Wikipedia:Jumuiya

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* '''sw:''' Ukurasa huu ni kwa ajili ya kuwasaidia watu wanaotaka kuboresha kamusi hii na kujadiliana mambo ya jumuiya yetu! 
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Matukio ya Kimataifa|Orodha ya Matukio ya Kimataifa]]:Unaweza kuangalia kalenda hiyo ya matukio ya kimataifa na ukipendezwa unaweza kushiriki tukio lolote iwapo utaona linakuhusu.
Viungo vya jumuiya:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]] &lt;br/&gt;'''Fungua hapa kuona kura kuhusu wakabidhi wapya!'''
|[[Wikipedia:Makala kwa ufutaji]] 
|[[Wikipedia:Maboresho yanayohitajika]]
|[http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikiviewstats/?locale=en&amp;lang=sw&amp;project=&amp;page=&amp;datefrom=2014-05-02&amp;autofilter&amp;type=world Makala zinazotembelewa sana leo hii]
|[[Wikipedia:Kuzuia watumiaji]]
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Ubalozi]]
|[[Wikipedia:Kundi la Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]]
|[[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Daruser|Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania]]
|[[Wikipedia:Makala zilizoombwa]]
|[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec Michango yote ya mtumiaji] (jaza jina)  *  [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:CentralAuth?target=  Angalia michango ya watumiaji]* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;offset=&amp;limit=500&amp;type=newusers&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=&amp;wpfilters%5B0%5D=newusers Watumiaji wapya]
|}

==Kumbukumbu ya miaka iliyopita==
&lt;small&gt;'''Majadiliano ya awali yamehamishiwa hapa:'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu hadi Julai 2008]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Julai 2008 hadi Desemba 2009]]'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Desemba 2009 hadi Desemba 2011]]'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2012 hadi 2013]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2014]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2015]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2016]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2017]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2018-2019]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2020-2021-VI]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu 2021-VI - 2022-I]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2022 - 2025 I]]
&lt;/small&gt;

==Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili==
Kwa wote wanaopenda kutafakari na kujadiliana nasi namna ya kuendeleza wikipedia hii ya Kiswahili wakabidhi walianzisha kundi la '''[[meta:Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]]'''. Unaweza kujiandikisha pale kama umehariri hapa kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja angalau. 


==Jamii / Kategoria==
Ndugu zangu, kuna mtu amebadili ujumbe wa kusano kutoka JAMII kwenda kategoria. Kwa sasa inaonekana juu lakini baadaye itachukua nafasi. Huu ni uharibifu wa tafsiri. Tazama hapa: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:1000

Inabidi tudhibiti mapema tafsiri zijadiliwe na wasemaji wa Kiswahili badala ya kikundi cha wahuni wanaojiita wafasiri.

== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

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[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

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The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

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[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:03, 28 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Pigia kura mapendekezo ya marekebisho ya Miongozo ya Utekelezaji ya UCoC na Mkataba wa U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kipindi cha kupigia kura marekebisho ya Mkataba wa Utekelezaji wa Kanuni za Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili na U4C itafungwa tarehe 1 Mei 2025 saa 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 angalia kwa saa za eneo lako]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Soma maelezo kuhusu jinsi ya kushiriki na kusoma pendekezo kabla ya kupiga kura]] kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta-wiki.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C)]] ni kikundi cha kimataifa kinachojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, unaweza [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kuupitia Mkataba wa U4C]].

Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe huu wanajumuiya wenzako katika lugha yako, kadri utakavyoona inavyofaa, ili waweze kushiriki pia.

Kwa ushirikiano na U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

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[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== Vandalism ==
I suppose the two pictures in the text [[Adidas]] are simple vandalism and do not make sence in the text. But not being active in this wikipedia, I don't know how to attract more attention to the doubtful edit of march 2023. 
:Nadhani picha mbili katika maandishi [[Adidas]] ni uharibifu rahisi na hazina maana katika maandishi. Lakini kutokuwa hai katika wikipedia hii, sijui jinsi ya kuvutia umakini zaidi kwa uhariri wa shaka wa Machi 2023.
--'''[[Mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|ThomasPusch]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|majadiliano]])''' 12:06, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC)

:It has been fixed! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Aguahrz&lt;sup&gt;Chronist&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:20, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|majadiliano]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== Changes to the way some users are granted the right to see temporary account IP addresses ==

Hello! This is the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product|Trust and Safety Product]] team. We would like to share that we have decided to change the requirements for access to temporary account IP addresses. '''The impact on your community will be minimal'''. We are planning on implementing the change in the week of May 26 ([[phab:T393358|T393358]] + [[phab:T393360|T393360]] + [[phab:T390942|T390942]]). I will keep you updated about the details.

We are only changing the rules for users who do not have extended rights (e.g. admins, bureaucrats, checkusers – [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia_Access_to_Temporary_Account_IP_Addresses_Policy#requirements-for-access|see the policy for more examples]]) but their account is a minimum of 6 months old, and who have made a minimum of 300 edits on this wiki. They will lose access to IP addresses ([[phab:T393360|T393360]]), and to have it back, '''they will need to apply for the right. Admins or stewards will decide whether to grant it''' ([[phab:T390942|T390942]]). This will entail human manual work, but this method will be safer than if we continued to grant the rights automatically. We want to emphasize that there has been no user who wouldn't have extended rights to ever reveal a temporary account's IP addresses on your wiki.

We made this decision based on what we heard from you, piloting wikis, particularly Romanian Wikipedians. We also consulted on options with Stewards, and had discussions on Meta-Wiki and about 20 Wikipedias with large communities. When we deploy temporary accounts to more wikis, we will evaluate the impact and may adjust our approach again.

In addition, we'd like you to know that requirements for access to the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/IP_Info|IP Info]] feature will be identical with the ones for access to the temporary accounts' IP addresses (a user will either have full information or none).

'''The rationale for the change'''

We chose the current numerical thresholds and automatic granting before deploying temporary accounts on any wiki. However, it’s become clear to us that these requirements are quite low and it is still too easy for bad-faith actors to gain access to temporary account IP addresses. We want temporary accounts to meaningfully improve editor privacy, so we need to be more restrictive. Our goal is to more consistently limit IP address access to only those who need it.

'''How will this work'''

* When a user without extended rights needs to view temporary account IP addresses, they will need to file a request for being added to the &quot;Temporary account IP viewers&quot; group. They will file the request to admins (the local communities will be able to decide what that process will be) or stewards (for wikis without local admins).
* The software will require that the user has at least 300 edits and the account since at least 6 months. Admins and stewards will not be able to grant temporary account IP access to accounts that do not meet that criteria. This is a minimum, and we encourage you to enforce higher thresholds.
* The user reviewing the request will check if the user applying for the right meets requirements and that they have provided a valid justification. The right itself will be granted through Special:UserRights.
* Users who grant requests for the right will also handle removal of the right.

We would also like to clarify some details. For your convenience, we will also document some of it in [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ|the project FAQ]].

{{hidden|Access to IP addresses|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 =
* '''Separation of the new right''' (checkuser-temporary-account) out to a new group ([[metawiki:Meta:Temporary_account_IP_viewer|Temporary account IP viewers]]), as opposed to technically attaching it to any [[Special:ListGroupRights|existing group]] (like patroller). We have decided to do this for a few reasons:
** '''Having access to IP addresses carries risk'''. This right is similar to checkuser. IP addresses are considered personally identifiable information (a kind of [[:en:personal data|personal data]]). Outside actors who want to access IP addresses will now need to interact with users who have this right. Users with this right should be aware of this, and alert to the possibility of suspicious access requests.
** '''Good practices for privacy protection'''. Giving access to users who are trusted but do not need access to carry on their work is not in line with good practices for processing personal data.
** '''Removal of right'''. Access to IPs will be [[phab:T325658|logged]] ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=checkuser-temporary-account example]). If any misuse of this right is detected, it can be taken away separately from any other permissions the user may hold. It would be difficult and sometimes also unreasonable to remove the rights unrelated to access to IP addresses.
** You may grant the new right to all users belonging to a certain existing group individually. These users must meet the criteria for Temporary account IP viewers, though.
** For clarity – all this does not affect administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, stewards, and other groups mentioned in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|global policy]].
* '''Activity requirement'''. With regards to users who would need to be granted access manually, the policy says that they &quot;must edit or take a logged action to the local project at least once within a 365-day period&quot;. This requirement is not changing.
}}
{{hidden|Process of granting the right|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 =
* '''Formality of granting the right'''. There is no need for discussions or votes like Request for Adminship. It does suffice if a single admin makes a decision using their own judgement.
* '''Additional requirements for the users applying for the right'''.
** You have autonomy over the process for granting the right. You can adopt thresholds higher than 300 edits, or disallow the &quot;non-admin+&quot; users to have the right. The granting process can be as basic or elaborate as you deem appropriate.
** Which criteria admins should take when deciding whether to grant the right – how to tell whether a user needs access to IP addresses? There are no mandatory requirements beyond a minimum of 300 edits and a 6 month old account. You may introduce additional criteria related to trust to the user (such as no prior blocks or copyright violations) or experience in patrolling activities.
* '''Additional burden on administrators'''. We understand the toil of having to grant and remove an additional right. This is indeed a downside. We think that it will only have to be a one-time effort to grant this right to a larger number of people. We are curious if you can find ways to limit this burden.
}}
'''Next steps on your side we would like to suggest'''

* We are encouraging you to consider '''adopting a policy''' on granting and removing the right, if you think you need to add anything to the global policy.
* We are encouraging you to '''start granting the right'''. Considering our data (up to a few non-functionaries have ever revealed temporary account IP addresses here), we believe you don't need to rush or spend a lot of time preparing for this before the change comes into force, though.
* We would like to show you what level of wiki-bureaucracy seems sufficient from our point of view. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=28667152 In the sandbox], we have created a draft of what a page with requests for the flag could look like. Of course the final content of the page will depend on your community. We do not want to imply that we are instructing you on this matter.
Let us know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[metawiki:User:NKohli_(WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] and '''[[Mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 02:27, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

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''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 Mei 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Wikimedia Foundation mwaka 2025 na Wito wa Maswali ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Wapendwa wote,

Mwaka huu, Muda wa Wadhamini 2 (wawili) waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na Washirika kwenye Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation utakamilika [1]. Bodi inakaribisha harakati nzima kushiriki katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa mwaka huu na kupiga kura kujaza viti hivyo.

Kamati ya Uchaguzi inasimamia mchakato huu kwa msaada kutoka kwa  wafanyakazi wa Shirika [2]. Kamati ya Utawala inayoundwa na wadhamini ambao si wagombea katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa wadhamini waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na washirika wa mwaka 2025 (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina na Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], ina jukumu la kutoa usimamizi wa Bodi ya wadhamini kwa ajili ya kuweka taarifa kwa Bodi ya wadhamini. Maelezo zaidi kuhusu majukumu ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi, Bodi, na wafanyakazi yako hapa [4].

Hapa kuna tarehe kuu zilizopangwa:

* Mei 22 – Juni  5: Tangazo (mawasiliano hayo) na mwito wa kipindi cha maswali
* Juni 17 – Julai 1, 2025: Wito wa wagombea
* Julai 2025: Ikihitajika, washirika hupigia kura wagombea waliopo kwenye orodha fupi ikiwa 10 au zaidi wataomba [5]
* Agosti 2025: Kipindi cha kampeni
* Agosti – Septemba 2025: Kipindi cha wiki mbili cha kupiga kura kwa jumuiya
* Oktoba – Novemba 2025: Ukaguzi wa usuli wa watahiniwa waliochaguliwa
* Mkutano wa Bodi mnamo Decemba  2025: Wadhamini wapya wamekaa kwenye kiti

Jifunze zaidi kuhusu uchaguzi wa 2025 - ikiwa ni pamoja na ratiba ya kina ya matukio, mchakato wa kugombea, sheria za kampeni na vigezo vya kustahiki kwa mpiga kura - kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[kiungo]]].

'''Wito wa Maswali'''

Katika kila mchakato wa uchaguzi, jumuiya ina fursa ya kuwasilisha maswali kwa wagombea wa Bodi ya Wadhamini kujibu. Kamati ya Uchaguzi huchagua maswali kutoka kwenye orodha iliyoandaliwa na jumuiya ili wagombea wajibu. Wagombea lazima wajibu maswali yote yanayohitajika katika maombi ili kustahiki; vinginevyo maombi yao yatakataliwa. Mwaka huu, Kamati ya Uchaguzi itachagua maswali 5 kwa wagombea kujibu. Maswali yaliyochaguliwa yanaweza kuwa mchanganyiko wa yale yaliyowasilishwa kutoka kwa jumuiya, ikiwa yanafanana au yanahusiana. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[kiungo]]]

'''Watu wa kujitolea katika uchaguzi'''

Njia nyingine ya kuhusika katika mchakato wa uchaguzi wa mwaka 2025 ni kuwa Mtu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi. Watu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi ni daraja kati ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi na jumuiya zao.  Wanasaidia kuhakikisha jumuiya inawakilishwa na kuwahamasisha kupiga  kura. Jifunze zaidi kuhusu mpango  na jinsi ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki  [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[kiungo]]].

Asante!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Salamu sana,

Victoria Doronina

Uhusiano wa Bodi na Kamati ya Uchaguzi

Kamati ya Utawala&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 03:08, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== U4C case - conclusion ==

Hello Swahili community, &lt;br /&gt;
first of all I would like to apologize for writing in English, an automatic translation in Swahili will follow but we are aware that automatic translations in your language are not very good so we will need your help to make sure that the text is understandable.

On 21 December 2024 a request to U4C was filed here: [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]]. Some deadlines were extended and we are aware that it took us a long time to conclude the case. I will report our conclusion below in English and with translation in Swahili. I will add also a translation in Italian which is a language one of your most active users (sysop and bureaucrat) is familiar with. 

Please contact the committee for any clarification needed. 
As a coordinating committee we would also like to offer our support if you need help with the requested actions. 

=== U4C Motion ===
(The original text with votes is here: [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Cases/Sysop_abuse_in_Swahili_Wikipedia#Motions]])

According to UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Swahili is among the 10 most widely spoken languages in the world, with more than 200 million speakers and it is one of the ''lingua franca'' in many countries within East, Central and Southern Africa as well as in the Middle East. 

According to Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Swahili is one of the national languages in Tanzania, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Uganda, it is an official language of Rwanda, in some areas of Somalia and is spoken in other areas in the African Great Lakes region and East and Southern Africa.

With the exception of Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, in all the countries where Swahili is national language, homosexuality is not only illegal (in some cases - Uganda - with death penalty as punishment) but apparent &quot;promotion&quot; of homosexuality is also severely punished. More about this in following links:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania 
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C requested a legal opinion to assess what risks editors and administrators residing in those countries could face in editing or restoring content which may be considered to &quot;promote&quot; homosexuality even if for Wikimedian (or Western) standards that content would not be considered promotional but only neutral or descriptive. 

The U4C's priorities in this case are:
*Protect local users, especially advanced right holders who could be misinterpreted as &quot;responsible&quot; for the content of a project
*Protect all the readers and their right to have neutral and informative content

'''U4C Actions'''

# Recommend that the Swahili Wikipedia community work on a guideline about Neutral Point of View (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) and a guideline about reliable sources (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). The U4C will review progress in 6 months.&lt;br /&gt;
# Recommend that the community seek local expertise on how it is permissible to educate a reader about topics related to LGBTQ issues without violating laws in Swahili-speaking countries and at the same time avoiding discrimination (as per the UCoC). Use this information to support NPOV on these topics.
# Recommend that the community start discussing on dealing with local appeals and creating a procedure for this compliant with the [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]].
# Recommend that the community define a list of pages or &quot;contentious topics&quot; (starting from LGBTQ topics) where, once created, the above mentioned policies are particularly used/applied more strictly.

At the same time:
*Administrators on Swahili Wikipedia (swwiki) are topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, with admin actions related to content and conduct moderation delegated to Stewards and Global sysops (any interventions can be requested on Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] or [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Here is a non-exhaustive list of pages that are covered:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Once the recommended measures as described above are set up, swwiki admins may appeal to the topic ban.

=== Translation in Swahili ===
''This is an automatic translation, please kindly fix mistakes or parts which need clarification.'' 

Kulingana na UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Kiswahili ni miongoni mwa lugha 10 zinazozungumzwa na watu wengi zaidi duniani, ikiwa na wazungumzaji zaidi ya milioni 200 na ni mojawapo ya ''lingua franca'' katika nchi nyingi za Mashariki, Kati na Kusini mwa Afrika na pia Mashariki ya Kati.

Kwa mujibu wa Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Kiswahili ni mojawapo ya lugha za kitaifa nchini Tanzania, Kenya, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Burundi, Uganda, ni lugha rasmi ya Rwanda, katika baadhi ya maeneo ya Somalia na inazungumzwa katika maeneo mengine katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika na Afrika Mashariki na Kusini.

Isipokuwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na Rwanda, katika nchi zote ambako Kiswahili ni lugha ya taifa, ushoga sio tu ni kinyume cha sheria (katika baadhi ya matukio - Uganda - na adhabu ya kifo kama adhabu) lakini &quot;kukuza&quot; kwa ushoga pia kunaadhibiwa vikali. Zaidi kuhusu hili katika viungo vifuatavyo:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C iliomba maoni ya kisheria ili kutathmini hatari ambazo wahariri na wasimamizi wanaoishi katika nchi hizo wanaweza kukabiliana nazo katika kuhariri au kurejesha maudhui ambayo yanaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa &quot;kukuza&quot; ushoga hata kama kwa viwango vya Wikimedian (au Magharibi) maudhui hayo hayatachukuliwa kuwa ya utangazaji bali yasiyoegemea upande wowote au maelezo.

Vipaumbele vya U4C katika kesi hii ni:
*Linda watumiaji wa ndani, haswa wamiliki wa haki wa hali ya juu ambao wanaweza kutafsiriwa vibaya kama &quot;wajibiki&quot; kwa maudhui ya mradi.
*Linda wasomaji wote na haki yao ya kuwa na maudhui yasiyoegemea upande wowote na yenye taarifa

'''Vitendo vya U4C'''

# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ifanyie kazi mwongozo kuhusu Mtazamo wa Kuegemea (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) na mwongozo kuhusu vyanzo vya kuaminika (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C itakagua maendeleo baada ya miezi 6.&lt;br /&gt;
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya itafute utaalamu wa ndani kuhusu jinsi inavyoruhusiwa kuelimisha msomaji kuhusu mada zinazohusiana na masuala ya LGBTQ bila kukiuka sheria katika nchi zinazozungumza Kiswahili na wakati huo huo kuepuka ubaguzi (kulingana na UCoC). Tumia habari hii kusaidia NPOV kwenye mada hizi.
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ianze kujadiliana kuhusu kushughulikia rufaa za eneo lako na kuunda utaratibu wa kutii [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines|Mwongozo wa Utekelezaji]].
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuia ifafanue orodha ya kurasa au &quot;mada zinazogombana&quot; (kuanzia mada za LGBTQ) ambapo, mara tu zikiundwa, sera zilizotajwa hapo juu hutumiwa/hutumiwa kwa ukali zaidi.

Wakati huo huo:
*Wasimamizi kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiswahili (swwiki) wamepigwa marufuku kwenye kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, huku vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili vimekabidhiwa kwa Stewards na Global sysops (afua zozote zinaweza kuombwa kwenye Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] au [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Hapa kuna orodha isiyo kamili ya kurasa ambazo zimefunikwa:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Ushoga,
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Ndoa ya jinsia moja,
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Baada ya hatua zilizopendekezwa kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu kusanidiwa, wasimamizi wa swwiki wanaweza kukata rufaa dhidi ya marufuku ya mada.

{{hidden
| style = border: 1px black; width: 100%;
| headerstyle = background:#f5f5f5
| contentstyle = 
| header = Translation in Italian/Tafsiri katika Kiitaliano
| content = Secondo l'UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), lo Swahili è tra le 10 lingue più parlate al mondo con oltre 200 milioni di persone che lo parlano ed è una &quot;lingue franche&quot; in diversi paese dell'Africa orientale, centrale e meridionale nonché nel Medio-Oriente.

Secondo Wikipedia ([[:en:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), lo Swahili è una delle lingue nazionali in Tanzania, Kenya, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, Burundi, Uganda, è lingua ufficiale in Ruanda, in alcune aree della Somalia ed è abitualmente usato in altre aree della regione dei Grandi Laghi e dell'Africa Orientale e meridionale.

Con l'eccezione della Repubblica Democratica del Congo e del Ruanda, in tutti i paese in cui lo Swahili è lingua nazionale, l'omosessualità non è solo illegale (in alcuni casi, come l'Uganda, è punita con la pena di morte) ma anche l'apparente promozione dell'omosessualità è severamente punita. Maggiori informazioni nei seguenti link:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania 
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C ha richiesto un parere legale per individuare quali rischi corrano i volontari e amministratori residenti in questi paese nell'effettuare modifiche o ripristinare contenuti che possono essere considerati promozionali dell'omosessualità anche se per standard Wikimediani (o del mondo occidentale) non sono considerati promozionali ma solo descrittivi o neutrali. 

