalo ni kubwa zaidi – na la kale zaidi – huchukuliwa na baadhi ya watu kuwa si ziwa halisi tena, bali ni rasi ya bahari/wangwa). ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Maziwa| ]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:jiografia]] kh2ooq9j6s4af0fnmz6519jmf2fdyfg 0 11457 1577871 1575965 2026-07-01T18:30:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Pietermaritzburg_City_Hall.JPG|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Pietermaritzburg]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Pietermaritzburg |picha_ya_satelite = PMB Town Hall.JPG |pushpin_map = Afrika Kusini |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Pietermaritzburg katika Afrika Kusini |pushpin_label_position = top |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Afrika Kusini]] |subdivision_type1 = [[:Jamii:Majimbo ya Afrika Kusini|Majimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 857612 |latd=29 |latm=36 |lats=36 |latNS=S |longd=30 |longm=23 |longs=24 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.pietermaritzburg.co.za/ www.pietermaritzburg.co.za] }} [[Picha:UKZNPclocktower.jpg|thumb|200px|UKZN, Pietermaritzburg Chuo Kikuu]] '''Pietermaritzburg''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa jimbo la [[KwaZulu-Natal]] katika [[Afrika Kusini]]. Wenyeji huuita mji mara nyingi kwa kifupi "'''Maritzburg'''" au "'''PMB'''" (tamka:pi-em-bi). [[Mwaka]] [[2011]] ulikuwa na wakazi 223,000. Chuo Kikuu cha KwaZulu-Natal kina [[tawi]] moja Pietermaritzburg pamoja tawi la pili mjini [[Durban]]. == Historia == Mji ulianzishwa na [[walowezi]] [[makaburu]] mnamo mwaka [[1839]]. [[Jina]] lakumbusha majina ya [[viongozi]] wao [[Pieter Retief]] na [[Gerrit Maritz]]. Ilikuwa mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Natalia]] hadi kutwaliwa na [[Waingereza]] mwaka [[1843]] na kuwa mji mkuu wa [[koloni]] la Kiingereza la [[Natal (jimbo)|Natal]]. Baada ya [[uchaguzi]] huru wa mwaka [[1994]] Pietermaritzburg na [[Ulundi]] zilikuwa zote mbili miji mikuu ya KwaZulu-Natal. Baada ya [[ushindi]] wa ANC ([[African National Congress]]) jimboni mwaka [[2004]] Pietermaritzburg umekuwa mji mkuu pekee. ==Matukio mengine ya kihistoria== [[Gazeti]] la kwanza la Natal, Nakala wa Natal (sasa anajulikana kama The Witness), lilichapishwa mwaka wa [[1846]]. [[Hekta]] 46 za Bustani za Botani ziliundwa mwaka wa [[1872]] na Botanic Society ya Natal. [[Jumba]] la [[jiji]], ambalo ni [[jengo]] kubwa zaidi la [[matofali]] mekundu katika Ulimwengu wa Kusini, limeharibiwa na [[moto]] mwaka wa [[1895]], lakini lilijengwa tena mwaka wa [[1901]]. Lina [[nyumba]] kuu ya bomba iliyojengwa na [[kampuni]] ya jengo la chombo cha [[Sheffield]], Brindley & Foster. Waingereza walijenga kambi ya ukolezi hapa wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Kikaburu]] kwa [[wanawake]] na [[watoto]] [[Makaburu]]. Wakati wa [[Vita vikuu vya pili]], wafungwa [[Waitalia]] walipigana huko Pietermaritzburg. Wakati wa kukaa kwao, walijenga [[kanisa]], ambalo linasimama kama [[tovuti]] ya [[urithi]] leo. Mwaka wa [[1962]] [[Nelson Mandela]] alikamatwa katika mji wa karibu wa [[Howick]], [[kaskazini]] mwa Pietermaritzburg. Kukamatwa kwake kulikuwa mwanzo wa miaka 27 ya kifungo cha Nelson Mandela. [[Mchoro]] mdogo umejengwa mahali pa kukamatwa kwake. Mara baada ya kumatwa kwake Mandela alipelekwa katika Gereza la Kale huko Pietermaritzburg. Baada ya [[usiku]] [[jela]], alichukuliwa kwa [[ofisi]] ya Mahakimu J. Buys katika Jengo la Mahakama ya zamani katika barabara ya kibiashara (sasa ni Mtawala Mkuu wa Albert Luthuli), na alihukumiwa kwa jaribio huko Johannesburg. ==Barabara== Pietermaritzburg iko kwenye [[barabara kuu]] ya N3 ambayo ni [[njia]] kuu kati ya [[bandari]] ya Durban iliyoko [[umbali]] wa [[kilomita]] 90 na miji ya [[Pretoria]]-[[Johannesburg]]-[[Witwatersrand]]. R33 inaunganisha Pietermaritzburg na [[Lephalale]] kupitia [[Greytown]], [[Paulpietersburg]], [[Carolina]], [[Belfast (Afrika Kusini)|Belfast]] na [[Vaalwater]] ikielekea [[kaskazini]] [[mashariki]], wakati R56 inaunganisha Pietermaritzburg na [[Cape Town]] kupitia [[Ixopo]], [[Kokstad]], [[Mthatha]], [[East London]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[George]] na [[Mossel Bay]] [[kusini]] [[magharibi]]. [[Barabara]] ya R56 inakutana na barabara kuu ya N2 kwenye [[Post Stafford]]. == Viungo vya nje == * {{en}} [http://www.pietermaritzburg.co.za/ pietermaritzburg.co.za Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pietermaritzburg.co.za/ |date=20100520003716 }} * [http://www.nmsa.org.za/ Makumbusho ya Natal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nmsa.org.za/ |date=20190509191400 }} * [http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ University of Kwazulu-Natal] * [https://www.pietermaritzburgtowingservice.com/ Pietermaritzburg Location] {{Wayback|url=https://www.pietermaritzburgtowingservice.com/ |date=20191212191241 }} {{mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:KwaZulu-Natal]] t7xe0bqv04rc4q6zjk37c74uul8bdb4 0 13418 1577862 1575662 2026-07-01T16:16:20Z ~2026-37857-52 90630 /* Maisha ya Mwanzo na Elimu */ 1577862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ibrahim Lipumba.jpg|thumb|Lipumba]] '''Ibrahim Haruna Lipumba''' (amezaliwa tar. [[6 Juni]] [[1952]], [[Ilolangulu]], [[Tabora]], [[Tanzania]]) ni mwanasiasa nchini [[Tanzania]] na pia mwenyekiti wa chama cha upinzani cha Civic United Front (CUF - Chama Cha Wananchi) ==Maisha ya Mwanzo na Elimu== Mh. Lipumba alizaliwa tar. [[6 Juni]] [[Mwaka]] [[1952]], katika kijiji cha [[Ilolangulu]] [[Wilaya]] ya [[Tabora]] Mkoani [[Tabora]] [[Tanzania]]. Ameanza [[elimu]] ya msingi [[1959]] - [[1962]] katika [[shule]] ya [[msingi]] ya [[Swedish]] Free [[Mission]] [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] [[1962]] - [[1966]] : L.A Upper [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] baadae kuendelea masomo na [[Elimu]] ya Sekondari [[1967]] hadi[[1970]] [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School [[1971]] hadi [[1972]] Pugu Secondary School Kisha [[Elimu]] ya Chuo Kikuu [[1973]] hadi [[1977]] [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1978]] hadi [[1983]] [[Stanford University]]. Akapata Shahada BA (Hon.Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1976]] MA (Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1977]] MA (Economics) Stanford University 1979 Phd (Economics) [[Stanford University]][[1983]] == Uzoefu wa Uongozi == Aliwahi kuwa mweka hazina wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]] pia akawahi kuwa Katibu mkuwa wa Kikundi cha Majadiliano cha Tabora Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]], baadae akaja kuwa Mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Vijana katika shule ya pugu Secondary School hiyo ilikuwa mwaka [[1970]] hadi [[1971]], baadae akaja kuwa tena Mwenyekiti wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] toka [[mwaka]] [[1975]] hadi [[1976]]. na pia ndiye Mwanzilishi na Rais wa Kwanza wa Stanford African Students Association (SASA), Stanford University; Stanford, California USA hiyo ilikuwa mwaka 1978. == Kazi == * [[1976]] hadi [[1977]] Mkufunzi Msaidizi (T.A) * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Mhadhiri Msaidizi * [[1983]] hadi [[1986]] Mhadhiri * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Mhadhiri Mwandamizi * [[1989]] hadi [[1993]] Profesa Mshiriki * [[1991]] hadi [[1993]] Msaidizi wa Rais Mambo ya Uchumi * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professor, Williams College, Massachussets, United States of America * [[1996]] hadi [[1998]] Senior Research Fellow, United Nations University, World Institute of Economic Research, Helsinki Finland. == Heshima za Kitaaluma == * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professorship * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Kellogg International Fellow in Food Systems * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship * [[1976]] Zawadi ya Mwanafunzi Bora, Best Student Award, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,University of Dar es Salaam. == Mshauri wa Uchumi == * [[The World Bank]] * [[UNDP]] * [[Global Coalition for Africa]] * Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa ( [[COMESA]] ) * Swedish International Development Agency ( [[SIDA]] ) * [[NORAD]] * [[DANIDA]] * Ministry of Foreign Affairs [[Finland]] * [[Bank of Tanzania]] * Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa ([[MEFMI]]) * African Capacity Building Foundation. == Shughuli za Kimataifa == Utafiti kuhusu kushiriki kwa nchi za kusini katika mfumo wa biashara wa kimataifa, Uruguay Round Multilateral trade negotiations kuanzia mwaka 1986 ha 1990. Utafiti kuhusu sera za kilimo za nchi zinazoendelea. Kuwasilisha maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu matatizo ya madeni ya Afrika kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani - House Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Februari 1994. Kuwasilisha, maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF) na uhusiano wake na nchi masikini kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani House - Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Aprili 1994 Kutayarisha “Report of Group of Independent Advisers on Development Cooperation issues between Tanzania and Aid Donors”. Juni 1995 Kuteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya sera ya maendeleo (member of the United Nations Committee for Development Policy (1995 hadi 1999.) Kutayarisha vigezo vya kuainisha nchi masikini sana duniani. (The list of Least Developed Countries (1997 na 2000) Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutoa taarifa katika Kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya mambo ya uchumi na maendeleo (ECOSOC) kuhusu mgogoro wa kimataifa wa fedha katika nchi za Asia, NewYork (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Windhoek, Namibia (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Mbabane, Swaziland (1998). Kutathmini maendeleo ya ‘The Macroeconomic And Financial Management Institute Of Eastern And Southern Africa’, (MEFMI) ili kuwasaidia wahisani kufanya maamuzi juu ya kuendelea kuisaidia taasisi hiyo,1998. == Shughuli za Kitaifa == * Mjumbe - Kamati ya kurekebisha mashirika ya umma, 1992 - 1993 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya kuchunguza matatizo ya chama cha ushirika cha mkoa wa Shinyanga (SHIRECU), 1992 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya Waziri wa Fedha ya kuchunguza matatizo ya Shirika la Bima (NIC) 1993 == Baadhi ya Tafiti za Uchumi na Maandishi Muhimu == * Stabilization Policies in Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam, 1984 * African Unity, Some Practical Guidelines, MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 2, Mei 1983. Published by Stanford African Students Association. * Problems and Prospects of African Economic Integration , MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 1, Aprili 1982. == Ona Pia == * [[Chama cha Wananchi]] * [[Seif Shariff Hamad]] == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 Liberal Members] {{Wayback|url=http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 |date=20070926234713 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112074528/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/cufpp.htm Usajili na Tarehe] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lipumba, Ibrahim}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Hisabati]] [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Tanzania]] hj01oztgiosjjt5w5q3ly2qljjrbsjw 1577911 1577862 2026-07-02T11:15:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577911 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ibrahim Lipumba.jpg|thumb|Lipumba]] '''Ibrahim Haruna Lipumba''' (amezaliwa [[Ilolangulu]], [[mkoa wa Tabora]], [[6 Juni]] [[1952]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] nchini [[Tanzania]] aliyewahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[upinzani]] cha [[Chama cha Wananchi]] (CUF|Civic United Front). ==Elimu== Lipumba alianza [[elimu]] ya msingi [[1959]] - [[1962]] katika [[shule]] ya [[msingi]] ya [[Swedish Free Mission]] [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] [[1962]] - [[1966]] : L.A Upper [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] Baadaye aliendelea masomo na [[Elimu]] ya [[Sekondari]] [[1967]] hadi [[1970]] [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School [[1971]] hadi [[1972]] Pugu Secondary School Kisha [[Elimu]] ya Chuo Kikuu [[1973]] hadi [[1977]] [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1978]] hadi [[1983]] [[Stanford University]]. Akapata Shahada BA (Hon.Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1976]] MA (Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1977]] MA (Economics) Stanford University 1979 PhD (Economics) [[Stanford University]] [[1983]] == Uzoefu wa Uongozi == Aliwahi kuwa mweka hazina wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]] pia akawahi kuwa Katibu mkuwa wa Kikundi cha Majadiliano cha Tabora Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]], baadae akaja kuwa Mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Vijana katika shule ya pugu Secondary School hiyo ilikuwa mwaka [[1970]] hadi [[1971]], baadae akaja kuwa tena Mwenyekiti wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] toka [[mwaka]] [[1975]] hadi [[1976]]. Pia ndiye Mwanzilishi na Rais wa Kwanza wa Stanford African Students Association (SASA), Stanford University; Stanford, California USA hiyo ilikuwa mwaka 1978. == Kazi == * [[1976]] hadi [[1977]] Mkufunzi Msaidizi (T.A) * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Mhadhiri Msaidizi * [[1983]] hadi [[1986]] Mhadhiri * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Mhadhiri Mwandamizi * [[1989]] hadi [[1993]] Profesa Mshiriki * [[1991]] hadi [[1993]] Msaidizi wa Rais Mambo ya Uchumi * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professor, Williams College, Massachussets, United States of America * [[1996]] hadi [[1998]] Senior Research Fellow, United Nations University, World Institute of Economic Research, Helsinki Finland. == Heshima za Kitaaluma == * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professorship * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Kellogg International Fellow in Food Systems * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship * [[1976]] Zawadi ya Mwanafunzi Bora, Best Student Award, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,University of Dar es Salaam. == Mshauri wa Uchumi == * [[The World Bank]] * [[UNDP]] * [[Global Coalition for Africa]] * Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa ( [[COMESA]] ) * Swedish International Development Agency ( [[SIDA]] ) * [[NORAD]] * [[DANIDA]] * Ministry of Foreign Affairs [[Finland]] * [[Bank of Tanzania]] * Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa ([[MEFMI]]) * African Capacity Building Foundation. == Shughuli za Kimataifa == Utafiti kuhusu kushiriki kwa nchi za kusini katika mfumo wa biashara wa kimataifa, Uruguay Round Multilateral trade negotiations kuanzia mwaka 1986 ha 1990. Utafiti kuhusu sera za kilimo za nchi zinazoendelea. Kuwasilisha maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu matatizo ya madeni ya Afrika kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani - House Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Februari 1994. Kuwasilisha, maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF) na uhusiano wake na nchi masikini kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani House - Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Aprili 1994 Kutayarisha “Report of Group of Independent Advisers on Development Cooperation issues between Tanzania and Aid Donors”. Juni 1995 Kuteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya sera ya maendeleo (member of the United Nations Committee for Development Policy (1995 hadi 1999.) Kutayarisha vigezo vya kuainisha nchi masikini sana duniani. (The list of Least Developed Countries (1997 na 2000) Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutoa taarifa katika Kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya mambo ya uchumi na maendeleo (ECOSOC) kuhusu mgogoro wa kimataifa wa fedha katika nchi za Asia, NewYork (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Windhoek, Namibia (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Mbabane, Swaziland (1998). Kutathmini maendeleo ya ‘The Macroeconomic And Financial Management Institute Of Eastern And Southern Africa’, (MEFMI) ili kuwasaidia wahisani kufanya maamuzi juu ya kuendelea kuisaidia taasisi hiyo,1998. == Shughuli za Kitaifa == * Mjumbe - Kamati ya kurekebisha mashirika ya umma, 1992 - 1993 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya kuchunguza matatizo ya chama cha ushirika cha mkoa wa Shinyanga (SHIRECU), 1992 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya Waziri wa Fedha ya kuchunguza matatizo ya Shirika la Bima (NIC) 1993 == Baadhi ya Tafiti za Uchumi na Maandishi Muhimu == * Stabilization Policies in Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam, 1984 * African Unity, Some Practical Guidelines, MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 2, Mei 1983. Published by Stanford African Students Association. * Problems and Prospects of African Economic Integration , MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 1, Aprili 1982. == Tazama pia == * [[Seif Shariff Hamad]] == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 Liberal Members] {{Wayback|url=http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 |date=20070926234713 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112074528/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/cufpp.htm Usajili na Tarehe] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lipumba, Ibrahim}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] h70n0zky1ew2a8btqdm6x2ose9yzh66 1577912 1577911 2026-07-02T11:18:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ibrahim Lipumba.jpg|thumb|Lipumba]] '''Ibrahim Haruna Lipumba''' (amezaliwa [[Ilolangulu (Uyui)|Ilolangulu]], [[wilaya ya Uyui]], [[mkoa wa Tabora]], [[6 Juni]] [[1952]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] nchini [[Tanzania]] aliyewahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[upinzani]] cha [[Chama cha Wananchi]] (CUF|Civic United Front). ==Elimu== Lipumba alianza [[elimu]] ya msingi [[1959]] - [[1962]] katika [[shule]] ya [[msingi]] ya [[Swedish Free Mission]] [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] [[1962]] - [[1966]] : L.A Upper [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] Baadaye aliendelea masomo na [[Elimu]] ya [[Sekondari]] [[1967]] hadi [[1970]] [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School [[1971]] hadi [[1972]] Pugu Secondary School Kisha [[Elimu]] ya Chuo Kikuu [[1973]] hadi [[1977]] [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1978]] hadi [[1983]] [[Stanford University]]. Akapata Shahada BA (Hon.Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1976]] MA (Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1977]] MA (Economics) Stanford University 1979 PhD (Economics) [[Stanford University]] [[1983]] == Uzoefu wa Uongozi == Aliwahi kuwa mwekahazina wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]] pia kuwa Katibu mkuu wa Kikundi cha Majadiliano cha Tabora Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]], baadaye akaja kuwa Mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Vijana katika shule ya pugu Secondary School hiyo ilikuwa mwaka [[1970]] hadi [[1971]], baadaye akaja kuwa tena Mwenyekiti wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] toka [[mwaka]] [[1975]] hadi [[1976]]. Pia ndiye Mwanzilishi na Rais wa Kwanza wa Stanford African Students Association (SASA), Stanford University; Stanford, California USA: hiyo ilikuwa mwaka 1978. == Kazi == * [[1976]] hadi [[1977]] Mkufunzi Msaidizi (T.A) * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Mhadhiri Msaidizi * [[1983]] hadi [[1986]] Mhadhiri * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Mhadhiri Mwandamizi * [[1989]] hadi [[1993]] Profesa Mshiriki * [[1991]] hadi [[1993]] Msaidizi wa Rais Mambo ya Uchumi * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professor, Williams College, Massachussets, United States of America * [[1996]] hadi [[1998]] Senior Research Fellow, United Nations University, World Institute of Economic Research, Helsinki Finland. == Heshima za Kitaaluma == * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professorship * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Kellogg International Fellow in Food Systems * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship * [[1976]] Zawadi ya Mwanafunzi Bora, Best Student Award, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,University of Dar es Salaam. == Mshauri wa Uchumi == * [[The World Bank]] * [[UNDP]] * [[Global Coalition for Africa]] * Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa ([[COMESA]]) * Swedish International Development Agency ([[SIDA]]) * [[NORAD]] * [[DANIDA]] * Ministry of Foreign Affairs [[Finland]] * [[Bank of Tanzania]] * Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa ([[MEFMI]]) * African Capacity Building Foundation == Shughuli za Kimataifa == Utafiti kuhusu kushiriki kwa nchi za kusini katika mfumo wa biashara wa kimataifa, Uruguay Round Multilateral trade negotiations kuanzia mwaka 1986 ha 1990. Utafiti kuhusu sera za kilimo za nchi zinazoendelea. Kuwasilisha maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu matatizo ya madeni ya Afrika kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani - House Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Februari 1994. Kuwasilisha, maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF) na uhusiano wake na nchi masikini kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani House - Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Aprili 1994 Kutayarisha “Report of Group of Independent Advisers on Development Cooperation issues between Tanzania and Aid Donors”. Juni 1995 Kuteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya sera ya maendeleo (member of the United Nations Committee for Development Policy (1995 hadi 1999.) Kutayarisha vigezo vya kuainisha nchi masikini sana duniani. (The list of Least Developed Countries (1997 na 2000) Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutoa taarifa katika Kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya mambo ya uchumi na maendeleo (ECOSOC) kuhusu mgogoro wa kimataifa wa fedha katika nchi za Asia, NewYork (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Windhoek, Namibia (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Mbabane, Swaziland (1998). Kutathmini maendeleo ya ‘The Macroeconomic And Financial Management Institute Of Eastern And Southern Africa’, (MEFMI) ili kuwasaidia wahisani kufanya maamuzi juu ya kuendelea kuisaidia taasisi hiyo,1998. == Shughuli za Kitaifa == * Mjumbe - Kamati ya kurekebisha mashirika ya umma, 1992 - 1993 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya kuchunguza matatizo ya chama cha ushirika cha mkoa wa Shinyanga (SHIRECU), 1992 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya Waziri wa Fedha ya kuchunguza matatizo ya Shirika la Bima (NIC) 1993 == Baadhi ya Tafiti za Uchumi na Maandishi Muhimu == * Stabilization Policies in Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam, 1984 * African Unity, Some Practical Guidelines, MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 2, Mei 1983. Published by Stanford African Students Association. * Problems and Prospects of African Economic Integration , MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 1, Aprili 1982. == Tazama pia == * [[Seif Shariff Hamad]] == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 Liberal Members] {{Wayback|url=http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 |date=20070926234713 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112074528/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/cufpp.htm Usajili na Tarehe] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lipumba, Ibrahim}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] 02d1khn4sd3c8qrw4amcyurbv4e64xp 0 15815 1577881 1460108 2026-07-02T03:02:18Z MirachBeta 45776 Nilisahihisha kiunganisha cha ndege za vita 1577881 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Scandinavian Stone Age axe and knife.jpg|thumb|Silaha za zama za mawe]] [[Picha:Agni-II missile (Republic Day Parade 2004).jpeg|thumb||Silaha ya karne ya 20]] '''Silaha''' ni kifaa cha mapigano dhidi ya wanadamu au [[Mnyama|wanyama]]. Inafaa kumtisha, kumwumiza au kumwua adui au kumletea hasara nyingine inayokusudiwa. Kusudi la silaha ni matumizi: * dhidi wanyama: [[uwindaji]] * dhidi ya watu: ama utetezi dhidi ya shambulio au shambulio lenyewe kwenye [[vita]], [[jinai]] au fitina * ya kijamii: katika [[michezo]] (mashindano ya kufyatulia [[pinde]] au [[bunduki]]), kama sifa ya cheo au utamaduni Katika historia watu wameweka nguvu nyingi katika maendeleo ya silaha. Kila sayansi na kila teknolojia huangaliwa na watu kwa faida yake katika utengenezaji wa silaha. Silaha zimepatikana tangu [[Zama za Mawe|zama za mawe]]. [[Upanga]], pinde na [[mshale]] pamoja na mikuki zilikuwa silaha kwa milenia nyingi lakini ziliboreshwa tena na tena. Tangu nyakati za kati [[silaha za moto]] zilianza kuenea [[Dunia|duniani]] na kuboreka. [[Bunduki]], [[mzinga]] na [[bombomu]] zilibadilisha uso wa vita. Karne ya 20 iliongeza [[kifaru (jeshi)|vifaru]] na [[ ndege ya kijeshi | ndege za vita ]] pamoja na viumbe vya sayansi ya kisasa kama [[silaha za nyuklia]]. {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Silaha|!]] 29vqnxugvenn5hsjoz032nwqfkic444 0 21049 1577863 1522660 2026-07-01T16:31:24Z ~2026-37592-03 90631 wanaume na 1577863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Old Moshi Magharibi''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] katika [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanzania]]. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 8,431 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 8,100 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Kilimanjaro - Moshi DC |accessdate=2016-05-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> walioishi humo. ikiwemo wanaume ni .................... na wanawake ni ..................... haijulikani [[Msimbo wa posta]] ni 25204 ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini}} {{mbegu-jio-kilimanjaro}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] [[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] ssus3seuh0yfq6tpy68d8wq836mogxi 1577864 1577863 2026-07-01T16:31:36Z Quinlan83 47719 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-37592-03|~2026-37592-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-37592-03|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] 1522660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Old Moshi Magharibi''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] katika [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanzania]]. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 8,431 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 8,100 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Kilimanjaro - Moshi DC |accessdate=2016-05-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> walioishi humo. [[Msimbo wa posta]] ni 25204 ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini}} {{mbegu-jio-kilimanjaro}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] [[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] i8yhuemvlmxdngp54b5m9x4gj26vtei 0 26728 1577876 1118683 2026-07-01T22:13:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hôtel-de-ville-de-Sainte-Marie.JPG|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Sainte-Marie]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Saint-Marie |picha_ya_satelite = Église-Rivière-des-Pluies.JPG |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Ufaransa]] |subdivision_type1 = [[:en:Regions of France|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Réunion]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Orodha ya départements za Ufaransa|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Réunion]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=N |longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=E |website = }} '''Saint-Marie''' ni mji wa [[Ufaransa]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Ufaransa]] == Viungo vya nje == * {{fr}} [http://www.ville-saintemarie.re/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ville-saintemarie.re/ |date=20090531152147 }} {{commons}} {{mbegu-jio-Ufaransa}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Réunion]] pk8y5p7fq4tnmeaa2rgv4y7ebtde5kx 0 35372 1577859 1522930 2026-07-01T15:41:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = On the 6 | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Jennifer Lopez]] | Cover = Onthe6.jpg | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya On the 6. | Imetolewa = 1 Juni 1999 | Imerekodiwa = Julai 1998 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[latin pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 61:69 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Work Records|Work]] | Mtayarishaji = Jennifer Lopez <small>(also executive)</small>, Darrell Branch, [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], Loren Dawson, [[Lawrence Dermer]], [[Emilio Estefan, Jr.]] <small>(also executive)</small>, Rob Jenkins, [[Rodney Jerkins|Darkchild]], Richie Jones, [[Trackmasters|Poke & Tone]], Lance "Un" Rivera, [[Cory Rooney]] <small>(also executive)</small>, Kike Santander, [[Dan Shea (record producer)|Dan Shea]], [[Ric Wake]], Alvin West, Juan Vicente Zambrano | Review = *[[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/on-the-6-r417448 link] * ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (C) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,64057,00.html link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jenniferLopez/albums/album/174131/rid/6067496/ link] * ''[[Urban Latino]]'' {{Rating|3|4}} [http://www.tower.com/on-6-jennifer-lopez-cd/wapi/106696219 link] | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''On the 6'''''<br>(1999) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]''<br>(2001) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = On the 6 |Type = Studio |Single 1 = [[Playa Cardz Right]] |Single 2 = [[No Me Ames]] |Single 3 = [[Waiting for Tonight]] |Single 4 = [[Feelin' So Good]] |Single 5 = [[Let's Get Loud (Jennifer Lopez song)|Let's Get Loud]] }}}} '''''On the 6''''' ni albamu ya kwanza kutoka kwa mwimbaji-mwandishi [[Jennifer Lopez]], iliyotolewa nchini [[Marekani]] mnamo 1 Juni 1999. Ilkuwa namba 8 kwenye chati ya ''Billboard 200'' mnamo 19 Juni 1999, ikipata mauzo ya nakala 112,000 kwenye wiki ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=947061 |title='Millennium' Extends Reign On Billboard 200 |accessdate=2008-11-27 |date=10 Juni 1999 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126103750/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=947061 |archivedate=2009-01-26 }}</ref> Ilibaki kwenye top 20 kwa muda wa wiki kumi na moja na kwenye chati kwa muda wa wiki hamsini na tatu. imeuza nakala milioni saba kote duniani, na kutoa singles tano, ikiwemo "[[If You Had My Love]]" iliyokuwa namba 1 kwenye chati ya ''Billboard Hot 100''. Jina la albamu hii inatokana na barabara ya [[6 (New York City Subway service)|6]] mjini [[New York]] ambayo Lopez alikuwa akitembea kutoka nyumbani kwake hadi kazini kila siku. ==Nyimbo zake== # "[[If You Had My Love]]" <small>(Jerkins, Jerkins III, Daniels, Cory Rooney)</small> – 4:25 # "Should've Never" <small>(Rooney, Lopez, Barnes, Olivier, Baliardo, Reyes)</small> – 6:14 # "Too Late" <small>(Rooney, Lopez, West)</small> – 4:27 # "[[Feelin' So Good]]" (featuring [[Big Pun]] and [[Fat Joe]]) <small>(Rooney, Lopez, Rios, Cartagena, Combs, Standard, Logios)</small> – 5:27 # "[[Let's Get Loud (Jennifer Lopez song)|Let's Get Loud]]" <small>(Estefan, Santander)</small> – 3:59 # "Could This Be Love" <small>(Dermer)</small> – 4:26 # "[[No Me Ames]]" (Tropical Remix with [[Marc Anthony]]) (Giancarlo Bigazzi, Marco Falagiani, Ignacio Ballesteros, Aleandro Baldi) – 5:03 # "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" (Maria Christensen, Michael Garvin, Phil Temple) – 4:06 # "Open Off My Love" (Darrell Branch, Kyra Lawrence, Lance Rivera) – 4:35 # "Promise Me You'll Try" ([[Peter Zizzo]]) – 3:52 # "It's Not That Serious" (R. Jerkins, F. Jerkins, Rooney, Lopez, Loren Dawson) – 4:17 # "Talk About Us" (Rooney) – 4:35 # "No Me Ames" (Ballad Version with Marc Anthony) – 4:38 # "Una Noche Más" (Christensen, Garvin, Temple, Manny Benito) – 4:05 ===Toleo la Ulaya na la Kifilipino=== # <li value=15>"Baila" ([[Emilio Estefan, Jr.]], [[Jon Secada]], George Noriega, Randall Barlow) – 3:55 # "[[Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)|Theme from ''Mahogany'' (Do You Know Where You're Going To)]]" ([[Michael Masser]], [[Gerry Goffin]]) – 3:34 ===Toleo la Kihispania=== # "No Me Ames" (with Marc Anthony) – 4:38 # "If You Had My Love" (Si Tuvieras Mi Amor) – 4:25 # "Una Noche Más" – 4:05 # "Should've Never" (No Debiera) – 6:14 # "Es Amor" (Manny Benito, Jose Sanchez, Frank Rodriguez, Guillermo Edghill, Jr.) – 4:40 # Let's Get Loud" (Pongámonos Estridentes) – 3:59 # "It's Not That Serious" (No Es Tan Serio) – 4:17 # "Amar Es Para Siempre" (Promise Me You'll Try) – 3:52 # "Too Late" (Demasiado Tarde) – 4:27 # "El Deseo de Tu Amor" – 4:35 # "Talk About Us" (Hablemos de Nosotros) – 4:35 # "Could This Be Love" (¿Podría Esto Ser Amor?) – 4:26 # "No Me Ames" (Remezcla Tropical with Marc Anthony) – 5:03 # "Waiting for Tonight" (Una Noche Más) – 4:05 ==Tuzo== '''American Music Awards''' * Kura mbili - Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist and Favorite Latin Artist (1999) '''Grammy Awards''' * Kura mbili - Best Dance Recording for "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" (2000) and "[[Let's Get Loud (Jennifer Lopez song)|Let's Get Loud]]" (2001) '''Latin Grammy Awards''' * Kura mbili - Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Music Video for "[[No Me Ames]]" with [[Marc Anthony]] (2000) '''Billboard Music Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Best Pop Clip for "[[If You Had My Love]]" (1999) '''Brit Awards''' * Kura mbili - Best International Female Solo Artist and Best International Breakthrough (2000) '''Billboard Latin Music Awards - ''' * '''Ilishinda''' Hot Latin Track of the Year, Vocal Duo for "No Me Ames" with Marc Anthony (2000) '''Nickelodeon's Kid's Choice Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Favorite New Music Artist (2000) '''Soul Train Music Awards''' * nomination for Best R&B/Soul Album, Female for On The 6 (1999) '''MTV Video Music Awards''' * Kura nne za "If You Had My Love" – Best Female Video, Best Dance Video, Best Pop Video and Best New Artist (1999) * Kura ya Best Artist Website (1999) * '''Ilishinda''' Best Dance Video for "Waiting for Tonight"; nomination for Best Choreography for "Waiting for Tonight" (2000) '''Teen Choice Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Best Song of the Summer for "If You Had My Love" (1999) '''ALMA Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Outstanding Music Video Performer for "If You Had My Love" (2000) ==Chati== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1999)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/on-the-6-r417448 |title=On the 6 > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?key=3021&cat=a |title=Jennifer Lopez – On The 6 – swisscharts.com |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=SwissCharts.com}}</ref> !align="center"|Namba |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Albums (Flanders) |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Albums (Wallonia) |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Albums Chart]] |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|French [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]] Albums Chart |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Lopez%2C+Jennifer/On+The+6/longplay |title=Musicline.de – Jennifer Lopez – On The 6 |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=Musicline.de |language=German |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219163934/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Lopez,+Jennifer/On+The+6/longplay |archivedate=2012-02-19 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Hungarian [[Mahasz]] Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=1999&het=38&submit_=Keresés |title=Top 40 album- és válogatáslemez-lista – 1999. 