Nel trattare questo caso le priorità dello U4C sono:
*Tutelare gli utenti locali, specialmente coloro con diritti addizionali che possono essere erroneamente considerati come &quot;responsabili&quot; dei contenuti di un progetto 
*Tutelare i lettori e il loro diritto ad avere informazioni e contenuti neutrali

'''In considerazione di ciò U4C'''

# Raccomanda che la comunità della Wikipedia in Swahili lavori sulla creazione di linee guida sul punto di vista neutrale (Neutral Point of View - Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) e su una linea guida dedicata alle fonti attendibili e al loro uso (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C verificherà i progressi fra 6 mesi.&lt;br /&gt;
# Raccomanda che la comunità ricerchi informazioni o consulenza locale su come fornire contenuti informativi sui temi collegati a LGBTQ senza violare leggi nei paesi di lingua Swahili ma allo stesso tempo senza discriminare (ai sensi di UCoC). Le informazioni ottenute andranno a supporto della linea guida sul punto di vista neutrale sull'argomento.
# Raccomanda che la comunità inizi una discussione sulla gestione locale degli appelli ai blocchi e su una procedura degli stessi conforme alle linee guida sull'applicazione del codice di condotta [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]].
# Raccomanda che la comunità definisca una lista di pagine di &quot;argomenti controversi&quot; (partendo dal tema LGBTQ) dove, una volta create le linee guida del punto 1, queste vengano usate e applicate con particolare rigore. 

Allo stesso tempo:
*Gli amministratori della Wikipedia in Swahili hanno un topic ban (blocco selettivo su tema specifico) dalle pagine riguardanti tematiche LGBTQ, gli interventi amministrativi legati alla moderazione di condotta e contenuto sono delegate agli Steward e ai Global sysop (gli interventi possono essere richiesti nelle pagine su Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] oppure [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Di seguito una lista non esasustiva delle pagine coinvolte:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Una volta che i rimedi raccomandati descritti nei punti più sopra sono stati attuati gli amministratori di swwiki possono richiedere la rimozione del topic ban.
}}

On behalf of U4C, '''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 13:23, 31 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juni 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:44, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juni 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 12:46, 14 Julai 2025 (UTC)
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== Boti ya kukaribisha ya [[user:AmmarBot|Ammar]] ==

Ndugu zangu wanaWikipedia. Hivi karibuni, nikiwa huko jijini Nairobi, nilikutana na Ammar. Kijana wa Kihausa kutoka nchini Nigeria. Katika maongezi yetu, tukafikia hatua ya kuzungumzia boti za kukaribisha watu. Kijana huyu alikubali kutumia muda wake mchache kuunda boti ya kukaribisha watu. Hivyo basi kila kibarua cha karibu kila wakati kimetuishia. Tafadhalini msipoteza muda wenu kukaribisha watu. Boti itafanya kazi. Tazameni: [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum%3AMichango&amp;target=AmmarBot&amp;namespace=all&amp;tagfilter=&amp;start=&amp;end=&amp;limit=50 Hapa] [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 13:45, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)

:Hii nzuri! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)
::Ila BOT atachukua muda gani tangu mgeni kajiunga hadi atakapokaribishwa? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)

== Introducing Paste Check: a new Edit Check for Wikipedia ==

Hello!

Sorry for using English language. {{int:please-translate}}. {{int:Thank-you}}

Paste Check is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check can prompt them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content.

'''Why Paste Check?'''

Paste Check benefits two audiences:

* Newcomers: Many new editors are unaware of Wikipedia’s policies regarding copyright violations. Some mistakenly believe that pasting from what they consider reliable sources is the way to edit.
* Experienced editors: Paste Check aims to make it easier to identify and patrol edits that may contain pasted content (which can be either legit or copyright violations), helping us save time.

The goal is to reduce the rate of copyright violations by at least 10% among newer editors.

'''How it works'''

By default, Paste Check will be shown to editors who have published 100 or fewer edits locally.

When an editor matching this requirement pastes at least 50 characters of text from somewhere else, Paste Check will ask them to confirm if they wrote the content. Two options are then available:

* Keep the text – the user is then asked to explain why.
* Remove the text – the text is removed.

In both cases, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|edits will be tagged]] so that experienced editors can identify edits in which Paste Check was shown. The tag will be visible even if the final edit didn’t include any pasted text.

Paste Check will trigger when text is pasted a source it doesn’t recognize as another editing environment. It won’t show up if the editor has pasted text that we can technically recognize is coming from another MediaWiki visual editor instance, MS Office, Libre Office, Google Docs, or is plain text.

To start, Paste Check will only work in the visual editor.

'''Get involved'''

The Editing team is seeking input on the proposed user experience and configuration.

We plan to test the following interface with new users ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;showMessage=editcheck-dialog-addref-reject-question&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate please help translating it]):  

[[File:Paste_Check_interface_for_September_2025's_test.png|575x575px]]

We're planning to refine this interface over time, but want to start by launching a test so that we can determine whether the check is useful. We presented this interface to people who don't participate in Wikipedia, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#Qualitative evaluation|they found it practical and easy to understand]].

As a consequence, we would like to start by showing the feature to a fraction of newcomers for approximately 6 weeks. After this point, we will review the experiment results and decide what to do next.

'''Configuration and test'''

For experienced users, Paste Check will be configurable by the local communities (e.g. edit count thresholds, ignored sections and namespaces). Edits triggering Paste Check will be marked with the tag &lt;code&gt;editcheck-paste-shown&lt;/code&gt; for easier tracking.

You can try the proposed Paste Check interface:

* visit https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Cats&amp;veaction=edit&amp;ecenable=2

* Paste 50 characters or more from an external source, such as a website, to see the prompt.

Your feedback is valuable! Please share your thoughts below, and ping me. {{int:Thank-you}}

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 13:47, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC)
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:This test is planned to start on this Wednesday, 8 October. Let me know if you have any question! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 15:31, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga.

Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu:

Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. 

Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.'''

*Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|sw}}.
*Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu.

''Athari nyingine ''

*Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha.
* Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90.

Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. 

'''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt;  19:49, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Event Organizer Right for [[user:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] ==

Dear Swahili Wikipedia Admins,

The Community Organizing Experience team (formerly the Campaigns team) at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting Wikimedia Arusha and Wikimedia Kilimanjaro to strengthen their capacity in adopting the CampaignEvents extension tools, including Event Registration tool for their 2025-26 General Support Funds activities. In order to implement this support, I would need the event organizer right on Swahili Wikipedia. I have also communicated this to [[user:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] who recommended I ask for the right here. '''[[Mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|majadiliano]])''' 17:19, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]], @[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] please gather here.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 18:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:I support granting the event organizer right to EUwandu-WMF. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 20:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Toa maoni yako: pigia kura Bodi ya Wadhamini ya mwaka 2025 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Habarini nyote,

Kipindi cha upigaji kura cha [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini wa 2025]] sasa kimefunguliwa. Wagombea wanagombea viti 2 (viwili) kwenye Bodi.

Ili kuangalia ustahiki wako wa mpiga kura, tafadhali tembelea [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|ukurasa wa ustahiki wa mpiga kura]].

Jifunze zaidi kuwahusu kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|kusoma taarifa zao za maombi na kutazama video zao za ugombeaji]].

Ukiwa tayari, nenda kwenye ukurasa wa kupiga kura wa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll kupiga kura]].

'''Upigaji kura utaanza tarehe 8 Oktoba saa 00:00 UTC hadi Oktoba 22 saa 23:59 UTC.'''

Kila la kheri,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Mwenyekiti, Kamati ya Uchaguzi&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Message from U4C ==
Dear Swahili community,

(''Apologies for writing in English. A machine-translated version of this message is attached below for your convenience. In case of any discrepancies, please refer to the English version as the source.'')

We have been made aware of the deletion of the article [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] and the subsequent block of @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (who can appeal on their talk page).&lt;br /&gt; 
@[[User:Olimasy]], could you please briefly explain what was the reason, among those listed here [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], for the speedy deletion of that page? 

We would like to remind you all and the administrators of this project in particular that local admins are currently topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, and admin actions related to content and conduct moderation are delegated to Stewards and Global sysops. Any intervention concerning related content or users should be requested on Meta. You can read our motion here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]].

This measure will remain in effect until the actions we have recommended for this project (listed here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] in the section U4C Actions) have been completed. If you need any help with these steps please do not hesitate to contact us.
On behalf of the U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(''Hii ni tafsiri ya kiotomatiki'')&lt;br /&gt;
Ndugu waswahili,&lt;br /&gt;
Tumefahamishwa kuhusu kufutwa kwa makala [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] na kizuizi kilichofuata cha @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (anayeweza kukata rufaa kwenye ukurasa wao wa mazungumzo).&lt;br /&gt;
@[[User:Olimasy]], tafadhali unaweza kueleza kwa ufupi sababu ilikuwa nini, miongoni mwa walioorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], kwa kufutwa haraka kwa ukurasa huo?

Tungependa kuwakumbusha nyote na wasimamizi wa mradi huu hasa kwamba wasimamizi wa ndani kwa sasa wamepigwa marufuku kutoka kwa kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, na vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili hukabidhiwa kwa Steward na Global sysops. Uingiliaji kati wowote kuhusu maudhui yanayohusiana au watumiaji unapaswa kuombwa kwenye Meta. Unaweza kusoma hoja yetu hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]].

Hatua hii itaendelea kutumika hadi hatua ambazo tumependekeza kwa mradi huu (zilizoorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] katika sehemu ya U4C Actions) zimekamilika. Ikiwa unahitaji msaada wowote kwa hatua hizi tafadhali usisite kuwasiliana nasi. 

Kwa niaba ya U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I’ve reviewed the deletion log, and the article has already been removed. Judging by the structure and grammar, it seems the contributor may not be fluent in Kiswahili—the article had significant linguistic and formatting issues.
:While we appreciate efforts to represent diverse communities, it’s equally important that all articles meet the quality standards of Swahili Wikipedia.
:In a constructive spirit, we can encourage the contributor to collaborate with others to improve the article before republishing. [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 20:22, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Contributor is banned and only option for him is new account. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 08:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Muddyb]] the first version of the article was created by the user and [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=312781 deleted] on 1 October. After being pinged yesterday the user recreated the page ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=315152 here]), it turned out that the user is a cross wiki abuser and the page was deleted by a Global Sysop who later [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=315181 undeleted the page] because apparently it is a translation of enwiki. Nobody of us is able to understand if that content makes sense in Swahili or if it is an automatic translation, or meets speedy deletion criteria like you mentioned. Personally speaking U4C asked that articles about contentious topics should be based on reliable sources and that content does not meet that requirement. The user is global blocked so I do not foresee cooperation. If the content meets deletion criteria please use the delete template (I think it is this one {{tl|Futa}}?) and then request deletion on Meta (here: [[:m:Global_sysops/Requests]]). I understand that this is a little complicated but it is a temporary measure. Please do not hesitate to contact us for any help or suggestion about the recommended actions in our motion. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I have informed the admin team again not to interfere directly with those kinds of articles instead we should inform  Stewards to take the matter. Thanks. We will surely reach out in case of anything resurfaced.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:33, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Muddyb]] many thanks, yes the right way is to inform Stewards or Global Sysops, your guidance is of course welcome (and needed) to overcome the language barrier. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) 

Alternate version was correctly remade by TEMPORARY ACCOUNT and makes sense. Both &quot;Emmanuel&quot; accounts are ABUSERS, one locally blocked and other globally blocked. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] Share the recreated article that makes sense, please!  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:34, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Recreated article with sense is here: [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:45, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Se non fossi impedito, metterei il template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{tafsiri kompyuta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; perché è una traduzione orripilante. Pace a te, Civvì! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:If there is consensus on deletion due to low quality please request the deletion on Meta (explaining the reasons). For sure the goal of our requests is not to lower your quality standards. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] na @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] The recreated article is another trash in the block. I will write global sysop to delete it.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 12:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

::Do not forget REDIRECTS and TALKS when deleting. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:01, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::Four instances to delete:
::[[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]]
::[[Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]]
::'''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

::&quot;The recreated article is another trash in the block.&quot; FOUR INSTANCES. '''[[Mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|Soggo Ionno]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|majadiliano]])''' 12:15, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Kutafuta watu wa kujitolea kujiunga na kamati kadhaa za harakati. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kila mwaka, kwa kawaida kuanzia Oktoba hadi Desemba, kamati kadhaa za harakati hutafuta watu wapya wa kujitolea. 

Soma zaidi kuhusu kamati hizo kwenye kurasa zao za Meta-wiki:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kamati ya Ushirikiano (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kamati ya Mapitio ya kesi (CRC)]]

Maombi ya kamati hizo yatafunguliwa tarehe 30 Oktoba 2025.  Maombi ya Kamati ya Ushirikiano, tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum na Kamati ya Mapitio ya Kesi yatafungwa tarehe 11 Desemba 2025. Jifunze namna ya kutuma maombi kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments| kutembelea ukurasa wa uteuzi kwenye Meta-Wiki]].Tuma kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano au barua pepe cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org na maswali yoyote ambayo unaweza kuwa nayo.

Kwa timu ya Msaada ya Kamati,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Will you help us test an updated Databox? ==

''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it''

Hello everyone, recently an update has been made to the [[w:sw:Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] / [[w:sw:Template:Databox|Template:Databox]] page with the following changes:

* A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item


* New parameters &lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;excludeProperties=&lt;/code&gt; can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays.
** '''&lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt;''' choose a different [[d:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox.&lt;br&gt; Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
** '''&lt;code&gt;excludeParameters=&lt;/code&gt;''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox.&lt;br&gt;Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 

* The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |:&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Databox|'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''P123}}&lt;/code&gt;

=== How can you help? ===
Please help us by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to Articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just want to collect feedback on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflows and / or causes any issues or bugs.

Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits).

The two Parameters will only show if the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.&lt;br&gt;[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].&lt;br&gt;
Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].&lt;br&gt;
Thank you, - '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:41, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 18 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Mapitio ya kila mwaka ya Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Ninakuandikia ili kukujulisha kuwa muda wa upitiaji wa kila mwaka wa Kanuni za Maadili na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji umefunguliwa sasa. Unaweza kutoa mapendekezo ya mabadiliko hadi tarehe 9 Februari 2026. Hii ni hatua ya kwanza kati ya kadhaa itakayochukuliwa kwa upitiaji wa kila mwaka. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Soma maelezo zaidi na utafute mazungumzo ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu]] (U4C) ni kundi la kimataifa linalojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|unaweza kukagua Mkataba wa U4C]].

Tafadhali washirikishe habari hii washiriki wengine katika jumuiya yako popote inapohitajika.

-- Kwa ushirikiano na U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:Mazungumzo ya mtumiaji:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:02, 19 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:11, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 00:58, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
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== Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace) ==

Ndugu wanajumuia,

Katika kuratibu na kuendesha miradi na kampeni mbalimbali za jamii yetu hapa Swahili Wikipedia (kama vile mashindano, warsha, dashboards, na kurasa za mradi kama `Wikipedia:Mradi wa...`), tumekuwa tukikumbana na changamoto ya kiufundi. Kwa sasa, mfumo wa usarifu wa picha (VisualEditor) haufanyi kazi kwenye maeneo haya ya kurasa za miradi (Project namespace), jambo linalotulazimu kutumia mfumo mgumu wa &quot;Source Editor&quot; (Wiki markup) hata kwa mambo madogo kama kutengeneza majedwali au muundo wa kurasa.

Ili kurahisisha kazi kwa waratibu na wahariri wanaotengeneza kurasa hizi za kampeni, nimefungua tiketi kule Phabricator kuomba wataalamu wa Wikimedia Foundation watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor kwenye Project namespace ya swwiki.

Wataalamu wa Phabricator wametujibu kuwa tayari wako tayari kufanya mabadiliko hayo, lakini kwa sheria za kiutaratibu, wanahitaji kuona Maridhiano ya Jumuia (Community Consensus) hapa uwanjani kwetu kwanza kabla hawajawasha mfumo huo. Wanatutanabahisha pia kuwa VisualEditor haikutengenezwa maalum kwa ajili ya kurasa za majadiliano, hivyo kunaweza kuwa na changamoto ndogo za mpangilio (kama indentations) tukiiitumia kwenye majadiliano ya miradi, jambo ambalo tunaona halitazuia ufanisi wa kazi kubwa ya kuratibu kurasa zenyewe za miradi.

Tafadhali naomba kura zenu za Kuunga Mkono (Support) au maoni yenu hapa chini ili tukishapata ridhaa ya pamoja, nipeleke link ya mjadala huu Phabricator na mabadiliko haya yafanyike mara moja.

Unaweza kuona tiketi hiyo Phabricator hapa: [[phab:T427117|⚓ T427117 Enable VisualEditor in the Project namespace for Swahili Wikipedia (swwiki)]]

Pamoja tunajenga Wikipedia yetu!

{{Strong support}}--[[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:07, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 09:26, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|Husseyn Issa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|majadiliano]])''' 10:58, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)

{{strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 14:16, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:ChriKo|ChriKo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ChriKo|majadiliano]])'''
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 04:41, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 07:38, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])'''
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''--'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)'''
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:06, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--- '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 19:14, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)

== Piga kura sasa katika uchaguzi wa 2026 U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Wapigakura walaotimiza vigezo na masharti ya kupiga kura wanaombwa kushiriki katika uchaguzi wa 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Kanuni na mwongozo wa Maadili kwa wote]]. Maelezo zaidi ikijumuisha ukaguzi wa ustahiki, maelezo ya mchakato wa kupiga kura, maelezo ya mgombeaji, na kiungo cha kupiga kura zinapatikana kwenye Meta katika [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 ukurasa wa maelezo ya Uchaguzi]]. Kura itafungwa tarehe 2 Juni 2026 kwa [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Tafadhali piga kura ikiwa akaunti yako imekidhi vigezo. Matokeo yatatolewa kufikia 14 Juni 2026. -- Kwa kushirikiana na U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:15, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC)

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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|majadiliano]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC)

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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juni 2026 (UTC)

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== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:25, 24 Julai 2026 (UTC)
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== Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga.

Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu:

Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. 

Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.'''

* Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sw}}.
* Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu.

''Athari nyingine ''

* Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha.
* Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90.

Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. 

'''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

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== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 09:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

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== Wazo la Mradi: Kuongeza Makala za Filamu na Waigizaji wa Asia (C-Dramas &amp; K-Dramas) ==
Habari zenu wakuu na wahariri wenzangu wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili,

Natumai mnaendelea vyema na ujenzi wa kamusi elezo yetu. 

Nimekuwa nikipitia maudhui yetu ya burudani na sanaa, na nimegundua kuna pengo kubwa sana (systemic bias) la makala zinazohusu filamu, tamthilia, na waigizaji wa ukanda wa Asia (hususan China na Korea). Licha ya kwamba filamu za Kung Fu, C-Dramas, na K-Dramas zina mashabiki mamilioni katika nchi zetu za Afrika Mashariki tangu miaka ya 80 hadi sasa, wasomaji wetu wakitafuta wasifu wa waigizaji hao au tamthilia maarufu kwa Kiswahili hawapati taarifa za kutosha.

Ili kuziba pengo hili na kuleta usawa wa maarifa (Knowledge Equity), ninafikiria kuomba ruzuku ndogo ya Rapid Fund kutoka Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). Lengo langu ni kuandaa warsha ya siku moja (In-person workshop) hapa Dar es Salaam, itakayofuatiwa na kampeni ya mwezi mmoja ya uandishi mtandaoni (Online Edit-a-thon). Kupitia mradi huu, tunalenga kuvutia vijana wapya na wapenzi wa filamu hizi, kuwafundisha misingi ya uandishi wa Wikipedia, na kutengeneza makala mpya 80 hadi 100 za sanaa hizo kwa Kiswahili sahihi na chenye vyanzo.

Kabla ya kuwasilisha maombi haya rasmi WMF, ningependa kupokea maoni, ushauri, au mapendekezo yenu kuhusu wazo hili. Je, mnaona ni mradi utakaofaa? Na je, kuna changamoto yoyote mnayoiona ambayo tunapaswa kuizingatia?

Nawasilisha, na asanteni kwa ushirikiano wenu wa kila siku.