38. hét |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=[[Mahasz]] |language=Hungarian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6I63yt4ru?url=http://www.mahasz.hu/ |archivedate=2013-07-14 }}</ref> |align="center"|14 |} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1999) !align="center"|Namba |- |align="left"|Japanese [[Oricon]] Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/235806/1/ |title=On The 6 – Oricon |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Albums Chart |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]] |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=6440 |title=Chart Stats – Jennifer Lopez – On The 6 |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=Chart Stats |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120629140639/http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=6440 |archivedate=2012-06-29 }}</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Internet Albums |align="center"|9 |} {{col-end}} ==Mauzo na thibitisho== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Anayetoa !align="center"|Thibitisho !align="center"|Mauzo |- |align="left"|Argentina [[CAPIF]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Jennifer+Lopez&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP |title="Gold & Platinum certification on Argentina" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2011-05-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531192104/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Jennifer+Lopez&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP }}</ref> |align="center"|40,000 |- |align="left"|Australia [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1999.htm "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1999 Albums"]</ref> |align="center"|35,000 |- |align="left"|Austria [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.at/ |title="Gold & Platinum Database" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112342/https://www.ifpi.at/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|10,000 |- |align="left"|Canada [[CRIA]] |align="center"|5× platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |title="Canadian ''Gold and Platinum'' certifications" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-07-20 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QShYerMA?url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php }}</ref> |align="center"|500,000 |- |align="left"|Europe [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1999.html |title="IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2002" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109165443/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1999.html }}</ref> |align="center"|1,000,000 |- |align="left"|Finland [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kplista.html?action=etuk&kirjain=J |title=Finnish certification |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190300/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kplista.html?action=etuk&kirjain=J }}</ref> |align="center"|15,000 |- |align="left"|France [[SNEP]] |align="center"|2× gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=4&forme_certif=11&annee=18 |title="2001 2X Gold Certification of On The 6" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113172555/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=4&forme_certif=11&annee=18 |archivedate=2009-01-13 }}</ref> |align="center"|210,000<ref>[http://fanofmusic.free.fr/ParcoursAlbum-J.php "France estimated album sales"]</ref> |- |align="left"|Germany [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|100,000 |- |align="left"|Netherlands [[NVPI]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |title=NVPI Database |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |align="center"|60,000 |- |align="left"|New Zealand [[RIANZ]] |align="center"|2× platinum<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp "New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |date=20090728094028 }} Retrieved 21 Novemba 1999.</ref> |align="center"|30,000 |- |align="left"|Poland ZPAV |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=pl |title=Związek Producentów Audio-Video :: Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330043818/http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=pl |archivedate=2009-03-30 }}</ref> |align="center"|60,000 |- |align="left"|Switzerland [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/search_certifications.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez+On+The+6 "Switzerland searchable database"]</ref> |align="center"|15,000 |- |align="left"|UK [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/ "The BPI database"]</ref> |align="center"|300,000 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[RIAA]] |align="center"|3× platinum<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH "RIAA Gold and Platinum Certifications"]</ref> |align="center"|3,000,000 |- |align="left"|Worldwide |align="center"|— |align="center"|7,500,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sonybmg.dk/view.php?image_id=824#gallery |title="Sony & BMG Jennifer Lopez Gallery" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110091317/http://www.sonybmg.dk/view.php?image_id=824#gallery |archivedate=2007-11-10 }}</ref> |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:albamu za 1999]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Jennifer Lopez]] fhgvuh68dmf9axjlfu8g4bgsrcjz64x 1577865 1577859 2026-07-01T17:53:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1577865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = On the 6 | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Jennifer Lopez]] | Cover = Onthe6.jpg | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya On the 6. | Imetolewa = 1 Juni 1999 | Imerekodiwa = Julai 1998 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[latin pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 61:69 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Work Records|Work]] | Mtayarishaji = Jennifer Lopez <small>(also executive)</small>, Darrell Branch, [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], Loren Dawson, [[Lawrence Dermer]], [[Emilio Estefan, Jr.]] <small>(also executive)</small>, Rob Jenkins, [[Rodney Jerkins|Darkchild]], Richie Jones, [[Trackmasters|Poke & Tone]], Lance "Un" Rivera, [[Cory Rooney]] <small>(also executive)</small>, Kike Santander, [[Dan Shea (record producer)|Dan Shea]], [[Ric Wake]], Alvin West, Juan Vicente Zambrano | Review = *[[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/on-the-6-r417448 link] * ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (C) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,64057,00.html link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jenniferLopez/albums/album/174131/rid/6067496/ link] * ''[[Urban Latino]]'' {{Rating|3|4}} [http://www.tower.com/on-6-jennifer-lopez-cd/wapi/106696219 link] | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''On the 6'''''<br>(1999) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]''<br>(2001) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = On the 6 |Type = Studio |Single 1 = [[Playa Cardz Right]] |Single 2 = [[No Me Ames]] |Single 3 = [[Waiting for Tonight]] |Single 4 = [[Feelin' So Good]] |Single 5 = [[Let's Get Loud (Jennifer Lopez song)|Let's Get Loud]] }}}} '''''On the 6''''' ni albamu ya kwanza kutoka kwa mwimbaji-mwandishi [[Jennifer Lopez]], iliyotolewa nchini [[Marekani]] mnamo 1 Juni 1999. Ilkuwa namba 8 kwenye chati ya ''Billboard 200'' mnamo 19 Juni 1999, ikipata mauzo ya nakala 112,000 kwenye wiki ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=947061 |title='Millennium' Extends Reign On Billboard 200 |accessdate=2008-11-27 |date=10 Juni 1999 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126103750/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=947061 |archivedate=2009-01-26 }}</ref> Ilibaki kwenye top 20 kwa muda wa wiki kumi na moja na kwenye chati kwa muda wa wiki hamsini na tatu. imeuza nakala milioni saba kote duniani, na kutoa singles tano, ikiwemo "[[If You Had My Love]]" iliyokuwa namba 1 kwenye chati ya ''Billboard Hot 100''. Jina la albamu hii inatokana na barabara ya [[6 (New York City Subway service)|6]] mjini [[New York]] ambayo Lopez alikuwa akitembea kutoka nyumbani kwake hadi kazini kila siku. ==Nyimbo zake== # "[[If You Had My Love]]" <small>(Jerkins, Jerkins III, Daniels, Cory Rooney)</small> – 4:25 # "Should've Never" <small>(Rooney, Lopez, Barnes, Olivier, Baliardo, Reyes)</small> – 6:14 # "Too Late" <small>(Rooney, Lopez, West)</small> – 4:27 # "[[Feelin' So Good]]" (featuring [[Big Pun]] and [[Fat Joe]]) <small>(Rooney, Lopez, Rios, Cartagena, Combs, Standard, Logios)</small> – 5:27 # "[[Let's Get Loud (Jennifer Lopez song)|Let's Get Loud]]" <small>(Estefan, Santander)</small> – 3:59 # "Could This Be Love" <small>(Dermer)</small> – 4:26 # "[[No Me Ames]]" (Tropical Remix with [[Marc Anthony]]) (Giancarlo Bigazzi, Marco Falagiani, Ignacio Ballesteros, Aleandro Baldi) – 5:03 # "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" (Maria Christensen, Michael Garvin, Phil Temple) – 4:06 # "Open Off My Love" (Darrell Branch, Kyra Lawrence, Lance Rivera) – 4:35 # "Promise Me You'll Try" ([[Peter Zizzo]]) – 3:52 # "It's Not That Serious" (R. Jerkins, F. Jerkins, Rooney, Lopez, Loren Dawson) – 4:17 # "Talk About Us" (Rooney) – 4:35 # "No Me Ames" (Ballad Version with Marc Anthony) – 4:38 # "Una Noche Más" (Christensen, Garvin, Temple, Manny Benito) – 4:05 ===Toleo la Ulaya na la Kifilipino=== # <li value=15>"Baila" ([[Emilio Estefan, Jr.]], [[Jon Secada]], George Noriega, Randall Barlow) – 3:55 # "[[Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)|Theme from ''Mahogany'' (Do You Know Where You're Going To)]]" ([[Michael Masser]], [[Gerry Goffin]]) – 3:34 ===Toleo la Kihispania=== # "No Me Ames" (with Marc Anthony) – 4:38 # "If You Had My Love" (Si Tuvieras Mi Amor) – 4:25 # "Una Noche Más" – 4:05 # "Should've Never" (No Debiera) – 6:14 # "Es Amor" (Manny Benito, Jose Sanchez, Frank Rodriguez, Guillermo Edghill, Jr.) – 4:40 # Let's Get Loud" (Pongámonos Estridentes) – 3:59 # "It's Not That Serious" (No Es Tan Serio) – 4:17 # "Amar Es Para Siempre" (Promise Me You'll Try) – 3:52 # "Too Late" (Demasiado Tarde) – 4:27 # "El Deseo de Tu Amor" – 4:35 # "Talk About Us" (Hablemos de Nosotros) – 4:35 # "Could This Be Love" (¿Podría Esto Ser Amor?) – 4:26 # "No Me Ames" (Remezcla Tropical with Marc Anthony) – 5:03 # "Waiting for Tonight" (Una Noche Más) – 4:05 ==Tuzo== '''American Music Awards''' * Kura mbili - Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist and Favorite Latin Artist (1999) '''Grammy Awards''' * Kura mbili - Best Dance Recording for "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" (2000) and "[[Let's Get Loud (Jennifer Lopez song)|Let's Get Loud]]" (2001) '''Latin Grammy Awards''' * Kura mbili - Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Music Video for "[[No Me Ames]]" with [[Marc Anthony]] (2000) '''Billboard Music Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Best Pop Clip for "[[If You Had My Love]]" (1999) '''Brit Awards''' * Kura mbili - Best International Female Solo Artist and Best International Breakthrough (2000) '''Billboard Latin Music Awards - ''' * '''Ilishinda''' Hot Latin Track of the Year, Vocal Duo for "No Me Ames" with Marc Anthony (2000) '''Nickelodeon's Kid's Choice Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Favorite New Music Artist (2000) '''Soul Train Music Awards''' * nomination for Best R&B/Soul Album, Female for On The 6 (1999) '''MTV Video Music Awards''' * Kura nne za "If You Had My Love" – Best Female Video, Best Dance Video, Best Pop Video and Best New Artist (1999) * Kura ya Best Artist Website (1999) * '''Ilishinda''' Best Dance Video for "Waiting for Tonight"; nomination for Best Choreography for "Waiting for Tonight" (2000) '''Teen Choice Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Best Song of the Summer for "If You Had My Love" (1999) '''ALMA Awards''' * '''Ilishinda''' Outstanding Music Video Performer for "If You Had My Love" (2000) ==Chati== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1999)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/on-the-6-r417448 |title=On the 6 > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?key=3021&cat=a |title=Jennifer Lopez – On The 6 – swisscharts.com |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=SwissCharts.com}}</ref> !align="center"|Namba |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Albums (Flanders) |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Albums (Wallonia) |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Albums Chart]] |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|French [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]] Albums Chart |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Lopez%2C+Jennifer/On+The+6/longplay |title=Musicline.de – Jennifer Lopez – On The 6 |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=Musicline.de |language=German |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219163934/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Lopez,+Jennifer/On+The+6/longplay |archivedate=2012-02-19 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Hungarian [[Mahasz]] Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=1999&het=38&submit_=Keresés |title=Top 40 album- és válogatáslemez-lista – 1999. 38. hét |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=[[Mahasz]] |language=Hungarian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6I63yt4ru?url=http://www.mahasz.hu/ |archivedate=2013-07-14 }}</ref> |align="center"|14 |} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1999) !align="center"|Namba |- |align="left"|Japanese [[Oricon]] Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/235806/1/ |title=On The 6 – Oricon |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Albums Chart |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]] |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=6440 |title=Chart Stats – Jennifer Lopez – On The 6 |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=Chart Stats |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120629140639/http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=6440 |archivedate=2012-06-29 }}</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Internet Albums |align="center"|9 |} {{col-end}} ==Mauzo na thibitisho== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Anayetoa !align="center"|Thibitisho !align="center"|Mauzo |- |align="left"|Argentina [[CAPIF]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Jennifer+Lopez&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP |title="Gold & Platinum certification on Argentina" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2011-05-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531192104/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Jennifer+Lopez&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP }}</ref> |align="center"|40,000 |- |align="left"|Australia [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1999.htm "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1999 Albums"]</ref> |align="center"|35,000 |- |align="left"|Austria [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.at/ |title="Gold & Platinum Database" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112342/https://www.ifpi.at/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|10,000 |- |align="left"|Canada [[CRIA]] |align="center"|5× platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |title="Canadian ''Gold and Platinum'' certifications" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-07-20 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QShYerMA?url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php }}</ref> |align="center"|500,000 |- |align="left"|Europe [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1999.html |title="IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2002" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109165443/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1999.html }}</ref> |align="center"|1,000,000 |- |align="left"|Finland [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kplista.html?action=etuk&kirjain=J |title=Finnish certification |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190300/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kplista.html?action=etuk&kirjain=J }}</ref> |align="center"|15,000 |- |align="left"|France [[SNEP]] |align="center"|2× gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=4&forme_certif=11&annee=18 |title="2001 2X Gold Certification of On The 6" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113172555/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=4&forme_certif=11&annee=18 |archivedate=2009-01-13 }}</ref> |align="center"|210,000<ref>[http://fanofmusic.free.fr/ParcoursAlbum-J.php "France estimated album sales"]</ref> |- |align="left"|Germany [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|100,000 |- |align="left"|Netherlands [[NVPI]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |title=NVPI Database |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |align="center"|60,000 |- |align="left"|New Zealand [[RIANZ]] |align="center"|2× platinum<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp "New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |date=20090728094028 }} Retrieved 21 Novemba 1999.</ref> |align="center"|30,000 |- |align="left"|Poland ZPAV |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=pl |title=Związek Producentów Audio-Video :: Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330043818/http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=pl |archivedate=2009-03-30 }}</ref> |align="center"|60,000 |- |align="left"|Switzerland [[IFPI]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/search_certifications.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez+On+The+6 "Switzerland searchable database"]</ref> |align="center"|15,000 |- |align="left"|UK [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/ "The BPI database"]</ref> |align="center"|300,000 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[RIAA]] |align="center"|3× platinum<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH "RIAA Gold and Platinum Certifications"]</ref> |align="center"|3,000,000 |- |align="left"|Worldwide |align="center"|— |align="center"|7,500,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sonybmg.dk/view.php?image_id=824#gallery |title="Sony & BMG Jennifer Lopez Gallery" |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110091317/http://www.sonybmg.dk/view.php?image_id=824#gallery |archivedate=2007-11-10 }}</ref> |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:albamu za 1999]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Jennifer Lopez]] cyiobi564h2prlqmeb6u4z131pvy3cu 0 76163 1577821 1521651 2026-07-01T12:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Georgischer Priester.jpg|thumb|[[Padri]] wa [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]], [[Mtskheta]], [[Georgia (nchi)|Georgia]].]] '''Mzee''' ni [[mtu]] aliyeishi miaka mingi baada ya kuzaliwa. Katika [[jamii]] za [[Afrika|Kiafrika]], sawa na jamii nyingi [[dunia]]ni, [[neno]] "mzee" linatumiwa pia kama [[cheo]] cha [[heshima]] kwa kumtaja mtu mwenye [[mamlaka]] fulani. Hapo kuna [[hoja]] ya kuwa mtu aliyeendelea katika [[umri]] anawazidi [[vijana]] kwa [[hekima]] na [[maarifa]] pia, kwa hiyo anafaa kutawala au kufanya ma[[azimio]] au angalau kutoa [[ushauri]]. ==Mzee katika jamii== Ki[[mapokeo]] [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi duniani zinajua heshima ya mzee. Hapo [[kiongozi]] anateuliwa kati ya wazee. [[Halmashauri]] ya wazee ni [[bodi]] ya kufanya maazimio muhimu. Mkutano wa wazee ni mahali pa kuchukua [[rufaa]], kwa hiyo ina [[kazi]] inayolingana na [[mahakama kuu]] katika jamii zenye [[taasisi]] hizo. Wazee ni watu wanaotunza [[mila]] na [[desturi]] pamoja na [[kumbukumbu]] ya [[historia]] na wanapaswa kusikilizwa kwa heshima.<ref>Elders were and are the guardians of the culture, traditions, and history of the people. Integrity, generosity, wisdom, articulateness, subtlety, patience, tactfulness, gratefulness, and being listened to and respected by others are all qualities of an Elder. [http://www.africanholocaust.net/ritesofpassage.html#elder Elder Roles] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/ritesofpassage.html#elder |date=20150419095732 }}</ref> Katika jamii zilizopangwa kwa [[rika]] (vikundi kulingana na umri), kama [[Wamasai]] au [[Wazulu]], rika la wazee linapaswa kusikilizwa katika maazimio yanayohusu jamii yote. Wakati umri unazidi na wazee wanakuwa dhaifu [[ugumu]] unaanza kuendelea na cheo cha heshima. Hata hivyo wote wanapaswa kuonyesha heshima kwao hata kama hali halisi hawatajali tena ushauri wao. [[Tatizo]] hilo ni tofauti kati ya tamaduni za kimila ambako watu dhaifu hawaishi [[muda]] mrefu sana kutokana na [[uhaba]] wa nafasi za [[tiba]] upande mmoja na tamaduni zilizoendelea ambako nafasi za tiba zinawezesha watu wengi kufikia umri mkubwa ambako [[asilimia]] inaanza kupoteza [[akili]] au uwezo wote wa kutembea kwa miaka mfululizo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://faculty.usfsp.edu/jsokolov/webbook/fry.pdf |title=Culture and the Meaning of a Good Old Age |accessdate=2015-04-15 |archivedate=2015-11-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129111801/http://faculty.usfsp.edu/jsokolov/webbook/fry.pdf }}</ref> Kama idadi ya wazee dhaifu mno inazidi ni vigumu kuendelea na hoja ya heshima kwa wazee. ==Mzee katika tamaduni mbalimbali== [[Matumizi]] ya kulingana ya maneno yenye maana ya "mzee" yanapatikana kwa [[lugha]] mbalimbali: * "[[senati]]" katika mfumo wa ki[[siasa]] wa nchi mbalimbali ni kitengo cha [[bunge]]. Neno linatokana na lugha ya [[Kilatini]] "senatus" ambalo kiasili lilitaja "mkutano wa wazee". Katika Kilatini chenyewe neno linatokana na "Senex" yaani mtu mwenye umri mkubwa. * "[[sheikh]]" (‏شيخ‎) kwa [[Kiarabu]] kiasili linamtaja mtu mwenye umri wa juu; leo imekuwa neno la kutaja watawala, wakuu wa [[kabila]] fulani au pia viongozi wa ma[[kundi]] ya ki[[dini]] ya [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]]. * neno "[[kuhani]]" katika lugha nyingi (kwa mfano "priest" kwa [[Kiingereza]]) linatokana na lile la [[Kigiriki]] πρεσβύτερος, presbýteros, lenye maana asili ya "mzee". ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== *Bishop, Jonathan. Examining the Concepts, Issues, and Implications of Internet Trolling. IGI Global. Hershey, PA. 2013. *[[Jean Shinoda Bolen|Bolen, Jean Shinoda]] Crones Don’t Whine. Conari Press. Boston. 2003. *Gutmann, David. Reclaimed Powers. Northwestern U. Press. Evanston, Ill.1994 *Dass, Ram. Still Here.Embracing Aging, Changing, and Dying .Riverhead Books.New York. 2001. *Jones, Terry. Elder: A spiritual alternative to being elderly. Elderhood Institute. 2006. *Jones, Terry. The Elder Within: Source of Mature Masculinity. Elderhood Institute. 2001. *Leder, Drew. Spiritual Passages. Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. New York. 1997. *Levinson, Daniel J. The Seasons of a Man’s Life. Ballantine Books. NY. 1978. *Raines, Robert. A Time to Live. Seven Steps in Creative Aging. A Plume Book. New York. 1997. *Schachter-Shalomi, Zalman. Ageing to Sageing. Warner Books. N.Y. 1995. {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Cheo]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] 3uw04g8ymbk8c84cv4wrjlf3214qa27 0 121926 1577872 1577289 2026-07-01T19:42:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577872 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} 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|date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] aj48uhlalolmvbdreczervpsnbq5q7q 0 124690 1577829 1419289 2026-07-01T12:26:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:NOS-USA.png|thumb|Picha hii kwenye noti ya dolar 1 ya Marekani imesababisha nadharia ya kuwa kuundwa kwa Marekani ilikuwa mpango wa siri wa shirika la [[Illuminati|Illiuminati]] au [[Wamasoni]].]] '''Nadharia ya njama''' ''(kwa [[Kiingereza]]: conspiration theory)'' ni masimulizi yanayodai kwamba [[kundi]] la [[watu]] ("wala njama") wamepatana kwa [[siri]] ("kula njama") kufanya mambo [[Sheria|haramu]] au mabaya na kuyaficha mbele ya [[umma]]. [[Nadharia]] za njama kwa kawaida zina [[ushahidi]] mdogo au zinakosa ushahidi wowote. Kuna pia nadharia za njama zinazorejelea matukio halisi lakini kuzieleza kutokana na [[njama]] isiyojulikana na watu wengi. Nadharia nyingi za njama zinadai kwamba [[Historia|matukio]] fulani ya [[Historia|kihistoria]] hayakutokea jinsi yanavyoelezwa katika [[vitabu]] vya historia bali kufuatana na njama fulani. == Mifano == Nadharia za njama zilizokuwa maarufu katika miaka iliyopita ni pamoja na *kwamba kutua [[mwezi|mwezini]] kwa [[Apollo 11]] hakukutokea<ref>[http://www.clavius.org/index.html Moon Base Clavius] is devoted to analyzing the conspiracists' claims and attempting to debunk them </ref>, picha zote zilipigwa duniani tu<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/index.html Apollo Lunar Surface Journal], Photos, audio, video and complete communication transcriptions of the six successful landings and Apollo 13</ref> *[[Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001]] lilitekelezwa na [[serikali]] ya [[Marekani]] ili kupata sababu ya kufanya [[vita]] katika nchi za [[Waislamu]] <ref>Staff Editors (3 February 2005). [https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a6384/debunking-911-myths-world-trade-center/ "Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report – The World Trade Center"], Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communication. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2017.</ref> * [[rais]] [[John F. Kennedy]] wa Marekani aliuawa na [[polisi]] yake ya [[siri]] * [[Wamasoni]] wana mpango wa kutawala [[dunia]] yote<ref>[https://www.express.co.uk/comment/expresscomment/621649/Freemasons-conspiracy-Jack-the-Ripper-Titanic "Conspiracy theories and secret handshakes: what do we know about Freemasons?"], Daily Express. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2017.</ref> ==Nadharia za njama zilizosababisha majanga== Wakati nadharia za njama zilipolengwa dhidi ya kundi fulani katika [[jamii]] ziliweza kusababisha majanga kama [[mauaji ya kimbari]] au ya [[Dini|kidini]]. *Mashtaka kuwa [[Wayahudi]] wa [[Ulaya]] walisababisha [[Kifo|vifo]] vya miaka ya [[tauni]] kwa kutia [[sumu]] kwenye [[Kisima|visima]] vilisababisha mashambulio dhidi ya [[jumuiya]] za Wayahudi na [[Elfu|maelfu]] ya vifo *Mashtaka dhidi ya [[Waarmenia]] kuwa walitaka kubomoa [[milki ya Osmani]] yalikuwa msingi kwa [[Maangamizi ya Waarmenia]] ya miaka [[1915]]-[[1918]] *Mashtaka dhidi ya Wayahudi wa [[karne za 19]] na [[Karne ya 20|20]] kuwa walilenga kutawala Dunia waliweka msingi kwa [[itikadi]] ya [[Adolf Hitler]] na [[maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya]] *[[Ubaguzi]] wa [[Baha'i|Wabahai]] nchini [[Iran]] umehalalishwa kwa [[imani]] kuwa hao ni [[Wakala|mawakala]] wa [[polisi]] za siri za [[Uingereza]], Marekani au [[Israeli]]. == Marejeo == <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Wiktionary|conspiracy theory}} {{Commons category|Conspiracy theories}} * [http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2009/07/20090714143549iaecnav0.4049581.html State Department's Todd Leventhal Discusses Conspiracy Theories] {{Wayback|url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2009/07/20090714143549iaecnav0.4049581.html |date=20161222063502 }}, 2009, U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs usembassy.gov * [http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2006/01/20060120112446atlahtnevel0.627331.html September 11 Conspiracy Theories: Confused stories continue] {{Wayback|url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2006/01/20060120112446atlahtnevel0.627331.html |date=20160822223204 }}, 2006, usembassy.gov * [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/magazine/why-rational-people-buy-into-conspiracy-theories.html Why Rational People Buy Into Conspiracy Theories], Maggie Koerth-Baker, 21 May 2013, NYT. * {{cite web |url=http://www.guatemala-times.com/opinion/syndicated/the-next-wave/483-a-conspiracy-so-immense.html |title=Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them |author=Naomi Wolf |author-link=Naomi Wolf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102075945/http://www.guatemala-times.com/opinion/syndicated/the-next-wave/483-a-conspiracy-so-immense.html |archivedate=2 November 2008 }} * {{cite journal |url=http://www.mediatropes.com/index.php/Mediatropes/article/view/5342/2243 |journal=MediaTropes eJournal |author=Stuart J. Murray |title=Editorial Introduction: 'Media Tropes' |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=i–x |archive-date=2010-10-14 |access-date=2020-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014175412/http://www.mediatropes.com/index.php/Mediatropes/article/view/5342/2243 |url-status=dead }} * [http://www.publiceye.org/tooclose/conspiracism.html Conspiracism], Political Research Associates [[Category:Habari]] lejfmcczzyds3pjofi0do9ud4tihbdo 0 140720 1577875 1524689 2026-07-01T21:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Roy D. Mugerwa''' ([[Januari 2]], [[1942]] - [[Aprili 19]], [[2019]]) alikuwa daktari wa [[Uganda]], daktari wa moyo na mtafiti. Mchango wake kwa ulimwengu wa wasomi ni pamoja na kuwa Profesa Emeritus katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Makerere Chuo cha Sayansi ya Afya huko Kampala, magonjwa ya moyo nchini [[Uganda]], kutafiti VVU / UKIMWI na kifua kikuu, na juhudi zake za kupata chanjo ya VVU inayofaa.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|last=Omaswa|first=Francis|date=October 2019|title=Professor Roy D. Mugerwa|url=https://africa-health.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AH-October-2019-40-obituary.pdf|journal=Africa Health|archive-date=2020-07-12|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712072643/https://africa-health.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AH-October-2019-40-obituary.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Okoth|first=Cecilia|date=23 April 2019|title=Prof. Mugerwa's Family Says He Battled Depression|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1499006/prof-mugerwas-family-battled-depression|access-date=28 May 2020|website=New Vision}}</ref> == Historia yake == Dk Mugerwa alizaliwa mnamo 2 Januari 1942 na Yowana Ziryawula na Maria Namatovu.<ref name=":02" /> Alifuata [[elimu]] yake huko St. Mary's College Kisubi na alikuwa akishikilia nafasi ya juu ya darasa lake kwa miaka yote sita. Baada ya kuhitimu, alienda kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere, chuo kikuu cha umma kikongwe na kikubwa zaidi nchini Uganda, na kumaliza programu za shahada ya kwanza na uzamili. Alipata mafunzo ya udaktari na ugonjwa wa moyo katika Hospitali ya Mulago na pia alifuata mafunzo ya kiwango cha juu huko [[Marekani]], [[Uingereza]], na [[Uholanzi]]. Kisha alirudi [[Uganda]] na kuendeleza kazi huko [[Kampala]], akifanya kazi kama kitovo katika Hospitali ya Mulago na Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere.<ref name=":1" /> == Kazi == === Kazi ya mapema === Utaalam wa awali wa Dk Mugerwa ulikuwa ugonjwa wa moyo, na hii ndio aliifuata katika hatua za mwanzo za kazi yake. Kufikia [[1972]], alikuwa mmoja wa wenzake watano wa utafiti wa kwanza kupatiwa mafunzo katika Kliniki ya Mulago Cardiac, ambayo ni mtangulizi wa Taasisi ya Moyo ya Uganda ya leo (UHI).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ssebunnya|first=Robert|date=27 February 2013|title=Mulago Can Now Handle Open Heart Surgery|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1314847/mulago-handle-heart-surgery|access-date=28 May 2020|website=New Vision}}</ref> Sio tu kwamba Dk Mugerwa alikuwa na jukumu katika kuanzisha UHI, lakini pia aliwahi kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji na Mkurugenzi. Miongoni mwa juhudi zake zingine katika ulimwengu wa afya ya moyo nchini [[Uganda]] ni kuanzisha mazoezi ya ''echocardiografia'', kuanzisha kliniki ya kwanza ya shinikizo la damu, na kuanzisha Chama cha Moyo cha [[Uganda]].<ref name=":1" /> === Janga la VVU / UKIMWI === Kazi ya Dkt Mugerwa ingeondoa zuio la moyo baada ya ugunduzi wa VVU / UKIMWI kuwapo nchini [[Uganda]]. Wakati mwanasayansi ''Wilson Carswell'' alipothibitisha kwanza kulikuwa na wagonjwa wa VVU katika Hospitali ya Mulago mnamo [[1984]], Dk Mugerwa alikuwa sehemu ya timu ambayo ilijiunga naye walipokuwa wakienda ''Masaka'' na ''Rakai'' na akahakikisha kuwa virusi vilienea hapo pia. Walichapisha matokeo yao mnamo [[1985]], wakiamini Waganda hawa wanakabiliwa na udhihirisho wa UKIMWI uitwao Ugonjwa mdogo, ingawa baadaye itajulikana kuwa wanakufa kwa UKIMWI.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Iliffe, John.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38067736|title=East African doctors : a history of the modern profession|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-63272-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=38067736}}</ref> Mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[1985]], muda mfupi baada ya kuchapishwa kwa Ugonjwa mdogo, Dakta Mugerwa alihudhuria Warsha kuhusu UKIMWI katika Afrika ya Kati, ambayo iliwekwa na Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni (WHO). Warsha hiyo ilijadili uanzishwaji wa Mfumo wa Ufuatiliaji wa UKIMWI katika kila nchi ya Kiafrika, ambao utashtakiwa kwa kudhibitisha uwepo wa UKIMWI na kukusanya data.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=October 1985|title=Workshop on AIDS in Central Africa|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/60154/WHO_CDS_AIDS_85.1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=29 May 2020|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Dr Mugerwa, pamoja na wenzake wengine wawili, aliteuliwa katika Kamati Ndogo ya Ufuatiliaji wa UKIMWI ya [[Uganda]], na kufikia [[1986]] walikuwa wamefanikiwa kutekeleza juhudi za afya ya umma kama programu za elimu, kusambaza kondomu, na uchunguzi wa wafadhili wa damu ambao wanaweza kuambukizwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Thornton, Robert J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609850137|title=Unimagined community : sex, networks, and AIDS in Uganda and South Africa.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94265-3|location=Berkeley|oclc=609850137}}</ref> Walisisitiza pia kuoana kwa mke mmoja, kutoa wazi hadhi ya VVU, na kuongeza idadi ya vipimo vya VVU.<ref name=":2" /> Katika miaka ya [[1980]], Dk Mugerwa alikuwa Mkurugenzi wa Tiba katika Hospitali ya Mulago, ambapo mgonjwa. Maambukizi ya UKIMWI alifikia hadi 40% mnamo [1988]]. Wakati huu, alijitahidi kupata ufikiaji mdogo wa uthibitisho Uchunguzi wa VVU, msongamano wa wagonjwa hospitalini, na changamoto ya kuamua kuwaambia wagonjwa wanakufa kwa UKIMWI, kwa sababu ya unyanyapaa na aibu inayozunguka ugonjwa huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Hilts|first=Philip J.|date=24 May 1988|title=OUT OF AFRICA|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1988/05/24/out-of-africa/070307da-5dbc-4324-b014-eae7db352446/?noredirect=on|access-date=28 May 2020|website=The Washington Post}}</ref> Nje ya kazi ya hospitali, alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama waanzilishi wa Uganda - ''Case Case Reserve University'' Ushirikiano wa Utafiti na alishikilia nafasi ya kiongozi mpelelezi mkuu kwa miaka ishirini.<ref name=":1" /> Lengo kuu la ushirikiano huu lilikuwa VVU / UKIMWI na ugonjwa wa sarafu wa ''kifua kikuu'' kwa watu walio na VVU, na hii ilifanywa haswa kupitia masomo ya kliniki, kutoa huduma kwa wagonjwa, na kuchunguza matibabu na njia za kuzuia. Ilianzishwa mnamo [[1988]], ushirikiano unaendelea hadi leo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-05-31|title=Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration|url=https://case.edu/medicine/tbru/collaborations-partnerships/uganda-cwru-research-collaboration|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Tuberculosis Research Unit {{!}} School of Medicine|language=en}}</ref> Katika sherehe ya maadhimisho ya miaka 20, ilielezwa kuwa ushirikiano huo ulikuwa umewapa Waganda zaidi ya digrii hamsini za kiwango cha juu, ikachapisha nakala zaidi ya mia mbili katika majarida yaliyopitiwa na wenzao, na kuwasilishwa kwenye mikutano zaidi ya mia tano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Kirunda|first=Kakaire A.|date=6 October 2008|title=Simplify research findings, says VP|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-752822-ct4dm2z/index.html|access-date=28 May 2020|website=Daily Monitor|accessdate=2021-08-06|archivedate=2019-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423161014/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-752822-ct4dm2z/index.html}}</ref> Dk Mugerwa pia alikuwa mshiriki wa Jumuiya ya Taaluma ya Utunzaji na Kuzuia UKIMWI barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Sande|first=Merle A|date=February 2006|title=Postgraduate training in infectious diseases|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309906703620|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=69|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70362-0|pmid=16439324}}</ref> Imara katika 2001, Muungano ulifanikiwa kutoa matibabu kwa wagonjwa wenye VVU / UKIMWI, kutoa mafunzo kwa watoa huduma ya matibabu juu ya utunzaji wa VVU / UKIMWI, kusainisha programu za kuongeza juhudi za kufikia na kuzuia, na kutoa rasilimali za maabara. Taasisi ya Magonjwa ya Kuambukiza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere iliibuka mnamo [[2003]] kusaidia kutekeleza juhudi hizi.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention in Africa Breaks Ground On State-of-the-Art Infectious Diseases Institute for HIV/AIDS Care, Training, Research and Prevention|language=en|work=Infection Control Today|url=https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/viral/academic-alliance-aids-care-and-prevention-africa-breaks-ground-state-art-infectious-diseases|access-date=2020-06-10|accessdate=2021-08-06|archivedate=2020-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610190354/https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/viral/academic-alliance-aids-care-and-prevention-africa-breaks-ground-state-art-infectious-diseases}}</ref> Karibu na wakati huu, tuhuma zilizouliza ikiwa kweli VVU husababishwa na UKIMWI zilisambaa, na hizi ziliungwa mkono na rais wa [[Afrika Kusini]] [[Thabo Mbeki]]. Kinyume na madai haya ya wakanushaji, zaidi ya wanasayansi elfu tano walitia saini Azimio la Durban mnamo [[2000]], ambayo ilitaja tafiti nyingi ambazo zinaunganisha VVU kama sababu pekee ya UKIMWI.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Specter|first=Michael|title=The AIDS Denialists|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/12/the-denialists|access-date=2020-06-10|website=The New Yorker|language=en}}</ref> Dk Mugerwa alionyesha kuunga mkono msimamo wa Azimio la Durban kwa kuwa katika Kamati yake ya Kuandaa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=July 2000|title=The Durban Declaration|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35017662|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=406|issue=6791|pages=15–16|doi=10.1038/35017662|pmid=10894520|s2cid=205007392|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> === Jaribio la chanjo ya VVU === Kuanzia [[1999]] hadi [[2002]], Dakta Mugerwa alifanya jaribio la kliniki la chanjo ya VVU inayoweza kutokea nchini [[Uganda]], ya kwanza ya aina yake barani [[Afrika]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Wendo|first=Charles|date=28 May 2002|title=AIDS Drug Test Stopped|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1056279/aids-drug-test-stopped|access-date=28 May 2020|website=New Vision}}</ref> Kulikuwa na wasiwasi juu ya usalama wa wajitolea ambao waliajiriwa, lakini mahitaji ya kawaida ya maadili yaliondolewa kwa sababu ya hitaji la chanjo haraka iwezekanavyo. Uganda ilikuwa na maambukizi ya VVU ya karibu 20% mnamo [[1998]], na raia wengi hawakuweza kumudu ''antiretrovirals'' zinazohitajika kuzuia ukuaji wa UKIMWI.