# {{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 10:03, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

:ni wazo zuri sana..
:Ushauri wangu ni huu...
:*Kuzingatia Ubora kuliko idadi pekee: Lengo la makala 300–400 linaweza kuvutia, lakini ni muhimu kueleza jinsi utakavyohakikisha kila makala ina vyanzo huru vya kuaminika na inakidhi miongozo ya Wikipedia.
:*Wigo wa mada: Badala ya kuzingatia waigizaji na filamu maarufu pekee, unaweza kujumuisha wakurugenzi, watayarishaji na historia ya sinema za Asia, mradi kila mada inakidhi vigezo vya umuhimu wa Wikipedia.
:*Uendelevu wa jamii: Eleza jinsi utakavyowasaidia washiriki kuendelea kuhariri hata baada ya kampeni kuisha, kwa mfano kupitia kikundi cha mawasiliano, ushauri wa wahariri wenye uzoefu na ufuatiliaji wa makala zilizoundwa.
:Pendekezo langu: Chapisha ujumbe huu kwanza ili kupata maoni ya wahariri. Majibu yao yanaweza kukusaidia kuboresha wigo wa mradi, bajeti, malengo yanayopimika na mpango wa utekelezaji kabla ya kuwasilisha ombi rasmi la Rapid Fund.... Ahsante  '''[[Mtumiaji:Ladygoody|Ladygoody]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ladygoody|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Ladygoody|Ladygoody]] Kimsingi itahusu kila kitu si filamu pekee hadi waongozaji. Kimsingi ni cinema za Asia. Makala 100, sitaki kuandika makala ya mstari mmoja. Tutakaowafunza tutawaeleza dhima ya uundaji makala pana badala ya makala fupi-fupi zinazoja wingi pekee. Kama mimi nilivutiwa na mafunzo ya @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] na akina @[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] nami pia nina uhakika wa kuvutia wengi kwa vile nina uzoefu na uwezo pia wa kutumia WIKI MARK UP language kuliko watu wengi tu. Ukiacha challenge yako, unakubali au unakataa? '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 12:10, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

{{Support}}:::@[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] Wazo ni zuri, ila kwa kawaida wanaoanzisha hizi editathon hawafuatilii makala zilizotungwa na wahariri wapya, hawazisahahishi wala kuziboresha, hawaendele kuwapa maelekezo wanapoona wamekosea pengine kwa namna za kushangaza. Mzungu anawekwa katika jamii &quot;Watu wa Ufilipino&quot; na wakati huohuo &quot;Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi&quot;... Huyo @[[Mtumiaji:Ladygoody|Ladygoody]] mwenyewe, anayehimiza kuzingatia ubora kuliko idadi pekee, anatunga makala nyingi harakaharaka na kunipa kazi kuzisahihisha. Tena ni wiki kadhaa haweki tena vyanzo vyovyote, baada ya kuzuiwa asitumie vile vya Wikimedia... Naomba ukianzisha, mwezi mzima baada ya warsha uwajibike kweli. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:33, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::::@Ikikupendeza, tutakuja kuifanyia pale Morogoro ili mambo yasiwe mengi. Ninaomba sana! '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 12:42, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Ikikupendeza, ingependa ije kuifanyika pale Morogoro Alfagem ili mambo yasiwe mengi. Ninaomba sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 12:45, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ndugu, sijakuelewa ulipoandika &quot;ili mambo yasiwe mengi&quot;. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:46, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Hapo nimekusudia iwapo tutakuwa mbali, hapo kwa wazee tutavuna mengi mno. 1) baraka za wazee, 2) ulezi kutoka kwa wazee, 3) tutapata mafunzo ya ana kwa ana na wakongwe wa kazi huku wakituasa namna bora ya kuanzisha miradi na kuisimamia. Hapo mambo hayawi mengi! '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]], pole, ila kwa kweli nimeelewa kidogo. Baraka sawa, ulezi kidogo sawa, mafunzo ya ana kwa ana kidogo sawa, ila kuhusu namna bora ya miradi sina uzoefu wa kwangu mimi. Naona ya wengine na kutambua shida mbalimbali. Kwanza wewe unakaa Arusha au wapi? Warsha ni siku moja, mradi ni mwezi mzima: utakaa siku ngapi? Ukifika Alfagems utaleta watu wengine au unategemea wanafunzi wetu? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:27, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 
:Wazo ni Zuri na ninaliunga mkono, Kila la herí! '''[[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|Elizabeth Samwel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|majadiliano]])''' 16:12, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|Elizabeth Samwel]] Weka hivi {{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 16:27, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 16:52, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:ShijaOne|ShijaOne]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ShijaOne|majadiliano]])''' 20:15, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}}  '''[[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|Elizabeth Samwel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|majadiliano]])''' 00:26, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}}: wazo zuri na lenye kuleta tija kwa wasomaji na jamii tuliyonayo ,naunga mkono kwa asilimia mia moja. '''[[Mtumiaji:Bycashtz|Bycashtz]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bycashtz|majadiliano]])''' 03:59, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Mate Mingi|Mate Mingi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mate Mingi|majadiliano]])''' 07:04, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}}: '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' Ninaunga mkono hoja hii ya mradi. Ni wazo zuri litakalosaidia kuongeza makala za filamu na waigizaji wa Asia, hususan C-Dramas na K-Dramas, katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Mradi huu utachangia kupunguza pengo la maudhui, kuongeza maarifa kwa wasomaji na kuwahamasisha wahariri wapya kushiriki katika kukuza Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Nakupongeza kwa kuanzisha wazo hili na ninatumaini litapata mafanikio.
{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 23:27, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 11:09, 21 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])'''
&lt;br&gt;{{Strong support}}-'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 10:19, 26 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices ==
''(Apologies for typing in English)''

Did you know that you can edit any Wikidata statement directly from your mobile device, just like on desktop?

Since October 2026 all datatypes are now supported for mobile editing. This feature is automatically available to all users.

Visit any Item on your mobile and try it out. If you run into issues or have feedback, share it on the project talk page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]].

Happy editing on mobile.
-'''[[Mtumiaji:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Zage (WMDE)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zita Zage (WMDE)|majadiliano]])''' 11:55, 23 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga.

Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu:

Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. 

Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.'''

* Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sw}}.
* Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu.

''Athari nyingine ''

* Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha.
* Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90.

Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. 

'''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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      <sha1>8wgrzb34lwoxv83oh7n1ubnckn9sl6c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611649</id>
      <parentid>1611648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T23:05:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ahabu</username>
        <id>72732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jinsi gani tunaweza kuzalisha wataalamu wenye utendaji kazi wa hali juu katika taasisi zetu za vyuo vya kati na elimu ya juu? */ mjadala mpya</comment>
      <origin>1611649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="125692" sha1="m8kjgsk9bwu2qimeq66ldzhqadmx93d" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
* '''sw:''' Ukurasa huu ni kwa ajili ya kuwasaidia watu wanaotaka kuboresha kamusi hii na kujadiliana mambo ya jumuiya yetu! 
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Matukio ya Kimataifa|Orodha ya Matukio ya Kimataifa]]:Unaweza kuangalia kalenda hiyo ya matukio ya kimataifa na ukipendezwa unaweza kushiriki tukio lolote iwapo utaona linakuhusu.
Viungo vya jumuiya:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]] &lt;br/&gt;'''Fungua hapa kuona kura kuhusu wakabidhi wapya!'''
|[[Wikipedia:Makala kwa ufutaji]] 
|[[Wikipedia:Maboresho yanayohitajika]]
|[http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikiviewstats/?locale=en&amp;lang=sw&amp;project=&amp;page=&amp;datefrom=2014-05-02&amp;autofilter&amp;type=world Makala zinazotembelewa sana leo hii]
|[[Wikipedia:Kuzuia watumiaji]]
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Ubalozi]]
|[[Wikipedia:Kundi la Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]]
|[[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Daruser|Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania]]
|[[Wikipedia:Makala zilizoombwa]]
|[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec Michango yote ya mtumiaji] (jaza jina)  *  [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:CentralAuth?target=  Angalia michango ya watumiaji]* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;offset=&amp;limit=500&amp;type=newusers&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=&amp;wpfilters%5B0%5D=newusers Watumiaji wapya]
|}

==Kumbukumbu ya miaka iliyopita==
&lt;small&gt;'''Majadiliano ya awali yamehamishiwa hapa:'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu hadi Julai 2008]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Julai 2008 hadi Desemba 2009]]'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Desemba 2009 hadi Desemba 2011]]'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2012 hadi 2013]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2014]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2015]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2016]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2017]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2018-2019]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2020-2021-VI]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu 2021-VI - 2022-I]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2022 - 2025 I]]
&lt;/small&gt;

==Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili==
Kwa wote wanaopenda kutafakari na kujadiliana nasi namna ya kuendeleza wikipedia hii ya Kiswahili wakabidhi walianzisha kundi la '''[[meta:Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]]'''. Unaweza kujiandikisha pale kama umehariri hapa kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja angalau. 


==Jamii / Kategoria==
Ndugu zangu, kuna mtu amebadili ujumbe wa kusano kutoka JAMII kwenda kategoria. Kwa sasa inaonekana juu lakini baadaye itachukua nafasi. Huu ni uharibifu wa tafsiri. Tazama hapa: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:1000

Inabidi tudhibiti mapema tafsiri zijadiliwe na wasemaji wa Kiswahili badala ya kikundi cha wahuni wanaojiita wafasiri.

== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:03, 28 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Pigia kura mapendekezo ya marekebisho ya Miongozo ya Utekelezaji ya UCoC na Mkataba wa U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kipindi cha kupigia kura marekebisho ya Mkataba wa Utekelezaji wa Kanuni za Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili na U4C itafungwa tarehe 1 Mei 2025 saa 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 angalia kwa saa za eneo lako]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Soma maelezo kuhusu jinsi ya kushiriki na kusoma pendekezo kabla ya kupiga kura]] kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta-wiki.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C)]] ni kikundi cha kimataifa kinachojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, unaweza [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kuupitia Mkataba wa U4C]].

Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe huu wanajumuiya wenzako katika lugha yako, kadri utakavyoona inavyofaa, ili waweze kushiriki pia.

Kwa ushirikiano na U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== Vandalism ==
I suppose the two pictures in the text [[Adidas]] are simple vandalism and do not make sence in the text. But not being active in this wikipedia, I don't know how to attract more attention to the doubtful edit of march 2023. 
:Nadhani picha mbili katika maandishi [[Adidas]] ni uharibifu rahisi na hazina maana katika maandishi. Lakini kutokuwa hai katika wikipedia hii, sijui jinsi ya kuvutia umakini zaidi kwa uhariri wa shaka wa Machi 2023.
--'''[[Mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|ThomasPusch]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|majadiliano]])''' 12:06, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC)

:It has been fixed! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Aguahrz&lt;sup&gt;Chronist&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:20, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|majadiliano]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== Changes to the way some users are granted the right to see temporary account IP addresses ==

Hello! This is the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product|Trust and Safety Product]] team. We would like to share that we have decided to change the requirements for access to temporary account IP addresses. '''The impact on your community will be minimal'''. We are planning on implementing the change in the week of May 26 ([[phab:T393358|T393358]] + [[phab:T393360|T393360]] + [[phab:T390942|T390942]]). I will keep you updated about the details.

We are only changing the rules for users who do not have extended rights (e.g. admins, bureaucrats, checkusers – [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia_Access_to_Temporary_Account_IP_Addresses_Policy#requirements-for-access|see the policy for more examples]]) but their account is a minimum of 6 months old, and who have made a minimum of 300 edits on this wiki. They will lose access to IP addresses ([[phab:T393360|T393360]]), and to have it back, '''they will need to apply for the right. Admins or stewards will decide whether to grant it''' ([[phab:T390942|T390942]]). This will entail human manual work, but this method will be safer than if we continued to grant the rights automatically. We want to emphasize that there has been no user who wouldn't have extended rights to ever reveal a temporary account's IP addresses on your wiki.

We made this decision based on what we heard from you, piloting wikis, particularly Romanian Wikipedians. We also consulted on options with Stewards, and had discussions on Meta-Wiki and about 20 Wikipedias with large communities. When we deploy temporary accounts to more wikis, we will evaluate the impact and may adjust our approach again.

In addition, we'd like you to know that requirements for access to the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/IP_Info|IP Info]] feature will be identical with the ones for access to the temporary accounts' IP addresses (a user will either have full information or none).

'''The rationale for the change'''

We chose the current numerical thresholds and automatic granting before deploying temporary accounts on any wiki. However, it’s become clear to us that these requirements are quite low and it is still too easy for bad-faith actors to gain access to temporary account IP addresses. We want temporary accounts to meaningfully improve editor privacy, so we need to be more restrictive. Our goal is to more consistently limit IP address access to only those who need it.

'''How will this work'''

* When a user without extended rights needs to view temporary account IP addresses, they will need to file a request for being added to the &quot;Temporary account IP viewers&quot; group. They will file the request to admins (the local communities will be able to decide what that process will be) or stewards (for wikis without local admins).
* The software will require that the user has at least 300 edits and the account since at least 6 months. Admins and stewards will not be able to grant temporary account IP access to accounts that do not meet that criteria. This is a minimum, and we encourage you to enforce higher thresholds.
* The user reviewing the request will check if the user applying for the right meets requirements and that they have provided a valid justification. The right itself will be granted through Special:UserRights.
* Users who grant requests for the right will also handle removal of the right.

We would also like to clarify some details. For your convenience, we will also document some of it in [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ|the project FAQ]].

{{hidden|Access to IP addresses|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 =
* '''Separation of the new right''' (checkuser-temporary-account) out to a new group ([[metawiki:Meta:Temporary_account_IP_viewer|Temporary account IP viewers]]), as opposed to technically attaching it to any [[Special:ListGroupRights|existing group]] (like patroller). We have decided to do this for a few reasons:
** '''Having access to IP addresses carries risk'''. This right is similar to checkuser. IP addresses are considered personally identifiable information (a kind of [[:en:personal data|personal data]]). Outside actors who want to access IP addresses will now need to interact with users who have this right. Users with this right should be aware of this, and alert to the possibility of suspicious access requests.
** '''Good practices for privacy protection'''. Giving access to users who are trusted but do not need access to carry on their work is not in line with good practices for processing personal data.
** '''Removal of right'''. Access to IPs will be [[phab:T325658|logged]] ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=checkuser-temporary-account example]). If any misuse of this right is detected, it can be taken away separately from any other permissions the user may hold. It would be difficult and sometimes also unreasonable to remove the rights unrelated to access to IP addresses.
** You may grant the new right to all users belonging to a certain existing group individually. These users must meet the criteria for Temporary account IP viewers, though.
** For clarity – all this does not affect administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, stewards, and other groups mentioned in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|global policy]].
* '''Activity requirement'''. With regards to users who would need to be granted access manually, the policy says that they &quot;must edit or take a logged action to the local project at least once within a 365-day period&quot;. This requirement is not changing.
}}
{{hidden|Process of granting the right|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 =
* '''Formality of granting the right'''. There is no need for discussions or votes like Request for Adminship. It does suffice if a single admin makes a decision using their own judgement.
* '''Additional requirements for the users applying for the right'''.
** You have autonomy over the process for granting the right. You can adopt thresholds higher than 300 edits, or disallow the &quot;non-admin+&quot; users to have the right. The granting process can be as basic or elaborate as you deem appropriate.
** Which criteria admins should take when deciding whether to grant the right – how to tell whether a user needs access to IP addresses? There are no mandatory requirements beyond a minimum of 300 edits and a 6 month old account. You may introduce additional criteria related to trust to the user (such as no prior blocks or copyright violations) or experience in patrolling activities.
* '''Additional burden on administrators'''. We understand the toil of having to grant and remove an additional right. This is indeed a downside. We think that it will only have to be a one-time effort to grant this right to a larger number of people. We are curious if you can find ways to limit this burden.
}}
'''Next steps on your side we would like to suggest'''

* We are encouraging you to consider '''adopting a policy''' on granting and removing the right, if you think you need to add anything to the global policy.
* We are encouraging you to '''start granting the right'''. Considering our data (up to a few non-functionaries have ever revealed temporary account IP addresses here), we believe you don't need to rush or spend a lot of time preparing for this before the change comes into force, though.
* We would like to show you what level of wiki-bureaucracy seems sufficient from our point of view. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=28667152 In the sandbox], we have created a draft of what a page with requests for the flag could look like. Of course the final content of the page will depend on your community. We do not want to imply that we are instructing you on this matter.
Let us know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[metawiki:User:NKohli_(WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] and '''[[Mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 02:27, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 Mei 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Wikimedia Foundation mwaka 2025 na Wito wa Maswali ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Wapendwa wote,

Mwaka huu, Muda wa Wadhamini 2 (wawili) waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na Washirika kwenye Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation utakamilika [1]. Bodi inakaribisha harakati nzima kushiriki katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa mwaka huu na kupiga kura kujaza viti hivyo.

Kamati ya Uchaguzi inasimamia mchakato huu kwa msaada kutoka kwa  wafanyakazi wa Shirika [2]. Kamati ya Utawala inayoundwa na wadhamini ambao si wagombea katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa wadhamini waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na washirika wa mwaka 2025 (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina na Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], ina jukumu la kutoa usimamizi wa Bodi ya wadhamini kwa ajili ya kuweka taarifa kwa Bodi ya wadhamini. Maelezo zaidi kuhusu majukumu ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi, Bodi, na wafanyakazi yako hapa [4].

Hapa kuna tarehe kuu zilizopangwa:

* Mei 22 – Juni  5: Tangazo (mawasiliano hayo) na mwito wa kipindi cha maswali
* Juni 17 – Julai 1, 2025: Wito wa wagombea
* Julai 2025: Ikihitajika, washirika hupigia kura wagombea waliopo kwenye orodha fupi ikiwa 10 au zaidi wataomba [5]
* Agosti 2025: Kipindi cha kampeni
* Agosti – Septemba 2025: Kipindi cha wiki mbili cha kupiga kura kwa jumuiya
* Oktoba – Novemba 2025: Ukaguzi wa usuli wa watahiniwa waliochaguliwa
* Mkutano wa Bodi mnamo Decemba  2025: Wadhamini wapya wamekaa kwenye kiti

Jifunze zaidi kuhusu uchaguzi wa 2025 - ikiwa ni pamoja na ratiba ya kina ya matukio, mchakato wa kugombea, sheria za kampeni na vigezo vya kustahiki kwa mpiga kura - kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[kiungo]]].

'''Wito wa Maswali'''

Katika kila mchakato wa uchaguzi, jumuiya ina fursa ya kuwasilisha maswali kwa wagombea wa Bodi ya Wadhamini kujibu. Kamati ya Uchaguzi huchagua maswali kutoka kwenye orodha iliyoandaliwa na jumuiya ili wagombea wajibu. Wagombea lazima wajibu maswali yote yanayohitajika katika maombi ili kustahiki; vinginevyo maombi yao yatakataliwa. Mwaka huu, Kamati ya Uchaguzi itachagua maswali 5 kwa wagombea kujibu. Maswali yaliyochaguliwa yanaweza kuwa mchanganyiko wa yale yaliyowasilishwa kutoka kwa jumuiya, ikiwa yanafanana au yanahusiana. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[kiungo]]]

'''Watu wa kujitolea katika uchaguzi'''

Njia nyingine ya kuhusika katika mchakato wa uchaguzi wa mwaka 2025 ni kuwa Mtu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi. Watu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi ni daraja kati ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi na jumuiya zao.  Wanasaidia kuhakikisha jumuiya inawakilishwa na kuwahamasisha kupiga  kura. Jifunze zaidi kuhusu mpango  na jinsi ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki  [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[kiungo]]].

Asante!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Salamu sana,

Victoria Doronina

Uhusiano wa Bodi na Kamati ya Uchaguzi

Kamati ya Utawala&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 03:08, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== U4C case - conclusion ==

Hello Swahili community, &lt;br /&gt;
first of all I would like to apologize for writing in English, an automatic translation in Swahili will follow but we are aware that automatic translations in your language are not very good so we will need your help to make sure that the text is understandable.

On 21 December 2024 a request to U4C was filed here: [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]]. Some deadlines were extended and we are aware that it took us a long time to conclude the case. I will report our conclusion below in English and with translation in Swahili. I will add also a translation in Italian which is a language one of your most active users (sysop and bureaucrat) is familiar with. 

Please contact the committee for any clarification needed. 
As a coordinating committee we would also like to offer our support if you need help with the requested actions. 

=== U4C Motion ===
(The original text with votes is here: [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Cases/Sysop_abuse_in_Swahili_Wikipedia#Motions]])

According to UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Swahili is among the 10 most widely spoken languages in the world, with more than 200 million speakers and it is one of the ''lingua franca'' in many countries within East, Central and Southern Africa as well as in the Middle East. 

According to Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Swahili is one of the national languages in Tanzania, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Uganda, it is an official language of Rwanda, in some areas of Somalia and is spoken in other areas in the African Great Lakes region and East and Southern Africa.

With the exception of Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, in all the countries where Swahili is national language, homosexuality is not only illegal (in some cases - Uganda - with death penalty as punishment) but apparent &quot;promotion&quot; of homosexuality is also severely punished. More about this in following links:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania 
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C requested a legal opinion to assess what risks editors and administrators residing in those countries could face in editing or restoring content which may be considered to &quot;promote&quot; homosexuality even if for Wikimedian (or Western) standards that content would not be considered promotional but only neutral or descriptive. 

The U4C's priorities in this case are:
*Protect local users, especially advanced right holders who could be misinterpreted as &quot;responsible&quot; for the content of a project
*Protect all the readers and their right to have neutral and informative content

'''U4C Actions'''

# Recommend that the Swahili Wikipedia community work on a guideline about Neutral Point of View (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) and a guideline about reliable sources (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). The U4C will review progress in 6 months.&lt;br /&gt;
# Recommend that the community seek local expertise on how it is permissible to educate a reader about topics related to LGBTQ issues without violating laws in Swahili-speaking countries and at the same time avoiding discrimination (as per the UCoC). Use this information to support NPOV on these topics.
# Recommend that the community start discussing on dealing with local appeals and creating a procedure for this compliant with the [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]].
# Recommend that the community define a list of pages or &quot;contentious topics&quot; (starting from LGBTQ topics) where, once created, the above mentioned policies are particularly used/applied more strictly.

At the same time:
*Administrators on Swahili Wikipedia (swwiki) are topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, with admin actions related to content and conduct moderation delegated to Stewards and Global sysops (any interventions can be requested on Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] or [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Here is a non-exhaustive list of pages that are covered:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Once the recommended measures as described above are set up, swwiki admins may appeal to the topic ban.

=== Translation in Swahili ===
''This is an automatic translation, please kindly fix mistakes or parts which need clarification.'' 

Kulingana na UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Kiswahili ni miongoni mwa lugha 10 zinazozungumzwa na watu wengi zaidi duniani, ikiwa na wazungumzaji zaidi ya milioni 200 na ni mojawapo ya ''lingua franca'' katika nchi nyingi za Mashariki, Kati na Kusini mwa Afrika na pia Mashariki ya Kati.

Kwa mujibu wa Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Kiswahili ni mojawapo ya lugha za kitaifa nchini Tanzania, Kenya, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Burundi, Uganda, ni lugha rasmi ya Rwanda, katika baadhi ya maeneo ya Somalia na inazungumzwa katika maeneo mengine katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika na Afrika Mashariki na Kusini.

Isipokuwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na Rwanda, katika nchi zote ambako Kiswahili ni lugha ya taifa, ushoga sio tu ni kinyume cha sheria (katika baadhi ya matukio - Uganda - na adhabu ya kifo kama adhabu) lakini &quot;kukuza&quot; kwa ushoga pia kunaadhibiwa vikali. Zaidi kuhusu hili katika viungo vifuatavyo:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C iliomba maoni ya kisheria ili kutathmini hatari ambazo wahariri na wasimamizi wanaoishi katika nchi hizo wanaweza kukabiliana nazo katika kuhariri au kurejesha maudhui ambayo yanaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa &quot;kukuza&quot; ushoga hata kama kwa viwango vya Wikimedian (au Magharibi) maudhui hayo hayatachukuliwa kuwa ya utangazaji bali yasiyoegemea upande wowote au maelezo.

Vipaumbele vya U4C katika kesi hii ni:
*Linda watumiaji wa ndani, haswa wamiliki wa haki wa hali ya juu ambao wanaweza kutafsiriwa vibaya kama &quot;wajibiki&quot; kwa maudhui ya mradi.
*Linda wasomaji wote na haki yao ya kuwa na maudhui yasiyoegemea upande wowote na yenye taarifa

'''Vitendo vya U4C'''

# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ifanyie kazi mwongozo kuhusu Mtazamo wa Kuegemea (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) na mwongozo kuhusu vyanzo vya kuaminika (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C itakagua maendeleo baada ya miezi 6.&lt;br /&gt;
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya itafute utaalamu wa ndani kuhusu jinsi inavyoruhusiwa kuelimisha msomaji kuhusu mada zinazohusiana na masuala ya LGBTQ bila kukiuka sheria katika nchi zinazozungumza Kiswahili na wakati huo huo kuepuka ubaguzi (kulingana na UCoC). Tumia habari hii kusaidia NPOV kwenye mada hizi.
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ianze kujadiliana kuhusu kushughulikia rufaa za eneo lako na kuunda utaratibu wa kutii [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines|Mwongozo wa Utekelezaji]].
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuia ifafanue orodha ya kurasa au &quot;mada zinazogombana&quot; (kuanzia mada za LGBTQ) ambapo, mara tu zikiundwa, sera zilizotajwa hapo juu hutumiwa/hutumiwa kwa ukali zaidi.

Wakati huo huo:
*Wasimamizi kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiswahili (swwiki) wamepigwa marufuku kwenye kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, huku vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili vimekabidhiwa kwa Stewards na Global sysops (afua zozote zinaweza kuombwa kwenye Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] au [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Hapa kuna orodha isiyo kamili ya kurasa ambazo zimefunikwa:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Ushoga,
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Ndoa ya jinsia moja,
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Baada ya hatua zilizopendekezwa kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu kusanidiwa, wasimamizi wa swwiki wanaweza kukata rufaa dhidi ya marufuku ya mada.

{{hidden
| style = border: 1px black; width: 100%;
| headerstyle = background:#f5f5f5
| contentstyle = 
| header = Translation in Italian/Tafsiri katika Kiitaliano
| content = Secondo l'UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), lo Swahili è tra le 10 lingue più parlate al mondo con oltre 200 milioni di persone che lo parlano ed è una &quot;lingue franche&quot; in diversi paese dell'Africa orientale, centrale e meridionale nonché nel Medio-Oriente.

Secondo Wikipedia ([[:en:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), lo Swahili è una delle lingue nazionali in Tanzania, Kenya, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, Burundi, Uganda, è lingua ufficiale in Ruanda, in alcune aree della Somalia ed è abitualmente usato in altre aree della regione dei Grandi Laghi e dell'Africa Orientale e meridionale.

Con l'eccezione della Repubblica Democratica del Congo e del Ruanda, in tutti i paese in cui lo Swahili è lingua nazionale, l'omosessualità non è solo illegale (in alcuni casi, come l'Uganda, è punita con la pena di morte) ma anche l'apparente promozione dell'omosessualità è severamente punita. Maggiori informazioni nei seguenti link:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania 
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C ha richiesto un parere legale per individuare quali rischi corrano i volontari e amministratori residenti in questi paese nell'effettuare modifiche o ripristinare contenuti che possono essere considerati promozionali dell'omosessualità anche se per standard Wikimediani (o del mondo occidentale) non sono considerati promozionali ma solo descrittivi o neutrali. 

Nel trattare questo caso le priorità dello U4C sono:
*Tutelare gli utenti locali, specialmente coloro con diritti addizionali che possono essere erroneamente considerati come &quot;responsabili&quot; dei contenuti di un progetto 
*Tutelare i lettori e il loro diritto ad avere informazioni e contenuti neutrali

'''In considerazione di ciò U4C'''

# Raccomanda che la comunità della Wikipedia in Swahili lavori sulla creazione di linee guida sul punto di vista neutrale (Neutral Point of View - Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) e su una linea guida dedicata alle fonti attendibili e al loro uso (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C verificherà i progressi fra 6 mesi.&lt;br /&gt;
# Raccomanda che la comunità ricerchi informazioni o consulenza locale su come fornire contenuti informativi sui temi collegati a LGBTQ senza violare leggi nei paesi di lingua Swahili ma allo stesso tempo senza discriminare (ai sensi di UCoC). Le informazioni ottenute andranno a supporto della linea guida sul punto di vista neutrale sull'argomento.
# Raccomanda che la comunità inizi una discussione sulla gestione locale degli appelli ai blocchi e su una procedura degli stessi conforme alle linee guida sull'applicazione del codice di condotta [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]].
# Raccomanda che la comunità definisca una lista di pagine di &quot;argomenti controversi&quot; (partendo dal tema LGBTQ) dove, una volta create le linee guida del punto 1, queste vengano usate e applicate con particolare rigore. 

Allo stesso tempo:
*Gli amministratori della Wikipedia in Swahili hanno un topic ban (blocco selettivo su tema specifico) dalle pagine riguardanti tematiche LGBTQ, gli interventi amministrativi legati alla moderazione di condotta e contenuto sono delegate agli Steward e ai Global sysop (gli interventi possono essere richiesti nelle pagine su Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] oppure [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Di seguito una lista non esasustiva delle pagine coinvolte:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Una volta che i rimedi raccomandati descritti nei punti più sopra sono stati attuati gli amministratori di swwiki possono richiedere la rimozione del topic ban.
}}

On behalf of U4C, '''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 13:23, 31 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juni 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:44, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juni 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 12:46, 14 Julai 2025 (UTC)
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== Boti ya kukaribisha ya [[user:AmmarBot|Ammar]] ==

Ndugu zangu wanaWikipedia. Hivi karibuni, nikiwa huko jijini Nairobi, nilikutana na Ammar. Kijana wa Kihausa kutoka nchini Nigeria. Katika maongezi yetu, tukafikia hatua ya kuzungumzia boti za kukaribisha watu. Kijana huyu alikubali kutumia muda wake mchache kuunda boti ya kukaribisha watu. Hivyo basi kila kibarua cha karibu kila wakati kimetuishia. Tafadhalini msipoteza muda wenu kukaribisha watu. Boti itafanya kazi. Tazameni: [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum%3AMichango&amp;target=AmmarBot&amp;namespace=all&amp;tagfilter=&amp;start=&amp;end=&amp;limit=50 Hapa] [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 13:45, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)

:Hii nzuri! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)
::Ila BOT atachukua muda gani tangu mgeni kajiunga hadi atakapokaribishwa? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)

== Introducing Paste Check: a new Edit Check for Wikipedia ==

Hello!

Sorry for using English language. {{int:please-translate}}. {{int:Thank-you}}

Paste Check is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check can prompt them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content.

'''Why Paste Check?'''

Paste Check benefits two audiences:

* Newcomers: Many new editors are unaware of Wikipedia’s policies regarding copyright violations. Some mistakenly believe that pasting from what they consider reliable sources is the way to edit.
* Experienced editors: Paste Check aims to make it easier to identify and patrol edits that may contain pasted content (which can be either legit or copyright violations), helping us save time.

The goal is to reduce the rate of copyright violations by at least 10% among newer editors.

'''How it works'''

By default, Paste Check will be shown to editors who have published 100 or fewer edits locally.

When an editor matching this requirement pastes at least 50 characters of text from somewhere else, Paste Check will ask them to confirm if they wrote the content. Two options are then available:

* Keep the text – the user is then asked to explain why.
* Remove the text – the text is removed.

In both cases, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|edits will be tagged]] so that experienced editors can identify edits in which Paste Check was shown. The tag will be visible even if the final edit didn’t include any pasted text.

Paste Check will trigger when text is pasted a source it doesn’t recognize as another editing environment. It won’t show up if the editor has pasted text that we can technically recognize is coming from another MediaWiki visual editor instance, MS Office, Libre Office, Google Docs, or is plain text.

To start, Paste Check will only work in the visual editor.

'''Get involved'''

The Editing team is seeking input on the proposed user experience and configuration.

We plan to test the following interface with new users ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;showMessage=editcheck-dialog-addref-reject-question&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate please help translating it]):  

[[File:Paste_Check_interface_for_September_2025's_test.png|575x575px]]

We're planning to refine this interface over time, but want to start by launching a test so that we can determine whether the check is useful. We presented this interface to people who don't participate in Wikipedia, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#Qualitative evaluation|they found it practical and easy to understand]].

As a consequence, we would like to start by showing the feature to a fraction of newcomers for approximately 6 weeks. After this point, we will review the experiment results and decide what to do next.

'''Configuration and test'''

For experienced users, Paste Check will be configurable by the local communities (e.g. edit count thresholds, ignored sections and namespaces). Edits triggering Paste Check will be marked with the tag &lt;code&gt;editcheck-paste-shown&lt;/code&gt; for easier tracking.

You can try the proposed Paste Check interface:

* visit https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Cats&amp;veaction=edit&amp;ecenable=2

* Paste 50 characters or more from an external source, such as a website, to see the prompt.

Your feedback is valuable! Please share your thoughts below, and ping me. {{int:Thank-you}}

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 13:47, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC)
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:This test is planned to start on this Wednesday, 8 October. Let me know if you have any question! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 15:31, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga.

Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu:

Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. 

Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.'''

*Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|sw}}.
*Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu.

''Athari nyingine ''

*Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha.
* Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90.

Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. 

'''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt;  19:49, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Event Organizer Right for [[user:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] ==

Dear Swahili Wikipedia Admins,

The Community Organizing Experience team (formerly the Campaigns team) at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting Wikimedia Arusha and Wikimedia Kilimanjaro to strengthen their capacity in adopting the CampaignEvents extension tools, including Event Registration tool for their 2025-26 General Support Funds activities. In order to implement this support, I would need the event organizer right on Swahili Wikipedia. I have also communicated this to [[user:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] who recommended I ask for the right here. '''[[Mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|majadiliano]])''' 17:19, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]], @[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] please gather here.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 18:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:I support granting the event organizer right to EUwandu-WMF. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 20:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Toa maoni yako: pigia kura Bodi ya Wadhamini ya mwaka 2025 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Habarini nyote,

Kipindi cha upigaji kura cha [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini wa 2025]] sasa kimefunguliwa. Wagombea wanagombea viti 2 (viwili) kwenye Bodi.

Ili kuangalia ustahiki wako wa mpiga kura, tafadhali tembelea [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|ukurasa wa ustahiki wa mpiga kura]].

Jifunze zaidi kuwahusu kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|kusoma taarifa zao za maombi na kutazama video zao za ugombeaji]].

Ukiwa tayari, nenda kwenye ukurasa wa kupiga kura wa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll kupiga kura]].

'''Upigaji kura utaanza tarehe 8 Oktoba saa 00:00 UTC hadi Oktoba 22 saa 23:59 UTC.'''

Kila la kheri,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Mwenyekiti, Kamati ya Uchaguzi&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Message from U4C ==
Dear Swahili community,

(''Apologies for writing in English. A machine-translated version of this message is attached below for your convenience. In case of any discrepancies, please refer to the English version as the source.'')

We have been made aware of the deletion of the article [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] and the subsequent block of @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (who can appeal on their talk page).&lt;br /&gt; 
@[[User:Olimasy]], could you please briefly explain what was the reason, among those listed here [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], for the speedy deletion of that page? 

We would like to remind you all and the administrators of this project in particular that local admins are currently topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, and admin actions related to content and conduct moderation are delegated to Stewards and Global sysops. Any intervention concerning related content or users should be requested on Meta. You can read our motion here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]].

This measure will remain in effect until the actions we have recommended for this project (listed here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] in the section U4C Actions) have been completed. If you need any help with these steps please do not hesitate to contact us.
On behalf of the U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(''Hii ni tafsiri ya kiotomatiki'')&lt;br /&gt;
Ndugu waswahili,&lt;br /&gt;
Tumefahamishwa kuhusu kufutwa kwa makala [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] na kizuizi kilichofuata cha @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (anayeweza kukata rufaa kwenye ukurasa wao wa mazungumzo).&lt;br /&gt;
@[[User:Olimasy]], tafadhali unaweza kueleza kwa ufupi sababu ilikuwa nini, miongoni mwa walioorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], kwa kufutwa haraka kwa ukurasa huo?

Tungependa kuwakumbusha nyote na wasimamizi wa mradi huu hasa kwamba wasimamizi wa ndani kwa sasa wamepigwa marufuku kutoka kwa kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, na vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili hukabidhiwa kwa Steward na Global sysops. Uingiliaji kati wowote kuhusu maudhui yanayohusiana au watumiaji unapaswa kuombwa kwenye Meta. Unaweza kusoma hoja yetu hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]].

Hatua hii itaendelea kutumika hadi hatua ambazo tumependekeza kwa mradi huu (zilizoorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] katika sehemu ya U4C Actions) zimekamilika. Ikiwa unahitaji msaada wowote kwa hatua hizi tafadhali usisite kuwasiliana nasi. 

Kwa niaba ya U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I’ve reviewed the deletion log, and the article has already been removed. Judging by the structure and grammar, it seems the contributor may not be fluent in Kiswahili—the article had significant linguistic and formatting issues.
:While we appreciate efforts to represent diverse communities, it’s equally important that all articles meet the quality standards of Swahili Wikipedia.
:In a constructive spirit, we can encourage the contributor to collaborate with others to improve the article before republishing. [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 20:22, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Contributor is banned and only option for him is new account. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 08:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Muddyb]] the first version of the article was created by the user and [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=312781 deleted] on 1 October. After being pinged yesterday the user recreated the page ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=315152 here]), it turned out that the user is a cross wiki abuser and the page was deleted by a Global Sysop who later [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=315181 undeleted the page] because apparently it is a translation of enwiki. Nobody of us is able to understand if that content makes sense in Swahili or if it is an automatic translation, or meets speedy deletion criteria like you mentioned. Personally speaking U4C asked that articles about contentious topics should be based on reliable sources and that content does not meet that requirement. The user is global blocked so I do not foresee cooperation. If the content meets deletion criteria please use the delete template (I think it is this one {{tl|Futa}}?) and then request deletion on Meta (here: [[:m:Global_sysops/Requests]]). I understand that this is a little complicated but it is a temporary measure. Please do not hesitate to contact us for any help or suggestion about the recommended actions in our motion. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I have informed the admin team again not to interfere directly with those kinds of articles instead we should inform  Stewards to take the matter. Thanks. We will surely reach out in case of anything resurfaced.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:33, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Muddyb]] many thanks, yes the right way is to inform Stewards or Global Sysops, your guidance is of course welcome (and needed) to overcome the language barrier. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) 

Alternate version was correctly remade by TEMPORARY ACCOUNT and makes sense. Both &quot;Emmanuel&quot; accounts are ABUSERS, one locally blocked and other globally blocked. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] Share the recreated article that makes sense, please!  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:34, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Recreated article with sense is here: [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:45, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Se non fossi impedito, metterei il template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{tafsiri kompyuta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; perché è una traduzione orripilante. Pace a te, Civvì! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:If there is consensus on deletion due to low quality please request the deletion on Meta (explaining the reasons). For sure the goal of our requests is not to lower your quality standards. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] na @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] The recreated article is another trash in the block. I will write global sysop to delete it.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 12:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

::Do not forget REDIRECTS and TALKS when deleting. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:01, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::Four instances to delete:
::[[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]]
::[[Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]]
::'''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

::&quot;The recreated article is another trash in the block.&quot; FOUR INSTANCES. '''[[Mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|Soggo Ionno]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|majadiliano]])''' 12:15, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Kutafuta watu wa kujitolea kujiunga na kamati kadhaa za harakati. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kila mwaka, kwa kawaida kuanzia Oktoba hadi Desemba, kamati kadhaa za harakati hutafuta watu wapya wa kujitolea. 

Soma zaidi kuhusu kamati hizo kwenye kurasa zao za Meta-wiki:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kamati ya Ushirikiano (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kamati ya Mapitio ya kesi (CRC)]]

Maombi ya kamati hizo yatafunguliwa tarehe 30 Oktoba 2025.  Maombi ya Kamati ya Ushirikiano, tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum na Kamati ya Mapitio ya Kesi yatafungwa tarehe 11 Desemba 2025. Jifunze namna ya kutuma maombi kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments| kutembelea ukurasa wa uteuzi kwenye Meta-Wiki]].Tuma kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano au barua pepe cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org na maswali yoyote ambayo unaweza kuwa nayo.

Kwa timu ya Msaada ya Kamati,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Will you help us test an updated Databox? ==

''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it''

Hello everyone, recently an update has been made to the [[w:sw:Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] / [[w:sw:Template:Databox|Template:Databox]] page with the following changes:

* A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item


* New parameters &lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;excludeProperties=&lt;/code&gt; can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays.
** '''&lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt;''' choose a different [[d:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox.&lt;br&gt; Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
** '''&lt;code&gt;excludeParameters=&lt;/code&gt;''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox.&lt;br&gt;Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 

* The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |:&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Databox|'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''P123}}&lt;/code&gt;

=== How can you help? ===
Please help us by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to Articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just want to collect feedback on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflows and / or causes any issues or bugs.

Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits).

The two Parameters will only show if the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.&lt;br&gt;[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].&lt;br&gt;
Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].&lt;br&gt;
Thank you, - '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:41, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januari 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 18 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Mapitio ya kila mwaka ya Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Ninakuandikia ili kukujulisha kuwa muda wa upitiaji wa kila mwaka wa Kanuni za Maadili na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji umefunguliwa sasa. Unaweza kutoa mapendekezo ya mabadiliko hadi tarehe 9 Februari 2026. Hii ni hatua ya kwanza kati ya kadhaa itakayochukuliwa kwa upitiaji wa kila mwaka. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Soma maelezo zaidi na utafute mazungumzo ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu]] (U4C) ni kundi la kimataifa linalojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|unaweza kukagua Mkataba wa U4C]].

Tafadhali washirikishe habari hii washiriki wengine katika jumuiya yako popote inapohitajika.

-- Kwa ushirikiano na U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:Mazungumzo ya mtumiaji:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:02, 19 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:11, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 00:58, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;

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== Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace) ==

Ndugu wanajumuia,

Katika kuratibu na kuendesha miradi na kampeni mbalimbali za jamii yetu hapa Swahili Wikipedia (kama vile mashindano, warsha, dashboards, na kurasa za mradi kama `Wikipedia:Mradi wa...`), tumekuwa tukikumbana na changamoto ya kiufundi. Kwa sasa, mfumo wa usarifu wa picha (VisualEditor) haufanyi kazi kwenye maeneo haya ya kurasa za miradi (Project namespace), jambo linalotulazimu kutumia mfumo mgumu wa &quot;Source Editor&quot; (Wiki markup) hata kwa mambo madogo kama kutengeneza majedwali au muundo wa kurasa.

Ili kurahisisha kazi kwa waratibu na wahariri wanaotengeneza kurasa hizi za kampeni, nimefungua tiketi kule Phabricator kuomba wataalamu wa Wikimedia Foundation watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor kwenye Project namespace ya swwiki.

Wataalamu wa Phabricator wametujibu kuwa tayari wako tayari kufanya mabadiliko hayo, lakini kwa sheria za kiutaratibu, wanahitaji kuona Maridhiano ya Jumuia (Community Consensus) hapa uwanjani kwetu kwanza kabla hawajawasha mfumo huo. Wanatutanabahisha pia kuwa VisualEditor haikutengenezwa maalum kwa ajili ya kurasa za majadiliano, hivyo kunaweza kuwa na changamoto ndogo za mpangilio (kama indentations) tukiiitumia kwenye majadiliano ya miradi, jambo ambalo tunaona halitazuia ufanisi wa kazi kubwa ya kuratibu kurasa zenyewe za miradi.

Tafadhali naomba kura zenu za Kuunga Mkono (Support) au maoni yenu hapa chini ili tukishapata ridhaa ya pamoja, nipeleke link ya mjadala huu Phabricator na mabadiliko haya yafanyike mara moja.

Unaweza kuona tiketi hiyo Phabricator hapa: [[phab:T427117|⚓ T427117 Enable VisualEditor in the Project namespace for Swahili Wikipedia (swwiki)]]

Pamoja tunajenga Wikipedia yetu!

{{Strong support}}--[[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:07, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 09:26, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|Husseyn Issa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|majadiliano]])''' 10:58, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)

{{strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 14:16, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:ChriKo|ChriKo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ChriKo|majadiliano]])'''
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 04:41, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 07:38, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])'''
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--'''--'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)'''
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}-- [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:06, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/br&gt;{{Strong support}}--- '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 19:14, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)

== Piga kura sasa katika uchaguzi wa 2026 U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Wapigakura walaotimiza vigezo na masharti ya kupiga kura wanaombwa kushiriki katika uchaguzi wa 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Kanuni na mwongozo wa Maadili kwa wote]]. Maelezo zaidi ikijumuisha ukaguzi wa ustahiki, maelezo ya mchakato wa kupiga kura, maelezo ya mgombeaji, na kiungo cha kupiga kura zinapatikana kwenye Meta katika [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 ukurasa wa maelezo ya Uchaguzi]]. Kura itafungwa tarehe 2 Juni 2026 kwa [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Tafadhali piga kura ikiwa akaunti yako imekidhi vigezo. Matokeo yatatolewa kufikia 14 Juni 2026. -- Kwa kushirikiana na U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:15, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC)

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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|majadiliano]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC)

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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juni 2026 (UTC)

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== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:25, 24 Julai 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;

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== Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga.

Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu:

Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. 

Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.'''

* Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sw}}.
* Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu.

''Athari nyingine ''

* Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha.
* Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90.

Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. 

'''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 09:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wazo la Mradi: Kuongeza Makala za Filamu na Waigizaji wa Asia (C-Dramas &amp; K-Dramas) ==
Habari zenu wakuu na wahariri wenzangu wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili,

Natumai mnaendelea vyema na ujenzi wa kamusi elezo yetu. 

Nimekuwa nikipitia maudhui yetu ya burudani na sanaa, na nimegundua kuna pengo kubwa sana (systemic bias) la makala zinazohusu filamu, tamthilia, na waigizaji wa ukanda wa Asia (hususan China na Korea). Licha ya kwamba filamu za Kung Fu, C-Dramas, na K-Dramas zina mashabiki mamilioni katika nchi zetu za Afrika Mashariki tangu miaka ya 80 hadi sasa, wasomaji wetu wakitafuta wasifu wa waigizaji hao au tamthilia maarufu kwa Kiswahili hawapati taarifa za kutosha.

Ili kuziba pengo hili na kuleta usawa wa maarifa (Knowledge Equity), ninafikiria kuomba ruzuku ndogo ya Rapid Fund kutoka Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). Lengo langu ni kuandaa warsha ya siku moja (In-person workshop) hapa Dar es Salaam, itakayofuatiwa na kampeni ya mwezi mmoja ya uandishi mtandaoni (Online Edit-a-thon). Kupitia mradi huu, tunalenga kuvutia vijana wapya na wapenzi wa filamu hizi, kuwafundisha misingi ya uandishi wa Wikipedia, na kutengeneza makala mpya 80 hadi 100 za sanaa hizo kwa Kiswahili sahihi na chenye vyanzo.

Kabla ya kuwasilisha maombi haya rasmi WMF, ningependa kupokea maoni, ushauri, au mapendekezo yenu kuhusu wazo hili. Je, mnaona ni mradi utakaofaa? Na je, kuna changamoto yoyote mnayoiona ambayo tunapaswa kuizingatia?

Nawasilisha, na asanteni kwa ushirikiano wenu wa kila siku.

# {{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 10:03, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

:ni wazo zuri sana..
:Ushauri wangu ni huu...
:*Kuzingatia Ubora kuliko idadi pekee: Lengo la makala 300–400 linaweza kuvutia, lakini ni muhimu kueleza jinsi utakavyohakikisha kila makala ina vyanzo huru vya kuaminika na inakidhi miongozo ya Wikipedia.
:*Wigo wa mada: Badala ya kuzingatia waigizaji na filamu maarufu pekee, unaweza kujumuisha wakurugenzi, watayarishaji na historia ya sinema za Asia, mradi kila mada inakidhi vigezo vya umuhimu wa Wikipedia.
:*Uendelevu wa jamii: Eleza jinsi utakavyowasaidia washiriki kuendelea kuhariri hata baada ya kampeni kuisha, kwa mfano kupitia kikundi cha mawasiliano, ushauri wa wahariri wenye uzoefu na ufuatiliaji wa makala zilizoundwa.
:Pendekezo langu: Chapisha ujumbe huu kwanza ili kupata maoni ya wahariri. Majibu yao yanaweza kukusaidia kuboresha wigo wa mradi, bajeti, malengo yanayopimika na mpango wa utekelezaji kabla ya kuwasilisha ombi rasmi la Rapid Fund.... Ahsante  '''[[Mtumiaji:Ladygoody|Ladygoody]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ladygoody|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Ladygoody|Ladygoody]] Kimsingi itahusu kila kitu si filamu pekee hadi waongozaji. Kimsingi ni cinema za Asia. Makala 100, sitaki kuandika makala ya mstari mmoja. Tutakaowafunza tutawaeleza dhima ya uundaji makala pana badala ya makala fupi-fupi zinazoja wingi pekee. Kama mimi nilivutiwa na mafunzo ya @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] na akina @[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] nami pia nina uhakika wa kuvutia wengi kwa vile nina uzoefu na uwezo pia wa kutumia WIKI MARK UP language kuliko watu wengi tu. Ukiacha challenge yako, unakubali au unakataa? '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 12:10, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

{{Support}}:::@[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] Wazo ni zuri, ila kwa kawaida wanaoanzisha hizi editathon hawafuatilii makala zilizotungwa na wahariri wapya, hawazisahahishi wala kuziboresha, hawaendele kuwapa maelekezo wanapoona wamekosea pengine kwa namna za kushangaza. Mzungu anawekwa katika jamii &quot;Watu wa Ufilipino&quot; na wakati huohuo &quot;Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi&quot;... Huyo @[[Mtumiaji:Ladygoody|Ladygoody]] mwenyewe, anayehimiza kuzingatia ubora kuliko idadi pekee, anatunga makala nyingi harakaharaka na kunipa kazi kuzisahihisha. Tena ni wiki kadhaa haweki tena vyanzo vyovyote, baada ya kuzuiwa asitumie vile vya Wikimedia... Naomba ukianzisha, mwezi mzima baada ya warsha uwajibike kweli. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:33, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::::@Ikikupendeza, tutakuja kuifanyia pale Morogoro ili mambo yasiwe mengi. Ninaomba sana! '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 12:42, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Ikikupendeza, ingependa ije kuifanyika pale Morogoro Alfagem ili mambo yasiwe mengi. Ninaomba sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 12:45, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ndugu, sijakuelewa ulipoandika &quot;ili mambo yasiwe mengi&quot;. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:46, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Hapo nimekusudia iwapo tutakuwa mbali, hapo kwa wazee tutavuna mengi mno. 1) baraka za wazee, 2) ulezi kutoka kwa wazee, 3) tutapata mafunzo ya ana kwa ana na wakongwe wa kazi huku wakituasa namna bora ya kuanzisha miradi na kuisimamia. Hapo mambo hayawi mengi! '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]], pole, ila kwa kweli nimeelewa kidogo. Baraka sawa, ulezi kidogo sawa, mafunzo ya ana kwa ana kidogo sawa, ila kuhusu namna bora ya miradi sina uzoefu wa kwangu mimi. Naona ya wengine na kutambua shida mbalimbali. Kwanza wewe unakaa Arusha au wapi? Warsha ni siku moja, mradi ni mwezi mzima: utakaa siku ngapi? Ukifika Alfagems utaleta watu wengine au unategemea wanafunzi wetu? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:27, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 
:Wazo ni Zuri na ninaliunga mkono, Kila la herí! '''[[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|Elizabeth Samwel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|majadiliano]])''' 16:12, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|Elizabeth Samwel]] Weka hivi {{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 16:27, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 16:52, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:ShijaOne|ShijaOne]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ShijaOne|majadiliano]])''' 20:15, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}}  '''[[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|Elizabeth Samwel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elizabeth Samwel|majadiliano]])''' 00:26, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}}: wazo zuri na lenye kuleta tija kwa wasomaji na jamii tuliyonayo ,naunga mkono kwa asilimia mia moja. '''[[Mtumiaji:Bycashtz|Bycashtz]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bycashtz|majadiliano]])''' 03:59, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Mate Mingi|Mate Mingi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mate Mingi|majadiliano]])''' 07:04, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}}: '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' Ninaunga mkono hoja hii ya mradi. Ni wazo zuri litakalosaidia kuongeza makala za filamu na waigizaji wa Asia, hususan C-Dramas na K-Dramas, katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Mradi huu utachangia kupunguza pengo la maudhui, kuongeza maarifa kwa wasomaji na kuwahamasisha wahariri wapya kushiriki katika kukuza Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Nakupongeza kwa kuanzisha wazo hili na ninatumaini litapata mafanikio.
{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 23:27, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
:{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 11:09, 21 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
{{Strong support}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])'''
&lt;br&gt;{{Strong support}}-'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 10:19, 26 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices ==
''(Apologies for typing in English)''

Did you know that you can edit any Wikidata statement directly from your mobile device, just like on desktop?

Since October 2026 all datatypes are now supported for mobile editing. This feature is automatically available to all users.

Visit any Item on your mobile and try it out. If you run into issues or have feedback, share it on the project talk page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]].

Happy editing on mobile.
-'''[[Mtumiaji:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Zage (WMDE)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zita Zage (WMDE)|majadiliano]])''' 11:55, 23 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga.

Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu:

Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. 

Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.'''

* Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|sw}}.
* Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu.

''Athari nyingine ''

* Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha.
* Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90.

Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. 

'''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:00, 26 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Jinsi gani tunaweza kuzalisha wataalamu wenye utendaji kazi wa hali juu katika taasisi zetu za vyuo vya kati na elimu ya juu? ==
Kumekuwa na wimbi kubwa sana la kiwa na wataalamu wengi wasio kuwa compitent katika utendaji katika kada zao je kwa namna gani tunaweza kuondokana au kupunguza wimbi ilo '''[[Mtumiaji:Ahabu|Ahabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ahabu|majadiliano]])''' 23:05, 27 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>m8kjgsk9bwu2qimeq66ldzhqadmx93d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aleksander Mashuhuri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611618</id>
      <parentid>1429083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T14:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>1611618</origin>
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      <text bytes="37540" sha1="6txmfd0mn4mx9oiqd2a9ri4h2pjuue2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mtawala
| jina               = Aleksander Mashuhuri (Mkuu)
| cheo               = Mfalme wa [[Masedonia]]
| picha              = Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg
| maelezo ya picha   = &lt;small&gt;Aleksander jinsi alivyomshambulia mfalme [[Dario]] wa [[Uajemi]] kwenye mapigano ya [[Issos]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[mozaiki]] ya Aleksander mjini [[Napoli]], [[Italia]])&lt;/small&gt;
| tarehe ya utawala  = [[386 KK]] – [[323 KK]]
| kusimikwa          = [[336]]
| vyeo vingine       = Mkuu wa shirikisho la Wagiriki, Shahanshah wa Uajemi, [[Farao]] wa [[Misri]], Bwana wa Asia
| jina kamili        =
| maumbo ya jina     =  Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας (Aléxandros ho Mégas, Aleksander Mkuu)
| jina kienyeji 1 =
| native_lang2       =
| native_lang2_name1 =  .
| native_lang8       =
| native_lang8_name1 =
| aliyemtangulia     = [[Filipo II wa Masedonia]]
| aliyemfuata        = Aleksander IV wa Masedonia
| cheo cha mrithi teule =
| mrithi             =
| malkia             =
| mumewe             =
| mke 1              = Roksana wa Baktria
| mke 2              = Stateira wa Uajemi
| mke 3              = Parysatis wa Uajemi
| watoto              =
| nasaba              =  Nasaba ya Masedonia
| royal anthem        =
| baba                = [[Filipo II wa Masedonia]]
| mama                = Olimpia wa Epiros
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa  =
| mahali pa kuzaliwa  =
| tarehe ya kufariki  =
| mahali pa kufariki  =
| tarehe ya mazishi   =
| mahali pa mazishi   =
}}
[[Picha:AlexanderTheGreat Bust.jpg|right|180px|thumb|&lt;small&gt;Kichwa cha Aleksander, sanaa ya Kiroma, marumaru mnami karne ya 1/2 BK&lt;/small&gt;]]
'''Aleksander Mashuhuri''' (au '''Aleksanda Mkuu''', kwa [[Kigiriki]] Μέγας Αλέξανδρος, inayoandikwa kwa [[alfabeti]] yetu ''Megas Aleksandros'') aliishi tangu Julai [[356 KK]] hadi tarehe [[11 Juni]] [[323 KK]].

[[Mfalme]] wa [[Masedonia]] ([[336 KK|336]] – [[323 KK]]), anajulikana kama mmoja kati ya [[amiri jeshi]] waliofanikiwa kupita wote wengine katika [[historia]] ya [[dunia]]. Kabla hajafariki kwa umri wa miaka 33 aliteka sehemu kubwa ya dunia iliyojulikana na [[Wagiriki]] wa zamani zake, kuanzia [[Ulaya]] hadi [[Bara Hindi]] na [[Misri]].

==Aleksander, familia na utoto  ==
[[Picha:Alexander &amp; Bucephalus by John Steell.JPG|thumbnail|220px|Aleksander na farasi Bukefalos; sanamu ya bronzi ya John Steell ya 1884]]

Aleksander alizaliwa mwaka 356 KK kama mwana wa mfalme [[Filippo II wa Masedonia]] na malkia Olympias. Masedonia ilikuwa nchi katika kaskazini ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na Wagiriki wengi waliwatazama Wamasedonia kama washenzi walio nje ya ustaarabu wa Ugiriki. Tofauti na Ugiriki ya Kale iliyokuwa jamii ya [[madola-miji]] Masedonia iikuwa jamii ya miji michache na watu wengi walioishi vijijini. Ilitokea katika karne ya 5 KK tu ya kwamba wanamichezo kutoka Masedonia walikubaliwa kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]].&lt;ref&gt;Kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Kale ni Wagiriki pekee walioruhusiwa. Wamasedonia walikubaliwa kwa sababu mfalme wao alieleza ya kwamba alikuwa na mababu Wagiriki &lt;/ref&gt;. 

Filippo II alibadilisha hali ya Masedonia kwa kuimarisha jeshi lake hasa kuanzisha mbinu mpya za kupanga wanajeshi katika vikosi vya [[phalanx]] vyenye mikuku mirefu sana na kuunda vikosi vya [[askari farasi]] wazito wailokingwa kwa nguo za chuma kifuani na [[kofia kinga]]. Kwa kutumia jeshi hili alishinda madola mengine ya Ugiriki na majirani upande wa kaskazini na kuupatia [[ufalme]] wake kipaumbele katika Ugiriki. Baada ya kuunganisha Ugiriki chini ya uongozi wake kwa upanga alilenga kushinda pia mioyo yao kwa kuanza vita dhidi ya [[Milki ya Uajemi]] iliyowahi kupigana vita na Wagiriki mara kadhaa.  Alianza kutuma sehemu ya jeshi kwenda [[Asia Ndogo]]&lt;ref&gt;Eneo la Uturuki ya leo&lt;/ref&gt; iliyokuwa wakati ule sehemu ya [[Milki ya Uajemi]].

Kuna masimulizi mengi kuhusu utoto wa Aleksander ambayo mara nyingi ni hekaya zilizobuniwa baadaye. Hadithi moja inayokubaliwa na wanahistoria ni kuhusu Aleksader kijana wa miaka 10 aliyejipatia farasi iliyombeba baadaye hadi Uhindini. Katika simulizi hii mfalme alitembelewa na mtu aliyetaka kuuza farasi. Farasi moja aliyependeza hakuweza kupandwa na mtu yeyote na mfalme alimkataa. Hapo Aleksander aliomba ajaribu kumpanda akafaulu. Sababu yake ni Aleksander alitambua ya kwamba huyu farasi aligeuka ghafla akikiona kivuli chake wakati mtu alitaka kumpanda. Farasi alinunuliwa na Aleksander alimwita &quot;Bukefalos&quot;  &lt;ref&gt;[[gir.]] Βουκέφαλος , maana yake &quot;mwenye kichwa cha ng'ombe&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; akamtumia katika miaka ijayo hadi Misri na Bara Hindi.

Filippo alimwajiri mwanafalsafa [[Aristoteli]] kuwa mwalimu wa Aleksander katika falsafa, sanaa na hisabati. Aristoteli alimpa mwanafunzi wake wa kifalme nakala ya muswada ya [[Ilias]]&lt;ref&gt;Ilias ni kitenzi mashuhuri cha mshairi [[Homer]]  kinachosimulia historia ya kale ya Ugiriki kwa mfano wa vita ya Troia&lt;/ref&gt; na Aleksander aliibeba kwenye kampeni zake za kijeshi. Aristoteli alidai kama sehemu ya malipo yake ya kwamba mji wake wa nyumbani uliowahi kuharibika vitani na Filippo kujengwa upya na raia wake waliowahi kuuzwa kama watumwa wanunuliwe na mfalme na kupewa uhuru. 

Uhusiano baina ya kijana Alesander na babake ulikuwa baadaye na matatizo kutokana na husiano za kimapenzi za mfalme kando la mamake Aleksander.

== Mfalme wa Masedonia (336 - 335 KK) ==
[[Picha:Masedonia ya Kale.png|thumbnail|380px|Ufalme wa Masedonia wakati wa kifo cha Filippo II na Aleksander kuanzisha utawala]]
Mwaka 336 KK mfalme Filippo aliuawa na mlinzi wake. Aleksander kijana wa miaka 20 alitangaziwa mfalme mpya kwa msaada wa jemadari Antipater. Aliagiza kuuawa kwa maafisa wa babake waliosambaza uvumi kuwa Aleksander aliuwa ameshiriki jatika uuaji wa babake. Mwaka huohuo alikutana na mabalozi wa miji ya Ugiriki walioapa kumtii.

Mwaka 335 alipaswa kufanya vita na makabila ya kaskazini walioingizwa katika ufalme na babake na sasa waliona nafasi ya kuasi, akawashinda. 

Wakati Aleksander alipigania vita katika kaskazini miji ya Wagiriki waliona nafasi ya kutafuta uhuru upya wakaasi. Wakazi wa [[Thebes]] waliwafukuza askari wa Kimakedinia katika mji wao. Aleksander alirudi Ugiriki moja kwa moja baada ya ushindi wake kwenye kaskazini akateka mji wa Thebes akaamuru nyumba zote zibomolewe isipokuwa hekalu na nyumba ya mshairi Pindar. Wakazi 6,000 walichinjwa na 30,000 kuuzwa kama watumwa. 

Sasa miji mingine ya Ugriki ilishikwa na hofu na kusalimu amri. Aleksander aliwasamehe Wagiriki kwa sababu aliwahitaji kwa mipango yake ya vita dhidi ya [[Uajemi]]. Alithebitishwa kama kiongozi na jemadari mkuu wa shirikisho la Wagiriki.

==Kampeni dhidi ya Uajemi (334–333 KK) ==
[[Picha:Aleksander Njia katika Asia Ndogo.png|thumbnail|390px|Njia ya Aleksander katika Asia Ndogo mwaka 334-333 KK]]

Wakati wa Aleksander Milki ya Uajemi ilikuwa milki iliyotawala eneo kubwa duniani. Wakati wa karne mbili zilizotangulia watawala wa Uajemi waliwahi kuvamia na kuteka [[Mesopotamia]], [[Shamu]], [[Palestina]], [[Misri]], [[Asia Ndogo]] pamoja na sehemu za [[Asia ya Kati]]. Walijaribu mara kadhaa kuvamia Ugiriki pia lakini waliweza kushindwa kwa matatizo. Katika Asia Ndogo walitawala miji minghi ya Kigiriki iliyokaa ng'ambo ya [[Bahari ya Aegean]]. Hivyo Filippo II aliandaa vita dhidi ya Uajemi kwa sababu alitaka kutumia vita dhidi ya maadui wa miaka mingi kuimarisha nafasi yake kati ya Wagiriki. [[Uvamizi]] wa kwanza wa Masedonia katika Asia Ndogo ulirudishwa nyuma na Waajemi.

Aleksander alivuka [[mlangobahari]] wa [[Dardaneli]] katika Mei 334 akiwa na jeshi la askari 35,000 Wamasedonia na Wagiriki. Alimwacha jemadari yake Antipater huko Ugiriki na askari 12,000. Mfalme wa Uajemi alikuwa Darios III aliyesita kumpa jemadari moja mamlaka ya vita akaacha kazi hii kwa makabaila Waajemi katika Asia ndogo. Upande wa Uajemi kulikuwa pia na jemadari Mgiriki Memnon aliyemhudumia mfalme wa Uajemi kama [[askari wa kukodiwa]]. Alishauri kutomshambulia Aleksander vikali badala yake kumvuta ndani ya Asia Ndogo na kuharibu akiba zote za chakula anakoenda. Lakini Wakubwa Waajemi walikataa wakatafuta mapigano.

Mkutano wa kwanza wa Aleksander na jeshi la Uajemi ulitokea kwenye [[Mapigano ya Granikos]]&lt;ref&gt;Leo: mto Biga , mapigano yalitokea karibu na mji wa Biga katika Uturuki ya leo upande kusini wa [[Bahari ya Marmara]].&lt;/ref&gt;.  Viongozi Waajemi walipanga jeshi lao vibaya wakapigwa na Wamasedonia.

Alesander aliendelea kupita kwenye miji ya pwani iliyokaliwa na Wagiriki na kumfungulia milango yao. Kwa njia hii alitaka kuondoa nafasi ya bandari kwa meli za nevi ya Waajemi zilizokuwa hatari kwa Ugiriki. Aleksander aliteua viongozi wenyeji kama maliwali wake katika majimbo ya Asia Ndogo na hivyo kuimarisha utawala wake.

Baada ya kumaliza miji ya pwani akaingingia ndani ya Asia Ndogo hadi Frygia. Hapa katika mji mkuu wa kale wa Gordion alikata fundo mashihuri wa Gordion. Kwenye ikulu ya kale mjini Gordion ilitunzwa gari la farasi la kale sana. Lilifungwa kwa kamba zilizopigwa fundo imara kupita kiasa. Ilisemekana kuna utabiri kuwa kama mtu angeweza uondoa fundo hili atakuwa mtawala juu ya Asia. Kutokana na hekaya ya kale Aleksander alitazama fundo akaiona gumu akatoa upanga wake na kuikata.