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Urgency Tempers Ethics Concerns in Uganda Trial of AIDS Vaccine|url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/100198uganda-aids-vaccine.html|access-date=2020-06-10|website=movies2.nytimes.com}}</ref> Matarajio ya kupima chanjo, hata hivyo, haikuwa bila ubishani. Kulikuwa na hofu juu ya sifa ya kisayansi ya chanjo, wapokeaji wa chanjo kupima uwongo kuwa na VVU, na matumizi ya Waganda kama nguruwe wa Guinea kwa majaribio hatari ambayo yangeweza kunufaisha Magharibi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Mugyenyi, Peter.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858013876|title=A cure too far : the struggle to end HIV/AIDS|date=7 December 2013|isbn=978-9970-25-149-0|location=Kampala|oclc=858013876}}</ref> Chanjo (iitwayo ALVAC 205) ilijaribiwa kwa Waganda arobaini wasio na VVU, lakini ilizuiliwa katika awamu ya kwanza baada ya chanjo mpya kuanza kupata uangalifu zaidi.<ref name=":0" /> Hapo awali kulikuwa na shaka juu ya iwapo aina ndogo za VVU tofauti ingehitaji chanjo tofauti, lakini wajitolea ambao walipata chanjo ya ALVAC 205 (iliyoundwa iliyoundwa kupambana na aina ndogo ya B) walitoa sampuli za damu ambazo zilionyesha upinzani kwa aina ndogo A na D pia. Hii ilionyesha kuwa chanjo moja ya VVU inaweza kuwa na ufanisi dhidi ya aina nyingi za VVU.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Wendo|first=Charles|date=26 May 2002|title=Single Vaccine May Halt HIV|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1056373/single-vaccine-halt-hiv|access-date=28 May 2020|website=New Vision}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Dr Mugerwa alikuwa ameona na Rosemary Kibulo Mugerwa, mtaalamu wa tiba ya mwili, na walikuwa na watoto kumi na moja pamoja. Wengi wao walifuata mfano wa wazazi wao na pia walifuata kazi katika uwanja wa matibabu.<ref name=":1" /> Nje ya taaluma yake, Dk Mugerwa alikuwa mfanyabiashara na mkulima. Mkewe alimtangulia kifo mnamo [[Novemba]] [[2018]].<ref name=":02" /> == Kifo == Dk Mugerwa alifariki [[Aprili 19]], [[2019]] katika Hospitali ya Nakasero huko [[Kampala]]. Wakati wa kifo chake, alikuwa Profesa Emeritus katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere, ambapo pia alikuwa ameenda shule na kufanya mipango ya utafiti. Alisemekana kuwa anaugua unyogovu, ambayo ilisababisha kuanza kwa magonjwa mengine. Alizikwa katika Kijiji cha Meru, kilichoko Kusini Magharibi mwa [[Uganda]].<ref name=":02" /> == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == * Serwadda, D., et al. “SLIM DISEASE: A NEW DISEASE IN UGANDA AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH HTLV-III INFECTION.” ''The Lancet'', vol. 326, no. 8460, Oct. 1985, pp.&nbsp;849–52. ''ScienceDirect'', https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90122-9 * Mugerwa, RD, et al. “Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS in Uganda.” ''East African Medical Journal'', vol. 73, no. 1, East Afr Med J, Jan. 1996. ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'', https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8625856/ * Mugerwa, Roy D et al. “First trial of the HIV-1 vaccine in Africa: Ugandan experience.” ''BMJ (Clinical research ed.)'' vol. 324,7331 (2002): 226–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7331.226. * Kaleebu, Pontiano, et al. “African AIDS Vaccine Programme for a Coordinated and Collaborative Vaccine Development Effort on the Continent.” ''PLoS Medicine'', vol. 5, no. 12, Dec. 2008. ''PubMed Central'', https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050236. * Mahan, C. Scott, et al. “Tuberculosis Treatment in HIV Infected Ugandans with CD4 Counts >350 Cells/Mm3 Reduces Immune Activation with No Effect on HIV Load or CD4 Count.” ''PLoS ONE'', vol. 5, no. 2, Feb. 2010. ''PubMed Central'', https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009138. * Jones-López, Edward C., et al. “Effectiveness of the Standard WHO Recommended Retreatment Regimen (Category II) for Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda: A Prospective Cohort Study.” ''PLoS Medicine'', vol. 8, no. 3, Mar. 2011. ''PubMed Central'', https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000427. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mugerwa, Roy}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] 0r94wyeqdmft1o5wav63occ5gukeoxo 0 154929 1577866 1523532 2026-07-01T18:00:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Benjamin Hessler'''<ref>{{Citation|last=Press|first=The Associated|title=32 U.S. Rhodes Scholars Are Selected to Study in Oxford for 1992|date=1991-12-09|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/09/us/32-us-rhodes-scholars-are-selected-to-study-in-oxford-for-1992.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>(alizaliwa [[Juni 14]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na [[Mwandishi wa habari]] wa Marekani. Ni mtunzi wa vitabu vinne kuhusu China na amechangia makala nyingi kwenye [[New Yorker]] na [[National Geographic]] na machapisho mengine. Mwaka 2011, Hessler alipokea utambulisho wa Ushirika wa [[MacArthur]] na faraja kwa nia iliyochunguzwa juu ya matatizo ya [[maisha]] ya watu waka waida katika mabadiliko ya haraka ya Jamii kwa kipindi cha mageuzi China.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MacArthur Foundation|url=https://www.macfound.org/404|work=www.macfound.org|accessdate=2022-08-05|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804203048/https://www.macfound.org/404|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:USW CHSS]] po1vspxs45tn6ihuootlr9onb8jmpqt 0 178004 1577893 1528815 2026-07-02T08:17:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Madrigal Araya''' alikuwa mwalimu [[Kosta Rika|nchini Kosta Rika]] na mwanaharakati. Alikuwa binti wa José Madrigal na Rosa Araya.<ref name="parent's names">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Costa Rica, Catholic Church Records, 1595-1992 (1926 marriages)|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6DH9-LV1|work=Family Search|publisher=Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|accessdate=9 August 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> Dada yake, Vitalia Madrigal (aliyefariki [[21 Aprili]] [[1927]]), pia alikuwa [[mwalimu]] na mwanaharakati.<ref name="Valembois (2004)">{{Rejea jarida|last=Valembois|first=Víctor|date=2004|title=René Van Huffel, un previlegiado puente con la cultura de habla francesa|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/440/44028204.pdf|journal=Educación|language=Spanish|location=San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica|publisher=Universidad de Costa Rica|volume=28|issue=núm. 2|pages=57–73|issn=0379-7082|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Mnamo 1919, Madrigal alishiriki katika mgomo wa walimu ulioongozwa na [[Ángela Acuña Braun]] dhidi ya utawala wa Rais [[Federico Tinoco Granados]] kwa ukiukaji wa sheria ya kazi. Wengine walioshiriki ni [[Matilde Carranza]], [[Ana Rosa Chacón]], [[Lilia González]], [[Carmen Lyra]], Vitalia Madrigal, [[Esther De Mezerville]], María Ortiz, [[Teodora Ortiz]], [[Ester Silva]] na [[Andrea Venegas]].<ref name="Solano Arias (2014)">{{Rejea jarida|last=Solano Arias|first=Marta E.|date=January–June 2014|title=A 90 años de la fundación de la Liga Feminista Costarricense: los derechos políticos|url=http://www.tse.go.cr/revista/art/17/solano_arias.pdf|journal=Revista Derecho Electoral|language=Spanish|location=San José, Costa Rica|publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones República de Costa Rica|issue=17|pages=357–375|issn=1659-2069|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> Sababu kuu ya mgomo wa walimu ilikuwa juu ya mishahara yao kuwa midogo na hiyo ilichangiwa kwa sababu walikuwa wanalipwa kwa vocha tu, ambazo mara nyingi zilishuka thamani na kukombolewa kwa nusu ya thamani yao. Wakati wa [[maandamano]] hayo, ofisi ya ''La Información'', gazeti rasmi la serikali, lilichomwa moto na walimu.<ref name="timeline">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Rodríguez S|first=Eugenia|title=Participación Socio¬política Femenina en Costa Rica (1890 – 1952)|url=http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956|publisher=Universidad de Costa Rica|accessdate=9 August 2015|language=Spanish|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184427/http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1929]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kosta Rika]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wanawake]] 3oy3v340g1sh5yxpyrv5e9tls8e890x 10 181839 1577867 1494147 2026-07-01T18:10:14Z Kisare 60080 Uhariri huu wa Gayle uliondoa dividers kati ya sehemu ya jedwali. Tengua pitio [[Special:Diff/1494146|1494146]] lililoandikwa na [[Special:Contributions/Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[User talk:Gayle157|Majadiliano]]) 1577867 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Redirect|Kigezo:Jedwali la Shirika na Kigezo:Jedwali la Taifa|maana|shirika}}</noinclude> {{infobox | templatestyles = Kigezo:Jedwali la nchi/styles.css | bodyclass = geography | subheaderrowclass = mergedrow | abovestyle = font-weight:normal | labelstyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left; | subheaderstyle = font-weight:normal | abovestyle = line-height:1.3em | above = <div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name">'''{{{jina_rasmi|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</br>{{#if:{{{jina_asili|}}} | <i><span style="font-size:smaller; font-weight:normal;>{{{jina_asili}}} }}</span></i></div> | image1 = {{infobox country/imagetable |image1a = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{bendera|}}}|size={{{ukubwa_bendera|135}}}|{{{matini_bendera|Bendera ya {{PAGENAME}}}}} }} |caption1= [[Bendera ya 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thresholds --> {{#ifexpr: {{{hdi}}} >= 0.8 | {{juu sana}} | {{#ifexpr: {{{hdi}}} >= 0.7 | {{juu}} | {{#ifexpr: {{{hdi}}} >= 0.55 | {{kati}} | {{chini}} }} }} }} | <!-- non-numeric: simply output the given value --> }} }} | label100 = '''[[Kiashiria cha Gini|Gini]]''' ({{{mwaka_gini|}}}) | data100 = {{{gini|}}}{{ #if: {{{cheo_gini|}}} |&#32;(ya&nbsp;{{{cheo_gini|}}}) }} | label130 = '''[[Sarafu (mfumo)|Sarafu]]''' | data130 = {{{sarafu|{{{fedha|}}}}}} | label131 = '''[[Majira ya saa]]''' | data131 = {{ #if: {{{majira_saa|}}} | [[MSD|UTC]]{{{majira_saa|}}} }} | rowclass132 = mergedrow | label132 = {{*}}[[Daylight saving time|Katika majira ya joto]] | data132 = {{{saa_kiangazi|}}} | label133 = '''Muundo wa tarehe''' | data133 = {{{muundo_tarehe|}}} | label134 = '''Upande wa magari''' | data134 = {{{udereva|{{{upande_gari|}}}}}} | label135 = '''[[Msimbo wa simu|Msimbo wa simu]]''' | data135 = {{#if: {{{msimbo_simu|}}} | +{{{msimbo_simu|}}} }} | label136 = '''[[ISO 3166-1|Msimbo wa ISO 3166]]''' | data136 = {{{iso3166|}}} | label137 = '''[[Jina la kikoa]]''' | data137 = {{{tld|{{{mtandao|}}}}}} | data138 = {{ #if: {{{tovuti|}}} | '''Tovuti rasmi''':<br>{{{tovuti|}}}}} | data139 = {{ #if: {{{tanbihi|}}} | '''Tanbihi''':</br><span style="font-size:80%;">''{{{tanbihi|}}}''</span>}} }} <noinclude> {{hati}} [[Jamii:Vigezo vya jiografia]] </noinclude> p7o5us4809g0daajr7evgz9nejrab3x 0 183895 1577880 1526712 2026-07-02T03:02:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tamasha la Ogun''' ni sherehe ya kila mwaka inayosherehekewa na Watu wa Yoruba wa Jimbo la [[Ondo]], [[Nigeria]] kwa ajili ya kumheshimu Ogun, shujaa na roho yenye nguvu katika kazi za chuma ambaye Wayaoba wanaamini ndiye mungu wa kwanza kufika duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Ebunoluwa |first=Akintoye |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Ogun Festival |url=https://www.dailynewsreport.com.ng/2022/08/ogun-festival-explore-fun-and-scary.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216125114/https://www.dailynewsreport.com.ng/2022/08/ogun-festival-explore-fun-and-scary.html |archive-date=2023-02-16 |access-date=January 2, 2023 |website=www.dailynewsreport.com.ng }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Adeoye | first = C. L. | title = Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ẹ̀sìn Yorùba | publisher = Evans Bros. Nigeria Publishers | location = Ibadan | year = 1989 | isbn = 9781675098 | pages = 254–259 | language = Yoruba}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Ogun Festival » Facts.ng|url=https://www.facts.ng/culture/festivals/the-ogun-festival/|website=Facts.ng|accessdate=12 January 2018|date=23 September 2014|archive-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917010420/https://www.facts.ng/culture/festivals/the-ogun-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bc>{{cite web|title=Ogun Festival|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/heritage-and-culture/ogun-festival#.Wlig8KinHIV|website=ZODML|accessdate=12 January 2018|language=en|archive-date=2018-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113094440/https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/heritage-and-culture/ogun-festival#.Wlig8KinHIV|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HERITAGE: At Ogunnire Festival, Ire-Ekiti Remembers Ogun, God of Iron|url=http://westernpostnigeria.com/heritage-at-ogunnire-festival-ire-ekiti-remembers-ogun-god-of-iron/|accessdate=12 January 2018|work=Western Post News|date=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[General] - IRE-EKITI: Town where Ogun, Yoruba god of iron, 'disappeared'|url=http://www.villagesquare.ng/xenforo/index.php?threads/ire-ekiti-town-where-ogun-yoruba-god-of-iron-disappeared.85260/|website=NVS XenForo|accessdate=12 January 2018|archive-date=2023-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101122019/http://www.villagesquare.ng/xenforo/index.php?threads/ire-ekiti-town-where-ogun-yoruba-god-of-iron-disappeared.85260/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Matamasha nchini Nigeria]] 7o730beijg0ud6lubr9bj0k7d374z2h 0 190571 1577818 1500292 2026-07-01T12:12:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{vyanzo}} '''Parque de los Estados''' [ˈpaɾke ðe los esˈtaðos] ni kituo cha [[reli]] cha Mstari wa 12 wa Metro ya [[Madrid]], kilichopewa jina kutokana na park ya karibu ("Park ya Hali za Jamhuri"). Kituo hiki kiko katika Eneo la Malipo B2. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Madrid]] j302njohngcv8o1ykjbuz6weo712qot 0 194592 1577809 1500277 2026-07-01T12:00:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Utafiti wa Sayansi Asilia''', kinachojulikana zaidi kwa jina lake '''CRSN-Lwiro''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyoko [[Lwiro]], katika eneo la Kabare katika kikundi cha Bugobe, kilomita 45 kaskazini mwa jiji la [[Bukavu]], katika mkoa wa [[Kivu Kusini]] katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] iliyojitolea kwa utafiti wa kisayansi katika uwanja wa sayansi asilia. Ilianzishwa na Prince Charles wa Ubelgiji mnamo 1947 kwa lengo la kukuza maendeleo ya maarifa ya kisayansi, CRSN inatambuliwa kwa michango yake mikubwa kwa utafiti wa mazingira, kibaolojia, na kijiolojia. == Kihistoria == CRSN-Lwiro ilianzishwa mnamo 1947 na Prince Charles wa Ubelgiji, ili kukidhi hitaji la taasisi maalumu ya utafiti katika sayansi ya asili. Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, imekuwa na jukumu muhimu katika kuwazoeza watafiti na kutokeza maarifa ya kisayansi kuhusu viumbe wa aina mbalimbali na maliasili za eneo hilo. Maendeleo yake yameathiriwa na upanuzi wa miundombinu yake na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Mnamo 1975, taasisi ya Utafiti wa Sayansi katika Afrika ya Kati (IRSAC) ilibadilishwa kuwa Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Sayansi (IRS) na Amri ya Sheria Nambari 75-029 ya Oktoba 22, 1975. Lengo lake kuu lilikuwa kuongoza, kukuza na kusimamia utafiti wa sayansi na teknolojia katika Jamhuri ya Zaire. Mabadiliko hayo yalisaidia kuimarisha uwezo wa utafiti wa kisayansi nchini na kukidhi mahitaji ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya taifa hilo. Katika 1982, IRS ikawa Kituo cha Utafiti wa Sayansi Asilia (CRSN) na Amri ya Sheria No. 040/81 ya 5 Novemba 1982. Shirika la NSR liliendelea na kazi yake ya kuendesha, kusimamia na kuendeleza utafiti wa sayansi na teknolojia, lakini katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC). Mabadiliko haya yalionyesha nia ya nchi kuunda zaidi utafiti wa kisayansi na kuongeza thamani ya rasilimali za asili. NSRC-Lwiro iko chini ya uangalizi wa Wizara ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Sayansi na Teknolojia.Kama taasisi ya umma, inalenga utafiti wake juu ya wanyama na mimea ya nchi kavu na ya maji ya DRC na vile vile katika nchi za Albertine Rift, ikiwa ni pamoja na Rwanda, Burundi na Uganda. Utafiti wake unafanywa kupitia maabara kadhaa maalum, zinazosimamiwa pamoja na Taasisi ya Kongo ya Uhifadhi wa Asili (ICCN), na hivyo kuhakikisha ushirikiano wa karibu kati ya utafiti wa kisayansi na uhifadhi wa mifumo ya ikolojia. == Tathmini == Shirika hilo linakaguliwa mara kwa mara na mashirika ya kitaifa na ya kimataifa ili kuhakikisha ubora wa kazi yake ya utafiti. Tathmini hizo hutia ndani ubora wa machapisho ya kisayansi, matokeo ya utafiti katika jamii, na uwezo wa kampuni hiyo wa kuvutia fedha za nje. Shukrani kwa tathmini hizi, NSRC ilipata sifa kama kituo cha ubora. == Jukumu na eneo la utaalamu == === Utawala === CRSN-Lwiro inaongozwa na Kamati ya Usimamizi ambayo inatoa usimamizi wa jumla na mkakati wa taasisi hiyo. Kamati hii ina washiriki wakuu watatu: # Mkurugenzi Mtendaji: anayehusika na uongozi wa jumla na utekelezaji wa mwelekeo wa kimkakati. # Mkurugenzi wa Sayansi: anayehusika na uratibu wa shughuli za utafiti na maendeleo ya kisayansi. # Mkurugenzi wa Usimamizi na Fedha: anasimamia usimamizi wa kiutawala, kifedha na vifaa. Usimamizi wa CRSN-Lwiro unategemea huduma kadhaa muhimu zinazounga mkono utendaji wake: * Huduma ya rasilimali watu: usimamizi wa wafanyakazi, kuajiri na maendeleo ya ujuzi[1]. * Huduma ya urithi: usimamizi wa miundombinu, vifaa na rasilimali za kimwili. * Huduma ya kiufundi: kudumisha vifaa na kutoa msaada wa kiufundi kwa maabara. * Idara ya Fedha: usimamizi wa bajeti, uhasibu na ufuatiliaji wa kifedha wa miradi. === Mgawanyiko wa kiutawala === CRSN-Lwiro imepangwa katika idara maalum kadhaa, kila moja inashughulikia nyanja maalum ya sayansi ya asili : * Idara ya Biolojia: masomo ya mimea na wanyama. * Idara ya Jiolojia: Utafiti wa maliasili za madini na kijiolojia. * Idara ya Mazingira: Uchanganuzi wa Mifumo ya Ikolojia na Viumbe-Rangi. * Idara ya Kemia ya Mazingira: utafiti wa hali ya hewa, maji na udongo. === Miundombinu ya utafiti === NSRC-Lwiro ina maabara ya kisasa yenye teknolojia za hali ya juu, vituo vya utafiti wa shambani, na maktaba ya kisayansi. Miundombinu yake pia inajumuisha vituo vya hesabu, hifadhidata za mazingira na chafu za majaribio. Yeye ana shamba kubwa la hekta 64 huko Lwiro, ambalo lina vifaa mbalimbali muhimu kwa shughuli zake. Miundombinu ya msingi ni: * Jengo la usimamizi, ambalo lina ofisi za usimamizi na huduma za usimamizi. * Nyumba ya wageni kwa ajili ya watafiti, wageni na wafanyakaziwanaotembelea. * Nyumba kadhaa zilikuwa za wafanyakazi na wageni. * Kituo cha hospitali kinachotoa huduma za afya kwa wafanyakazi na kwa jamii ya hapo. * Kambi tatu za wafanyakazi kwa ajili ya wafanyakazi wa kiufundi na wa msaada. * Maabara na karakana, zinazotumiwa kudumisha vifaa na kusimamia magari. Vifaa hivi vina jukumu muhimu katika kutekeleza shughuli za utafiti na msaada wa vifaa kwa taasisi. == Miundo ya Uendeshaji ya Utafiti na Huduma == Miundo ya uendeshaji ya CRSN-Lwiro ni pamoja na: * Vitengo vya Utafiti: vinazingatia miradi maalum[1]. * Huduma za Ufundi: usimamizi wa vifaa na matengenezo. * Kituo cha Hati: upatikanaji wa machapisho na kumbukumbu za kisayansi. * Huduma ya Kueneza Habari: kusambaza matokeo ya utafiti kwa umma kwa ujumla. CRSN-Lwiro hupanga shughuli zake za utafiti karibu na idara kuu tano, kila moja ikiwa maalum katika uwanja maalum : === Idara ya Biolojia === Idara hiyo inakazia utafiti kuhusu wanyama na mimea ya nchi kavu na ya majini. Inachunguza bioanuwai ya mifumo ya ikolojia ya asili na mwingiliano wao na mazingira. === Idara ya Jiolojia === Idara hii inavutiwa na matukio ya kijiolojia katika mkoa wa Afrika Mashariki, na umakini maalum kwa majanga ya asili kama tetemeko la ardhi, matetemeko ya ardhi, maporomoko ya ardhi na hali ya hewa.[1] === Idara ya Hati === Idara hiyo husimamia usimamizi wa maktaba na kufanya utafiti. Maktaba yake ni moja ya maktaba kubwa zaidi katika Afrika ya Kati na ya nne katika DRC, baada ya UNIKIN, UNILU na UNIKIS. Inajumuisha: * Pauni 7,888 * Magazeti 2,505 * Kadi 1,451 * Machapisho 12,396 * Picha 3,276 * 3 022 filamu ndogo-ndogo * 2 786 Makumbusho * Tape 116 Zilizorekodiwa * Sinema za Kisayansi 46 * Masks 2,930 * Viumbe 350,000 === Idara ya Lishe === Idara hii inakazia kupambana na utapiamlo wa watoto na magonjwa yanayohusiana na ugonjwa huo kama vile UKIMWI, kifua kikuu, na nimonia. Inafanya utafiti ili kuboresha afya na ustawi wa watu walio katika mazingira magumu. === Idara ya Mazingira === Idara hii hushughulikia mambo yanayohusu mazingira ya nchi kavu na ya majini. Inachunguza athari za mazingira na inapendekeza suluhisho za kuhifadhi mifumo ya ikolojia ya asili. == CRSN: Uzalishaji wa kisayansi na tuzo == Jarida la Scientific American limechapisha makala nyingi katika majarida maarufu ya kisayansi. Watafiti wake wamepokea tuzo kadhaa za kitaifa na za kimataifa kwa kazi yao, hasa katika maeneo ya uhifadhi wa viumbe mbalimbali na sayansi ya mazingira. Kituo hicho pia kinahusika katika kuandaa mikutano ya kisayansi na semina. == Shirika la wafanyakazi == Wafanyikazi wa CNRS wamepangwa katika vikundi kadhaa: # Watafiti: watendaji wakuu wa miradi ya kisayansi. # Wataalamu: msaada wa kiufundi wa utafiti. # Wasimamizi: kusimamia mambo ya kiusimamizi na kifedha. # Wanafunzi wa chuo kikuu na wanafunzi wa shahada ya pili: watafiti wachanga wanaofundishwa. NSRC inaongozwa na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji, akisaidiwa na Baraza la Sayansi na viongozi wa idara, kuhakikisha utawala unaozingatia ubora na uvumbuzi. [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini]] irzzq4dmtqa6v4mguzjoj4kpvryrjho 0 194597 1577808 1500276 2026-07-01T11:59:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Kurejesha Afya ya Primati cha Lwiro "'''CRPL"  ni shirika lililojitolea kwa ulinzi, ukarabati na uhifadhi wa primati, haswa [[Sokwe (Hominidae)|sokwe]] na [[Kima (kabila)|kima]], katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ilianzishwa katika mazingira ya mapambano dhidi ya biashara haramu ya wanyamapori, CRPL ina jukumu muhimu katika kuhifadhi spishi zilizo hatarini katika mkoa huo. == Kihistoria == CRPL ilianzishwa mwaka 2002 kwa kukabiliana na ongezeko la uwindaji haramu na biashara haramu ya nyani katika eneo la Kivu. Iko katika Lwiro, karibu na Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kahuzi-Biega, tovuti ya Urithi wa Dunia ya UNESCO, kituo hicho ni mpango wa pamoja wa Wizara ya Mazingira ya DRC na Taasisi ya Kongo ya Uhifadhi wa Asili (ICCN). Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, CRPL imejitolea kurudisha nyuma jamii ya nyani yatima, hasa wale waliouawa kwa sababu ya uwindaji haramu. Chimpanzee, ambao ni waathirika wa biashara ya nyama ya porini au waliokamatwa kwa biashara ya wanyama wa kigeni, ni sehemu kubwa ya wanyama wanaohudumiwa na kituo hicho. Kwa msaada wa washirika wa ndani na wa kimataifa, CRPL imebadilika kuwa kielelezo cha uhifadhi wa primates katika Afrika ya Kati. == Tathmini == CRPL inajulikana sana kwa jukumu lake katika ulinzi wa nyani nchini DRC. Kwa sasa kuna sokwe zaidi ya 90 na nyani wengine wapatao 100 wa jamii mbalimbali. Ujumbe huu unaungwa mkono na mashirika kama vile Taasisi ya Jane Goodall, PASA (Pan African Sanctuary Alliance), na watendaji wengine wa uhifadhi wa ulimwengu. Licha ya mafanikio yake, CRPL inakabiliwa na changamoto nyingi, pamoja na: * Ukosefu wa fedha kwa ajili ya utunzaji, kulisha na usalama wa wanyama. * Tishio la uharamia katika eneo lenye mapigano ya kijeshi linaendelea. * Ukosefu wa uhamasishaji wa mitaa, licha ya juhudi zinazoendelea za kuhusisha jamii za mitaa katika ulinzi wa wanyamapori. Hata hivyo, tathmini kutoka kwa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali washirika na wataalam wa kimataifa zinaonyesha kuwa kituo hicho kina jukumu muhimu katika kuhifadhi viumbe hai nchini DRC. == Daraka na Eneo la Kazi == CRPL inatimiza majukumu kadhaa ya msingi katika uhifadhi wa wanyamapori : === Kurudisha Afya ya Nyani === Kituo hicho kinatoa makao salama kwa nyani ambao wamewindwa na wawindaji haramu. Kila mnyama hupata huduma ya mifugo, chakula cha kutosha, na tahadhari maalum ya kujifunza tabia za asili katika mazingira yaliyolindwa. === Elimu na ufahamu === Kituo hicho kinatoa makao salama kwa nyani ambao wamewindwa na wawindaji haramu. Kila mnyama hupata huduma ya mifugo, chakula cha kutosha, na tahadhari maalum ya kujifunza tabia za asili katika mazingira yaliyolindwa. === Utafiti wa kisayansi === Kituo hicho kinasaidia utafiti juu ya primates na mazingira yao, kuchangia uelewa mzuri wa tabia zao, ikolojia yao, na vitisho vinavyowapata. === Ushirikiano wa kimataifa === CRPL inashirikiana na mashirika ya kimataifa kuimarisha sera za uhifadhi na kuendeleza miradi ya kulinda mifumo ya ikolojia inayotishiwa katika eneo hilo. === Vita dhidi ya biashara haramu === Kwa kufanya kazi na mamlaka za mitaa na washirika wa kimataifa, CRPL inashiriki kikamilifu katika mapambano dhidi ya biashara haramu ya wanyama pori. Jukumu hili linajumuisha kuokoa nyani na kurekebisha mifumo ya ikolojia iliyoharibiwa. [[Jamii:mkoa wa Kivu Kusini]] fyx9a1ynhhikajmgsyh8opauyamayel 0 195449 1577824 1500305 2026-07-01T12:20:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya Elimu ya Juu ya Kisangani''' (ISP KIS) ni taasisi ya elimu ya juu iliyoanzishwa mnamo 1993 na iko katika mji wa [[Kisangani]], mji mkuu wa [[Mkoa wa Tshopo]]. == Historia == Taasisi ya Elimu ya Juu ya Kisangani ni moja ya taasisi za serikali zilizoanzishwa kama sehemu ya sera ya kuunganisha taasisi za elimu ya juu na chuo kikuu katika mikoa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Kwa amri ya Wizara No.ESU/CABMIN/0076/93 ya 22 Juni 1993 inayoongeza amri ya Wizara No.ESU/CABMIN0041/93 inayohusu kuanzishwa kwa upanuzi wa taasisi za elimu ya juu na chuo kikuu, Taasisi ya Elimu ya Juu ya Kisangani ilianzishwa huko Kisangani, kisha kwenye tovuti ya Taasisi ya Elimu ya Juu ya Kisangani iliyoko kwenye barabara ya TP/Kabondo ambapo shughuli zake za kitaaluma zilikuwa zimeanza tarehe 18 Januari 1994. == Mgawo == Taasisi inakusudia kutoa mafunzo kwa wasimamizi maalumu katika maeneo ya ufundishaji, kwa upande mmoja, na IT ya usimamizi, kwa upande mwingine. Pia ina jukumu la kuandaa utafiti juu ya kubadilisha mbinu za ufundishaji na kompyuta ya usimamizi kwa mahitaji ya maendeleo ya nchi. [[Jamii:Kisangani]] [[Jamii:vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] g8q5ovrdefpjgll6vvji2zwqetu9qx6 0 198117 1577836 1445394 2026-07-01T12:37:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Ruzizi''' ni kituo cha kuzalisha umeme kilicho kwenye mwambao wa [[Ziwa Kivu]], kwenye mto ambao unamwaga maji yake katika [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyika]], kwenye mipaka ya nchi tatu [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] . == Kihistoria == Bwawa la Ruzizi 1 lilijengwa kwenye mlango wa Rusizi wa Ziwa Kivu mnamo 1958, na kuathiri kiwango na mlango wa ziwa. Inatoa umeme kwa Bubanza na Kigoma kupitia kituo cha Mururu na, na miundombinu ya sasa, inazalisha 148 GWh kwa mwaka. Kituo cha Ruzizi II kiliongezwa mwaka wa 1989. Ruzizi I na II zinaendeshwa na kampuni ya mataifa matatu (Burundi, Rwanda na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo) lakini uzalishaji wa umeme hautoshi kukidhi mahitaji ya maeneo ya karibu ya nchi hizi tatu. Bwawa la ziada, Ruzizi III, ambalo liko umbali wa kilometa 25 hivi chini ya mto, linapendekezwa. Mnamo Januari 2016, Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika (AfDB) ilitangaza idhini ya fedha ya Euro milioni 138 kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa bwawa la umeme wa maji la Ruzizi III. [[Jamii:malambo]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 248nruo2fijmaci1pdhjnooywpkjo3u 0 198118 1577810 1500280 2026-07-01T12:06:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Les Éditions NGE''' Publishing ni kampuni ya uchapishaji ya ubunifu iliyoko [[Goma]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ilianzishwa mnamo Agosti 2023, imejitolea kuleta mapinduzi katika mazingira ya [[fasihi ya Kiafrika]] kwa kutoa jukwaa la uchapishaji la kisasa na la ubunifu lililojitolea kukuza waandishi wa Kiafrika na wa kimataifa. == Historia == NGE Editions ilianzishwa mnamo Agosti 2023 huko Goma, DRC, kwa msukumo wa Bukasa Kabwe, mpenda fasihi na maendeleo ya jamii. Ilianzishwa na maono ya kugeuza fasihi ya Kiafrika kuwa chombo cha mabadiliko ya kijamii, kampuni hiyo ya uchapishaji haraka ikawa nguzo ya uchapishaji katika mkoa huo. Kwa kushirikiana na wasomi na wataalam wa ndani na wa kimataifa, amekuwa na lengo la kufunua vipaji vya fasihi vya Kiafrika na kuziunganisha na ulimwengu wote. == Dhamira na malengo == Lengo kuu la NGE Editions ni kuifanya fasihi kuwa injini ya maendeleo ya Afrika. Lengo ni kuangazia ubunifu wa Kiafrika na kuwaalika waandishi wa diaspora kuchapisha katika bara hilo. Kwa kufanya hivyo, wanatoa jukwaa moja kwa waandishi kuchapisha, kukuza na kufanya kazi zao kupatikana ulimwenguni, ikiwa ni pamoja na mawasilisho ya video ili kuongeza kujulikana kwao. === Huduma zinazotolewa === NGE Publishers hutoa huduma mbalimbali kwa waandishi, kama vile: * Uchapishaji wa vitabu; * Kufundisha waandishi; * Kuangalia upya na kusahihisha maandishi; * Kukuza na kuandaa matukio ya kisayansi na ya fasihi; * Huduma za kutafsiri na kutoa tafsiri. Huduma hizi zina lengo la kutoa msaada kamili kwa waandishi, kutoka kwa kuwasilisha maandishi kwa kukuza baada ya kuchapishwa, kuhakikisha kuwa kila kazi inafikia kiwango cha juu cha utambuzi na mafanikio iwezekanavyo. === Timu ya Uongozi === Matoleo ya NGE yanaongozwa na timu ya kimataifa ya kujitolea8, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Bukasa Kabwe: Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi, kiongozi aliyejitolea kwa ustawi wa jamii yake na kukuza vijana huko Goma. * Joseph Rudigi Rugema, Ph.D. ni msemaji mwandamizi wa sayansi ya jamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha KwaZulu-Natal, mwenye shauku ya ujasiriamali wa kijamii na maendeleo ya jamii. * Gabriel Ngandu Kabengele: Mwanasaikolojia wa Afrika, mchambuzi wa kisiasa na mwandishi aliyehusika na mabadiliko ya kijamii barani Afrika. * Profesa Joseph Kitaganya, Ph.D.: Mwanafalsafa na kiongozi maarufu wa elimu ya juu huko Goma, ambaye kwa sasa anaongoza ISDR Grands-Lacs-Goma. * Mbula Musasa M. Serge Caleb, Ph.D.: Mtaalamu wa jiolojia ya mafuta na kemikali za mafuta, na amefanya kazi kubwa katika elimu na sekta ya umma. * Omar Bin Bitangalo: Mshauri wa kimataifa wa siasa za bara la Afrika, akitoa uchambuzi wa ufahamu wa masuala ya bara. * Jessee Zhang: Mtaalam katika uhandisi wa mitambo ya kilimo na sheria ya kiuchumi, profesa na mchapishaji aliyehusika na elimu ya Afrika nzima. === Kujitolea kwa jamii === NGE Publishing inashirikiana na washirika wa ndani na wa kimataifa katika kukuza elimu ya Afrika nzima na kusaidia waandishi vijana wa Afrika. Pia huandaa matukio ya kitamaduni na kielimu kwa lengo la kuunda upya mawazo ya Kiafrika na kuongeza hadhi ya fasihi ya Kiafrika ulimwenguni. === Kazi za marejeleo === NGE Editions imechapisha vitabu kadhaa vya kuvutia, pamoja na: 'The Marks of the Path' cha Brianca O. Buhoro * ' ' Kutoka kwa kusoma katiba na kujaribu kuelewa utangulizi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo' na Bukasa Kabwe. Mazingira na Afya ya Umma Maingiliano kati ya mazingira na afya ya binadamu: changamoto, suluhisho na matarajio, na Serge Caleb Mbula Musasa M. * 'Imani katika Mungu na Kazi kwa Maendeleo ya Waumini katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo' na Guillaume Bulenda 'Mia Fata. Aliteketeza ulimwengu bila yeye kuguswa' na Naomie Matsoro 'Sayansi ya Kiafrika' ya Valery Ngoy Ndala * 'Kilalamiko dhidi ya mgeni. Funguo za Mafanikio' na Romain Bulonza Machapisho hayo yanaonyesha kwamba NGE Publishing imejitolea kuendeleza kazi za fasihi za aina mbalimbali na zenye kuthawabisha. [[Jamii:Kampuni za Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] tokajoj00nrskqbyxg0pqi1w0p0mej5 0 199748 1577825 1500306 2026-07-01T12:21:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya Juu ya Mbinu za Usimamizi wa Biashara ya Goma''' (ISTGA-Goma) ni taasisi ya [[elimu ya juu]] iliyoko [[Goma]], mji mkuu wa mkoa wa [[Kivu Kaskazini]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ilianzishwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kuongezeka kwa mafunzo katika nyanja ya usimamizi na biashara, ISTGA-Goma imejitolea kutoa mafunzo kwa watendaji wenye ujuzi ambao wanaweza kuchangia maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kijamii ya mkoa na nchi. == Historia == ISTGA-Goma ilianzishwa ili kutoa mafunzo bora ya usimamizi wa biashara, na hivyo kujaza pengo katika utoaji wa elimu katika eneo hilo. Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, taasisi hiyo imejitolea kutoa elimu inayozingatia ujuzi wa kiakili na wa kiakili unaohitajika ili kufanikiwa katika ulimwengu wa biashara. == Programu na sekta == ISTGA-Goma inatoa programu kadhaa za digrii katika nyanja mbalimbali zinazohusiana na usimamizi na biashara. Baadhi ya miradi inayopatikana ni: * Usimamizi wa Shirika la Afya (GOS): Utaratibu huu huandaa wasimamizi wanaoweza kusimamia kwa ufanisi taasisi za afya, wakikazia ufanisi wa rasilimali na uboreshaji wa huduma za afya. * Programu hizi zimekusudiwa kuwapa wanafunzi stadi wanazohitaji ili kukabiliana na changamoto za ulimwengu wa sasa wa kazi. == Miundombinu na rasilimali == ISTGA-Goma ina miundombinu ya kisasa ili kuwezesha wanafunzi wake kujifunza. Taasisi hiyo ina maabara ya kompyuta, maktaba zenye vitabu vya pekee, na vyumba vya madarasa vilivyoboreshwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kisasa ya kielimu. == Idadi ya walimu == Taasisi hiyo ina walimu waliohitimu ambao wana ujuzi wa kutosha katika masomo yao. Wataalamu hao huleta uzoefu mwingi wa kitaaluma na wa vitendo, wakihakikisha kwamba wanafunzi wanapata elimu bora. == Uandikishaji na uandikishaji == Ili kuingizwa katika ISTGA-Goma, waombaji lazima watimize masharti fulani, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwa na diploma ya shule ya sekondari au sawa na hiyo, na kutoa nyaraka zinazohitajika wakati wa kujiandikisha. Taasisi hiyo inatoa programu zinazofaa wanafunzi, na ratiba zenye kubadilika kulingana na mahitaji ya wanafunzi, kutia ndani masomo ya mchana na ya jioni. == Ushirikiano na Ushirikiano == ISTGA-Goma inashirikiana na taasisi na mashirika mbalimbali ili kuimarisha uzoefu wa wanafunzi wake. Ushirikiano huo hutoa fursa za kufanya kazi ya ufundi, mafunzo ya ziada, na kuwezesha kuingizwa kazini kwa wahitimu. == Kujitolea kwa jamii == Zaidi ya kazi yake ya kuelimisha, ISTGA inashiriki kikamilifu katika maendeleo ya jumuiya. Taasisi hiyo inashiriki katika mipango mbalimbali ya kuboresha hali ya maisha katika eneo hilo, hasa kupitia programu za uhamasishaji na maendeleo endelevu. Kwa jumla, taasisi ya juu ya mbinu za usimamizi wa biashara ya Goma inasimama kama mchezaji muhimu katika mafunzo ya watendaji wa usimamizi, na hivyo kuchangia maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kivu Kaskazini]] mzd81de0mmmlqdhimvac98zl8yptq1j 0 199753 1577828 1500308 2026-07-01T12:26:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya Juu ya Ualimu ya Gombe''' "ISP-Gombe" ni taasisi ya [[elimu ya juu]] ya umma iliyoko kwenye makutano ya barabara za Baba Boka na Kisangani, katika manispaa ya Gombe, [[Kinshasa]], mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Historia ISP Gombe ilianzishwa tarehe 07 Oktoba 1981, ili kutoa mafunzo ya walimu wa kiwango cha juu, ili kukidhi mahitaji ya elimu ya nchi. Kwa miaka mingi, chuo hicho kimepanua masomo yake ili kutia ndani masomo mbalimbali, huku kikikazia ufundishaji. == Utume == Kusudi la ISP Gombe ni kutoa mafunzo na usimamizi unaokuza mafunzo mazuri ya kiakili na ya kitaaluma katika mazingira bora. Taasisi hiyo hukazia maendeleo ya maadili, kiakili, kiroho, na maadili ya kiraia, kama vile kuheshimu manufaa ya watu wote, unyofu, uadilifu, maendeleo, roho ya kufanya kazi, uvumilivu, ustadi wa kuishi, ustawi, mshikamano, na utaratibu. == Miundombinu == ISP Gombe ina miundombinu inayofaa ikijumuisha: * Jumba la maonyesho lenye viti 700 hivi; * Vyumba vya masomo; * Vyumba viwili vya kompyuta; * Maabara ya biolojia; * Maabara ya kemia * Maabara ya lugha; * Chumba cha jiografia; * Maktaba * Chakula cha kufundishia; * Shule ya bweni ya wasichana Vituo hivi vinaunga mkono shughuli za masomo na za nje ya shule, na kuwapa wanafunzi mazingira yanayofaa kwa ajili ya kujifunza na maendeleo ya kibinafsi. == Mafunzo == ISP Gombe inatoa sehemu kadhaa za mafunzo: * Sayansi na Sayansi ya Binadamu: Idara hii inaandaa walimu na wataalamu wa elimu ambao wanaweza kufanya kazi katika sekta mbalimbali, hasa elimu. * Sayansi sahihi: Mafunzo hayo ya miaka minne yana lengo la kutoa elimu ya hali ya juu na ya nyanja mbalimbali inayozingatia fizikia, kemia na hesabu. * Biashara, kompyuta na usimamizi wa biashara: Idara hii inawafundisha wataalamu ambao wanaweza kuchanganua na kuelewa matatizo au mahitaji ya wateja na kutoa suluhisho la kompyuta linalofaa. * Utalii na Utalii: Sehemu hii inatoa elimu ya msingi ya sayansi ya usimamizi na usimamizi wa hoteli kwa wanafunzi. Sehemu ya jioni: Sehemu hii ni kwa ajili ya wanafunzi ambao wanataka kujifunza jioni. Programu hizo zimeandaliwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya soko la kazi na matarajio ya wanafunzi. == Shughuli za baada ya shule == ISP Gombe huwatia moyo wanafunzi kushiriki katika shughuli mbalimbali za kitamaduni, michezo na burudani, kama vile mikutano, vikundi vya kufikiria, michezo ya kuigiza, mpira wa miguu, mpira wa kikapu na mpira wa wavu. Shughuli hizo zinakusudiwa kuwasaidia wanafunzi wafanikiwe na kusitawisha maadili na maadili mazuri. == Kuingia == Idara ya Elimu ya Juu ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inawakaribisha waombaji ambao wanatimiza mahitaji ya idara ya Elimu ya Juu ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Maelezo ya kina kuhusu utaratibu wa kujiandikisha na programu zinazotolewa yanapatikana kwenye tovuti rasmi ya taasisi hiyo. == Tanbihi == [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kinshasa]] ol3h7caz53dpoei3g3edxoa3lv87tfd 0 199756 1577820 1500301 2026-07-01T12:15:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''École informatique des finances''' (EIFI) ni taasisi ya [[elimu ya juu]] iliyoko [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ilianzishwa mwaka 1970 kama Kituo cha Elimu ya Juu ya Kompyuta (C.F.S.I.), na lengo lake kuu ni kuwazoeza wasimamizi na maofisa wa serikali katika kompyuta ya usimamizi. == Historia == Wakati wa kuanzishwa kwake, C.F.S.I. ilikusudiwa kutoa mafunzo kwa wataalamu kutoka taasisi anuwai za umma, pamoja na polisi wa kitaifa, OTRACO (sasa ONATRA), Benki ya Kitaifa ya Kongo (BCC), OCPT, Wizara ya Elimu ya Kitaifa, vikosi vya jeshi, Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Zaire (UNAZA) na [[Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya KongoPresidency ya Jamhuri. Kwa sababu ya maendeleo ya teknolojia ya habari, taasisi hiyo ilibadilika na kuwa E.I.F.I., na hivyo kupanua eneo lake la mafunzo. == Kazi na mafunzo == E.I.F.I. hutoa aina tatu za mafunzo: # Mafunzo ya kitaaluma: Ina sehemu mbili: ## Uchambuzi na Programu (AP): Mzunguko wa kuhitimu wa miaka mitatu, unaolenga kufundisha wachambuzi wa programu katika kompyuta ya usimamizi. ## Uhandisi na Ubunifu (IC): Mzunguko wa leseni ya miaka mitatu, iliyoundwa kufundisha wahandisi wa kubuni katika kompyuta ya usimamizi. E.I.FI. huandaa vikao vya kawaida na maalum vya kutoa mafunzo kwa wataalamu wa ICT. # Mafunzo ya kuendelea (mafunzo ya upya): Lengo ni kuboresha ujuzi wa wataalamu wa kompyuta katika idara mbalimbali kuhusu mada maalum. Shahada zinazotolewa ni pamoja na jina la Mchambuzi wa Programu ya Kompyuta ya Usimamizi (daktari) na Mhandisi-Mtengenezaji wa Kompyuta ya Usimamizi (daktari). == Mapendeleo na utambuzi == E.I.F.I. ilipewa idhini ya kufanya kazi na Amri ya Wizara No 245/MINESU/CAB.MIN/NB/2006 ya Juni 28, 2006 na iliidhinishwa na Amri ya Wizara No 078/CABMIN.ESU/MML.KOB/2010 ya Aprili 27, 20103. == Miundombinu == Taasisi hiyo ina vyumba vya madarasa nane vilivyo katika hali nzuri, vyumba vitatu vyenye kompyuta ndogo za mitandao kwa ajili ya kazi ya vitendo, na ofisi kumi na moja kwa ajili ya viongozi wa masomo, walimu, na wafanyakazi wa kiutawala na wa kiufundi4. == Tanbihi == [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kinshasa]] 0fyda9nqaa9zfd9h89imworpmy9u8fy 1577822 1577820 2026-07-01T12:19:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Shule ya fedha ya sayansi ya Kompyuta]] hadi [[Shule ya Fedha ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta]]: usahihi wa jina 1577820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''École informatique des finances''' (EIFI) ni taasisi ya [[elimu ya juu]] iliyoko [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ilianzishwa mwaka 1970 kama Kituo cha Elimu ya Juu ya Kompyuta (C.F.S.I.), na lengo lake kuu ni kuwazoeza wasimamizi na maofisa wa serikali katika kompyuta ya usimamizi. == Historia == Wakati wa kuanzishwa kwake, C.F.S.I. ilikusudiwa kutoa mafunzo kwa wataalamu kutoka taasisi anuwai za umma, pamoja na polisi wa kitaifa, OTRACO (sasa ONATRA), Benki ya Kitaifa ya Kongo (BCC), OCPT, Wizara ya Elimu ya Kitaifa, vikosi vya jeshi, Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Zaire (UNAZA) na [[Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya KongoPresidency ya Jamhuri. Kwa sababu ya maendeleo ya teknolojia ya habari, taasisi hiyo ilibadilika na kuwa E.I.F.I., na hivyo kupanua eneo lake la mafunzo. == Kazi na mafunzo == E.I.F.I. hutoa aina tatu za mafunzo: # Mafunzo ya kitaaluma: Ina sehemu mbili: ## Uchambuzi na Programu (AP): Mzunguko wa kuhitimu wa miaka mitatu, unaolenga kufundisha wachambuzi wa programu katika kompyuta ya usimamizi. ## Uhandisi na Ubunifu (IC): Mzunguko wa leseni ya miaka mitatu, iliyoundwa kufundisha wahandisi wa kubuni katika kompyuta ya usimamizi. E.I.FI. huandaa vikao vya kawaida na maalum vya kutoa mafunzo kwa wataalamu wa ICT. # Mafunzo ya kuendelea (mafunzo ya upya): Lengo ni kuboresha ujuzi wa wataalamu wa kompyuta katika idara mbalimbali kuhusu mada maalum. Shahada zinazotolewa ni pamoja na jina la Mchambuzi wa Programu ya Kompyuta ya Usimamizi (daktari) na Mhandisi-Mtengenezaji wa Kompyuta ya Usimamizi (daktari). == Mapendeleo na utambuzi == E.I.F.I. ilipewa idhini ya kufanya kazi na Amri ya Wizara No 245/MINESU/CAB.MIN/NB/2006 ya Juni 28, 2006 na iliidhinishwa na Amri ya Wizara No 078/CABMIN.ESU/MML.KOB/2010 ya Aprili 27, 20103. == Miundombinu == Taasisi hiyo ina vyumba vya madarasa nane vilivyo katika hali nzuri, vyumba vitatu vyenye kompyuta ndogo za mitandao kwa ajili ya kazi ya vitendo, na ofisi kumi na moja kwa ajili ya viongozi wa masomo, walimu, na wafanyakazi wa kiutawala na wa kiufundi4. == Tanbihi == [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kinshasa]] 0fyda9nqaa9zfd9h89imworpmy9u8fy 0 200440 1577827 1500307 2026-07-01T12:24:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya Ufundi ya Juu ya Kinshasa''' (ISPT-KIN) ni taasisi ya [[elimu ya juu]] iliyoko [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Lengo lake ni kuwazoeza walimu, walimu wa mafunzo na walimu wa kiufundi wenye sifa mbili za kielimu na kiufundi, na hivyo kukidhi mahitaji ya nchi katika elimu ya kiufundi na ya kitaaluma. == Historia == ISPT-KIN ilianzishwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya ongezeko la mafunzo ya ufundi na ufundishaji nchini DRC. Taasisi hiyo imejitolea kutoa elimu bora kwa kutumia mbinu za ufundishaji za ubunifu na kutoa warsha za kisasa na maabara ili kuwawezesha wanafunzi kujaribu nadharia walizojifunza wakati wa masomo. == Mafunzo yanayopendekezwa == ISPT-KIN hutoa sehemu kadhaa za mafunzo katika kiwango cha diploma: * Teknolojia ya kompyuta: Kuandaa mafundi wa hali ya juu ambao wanaweza kufundisha kompyuta katika shule za sekondari za ufundi na kutekeleza mifumo ya kompyuta na ya kiotomatiki katika kampuni. * Umeme: Kuwazoeza mafundi wa juu wa kufundisha ufundi wa umeme na umeme katika shule za sekondari za ufundi na kufanya kazi ya kufunga na kudumisha vifaa vya umeme na umeme. * Uhandisi: Kuwazoeza mafundi wa hali ya juu kufundisha katika shule za sekondari za ufundi na kufanya kazi ya ufungaji na matengenezo katika uhandisi wa jumla na magari, ujenzi na kilimo. Kwa kuongezea, ISPT-KIN ina Shule ya Mazoezi (EDAP) ambayo hutumika kama uwanja wa mazoezi kwa wanafunzi na walimu katika uwanja wa ufundishaji. == Miundombinu == Taasisi hiyo ina madarasa na maabara ya kisasa yenye vifaa vya dijiti ili kusaidia mafunzo ya wanafunzi. Vifaa hivyo huwapa wanafunzi fursa ya kutumia maarifa waliyopata darasani na kuendeleza ustadi wao wa kiufundi. == Jukwaa la E-Learning == ISPT-KIN imeanzisha jukwaa la kujifunza mtandaoni linaloruhusu wanafunzi kuhudhuria madarasa kwa umbali. Mradi huu unalenga kusambaza mafunzo bila vizuizi vya kijiografia, na hivyo kuwezesha upatikanaji wa elimu kwa idadi kubwa ya wanafunzi. == Kuingia == Kwa kuwa na uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka miwili katika mfumo wa Licence-Master-Doctorate (LMD), ISPT-KIN inawakaribisha wagombea wanaotaka kujiandikisha ili kufaidika na mipango yake ya mafunzo ya hali ya juu. == Ushirikiano == ISPT-KIN inashirikiana na taasisi na makampuni mbalimbali ili kuboresha uzoefu wa kielimu wa wanafunzi wake na kuwezesha kuingia kwao kazini. Washirika wake ni pamoja na Rawbank na Access-Bank. == Tanbihi == [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kinshasa]] 80miqrl709i41jnir9fodk1rjqrjlya 0 200443 1577831 1500310 2026-07-01T12:28:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Taasisi ya maendeleo ya Kitivo]] hadi [[Taasisi ya kitivo ya maendeleo]]: usahihi wa jina 1500310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya Kitivo cha Maendeleo''' (IFAD) ni taasisi ya elimu ya juu iliyoko Kinshasa, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ilianzishwa mnamo 2006 na Kanisa kuu la Kinshasa, IFAD ilipewa kibali cha mwisho na Amri No. 06/0106 ya Juni 12, 2006, ikitambua uwezekano wa miundombinu yake na ubora wa masomo yanayotolewa. Kwa hiyo, serikali ya Kongo hutambua digrii zinazotolewa na IFAD sawa na zile za vyuo vikuu vya umma. IFAD ina madarasa matatu ya msingi: # Chuo cha Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Maendeleo, na chaguzi katika: ## Usimamizi na usimamizi wa miradi Usimamizi wa mazingira ## Shirika la kijamii # Chuo cha Afya ya Umma, kutoa chaguzi katika: ## Mkarimu ## Mbinu za maabara ## Usimamizi na usimamizi wa huduma za afya ## Usimamizi wa huduma za afya # Kitivo cha Sayansi ya Habari na Mawasiliano, kutoa chaguzi katika: Uandishi wa Habari ## Mawasiliano ya kijamii na maendeleo ## Usimamizi wa taasisi za utangazaji ## Uhariri wa vyombo vya habari IFAD imejitolea kutoa elimu bora, inayolingana na mahitaji ya maendeleo ya jamii ya Kongo, kwa kutoa mafunzo kwa wataalamu wenye ujuzi katika maeneo mbalimbali muhimu3. == Tazama pia == === Makala zinazohusiana === === Viungo vya nje === == Maelezo ya ziada == [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Makala yasiyo na viungo vya ndani]] pxy32o0jqr3wt7fs191up3wt0wr9a4m 1577833 1577831 2026-07-01T12:29:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya kitivo ya maendeleo''' (IFAD) ni taasisi ya [[elimu ya juu]] iliyoko [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ilianzishwa mnamo 2006 na [[Kanisa kuu]] la Kinshasa, IFAD ilipewa kibali cha mwisho na Amri No. 06/0106 ya Juni 12, 2006, ikitambua uwezekano wa miundombinu yake na ubora wa masomo yanayotolewa. Kwa hiyo, serikali ya Kongo hutambua digrii zinazotolewa na IFAD sawa na zile za vyuo vikuu vya umma. IFAD ina madarasa matatu ya msingi: # Chuo cha Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Maendeleo, na chaguzi katika: ## Usimamizi na usimamizi wa miradi Usimamizi wa mazingira ## Shirika la kijamii # Chuo cha Afya ya Umma, kutoa chaguzi katika: ## Mkarimu ## Mbinu za maabara ## Usimamizi na usimamizi wa huduma za afya ## Usimamizi wa huduma za afya # Kitivo cha Sayansi ya Habari na Mawasiliano, kutoa chaguzi katika: Uandishi wa Habari ## Mawasiliano ya kijamii na maendeleo ## Usimamizi wa taasisi za utangazaji ## Uhariri wa vyombo vya habari IFAD imejitolea kutoa elimu bora, inayolingana na mahitaji ya maendeleo ya jamii ya Kongo, kwa kutoa mafunzo kwa wataalamu wenye ujuzi katika maeneo mbalimbali muhimu3. == Tanbihi == [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] pcf0b8iha08l2s9fbhc9yoxfcuud94r 0 200453 1577830 1500309 2026-07-01T12:27:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Taasisi ya Kifedha ya Ujenzi wa Maendeleo''' (IFOD SA) ni kampuni ndogo ya kifedha chini ya sheria ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], iliyoanzishwa na Baraza la Maaskofu wa Kongo (CENCO). Lengo lake kuu ni kushiriki na kukuza maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya watu wa Kongo kwa kutoa huduma za kifedha zinazofaa mahitaji ya jamii za mitaa. == Dhamira na maono == Ujumbe wa IFOD SA ni kuwapa wote, vijana na wazee, wanawake na wanaume, huduma za kifedha zinazofaa na zenye ubora, ili kuwawezesha kushiriki kikamilifu katika maendeleo ya jamii ya Kongo yenye uwajibikaji. Taasisi hiyo inakusudia kuchangia jamii yenye mshikamano, yenye uwajibikaji, inayoweza kujitunza yenyewe na kuishi maisha yenye afya na usawaziko, yenye mwelekeo wa maendeleo kamili ya mwanadamu. == Bidhaa na huduma == IFOD SA inatoa bidhaa na huduma mbalimbali za kifedha, kutia ndani: * Akaunti za akiba: Zinawaruhusu wateja kuhifadhi na kutumia pesa zao, na zina faida kama vile kutolipa ada ya kulipa pesa mara mbili za kwanza kwa mwezi na kulipa riba ya pesa zilizobaki. * Akaunti za sasa: Hutoa idadi isiyo na kikomo ya pesa zinazoweza kutolewa kwa mwezi mmoja, kulingana na mahitaji ya biashara. * Amana za muda (DAT): Hesabu zilizofungwa ambazo huleta riba kwa vipindi vya muda vilivyowekwa, kuanzia miezi 4 hadi 12. * Mikopo: Aina mbalimbali za mikopo zinapatikana, kama vile mkopo wa kibiashara wa kikundi, mkopo kwa wafanyabiashara wadogo na wa kati (SME), mkopo wa mshahara kwa wateja ambao IFOD SA inasimamia malipo ya mishahara yao, na mkopo wa dayosisi iliyoundwa mahsusi kwa ajili ya miundo ya Kanisa Katoliki katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. * Huduma za ziada: Uhamisho wa fedha, malipo ya mishahara, mtandao wa mawakala wa benki (IFODCASH), kadi ya kulipia kabla ya VISA IFOD, kitabu cha mamlaka na programu ya simu (IFOD COLOMBE). == Mtandao na uanzishwaji == IFOD SA inakusudia kuifanyia kazi nchi nzima ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kwa kuanzisha ofisi katika majimbo makuu ya kanisa na vituo vya huduma katika dayosisi za Kanisa Katoliki. Kwa sasa, taasisi hiyo ina matawi mawili, moja huko Kinshasa na lingine huko Lubumbashi, na pia vituo viwili vya huduma huko Kinshasa vilivyoko katika vyuo vikuu vya Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo. == Maadili ya msingi == Thamani za IFOD SA zinategemea kanuni zifuatazo: * Wateja ni muhimu na huduma ni ya hali ya juu. Utimilifu. * Kufanya kazi kwa pamoja na uongozi. * Utaalamu na ustadi. Thamani hizi zinaongoza taasisi katika dhamira yake ya kutoa huduma za kifedha zinazolingana na mahitaji ya jamii za mitaa, na hivyo kuchangia maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo4. [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] a65cw8g2m2zad0vco4fdr2nydc99jnp 0 202061 1577813 1500287 2026-07-01T12:10:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofisi ya Barabara na Mifereji ya Maji''' "OVD" ni kampuni ya serikali ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], iliyoanzishwa mnamo Septemba 16, 1987 na Amri No. 87-331. Chini ya uangalizi wa Wizara ya Miundombinu na Kazi za Umma, OVD ina utu wa kisheria na ina uhuru wa kiutawala na kifedha. == Kazi == Majukumu ya OVD ni: * Kudumisha na kuboresha miundombinu ya mijini: kujenga, kurekebisha na kuboresha barabara na mifumo ya mifereji ya maji katika maeneo ya mijini. * Utafiti wa kiufundi: kuongoza au kusimamia uchunguzi wa kufafanua, kupanga na kutekeleza kazi za barabara na za mifereji. * Ushauri wa usanifu wa miji: kushiriki kama mshauri wa kiufundi katika utengenezaji wa mipango ya usanifu wa miji. * Msaada kwa miji mikubwa: kuingilia kati katika miji mikubwa inayoomba utaalamu wake kwa ajili ya miradi maalum. == Mafanikio == Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, OVD imefanya miradi mingi ya kuboresha miundombinu ya mijini nchini kote. Miongoni mwa mafanikio makubwa ni: * Kurekebisha barabara za mijini: katika miji kama vile Goma, Bukavu, Uvira na Bunia, OVD ilifanya kazi ya kuboresha, kuboresha na kusafisha barabara za mijini, na hivyo kuboresha uhamaji na mazingira ya maisha ya wakazi. * Miradi maalum ya Kinshasa: katika mji mkuu, OVD ilihusika katika ujenzi na ukarabati wa miundombinu kadhaa ya barabara kuu, ikisaidia kuondoa vizuizi katika baadhi ya vitongoji na kusababisha usafirishaji wa trafiki. Muundo wa OVD unajumuisha: * Baraza la Usimamizi: chombo cha kufanya maamuzi kinachohusika na kuweka mwelekeo wa kimkakati. Halmashauri ya Usimamizi: inasimamia utekelezaji wa maamuzi na usimamizi wa kila siku wa shughuli. * Halmashauri ya Wakaguzi wa Fedha: huhakikisha udhibiti wa kifedha na kufuata kwa shughuli. == Maoni == Chini ya uongozi wa sasa, OVD imeahidi kuendelea na juhudi zake za kuboresha miundombinu ya mijini nchini DRC. Miradi mikubwa ya kuboresha maisha ya raia na kusaidia maendeleo ya kiuchumi yaendelea. Kwa kushirikiana na taasisi zingine na kwa kuhamasisha rasilimali za kitaifa na kimataifa, OVD inataka kuwa na jukumu muhimu katika ujenzi upya na maendeleo endelevu ya miundombinu ya mijini katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] h0bgaa653o4nkc7bjw52shkj13fx670 0 202209 1577819 1500297 2026-07-01T12:14:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Mamlaka ya Njia za Maji''' "RVF" ni kampuni ya serikali ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] inayohusika na usimamizi, matengenezo na maendeleo ya njia za maji za ndani ya nchi. Kwa sababu ya upana wa mfumo wa maji wa Kongo, ambao unajumuisha Mto Kongo na mito yake mingi, RVF ina jukumu muhimu katika usafirishaji wa mto, na hivyo kuwezesha harakati za bidhaa na watu kote nchini. == Historia == Shirika la Barabara za Mto lilianzishwa Desemba 3, 1971, wakati ambapo usafiri wa mto ulikuwa mbadala muhimu kwa miundombinu ya barabara na reli, ambayo mara nyingi ilikuwa na mipaka au haikuwa imejengwa vya kutosha. Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, RVF imepewa jukumu la kuboresha na kuhakikisha uendeshaji wa mfumo wa mto wa nchi hiyo, wakati huo huo kuhakikisha usalama wa watumiaji. == Majukumu na majukumu == RVF inawajibika kwa kazi kadhaa za msingi za kuhakikisha uendeshaji mzuri na maendeleo ya njia za maji nchini DRC: * Utunzaji wa njia za maji: RVF hufanya kazi ya kuchimba, kuweka alama, na kuondoa msongamano wa maji ili kuhakikisha usafiri mzuri na salama. * Maendeleo ya miundombinu: Kampuni inashiriki katika ujenzi, kuboresha na kurekebisha bandari za mto, docks na vifaa vingine vinavyohitajika kwa usafiri wa mto. * Udhibiti na Usalama wa Trafiki ya Mto: Inasimamia usimamizi wa trafiki kwenye njia za maji, ili kuboresha usafiri na kupunguza hatari za ajali. * Kukusanya na kuchanganua takwimu za maji: RVF hufanya uchunguzi na uchunguzi ili kufuatilia viwango vya maji na kutazamia mabadiliko ya majira yanayoweza kuathiri usafiri wa meli. == Mtandao wa mto na miradi mikubwa == Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ina mito yenye urefu wa maelfu ya kilometa. Mtandao huo, ambao unatawaliwa na Mto Kongo, ni muhimu kwa usafiri wa watu na bidhaa, hasa katika maeneo ambayo miundombinu ya barabara haijatengenezwa vizuri. RVF imeanzisha miradi mingi ya kuboresha usafiri wa baharini: * Programu ya kuchimba maji: Kufanya iwezekane kuimarisha njia za usafiri ili kuhakikisha kupita kwa mashua. * Kuweka ishara za kisasa: Kuongeza usalama wa usafiri wa baharini kwa kutumia mifumo bora ya ishara. * Kurekebisha Miundombinu ya Bandari: Kuboresha bandari za mito ili kuboresha biashara na usafiri wa abiria. == Masuala na changamoto == Licha ya umuhimu wake, RVF inakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa: * Uhaba wa fedha: Mara nyingi fedha zinazopatikana ni chache, na hivyo kuzuia utekelezaji wa shughuli za kudumisha na kuboresha. * Vifaa vinavyozeeka: Miundombinu na vifaa vingi vinavyotumiwa vimepitwa na wakati na vinahitaji kubadilishwa haraka. * Hali ya Hewa na Mazingira: Mabadiliko ya kiwango cha maji huathiri usafiri wa meli moja kwa moja, na hivyo ni lazima usimamizi wa hali ya hewa uendelee. * Ushirikiano kati ya taasisi: Usimamizi mzuri wa njia za mito unahitaji ushirikiano wa karibu na mashirika mengine ya kitaifa na ya kimataifa. == Maono na maendeleo ya baadaye == Ili kukabiliana na vikwazo hivyo, VRF ina mipango kadhaa ya maendeleo: * Kuimarisha ushirikiano: Kutafuta ushirikiano na taasisi za kifedha na za kiufundi ili kuboresha uwezo wa usimamizi na utunzaji wa njia za mto. * Usanidi wa vifaa: Ununuzi wa vifaa vya kisasa ili kuboresha ufanisi wa uingiliaji. * Mafunzo na utaalamu wa wafanyakazi: Kuongeza ujuzi wa wafanyakazi ili kuhakikisha usimamizi bora wa miundombinu. * Kuanzisha Sera za Mazingira Zenye Kudumu: Kuunganisha hatua za kiikolojia ili kuhifadhi mazingira ya mito. Régie des voies fluviales inaendelea kuwa sehemu muhimu ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kijamii ya DRC. Kwa kuhakikisha kuwa mito ya maji inaweza kusafirishwa na kwa kuwezesha usafiri wa maji, barabara hiyo inasaidia kuunganisha maeneo na kuendeleza biashara ya ndani na ya kimataifa. Licha ya changamoto zinazokabiliwa, RVF inaendelea kuwa na jukumu muhimu katika kuboresha miundombinu ya mito ya Kongo na kuboresha hali ya usafirishaji kwenye mtandao wa maji nchini humo. == Shirika na utendaji wake == Chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Uchukuzi na Mawasiliano, RVF imepangwa kama ifuatavyo: * Idara ya Usimamizi: Inashughulikia usimamizi wa kiutawala na wa uendeshaji wa kampuni. * Idara za Mkoa: Zimeanzishwa katika mikoa mikubwa ya mto, zinawajibika kwa utekelezaji wa kazi za RVF. * Idara za uhandisi: Hufanya kazi katika maeneo mbalimbali kama vile uhandisi wa mito, usalama wa baharini, na udumishaji wa vifaa. [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] d23rhekioakltpnuzi3oqjoxvrss1yw 0 202228 1577814 1500288 2026-07-01T12:10:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Office national de l'emploi (république démocratique du Congo)]] hadi [[Office national de l'emploi (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo)]]: jina la Kiswahili 1500288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Ajira''' "ONEM" ni shirika la umma linalosimamia na kudhibiti soko la ajira katika nchi kadhaa, hasa Ubelgiji na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC). Jukumu lake kuu ni kukuza ajira, kufuatilia watu wanaotafuta kazi na kuanzisha sera za kupambana na ukosefu wa ajira. == Historia == ONEM ilianzishwa Oktoba 16, 2002, ili kukabiliana na changamoto zinazoongezeka za soko la ajira. Katika Ubelgiji, chanzo chake ni sera za ulinzi wa kijamii zilizoanzishwa katika karne ya 20 ili kuhakikisha mapato kwa watu wasio na kazi. Nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, ONEM ilianzishwa ili kupanga na kupanga mahitaji na utoaji wa ajira katika soko la ajira ili kukabiliana na changamoto za kiuchumi za nchi hiyo. == Majukumu == ONEM hutimiza kazi kadhaa muhimu katika shughuli zake. Majukumu hayo hutofautiana kulingana na nchi ambako ofisi hiyo iko, lakini hutegemea mambo kadhaa ya msingi: === Usimamizi wa misaada ya ukosefu wa ajira === ONEM ina jukumu la kuwapa waombaji wa ajira ambao wanatimiza vigezo vya kustahiki. Pia inachunguza ikiwa wafadhili wanatimiza wajibu wa kisheria na inalinda kampuni dhidi ya ulaghai. === Kuendeleza ajira === Ofisi hiyo ina mipango ya kuimarisha uwezekano wa kupata ajira, hasa kupitia mafunzo, misaada ya kuajiriwa na motisha kwa waajiri wanaowaajiri wafanyakazi walio na matatizo. === Mwongozo na usaidizi kwa wanaotafuta kazi === Huduma za ONEM hutoa msaada wa kibinafsi kwa wanaotafuta kazi ili kuboresha ujuzi wao na uwezekano wao wa kupata kazi. === Ufuatiliaji wa takwimu za soko la ajira === ONEM pia ina jukumu la kukusanya na kuchambua data za soko la ajira. Taarifa hii inaruhusu mamlaka za umma kurekebisha sera zao za ajira. == Shirika na utendaji wake == ONEM inafanya kazi chini ya uangalizi wa wizara ya kazi katika kila nchi ambayo inafanya kazi. Inasimamiwa katika idara na idara maalumu ambazo zinahakikisha utekelezaji wa sera za ajira. === Muundo wa utawala === Kwa kawaida ONEM huundwa na idara kuu pamoja na idara kadhaa zinazohusika na kazi tofauti, kama vile usimamizi wa misaada, ufuatiliaji wa wanaotafuta kazi na udhibiti wa soko la ajira. === Ushirikiano na ushirikiano === Ofisi inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali, ikiwemo makampuni, taasisi za mafunzo na mashirika ya kimataifa ya kazi na ajira. == Changamoto na matarajio == === Changamoto === ONEM inakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa katika kutekeleza majukumu yake20,21. Miongoni mwao ni: * Mabadiliko katika soko la ajira: digitali na kiotomatiki zinabadilisha sifa za ustadi zinazohitajika na waajiri. * Kupambana na ukosefu wa ajira miongoni mwa vijana: ONEM inapaswa kurekebisha programu zake ili kusaidia vijana wenye elimu ya juu na wale wasio na elimu kupata ajira. * Athari za matatizo ya kiuchumi: mabadiliko ya kiuchumi huathiri uwezo wa ONEM kushughulikia kwa ufanisi mahitaji ya wanaotafuta kazi. === Mtazamo === ONEM inaendelea kubadilika, ikijumuisha mikakati inayofaa hali mpya za soko la ajira. Kuboresha msaada kwa wanaotafuta kazi na kuimarisha sera za ajira ni miongoni mwa vipaumbele vyake vikuu. Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Ajira ni mshiriki muhimu katika usimamizi wa soko la ajira. Jukumu lake katika kudhibiti ukosefu wa ajira na kukuza ajira hufanya iwe chombo muhimu cha sera za umma za ajira. Ufanisi wake unategemea uwezo wake wa kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi na kiteknolojia, huku akiwahakikishia wataalamu kwamba wanawasaidia wanaotafuta kazi. [[Jamii:Makala yasiyo na viungo vya ndani]] bpfnevt19j2of8el5583ddedijjmka6 1577816 1577814 2026-07-01T12:11:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Ajira''' "ONEM" ni shirika la umma linalosimamia na kudhibiti soko la ajira katika nchi kadhaa, hasa Ubelgiji na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC). Jukumu lake kuu ni kukuza ajira, kufuatilia watu wanaotafuta kazi na kuanzisha sera za kupambana na ukosefu wa ajira. == Historia == ONEM ilianzishwa Oktoba 16, 2002, ili kukabiliana na changamoto zinazoongezeka za soko la ajira. Katika Ubelgiji, chanzo chake ni sera za ulinzi wa kijamii zilizoanzishwa katika karne ya 20 ili kuhakikisha mapato kwa watu wasio na kazi. Nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, ONEM ilianzishwa ili kupanga na kupanga mahitaji na utoaji wa ajira katika soko la ajira ili kukabiliana na changamoto za kiuchumi za nchi hiyo. == Majukumu == ONEM hutimiza kazi kadhaa muhimu katika shughuli zake. Majukumu hayo hutofautiana kulingana na nchi ambako ofisi hiyo iko, lakini hutegemea mambo kadhaa ya msingi: === Usimamizi wa misaada ya ukosefu wa ajira === ONEM ina jukumu la kuwapa waombaji wa ajira ambao wanatimiza vigezo vya kustahiki. Pia inachunguza ikiwa wafadhili wanatimiza wajibu wa kisheria na inalinda kampuni dhidi ya ulaghai. === Kuendeleza ajira === Ofisi hiyo ina mipango ya kuimarisha uwezekano wa kupata ajira, hasa kupitia mafunzo, misaada ya kuajiriwa na motisha kwa waajiri wanaowaajiri wafanyakazi walio na matatizo. === Mwongozo na usaidizi kwa wanaotafuta kazi === Huduma za ONEM hutoa msaada wa kibinafsi kwa wanaotafuta kazi ili kuboresha ujuzi wao na uwezekano wao wa kupata kazi. === Ufuatiliaji wa takwimu za soko la ajira === ONEM pia ina jukumu la kukusanya na kuchambua data za soko la ajira. Taarifa hii inaruhusu mamlaka za umma kurekebisha sera zao za ajira. == Shirika na utendaji wake == ONEM inafanya kazi chini ya uangalizi wa wizara ya kazi katika kila nchi ambayo inafanya kazi. Inasimamiwa katika idara na idara maalumu ambazo zinahakikisha utekelezaji wa sera za ajira. === Muundo wa utawala === Kwa kawaida ONEM huundwa na idara kuu pamoja na idara kadhaa zinazohusika na kazi tofauti, kama vile usimamizi wa misaada, ufuatiliaji wa wanaotafuta kazi na udhibiti wa soko la ajira. === Ushirikiano na ushirikiano === Ofisi inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali, ikiwemo makampuni, taasisi za mafunzo na mashirika ya kimataifa ya kazi na ajira. == Changamoto na matarajio == === Changamoto === ONEM inakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa katika kutekeleza majukumu yake20,21. Miongoni mwao ni: * Mabadiliko katika soko la ajira: digitali na kiotomatiki zinabadilisha sifa za ustadi zinazohitajika na waajiri. * Kupambana na ukosefu wa ajira miongoni mwa vijana: ONEM inapaswa kurekebisha programu zake ili kusaidia vijana wenye elimu ya juu na wale wasio na elimu kupata ajira. * Athari za matatizo ya kiuchumi: mabadiliko ya kiuchumi huathiri uwezo wa ONEM kushughulikia kwa ufanisi mahitaji ya wanaotafuta kazi. === Mtazamo === ONEM inaendelea kubadilika, ikijumuisha mikakati inayofaa hali mpya za soko la ajira. Kuboresha msaada kwa wanaotafuta kazi na kuimarisha sera za ajira ni miongoni mwa vipaumbele vyake vikuu. Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Ajira ni mshiriki muhimu katika usimamizi wa soko la ajira. Jukumu lake katika kudhibiti ukosefu wa ajira na kukuza ajira hufanya iwe chombo muhimu cha sera za umma za ajira. Ufanisi wake unategemea uwezo wake wa kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi na kiteknolojia, huku akiwahakikishia wataalamu kwamba wanawasaidia wanaotafuta kazi. [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 2erdsfl9n9y86g0pbnkup52sbe9h09p 0 202298 1577817 1500289 2026-07-01T12:11:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Utambulisho wa Idadi ya Watu''' "ONIP" ni taasisi ya umma ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] inayohusika na utambulisho wa utaratibu na wa kweli wa idadi ya watu wa Kongo, ndani na nje ya nchi. Ilianzishwa ili kukomesha ukosefu wa kadi za kitambulisho za kitaifa kwa muda mrefu, ONIP inakusudia kutoa hati rasmi salama za utambulisho na utaifa wa raia wa Kongo. == Historia == Kwa karibu miaka arobaini, raia wa Kongo hawakuwa na vitambulisho halali vya kitaifa. Jaribio la mwisho lilifanywa mwaka 1984 chini ya utawala wa Marshal Mobutu, ambapo mpango wa kutoa kadi za utambulisho ulianzishwa, lakini ulizuiliwa katika maeneo fulani ya Kinshasa, na kuacha idadi kubwa ya watu bila hati rasmi. Hali hii imesababisha matumizi ya hati mbalimbali kama vile kadi za wapiga kura au vyeti vya upotezaji ili kuthibitisha utambulisho. Serikali ilipogundua kasoro hiyo, ilianzisha marekebisho ili kuanzisha mfumo wa utambulisho wa kuaminika na salama. == Majukumu na majukumu == Kazi kuu za ONIP ni pamoja na: * Utambulisho wa idadi ya watu wa Kongo: Usajili wa utaratibu wa raia wanaoishi nchini DRC na nje ya nchi, kwa kukusanya data ya wasifu na biometriska ili kuunda faili ya jumla ya idadi ya watu. * Kutengwa kwa nambari ya kitambulisho cha kitaifa (NNI): Kila mtu aliyesajiliwa anapewa NNI ya kipekee, ikifanya iwe rahisi kumtambua katika mifumo ya kiutawala na kuimarisha vita dhidi ya ulaghai wa kitambulisho. * Utoaji wa kadi ya kitambulisho ya kitaifa: Uzalishaji na usambazaji wa kadi za kitambulisho salama, zinazojumuisha teknolojia za kisasa ili kuhakikisha uhalisi na kudumu. * Usimamizi wa rekodi ya jumla ya idadi ya watu (FGP): Utaratibu wa kuendelea wa habari kuhusu utambulisho wa watu binafsi, kwa kushirikiana na idara za usajili wa raia na taasisi nyingine zinazohusika. == Mfumo wa kisheria == Uendeshaji wa ONIP unadhibitiwa na sheria kadhaa, haswa Amri No 22/07 ya Machi 2, 2022 ya kuunda faili ya jumla ya idadi ya watu nchini DRC. Amri hiyo inasema kuwa ONIP inawajibika kwa uundaji na usimamizi wa FGP, ambayo inakusanya habari za wasifu na biometriska za raia na wakaazi wa kigeni nchini DRC. FGP imeundwa kuwa hifadhidata ya kumbukumbu, kuhakikisha usahihi wa habari na kuwezesha kubadilishana kati ya idara tofauti. == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo Juni 30, 2023, kuadhimisha miaka 63 ya uhuru wa DRC, Rais Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo alipokea kadi mpya ya kwanza ya kitambulisho cha kitaifa, ikiashiria uzinduzi rasmi wa operesheni ya utoaji na ONIP. Sherehe hiyo, iliyofanywa kwenye uwanja wa Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani, ilikuwa hatua muhimu katika kuanzishwa kwa mfumo wa kitaifa wa utambulisho. Kadi mpya ya kitambulisho cha kitaifa imeundwa na vipengele vya usalama vya hali ya juu, ikiwa ni pamoja na matumizi ya polycarbonate kwa ajili ya kudumu zaidi, ushirikiano wa data za biometriska, na vipengele vya kuona kama vile chui, bendera na nyota, alama za kitaifa za DRC. Vitu hivyo vinakusudiwa kuzuia udanganyifu na kuhakikisha utambulisho wa urahisi na wa kuaminika wa raia. == Maoni == ONIP ina mpango wa kupanua hatua kwa hatua utoaji wa kadi za kitambulisho kwa watu wote wa Kongo, kuanzia na watu mashuhuri ambao utambulisho wao hauwezi kukanushwa, na kisha kupanuliwa kwa raia wote. Mpango huo unalenga kuimarisha usalama wa taifa, kurahisisha taratibu za kiutawala, na kuhakikisha wananchi wana njia rasmi na salama ya kuthibitisha utambulisho wao. Kuanzishwa kwa rekodi ya jumla ya idadi ya watu pia kutawezesha mipango bora ya sera za umma na usimamizi mzuri zaidi wa rasilimali. Kwa kumalizia, Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Kitambulisho cha Wananchi ina jukumu muhimu katika kuboresha usimamizi wa umma nchini DRC, kwa kuwapa raia uthibitisho wa kitambulisho wa kuaminika na kusaidia katika shughuli na mwingiliano salama katika jamii ya Kongo. [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 7ljoif9869ye6uksoq1ngt5oqmljhk5 0 202334 1577812 1500286 2026-07-01T12:09:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofisi ya Njia za Huduma za Kilimo''' (OVDA) ni taasisi ya serikali ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] inayohusika na ujenzi, ukarabati na udumishaji wa miundombinu ya usafirishaji inayounganisha maeneo ya uzalishaji wa kilimo na vituo vya matumizi. Barabara hizo huchangia sana ukuzi wa idadi ya watu vijijini, kusafirisha bidhaa za kilimo, na kuendeleza uchumi wa nchi. == Makala iliyotangulia == Ofisi ya Barabara za Kilimo (OVDA) inahusika na kujenga, kuboresha na kudumisha barabara na mito ili kuwezesha biashara kati ya maeneo ya kilimo na maeneo ya biashara. Mabadiliko ya taasisi yanaonyesha umuhimu wa maendeleo ya ndani na kuboresha maisha ya watu wa ndani: * 1987: Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Barabara za Huduma za Kilimo ilianzishwa na Amri ya Idara ya 87/002 ya Januari 21, 1987, chini ya uongozi wa Kamishna wa Jimbo Mokonda Bonza. * 1995: Ili kufadhili mradi huo, Waziri Timothée Katanga Mukumadi Yamutumba alitoa amri namba 006/CAB/MENIPME/01/95 ya Machi 8, 1995, ambayo ilibadilisha mfumo wa kugawa ushuru na kodi ya bidhaa za mafuta. * 1998: Idara hii ilipangwa upya kuwa Idara ya Barabara za Huduma za Kilimo (DVDA) na Sheria No. 003/CAB/MIN/AGRI.EL/98 ya Mei 20, 1998, chini ya uongozi wa Waziri Mawampanga Mwana Nanga. Siku moja baadaye, Amri ya Wizara No. 004/CAB/MIN/AGRI.EL/98 ya Mei 21, 1998 ilifafanua muundo na utendaji wa DVDA. * 2020: Ili kukidhi mahitaji ya washirika wa kiufundi na kifedha kuhusu utu wa kisheria, Waziri Mkuu Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba alichapisha Amri No. 20/008 ya Aprili 1, 2020, ikianzisha OVDA kama taasisi ya umma ya kiufundi, na utu wa kisheria na uhuru wa kifedha na usimamizi. == Majukumu na majukumu == Shughuli kuu za OVDA ni: # Kujenga, kurekebisha na kudumisha barabara muhimu kwa maisha ya jamii: Kufanya barabara zinazounganisha vijiji na miji mikubwa kuwa mahali pazuri zaidi pa kuishi. # Kurekebisha na kuhifadhi mito ya maji ambayo ni muhimu kwa jamii: Kuwategemeza watu na mali kupitia maji. # Kuimarisha ushirikiano: Kuimarisha ushirikiano kati ya mamlaka za serikali, wafadhili na wataalamu wa ujenzi ili kuboresha ubora wa huduma za msingi. # Mafunzo na ushauri kwa Halmashauri za Uhifadhi na Matengenezo ya Majengo (CLER): Kuimarisha uwezo wa jamii za mitaa katika kudumisha majengo ya msingi. # Kukuza mazoea mazuri ya matumizi ya mtandao: kutoa mafunzo kwa watumiaji kuhusu utunzaji wa miundombinu. === Mwezi Mwekundu === OVDA inawajibika kwa mtandao mkubwa wa: * Barabara kuu: Kati ya barabara za kitaifa zenye urefu wa kilometa 154,986, kilometa 87,300 ni barabara kuu, na kilometa 56,585 ni barabara muhimu. * Mito ya maji ya kilimo: 11 284 km kati ya 17 000 km za mito ya maji ya kitaifa. * Viwanja vya ndege: Viwanja vya ndege vilivyo katika maeneo ya mashambani yaliyo meta 800 hadi 1,000 juu ya usawa wa bahari ili kuwezesha usafiri wa ndege. == Matukio ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo Oktoba 2024, OVDA ilianzisha ukarabati wa kilomita 419 za barabara za kilimo katika Wilaya ya Tshopo, kwa ufadhili wa Mfuko wa Kitaifa wa Matengenezo ya Barabara (FONER). Mradi huo unaotumia teknolojia ya HIMO (Human-Multiple-Operation) unalenga kuwaweka watu huru kutoka katika maeneo ya misitu na kuwasaidia wafanyakazi wa misitu kupata masoko salama. Mnamo Juni 2024, OVDA ilipokea magari ya kibiashara, pamoja na magari ya 6x6 ya barabara, yaliyotengenezwa kwa miundombinu ya vijijini ya DRC. Ununuzi huo, uliofanywa kwa ushirikiano na kampuni ya Zahira SARL, una lengo la kuimarisha uwezo wa Ovda katika shughuli zake za maendeleo ya misitu. == Shirika na Serikali == OVDA imepangwa kutekeleza majukumu yake: Mahali: Ofisi ya wilaya ya Kinshasa. * Halmashauri ya Usimamizi: Chama kinachofanya maamuzi na kuongoza miradi ya Ofisi. * Idara ya Usimamizi: Inasimamia utekelezaji wa sera na shughuli, chini ya uongozi wa Mkurugenzi Mkuu Cléophas Badiashile Katumba. == Maoni == OVDA inatarajia kuendelea na jitihada zake za kupunguza idadi ya watu vijijini, kuboresha usafiri, na kuchochea maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Kupitia ushirikiano wa karibu na utawala bora, BOKO inatarajia kuwa na jukumu muhimu katika mabadiliko ya taasisi za umma nchini DRC. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] of10r7bemj6j15l876qehnjqav767vm 4 208508 1577844 1577766 2026-07-01T14:47:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 609 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2837 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1268 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 984 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 575 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1814 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 309 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 564 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34947 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30052 || ↑ +0.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2837 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1814 || ↑ +1696.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1268 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +57.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 721 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 609 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 575 || ↑ +10.6% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 564 || ↑ +196.8% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 502 || ↓ -35.