Kuelekea mwisho wa mwaka 333 Aleksander alipokwa habari kuwa mfalme wa Uajemi alikaribia Asia Ndogo kwa jeshi kubwa. Aleksander alipiga mbio kukutana naye. Kwenye [[mapigano ya Granikos]] mnamno [[5 Novemba 333]] majeshi ya Waajemi na Wagiriki yalikutana, tena ushindi ulikuwa upande wa Aleksander. Mfalme Dareios  aliweza kukimbia kwa muda.

== Mitazamo juu yake ==
Katika vitabu vya [[deuterokanoni]] vya Biblia anatajwa katika vitabu vya [[Wamakabayo]] kama mwanzilishi wa [[dola]] lililoeneza [[ustaarabu]] wa Kigiriki hata kuhatarisha [[imani]] ya [[Wayahudi]] na kuwadhulumu wakati wa mwandamizi wake [[Antioko Epifane]] wa [[Syria]].

Katika kitabu cha [[Zaratustra|Kizoroastria]] cha kipindi cha kati ya [[Uajemi]] kilichoitwa [[Arda Wiraz Nāmag]] Aleksander anajulikana kama “Aleksander aliyelaaniwa” kwa sababu alishinda milki ya Uajemi na aliangamiza [[mji mkuu]] wake ulioitwa [[Persepolis]]. Lakini katika habari za baadaye za [[Uajemi]], mpaka [[Iran]]i ya siku hizi, anaitwa Eskandar na hata alishangiliwa wakati Ukuta Mkuu wa Sadd-e Eskandar ulijengwa wakati wa [[Ufalme wa Parthia]].

Pia anajulikana katika [[desturi]] za [[Mashariki ya Kati]] kama Dhul-Qarnayn kwa [[Kiarabu]] na Dul-Qarnayim kwa [[Kiyahudi]] na [[Kiaramu]], yaani &quot;mtu mwenye pembe mbili&quot;, huenda kwa sababu picha kwenye [[sarafu]] za wakati wa [[utawala]] wake ilimwonyesha kama anazo pembe mbili za [[kondoo]] [[dume]] za [[mungu]] [[Ammon]] wa [[Misri]].

Jina lake kwa [[Kihindi]] ni Sikandar, neno ambalo ni sawa na “mtaalamu” au “mtu stadi.”


==Marejeo==
 &lt;references/&gt;

===Matoleo ya matini za kale===
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* {{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.attalus.org/info/curtius.html | title = History of Alexander|editor-first=John |editor-last=Rolfe |last= [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]|year= 1946|publisher= [[Loeb Classical Library]] | accessdate =28 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{Rejea tovuti| last= Siculus | first = Diodorus | author-link = Diodorus Siculus |url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc2:18.4.4| title = Library of History| publisher= [[Perseus Project]] |accessdate= 14 November 2009 |year= 1989 |ref= harv | others = CH Oldfather, translator}}
* {{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0243 | title = Plutarch, Alexander|editor-first=Bernadotte |editor-last=Perrin |last= [[Plutarch]]|year= 1919|publisher= Perseus Project | accessdate =6 December 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu|url= http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Fortuna_Alexandri*/ | title = On the Fortune of Alexander|last= Plutarch |publisher= [[Loeb Classical Library]] |editor-first = Frank Cole |editor-last=Babbitt |accessdate=26 November 2011 |volume=IV |year= 1936 |ref= harv |pages = 379–487}}
* {{Rejea tovuti | first= Pompeius | last= Trogus | year= 1853 | url= http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/ | editor-last= Justin | title= Epitome of the Philippic History | publisher= Forum romanum | accessdate= 14 November 2009 | ref= harv | others= Rev. John Selby Watson, translator | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131108235820/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/ | archivedate= 2013-11-08 | url-status= dead}}.

===Kujisomea juu ya Aleksander na dunia yake===
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* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Dahmen| first = Karsten| year= 2007| title = The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins| publisher =Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=0-415-39451-1| ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last = Danforth| first= Loring M | year= 1997| title = The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-04356-6| ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Dillon|first= John M | year= 2004| title = Morality and custom in ancient Greece| url= https://archive.org/details/moralitycustomin0000dill| publisher = Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34526-4|ref= harv}}
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* {{Rejea jarida|first=Patrick Leigh |last=Fermor | year= 2006 | title = Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese|url = http://books.google.com/?id=8V5QBkD7IIYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=patrick+leigh+fermor+mani#v=onepage&amp;q=alexander%20&amp;f=false |publisher=[[New York Book Review]] | isbn = 1-59017-188-8 |ref=harv |page = 358}}
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* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Fox| first= Robin Lane| year=1980| title = The Search for Alexander| url= https://archive.org/details/searchforalexand00lane|publisher= Little Brown &amp; Co | place = Boston | isbn=0-316-29108-0| ref= harv}}
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* {{Rejea kitabu | editor1-last=Glick|editor1-first=Thomas F |editor2-last=Livesey|editor2-first= Steven John | editor3-last = Wallis | editor3-first= Faith | year=2005 | title = Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia| url=https://archive.org/details/medievalsciencet0000unse| publisher =Routledge |location=New York | isbn=0-415-96930-1 |ref= harv}}
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* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Luniya |first=Bhanwarlal Nathuram| title = Life and Culture in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1000 AD|year=1978 |publisher=Lakshmi Narain Agarwal|lccn=78907043|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=McCarty |first=Nick | title = Alexander the Great|publisher=Penguin|location= Camberwell, Victoria |year=2004 |isbn=0-670-04268-4|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | first=JW |last=McCrindle |chapter=Curtius | title = History of Punjab|volume=I |year=1997 | publisher = [[Punjabi University]] |location= Patiala |editor1-first= Fauja |editor1-last= Singh | editor2-first = LM |editor2-last=Joshi|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | url= http://books.google.com/books?id=lMoOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA54&amp;dq=transplant+of+populations+from+Asia+to+Europe+and+in+the+opposite+direction+from+Europe+to+Asia#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title = Outsiders in the Greek cities in the fourth century BC| last= McKechnie| first = Paul | page = 54 | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year= 1989 |isbn= 0-415-00340-7|accessdate= 28 December 2010 |ref = harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Morkot|first=Robert| title = The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece| publisher = Penguin | year= 1996|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Narain |first=AK| title = Alexander the Great: Greece and Rome–12|year=1965|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Ogden|first= Daniel |chapter= Alexander's Sex Life| title = Alexander the Great: A New History| editor1-first =Alice | editor1-last = Heckel | editor2-first = Waldemar | editor2-last = Heckel | editor3-first = Lawrence A | editor3-last = Tritle |publisher= Wiley-Blackwell |year= 2009 |isbn = 1-4051-3082-2 | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | first=D |last=Pingree |volume=15 |year=1978 |pages=533–633 |ref=harv |chapter=History of Mathematical Astronomy in India | title = Dictionary of Scientific Biography}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Pratt|first=James Bissett| title = The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage| year =1996 |publisher=Laurier Books |isbn=81-206-1196-9|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Renault |first=Mary | title = The Nature of Alexander the Great| url=https://archive.org/details/natureofalexande0000rena_z9j4 |publisher=Penguin |year = 2001 |isbn=0-14-139076-X |ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | editor1-last= Ring |editor1-first=Trudy |editor2-last=Salkin |editor2-first=Robert M | editor3-last =Berney|editor3-first=KA |editor4-last=Schellinger|editor4-first=Paul E |displayeditors=4| title = International dictionary of historic places|year=1994 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |location=Chicago |publisher= Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994–1996 |ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last1=Roisman|first1= Joseph|last2= Worthington|first2= Ian| title = A Companion to Ancient Macedonia| publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2010|isbn=1-4051-7936-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC |ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last1=Sabin |first1=P |last2=van Wees |first2=H |last3=Whitby |first3=M | title = The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome|publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-78273-2|year=2007|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Sacks| first= David| title = Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World| url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000sack| publisher = Constable &amp; Co |isbn=0-09-475270-2|year=1995|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Stoneman|first=Richard| title = Alexander the Great| url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat0000ston|publisher= Routledge |isbn = 0-415-31932-3 | year=2004|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Stoneman|first=Richard| title = The Novel in the Ancient World| url=https://archive.org/details/novelancientworl00schm|editor-last =Schmeling | editor-first = Gareth L |chapter= The Metamorphoses of Alexander Romance| pages= [https://archive.org/details/novelancientworl00schm/page/601 601]–12| publisher= Brill | year = 1996|isbn=90-04-09630-2|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Studniczka |first=Franz | title = Achäologische Jahrbook 9|year=1894|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar| title = History of Ancient India|year=1999|url = http://books.google.com/?id=WbrcVcT-GbUC |isbn=978-81-208-0018-2|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | editor1-last= Heckel| editor1-first= Waldemar | editor2-first= Lawrence A | editor2-last = Tritle | year=2009| title = Alexander the Great: A New History| publisher=Wiley-Blackwell| pages=47–48|isbn = 978-1-4051-3082-0 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=jbaPwpvt8ZQC&amp;pg=PA46&amp;lpg=PA46&amp;dq=callisthenes+of+olynthus+conspiracy&amp;q=callisthenes%20of%20olynthus%20conspiracy |ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Wood |first= Michael | year=2001 | title = In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia|publisher=University of California Press | url= http://books.google.com/?id=5wDWn1dL6HMC&amp;pg=PA226&amp;dq=alexander+the+great+%2B+fever#v=onepage&amp;q=alexander%20the%20great%20%2B%20fever&amp;f=false |ref=harv|isbn= 978-0-520-23192-4}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Worthington|first=Ian| year=2003 | title = Alexander the Great: A Reader|url= http://books.google.com/?id=OiM51I7_A1gC&amp;pg=PA175&amp;dq=Alexander+Nicaea+Punjab#v=onepage&amp;q=Alexander%20Nicaea%20Punjab&amp;f=false | publisher =Routledge|isbn=0-415-29187-9| ref=harv|page= 332}}
* {{Rejea kitabu|last=Yenne|first=Bill| year=2010| title = Alexander the Great: Lessons From History's Undefeated General| publisher = Palmgrave McMillan|isbn=978-0-230-61915-9| ref= harv}}

==Kujisomea zaidi==
 * {{Rejea jarida|last=Badian |first= Ernst | authorlink= Ernst Badian|year=1958 | title = Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind| journal = Historia | volume =7 | pages=425–444 |ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last1= Beazley |first1= JD |authorlink= J. D. Beazley|last2= Ashmole |first2=B | authorlink= Bernard Ashmole|year=1932 | title = Greek Sculpture and Painting| url= https://archive.org/details/greeksculpturepa0000beaz | publisher = Cambridge University Press | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Bowra| first= Maurice| authorlink= Maurice Bowra| year = 1994 | title = The Greek Experience| publisher = Phoenix | isbn = 1-85799-122-2 | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu| last= Burn |first= AR | authorlink= A. R. Burn|year=1951 | title = Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire| edition= 2 | location = London |publisher=English Universities Press | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea tovuti | language = Latin | url= http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Curtius/home.html | last = Curtius | title = Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great|publisher= U Chicago |accessdate= 16 November 2009 | ref = harv}}
* {{Rejea jarida|last=Cartledge |first= Paul | authorlink= Paul Cartledge|year=2004 | title = Alexander the Great|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreathu0000cart | publisher = Overlook}}
* {{Rejea jarida|last=Doherty |first= Paul | authorlink= Paul C. Doherty|year=2004 | title = The Death of Alexander the Great|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786713400 | publisher = Carroll &amp; Graf}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Engels |first= Donald W | authorlink= Donwald W. Engels|year=1978| title = Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army| url= https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatlo0000enge | location =Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | editor-last=Fawcett|editor-first=Bill| authorlink= Bill Fawcett|year= 2006| title = How To Lose A Battle: Foolish Plans and Great Military Blunders| url=https://archive.org/details/howtolosebattlef0000unse|publisher=Harper|isbn=0-06-076024-9| ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Fuller |first=JFC | authorlink= J. F. C. Fuller|year=1958| title = The Generalship of Alexander the Great|location = London | publisher =Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode | ref=harv | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=q3M0NE2RJgYC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Green| first= Peter| authorlink= Peter Green (historian)| year= 1992| title = Alexander of Macedon: 356–323 BC. A Historical Biography| publisher= University of California Press| isbn = 0-520-07166-2 | ref = harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu| last=Greene|first=Robert| authorlink=Robert Greene (American author)|year= 2000| title = The 48 Laws of Power|publisher=Penguin | page= 351 | isbn = 0-14-028019-7 |ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Hammond | first= NGL | authorlink= N. G. L. Hammond| year = 1989 | title = The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History| url= https://archive.org/details/macedonianstateo0000hamm | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-814883-6 | ref =harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Hammond | first= NGL | year= 1994 | title = Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman|edition=3 |location=London |publisher= Bristol Classical Press| ref = harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Hammond | first= NGL |year= 1997| title = The Genius of Alexander the Great| url= https://archive.org/details/geniusofalexande00nglh | location =Chapel Hill |publisher= University of North Carolina Press |  ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Mercer | first= Charles | authorlink= Charles Mercer (historian)|year= 1962 | title = The Way of Alexander the Great|edition=1 |location=Boston |publisher= American Heritage Inc.| ref = harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=McCrindle |first=JW | authorlink= J. W. McCrindle|year=1893| title = The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Justin| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=A9YNAAAAIAAJ | location = Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable &amp; Co | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Murphy | first1 =James Jerome| authorlink= James Jerome Murphy|last2 = Katula | first2 = Richard A | last3 = Hill | first3 = Forbes I | last4 = Ochs | first4 = Donovan J | year=2003 | title = A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric| publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | page=17 |isbn=1-880393-35-2|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last1=Nandan |first1=Y |last2=Bhavan |authorlink= Bhavan Nandan|first2=BV| year= 2003| title = British Death March Under Asiatic Impulse: Epic of Anglo-Indian Tragedy in Afghanistan|isbn= 81-7276-301-8 | publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan | location =Mumbai|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last = O'Brien |first= John Maxwell | authorlink= John Maxwell O'Brien|year=1992| title = Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy|location = London | publisher =Routledge | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last1 =Pomeroy | first1 = S | last2 =Burstein | first2 = S | last3 = Dolan | first3 = W | last4 = Roberts | first4 = J | year= 1998| title = Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History| publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-509742-4|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Prevas |first=John | authorlink= John Prevas|year=2004| title = Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey Across Asia| url=https://archive.org/details/envyofgodsalexan00prev |edition=3 |location=| publisher =Da Capo| ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | editor-last=Roisman |editor-first= Joseph | year = 1995 | title = Alexander the Great Ancient and Modern Perspectives|series=Problems in European Civilization | location= Lexington, MA |publisher= DC Heath | ref = harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Savill |first=Agnes | authorlink= Agnes Savill|year=1959| title = Alexander the Great and His Time| url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreathi0000savi_n3m7 |edition=3 |location=London | publisher =Barrie &amp; Rockliff | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Singh | first=Kirpal |authorlink= Kirpal Singh|year=2005 | title = Kambojas Through the Ages| page= 134 | ref = harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Stewart |first=Andrew | year= 1993| series= Hellenistic Culture and Society | title = Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics|volume=11|location= Berkeley|publisher= University of California Press | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Stoneman|first=Richard| authorlink= Richard Stoneman|year= 2008| title = Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend| url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatli00ston| publisher = Yale University Press | isbn=978-0-300-11203-0 |ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu| last= Tarn |first=WW | authorlink= William Woodthorpe Tarn|year= 1948| title = Alexander the Great| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499219 |location=Cambridge |publisher = Cambridge University Press | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last= Wheeler |first=Benjamin Ide | authorlink= Benjamin Ide Wheeler|year= 1900| title = Alexander the Great; the merging of East and West in universal history| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173405 |location=New York |publisher=GP Putnam's sons | ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Wilcken|first=Ulrich| year=1997| authorlink=Ulrich Wilcken|origyear=1932| title = Alexander the Great| location =New York|publisher=WW Norton &amp; Co | isbn=0-393-00381-7|ref= harv}}
* {{Rejea kitabu | last=Worthington|first=Ian| authorlink= Ian Worthington|year=2004 | title = Alexander the Great: Man And God| url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatma0000wort| publisher=Pearson| isbn = 978-1-4058-0162-1 | ref= harv}}
 
== Viungo vya Nje ==
 * {{Citation | url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11738/ | title = The Empire and Expeditions of Alexander the Great | first = Félix | last = Delamarche | author-link = Félix Delamarche | year = 1833}}.
* {{Citation | title = Two Great Historians On Alexander the Great | type = conversations | first1 = James | last1 = Romm | first2 = Paul | last2 = Cartledge | author2-link = Paul Cartledge | newspaper = Forbes}} [http://blogs.forbes.com/booked/2010/12/12/two-great-historians-on-alexander-the-great-part-one/ Part 1], [http://blogs.forbes.com/booked/2010/12/17/two-great-historians-on-alexander-the-great-part-two/ Part 2], [http://blogs.forbes.com/booked/2010/12/20/two-historians-talk-alexander-the-great-part-3/ Part 3], [http://blogs.forbes.com/booked/2011/01/03/two-great-historians-talk-alexander-the-great-part-4/ Part 4], [http://blogs.forbes.com/booked/2011/01/10/how-great-a-general-was-alexander/?boxes=financechannelforbes Part 5], [http://blogs.forbes.com/booked/2011/01/28/two-great-historians-talk-alexander-the-great-part-6/ Part 6].
* {{dmoz |Society/History/By_Time_Period/Ancient/Greece/People/Alexander_the_Great/}}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z1b.html | title = Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources | publisher = Livius | access-date = 2015-05-25 | archive-date = 2011-05-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002230/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z1b.html | dead-url = yes }}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/alexander/tomb.html | title = The Elusive Tomb of Alexander the Great | publisher = Archæology | access-date = 2015-05-25 | archive-date = 2004-11-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041115053241/http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/alexander/tomb.html | url-status = dead }}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.sherlockian-sherlock.com/alexander-the-great-and-sherlock-holmes.php | title = Alexander the Great and Sherlock Holmes | publisher = Sherlockian Sherlock | access-date = 2015-05-25 | archive-date = 2014-12-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141228125215/http://www.sherlockian-sherlock.com/alexander-the-great-and-sherlock-holmes.php | url-status = dead }}.


[[Jamii:Ugiriki ya Kale]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Masedonia]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia]]</text>
      <sha1>6txmfd0mn4mx9oiqd2a9ri4h2pjuue2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndugu Wadogo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="122656" sha1="o6dos75r82pp5ofvfefo4lucfp83m70" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Master of San Francesco Bardi, St. Francis and scenes from his life.jpg|thumb|Mt. Fransisko na matukio ya maisha yake, mchoro wa [[karne ya 13]].]]
'''Ndugu Wadogo''' ni [[jina]] la [[Wafransisko]] wa Utawa wa Kwanza. Hapa inaelezwa [[historia]] yao na jinsi walivyogawanyika katika [[shirika|mashirika]] mbalimbali.

==Ndugu Wadogo kupambana hadi kutenganishwa (1226-1517)==
[[Image:Cappella Sassetti Confirmation of the Franciscan Rule 2.jpg|thumb|right|&quot;Uthibitisho wa Kanuni ya Kifransisko&quot; kadiri ya [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] ([[1449]]-[[1494]]), Cappella Sassetti, [[Florence]], [[Italia]].]]
===Mwanzo wa mapambano (1226-1316)===
[[File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Masalia]] ya Fransiko wa Asizi juu ya [[altare]] ya kanisa la chini ndani ya [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]], [[Assisi]].]]
[[Mauti|Kifo]] cha [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] kiliwatia Ndugu Wadogo uchungu uliogeuka mapema kuwa mshangao wenye furaha nd. [[Elia Bombarone]] alipowaandikia juu ya ajabu la [[madonda matakatifu]]  mwilini mwake lililobaki siri kwa wote, isipokuwa wachache. 

Ajabu hilo lisingestahili kusisitizwa zaidi kama lisingekuwa na maana na matokeo makubwa kwa historia iliyofuata, hasa kwa sababu lilikuwa jipya: hivyo wengi waliona linamtambulisha [[mwanzilishi]] wao kama  [[mtakatifu]] wa pekee aliyerudisha maisha ya Ki[[injili]] ya [[Yesu]] ndani ya [[Kanisa]]; ilikuwa sawa na kusema hata shirika lake ni la pekee. 

Kwanza alitafsiriwa kuwa [[Yesu Kristo|Kristo]] wa pili, aliyelingana naye katika mengi, hivi kwamba hana mfano kati ya watakatifu na waanzilishi waliomtangulia. 

Halafu alitafsiriwa kuwa [[malaika]] wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama ya [[Mungu]] aliye hai ([[Ufu]] 7:2), yaani mtu aliyetabiriwa katika [[Biblia]] kuwa ataingiza [[historia ya wokovu]] katika hatua mpya. Tafsiri zote mbili zilitegemea madonda hayo kama alama ya pekee iliyomtambulisha pamoja na shirika lake.

Tukimchunguza kwa upana katika [[mazingira]] yake – ambayo upande mmoja alitokana nayo, na upande mwingine aliyaelekeza kwa nguvu njia mpya – tunaweza kuelewa sababu za msingi za [[mwangwi]] mkubwa aliousababisha kwa upya wa mtindo wa maisha yake, na kwa msimamo ambao aliutekeleza mpaka mwisho, akijua thamani na mvuto wa mfano alioutoa, lakini pia akitambua haja ya kundi lake dogo kugeuka shirika halisi la [[utawa|kitawa]], lenye [[kanuni]] maalumu na miundo ya kufaa.