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} r4v8dny6q7eyiy2dm5j332a8xr07y3y 1577845 1577844 2026-07-01T14:49:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 609 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2837 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1268 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 984 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 575 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1814 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 309 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 564 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34947 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30052 || ↑ +0.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2837 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1814 || ↑ +1696.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1268 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +57.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 721 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 609 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 575 || ↑ +10.6% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 564 || ↑ +196.8% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 502 || ↓ -35.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} r44uahnmfcumyejnjk1vkyqe9hayphr 1577873 1577845 2026-07-01T20:03:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 609 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2837 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1268 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 984 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 575 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1814 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 309 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 564 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34947 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30052 || ↑ +0.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2837 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1814 || ↑ +1696.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1268 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +57.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 721 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 609 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 575 || ↑ +10.6% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 564 || ↑ +196.8% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 502 || ↓ -35.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 9.0% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} edocz9xc8zq299hg4ayjtemc2wrb5ej 1577874 1577873 2026-07-01T20:04:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 609 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2837 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1268 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 984 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 575 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1814 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 309 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 564 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30052 || ↑ +0.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2837 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1814 || ↑ +1696.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1268 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +57.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 721 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 609 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 575 || ↑ +10.6% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 564 || ↑ +196.8% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 502 || ↓ -35.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} c87emvc4lui87vxfmvbwmx9m3xvg4v6 1577882 1577874 2026-07-02T03:58:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30052 || ↑ +0.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2837 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1814 || ↑ +1696.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1268 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +57.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 721 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 609 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 575 || ↑ +10.6% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 564 || ↑ +196.8% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 502 || ↓ -35.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} ka8x65abp15lych82sp5p2asj0d8497 1577883 1577882 2026-07-02T04:05:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 12998 || ↑ +15.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 75.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1824 || ↑ +1670.9% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1271 || ↑ +14.4% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 708 || ↓ -5.5% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +56.4% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 588 || ↑ +16.7% |- | 6 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 7 || [[Irani]] || 442 || ↓ -59.3% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 419 || ↓ -14.8% |- | 9 || [[Singapuri]] || 382 || ↑ +253.7% |- | 10 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 318 || ↑ +200.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} gimkhp1qbg1fpo21b8p62sks4wf73ug 1577886 1577883 2026-07-02T05:51:02Z Gayle157 73366 1577886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 12998 || ↑ +15.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 75.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1824 || ↑ +1670.9% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1271 || ↑ +14.4% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 708 || ↓ -5.5% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +56.4% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 588 || ↑ +16.7% |- | 6 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 7 || [[Irani]] || 442 || ↓ -59.3% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 419 || ↓ -14.8% |- | 9 || [[Singapuri]] || 382 || ↑ +253.7% |- | 10 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 318 || ↑ +200.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 5yg2ke2iddluqb2kuq8qn1uoj5p1431 1577887 1577886 2026-07-02T05:51:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27004 || ↑ +4.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 157.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2827 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1824 || ↑ +1670.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1271 || ↑ +14.4% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 783 || ↑ +58.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 708 || ↓ -5.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 617 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +56.4% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 588 || ↑ +16.7% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 511 || ↓ -33.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +14.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} mpl5iwoda322wfcsre9cmu0rc9embd7 1577888 1577887 2026-07-02T05:52:07Z Gayle157 73366 1577888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27004 || ↑ +4.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 157.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2827 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1824 || ↑ +1670.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1271 || ↑ +14.4% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 783 || ↑ +58.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 708 || ↓ -5.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 617 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +56.4% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 588 || ↑ +16.7% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 511 || ↓ -33.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +14.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} i8qm9sr5ur27gy4t6cyhknbm3cz79ji 1577889 1577888 2026-07-02T05:53:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 651 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27004 || ↑ +4.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 157.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2827 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1824 || ↑ +1670.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1271 || ↑ +14.4% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 783 || ↑ +58.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 708 || ↓ -5.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 617 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +56.4% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 588 || ↑ +16.7% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 511 || ↓ -33.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +14.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} msvyst5u5zmweyo12el7a31j055foz7 1577894 1577889 2026-07-02T09:21:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1577894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 651 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34949 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27004 || ↑ +4.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 157.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2827 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1824 || ↑ +1670.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1271 || ↑ +14.4% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 783 || ↑ +58.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 708 || ↓ -5.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 617 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +56.4% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 588 || ↑ +16.7% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 511 || ↓ -33.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +14.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 126 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} jcf8bhqm3xnz1lcla7clgbk5dthq319 1577895 1577894 2026-07-02T09:24:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1577895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 60 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 651 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 741 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2898 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1304 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 968 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 588 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 783 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 419 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 511 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 416 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1824 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 308 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 563 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34950 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30222 || ↑ +1.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2827 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1824 || ↑ +1670.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1271 || ↑ +14.4% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 783 || ↑ +58.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 708 || ↓ -5.5% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 617 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 602 || ↑ +56.4% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 588 || ↑ +16.7% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 563 || ↑ +202.7% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 511 || ↓ -33.7% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 629 || 44.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 25.2% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 127 || 8.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- |} 8h1c42u0eu8vviqrqef8fa3bboscb4f 0 213925 1577811 1500281 2026-07-01T12:07:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Metaverse''' ni [[dhana]] ya ulimwengu wa [[dijiti|kidijiti]] unaounganisha teknolojia za 3D, mtandao, na hisia za kielektroniki ili kuunda mazingira ya kushirikiana, kucheza, na kufanya biashara kwa wakati mmoja. Dhana hii imezaliwa kutokana na mchanganyiko wa teknolojia za kompyuta, akili bandia, na mitandao ya kijamii.<ref>Stephenson, N. Snow Crash. New York: Bantam Books, 1992</ref> == Asili == Asili ya neno "Metaverse" ilitokana na [[riwaya]] ya kisaikolojia ya Neal Stephenson ya mwaka 1992. Hata hivyo, maendeleo ya kisasa yamejikita kwenye uwezekano wa mitandao yenye uchangamano mkubwa, virtual reality (VR), na augmented reality (AR).<ref>Dionisio, J., Burns, W., & Gilbert, R. 3D Virtual Worlds and the Metaverse: Current Status and Future Possibilities. ACM Computing Surveys, 2013</ref> Teknolojia hizi zinawawezesha watumiaji kuingiliana na mazingira ya kidijitali kwa namna ya moja kwa moja na ya kipekee. == Matumizi == Metaverse inatumika katika michezo ya video, mafunzo ya kitaaluma, biashara ya mtandaoni, na mikutano ya kikazi. Inaleta fursa mpya za kiuchumi kupitia mali za kidijitali, biashara za NFT, na miamala ya blockchain. <ref>Lee, L. The Metaverse: And How It Will Revolutionize Everything. New York: Harper Business, 2021</ref>Aidha, inachangia kuendeleza ubunifu wa kijamii na kuunda jamii za mtandaoni zisizo na mipaka ya kijiografia. == Changamoto == Pamoja na fursa, Metaverse pia inaleta changamoto kubwa: faragha, usalama wa data, uraibu wa kidijitali, na masuala ya kisheria kuhusu mali na utambulisho. <ref>Ball, M. The Metaverse: What It Is, Where to Find it, Who Will Build It, and Fortnite. London: Bloomsbury, 2022</ref>Wataalamu wanahimiza sera madhubuti za kulinda watumiaji na kuhakikisha teknolojia inatumika kwa manufaa ya jamii. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] 3ii1j2uxkk2rvvxbwmmqri17fn5tfpd 0 214572 1577853 1457385 2026-07-01T15:12:23Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Mradi wa Milenia]] to [[The Millennial Project]] 1577853 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Millennial Project]] rzo14fw11gbpr6r3mmxjfjd34q8cr57 0 215803 1577838 1562217 2026-07-01T12:39:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dieudonné "Dieumerci" Mbokani Bezua''' (alizaliwa [[22 Novemba]] [[1985]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], akiichezea nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]]. Amewahi kuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya DR Congo. Mbokani ameichezea klabu kadhaa katika taaluma yake, zikiwemo [[TP Mazembe]], Anderlecht, [[VfL Wolfsburg]], [[Monaco]], Standard Liège, Norwich City, Hull City, Dynamo Kyiv, Al-Kuwait, na Beveren.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mbokani moves to Monaco|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/8894662.stm|work=BBC Sport|access-date=11 January 2011|date=7 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2010/09/22/2130324/dieumerci-mbokani-claims-he-turned-down-liverpool-to-join|title=Dieumerci Mbokani claims he turned down Liverpool to join Monaco|publisher=Goal.com|date=22 September 2010|access-date=4 August 2019|first=Adithya|last=Ananth}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] h0r0dvyz7mrpof4z3dlyrs8s9687umj 0 215806 1577837 1560056 2026-07-01T12:38:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Thievy Bifouma (Reims).JPG|thumb|Thievy Bifouma]] '''Thievy Guivane Bifouma Koulossa''' (alizaliwa [[13 Mei]] [[1992]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu anayechukua nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]]. Hivi sasa anachezea Persepolis katika Ligi ya Kitaifa ya [[Ghuba]] ya [[Uajemi]] (Persian Gulf Pro League). Bifouma alitumia sehemu kubwa ya mwanzo wa taaluma yake nchini [[Hispania]], ambapo alicheza mechi 68 za La Liga na kufunga mabao 8 kwa klabu za [[Espanyol]], [[Almería]], na [[Granada]], pamoja na msimu mmoja akiwa mkopeshwa kwa Las Palmas katika Segunda División. Pia alicheza kwa muda mfupi nchini [[Uingereza]] na [[West Bromwich Albion]], [[Ufaransa]] katika klabu za [[Reims]] na [[Bastia]], na Süper Lig ya [[Uturuki]] katika klabu nne tofauti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/302188?cc=5739|title=Alonso and Verdu fire Espanyol|publisher=[[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]]|date=13 March 2011|access-date=23 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026133553/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/302188?cc=5739|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Ingawa alizaliwa Ufaransa na kuwakilisha timu za vijana za taifa hilo, Bifouma alifanya debute yake ya kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo]] mwaka [[2014]]. Alishiriki katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika [[2015]], ambapo alishirikiana kuwa mfungaji bora wa timu yake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/archives/il-ne-faut-pas-avoir-peur-10-12-2014-4361361.php|title="Il ne faut pas avoir peur"|trans-title="There's no need to be afraid"|newspaper=[[Le Parisien]]|language=fr|date=10 December 2014|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rtl.be/art/sport/football/football-etranger/thierry-bifouma-l-homme-qui-a-mis-un-triple-au-barca-video--546551.aspx|title=Thierry Bifouma, l'homme qui a mis un triplé au Barça! (vidéo)|trans-title=Thierry Bifouma, the man who put three past Barça! (video)|publisher=[[RTL Group]]|language=fr|date=11 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ry5mcogblqfyh3hjlfl0mlbpdbep06m 0 219402 1577835 1547909 2026-07-01T12:36:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Barrage d'eau sur la Rivière Ndjili.jpg|vignette|thumb|300px|''Bwawa la ulaji wa maji kwenye Mto N'djili huko ([[Kinshasa]], Desemba 2025)]] '''Bwawa la Ndjili''' lina jukumu muhimu sana katika usambazaji wa [[maji]] [[Maji salama|ya kunywa]] katika jimbo la [[jiji]] la [[Kinshasa]]. Ni kiwanda kikubwa zaidi cha kutibu maji katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na Kinshasa, chenye uwezo mkubwa wa usambazaji maji unaokadiriwa kuwa takriban 220,000 m³ kwa siku, hivyo kukidhi sehemu kubwa ya mahitaji ya maji ya wakazi wa jiji na [[mji mkuu]], [[Kinshasa]].<ref name ="nana1">''fr : https://fr.scribd.com/document/849371220/TdR-ETude-Nouveau-Captage-Usine-de-Ndjili-1, Consulté 27 Décembre 2025</ref>{{,}}<ref name ="adam3">''fr : https://www.memoireonline.com/11/13/8017/m_Etude-systemique-du-bassin-versant-de-la-riviere-N-Djili--Kinshasa47.html, Etude systemique du bassin versant de la riviere N'Djili,Consulté le 27 Décembre 2025</ref>. == Changamoto na Masuala Makuu == * Mto N'Djili unakumbwa na uchafuzi mkubwa wa mazingira, mara nyingi kutokana na mbinu za kilimo, usimamizi duni wa taka, mbolea za kemikali, na utupaji ovyo, ambayo yote yanachangia uharibifu wa ubora wa maji. Hali hii inaathiri moja kwa moja matibabu na usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa katika jiji la Kinshasa<ref name= "adam2">''fr : https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/pnue_problematique_de_l_eau_en_republique_democratique_du_congo_2011.pdf, RDC:Rapport Technique sur la problématique de l’Eau en [[République Démocratique du Congo]]; Défis et Opportunités, Publié en Janvier 2011, Consulté le=27 Décembre 2025}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name = "adam4">''fr : https://kilalopress.net/actualites/rdc-la-riviere-ndjili-une-source-de-vie-menacee-par-la-pollution-invisible-de-kinshasa/, RDC:la rivière n'djili une source de vie menacée par la pollution invisible de Kinshasa, Consulté le 27 Décembre 2025</ref> * Mafuriko ya mara kwa mara, yanayochangiwa na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na usimamizi duni wa taka, huleta matatizo makubwa yanayoweza kuharibu miundombinu na kuvuruga uendeshaji wa mtambo wa kutibu.<ref name= "adam2" />{{,}}<ref name = "adam4" />. * Mmomonyoko wa udongo na ukataji miti katika maeneo yanayozunguka hupelekea uharibifu wa makazi na miundombinu, hivyo kutatiza utunzaji wa mazizi na, zaidi ya yote, ugavi bora wa maji.<ref name = "adam3" />. * Uwezo wa matibabu: Ingawa jitihada zimefanywa ili kuongeza uwezo wa kiwanda ili kukidhi mahitaji ya maji ya kunywa, kuna upungufu wa uzalishaji ambao unapaswa kushughulikiwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya wakazi.<ref name = "adam5">''fr : https://acp.cd/economie/visite-dinspection-des-stations-de-captage-et-traitement-deau-potable-a-lemba-imbu-et-ndjili/, Visite d’inspection des stations de captage et traitement d’eau potable à Lemba Imbu et N’djili, Consulté le 27 Décembre 2025</ref>. * Udhibiti duni wa taka katika jiji la Kinshasa unachangia uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji na kutatiza kazi ya mamlaka katika kuhakikisha usambazaji wa maji bora ya kunywa, kwani mafuriko hutokea mara kwa mara wakati wa mafuriko.<ref name = "adam6">''fr : https://acp.cd/urbain/inondations-a-kinshasa-la-regularisation-du-lit-de-la-riviere-ndjili-recommandee/, Inondations à Kinshasa : la régularisation du lit de la rivière N’djili recommandée, Publié le 09 Avril 2025, Consulté le 27 Décembre 2025</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] av16zlmmaz8iicbdgppfh24wfysfgln 0 219889 1577834 1530279 2026-07-01T12:30:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taka za sokoni katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' unarejelea takataka zote zinazozalishwa katika soko la umma na la binafsi, zikiwa ni pamoja na taka za kikaboni, plastiki, karatasi, vifungashio na takataka nyinginezo. Uchafu huo unaleta changamoto kubwa ya kimazingira na kiafya katika maeneo ya mijini ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kutokana na ukosefu wa mifumo bora ya usimamizi, ukusanyaji na matibabu<ref name=":0">"Goma: le Conseil de la Jeunesse alerte sur la problématique d'évacuation des déchets dans les marchés publics", [https://laprunellerdc.cd/goma-le-conseil-de-la-jeunesse-alerte-sur-la-problematique-devacuation-des-dechets-dans-les-marches-publics/, La Prunelle RDC, 2022-05-03, consulté en 2026-01-04]</ref><ref name=":1">"GESTION DES IMMONDICES DANS LES MARCHÉS MUNICIPAUX DE LA VILLE DE KISANGANI. « CAS DES MARCHÉS MUNICIPAUX DES COMMUNES TSHOPO, MAKISO ET MANGOBO", IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, [https://ijrdo.org/index.php/sshr/article/view/5789 consulté en 2026-01-04]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Asili ya Taka == Katika masoko ya Kongo, sehemu kubwa ya taka ni ya kikaboni, inayotokana na uuzaji wa bidhaa zinazoharibika kama vile matunda, mboga mboga, nyama na samaki. Utafiti uliofanywa katika soko la Mfidi mjini Kinshasa ulionyesha kuwa sehemu za kikaboni ziliwakilisha karibu 59.5% ya taka zote zinazozalishwa, ikifuatiwa na kadibodi, plastiki, na metali<ref name=":3">"Récupération durable des déchets organiques urbains : étude de cas sur le compostage des déchets du marché Mfidi à Kinshasa, République démocratique du Congo", [https://journalajee.com/index.php/AJEE/article/view/480?, 2023, consulté le 04 janvier 2026</ref>. == Matatizo ya Usimamizi == Udhibiti wa taka katika masoko bado hautoshi kwa kiasi kikubwa nchini DRC. Katika masoko mengi ya manispaa, kama yale ya Kisangani, kukosekana kwa sera thabiti ya usafi wa mazingira, utenganishaji wa taka zinazoweza kuoza na zisizoweza kuharibika, na vifaa vinavyofaa vya kukusanya huwaweka wafanyabiashara na watumiaji kwenye hatari za kimazingira na kiafya<ref name=":1" />. Katika jiji la Goma, mashirika ya ndani yameibua wasiwasi kuhusu utupaji taka usiotosheleza katika masoko kadhaa ya umma, na hivyo kuongeza tishio la magonjwa yanayotokana na maji na hatari nyingine za afya ya umma.<ref name=":0" /> Katika jimbo la Kongo-Kati, wachuuzi katika soko la Damar huko Matadi wamekosolewa kwa usimamizi mbaya wa taka, na hivyo kuchangia mlundikano wa taka barabarani na katika vijia vya soko. == Masuala ya Afya na Mazingira == Ukosefu wa mfumo madhubuti wa utupaji taka katika masoko huendeleza mrundikano wa takataka, ambayo huvutia wadudu, hutoa harufu mbaya, na inaweza kuchafua maji na udongo unaozunguka. Hali hizi zinahusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya magonjwa, hasa magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yale yanayoenezwa na wadudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Juhudi za Mitaa na Majibu == Baadhi ya tafiti na mipango imegundua suluhu endelevu kama vile kutengeneza takataka za kikaboni ili kuboresha rutuba ya udongo, hasa katika maeneo makubwa ya mijini kama Kinshasa. Mbinu hizi ni sehemu ya mkakati jumuishi wa usimamizi wa taka ngumu.<ref name=":3" /> == Changamoto za Kitaasisi == Masoko ya Kongo yanakabiliwa na kushindwa kwa kitaasisi kuhusu usimamizi wa taka. Katika miji kama Butembo, taka hurundikana katika masoko yasiyo rasmi kutokana na kukosekana kwa huduma maalum za usafi wa mazingira, na hivyo kuonyesha ukosefu wa miundombinu na uratibu kati ya mamlaka za mitaa na wafanyabiashara<ref>"RDC-Butembo : des marchés publics à l’épreuve écologique, entre urgence sanitaire et défaillance institutionnelle", [https://www.reji-rdc.org/2024/07/21/382/, REJI-RDC, 2024-07-21, consulté en 2026-01-04]</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] trvwo5jhi5m4leqg9ewrs6untshokhw 0 221324 1577877 1525013 2026-07-01T22:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel Arase Efeimwonkiyeke''' <ref>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201108190576.html|title=Sam Loco Efeeimwonkiyeke - 1945-2011 - Exit of an Exceptional Thespian|newspaper=[[Leadership (Nigeria)|Leadership]] |via=[[AllAfrica.com]] |date=17 August 2011 |accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> (alizaliwa [[25 Desemba]] [[1939]] - alifariki [[7 Agosti]] [[2011]]), aliyejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii Sam Loco Efe, alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Nigeria]], mtayarishaji wa filamu na [[mwongozaji wa filamu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/sam-loco-efe-how-he-died-his-unfulfilled-dream/ | title=Sam Loco Efe: How he died, his unfulfilled dream | date=8 August 2011 | publisher=vanguardngr.com | accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/17841/3/after-fathers-burial-sam-locos-eldest-sonnow-lives.html | title=AFTER FATHER'S BURIAL SAM LOCO'S ELDEST SON,NOW LIVES LARGE IN BENIN CITY. | publisher=modernghana.com | accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://arisenigeria.org/peoples-news/252-popular-actor-sam-loco-efe-dies-at-73 | title=Popular actor, Sam Loco Efe, dies at 73 | publisher=arisenigeria.org | accessdate=17 August 2014 | archive-date=2014-08-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090326/http://arisenigeria.org/peoples-news/252-popular-actor-sam-loco-efe-dies-at-73 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ | title=Swapping Sam Loco with Zebrudaya for comedy sake | publisher=punchng.com | access-date=17 August 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425041622/http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ | archive-date=25 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://saharareporters.com/2011/08/07/sam-loco-veteran-nollywood-actor-and-comedian-dies | title=Sam Loco, Veteran Nollywood Actor And Comedian Dies | date=7 August 2011 | publisher=saharareporters.com | accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://saharareporters.com/2011/08/07/actors-guild-confirms-sam-locos-death | title=Actors Guild Confirms Sam Loco's Death | date=7 August 2011 | publisher=saharareporters.com | accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-08|title=Remembering Nollywood legend, Sam Loco, nine years on|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/407492-remembering-nollywood-legend-sam-loco-nine-years-on.html|access-date=2020-10-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011 ]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji Filamu wa Nigeria]] 2kj7yy0uy9w5l1qsc9txgz8zaw7g0cl 0 226316 1577826 1503285 2026-07-01T12:23:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Kiafrika (IAI)''' (ilianzishwa kama Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Lugha na Tamaduni za Kiafrika - IIALC) mnamo mwaka 1926 huko [[London]] kwa ajili ya uchunguzi wa lugha, jamii, historia, na utamaduni wa [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.internationalafricaninstitute.org/</ref> Frederick Lugard alikuwa mwenyekiti wa kwanza (1926 hadi kifo chake mwaka 1945); Diedrich Hermann Westermann (1926 hadi 1939) na Maurice Delafosse (1926) walikuwa wakurugenzi-wenza wa awali.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Ef3NpQKyUC&dq=International+Institute+of+African+Languages+and+Cultures&pg=PA171</ref> Tangu mwaka 1928, IAI imechapisha jarida la kila robo mwaka, Afrika. Machapisho ya ziada ni pamoja na ''Journal of African Cultural Studies'', ''African Bibliography'', ''Research'' and ''Documentation'', African Hoja mfululizo, International African Library, na Readings katika mfululizo. Kwa miaka kadhaa katika miaka ya 1950 hadi 1970, mhariri msaidizi alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya Barbara Pym. Mnamo mwaka 1946, mtaalam wa ethnolojia wa Italia Vinigi Grottanelli alijiunga na Halmashauri Kuu, na akabaki mshiriki hadi 1968. Dhamira ya IAI ni "kukuza elimu ya umma katika masomo ya Afrika na lugha na tamaduni zake". Shughuli zake ni pamoja na semina, majarida, monographs, juzuu zilizohaririwa na ufadhili wa kichocheo ndani ya Afrika == Machapisho == IAI imejihusisha na uchapishaji wa kitaalamu tangu mwaka 1927. Wasomi ambao kazi zao zimechapishwa na taasisi hii ni pamoja na Emmanuel K. Akyeampong, Samir Amin, Karin Barber, Alex de Waal, Patrick Chabal, Mary Douglas, E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Jack Goody, Jane Guyer, Monica Hunter, Bronislaw Malinow Askibe, Bronislaw Malinow Askibe, Z. D. Thomas Mofolo, John Middleton, Simon Ottenberg, J. D. Y. Peel, Mamphela Ramphele, Isaac Schapera, Monica Wilson na V. Y. Mudimbe. Machapisho ya IAI yanaangukia katika safu kadhaa, haswa Maktaba ya Kimataifa ya Kiafrika na Semina za Kimataifa za Kiafrika. Maktaba ya Kimataifa ya Kiafrika imechapishwa kutoka juzuu la 41 (2011) na ''Cambridge University Press''; Juzuu 7-40 zinapatikana kutoka Edinburgh University Press. Kufikia Novemba 2016, kuna juzuu 49. == Nyaraka == Nyaraka za Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Afrika zinafanyika katika Kitengo cha Kumbukumbu cha [[:en:Library_of_the_London_School_of_Economics|Maktaba ya Shule ya Uchumi ya London]]. Katalogi ya mtandaoni ya nyaraka hizi inapatikana. == Historia == === Silabi ya Afrika === Mnamo mwaka wa 1928, IAI (wakati huo IIALC) ilichapisha "Silabi ya Afrika" ili kuwezesha kusanifisha mifumo ya uandishi yenye msingi wa Kilatini kwa lugha za Kiafrika. === Tuzo ya Fasihi za Lugha za Kiafrika(1929-50) === Kuanzia Aprili 1929 hadi 1950, IAI ilitoa zawadi na Tuzo kwa kazi za fasihi katika lugha za Kiafrika. == Orodha ya wenyeviti == * 1926–1945: Frederick Lugard, Baron Lugard; mwenyekiti wa kwanza * 1945–1949: Francis Rodd, Baron Rennell, mwenyekiti wa pili * 1949–1957: Sir John Waddington, mwenyekiti wa tatu == Tanbihi == <references /> [[Jamii:Isimu]] [[Jamii:London]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] t0r7mw6v4nhw6dq1dkgbxlcxnvucs8j 0 241225 1577891 1577376 2026-07-02T06:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Algeria.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Algeria]] '''Usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa na usafi wa mazingira nchini Algeria''' una sifa ya mafanikio na changamoto. Miongoni mwa mafanikio ni ongezeko kubwa la kiasi cha maji ya kunywa yanayosambazwa kutoka kwenye hifadhi, uhamishaji wa maji kwa umbali mrefu, na usafishaji wa maji ya bahari kwa bei nafuu kwa watumiaji, kutokana na mapato makubwa ya nchi hiyo ya mafuta na gesi. Hatua hizi ziliongeza usambazaji wa maji kwa kila mtu licha ya ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu. Mafanikio mengine ni mpito kutoka usambazaji wa maji wa mara kwa mara hadi usambazaji wa maji usio na kikomo katika mji mkuu wa [[Algiers]] mwaka 2011, pamoja na maboresho makubwa katika usafishaji wa maji taka yaliyosababisha ubora bora wa maji katika fukwe. Mafanikio haya yaliwezekana kupitia ushirikiano wa sekta ya umma na binafsi na kampuni binafsi ya maji ya Ufaransa. Idadi ya mitambo ya kusafisha maji taka nchi nzima iliongezeka kwa haraka kutoka 18 tu mwaka 2000 hadi 113 mwaka 2011, huku mingine 96 ikiwa chini ya ujenzi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2013-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233002/http://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kuna changamoto nyingi pia. Mojawapo ni ubora duni wa huduma katika miji mingi nje ya Algiers, ambapo 78% ya wakazi wa mijini wanateseka na usambazaji wa maji wa mara kwa mara. Changamoto nyingine ni uchafuzi wa rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algérie FocusUn Algérien sur quatre n'a l'eau potable qu'un jour sur deux|url=http://www.algerie-focus.com:80/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/|work=www.algerie-focus.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia kumekuwa na maendeleo yasiyotosheleza kuhusu utumiaji tena wa maji yaliyosafishwa, jambo ambalo ni kipaumbele cha serikali katika nchi hii kame. == Ufikiaji == [[Faili:Fontaine dans la haute Casbah Alger.JPG|thumb|Chemchemi za kiasili kama hii katika jiji la kale la Algiers zinabadilishwa na maji ya kunywa ya bomba kwenda nyumbani.]] Mnamo mwaka 2015, nchini Algeria, 84% ya wakazi walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa," huku 84% na 82% wakiwa maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, mtawalia. Mnamo mwaka 2015, kulikuwa na takriban watu milioni 7 waliokuwa hawana uwezo wa kupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa." Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, 88% ya wakazi walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata huduma "zilizoboreshwa" za usafi wa mazingira, 90% na 82% wakiwa maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, mtawalia.<ref>https://www.wateraid.org/washmatters/washwatch-has-ended{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kulingana na Umoja wa Mataifa, 83% ya Waalgeria walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata chanzo cha maji kilichoboreshwa mnamo mwaka [[1978]], ikijumuisha 74% waliokuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji ya kunywa katika maeneo yao. Waliosalia walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji kutoka kwenye [[chemchemi]], mabomba ya [[umma]], visima vilivyolindwa au chemchemi zilizolindwa, hasa katika maeneo ya vijijini. 95% ya Waalgeria walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata huduma zilizoboreshwa za usafi wa mazingira.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=JMP > Welcome to the WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme|url=http://wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html|work=wssinfo.org|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en|archive-date=2010-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055730/http://wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Serikali ya Algeria inasema kuwa uwezo wa kupata usambazaji wa maji ni mkubwa kuliko inavyoonyeshwa katika takwimu za Umoja wa Mataifa, huku 93% wakiwa wameunganishwa na mitandao ya maji ya kunywa mnamo mwaka 2010. Pia inasema kuwa 86% ya wakazi wameunganishwa na mitandao ya maji taka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=人民网_网上的人民日报|url=http://www.people.com.cn/|work=www.people.com.cn|accessdate=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Ubora wa huduma == Ni 22% tu ya wakazi wa mijini nchini Algeria wanaopata maji saa 24 kwa siku. 34% wanapata maji mara moja tu kwa siku, 24% wanapata kila baada ya siku mbili, na 14% wanapata kila baada ya siku tatu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algérie FocusUn Algérien sur quatre n'a l'eau potable qu'un jour sur deux|url=http://www.algerie-focus.com:80/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/|work=www.algerie-focus.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katika baadhi ya maeneo, maji hupatikana kila baada ya siku 10, kama vile katika Wilaya ya Bouzeguène na wilaya nyingine katika eneo la Kabylie. Uhaba huu unatokana na utekelezaji mbovu na kutokamilika kwa miradi, matengenezo duni, na miunganisho mingi isiyo halali kwenye mtandao. Wakazi huhifadhi maji kwenye matanki au mitungi ndani ya nyumba zao, au hujaza mitungi kwenye minara ya maji hasa wakati wa kiangazi. Katika jiji la [[Sétif]], kaskazini-mashariki mwa Algeria, uhaba wa maji umesababisha maandamano na mapambano na polisi.<ref>https://middle-east-online.com/en?id=61157</ref> Kinyume chake, katika jiji la Algiers, usambazaji wa maji wa saa 24 uliimarishwa mnamo mwaka 2011 kwa msaada wa kampuni binafsi ya Ufaransa, SUEZ. == Rasilimali za maji na miundombinu == Maji ya kunywa nchini Algeria yanatoka katika vyanzo vya kawaida – maji ya juu ya ardhi na maji ya chini ya ardhi – pamoja na vyanzo visivyo vya kawaida kama vile usafishaji wa maji ya bahari. === Rasilimali za maji za kawaida === [[Faili:Taksebt Dam, Tizi Ouzou Province (Algéria).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Mabwawa ni chanzo kikuu cha maji ya kunywa nchini Algeria. Kwa mfano, hifadhi ya Taksebt hutoa maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa mikoa mitatu. ]] Kwa sababu mvua hunyesha kwa msimu, maji ya juu ya ardhi huhifadhiwa kwenye mabwawa 72 yenye uwezo wa jumla wa uzalishaji wa bilioni 7.4m³ kwa mwaka mnamo mwaka 2009. Maji mengi haya hutumika kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Algeria]] 3vutlm6om03g1zg3866yusvm1mfldkq 0 241259 1577839 1575330 2026-07-01T13:01:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathan Amos''' (amezaliwa 11 Agosti 1979) ni mchezaji wa kimataifa wa muungano wa raga anayeiwakilisha [[Israeli]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.galilole.org.il/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA|title=עמוס](http://www.galilole.org.il/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA|title=עמוס) בכוונות טובות|website=[www.galilole.org.il|language=he|access-date=2018-07-18](http://www.galilole.org.il|language=he|access-date=2018-07-18)}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Amos ni mmoja wa wachezaji wachache wa ruga wa Israeli waliocheza nje ya nchi, na ndiye mchezaji aliyeichezea timu ya taifa ya Israeli mara nyingi zaidi kuliko wengine wote.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/3/ART2/457/643.html|title=זו](http://www.nrg.co.il/online/3/ART2/457/643.html|title=זו) הנבחרת המצליחה ביותר בישראל|website=NRG מעריב|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref> == Kazi ya uchezaji == === Ireland Kaskazini === Amos aliichezea klabu ya Rainey Old Boys Rugby Club nchini Ireland Kaskazini kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rainey see off Youghal to lift Cup |url=[http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/rainey-see-off-youghal-to-lift-cup-102189.html](http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/rainey-see-off-youghal-to-lift-cup-102189.html) |newspaper=Irish Independent |date=10 Aprili 2006 |access-date=21 Novemba 2010}}</ref> === Ujerumani === Mwanzoni mwa msimu wa 2011–12 Rugby-Bundesliga, Amos alihamia nchini [[Ujerumani]] kuichezea TV Pforzheim katika mashindano ya Rugby-Bundesliga, ambapo timu hiyo ilimaliza katika nafasi ya pili.{{citation needed|date=Novemba 2023}} Mnamo Januari 2013, alirejea Israeli kuichezea klabu ya ASA Tel Aviv Rugby Club. Akiwa na klabu hiyo, alishinda ubingwa wa Israeli mwaka 2015 na 2016.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[http://www.one.co.il/Article/16-17/7,0,0,0/246966.html|title=אס"א](http://www.one.co.il/Article/16-17/7,0,0,0/246966.html|title=אס%22א) תל אביב זכתה באליפות הארץ ברוגבי|access-date=2018-07-18|language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.telavivrugby.com/team-announcements|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427003608/http://www.telavivrugby.com/team-announcements|url-status=dead|archive-date=27](http://www.telavivrugby.com/team-announcements|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427003608/http://www.telavivrugby.com/team-announcements|url-status=dead|archive-date=27) Aprili 2010|title=Team Announcement|website=telavivrugby.com}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Mnamo mwaka 2005, Amos alifunga try ya ushindi kwa Israeli dhidi ya Uingereza katika Michezo ya Maccabiah Games, na kuiwezesha Israeli kutwaa medali ya shaba.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa dominates U.S. to retain rugby title |first=Ron |last=Bousso |url=[https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/news/south-africa-dominates-u-s-to-retain-rugby-title-1.164485](https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/news/south-africa-dominates-u-s-to-retain-rugby-title-1.164485) |newspaper=Ha'aretz |date=21 Julai 2005 |access-date=21 Novemba 2010}}</ref> Amos alikuwa sehemu muhimu ya mafanikio ya Israeli ya kupanda daraja kutoka European Division 3C hadi Division 3B mwaka 2009.<ref name="Daniel">{{cite news |title=Rugby is 'on a roll' |first=Daniel |last=Ben-Tal |url=[https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/rugby-is-on-a-roll-1.275080](https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/rugby-is-on-a-roll-1.275080) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102205215/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/rugby-is-on-a-roll-1.275080](https://web.archive.org/web/20121102205215/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/rugby-is-on-a-roll-1.275080) |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 Novemba 2012 |newspaper=Ha'aretz |date=30 Aprili 2009 |access-date=21 Novemba 2010}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Mdogo wake, Danny Amos, ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[soka]] nchini Israeli. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amos, Nathan}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Israeli]] 2s94avuwd36ess9mz7jil34jisuuqsg 0 241294 1577878 1577345 2026-07-02T00:27:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin. Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2"/> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":2"/> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190730/https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3"/> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190734/https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190735/https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190731/https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2"/> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1"/> . == Marejeo == </references> [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Benin]] 46o9z6513lle6y1d24ejliny7qvna5c 0 241295 1577879 1577346 2026-07-02T00:31:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Organisation2|type=Établissement public|latitude=6.360387145587819|longitude=2.4211998328988638|titre dirigeant=Directeur Général|dirigeant=Sylvain Adokpo-Migan|affiliation=Présidence de la République du Bénin|site web=}}'''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin . Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkruzugengi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2"/> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":2"/> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190730/https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3"/> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190734/https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190735/https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190731/https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2"/> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1"/> . == Makala zinazohusiana == == Vidokezo na marejeleo == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Liens}}{{Palette|Administration publique du Bénin}}{{Lango|Bénin|politique|eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] fhiq7l5i3v0ie4kcdb3drqhi43ipvd1 0 241322 1577884 1576810 2026-07-02T05:40:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika miaka [[100]]-[[150]], ingawa kinajidai kuwa kazi ya [[Mtume Petro]]. Ni maarufu kwa kufafanua kinaganaga [[tuzo]] za [[Mbingu|mbinguni]] na [[adhabu]] za [[Jehanum|moto wa milele]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last=Bauckham |first=Richard B. |author-link=Richard Bauckham |date=1998 |title=The Fate of the Dead: Studies on the Jewish and Christian Apocalypses |series=Supplements to Novum Testamentum 93 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page= |isbn=9781589832886}} * {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Eric J. |editor-first=Jörg |editor-last=Frey |title=Justice and Mercy in the Apocalypse of Peter: A New Translation and Analysis of the Purpose of the Text |series=WUNT 427 |location=Tübingen |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-16-159030-6 |doi=10.1628/978-3-16-159031-3 }} * {{cite book |editor1-first=Jan N. |editor1-last=Bremmer |editor1-link=Jan N. Bremmer |editor2-first=István |editor2-last=Czachesz |title=The Apocalypse of Peter |date=2003 |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 7 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=90-429-1375-4 |ref=None}}<!-- {{harvid|Bremmer|Czachesz|2003}} --> * {{cite book |last=Buchholz |first=Dennis D. |date=1988 |title=Your Eyes Will Be Opened: A Study of the Greek (Ethiopic) Apocalypse of Peter |location=Atlanta |publisher=Scholars Press |series=[[Society of Biblical Literature]] Dissertation series 97 |isbn=1-55540-025-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart |author-link=Bart Ehrman |date=2022 |title=Journeys to Heaven and Hell: Tours of the Afterlife in the Early Christian Tradition |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-25700-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Kraus |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Nicklas |first2=Tobias |author2-link=Tobias Nicklas |date=2004 |title=Das Petrusevangelium und die Petrusapokalypse: Die griechischen Fragmente mit deutscher und englischer Übersetzung |trans-title=The Gospel of Peter and the Apocalypse of Peter: The Greek Fragments with German and English Translation |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter |series=GCS N.F. 11 |isbn=978-3110176353 |language=de }} * {{cite book |title=The Apocalypse of Peter in Context |date=2024 |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 21 |editor-first=Daniel C. |editor-last=Maier |editor2-first=Jörg |editor2-last=Frey |editor3-first=Thomas J. |editor3-last=Kraus |url=https://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042952096.pdf |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-5208-9 |doi=10.2143/9789042952096 |doi-access=free |ref=None }}<!-- {{harvid|Maier|Frey|Kraus|2024}} --> ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Apocalypse of Peter|Apocalypse of Peter|single=true}}, translation by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'', with quotations from the Sibylline Oracles and writings of the early Church * [http://ntweblog.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/apocalypose-of-peter-greek-text-online.html The Apocalypse of Peter (Greek Akhmim Fragment Text)], transcribed by [[Mark Goodacre]] from [[Erich Klostermann]]'s edition ([http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.htm HTML] {{Wayback|url=http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.htm |date=20240605084357 }}, [http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.pdf |date=20260208111352 }}) * [http://nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-peter/ "Apocalypse of Peter"], overview and bibliography by Cambry Pardee. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC3.html#BibPeter Bibliography of works on the Apocalypse of Peter], by Eileen Gardiner {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 629lajyc70g5fiy4f5n40i5nbcssxgv 0 241327 1577890 1576805 2026-07-02T06:31:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Schéma_du_petit_cycle_de_l'eau.png|thumb|Mchoro unaoonyesha hatua mbalimbali za mzunguko mdogo wa maji]] '''Urejelezaji wa maji''' ni mchakato wa kutibu [[maji]] yaliyokwishatumika ili yaweze kutumika tena katika shughuli mbalimbali, kama vile [[kilimo]], [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na usafi. Njia hiyo huchangia matumizi bora ya [[rasilimali]] za maji, hupunguza upotevu wa maji na hulinda [[mazingira]] dhidi ya [[Uchafuzi wa mazingira|uchafuzi]]. ==Hatua zake== Mzunguko mdogo wa maji unahusisha hatua saba muhimu zinazowezesha maji kutumika, kutibiwa na kurejeshwa katika mazingira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Office français de la biodiversité]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.ofb.gouv.fr/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Artois-Picardie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau (cycle domestique)|url=https://www.eau-artois-picardie.fr/education-leau-dossiers-thematiques/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=24 juillet 2015|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eau-seine-normandie.fr/les-cycles-de-l-eau/le-petit-cycle-de-l-eau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Eau de Paris]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2022-05/Poster_PetitCycle.pdf|date=2020|accessdate=6 janvier 2023|archive-date=2025-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111044641/https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2022-05/Poster_PetitCycle.pdf|url-status=dead}}.</ref>: # Kuvuta au kuchukua maji kutoka mazingira ya asili, kwa mfano kwenye mkondo wa maji au [[chemchemi]]; # Uzalishaji wa maji ya kunywa ili kuyafanya kuwa [[maji salama|salama]] kwa matumizi ya binadamu; # Kuhifadhi maji ya kunywa katika [[bwawa|mabwawa]] ili kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji; # Ugawaji wa maji salama kwa watumiaji (maeneo ya makazi, kilimo na viwanda); # Ukusanyaji na usafirishaji wa maji machafu yanayotumika na sasa; # Matibabu ya maji machafu (iwe ya pamoja au ya mtu binafsi) ili kupunguza uchafuzi wa mazingira asilia; # Baada ya kutibiwa, maji hurudishwa kwenye [[Mto|mito]], [[ziwa|maziwa]] au mazingira mengine ya asili. Katika baadhi ya maeneo, yanaweza kutumika tena kwa matumizi mbalimbali kabla ya kurejea katika mazingira. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Maji]] aeqs6yz527gr726p8krwegx9rdwtmru 0 241382 1577885 1576049 2026-07-02T05:47:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Ugumu wa maji''' (TH, au GH kwa Kijerumani: ''{{Lang|de|Gesamthärte}}'') ni kipimo cha kiwango cha madini ya [[maji]] kwenye kationi za metali za udongo wa alkali zenye mchanganyiko ambazo zinaweza kuonekana kama masimbi ya chokaa. Inasababishwa tu na chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu . Ugumu huonyeshwa katika [[Parts per million|ppm]] (au mg/L ) ya kabonati ya kalsiamu ($CaCO_3$) au kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (alama °f au °fH) nchini Ufaransa na Uswisi (isivurugwe na alama °F, digrii Fahrenheit). Digrii moja ya Kifaransa inalingana na 10 ya chokaa inayowakilisha $10^{-4}$ mol/L ya kalsiamu, au 4 mg/L ya $Ca^{2+}$, au 2,4 ya magnesiamu kwa lita moja ya maji: : <math>\mathrm{TH}=10\,\left(\mathrm{[Ca^{2+}]}+\mathrm{[Mg^{2+}]}\right)</math> pamoja na viwango vya mmol/[[Lita|L]]. {| class="wikitable centre" |+Kipimo cha ubora wa viambato vya maji (TH) : ! align="center" scope="row" | TH (°f) | align="center" bgcolor="5599ff" | 0 hadi 7 | align="center" bgcolor="88ff66" | 7 hadi 15 | align="center" bgcolor="ffff77" | 15 hadi 30 | align="center" bgcolor="ff8844" | 30 hadi 40 | align="center" bgcolor="ff3344" | + 40 |- ! align="center" scope="row" | Maji | align="center" | Laini mno | align="center" | laini | align="center" | ngumu zaidi | align="center" | ngumu | align="center" | ngumu mno |} Kwa kawaida, tofauti hufanywa kati ya ugumu wa kudumu na ugumu wa muda, jumla ya yote mawili ikiwa ugumu kamili. Ugumu huamuliwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha mchanganyiko wa maji kwa kutumia EDTA (tazama chelation ). Mtambo wa kusafisha maji hutumika kupunguza ugumu huo hadi kufikia takriban nyuzi tano za Kifaransa, kwansi bidhaa za usafi kama sabuni hupoteza nguvu zake ndani ya maji magumu: chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu hufanya anions za kabonili zenye mnyororo mrefu kwenye sabuni kuganda na kutengeneza masimbi. Chumvi za madini zinazowekwa kwenye mfumo uliolainika ili kupiga hesabu ya uzito wa maji mara kwa mara ni bora kwa uzima. Zinapochanganyika kwenye maji, hupatikana kama kationi na anioni. Licha ya hayo, katika muundo wao wa pekee, hizi ni ngumu kwa viumbe hai kuingiza mwilini (ambavyo huingiza kwa wepesi zaidi chaji tata). == Kemia == === Kipimo cha alkalimetric (TA) === Inatuwezesha kubaini viwango vya [[Kabonati|kaboneti]] na besi kali zilizomo ndani ya kioevu. Uchunguzi huu unafanyika kukiwa na phenolphthaleini, ambayo hugeuka kutoka kutokuwa na rangi hadi kuwa ya rangi ya waridi-fuchsia kwenye pH ya 8.2, au bluu ya thimoli, ambayo hugeuka kutoka rangi ya manjano hadi bluu kwenye pH ya 8.0. [[Besi (kemia)|Alkalini]] huonyeshwa kwa digrii za Kifaransa (°f). * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi OH⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻. === Jumla ya kiwango cha alkalimetric (TAC) === TAC (kiwango cha jumla cha alkalini) ni kipimo kinachotumiwa kukadiria idadi ya chaji za haidroksidi, kabonati na bikabonati zilizomo kwenye kioevu, ambapo kipimo chake kinasomwa kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (°f au °fH). : TAC = [OH ⁻ ] + [CO ₃ ²⁻ ] + [HCO ₃ ⁻ ] * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi HO⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻ = 12,2 mg/ayoni ya hidrojeni kabonati [[Acide carbonique|HCO₃⁻]]. Kwa kupima kielelezo cha maji kwa kutumia asidi, tunafikia hatua ya kwanza ya usawa, inayowakilisha TA (utepuzi wa alkalimeta) ambayo inaendana na pH=8,2 (kugeuka rangi kwa phenolphthaleini '', au bluu ya thymol). Katika awamu hii, haidrokusaidi na kabonati zote zimeisha.'' Kusonga mbele na utepuzi, kituo cha pili cha mlingano hupatikana kwenye pH=4,4 (kugeuka rangi kwa methili ya machungwa). Katika nukta hii, hidroksidi, kaboneti, na bikaboneti zote zilizokuwepo hapo awali zitakuwa zimetepuliwa. Ni lazima kuangalia vipimo vinavyotumiwa kwenye fomula, ambavyo huonyeshwa kwa namna tofauti kutegemeana na iwapo unatumia °f au mol/L. * Phenolphthaleini imeainishwa kuwa CMR C2B (inayoweza kuchochea saratani, inayobadili jeni, na yenye madhara kwa mfumo wa uzazi) . « Kundi la 2B Dutu, mchanganyiko, na mazingira yaliyotajwa hapo awali vina uwezekano wa kuleta kansa kwa binadamu. " ) na kwa sababu hiyo, hairuhusiwi kutumika bila kufuata usalama uliowekwa kisheria. == Aquariums == Kuhusu viumbe wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, ni lazima kulinda kiwango cha madini kwenye maji katika vipimo vinavyotakiwa. Jambo hili linasababisha kufanya upya sehemu ya maji kila baada ya siku saba, na maji yaliyoongezwa yanapaswa kuwa na kiwango thabiti cha ugumu. Kiwango cha ugumu wa nyuzi 14 hadi 25 unalingana vyema na aina nyingi za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria.. Kwenye akwaria za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, kiwango cha ugumu wa kioevu (TH) una uwezekano wa kusawazishwa kwa kuunganisha maji ya mifereji na maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO (reverse osmosis). Maji haya ya RO yana kiwango cha TH kinachokaribia sufuri. Kioevu hiki kinaweza kutengenezwa kupitia kifaa cha kuchuja cha RO au kupatikana kwenye maduka ya viumbe wa kufugwa nyumbani. Kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ujazo wa maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO yanayotakiwa ili kufikia kiwango cha TH ulichokusudia : : idadi ya lita za maji ya RO (kwa kipimo cha lita) = ujazo wa tanki la akwaria (kwa kipimo cha lita) × (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH inayotakiwa) / (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH ya maji ya osmosis). Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu, au TH (ugumu kamili), hutambuliwa kupitia vipimo maalum. Mchepuko huu wa madini mara kwa mara huonyeshwa kwa kutumia vipimo vya Kijerumani, au GH ( {{{2}}} ) au dH ( {{{2}}} ). Kwa madhumuni ya kugeuza vipimo vya Kijerumani (GH) kwenda kwenye vipimo vya Kifaransa (TH), kanuni hii hutumika : TH = 1,78 × 1 °GH . Kiwango cha madini kinachoshauriwa kwa ajili ya samaki wa dhahabu (goldfish), kiumbe anayejulikana na kupendwa kuliko wote miongoni mwa viumbe wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria, umewekwa wazi hapa . == Vipimo vya kipimo == Kwa kuwa inakadiria ayoni mbalimbali (kalsiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 40 na magnesiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 24), kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) hakiwezi kuwasilishwa kupitia kipimo kilichozoeleka mno kwenye sayansi ya miundo ya maji, ambacho ni miligramu kwa lita (mg/L) au vigawo vyake vyovyote. Katika nafasi yake, ina uwezo wa kuonyeshwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha kimataifa (SI), moli kwa kilo (mol/kg). Pamoja na hayo, ni maarufu zaidi kutumia miliekivalenti kwa lita (meq/L) : * digrii ya Kifaransa (°f au °fH) — Isichanganywe kabisa na , inaendana na kiasi cha mrundikano wa miligramu kumi za kalsiamu kaboneti ( CaCO3 ) ( 0,1 ) katika lita moja ya kioevu (ikimaanisha kiwango cha chokaa ) ; Kipimo cha Kijerumani (°GH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za oksidi ya kalsiamu (CaO) kwa lita ; Kipimo cha Marekani (°TH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za hidroksidi ya kalsiamu (Ca(OH) 2 ) kwa lita. {| class="wikitable centre" style="text-align:center" |+ style="text-align:middle" |Vigezo vya kuzidishia viwango kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ugumu wa kioevu kwenye vipimo mbadala: ! scope="col" | Thamani za kubadilisha ! scope="col" | Uzito wa molekuli ! scope="col" | °GH ! scope="col" | °TH ! scope="col" | °fH ! scope="col" | mg/L 3 ! scope="col" | meq/L ! scope="col" | mmol/L |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kifaransa (°fH) 3 | style="text-align:right" | 100 | 0.560 | 0.740 | 1 | 10 | 0.2 | 0.1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kijerumani (°GH) CaO | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 1 | 1,321 | 1.786 | 17.8 | 0.357 | 0.178 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Marekani (TH) Ca(OH) 2 | style="text-align:right" | 74 | 0.757 | 1 | 1,351 | 14.3 | 0.285 | 0.142 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mg/L 3 (Marekani) | style="text-align:right" | 1 mg/L = | 0.056 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.01 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | meq/L ya ioni za [[Metali za udongo alikalini|metali za ardhini zenye alkali]] | style="text-align:right" | 1 meq /L = | 2.8 | 3.51 | 5 | 50 | 1 | 0.50 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mmol/L ya ioni za metali ya ardhi ya alkali | style="text-align:right" | 1 mmol /L = | 5.6 | 7.02 | 10.00 | 100.0 | 2.00 | 1 |} * Wakazi wa Marekani kadhalika hutumia kipimo hiki cha " {{{2}}} » (gpg), kinacholingana na punje moja ( 64,8 ) ya kalsiamu kaboneti kwa kila galoni ya Kimarekani (inayokadiria lita 3,79 ), au 17,1. == Mbinu za vipimo == Ugumu wa kioevu hubainishwa kupitia njia ya utepuzi changamano, kwa kutumia dutu yenye nguvu ya ufungaji — EDTA, ambayo inajenga miosharabu pamoja na kationi za metali. Katika uhalisia wa kimaabara, metali zote za mpito, kwa mfano ayoni za chuma (Fe 2+ ), zina uwezo wa kutambuliwa viwango vyake — Hivyo basi, zinaleta muingiliano kwenye majaribio. — ingawa kiwango cha mrundikano wazo huhesabika kuwa ni haba mno baina ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu. Vilevile, thamani ya TH ina uwezo wa kukokotolewa kwa kujumlisha viwango vya kalsiamu na magnesiamu vilivyotambuliwa kupitia mbinu mbadala, kwa mfano uondoshaji wa taswira wa ufyonzaji wa atomiki au kromatografia ya ayoni. == Vidokezo == Vigezo tofauti vinatumiwa kufafanua mwenendo wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya vioevu, mafuta, au mchanganyiko wa gesi <ref>{{En}} [http://64.224.111.143/technicallibrary/corrdoctors/Modules/NaturalWaters/Frames.htm ''Corrosion by water''] {{Wayback|url=http://64.224.111.143/technicallibrary/corrdoctors/Modules/NaturalWaters/Frames.htm |date=20071020200711 }}.</ref> . === Kiashiria cha kueneza cha Langelier (LSI) === Kipimo cha mshiko wa kujaa cha Langelier (LSI) ni namba isiyo na kitengo cha kipimo inayotumiwa kutambua uimara wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya maji. Inadhihirisha iwapo kioevu kitasababisha masalio, kitayeyusha madini, au kitafikia mlingano na kalsiamu kabonati. Katika mwaka wa 1936, Wilfred F. Langelier aligundua njia ya kukadiria viwango vya pH ambapo kioevu kinakuwa kimejaa kabisa kalsiamu kabonati (pH s ). Inakokotolewa kwa kupunguza pH ya kujaa (pH s ) kutoka kwenye thamani ya sasa ya pH ya maji. LSI huwasilishwa kama mwachano uliopo baina ya pH ya sasa ya kioevu na pH ya kujaa kwake : : LSI = pH kipimo - pH s . * Wakati LSI > 0, kioevu kimepitiliza kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na mwelekeo wa kujilundika na kutengeneza masalio ya 3 . * Wakati LSI = 0, kioevu kinakuwa kimebana vizuri (katika mlingano) na 3 .Masalio ya 3 hayajifanyizi wala hayayeyuki. * Wakati LSI < 0, kioevu kiko chini ya kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na tabia ya kumega 3 thabiti. == Tafsiri == Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu wa kioevu kisicho na madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu (kwa mfano maji yaliyochujwa kiviwanda au miyeyusho ya kemikali kali) unakuwa sufuri kabisa. === Maji ya asili === Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) wa vyanzo vya maji vya asili kwa kawaida hukua kulingana na umbali kutoka pale yanapoanzia, wakati kioevu kinavyozidi kujaza mchanganyiko wa chumvichumvi na madini. Kwa vile maji ya asili ya maeneo ya ndani ya nchi (inland waters) mara nyingi yanabeba madini ya kalsiamu (kalsiamu bikabonati), kiwango chao cha TH kinakaribiana sana na kile cha ujumla wa mfumo wa alkali (TAC). === Maji ya bahari === Maji ya bahari yanabeba kiwango cha ugumu wa karibu digrii 750 za Kifaransa == Athari == === Afya ya binadamu === Utumiaji wa maji yenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini haukabiliwi na athari zozote hasi kwenye mwili wa mwanadamu. Madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ni miongoni mwa viungo muhimu vya miili yetu, na binadamu anapaswa kuwa navyo kwa ajili ya afya. Kioevu hiki kinaendelea kuwa salama kutumiwa bila kuzingatia jumla ya vipimo vyake vya ugumu (TH). Kuna mivukano kwenye kanuni hizi za kawaida, ambayo yanatokana na tabia za kikemia za virutubisho maalum vya madini. Kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini kina uwezo wa kuleta usumbufu kwa baadhi ya walaji ambao hawajajenga ustahimilivu navyo au kwa wale wanaokabiliwa na changamoto za kiafya kwenye figo zao. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Adikwu |first=Elias |last2=Ehigiator |first2=Ben |date=2020-05-11 |title=Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica on Testicular Oxidative Stress Markers and Histology of Male Rats |journal=Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=33–37 |doi=10.14421/biomedich.2020.91.33-37 |issn=2089-6514 |access-date=2022-02-17}}.</ref> . Utumiaji wa kioevu kilichochujwa kwa kutumia chumvi ya sodiamu unaruhusiwa, kwa kuwa kinaendelea kuwa salama kwa ajili ya unywaji. Hata hivyo ni muhimu kuangalia kiwango kikubwa cha madini ya sodiamu yaliyomo ambacho kina uwezo wa kuleta madhara kwa watu wanaosumbuliwa na shinikizo la juu la damu (hypertension), pamoja na kuhakikisha unapata madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ya kutosha kupitia vyakula vya kila siku (kwa madhumuni ya kufidia Ca na Mg ambazo hazitapatikana tena kupitia maji hayo ya unywaji). Kioevu chenye madini mengi mara kwa mara huonekana kusababisha mwasho mwilini, khasusa kwenye ngozi laini au yenye mzio, na kina uwezo wa kufanya nywele kuwa kavu na ngumu (matokeo ya kifizikia). Kuna watu wanaoelezwa kuwa na mzio wa chokaa ambao hukabiliwa na mabaka mekundu, miwasho, au hisia ya kukakamaa kwa ngozi kufuatia mgusano wa ana kwa ana na kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini . Pamoja na hayo, dhana hizi hazina uthibitisho thabiti kutoka kwenye majaribio ya kitaalamu na mara kaya huchochewa na hoja za kibiashara za mafundi wanaosafisha maji. Matatizo ya ngozi yanayotokana na kioevu hiki yanadhaniwa kuwa yanajitokeza kwa namna nyingine (kwa sababu ya ulazima wa kutumia kiasi kikubwa cha sabuni, kama inavyofafanuliwa hapa chini) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Procédés anti-tartre « non conventionnels » : les recommandations de l’Anses|url=https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s-anti-tartre-%C2%AB-non-conventionnels-%C2%BB-les-recommandations-de-l%E2%80%99anses|accessdate=2019-06-03|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720052458/https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s-anti-tartre-%C2%AB-non-conventionnels-%C2%BB-les-recommandations-de-l%E2%80%99anses|url-status=dead}}.</ref> . === Matatizo mengine : chokaa, sabuni ya kufulia === Kioevu chenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini husababisha kero katika shughuli za nyumbani kwa sababu ya kujitenga na kuganda kwa chokaa (kalsiamu kabonati). Kujitengeneza kwa tabaka hilo la chokaa kunaweza kuzuiliwa kwa kuondoa madini ya kalsiamu kupitia mbinu za kulainisha kioevu ama kwa kutumia mfumo wa osmosis ya kinyume (reverse osmosis). Fuatana na hilo, magamba ya chokaa hufanya povu la sabuni lishindwe kufanya kazi vizuri. Viwango vinavyoonyeshwa kwenye muongozo wa matumizi ya unga wa kufulia vinahusika hasa na kioevu chenye ugumu wa wastani (karibu digrii 15 za Kifaransa) na inalazimu viongezwe (ama vipunguzwe) iwapo unatumia kioevu chenye madini mengi (au kisicho na madini mengi). === Tazama pia === * [[Ubora wa maji]] * [[Maji salama]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * {{Rejea kitabu|url={{Google Livres|ZevzDAAAQBAJ}}|title=L'analyse de l'eau|last=Jean Rodier, [[Bernard Legube]] et Nicole Merlet|date=2016|publisher=Dunod|page=138-141}}. [[Jamii:Maji]] ts8jut09hutlwysns3u7390un5ywbn4 0 241419 1577854 1576264 2026-07-01T15:12:33Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Vanderson (mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu)]] to [[Vanderson (mwanasoka)]] 1577854 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vanderson (mwanasoka)]] jt2dlwjjjpi6gdnjdqhttooo0vcr2hb 0 241678 1577840 1577503 2026-07-01T13:17:28Z SciFusion 76137 Nimeongeza neno 1577840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Neema Ramadhan Mosha |picha =Neema R. Mosha.webp |maelezo ya pcha = Neema Mosha |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[17 Machi]] [[1990]] |mahala pa kuzaliwa = Tanzania |tarehe ya kufariki = |mahali alipofia = |majina mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Mtaalamu wa takwimu za kitabibu |kazi yake = Mtaalamu wa Biostatistiki |nchi = [[Tanzania]] }} '''Neema Ramadhan Mosha''' (alizaliwa Tanzania, [[17 Machi]] [[1990]]) ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[takwimu]] za kitabibu, mtafiti wa [[ afya]] ya umma na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[biostatistiki]] kutoka Tanzania. Ana shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) ya Epidemiolojia akibobea katika Biostatistiki kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Stellenbosch]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Amefanya kazi katika tafiti za afya ya umma, majaribio ya kitabibu, utafiti wa utekelezaji, na tathmini za miradi ya afya kwa zaidi ya miaka 14. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama Mshiriki wa Utafitikatika Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit [[(MITU)]]<ref>{{ cite web|title= MITU|URL=https://mitu.or.tz/neema-mosha/}}</ref>, Tanzania, na Chuo Kikuu cha Ludwig-Maximilians (LMU), Munich, Ujerumani. Pia ameshiriki kama mshauri wa takwimu kwa taasisi mbalimbali za kimataifa, zikiwemo [[UNICEF]], Benki ya Duni, World Vision, War Child na Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Maeneo yake ya utafiti yanajumuisha [[UKIMWI]] na magonjwa ya zinaa, magonjwa yasiyoambukiza, afya ya akili, lishe, ukatili wa kijinsia, afya ya watoto, afya ya wanawake, mifumo ya afya, pamoja na magonjwa yanayoibuka. == Elimu == Alipata Shahada ya Sayansi katika Takwimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma]] mwaka 2011. Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Epidemiolojia na Biostatistiki kutoka [[Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo)]] mwaka 2014, ambapo alifanya utafiti kuhusu kiwango cha shinikizo la damu na sababu zinazohusiana nacho kaskazini-magharibi mwa Tanzania. Mwaka 2022 alitunukiwa Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Epidemiolojia, akibobea katika Biostatistiki, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Stellenbosch]], Afrika Kusini. Tasnifu yake ilichunguza athari za upungufu wa taarifa katika makadirio ya maambukizi na kuenea kwa [[VVU]] katika tafiti za ufuatiliaji wa idadi ya watu. Mbali na utafiti, Mosha amefundisha katika taasisi mbalimbali za elimu ya juu, ikiwemo Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College [[(KCMC)]], Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences [[(CUHAS)]], Ludwig-Maximilians University na London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. == Tuzo == Neema Mosha amepokea tuzo na ufadhili mbalimbali wa kitaaluma kutokana na mafanikio yake katika elimu na utafiti. Mwaka [[2019]], alitambuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa wanawake 100 wa Tanzania wanaotoa mfano kwa kizazi cha vijana kupitia mradi wa '''TanzaniasHeroes2019'''<ref>{{cite web|title = Women in Epidemiology – Neema Mosha » Words That Count|url=https://wordsthatcount.org/women-in-epidemiology-neema-mosha}}</ref>. Utambuzi huo ulitolewa kupitia kitabu kilichochapishwa kwa ushirikiano kati ya [[Launchpad]] na [[Ubalozi]] wa Sweden nchini Tanzania. Mosha ameeleza kuwa moja ya mafanikio yake makubwa ni kukamilisha Shahada ya Uzamivu katika taaluma ya biostatistiki, ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa imekuwa ikitawaliwa na wanaume. Neema Mosha ametambuliwa kitaaluma kupitia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na ushiriki katika mashirika ya kitaaluma. Ni msemaji wa Tanzania katika International Biometrics Society (IBS) na pia ni mshiriki wa MRC Statistics and Epidemiological Partnership (ISEP), mpango unaolenga kujenga uwezo wa wataalamu wa biostatistiki barani Afrika. == Machapisho == Neema Mosha ameandika na kushiriki kuandika machapisho <ref>{{cite web|title= Neema Mosha|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Neema-Mosha}}</ref> mengi ya kisayansi yaliyohakikiwa na wataalamu, hasa katika nyanja za epidemiolojia, biostatistiki na afya ya umma. Baadhi ya machapisho yake ni: * ''Experience of physical violence during pregnancy and its association with behavioral outcomes during the prenatal and postnatal period: a pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 45 low-income and middle-income (2025)'' * ''Caregiver characteristics and behaviours: quantitative associations with child depression amongst refugees in Uganda. (2025)'' * ''Longitudinal record linkage in sub-Saharan Africa countries: recommendations for healthcare research.(2024) '' * ''Women's informal group participation and intimate partner violence in Mwanza, Tanzania (2024)'' * ''The Association Between Depression, Suicidal Thoughts and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Young Men in Mwanza, Tanzania (2024)'' * ''Exposure to pornographic material and perpetration of intimate partner violence among young men in Mwanza Tanzania.(2024)'' * ''The association between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence in young male perpetrators in Mwanza,Tanzania (2023)'' * ''The short and long-term impact of COVID-19 restrictions on women’s mental health in Mwanza, Tanzania (2023)'' == Marejeo == {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} 5cis4bu09sw63eu00t4fgbp2shrpbar 1577841 1577840 2026-07-01T14:07:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Neema Ramadhan Mosha |picha =Neema R. Mosha.webp |maelezo ya pcha = Neema Mosha |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[17 Machi]] [[1990]] |mahala pa kuzaliwa = Tanzania |tarehe ya kufariki = |mahali alipofia = |majina mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Utaalamu wa takwimu za kitabibu |kazi yake = Mtaalamu wa Biostatistiki |nchi = [[Tanzania]] }} '''Neema Ramadhan Mosha''' (alizaliwa Tanzania, [[17 Machi]] [[1990]]) ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[takwimu]] za kitabibu na wa [[biostatistiki]], NA mtafiti wa [[afya ya umma]] kutoka Tanzania. Ana shahada ya [[uzamivu]] ya [[Epidemiolojia]] akibobea katika Biostatistiki kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Stellenbosch]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Amefanya kazi katika tafiti za afya ya umma, majaribio ya kitabibu, utafiti wa utekelezaji, na tathmini za miradi ya afya kwa zaidi ya miaka 14. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama Mshiriki wa Utafitikatika Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit (MITU)<ref>{{ cite web|title= MITU|URL=https://mitu.or.tz/neema-mosha/}}</ref>, Tanzania, na Chuo Kikuu cha Ludwig-Maximilians (LMU), Munich, Ujerumani. Pia ameshiriki kama mshauri wa takwimu kwa taasisi mbalimbali za kimataifa, zikiwemo [[UNICEF]], Benki ya Duni, World Vision, War Child na Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Maeneo yake ya utafiti yanajumuisha [[UKIMWI]] na magonjwa ya zinaa, magonjwa yasiyoambukiza, afya ya akili, lishe, ukatili wa kijinsia, afya ya watoto, afya ya wanawake, mifumo ya afya, pamoja na magonjwa yanayoibuka. == Elimu == Alipata Shahada ya Sayansi katika Takwimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma]] mwaka 2011. Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Epidemiolojia na Biostatistiki kutoka [[Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo)]] mwaka 2014, ambapo alifanya utafiti kuhusu kiwango cha shinikizo la damu na sababu zinazohusiana nacho kaskazini-magharibi mwa Tanzania. Mwaka 2022 alitunukiwa Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Epidemiolojia, akibobea katika Biostatistiki, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Stellenbosch]], Afrika Kusini. Tasnifu yake ilichunguza athari za upungufu wa taarifa katika makadirio ya maambukizi na kuenea kwa [[VVU]] katika tafiti za ufuatiliaji wa idadi ya watu. Mbali na utafiti, Mosha amefundisha katika taasisi mbalimbali za elimu ya juu, ikiwemo Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College [[(KCMC)]], Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences [[(CUHAS)]], Ludwig-Maximilians University na London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. == Tuzo == Neema Mosha amepokea tuzo na ufadhili mbalimbali wa kitaaluma kutokana na mafanikio yake katika elimu na utafiti. Mwaka [[2019]], alitambuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa wanawake 100 wa Tanzania wanaotoa mfano kwa kizazi cha vijana kupitia mradi wa '''TanzaniasHeroes2019'''<ref>{{cite web|title = Women in Epidemiology – Neema Mosha » Words That Count|url=https://wordsthatcount.org/women-in-epidemiology-neema-mosha}}</ref>. Utambuzi huo ulitolewa kupitia kitabu kilichochapishwa kwa ushirikiano kati ya [[Launchpad]] na [[Ubalozi]] wa Sweden nchini Tanzania. Mosha ameeleza kuwa moja ya mafanikio yake makubwa ni kukamilisha Shahada ya Uzamivu katika taaluma ya biostatistiki, ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa imekuwa ikitawaliwa na wanaume. Neema Mosha ametambuliwa kitaaluma kupitia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na ushiriki katika mashirika ya kitaaluma. Ni msemaji wa Tanzania katika International Biometrics Society (IBS) na pia ni mshiriki wa MRC Statistics and Epidemiological Partnership (ISEP), mpango unaolenga kujenga uwezo wa wataalamu wa biostatistiki barani Afrika. == Machapisho == Neema Mosha ameandika na kushiriki kuandika machapisho <ref>{{cite web|title= Neema Mosha|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Neema-Mosha}}</ref> mengi ya kisayansi yaliyohakikiwa na wataalamu, hasa katika nyanja za epidemiolojia, biostatistiki na afya ya umma. Baadhi ya machapisho yake ni: * ''Experience of physical violence during pregnancy and its association with behavioral outcomes during the prenatal and postnatal period: a pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 45 low-income and middle-income (2025)'' * ''Caregiver characteristics and behaviours: quantitative associations with child depression amongst refugees in Uganda. (2025)'' * ''Longitudinal record linkage in sub-Saharan Africa countries: recommendations for healthcare research.