Ushahidi mkuu wa [[karama]] ya pekee ya Fransisko ni jinsi shirika lake lilivyoweza kustawi ajabu bila ya kutegemezwa na uongozi wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Lakini uenezi huo wa kasi kwa wingi wa watu na kwa upana wa maeneo ulisababisha masuala mengi mazito kutokana na tofauti za hali na mazingira. 

Alipokuwa bado hai, walio wengi kati ya wafuasi wake walimuona mara moja tu au hawakumfahamu kabisa. Hivyo hawakuweza kuelewa zaidi karama yake aliyoifuata kwa ari ambayo tangu aongoke ilikuwa imezidi tu. 

Basi, kundi la Watumishi na wasomi wa utawa wake, likisaidiwa na viongozi wa juu wa Kanisa, lilimsonga ili alegeze masharti ya ufukara na kulinganisha zaidi shirika lake na yale ya zamani. Kwa karama yake ya pekee aliweza kukabili upinzani huo wote. 

Juhudi yake ya mwisho ya kuzuia shirika lisipotoke ni [[wasia]] aliouandika ili kusisitiza msimamo wake, kudai kanuni yake isifafanuliwe, pamoja na kukataza wanashirika wasimuombe [[Papa]] hati yoyote.

Maelekezo aliyoyatoa humo ili kufafanua na kusisitiza utekelezaji bora wa kanuni yanaonyesha wazi alivyohisi hatari kubwa ya kuacha au walau kulegeza [[kipeo]] cha [[wongofu]] wake. 

Lakini [[dalili]] mbalimbali zinaonyesha pia kwamba hakujidanganya kuhusu kesho. Kwa hisi yake ya hali halisi na ya mabadiliko yanayofuatana, pamoja na mang’amuzi ya maisha yake, alitaka hasa mfano wake na wa wenzake wa kwanza ubaki msingi imara wa kudumu, kama tukio la kukataa moja kwa moja mambo kadhaa ya zamani na la kuumua maisha ya kesho. 

Kwa maana hiyo amebaki mhusika mkuu wa [[historia]] yote ya shirika: wingi wa vitabu vilivyoandikwa juu yake unatokana na haja ya ndugu zake wote kudumisha uhusiano naye ili kuathiriwa naye kwa namna moja au nyingine, kama ilivyojitokeza katika matawi mbalimbali.

Basi, ndani yake mwenyewe tunaona asili ya mvutano wa kudumu katika historia ya wafuasi wake na ya matawi yote yaliyojitokeza: kuwa na kielelezo kamili cha kufuatwa, lakini pia kukitekeleza kwa kuzingatia madai ya maisha, yaani kujitahidi mfululizo kulinganisha kipeo na hali halisi. Ndipo inapotokea katika historia yote ya Wafransisko ile hali ya kukosa [[utulivu]], ile kani isiyo na mfano katika mashirika mengine yoyote, ambayo ni dalili ya [[uhai]] usiozimika.

Kwa sababu hizo ina umuhimu wa pekee [[karne]] ya kwanza ya Ndugu Wadogo, ambapo mfano wa mwanzilishi ulikuwa bado wa jirani na mchakato wa kuingia kikamilifu katika maisha ya Kanisa ulikuwa mgumu zaidi, kwa sababu muundo wake wenye miaka elfu na zaidi ulikabiliwa na magumu mengi ya ndani na ya nje. 

Miaka michache baada ya kifo cha Fransisko, utawa wake ulijitokeza [[chachu]] bora ukapata sura maalumu katika mvutano wa kusisimua kati ya [[mapokeo]], yaliyomzingatia zaidi mwanzilishi, na hali halisi za maisha zilizokuwa zinadai mabadiliko. 

Miaka hiyo ilizidi kutokeza tofauti kati ya wale wachache walioshi karibu naye tangu mwanzo na kuambukizwa umotomoto wake, na wale wengi waliojiunga na shirika lililokwishafanikiwa. 

Ilikuwa wazi kwamba, kwenye [[umati]] wa watawa, ni lazima kuzingatia [[sheria]] zaidi na zaidi; lakini wafanye nini ili wasiachane hivyo na nia ya mwanzilishi? Ndilo suala lililowachoma na kuwagombanisha. 

Wanahistoria wa leo wanaweza kutambua kwa urahisi kuliko wao kwamba [[chemchemi]] ileile moja ilikuwa inabubujikia pande mbili ambazo kwa namna tofauti zikaja kuathiri kwa nguvu kubwa [[Kanisa la magharibi]]. Thamani yake inathibitishwa na wale wote waliochota kwa Fransisko na kwa wafuasi wake jambo hili au hili.

Miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, pamoja na kuzidi kuheshimiwa, alizidi pia kuonekana anazuia shirika lisifuate mkondo wa historia ndani ya Kanisa. Pamoja na kukiri [[utakatifu]] wake na wa karama yake asili, wengi waliona haja ya kuondoa kizuio hicho: ndiyo kazi aliyoikabili ndugu wa kwanza kuchaguliwa mwandamizi wa mwanzilishi baada ya kifo chake: nd. [[Yohane Parenti]] ([[1227]]-[[1232]]).

Uchaguzi wake unaonekana kuwa tokeo la [[tathmini]] makini juu ya mahitaji ya shirika: alikuwa mtu mkomavu (aliingia utawani pamoja na mwanae) ambaye alishiriki kwa jirani maisha asili ya Fransisko, lakini pia alipata mang’amuzi mengine kama Mtumishi wa [[Hispania]]. Hivyo aliweza kulinganisha mitazamo tofauti na kuchukua maamuzi ya kufaa akitegemea pia ujuzi wake wa sheria.

Tarehe [[16 Julai]] [[1228]] alifurahia [[ibada]] ya fahari ya kumtangaza Fransisko kuwa mtakatifu, akimuachia nd. Elia kazi ngumu ya kumjengea [[kanisa]] ambalo lionyeshe alivyoheshimiwa na waamini wote. 

Lakini ilimbidi pia kukabili masuala yote yaliyojitokeza shirikani kutoka nchi mbalimbali sana. Hasa lile la msingi lililozidi kusumbua ndugu wengi, kadiri walivyozidi kung’amua ugumu wa kutekeleza kanuni jinsi ilivyo bila ya kuifafanua kama ulivyodai wasia wa mwanzilishi. 
[[Image:Anthony pereda.jpg|thumb|right|[[Antoni wa Padua]] ([[1195]] hivi - [[1231]]) akimpakata [[Mtoto Yesu]], [[mchoro]] wa [[Antonio de Pereda]] ([[1611]] hivi - [[1678]])]]
Basi, yalizuka mabishano makali kati ya walioshikilia wasia huo na wale waliotaka shirika liweze kushindana na mashirika mengine. Yeye na Watumishi wengine kutoka kanda mbalimbali (mmojawao [[Antoni wa Padua]]) wakadhani utatuzi unaweza kutokea kwa Papa tu.

Akipokea ombi lao, [[Papa Gregori IX]] ([[1227]]-[[1241]]) alitoa tamko rasmi la kwanza juu ya kanuni (1230), akitumia [[mamlaka]] yake ya Kipapa na hasa ujuzi wake wa nia ya Fransisko (ndiye aliyemsaidia kutunga kanuni alipokuwa bado [[Kardinali]], jina lake Ugolino). 

Kuhusu wasia alitamka kuwa si sheria inayowabana Wafransisko wasiweze kufafanua kanuni yao wala kufafanuliwa na Kanisa, wala kuomba wala kupewa hati na fadhili za Papa. Sababu ya msingi ni kuwa Kanisa liko juu kuliko kanuni. 

Kwa kukabili suala hilo kwa mtazamo wa sheria, alikata hamu ya mwanzilishi ya kuiona kanuni kama kituo cha kuanzia safari tu, si kituo cha mwisho. Kwa namna hiyo aliwaingiza zaidi Ndugu Wadogo ndani ya kawaida ya Kanisa.

Upande wa [[ufukara]] kwa jumla alitetea msimamo wa mwanzilishi (kwa jinsi alivyomheshimu hata akamtangaza mtakatifu karibu bila ya [[kesi]]), ila aliulegeza kiasi, kwa lengo la kufanikisha zaidi [[utume]] wa Ndugu Wadogo na hivyo kurekebisha Kanisa lililokuwa na hali mbaya kiroho.

Kwa ajili hiyo aliwapa pia hati na ruhusa nyingi za pekee dhidi ya mamlaka ya Ma[[askofu]] na ma[[paroko]]. Hivyo njia ikawa wazi kuligeuza shirika la wadogo wanaohubiri [[toba]] kwa [[unyenyekevu]] chini ya [[padri]] yeyote, liwe shirika imara lililo chini ya Maaskofu kwa machache tu. 

Mageuzi hayo, yaliyosababisha kwa muda mrefu upinzani mwingi wa Maaskofu na mapadri [[wanajimbo]], yalichangiwa pia na ustawishaji wa [[elimu]] ndani ya shirika uliozidi kuwalinganisha Ndugu Wadogo na watawa wengine na kuongeza idadi ya mapadri kati yao.

Baada ya nd. Yohane Parenti alichaguliwa nd. Elia, ambaye awali aliteuliwa na Fransisko kuwa Mkuu wa utawa. Kwa wakati huo, jamaa ya kwanza ilipogeuka shirika halisi, alihitajika kiongozi mwenye msimamo na pengine ukali pia. Mt. Fransisko alijieleza kwamba hapendi kutesa, ingawa anaweza. Basi, akamuachia nd. Elia ambaye, mwanzilishi akiwa bado hai, alifuata maelekezo yake, ingawa alimueleza maoni yake pia kuhusu utungaji wa kanuni, hasa kwa lengo la kufanya iwezekane kwa kiongozi kudai utekelezaji wake.

Katikati ya vipindi viwili vya uongozi wake ([[1221]]-[[1227]], halafu [[1232]]-[[1239]])  alimjengea Mt. Fransisko kanisa zuri sana, halafu jirani nalo [[konventi]] kubwa mno, ili kushindana na [[abasia]] za [[Wabenedikto]]. Pia alionyesha ushindani fulani na nd. Yohane Parenti, hata akahamisha [[masalia]] yake bila ya kibali chake, akasababisha vurugu kutoka kwa Waasizi. 

Ulijitokeza hivyo mvutano kati ya asili ya utawa huko [[Asizi]] na hali yake mpya ya kimataifa. Kwa kumchagua tena [[bradha]] huyo, shirika lililenga kuleta usuluhisho kati ya pande hizo mbili: si kurudia maisha ya awali, bali kuokoa usawa kati ya [[makleri]] na mabradha.

Nd. Elia alimgeuza mwanzilishi kuwa fahari ya shirika kuliko kielelezo cha kufuatwa. Mwenye vipawa na elimu, aliathiri sana viongozi wa [[dini]] (Gregori IX) na wa siasa ([[kaisari]] [[Federiko II]]), alistawisha [[misheni]] huko Mashariki na kukuza nyumba za masomo, lakini pia alidhulumu vikali watetezi wa kanuni, kama [[Kaisari wa Speyer]]. 

Bila ya kuweza kutembelea kanda za shirika, alishika uongozi wote mikononi mwake, akichagua Watumishi na walinzi, akihamisha ndugu, akituma wawakilishi wake huko na huko wasimamie (pengine bila ya [[busara]]) kazi ya Watumishi, na akikataa kuwasikiliza na kuitisha mkutano mkuu. 

Pamoja na hayo, fahari zake binafsi, [[ushuru]] aliowatoza mfululizo Watumishi (kwa ajili ya [[ujenzi]] n.k.), msisitizo wa kwamba kila ndugu ajishughulikie badala ya kusaidiwa na mabradha, vilisababisha hatimaye [[njama]] dhidi yake, hadi Gregori IX akaitisha na kuendesha mkutano mkuu ambao ulimuondoa madarakani na kutunga sheria za kupunguza mamlaka ya Mtumishi mkuu.

Badala yake alichaguliwa nd. [[Alberto wa Pisa]] ([[1239]]-[[1240]]), Mtumishi wa [[Uingereza]], kanda ambayo kuliko zote ilikua mbali na Mt. Fransisko na kujali elimu. Ingawa alikufa baada ya miezi michache tu, uchaguzi wake ulionyesha kwamba maendeleo ya shirika, yaliyotakiwa na viongozi wa Kanisa na ndugu walio wengi, yataanza tena kusonga mbele moja kwa moja. 

Kwamba maendeleo hayo yalikuwa kinyume cha nia asili ya mwanzilishi (walivyosisitiza wenzake na wengineo waliomfahamu vizuri) haikuwa kizuio kwa umati walioridhika kutekeleza amri za kanuni, kuwa mafukara kuliko watawa wengine na kuheshimiwa na waamini pia kwa niaba ya mzee wao aliyezidi kutazamwa mkuu ajabu.

Baada yake akachaguliwa nd. [[Aimoni wa Faversham]] (1240-1244), Mwingereza [[mwanateolojia]]  aliyeongoza upinzani dhidi ya nd. Elia. Ndiye aliyelipatia shirika sura ya kudumu kufuatana na mfano wa [[Wadominiko]] upande wa muundo, utume, masomo na [[liturujia]]. Taratibu za maisha zikazidi kufuata mitindo ya [[umonaki|kimonaki]], pamoja na watawa kujitafutia visingizio vya kisheria wasibanwe nazo. Makao ya kifukara ya upwekeni yalizidi kuachwa ili wanashirika wahamie nyumba kubwa za mijini, zenye makanisa makubwa ambamo wafanye utume, wakiwanyang’anya maparoko waamini na [[sadaka]] zao. 

Alikubaliwa na Gregori IX kwamba Watumishi wa kanda pia waweze kuruhusu ndugu wakahubiri. Kama alivyofanya mwenyewe huko [[Paris]], Ndugu Wadogo wakazidi kushika nafasi kwenye [[vyuo vikuu]] na vinginevyo, na kuwa na uzito mkubwa ndani ya Kanisa, jambo lililowasogeza mbali na [[udogo]] uliowapasa. 

Badala ya ndugu wote kuwa sawa, mabradha wakanyimwa kabisa nafasi za uongozi na kukubaliwa tu kutoa huduma ndogondogo za nyumbani ([[bustani]] n.k.), wakiwaachia raia huduma duni zaidi.

Kazi za mikono nje ya konventi zilikatazwa; badala yake ile ya kuombaomba ikaja kusifiwa na kushika nafasi ya kwanza upande wa [[uchumi]]. Zilipangwa pia njia za hakika za kupata mahitaji, hasa kwa nyumba za masomo.

Alipokufa, mvutano ndani ya shirika ulijitokeza kwa nguvu. Mtumishi mkuu aliyechaguliwa, nd. [[Kreshensi wa Iesi]] ([[1244]]-[[1247]]) akiona kwamba Fransisko alitazamwa bado na wote kuwa kielelezo cha wadogo, aliagiza mapema zikusanywe habari zote juu yake, halafu akamuagiza nd. [[Thoma wa Celano]] aandike upya maisha ya mwanzilishi. 

Waliolilia hali ya awali (wenzi wa Mt. Fransisko na ndugu “wenye ari”) walipoona Mtumishi mkuu hakubaliani nao, walichagua wajumbe 72 wakajieleze kwa [[Papa Inosenti IV]] ([[1243]]-[[1254]]) ili aingilie kati. Lakini Kreshensi aliwasema kwa Papa na kumuomba awaadhibu; mwenyewe aliwatawanya wengine ili awavunje nguvu.

Papa, akiwa [[mwanasheria]] mwenye hakika kuhusu ukuu wa mamlaka yake, aliona kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo, kama kanuni nyingine zote, ni sheria tu ambayo Papa anaweza kuifanyia lolote; vilevile aliona shirika lao kuwa kama mengine yote akalisukuma lizidi kutia maanani elimu. Hivyo alitoa ([[1245]]) tamko la pili juu ya kanuni ili kuilegeza: hasa alitamka kuwa vitu vyote ambavyo shirika linavyo, kama si vya wafadhili tena, basi ni vya Papa. Hivyo kwa kutofautisha kutumia vitu na kuvimiliki kisheria, Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kujidai mafukara ingawa wanatumia vingi, eti si vya kwao! Lakini wengi hawakuridhika na ujanja huo, usiolingana na roho ya Kiinjili ya Fransisko, wala na dhuluma za nd. Kreshensi dhidi ya ndugu wenye [[ari]].

Basi, katika mkutano mkuu ulioagizwa na Papa walimuondoa madarakani wakamchagua [[Yohane wa Parma]] ([[1247]]-[[1257]]), mtu wa kufaa sana kwa elimu na utakatifu, aliyeongoza hasa kwa mfano wa maisha yake bora. 

Kitu cha kwanza alifuta lawama na adhabu zote dhidi ya ndugu wenye ari. Halafu akatembelea kwa miguu kanda zote akiwa na [[kanzu]] moja tu tena kikuukuu na kuamsha nia ya kushika kanuni na wasia. 

Ingawa aliwahi kufundisha katika vyuo vikuu vitatu, alikusudia hasa kurudisha shirika katika hali ya mwanzoni, kwa kukataa [[fadhili]] za Papa na kwa kuheshimu Maaskofu na mapadri. Hivyo mkutano mkuu (1254) ulisimamisha utumiaji wa fadhili kadhaa. 

Lakini, alivyosema [[Egidi wa Asizi]] (+[[1262]]), juhudi hizo nzuri zilikuwa zimechelewa zisiweze kurekebisha shirika lote. Wapinzani walimshtaki Yohane kwa Papa, akalazimika kujiuzulu. Mkutano mkuu ulitaka aendelee, lakini mwenyewe hakurudi nyuma. Hatimaye aliombwa amchague mwandamizi wake, naye akamtaja [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] akaenda kuishi upwekeni kwa miaka 30, akikataa mara mbili ukardinali.
[[Image:François, Claude (dit Frère Luc) - Saint Bonaventure.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] ([[1221]] - [[1274]]), mchoro wa [[Claude François]], [[1650]]-[[1660]] hivi.]]
Bonaventura aliweza kuongoza muda mrefu ([[1257]]-[[1274]]) kuliko waliomtangulia. Kufuatana na [[tabia]] na [[malezi]] yake (alijiunga na shirika huko Paris), yeye alikubali hali ilivyo na kujitahidi kuepusha shirika na hatari za nje na za ndani alizoziona mapema.

Upande wa ndani, kielelezo cha Fransisko kilitakiwa kuzingatiwa na wote kwa [[umoja]], bila ya kupishana kuhusu namna ya kukitazama. Kwa ajili hiyo Mt. Bonaventura alitunga [[kitabu]] rasmi cha maisha yake kilichopitishwa na mkutano mkuu hata ukaagiza maandishi yote yaliyotangulia yateketezwe. Ndivyo shirika lilivyopotewa kwa muda mrefu na habari nyingi muhimu juu ya mwanzilishi. 

Kitabu alichokiandika, bila ya kusema [[uongo]], kinasisitiza mang’amuzi yake bora ya kiroho kwa kuficha mambo fulanifulani kuhusu kipeo cha udogo. Kinaleta baadhi tu ya matendo na mafundisho ya Fransisko yaliyochaguliwa kwa makini ili kumchora kama mfano kamili wa Kristo msulubiwa, na hasa kama yule malaika wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama (madonda matakatifu) ya Mungu aliye hai aliyetabiriwa na Ufu 7:2 kuwa ataleta Injili ya milele, yaani kanuni yake!

Ndugu Wadogo walimuona hivyo mwanzilishi wao wakajiona ndio shirika jipya ambalo lilete Kanisa la Kiroho lenye kufuata ufukara kadiri ya [[unabii]] na mafundisho yaliyolaaniwa ya [[abati]]  [[Yohakimu wa Fiore]] (+[[1202]]).

Mt. Bonaventura aliheshimu ufukara kama sifa kuu na utukufu wa shirika, ingawa alifurahia baadhi ya mabadiliko yaliyotokea. Kwake elimu pamoja na utume ni sehemu ya lazima ya utendaji wa Kifransisko ndani ya Kanisa. Kwa ajili hiyo alikubali bila ya wasiwasi matamko ya Mapapa juu ya kanuni kama ufafanuzi rasmi wa wachungaji wakuu wa Kanisa na wa shirika pia, pamoja na ruhusa walilolipatia shirika, ingawa kwa udogo alipenda kupatana na Maaskofu na maparoko. 

Alijipangia kulinganisha uaminifu kwa kanuni na mabadiliko ya shirika, akionyesha hayo hayaendi kinyume cha nia ya mwanzilishi. Ili athibitishe hayo ilimpasa kuziondolea lawama msingi wowote kwa kuadhibu vikali waliovunja kanuni. 

Basi, chini ya uongozi wake shirika likatulia, kwa jinsi alivyoweza kulinganisha [[upendo]] kwa Fransisko na [[furaha]] kwa mabadiliko, hamu ya kuishi upwekeni na utetezi wa konventi za mijini.

Kwa nje shirika likazidi kuheshimiwa na kushika nafasi katika maisha ya Kanisa (utume mbalimbali, uchaguzi wa Papa, [[Mtaguso mkuu]]). Lakini mafanikio hayo yalizidisha [[kiburi]]  cha wanashirika na upinzani wa Maaskofu na maparoko dhidi yao. 