(2024)'' * ''Women's informal group participation and intimate partner violence in Mwanza, Tanzania (2024)'' * ''The Association Between Depression, Suicidal Thoughts and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Young Men in Mwanza, Tanzania (2024)'' * ''Exposure to pornographic material and perpetration of intimate partner violence among young men in Mwanza Tanzania.(2024)'' * ''The association between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence in young male perpetrators in Mwanza,Tanzania (2023)'' * ''The short and long-term impact of COVID-19 restrictions on women’s mental health in Mwanza, Tanzania (2023)'' == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Tanzania]] eq30bo8b3i5edhhdo6bq5y5lm6taniu 0 241686 1577916 1577624 2026-07-02T11:40:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1577916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lac de Tunis 1.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Tunis]] '''Ziwa Tunis''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: بحيرة تونس, ''Buḥayra Tūnis''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Lac de Tunis'') ni [[ziwa]] linalopatikana kati ya [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Tunisia]], yaani [[Tunis]], na [[ghuba]] ya Tunis iliyopo kwenye [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Ziwa hilo lina ukubwa wa [[kilomita za mraba]] 37, lakini tofauti na ukubwa huo wa eneo, kina chake ni kifupi sana. Kihistoria, ziwa hili liliwahi kutumika kama bandari ya asili ya mji wa Tunis. == Historia == Uhusiano wa usafiri na kijiografia kati ya Tunis na [[Carthage]] ulikuwa na umuhimu mkubwa sana kwa Dola ya Roma, kwani uliwawezesha kudhibiti maeneo ya ndani yaliyokuwa na ardhi yenye rutuba. Upande wa kaskazini wa ziwa hili kuna Kisiwa cha Chikly, ambacho zamani kilikuwa na ngome ya Waroma na baadaye ya Wahispania, na tangu mwaka 1993 kimetangazwa kuwa hifadhi ya asili. Ziwa hili linaunganishwa na bahari kupitia mfereji uliopo katika mji wa [[La Goulette]]. Kulingana na mwanahistoria Prudencio de Sandoval, ziwa hili lilikuwa likipokea taka zote za mji wa Tunis na kina chake kilikuwa kifupi kiasi kwamba mtu mrefu alikuwa anaweza kutembea kwa miguu kuvuka upande mmoja kwenda mwingine. Ni vyombo vidogo tu vya majini vilivyoweza kuingia kwa kutumia mfereji wa kina kirefu uliokuwa umechimbwa kutoka La Goulette kwenda upande wa pili, ambao uliwekewa alama za nguzo za miti. Katika Utekwaji wa Tunis (1535), amiri wa jeshi la majini la Dola ya Osmani, Hayreddin Barbarossa, aliegesha sehemu kubwa ya meli zake za kivita ndani ya ziwa hili ili kusaidia ngome ya Goulette kwa mizinga yao, ingawa hatimaye zote zilitekwa.<ref>[[Prudencio de Sandoval]], ''[https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-de-la-vida-y-hechos-del-emperador-carlos-v--2/html/feecfcca-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_41.htm Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-de-la-vida-y-hechos-del-emperador-carlos-v--2/html/feecfcca-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_41.htm |date=20140823024017 }}''</ref> Kina cha ziwa hili kiliendelea kupungua kutokana na rundikano la matope na mchanga katika karne ya 19. Vikosi vya kikoloni vya [[Ufaransa]] vilichimba mfereji wa urefu wa kilomita 10, upana wa mita 450, na kina cha mita 6 katikati ya ziwa hilo. Bwawa lililojengwa pembezoni mwa mfereji huo leo linatumika kama barabara kuu ya magari na reli inayounganisha mji wa Tunis na bandari ya La Goulette, pamoja na miji ya pwani ya Carthage, [[Sidi Bou Said]], na [[La Marsa]]. == Uhifadhi == Mazingira ya Ziwa Tunis yana umuhimu mkubwa wa kiekolojia na mazingira barani [[Afrika]]. Mnamo tarehe 23 Januari 2013, eneo hili liliorodheshwa rasmi kama ardhi omozi yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar (Ramsar Site namba 2096), kwa lengo la kulinda mifumo ya ikolojia ya viumbe hai na ndege wanaohama wanaotegemea ziwa hili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Complexe Lac de Tunis|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2096|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tunisia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 5lzrahszpc97ezxave1ijnux3mibrcx 2 241705 1577914 1577636 2026-07-02T11:32:25Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Mtumiaji:Pino Pagani]] to [[Pino Pagani]] 1577914 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Pino Pagani]] d5ah0d9rm2qjhdwz10rc0h0phqmiza8 0 241740 1577857 1577794 2026-07-01T15:30:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1577857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edwin Peter Andrews''' (amezaliwa 18 Machi 1977) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayehudumu kama Naibu Meya wa [[Cape Town]], nafasi ambayo ameishikilia tangu Novemba 2021. Andrews pia ni Mjumbe wa Kamati ya Meya (MayCo) ya Jiji la Cape Town anayesimamia Mipango ya Matumizi ya Ardhi na Mazingira.<ref name="Alderman Eddie Andrews: Deputy Mayor and Mayoral Committee Member for Spatial Planning and Environment">{{cite web|url=[https://www.capetown.gov.za/mayoral-committee-members/spatial-planning-and-environment|title=Alderman](https://www.capetown.gov.za/mayoral-committee-members/spatial-planning-and-environment|title=Alderman) Eddie Andrews: Deputy Mayor and Mayoral Committee Member for Spatial Planning and Environment|publisher=The City of Cape Town|access-date=28 Januari 2026}}</ref> Andrews ni mchezaji wa zamani wa muungano wa ragbi, aliyekuwa akicheza katika nafasi ya Prop, na aliwahi kuiwakilisha Springboks.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.espnscrum.com/southafrica/rugby/player/14526.html|title=Eddie](http://www.espnscrum.com/southafrica/rugby/player/14526.html|title=Eddie) Andrews|website=ESPN Scrum|access-date=19 Novemba 2021}}</ref> Pia aliichezea Stormers katika mashindano ya Super 14 kati ya mwaka 2003 na 2007.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Heath|first=Duane|date=21 Machi 2010|title=Promising Test career cruelly cut short by back injury|url=[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/rugby/2010-03-21-promising-test-career-cruelly-cut-short-by-back-injury/|website=TimesLIVE|access-date=19](https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/rugby/2010-03-21-promising-test-career-cruelly-cut-short-by-back-injury/|website=TimesLIVE|access-date=19) Novemba 2021}}</ref> == Kazi ya raga == Andrews alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika ngazi ya mkoa akiwa na Western Province dhidi ya Eastern Province kwenye mashindano ya Vodacom Cup mwaka 2000.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The South African Rugby Annual 2001|last=Colquhoun|first=Andy|publisher=SARFU & MWP Media Sport|year=2001|isbn=0958423180|location=Cape Town|pages=361}}</ref> Miaka mitatu baadaye alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya [Super 12 akiwa na Stormers dhidi ya Hurricanes .<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The South African Rugby Annual 2004|last=Colquhoun|first=Andy|publisher=SA Rugby (Pty) Ltd & MWP Media Sport|year=2004|isbn=0958440484|location=Cape Town|pages=213}}</ref> Andrews alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa akiwa na Afrika Kusini tarehe 12 Juni 2004 mjini [[Bloemfontein]] dhidi ya Ireland. Afrika Kusini ilishinda mechi hiyo kwa pointi 31–17. Pia alicheza mechi iliyofuata dhidi ya Ireland mjini Cape Town, ambayo nayo Afrika Kusini ilishinda, na alikuwa mchezaji wa akiba katika ushindi dhidi ya Wales mjini [[Pretoria]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Colquhoun|first=Andy|title=South African Rugby Annual 2005|publisher=SA Rugby & MWP Media (Pty) Ltd|year=2005|isbn=0958440492|location=Cape Town|pages=98}}</ref> Baadaye alicheza dhidi ya Pacific Islanders XV mjini Gosford kabla ya kujumuishwa katika kikosi cha Springboks kwa 2004 Tri Nations series. Alicheza mechi nne za majaribio katika mashindano hayo, mbili dhidi ya All Blacks na mbili dhidi ya Wallabies. Springboks walitwaa ubingwa wa Tri Nations Series mwaka huo. Mwishoni mwa mwaka alipata nafasi nyingine tatu za kuiwakilisha Afrika Kusini katika ziara ya mechi za Ulaya.<ref name=":0" /> Andrews aliichezea tena Afrika Kusini tarehe 18 Juni 2005 katika sare ya pointi 30–30 dhidi ya Ufaransa mjini Durban. Baadaye alicheza dhidi ya Australia na All Blacks katika 2005 Tri Nations series. Mwishoni mwa mwaka huo alipata nafasi nyingine mbili za kuichezea Springboks dhidi ya Argentina mjini Buenos Aires na Ufaransa mjini [[Paris]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rugby Union - ESPN Scrum - Statsguru - Player analysis - Eddie Andrews - Test matches|url=[http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/14526.html|website=ESPN](http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/14526.html|website=ESPN) Scrum|access-date=19 Novemba 2021}}</ref> Mwaka 2006 alicheza katika mechi tatu za kimataifa za katikati ya mwaka, ambazo zilijumuisha ushindi mara mbili dhidi ya Scotland na kipigo dhidi ya Ufaransa. Baadaye aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Springboks kwa 2006 Tri Nations series.<ref name=":1" /> Mwaka 2007 Andrews alistaafu kucheza rugby ya kulipwa kutokana na ugonjwa wa kubanwa kwa mfereji wa uti wa mgongo (''spinal stenosis'') uliokuwa umeambatana na majeraha ya mara kwa mara ya mgongo. Katika kipindi hicho alianzisha shirika lisilo la kiserikali la '''Joshua Foundation''' pamoja na mwenzake wa Stormers, Tonderai Chavhanga.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=30 Julai 2018|title=Joshua Foundation|url=[https://www.exceed.co.za/joshua-foundation/|website=Exceed|access-date=19](https://www.exceed.co.za/joshua-foundation/|website=Exceed|access-date=19) Novemba 2021}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Andrews, Edwin Peter}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 37ey5ys8lnmx2w30mge9igueh4ujilm 0 241744 1577815 2026-07-01T12:10:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Office national de l'emploi (république démocratique du Congo)]] hadi [[Office national de l'emploi (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo)]]: jina la Kiswahili 1577815 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Office national de l'emploi (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo)]] 8cj4dzue2ht20pu9zt48jqd7e3at76r 0 241745 1577823 2026-07-01T12:19:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Shule ya fedha ya sayansi ya Kompyuta]] hadi [[Shule ya Fedha ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta]]: usahihi wa jina 1577823 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Shule ya Fedha ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta]] kdn1k8w5ihlys4caxei0labujb4wo6p 0 241746 1577832 2026-07-01T12:28:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Taasisi ya maendeleo ya Kitivo]] hadi [[Taasisi ya kitivo ya maendeleo]]: usahihi wa jina 1577832 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Taasisi ya kitivo ya maendeleo]] 4kwmge4yusxphsqgh8ejxn8euu87e7m 0 241748 1577843 2026-07-01T14:40:39Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Frank Auerbach | jina_halisi = Frank Helmut Auerbach | picha = | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = Auerbach takribani mwaka 2010 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1931|04|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Jamhuri ya Weimar (Ujerumani) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2024|11|11|1931|4|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = London, Uingereza | uraia = {{p...' 1577843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Frank Auerbach | jina_halisi = Frank Helmut Auerbach | picha = | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = Auerbach takribani mwaka 2010 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1931|04|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Jamhuri ya Weimar (Ujerumani) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2024|11|11|1931|4|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = London, Uingereza | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (hadi 1935, chini ya Sheria za Nuremberg) * Hakuwa na uraia (1935–1947) * Uingereza (kutoka 1947) }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * St Martin's School of Art * Royal College of Art * Borough Polytechnic }} | kazi_mahususi = Uchoraji | harakati = Shule ya London | mwenzi = Julia Wolstenholme (ndoa 1958–2024, kifo chake) | watoto = Jake Auerbach }} '''Frank Helmut Auerbach''' (29 Aprili 1931 &ndash; 11 Novemba 2024) alikuwa mchoraji wa [[Uingereza]] aliyezaliwa nchini Ujerumani. Alizaliwa katika nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Weimar|Ujerumani]] na wazazi wa Kiyahudi, na akachukua uraia wa Uingereza mnamo mwaka 1947. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii mashuhuri katika kundi la wasanii wa London (School of London), akishirikiana na wasanii wenzake [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]] na [[Lucian Freud]], ambao wote wawili walikuwa waungaji mkono wa mapema wa kazi zake.<ref>Richard Morphet, ''The hard-won image'' (London: Tate Gallery Publications, 1984), p. 54</ref><ref name="T&H">Cole, Joshua. "[https://thamesandhudson.com/news/from-the-archive-examining-the-importance-of-frank-auerbach/ From the Archive: Examining the Importance of Frank Auerbach, 1931–2024]". [[Thames and Hudson]], 3 October 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2024</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Auerbach alizaliwa mnamo 29 Aprili 1931 mjini [[Berlin]], [[Jamhuri ya Weimar|Ujerumani]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank Auerbach |website=Munzinger Biographie |url=https://www.munzinger.de/register/portrait/biographien/Frank%20Auerbach/00/19830 |language=de |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ruthe |first=Ingeborg |date=12 November 2024 |title=Frank Auerbach ist tot: Der Maler, der als Berliner Junge den Nazis entkam |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur-vergnuegen/kunst/frank-auerbach-der-maler-der-als-berliner-junge-den-nazis-entkam-ist-tot-li.2271495 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> akiwa mtoto wa Max Auerbach, wakili wa hatimiliki, na Charlotte Nora Borchardt, aliyekuwa amesomea usanii.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Jonathan |date=12 November 2024 |title='He painted with a fury for life' – how Frank Auerbach put lust and sorrow into every brushstroke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/nov/12/frank-auerbach-painter-fury-holocaust |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa mateso ya Wanazi dhidi ya Wayahudi kama wao, wazazi wake walimtuma Uingereza mnamo mwaka 1939,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926200940/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/auerbach_transcript.shtml Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Frank Auerbach], BBC Radio 3, archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106091829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/auerbach_transcript.shtml the original] on 26 September 2013</ref> akiwa mmoja wa watoto sita waliofadhiliwa na mwandishi wa Uingereza [[Iris Origo]].<ref name="BBC News-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=John |date=4 October 2013 |title=BBC Radio Four − Front Row: 4.10.13 John Wilson & Frank Auerbach. |url=https://www.ordovasart.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/rembrandt-frontrow-transcription_sp.pdf}}</ref> Wazazi wake walibaki nyuma nchini Ujerumani, na waliuawa katika kambi ya mateso ya "Auschwitz" mnamo mwaka 1942.<ref>Eric L. Santner, ''On creaturely life: Rilke, Benjamin, Sebald'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 100, note 2</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Jonathan|date=29 August 2014|title=Frank Auerbach: a painter's painter of horrors and joy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/29/frank-auerbach-painters-painter-freud-tate-retrospective|access-date=18 November 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, Auerbach akawa mwanafunzi katika Shule ya [[Bunce Court School]], karibu na mji wa [[Faversham]] mkoani Kent, ambapo alifanya vizuri sio tu katika masomo ya sanaa bali pia katika madarasa ya igizo. Hakika, alikaribia kuwa muigizaji, hata alichukua nafasi ndogo katika mchezo wa kuigiza wa [[Peter Ustinov]] uitwao ''House of Regrets'' kwenye Jumba la Maonyesho la [[Unity Theatre, London|Unity Theatre]] huko St. Pancras nchini Uingereza, akiwa na umri wa miaka 17. Lakini nia yake katika sanaa ilionyesha kuvutia zaidi na akaanza kusoma jijini London, kwanza katika Shule ya Sanaa ya [[St Martin's School of Art]] kuanzia mwaka 1948 hadi 1952, na katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Kifalme ([[Royal College of Art]]) kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1955. Hata hivyo, labda ushawishi wa wazi zaidi kwenye mafunzo yake ya sanaa ulitokana na mfululizo wa madarasa ya ziada ya sanaa aliyosoma katika chuo cha [[Borough Polytechnic]] cha London, ambapo yeye na mwanafunzi mwenzake wa St Martin's, [[Leon Kossoff]], walifundishwa na [[David Bomberg]] kuanzia mwaka 1947 hadi 1953.<ref name="Catherine Lampert and Norman Rosenthal">Catherine Lampert and Norman Rosenthal, ''Frank Auerbach: Paintings and Drawings 1954–2001'' (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2001), p. 20</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] kbgqgu3gdpap097ugx2hf2kbhricsty 1577846 1577843 2026-07-01T14:50:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Frank Auerbach | jina_halisi = Frank Helmut Auerbach | picha = | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = Auerbach takribani mwaka 2010 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1931|04|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Jamhuri ya Weimar (Ujerumani) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2024|11|11|1931|4|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = London, Uingereza | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (hadi 1935, chini ya Sheria za Nuremberg) * Hakuwa na uraia (1935–1947) * Uingereza (kutoka 1947) }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * St Martin's School of Art * Royal College of Art * Borough Polytechnic }} | kazi_mahususi = Uchoraji | harakati = Shule ya London | mwenzi = Julia Wolstenholme (ndoa 1958–2024, kifo chake) | watoto = Jake Auerbach }} '''Frank Helmut Auerbach''' (29 Aprili 1931 &ndash; 11 Novemba 2024) alikuwa mchoraji wa [[Uingereza]] aliyezaliwa katika nchi ya [[Ujerumani]] na wazazi wa Kiyahudi, akachukua uraia wa Uingereza mnamo mwaka 1947. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii mashuhuri katika kundi la wasanii wa London (School of London), akishirikiana na wasanii wenzake [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]] na [[Lucian Freud]], ambao wote wawili walikuwa waungaji mkono wa mapema wa kazi zake.<ref>Richard Morphet, ''The hard-won image'' (London: Tate Gallery Publications, 1984), p. 54</ref><ref name="T&H">Cole, Joshua. "[https://thamesandhudson.com/news/from-the-archive-examining-the-importance-of-frank-auerbach/ From the Archive: Examining the Importance of Frank Auerbach, 1931–2024]". [[Thames and Hudson]], 3 October 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2024</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Auerbach alizaliwa mnamo 29 Aprili 1931 mjini [[Berlin]], [[Jamhuri ya Weimar|Ujerumani]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank Auerbach |website=Munzinger Biographie |url=https://www.munzinger.de/register/portrait/biographien/Frank%20Auerbach/00/19830 |language=de |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ruthe |first=Ingeborg |date=12 November 2024 |title=Frank Auerbach ist tot: Der Maler, der als Berliner Junge den Nazis entkam |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur-vergnuegen/kunst/frank-auerbach-der-maler-der-als-berliner-junge-den-nazis-entkam-ist-tot-li.2271495 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> akiwa mtoto wa Max Auerbach, wakili wa hatimiliki, na Charlotte Nora Borchardt, aliyekuwa amesomea usanii.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Jonathan |date=12 November 2024 |title='He painted with a fury for life' – how Frank Auerbach put lust and sorrow into every brushstroke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/nov/12/frank-auerbach-painter-fury-holocaust |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa mateso ya Wanazi dhidi ya Wayahudi kama wao, wazazi wake walimtuma Uingereza mnamo mwaka 1939,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926200940/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/auerbach_transcript.shtml Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Frank Auerbach], BBC Radio 3, archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106091829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/auerbach_transcript.shtml the original] on 26 September 2013</ref> akiwa mmoja wa watoto sita waliofadhiliwa na mwandishi wa Uingereza [[Iris Origo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=John |date=4 October 2013 |title=BBC Radio Four − Front Row: 4.10.13 John Wilson & Frank Auerbach. |url=https://www.ordovasart.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/rembrandt-frontrow-transcription_sp.pdf}}</ref> Wazazi wake walibaki nyuma nchini Ujerumani, na waliuawa katika kambi ya mateso ya "Auschwitz" mnamo mwaka 1942.<ref>Eric L. Santner, ''On creaturely life: Rilke, Benjamin, Sebald'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 100, note 2</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Jonathan|date=29 August 2014|title=Frank Auerbach: a painter's painter of horrors and joy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/29/frank-auerbach-painters-painter-freud-tate-retrospective|access-date=18 November 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, Auerbach akawa mwanafunzi katika Shule ya [[Bunce Court School]], karibu na mji wa [[Faversham]] mkoani Kent, ambapo alifanya vizuri sio tu katika masomo ya sanaa bali pia katika madarasa ya igizo. Hakika, alikaribia kuwa muigizaji, hata alichukua nafasi ndogo katika mchezo wa kuigiza wa [[Peter Ustinov]] uitwao ''House of Regrets'' kwenye Jumba la Maonyesho la [[Unity Theatre, London|Unity Theatre]] huko St. Pancras nchini Uingereza, akiwa na umri wa miaka 17. Lakini nia yake katika sanaa ilionyesha kuvutia zaidi na akaanza kusoma jijini London, kwanza katika Shule ya Sanaa ya [[St Martin's School of Art]] kuanzia mwaka 1948 hadi 1952, na katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Kifalme ([[Royal College of Art]]) kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1955. Hata hivyo, labda ushawishi wa wazi zaidi kwenye mafunzo yake ya sanaa ulitokana na mfululizo wa madarasa ya ziada ya sanaa aliyosoma katika chuo cha [[Borough Polytechnic]] cha London, ambapo yeye na mwanafunzi mwenzake wa St Martin's, [[Leon Kossoff]], walifundishwa na [[David Bomberg]] kuanzia mwaka 1947 hadi 1953.<ref name="Catherine Lampert and Norman Rosenthal">Catherine Lampert and Norman Rosenthal, ''Frank Auerbach: Paintings and Drawings 1954–2001'' (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2001), p. 20</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 6gogl4ppgtnq3byqze962hhe4v0swif 1577858 1577846 2026-07-01T15:41:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1577858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Frank Auerbach | jina_halisi = Frank Helmut Auerbach | picha = | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = Auerbach takribani mwaka 2010 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1931|04|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Jamhuri ya Weimar (Ujerumani) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2024|11|11|1931|4|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = London, Uingereza | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (hadi 1935, chini ya Sheria za Nuremberg) * Hakuwa na uraia (1935–1947) * Uingereza (kutoka 1947) }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * St Martin's School of Art * Royal College of Art * Borough Polytechnic }} | kazi_mahususi = Uchoraji | harakati = Shule ya London | mwenzi = Julia Wolstenholme (ndoa 1958–2024, kifo chake) | watoto = Jake Auerbach }} '''Frank Helmut Auerbach''' (29 Aprili 1931 &ndash; 11 Novemba 2024) alikuwa mchoraji wa [[Uingereza]] aliyezaliwa katika nchi ya [[Ujerumani]] na wazazi wa Kiyahudi, akachukua uraia wa Uingereza mnamo mwaka 1947. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii mashuhuri katika kundi la wasanii wa London (School of London), akishirikiana na wasanii wenzake [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]] na [[Lucian Freud]], ambao wote wawili walikuwa waungaji mkono wa mapema wa kazi zake.<ref>Richard Morphet, ''The hard-won image'' (London: Tate Gallery Publications, 1984), p. 54</ref><ref name="T&H">Cole, Joshua. "[https://thamesandhudson.com/news/from-the-archive-examining-the-importance-of-frank-auerbach/ From the Archive: Examining the Importance of Frank Auerbach, 1931–2024]". [[Thames and Hudson]], 3 October 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2024</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Auerbach alizaliwa mnamo 29 Aprili 1931 mjini [[Berlin]], [[Jamhuri ya Weimar|Ujerumani]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank Auerbach |website=Munzinger Biographie |url=https://www.munzinger.de/register/portrait/biographien/Frank%20Auerbach/00/19830 |language=de |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ruthe |first=Ingeborg |date=12 November 2024 |title=Frank Auerbach ist tot: Der Maler, der als Berliner Junge den Nazis entkam |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur-vergnuegen/kunst/frank-auerbach-der-maler-der-als-berliner-junge-den-nazis-entkam-ist-tot-li.2271495 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> akiwa mtoto wa Max Auerbach, wakili wa hatimiliki, na Charlotte Nora Borchardt, aliyekuwa amesomea usanii.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Jonathan |date=12 November 2024 |title='He painted with a fury for life' – how Frank Auerbach put lust and sorrow into every brushstroke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/nov/12/frank-auerbach-painter-fury-holocaust |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa mateso ya Wanazi dhidi ya Wayahudi kama wao, wazazi wake walimtuma Uingereza mnamo mwaka 1939,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926200940/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/auerbach_transcript.shtml Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Frank Auerbach], BBC Radio 3, archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106091829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/auerbach_transcript.shtml the original] on 26 September 2013</ref> akiwa mmoja wa watoto sita waliofadhiliwa na mwandishi wa Uingereza [[Iris Origo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Wilson |first=John |date=4 October 2013 |title=BBC Radio Four − Front Row: 4.10.13 John Wilson & Frank Auerbach. |url=https://www.ordovasart.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/rembrandt-frontrow-transcription_sp.pdf}}</ref> Wazazi wake walibaki nyuma nchini Ujerumani, na waliuawa katika kambi ya mateso ya "Auschwitz" mnamo mwaka 1942.<ref>Eric L. Santner, ''On creaturely life: Rilke, Benjamin, Sebald'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 100, note 2</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Jones|first=Jonathan|date=29 August 2014|title=Frank Auerbach: a painter's painter of horrors and joy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/29/frank-auerbach-painters-painter-freud-tate-retrospective|access-date=18 November 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, Auerbach akawa mwanafunzi katika Shule ya [[Bunce Court School]], karibu na mji wa [[Faversham]] mkoani Kent, ambapo alifanya vizuri sio tu katika masomo ya sanaa bali pia katika madarasa ya igizo. Hakika, alikaribia kuwa muigizaji, hata alichukua nafasi ndogo katika mchezo wa kuigiza wa [[Peter Ustinov]] uitwao ''House of Regrets'' kwenye Jumba la Maonyesho la [[Unity Theatre, London|Unity Theatre]] huko St. Pancras nchini Uingereza, akiwa na umri wa miaka 17. Lakini nia yake katika sanaa ilionyesha kuvutia zaidi na akaanza kusoma jijini London, kwanza katika Shule ya Sanaa ya [[St Martin's School of Art]] kuanzia mwaka 1948 hadi 1952, na katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Kifalme ([[Royal College of Art]]) kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1955. Hata hivyo, labda ushawishi wa wazi zaidi kwenye mafunzo yake ya sanaa ulitokana na mfululizo wa madarasa ya ziada ya sanaa aliyosoma katika chuo cha [[Borough Polytechnic]] cha London, ambapo yeye na mwanafunzi mwenzake wa St Martin's, [[Leon Kossoff]], walifundishwa na [[David Bomberg]] kuanzia mwaka 1947 hadi 1953.<ref name="Catherine Lampert and Norman Rosenthal">Catherine Lampert and Norman Rosenthal, ''Frank Auerbach: Paintings and Drawings 1954–2001'' (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2001), p. 20</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 4zvrypexe62tdk86yodihtixdgy8aya 0 241749 1577847 2026-07-01T14:52:09Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eva Hoffman''' (alizaliwa kama '''Ewa Wydra''' mnamo 1 Julai 1945)<ref name=guard>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/apr/28/internationaleducationnews.socialsciences|title=Hoffman's Tale|first=Andrew|last=Brown|authorlink=Andrew Brown (writer)|date=April 28, 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=September 22, 2013}}</ref> ni mwandishi na msomi mashuhuri na aliyetunukiwa tuzo kimataifa. == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == Eva Hoffman ali...' 1577847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Hoffman''' (alizaliwa kama '''Ewa Wydra''' mnamo 1 Julai 1945)<ref name=guard>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/apr/28/internationaleducationnews.socialsciences|title=Hoffman's Tale|first=Andrew|last=Brown|authorlink=Andrew Brown (writer)|date=April 28, 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=September 22, 2013}}</ref> ni mwandishi na msomi mashuhuri na aliyetunukiwa tuzo kimataifa. == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == Eva Hoffman alizaliwa mjini [[Kraków]], [[Polandi]], muda mfupi baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia. Wazazi wake, Boris na Maria Wydra, walinusurika katika mauaji ya kimbari ya [[Holocaust]] kwa kujificha kwenye handaki msituni na kisha kufichwa na majirani zao wa Polandi na [[Ukraini]]. Mnamo mwaka 1959, akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, alihamia nchini Kanada pamoja na wazazi na dada yake katika mji wa [[Vancouver]],katika jimbo la [[British Columbia]]. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo ya shule ya upili, alipata ufadhili wa masomo na kusoma fasihi ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Rice University]] huko [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]] nchini [[Marekani]], Shule ya Muziki ya Yale ([[Yale School of Music]]), na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Harvard University]]. Alitunukiwa shahada ya uzamivu ([[Ph.D.]]) katika fasihi ya Kiingereza na Marekani kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard mnamo mwaka 1975.<ref name=guard/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] si2sa2xtf4v8j0g06cgsihuapp8oazk 1577848 1577847 2026-07-01T14:52:34Z Bycashtz 81318 1577848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Hoffman''' (alizaliwa kama '''Ewa Wydra''' mnamo 1 Julai 1945)<ref name=guard>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/apr/28/internationaleducationnews.socialsciences|title=Hoffman's Tale|first=Andrew|last=Brown|authorlink=Andrew Brown (writer)|date=April 28, 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=September 22, 2013}}</ref> ni mwandishi na msomi mashuhuri na aliyetunukiwa tuzo kimataifa. == Maisha ya awali == Eva Hoffman alizaliwa mjini [[Kraków]], [[Polandi]], muda mfupi baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia. Wazazi wake, Boris na Maria Wydra, walinusurika katika mauaji ya kimbari ya [[Holocaust]] kwa kujificha kwenye handaki msituni na kisha kufichwa na majirani zao wa Polandi na [[Ukraini]]. Mnamo mwaka 1959, akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, alihamia nchini Kanada pamoja na wazazi na dada yake katika mji wa [[Vancouver]],katika jimbo la [[British Columbia]]. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo ya shule ya upili, alipata ufadhili wa masomo na kusoma fasihi ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Rice University]] huko [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]] nchini [[Marekani]], Shule ya Muziki ya Yale ([[Yale School of Music]]), na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Harvard University]]. Alitunukiwa shahada ya uzamivu ([[Ph.D.]]) katika fasihi ya Kiingereza na Marekani kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard mnamo mwaka 1975.<ref name=guard/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] axo5z0u2zbriv5h4tvlvpn2k42qpeds 1577851 1577848 2026-07-01T15:11:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Hoffman''' (alizaliwa kama '''Ewa Wydra'''; [[Kraków]], [[Polandi]], 1 Julai 1945)<ref name=guard>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/apr/28/internationaleducationnews.socialsciences|title=Hoffman's Tale|first=Andrew|last=Brown|authorlink=Andrew Brown (writer)|date=April 28, 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=September 22, 2013}}</ref> ni mwandishi na msomi mashuhuri na aliyetunukiwa tuzo kimataifa. == Maisha ya awali == Eva Hoffman alizaliwa muda mfupi baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia. Wazazi wake, Boris na Maria Wydra, walinusurika katika [[mauaji ya kimbari]] ya [[Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya|Holocaust]] kwa kujificha kwenye handaki msituni na kisha kufichwa na majirani zao wa Polandi na [[Ukraini]]. Mnamo mwaka 1959, akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, alihamia nchini [[Kanada]] pamoja na wazazi na dada yake katika mji wa [[Vancouver]], katika jimbo la [[British Columbia]]. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo ya shule ya upili, alipata ufadhili wa masomo na kusoma fasihi ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Rice University]] huko [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]] nchini [[Marekani]], Shule ya Muziki ya Yale ([[Yale School of Music]]), na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]]. Alitunukiwa shahada ya [[uzamivu]] katika [[fasihi]] ya [[Kiingereza]] na Marekani kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard mnamo mwaka 1975.<ref name=guard/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Polandi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] g23yth8b09mmmo01z5ged2fjmor6od5 0 241750 1577849 2026-07-01T15:09:52Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = John Shalikashvili | jina_la_utani = "General Shali" | picha = General John Shalikashvili military portrait, 1993.JPEG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha rasmi, 1993 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Warsaw, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Poland | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|23|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Joint Bas...' 1577849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = John Shalikashvili | jina_la_utani = "General Shali" | picha = General John Shalikashvili military portrait, 1993.JPEG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha rasmi, 1993 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Warsaw, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Poland | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|23|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, Marekani | mahala_pa_mazishi = Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington | utii = Marekani | tawi = Jeshi la Marekani | miaka_ya_huduma = 1958–1997 | cheo = Jenerali | vikosi = | amri = {{plainlist| * Mwenyekiti wa Wakuu wa Majeshi * Kamanda Mkuu wa NATO Ulaya * Operation Provide Comfort * Kikosi cha 9 cha Jeshi la Marekani * Batalioni ya 1, Kikosi cha 84 cha Artillery }} | vita = {{plainlist| * Vita vya Vietnam * Operation Provide Comfort * Eneo lisiloruhusiwa ndege Iraq * Mgogoro wa Tatu wa Mlango wa Taiwan }} | tuzo = | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Bradley * Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington }} | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Gunhild Bartsch (ndoa 1963–1965, kifo chake) * Joan Zimpelman (ndoa 1966–sasa) }} | watoto = 2 | kazi_nyingine = {{plainlist| * Profesa mgeni, Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford * Mkurugenzi, Frank Russell Trust Company * Mkurugenzi, L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. * Mkurugenzi, Plug Power Inc. * Mkurugenzi, United Defense Industries, Inc. }} }} '''John Malchase David Shalikashvili''' (27 Juni 1936 – 23 Julai 2011) alikuwa jenerali wa jeshi la nchi kavu la [[Marekani]] aliyeshika wadhifa wa Kamanda mkuu wa majeshi ya muungano Ulaya kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1993 na kuwa mwenyekiti wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja wa 13 kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boy on the Bridge: The Story of John Shalikashvili's American Success|last=Marble|first=Andrew|date=2019|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|doi=10.2307/j.ctvn5tz24 |jstor = j.ctvn5tz24|isbn=978-0-8131-7802-8|s2cid=202496492 }}</ref> Alizaliwa mjini [[Warsaw]], [[Polandi]], katika familia ya afisa mkimbizi wa Kigojia (taifa la nchi ya '''[[Georgia]])''', Dimitri Shalikashvili, na mke wake Maria Rüdiger-Belyaeva aliyekuwa amepata [[Uraia|uraia]] wa Polandi. Mnamo mwaka 1996, alikuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa tuzo ya uongozi wa wahitimu waliotukuka wa chuo cha vita vya wanamaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110537/https://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|url-status=dead|title=USNWC official website|archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Shalikashvili alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa kwanza, na hadi kufikia mwaka 2023 ndiye pekee, wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja ambaye hakuzaliwa nchini Marekani. Alitumikia katika kila ngazi ya amri ya vikosi kuanzia ngazi ya kikosi kidogo cha askari (platoon) hadi ngazi ya divisheni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Luttwak|title=Why Clinton Called Upon Shalikashvili|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=August 22, 1993}}</ref> Shalikashvili alifariki kwa kiharusi mnamo mwaka 2011 akiwa na umri wa miaka 75.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dewan|first=Shaila|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/us/24Shalikashvili.html|title=Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, Military Chief in 1990s, Dies at 75|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] [[Jamii:Jenerali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] p2125eyf03uhw7mjvqahqlwdxfkg42o 1577850 1577849 2026-07-01T15:11:15Z Bycashtz 81318 1577850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = John Shalikashvili | jina_la_utani = "General Shali" | picha = General John Shalikashvili military portrait, 1993.JPEG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha rasmi, 1993 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Warsaw, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Poland | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|23|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, Marekani | mahala_pa_mazishi = Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington | utii = Marekani | tawi = Jeshi la Marekani | miaka_ya_huduma = 1958–1997 | cheo = Jenerali | vikosi = | amri = {{plainlist| * Mwenyekiti wa Wakuu wa Majeshi * Kamanda Mkuu wa NATO Ulaya * Operation Provide Comfort * Kikosi cha 9 cha Jeshi la Marekani * Batalioni ya 1, Kikosi cha 84 cha Artillery }} | vita = {{plainlist| * Vita vya Vietnam * Operation Provide Comfort * Eneo lisiloruhusiwa ndege Iraq * Mgogoro wa Tatu wa Mlango wa Taiwan }} | tuzo = | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Bradley * Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington }} | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Gunhild Bartsch (ndoa 1963–1965, kifo chake) * Joan Zimpelman (ndoa 1966–sasa) }} | watoto = 2 | kazi_nyingine = {{plainlist| * Profesa mgeni, Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford * Mkurugenzi, Frank Russell Trust Company * Mkurugenzi, L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. * Mkurugenzi, Plug Power Inc. * Mkurugenzi, United Defense Industries, Inc. }} }} '''John Malchase David Shalikashvili''' (27 Juni 1936 – 23 Julai 2011) alikuwa jenerali wa jeshi la nchi kavu la [[Marekani]] aliyeshika wadhifa wa Kamanda mkuu wa majeshi ya muungano Ulaya kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1993 na kuwa mwenyekiti wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja wa 13 kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boy on the Bridge: The Story of John Shalikashvili's American Success|last=Marble|first=Andrew|date=2019|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|doi=10.2307/j.ctvn5tz24 |jstor = j.ctvn5tz24|isbn=978-0-8131-7802-8|s2cid=202496492 }}</ref> Alizaliwa mjini [[Warsaw]], [[Polandi]], katika familia ya afisa mkimbizi wa Kigojia (taifa la nchi ya '''[[Georgia]])''', Dimitri Shalikashvili, na mke wake Maria Rüdiger-Belyaeva aliyekuwa amepata [[Uraia|uraia]] wa Polandi. Mnamo mwaka 1996, alikuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa tuzo ya uongozi wa wahitimu waliotukuka wa chuo cha vita vya wanamaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110537/https://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|url-status=dead|title=USNWC official website|archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Shalikashvili alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa kwanza, na hadi kufikia mwaka 2023 ndiye pekee, wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja ambaye hakuzaliwa nchini Marekani. Alitumikia katika kila ngazi ya amri ya vikosi kuanzia ngazi ya kikosi kidogo cha askari (platoon) hadi ngazi ya divisheni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Luttwak|title=Why Clinton Called Upon Shalikashvili|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=August 22, 1993}}</ref> Shalikashvili alifariki kwa kiharusi mnamo mwaka 2011 akiwa na umri wa miaka 75.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dewan|first=Shaila|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/us/24Shalikashvili.html|title=Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, Military Chief in 1990s, Dies at 75|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] [[Jamii:Majenerali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 5crtjy1gljymlzs2rbu7itfveci4810 1577852 1577850 2026-07-01T15:12:17Z Bycashtz 81318 1577852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = John Shalikashvili | jina_la_utani = "General Shali" | picha = General John Shalikashvili military portrait, 1993.JPEG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha rasmi, 1993 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Warsaw, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Poland | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|23|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, Marekani | mahala_pa_mazishi = Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington | utii = Marekani | tawi = Jeshi la Marekani | miaka_ya_huduma = 1958–1997 | cheo = Jenerali | vikosi = | amri = {{plainlist| * Mwenyekiti wa Wakuu wa Majeshi * Kamanda Mkuu wa NATO Ulaya * Operation Provide Comfort * Kikosi cha 9 cha Jeshi la Marekani * Batalioni ya 1, Kikosi cha 84 cha Artillery }} | vita = {{plainlist| * Vita vya Vietnam * Operation Provide Comfort * Eneo lisiloruhusiwa ndege Iraq * Mgogoro wa Tatu wa Mlango wa Taiwan }} | tuzo = | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Bradley * Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington }} | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Gunhild Bartsch (ndoa 1963–1965, kifo chake) * Joan Zimpelman (ndoa 1966–sasa) }} | watoto = 2 | kazi_nyingine = {{plainlist| * Profesa mgeni, Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford * Mkurugenzi, Frank Russell Trust Company * Mkurugenzi, L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. * Mkurugenzi, Plug Power Inc. * Mkurugenzi, United Defense Industries, Inc. }} }} '''John Malchase David Shalikashvili''' (27 Juni 1936 – 23 Julai 2011) alikuwa jenerali wa jeshi la nchi kavu la [[Marekani]] aliyeshika wadhifa wa Kamanda mkuu wa majeshi ya muungano Ulaya kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1993 na kuwa mwenyekiti wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja wa 13 kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boy on the Bridge: The Story of John Shalikashvili's American Success|last=Marble|first=Andrew|date=2019|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|doi=10.2307/j.ctvn5tz24 |jstor = j.ctvn5tz24|isbn=978-0-8131-7802-8|s2cid=202496492 }}</ref> Alizaliwa mjini [[Warsaw]], [[Polandi]], katika familia ya afisa mkimbizi wa Kigojia (taifa la nchi ya '''[[Georgia]])''', Dimitri Shalikashvili, na mke wake Maria Rüdiger-Belyaeva aliyekuwa amepata [[Uraia|uraia]] wa Polandi. Mnamo mwaka 1996, alikuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa tuzo ya uongozi wa wahitimu waliotukuka wa chuo cha vita vya wanamaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110537/https://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|url-status=dead|title=USNWC official website|archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Shalikashvili alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa kwanza, na hadi kufikia mwaka 2023 ndiye pekee, wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja ambaye hakuzaliwa nchini Marekani. Alitumikia katika kila ngazi ya amri ya vikosi kuanzia ngazi ya kikosi kidogo cha askari (platoon) hadi ngazi ya divisheni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Luttwak|title=Why Clinton Called Upon Shalikashvili|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=August 22, 1993}}</ref> Shalikashvili alifariki kwa kiharusi mnamo mwaka 2011 akiwa na umri wa miaka 75.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dewan|first=Shaila|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/us/24Shalikashvili.html|title=Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, Military Chief in 1990s, Dies at 75|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 0mz2gzc0p453usb876bw4gvj1blebrg 1577855 1577852 2026-07-01T15:12:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = John Shalikashvili | jina_la_utani = "General Shali" | picha = General John Shalikashvili military portrait, 1993.JPEG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha rasmi, 1993 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Warsaw, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Poland | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|23|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, Marekani | mahala_pa_mazishi = Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington | utii = Marekani | tawi = Jeshi la Marekani | miaka_ya_huduma = 1958–1997 | cheo = Jenerali | vikosi = | amri = {{plainlist| * Mwenyekiti wa Wakuu wa Majeshi * Kamanda Mkuu wa NATO Ulaya * Operation Provide Comfort * Kikosi cha 9 cha Jeshi la Marekani * Batalioni ya 1, Kikosi cha 84 cha Artillery }} | vita = {{plainlist| * Vita vya Vietnam * Operation Provide Comfort * Eneo lisiloruhusiwa ndege Iraq * Mgogoro wa Tatu wa Mlango wa Taiwan }} | tuzo = | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Bradley * Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington }} | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Gunhild Bartsch (ndoa 1963–1965, kifo chake) * Joan Zimpelman (ndoa 1966–sasa) }} | watoto = 2 | kazi_nyingine = {{plainlist| * Profesa mgeni, Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford * Mkurugenzi, Frank Russell Trust Company * Mkurugenzi, L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. * Mkurugenzi, Plug Power Inc. * Mkurugenzi, United Defense Industries, Inc. }} }} '''John Malchase David Shalikashvili''' (27 Juni 1936 – 23 Julai 2011) alikuwa jenerali wa jeshi la nchi kavu la [[Marekani]] aliyeshika wadhifa wa Kamanda mkuu wa majeshi ya muungano Ulaya kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1993 na kuwa mwenyekiti wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja wa 13 kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boy on the Bridge: The Story of John Shalikashvili's American Success|last=Marble|first=Andrew|date=2019|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|doi=10.2307/j.ctvn5tz24 |jstor = j.ctvn5tz24|isbn=978-0-8131-7802-8|s2cid=202496492 }}</ref> Alizaliwa mjini [[Warsaw]], [[Polandi]], katika familia ya afisa mkimbizi wa Kigojia (taifa la nchi ya '''[[Georgia]])''', Dimitri Shalikashvili, na mke wake Maria Rüdiger-Belyaeva aliyekuwa amepata [[Uraia|uraia]] wa Polandi. Mnamo mwaka 1996, alikuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa tuzo ya uongozi wa wahitimu waliotukuka wa chuo cha vita vya wanamaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110537/https://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|url-status=dead|title=USNWC official website|archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Shalikashvili alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa kwanza, na hadi kufikia mwaka 2023 ndiye pekee, wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja ambaye hakuzaliwa nchini Marekani. Alitumikia katika kila ngazi ya amri ya vikosi kuanzia ngazi ya kikosi kidogo cha askari (platoon) hadi ngazi ya divisheni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Luttwak|title=Why Clinton Called Upon Shalikashvili|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=August 22, 1993}}</ref> Shalikashvili alifariki kwa kiharusi mnamo mwaka 2011 akiwa na umri wa miaka 75.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dewan|first=Shaila|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/us/24Shalikashvili.html|title=Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, Military Chief in 1990s, Dies at 75|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] lj8a6m996c1t13zapscmugwgbdrofl1 1577861 1577855 2026-07-01T16:09:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1577861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = John Shalikashvili | jina_la_utani = "General Shali" | picha = General John Shalikashvili military portrait, 1993.JPEG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha rasmi, 1993 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Warsaw, Jamhuri ya Pili ya Poland | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2011|7|23|1936|6|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, Marekani | mahala_pa_mazishi = Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington | utii = Marekani | tawi = Jeshi la Marekani | miaka_ya_huduma = 1958–1997 | cheo = Jenerali | vikosi = | amri = {{plainlist| * Mwenyekiti wa Wakuu wa Majeshi * Kamanda Mkuu wa NATO Ulaya * Operation Provide Comfort * Kikosi cha 9 cha Jeshi la Marekani * Batalioni ya 1, Kikosi cha 84 cha Artillery }} | vita = {{plainlist| * Vita vya Vietnam * Operation Provide Comfort * Eneo lisiloruhusiwa ndege Iraq * Mgogoro wa Tatu wa Mlango wa Taiwan }} | tuzo = | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Bradley * Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington }} | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Gunhild Bartsch (ndoa 1963–1965, kifo chake) * Joan Zimpelman (ndoa 1966–sasa) }} | watoto = 2 | kazi_nyingine = {{plainlist| * Profesa mgeni, Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford * Mkurugenzi, Frank Russell Trust Company * Mkurugenzi, L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. * Mkurugenzi, Plug Power Inc. * Mkurugenzi, United Defense Industries, Inc. }} }} '''John Malchase David Shalikashvili''' (27 Juni 1936 – 23 Julai 2011) alikuwa jenerali wa jeshi la nchi kavu la [[Marekani]] aliyeshika wadhifa wa Kamanda mkuu wa majeshi ya muungano Ulaya kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1993 na kuwa mwenyekiti wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja wa 13 kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 1997.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Boy on the Bridge: The Story of John Shalikashvili's American Success|last=Marble|first=Andrew|date=2019|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|doi=10.2307/j.ctvn5tz24 |jstor = j.ctvn5tz24|isbn=978-0-8131-7802-8|s2cid=202496492 }}</ref> Alizaliwa mjini [[Warsaw]], [[Polandi]], katika familia ya afisa mkimbizi wa Kigojia (taifa la nchi ya '''[[Georgia]])''', Dimitri Shalikashvili, na mke wake Maria Rüdiger-Belyaeva aliyekuwa amepata [[Uraia|uraia]] wa Polandi. Mnamo mwaka 1996, alikuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa tuzo ya uongozi wa wahitimu waliotukuka wa chuo cha vita vya wanamaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110537/https://www.usnwc.edu/Departments---Colleges/Alumni/RightsideLinks/Menu/Distinguished-Graduate-Leadership-Award.aspx|url-status=dead|title=USNWC official website|archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Shalikashvili alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa kwanza, na hadi kufikia mwaka 2023 ndiye pekee, wa wakuu wa vikosi vya pamoja ambaye hakuzaliwa nchini Marekani. Alitumikia katika kila ngazi ya amri ya vikosi kuanzia ngazi ya kikosi kidogo cha askari (platoon) hadi ngazi ya divisheni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Luttwak|title=Why Clinton Called Upon Shalikashvili|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=August 22, 1993}}</ref> Shalikashvili alifariki kwa kiharusi mnamo mwaka 2011 akiwa na umri wa miaka 75.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dewan|first=Shaila|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/us/24Shalikashvili.html|title=Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, Military Chief in 1990s, Dies at 75|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 2vqa7u69dzv1cqnt4n8iwdpyxeh70x7 0 241751 1577856 2026-07-01T15:27:13Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Reuven Feuerstein | jina_asili = ראובן פוירשטיין | picha = Reuven feuersteine.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Feuerstein mwaka wa 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1921|8|21}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Botoşani, Romania | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2014|4|29|1921|8|21}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Yerusalemu, Israeli | majina_mengine = | j...' 1577856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Reuven Feuerstein | jina_asili = ראובן פוירשטיין | picha = Reuven feuersteine.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Feuerstein mwaka wa 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1921|8|21}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Botoşani, Romania | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2014|4|29|1921|8|21}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Yerusalemu, Israeli | majina_mengine = | jina_halisi = Reuven Feuerstein | uraia = Israeli | kazi = Mtaalamu wa Saikolojia | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Nadharia ya Structural Cognitive Modifiability * Mpango wa Instrumental Enrichment * Kuanzisha Taasisi ya Feuerstein }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Shahada ya Saikolojia, Chuo Kikuu cha Geneva * Masomo ya juu ya Saikolojia ya Elimu }} | kipindi = 1950–2014 | tuzo = {{plainlist| * Tuzo ya Israel kwa Saikolojia (1992) * Heshima ya kimataifa kwa mchango katika elimu ya watoto wenye changamoto za kujifunza }} | familia = Baba wa watoto 6 | tovuti = {{URL|https://www.feuerstein.org}} }} '''Reuven Feuerstein''' ( 21 Agosti 1921 – 29 Aprili 2014) alikuwa [[mwanasaikolojia]] wa kimatibabu, kimaendeleo, na kiakili wa [[Israeli]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Romania]], anayejulikana kwa nadharia yake ya [[akili]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown |first=Hannah |url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Professor-Reuven-Feuerstein-A-personal-remembrance-from-a-very-grateful-mother-350876 |title=Professor Reuven Feuerstein: A personal remembrance from a very grateful mother |date=30 April 2014 |publisher=JPost |accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref> Feuerstein anatambulika kwa kazi yake ya kuunda nadharia na mifumo inayotumika ya ubadilikaji wa kimuundo wa kiakili,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. 1990">Feuerstein, R. (1990). The theory of structural modifiability. In B. Presseisen (Ed.), Learning and thinking styles: Classroom interaction. Washington, DC: National Education Associations.</ref> uzoefu wa ujifunzaji wa upatanishi,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. 1999">{{cite book|title=Mediated Learning Experience (MLE): Theoretical, Psychosocial and Learning Implications|year=1999|publisher=Freund Publishing House Ltd|isbn=965-294-085-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkSTx5oUfqgC|editor1=Reuven Feuerstein |editor2=Pnina S. Klein |editor3=Abraham J. Tannenbaum }}</ref> ramani ya utambuzi , upungufu wa kazi za kiakili, kifaa cha tathmini ya mwelekeo wa kujifunza,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. 2002">Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, S., Falik, L & Rand, Y. (1979; 2002). Dynamic assessments of cognitive modifiability. ICELP Press, Jerusalem: Israel.</ref> programu za uboreshaji wa zana,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. Rand 2004">Feuerstein, R. Rand, Y., Hoffman, M.B., & Miller, R. (1980; 2004). Instrumental enrichment: An intervention program for cognitive modifiability. Baltimore, MD. University Park Press.</ref> na uundaji wa mazingira yenye mabadiliko. Taratibu hizi zinazoshikamana zinawapa waelimishaji ujuzi na zana za kukuza kwa utaratibu kazi na shughuli za kiakili za wanafunzi ili kujenga utambuzi wa juu wa fikra . Feuerstein alikuwa mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Kukuza Uwezo wa Kujifunza (ICELP) mjini [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]. Kwa zaidi ya miaka 50, nadharia na mifumo inayotumika ya Feuerstein imetekelezwa katika mazingira ya kimatibabu na darasani kimataifa, huku zaidi ya nchi 80 zikitumia kazi yake. Nadharia ya Feuerstein kuhusu uwezo wa kubadilika kwa akili imesababisha zaidi ya tafiti 2,000 za kisayansi na idadi kubwa sana ya tafiti za matukio zikiwahusisha makundi mbalimbali ya wanafunzi. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Israel]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] jhfigesy7s13uljzdw916vjhz42nrg2 1577908 1577856 2026-07-02T11:07:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Reuven Feuerstein | jina_asili = ראובן פוירשטיין | picha = Reuven feuersteine.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Feuerstein mwaka wa 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1921|8|21}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Botoşani, Romania | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2014|4|29|1921|8|21}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Yerusalemu, Israeli | majina_mengine = | jina_halisi = Reuven Feuerstein | uraia = Israeli | kazi = Mtaalamu wa Saikolojia | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Nadharia ya Structural Cognitive Modifiability * Mpango wa Instrumental Enrichment * Kuanzisha Taasisi ya Feuerstein }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Shahada ya Saikolojia, Chuo Kikuu cha Geneva * Masomo ya juu ya Saikolojia ya Elimu }} | kipindi = 1950–2014 | tuzo = {{plainlist| * Tuzo ya Israel kwa Saikolojia (1992) * Heshima ya kimataifa kwa mchango katika elimu ya watoto wenye changamoto za kujifunza }} | familia = Baba wa watoto 6 | tovuti = {{URL|https://www.feuerstein.org}} }} '''Reuven Feuerstein''' (21 Agosti 1921 – 29 Aprili 2014) alikuwa [[mwanasaikolojia]] wa kimatibabu, wa kimaendeleo, na wa kiakili wa [[Israeli]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Romania]], anayejulikana kwa [[nadharia]] yake ya [[akili]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown |first=Hannah |url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Professor-Reuven-Feuerstein-A-personal-remembrance-from-a-very-grateful-mother-350876 |title=Professor Reuven Feuerstein: A personal remembrance from a very grateful mother |date=30 April 2014 |publisher=JPost |accessdate=2014-05-01}}</ref> Feuerstein anatambulika kwa kazi yake ya kuunda nadharia na mifumo inayotumika ya ubadilikaji wa kimuundo wa kiakili,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. 1990">Feuerstein, R. (1990). The theory of structural modifiability. In B. Presseisen (Ed.), Learning and thinking styles: Classroom interaction. Washington, DC: National Education Associations.</ref> uzoefu wa ujifunzaji wa upatanishi,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. 1999">{{cite book|title=Mediated Learning Experience (MLE): Theoretical, Psychosocial and Learning Implications|year=1999|publisher=Freund Publishing House Ltd|isbn=965-294-085-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkSTx5oUfqgC|editor1=Reuven Feuerstein |editor2=Pnina S. Klein |editor3=Abraham J. Tannenbaum }}</ref> ramani ya utambuzi , upungufu wa kazi za kiakili, kifaa cha tathmini ya mwelekeo wa kujifunza,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. 2002">Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, S., Falik, L & Rand, Y. (1979; 2002). Dynamic assessments of cognitive modifiability. ICELP Press, Jerusalem: Israel.</ref> programu za uboreshaji wa zana,<ref name="Feuerstein, R. Rand 2004">Feuerstein, R. Rand, Y., Hoffman, M.B., & Miller, R. (1980; 2004). Instrumental enrichment: An intervention program for cognitive modifiability. Baltimore, MD. University Park Press.</ref> na uundaji wa mazingira yenye mabadiliko. Taratibu hizi zinazoshikamana zinawapa waelimishaji ujuzi na zana za kukuza kwa utaratibu kazi na shughuli za kiakili za wanafunzi ili kujenga utambuzi wa juu wa fikra . Feuerstein alikuwa mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Kukuza Uwezo wa Kujifunza (ICELP) mjini [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]. Kwa zaidi ya miaka 50, nadharia na mifumo inayotumika ya Feuerstein imetekelezwa katika mazingira ya kimatibabu na darasani kimataifa, huku zaidi ya nchi 80 zikitumia kazi yake. Nadharia ya Feuerstein kuhusu uwezo wa kubadilika kwa akili imesababisha zaidi ya tafiti 2,000 za kisayansi na idadi kubwa sana ya tafiti za matukio zikiwahusisha makundi mbalimbali ya wanafunzi. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii:Wanasaikolojia wa Romania]] [[Jamii:Wanasaikolojia wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] mppbsrb97m452ylym9frfs3mluh8d79 0 241752 1577860 2026-07-01T16:07:19Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur | jina_asili = عبد الرحمن أحمد علي الطور | picha = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = | cheo1 = Rais wa kwanza wa Somaliland | makamu1 = Hassan Isse Jama | kipindi_cha_kuanza1= 7 Juni 1991<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-regi...' 1577860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur | jina_asili = عبد الرحمن أحمد علي الطور | picha = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = | cheo1 = Rais wa kwanza wa Somaliland | makamu1 = Hassan Isse Jama | kipindi_cha_kuanza1= 7 Juni 1991<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somaliasomaliland-1960-present/|title = 37. Somalia/Somaliland (1960-present)}}</ref> | kipindi_cha_kwisha1= 16 Mei 1993 | mtangulizi1 = Nafasi ilianzishwa | mrithi1 = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal | cheo2 = Mwenyekiti wa Harakati ya Kitaifa ya Somalia (SNM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alnef.org.za/conf/2010/presentantions/somalia.pdf |title=Civil Society & their role in Africa's struggle to deepen democracy: Experiences of Somaliland in the Horn by Cde. Iqbal Jhazbhay |website=www.alnef.org.za |access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> | kipindi_cha_kuanza2= Aprili 1990 | kipindi_cha_kwisha2= Mei 1991 | mtangulizi2 = Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud | mrithi2 = Nafasi ilifutwa | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1931|11|6}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Burao, Somaliland ya Kiingereza (sasa Somalia) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2003|11|8|1931|11|6}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Hargeisa, Somaliland<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somaliasomaliland-1960-present/ |title=37. Somalia/Somaliland (1960-present)}}</ref> | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Exeter | chama = | mwenzi = Kinsi Ibrahim Osman Basbas<ref>{{Cite web|last=Somalilandsun.com|date=31 May 2015|title=Somaliland: A Tribute to Abdirahman Ahmed Ali "Tuur" Father of Re-independence|url=https://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-a-tribute-to-abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur-father-of-re-independence/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207115054/https://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-a-tribute-to-abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur-father-of-re-independence/ |archive-date=2021-02-07}}</ref> | watoto = }} '''Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur''' (6 Novemba 1931 - 8 Novemba 2003) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Somalia]] aliyetumikia kama Rais wa Somalia wa kwanza kuanzia mwaka 1991 hadi 1993. Kabla ya hapo, Tuur alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa chama cha harakati ya kitaifa ya Kisomali kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1991. == Marejeo == 1.[http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/ndp/ref/index_e.htm?docid=233&cid=0&version=printable&disclaimer=show Issue Paper: SOMALIA, UPDATE ON THE SITUATION IN THE NORTH (SOMALILAND)], Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, January 1995</ref> {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] hw2a97mna0zjbquikuq1z4uunskm60y 1577909 1577860 2026-07-02T11:08:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur | jina_asili = عبد الرحمن أحمد علي الطور | picha = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = | cheo1 = Rais wa kwanza wa Somaliland | makamu1 = Hassan Isse Jama | kipindi_cha_kuanza1= 7 Juni 1991<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somaliasomaliland-1960-present/|title = 37. Somalia/Somaliland (1960-present)}}</ref> | kipindi_cha_kwisha1= 16 Mei 1993 | mtangulizi1 = Nafasi ilianzishwa | mrithi1 = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal | cheo2 = Mwenyekiti wa Harakati ya Kitaifa ya Somalia (SNM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alnef.org.za/conf/2010/presentantions/somalia.pdf |title=Civil Society & their role in Africa's struggle to deepen democracy: Experiences of Somaliland in the Horn by Cde. Iqbal Jhazbhay |website=www.alnef.org.za |access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> | kipindi_cha_kuanza2= Aprili 1990 | kipindi_cha_kwisha2= Mei 1991 | mtangulizi2 = Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud | mrithi2 = Nafasi ilifutwa | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1931|11|6}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Burao, Somaliland ya Kiingereza (sasa Somalia) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2003|11|8|1931|11|6}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Hargeisa, Somaliland<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somaliasomaliland-1960-present/ |title=37. Somalia/Somaliland (1960-present)}}</ref> | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Exeter | chama = | mwenzi = Kinsi Ibrahim Osman Basbas<ref>{{Cite web|last=Somalilandsun.com|date=31 May 2015|title=Somaliland: A Tribute to Abdirahman Ahmed Ali "Tuur" Father of Re-independence|url=https://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-a-tribute-to-abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur-father-of-re-independence/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207115054/https://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-a-tribute-to-abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur-father-of-re-independence/ |archive-date=2021-02-07}}</ref> | watoto = }} '''Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur''' (6 Novemba 1931 - 8 Novemba 2003) alikuwa [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Somalia]] aliyetumikia kama [[Rais]] wa Somalia wa kwanza kuanzia mwaka 1991 hadi 1993. Kabla ya hapo, Tuur alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa chama cha harakati ya kitaifa ya Kisomali kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1991. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/ndp/ref/index_e.htm?docid=233&cid=0&version=printable&disclaimer=show Issue Paper: SOMALIA, UPDATE ON THE SITUATION IN THE NORTH (SOMALILAND)], Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, January 1995</ref> {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 54pr5tmx4a13f7fkxcwy57ly54acc71 1577910 1577909 2026-07-02T11:09:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1577910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur | jina_asili = عبد الرحمن أحمد علي الطور | picha = Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 220px | maelezo_ya_picha = | cheo1 = Rais wa kwanza wa Somaliland | makamu1 = Hassan Isse Jama | kipindi_cha_kuanza1= 7 Juni 1991<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somaliasomaliland-1960-present/|title = 37. Somalia/Somaliland (1960-present)}}</ref> | kipindi_cha_kwisha1= 16 Mei 1993 | mtangulizi1 = Nafasi ilianzishwa | mrithi1 = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal | cheo2 = Mwenyekiti wa Harakati ya Kitaifa ya Somalia (SNM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alnef.org.za/conf/2010/presentantions/somalia.pdf |title=Civil Society & their role in Africa's struggle to deepen democracy: Experiences of Somaliland in the Horn by Cde. Iqbal Jhazbhay |website=www.alnef.org.za |access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> | kipindi_cha_kuanza2= Aprili 1990 | kipindi_cha_kwisha2= Mei 1991 | mtangulizi2 = Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud | mrithi2 = Nafasi ilifutwa | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1931|11|6}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Burao, Somaliland ya Kiingereza (sasa Somalia) | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2003|11|8|1931|11|6}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Hargeisa, Somaliland<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somaliasomaliland-1960-present/ |title=37. Somalia/Somaliland (1960-present)}}</ref> | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Exeter | chama = | mwenzi = Kinsi Ibrahim Osman Basbas<ref>{{Cite web|last=Somalilandsun.com|date=31 May 2015|title=Somaliland: A Tribute to Abdirahman Ahmed Ali "Tuur" Father of Re-independence|url=https://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-a-tribute-to-abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur-father-of-re-independence/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207115054/https://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-a-tribute-to-abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur-father-of-re-independence/ |archive-date=2021-02-07}}</ref> | watoto = }} '''Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur''' (6 Novemba 1931 - 8 Novemba 2003) alikuwa [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Somalia]] aliyetumikia kama [[Rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Somaliland]] kuanzia mwaka 1991 hadi 1993. Kabla ya hapo, Tuur alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa chama cha harakati ya kitaifa ya Kisomali kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1991. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/ndp/ref/index_e.htm?docid=233&cid=0&version=printable&disclaimer=show Issue Paper: SOMALIA, UPDATE ON THE SITUATION IN THE NORTH (SOMALILAND)], Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, January 1995</ref> {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 6megm6bs522oy49wpd2vvhwwae60dqd 0 241753 1577870 2026-07-01T18:29:26Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1353''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili|1352]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na nne|1354]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1353 KK]] na [[1353]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1577870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1353''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili|1352]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na nne|1354]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1353 KK]] na [[1353]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] qodams9jysjzb4arbkvslgjkqyjd5e6 3 241754 1577896 2026-07-02T09:48:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577896 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) dfwmx8rpmzgkqkj7psilq6z8v8q0ck1 3 241755 1577897 2026-07-02T09:48:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577897 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) dfwmx8rpmzgkqkj7psilq6z8v8q0ck1 3 241756 1577898 2026-07-02T09:48:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577898 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) dfwmx8rpmzgkqkj7psilq6z8v8q0ck1 3 241757 1577899 2026-07-02T09:48:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577899 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) dfwmx8rpmzgkqkj7psilq6z8v8q0ck1 3 241758 1577900 2026-07-02T09:48:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577900 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) dfwmx8rpmzgkqkj7psilq6z8v8q0ck1 3 241759 1577901 2026-07-02T09:49:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577901 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) la9ckytqm5c0yxfel2e68lf9nfpfqxr 3 241760 1577902 2026-07-02T09:49:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577902 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) la9ckytqm5c0yxfel2e68lf9nfpfqxr 3 241761 1577903 2026-07-02T09:49:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577903 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) la9ckytqm5c0yxfel2e68lf9nfpfqxr 3 241762 1577904 2026-07-02T09:49:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577904 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) la9ckytqm5c0yxfel2e68lf9nfpfqxr 3 241763 1577905 2026-07-02T09:49:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577905 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) la9ckytqm5c0yxfel2e68lf9nfpfqxr 3 241764 1577906 2026-07-02T09:49:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577906 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) la9ckytqm5c0yxfel2e68lf9nfpfqxr 3 241765 1577907 2026-07-02T09:50:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1577907 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) m6quv9e488w5ovu1uulzadwp5hu9z90 0 241766 1577913 2026-07-02T11:28:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Ndege ya kijeshi]] 1577913 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[ndege ya kijeshi]] 0bjosnuzzscbuz7mumcpnnrlq2h11w8