Alipokuwa bado Paris huo ulikuwa umeungwa mkono na [[chuo kikuu]]: hapo hazikupingwa tu ruhusa kadhaa walizopewa Ndugu Wadogo na Wadominiko, bali msingi wenyewe wa mtindo wa maisha yao. Baada ya yeye na [[Thoma wa Akwino]] kuutetea, Papa alilaani upinzani na kusifu sana mtindo huo wa Kiinjili. Mwalimu huyo kuchaguliwa kuwa Mtumishi mkuu kukawa ushindi mwingine mkubwa chuoni. 

Katika miaka yake ya mwisho ilimbidi tena kutetea shirika lake kwa maandishi pia.

Bonaventura akafa akiwa Kardinali askofu, wakati wa [[Mtaguso II wa Lyon]], ambao ulihatarisha [[mashirika ya Ombaomba]], lakini hatimaye ulipitisha tu hati ya kuyafuta yote isipokuwa Wadominiko na Wafransisko, pamoja na [[Waaugustino]] na [[Wakarmeli]]. Hata hivyo iliwabidi hao wapatane na wanajimbo kwa kujinyima baadhi ya ruhusa walizopewa. 

Mapapa waliofuata wakaendelea kuwarudishia au kuwanyang’anya tena, mpaka [[Mtaguso wa Vienne]] ([[1311]]-[[1312]]) ulipofaulu kuwatungia sheria ya kudumu: kwamba kuhusu maisha yao ya ndani na uongozi wawe chini ya Papa moja kwa moja, ila kuhusu utume nje ya makanisa yao wawe chini ya Maaskofu na maparoko.

Watumishi wakuu waliofuata hawakujaribu kuacha nyayo za Bonaventura; hata ushindani ulipozuka tena ndani ya shirika, hakuna aliyethubutu kukanusha ubora wa kazi yake. 

Hata hivyo mambo yakawa magumu kiasi kwamba suala la ndugu “wa Kiroho” (yaani wenye nia ya kushika kanuni kadiri ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]]) likawa zito kwa Kanisa lote. Wakati wa Mtaguso II wa Lyon, baadhi ya ndugu walijiandaa kukataa maagizo waliyoambiwa watapewa kinyume cha [[haki]]. Upinzani wao ukalipuka hasa baada ya [[Papa Nikola III]] ([[1277]]-[[1280]]) kutoa hati nyingine juu ya kanuni ([[1279]]) ili kuwaondolea Ndugu Wadogo wasiwasi wowote kuhusu namna ya kuitekeleza, pamoja na kuwatetea dhidi ya maadui wa nje. 

Hati hiyo inafuata kabisa msimamo wa Bonaventura kuhusu matumizi ya kifukara kweli: Ndugu Wadogo hawana haki ya kutumia vitu, ila wanaruhusiwa kuvitumia kadiri ya ufukara na uduni.

Ingawa hati hiyo ilitungwa kwa busara sana, baada ya kamati kabambe kuiandaa kwa miezi miwili, utekelezaji wake ukaja kusababisha mabishano makubwa kwa miaka mingi, kuanzia [[Ufaransa]]  Kusini na [[Italia]] ya Kati. 

Mwakilishi bora wa msimamo mkali ni nd. [[Petro wa Yohane Olivi]] (+[[1298]]), aliyeunganisha pande hizo mbili tofauti: wa kwanza ulitegemea ujuzi mkubwa ukaathiri zaidi Kanisa kwa ufundishaji, uchungaji na uanzishaji wa jumuia za waamini zilizowaunga mkono; wa pili ulitegemea zaidi kumbukumbu chungu za wenzi wa Mt. Fransisko na matabiri juu ya [[dhuluma]]  utawani ukaishia kuathiri shirika (hata kwa utunzi wa vitabu muhimu, hasa cha [[Ubertino wa Casale]] +[[1329]]), lakini pia kufanya [[umisionari]] mkubwa hadi [[India]] na kuuchochea kama sehemu ya uaminifu wao kwa kanuni.

Mabishano yalichangiwa na Mtumishi mkuu kukosekana muda mrefu au kulemewa na majukumu mengine kutoka kwa Papa. 

Viongozi waliofuatana katika ngazi mbalimbali, mara walijaribu kukomesha vikali msimamo mkali, mara waliuunga mkono. Mapapa kadhaa walitumia nguvu, isipokuwa [[Papa Selestini V]] ([[1294]]), aliyetazamwa kuwa “Papa wa kimalaika” atakayeanzisha Kanisa la Kiroho. Yeye aliwaruhusu waliotaka wajitenge na “jumuia” (walivyojiita umati wa ndugu waliopenda maendeleo) wakaishi upwekeni wakifuata kanuni na wasia bila ya kujali matamko ya Kanisa. Ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kwa shirika kugawanyika.

Alipojiuzulu, mwandamizi wake [[Papa Bonifasi VIII]] ([[1295]]-[[1303]]) alifuta mara maamuzi yake yote, na katika miezi michache iliyofuata aliwaagiza hao [[Waselestini]] warudi shirikani, akamuondoa madarakani Mtumishi mkuu aliyewatetea, akamweka mwingine kinyume chao, akawakatalia wasikate rufaa kwake dhidi ya dhuluma. 

Viongozi wao, nd. [[Liberato wa Macerata]] (+[[1307]]) na nd. [[Anjelo Klareno]] (+[[1337]]), walikimbilia [[Ugiriki]] wasije wakafungwa tena (waliwahi kukaa gerezani zaidi ya miaka 10). 

Jina la ndugu “wa Kiroho” likawa na maana mpya baadhi yao walipopinga uongozi wa Kanisa, wakitangaza ubatili wa kujiuzulu kwa Selestini V na wa kuchaguliwa Bonifasi VIII; halafu wakadai Mapapa waliotoa matamko juu ya kanuni kuwa wazushi.

Kinyume na mtangulizi wake, [[Papa Klemensi V]] ([[1305]]-[[1314]]) alipenda kusikiliza wote, halafu akatoa ([[1312]]) tamko jipya juu ya kanuni ili kuondoa wasiwasi hasa kwa kubainisha amri za kanuni na kiasi ambacho zinawabana Ndugu Wadogo. Ingawa hakukubali msimamo wa ndugu “wa Kiroho” kuhusu mamlaka ya Kanisa juu ya kanuni, aliwaweka chini ya ulinzi wake; viongozi waliowadhulumu waliondolewa, na makosa dhidi ya ufukara yalirekebishwa ili kukwepa [[farakano]]. Lakini ikawa bure.

===Marekebisho na utengano (1316-1517)===
Kiburi kilichowapata Ndugu Wadogo katika karne yao ya kwanza, kutokana na mafanikio yao na mashindano na Maaskofu, kikafikia upeo walipopingana na Papa pia, ambaye mamlaka yake ilikuwa imeanza kupunguza. Ndipo shirika lilipopitia hatari kubwa kuliko zote za historia yake.

Mara baada ya kuchaguliwa, [[Papa Yohane XXII]] ([[1316]]-[[1334]]), akisukumwa na Mtumishi mkuu nd. [[Mikaeli wa Cesena]] ([[1316]]-[[1328]]), alifululiza kutoa amri zilizolenga kukomesha ndugu “wa Kiroho”, mpaka 4 kati yao walichomwa moto sokoni. Hapo uasi wa wengi ukawa wazi usijali kutengwa na Kanisa wala kuhukumiwa adhabu ya kifo. 

Hasa [[Waklareno]] wakaendelea hivyo zaidi ya miaka mia mpaka [[Yohane wa Capestrano]] na  [[Yakobo wa Marka]] walipowapatanisha na Kanisa ([[1430]] hivi), hata wakarudi chini ya Mtumishi wa shirika lote (1473) wakiwa na Makamu maalumu wa kwao.

Mwaka [[1323]] Papa, akiendelea na [[vita]] vyake, alitoa hati ya kulaani dhana ya Ndugu Wadogo wote (iliyokubaliwa na mkutano mkuu [[1322]]) kuwa Kristo na [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] hawakumiliki chochote wala binafsi wala kwa pamoja. 

Badala ya kukubali tamko hilo, Mtumishi mkuu na wanashirika karibu wote walilikataa hata kumtangaza Yohane XXII kuwa [[mzushi]]. Mfalme mkuu wa [[Ujerumani]], ili apate nguvu dhidi ya Papa, akawapokea Ndugu Wadogo chini ya ulinzi wake akafanya mmojawao atangazwe kinyume cha sheria kuwa ni Papa badala ya Yohane XXII (bado hai). 

Baadaye kidogo uasi huo ukaisha, lakini matokeo ya kwazo kubwa hivi yalichangia sana kudidimia kwa shirika.

Matukio mengine ya nje yaliyochangia ni: [[vita vya miaka mia]] (1339-1453) katika sehemu kubwa ya [[Ulaya]]; [[tauni]] (1348-1350) iliyoua thuluthi mbili za wanashirika (matokeo yake waliobaki walikusanyika katika konventi kubwa zenye hali nzuri zaidi kiuchumi, walipunguza utume na kupokea miito bila ya kuichuja); [[farakano la Kanisa la Magharibi]] (1378-1418) lililoleta fujo na utovu wa nidhamu; hatimaye kufifia kwa tunu bora za [[karne za kati]]. Upande wa ufukara uamuzi wa Yohane XXII wa kulinganisha Ndugu Wadogo na mashirika mengine ulisababisha hao wasimamie mali na kutumia pesa (hata za binafsi) kinyume cha kanuni. Kilele cha fujo kikawa miaka ya farakano la Magharibi, ambapo kwa wakati mmoja kulikuwa na Watumishi wakuu wawili au watatu, kila mmojawao akimfuata Papa wa [[Roma]], au yule wa [[Avinyoni]] au hatimaye yule wa [[Pisa]]. Hata hivyo baadhi yao waliongoza vizuri na kuchangia amani ya Kanisa hadi ulipopatikana [[umoja]] wake na wa shirika mwaka 1418.

Pamoja na matatizo hayo yote, kuanzia mwaka 1334 baadhi ya wanashirika [[Italia]], halafu [[Hispania]] na Ufaransa, walijiombea ruhusa ya Mtumishi mkuu au ya Papa waweze kuishi kijumuia kadiri ya kanuni, bila ya kutumia fadhili za kuilegeza. Wakati huo marekebisho ya namna hiyo yalitokea hata katika mashirika mengine, ingawa kwa kiasi kidogo zaidi. Ni kwamba kati ya Wafransisko kuna utata wa kudumu kuhusu namna ya kulinganisha kipeo asili na maisha halisi, au sehemu mbalimbali za karama ileile: katika karne XIV-XV utata huo ulisababisha mapambano ya kishujaa. Walioanzisha [[urekebisho]] walikuwa watawa (wengi wao mabradha wasio na elimu) wasioridhika na hali ya shirika. Wakililia hali ya mwanzoni, walilaumu maisha ya wenzao na uongozi wa Watumishi. Hao waliitikia kwa ukali wakijisingizia wanapaswa kudumisha nidhamu na kutetea haki ya walio wengi ya kutumia ruhusa za Kanisa. Kwa kawaida waanzilishi wa marekebisho hawakuwa watakatifu, bali nia yao ilichanganyikana na upungufu wa unyenyekevu na [[utiifu]]. Wakidai haki ya kufuata kanuni “Kiroho” kadiri ya sura ya 10, walikimbilia ngazi za juu kwa msaada wa wanasiasa ambao – sawa na watu wa kawaida – kila mara walipendelea urekebisho. Kisha kukubaliwa, marekebisho yakavuta miito bora: k.mf. kati ya mwaka 1402 na 1416 walijiunga na [[Waoservanti]] [[Bernardino wa Siena]], Yohane wa Capestrano, [[Alberto wa Sarteano]] na Yakobo wa Marka ambao wanaitwa “nguzo nne za Observansya (= kushikakanuni)”. Marekebisho yote, pamoja na kusisitiza ufukara, yalijali sana [[kimya]] na [[sala ya moyo]] upwekeni. Kama tunda la maisha ya namna hiyo yalifanya pia kazi kubwa tena bora ya kuhubiri, na hivyo kurudisha ule uwiano aliokuwa nao mwanzilishi. Mwishowe haki ya kushika kanuni kiaminifu ikatambulikana na Kanisa.
[[Image:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|[[Bernardino wa Siena]] ([[1380]]-[[1440]]), mchoro wa [[Jacopo Bellini]] ([[1400]] hivi - [[1470]] hivi).]]
Mahali pa kwanza walipokusanyika ni makao ya upwekeni ya [[Brogliano]] karibu na [[Asizi]]. Aliyestawisha zaidi kwanzia mwaka 1368 ni [[Paolucho Trinci]] (+1390), bradha aliyefanywa mkurugenzi wa jumuia zilizofuata urekebisho Italia, akiwa na haki ya kupokea wanovisi na kuanzisha nyumba nyingine. Dhidi ya upinzani wa Watumishi, [[Mtaguso wa Konstans]] (1415) uliwaruhusu Waoservanti kuenea katika kanda zote za shirika, kupokea wanashirika wote watakaopenda kujiunga nao, tena kuwa na kiongozi maalumu, yaani Watunzaji wao wawe chini ya mmojawao kama makamu wa Mtumishi mkuu badala ya kubaki chini ya Watumishi wa kanda. Hata hivyo marekebisho mengine yaliyokwishaanza ([[Wavilyakresi]], [[Wakoleta]], [[Waamadei]] na Waklareno) hayakupenda kujiunga na Waoservanti. [[Wakonventuali]] walipinga vikali uamuzi wa [[Mtaguso]], na juhudi za Mapapa hazikuweza kurudisha amani, kwa kuwa hao hawakukubali kurekebishwa, wala Waoservanti kukaa chini yao. Wakati majaribio mbalimbali yalipoendelea kushindikana, Oservansya ikaenea na kustawi, hadi [[Papa Eugenio IV]] (1431-1447) alipoiruhusu kujifanyia mikutano mikuu na ya kanda ili kujichagulia viongozi (1446). Ushindi mwingine ukawa tangazo la kuwa Bernardino wa Siena, Mkuu wake wa kwanza, ni mtakatifu (1450).

[[Papa Leo X]] (1513-1521) alifanya jaribio la mwisho alipoitisha mkutano mkuu wa wote pamoja (1517), wakiwa na viongozi wa marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wakakataa tena shirika lote lisifuate urekebisho wala kuongozwa na Mwoservanti. Basi, Papa akaamua kuwatenganisha moja kwa moja, na kupindua uhusiano kati yao: Waoservanti wawe na hadhi ya kuwa ndio shirika halisi (OFM), wakati waliotetea maisha yaliyofuatwa katika konventi kubwa wakakubaliwa kuendelea nayo kwa kutumia fadhili halali walizopewa, lakini kama tawi tu (OFMConv). Alimlazimisha Mtumishi mkuu wa Wakonventuali kujiuzulu na kukabidhi mhuri wa shirika kwa Waoservanti, ambao Mtumishi wao aitwe Mtumishi mkuu wa shirika lote, likiwa ni pamoja na marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wasishiriki tena uchaguzi wa Mtumishi mkuu, wala kiongozi wao asiitwe Mtumishi bali Mwalimu mkuu tu! Hata hivyo wasisumbuliwe kwa kutumia fadhili walizopewa na Kanisa. Waoservanti wabaki na nyumba zao, na Wakonventuali na nyumba zao, bila ya kuvuka toka upande mmoja kwenda upande mwingine.

Ingawa hakuna takwimu ya wanashirika kabla ya karne XVII, tunaweza kuwakadiria kutokana na idadi ya nyumba na ya wastani wa ndugu walioishi katika nyumba:
*mwaka 1226: ndugu 5,000; 
*mwaka 1300: ndugu 40,000; 
*mwaka 1400: ndugu 25,000; 
*mwaka 1517: ndugu 50,000 na zaidi (elfu 20 au 25 Wakonventuali na 30 au 32 Waoservanti)

===Maisha ndani ya shirika (1226-1517)===
Kujua maisha ya ndani ya shirika lolote ni muhimu kuliko kujua matukio makuu ya miundo yake. Basi, tuone jamaa ya Ndugu Wadogo ilivyoendelea kwa ndani katika karne tatu za kwanza tulizokwishaziona.

Baada ya kifo cha mwanzilishi wanashirika walizidi kumiminika mijini, katika konventi kubwa zaidi na zaidi, na zenye sura ya kimonaki zaidi na zaidi (kanisa kubwa, ukumbi wa mikutano, ua, bustani na kuta za kandokando…). Kanuni iliendelea kuzingatiwa, lakini kwa mtazamo wa kisheria, kufuatana na matamko ya Mapapa juu yake. Ufukara mkuu ukaja kuwa sifa maalumu za kujitangazia shirika bora kuliko mengine, pamoja na kujipongeza kwa kuwa na mwanzilishi aliye Kristo wa pili, mtakatifu kuliko wengine (tazama ngao ya shirika ya karne XV yenye msalaba iliposulibiwa pamoja mikono ya Kristo na Fransisko). Lakini utekelezaji ukawa wa kinafiki sana, k.mf. tendo la ndugu kusafiri na boi ambaye amchukulie pesa asije akazigusa mwenyewe lilihukumiwa tayari na katiba ya [[Narbona]] (1260) iliyotungwa kama kinga ya kanuni, halafu ikarekebishwa mara nyingi ili kudhibiti makosa yaliyojitokeza pamoja na kudumisha [[usawa]] katika sura ya nje ya watawa na katika matumizi ya kila siku.

Kimya kilichosisitizwa na Fransisko kama sharti la [[sala]], kikaja kuratibiwa kwa mfano wa [[monasteri]]: kwamba kimya kikuu kiwe cha kudumu katika kanisa, [[maktaba]], vyumba vya kulala, ua na mezani wakati wa kula. Zaidi ya hicho, kitunzwe daima na popote kimya cha Kiinjili, yaani kukwepa maneno yoyote yasiyofaa (Mathayo 12:36). Katiba haikuzungumzia maburudisho, lakini sikukuu zilikuwa na nafasi za kufurahia udugu (vyakula na [[divai]], nyimbo, maigizo na michezo), ingawa ilikatazwa mara nyingi ndugu wasipite [[kiasi]]. Hatujui vitendo vya [[toba]] vya kijumuia vilipoanza; lakini mwanzoni mwa karne XIV Ndugu Wadogo walikuwa wakijipiga mijeledi kila siku ya [[Kwaresima]], halafu mara tatu kwa juma nyakati nyingine. Adhabu alizozitoa mwanzilishi zikaja kuongezwa chini ya Elia hata kuratibiwa na sheria. Mapema ulifuatwa mfano wa Wadominiko wa konventi zote kuwa na ma[[gereza]], ila yajali utu. Wasiojirekebisha wafukuzwe shirikani.

Mpaka mwaka 1239 ndugu wakleri na mabradha waliishi kwa usawa alivyotaka Fransisko. Baadaye shirika likabadilika na kuwa la kikleri. Sababu ni mbalimbali: heshima kubwa ya mwanzilishi kwa mapadri, ongezeko la mapadri kwa idadi na ubora, chuki ya wengi kwa sera ya Elia aliyependelea mabradha wenzake katika uongozi. Miaka miwili tu baada ya kumuondosha, mabradha wakajikuta hawaruhusiwi tena kuwa na cheo chochote, halafu ikakatazwa wasipokewe tena shirikani, isipokuwa kwa sababu ya pekee. Pia mabradha walifungiwa kabisa mlango wa ukleri kwa kufafanua visivyo maneno ya kanuni yasemayo, “wasio na elimu wasijisumbue kusudi waipate”. Basi, baada ya katazo la kufanya kazi za mikono nje ya konventi kama zamani, sura ya bradha Mfransisko ikawa kwa karne nyingi ile ya mtu ambaye hana sauti wala [[kura]], amekusudiwa kutoa huduma za konventini na kuombaomba, ambaye heshima yake kubwa ni kuwatumikia wanashirika mapadri. Hivyo miito ya namna hiyo haikutoka tena kwa watu wenye elimu wenye kulenga utakatifu wa Kifransisko, bali kwa watu wadogo, wasiojua kusoma, wasio na mbele wala nyuma, ambao wengi wao waliingia utawani kujitafutia tu maisha ya hakika. Hapo ilibidi wachujwe sana. Kwa njia hiyo sura ya ndani ya jamaa ilibadilika sana, kwa kuwa na ma[[tabaka]] yenye [[kazi]] tofauti, [[haki]] tofauti na [[malezi]] tofauti. Ila marekebisho yakajaribu kurudia hali ya mwanzoni.

Baadaye ikatokea migawanyiko mingine kati ya waliopewa na wasiopewa fadhili, yaani ruhusa za pekee. Kwanza zilitolewa kwa walimu na wanafunzi ili kustawisha masomo katika ngazi za juu, halafu katika ngazi ya kati na ya chini. Wakaja kuongezwa waliowahi kuwa na vyeo, wazee na hatimaye wahubiri. Malalamiko yakawa mengi, hasa walionyimwa walipokosa hata mahitaji yao, ingawa wagonjwa waliendelea kushughuliwa vizuri, na haki zao zilitetewa na sheria. Utaratibu wa kimonaki wa kuwapanga watawa kufuatana na muda wa kukaa utawani, uliokataliwa mwanzoni ukajipenyeza shirikani; hata katika hilo, na katika kuwapa viongozi heshima kubwa za nje, marekebisho yakarudia usahili wa mwanzoni.

Fransisko aliwazoesha wafuasi wake kuwa wazi kati yao, kuelezana habari za safari, kujishtaki kwa unyenyekevu na kuomba msamaha. Ndiyo asili ya “[[mkutano wa makosa]]” ambao uliagizwa na [[katiba]] (1260) mara moja kwa wiki, ukifuatwa na mkutano wa jumuia uliojadili masuala ya pamoja. Mpango wa mwanzilishi wa kuwatuma wafuasi wake ulimwenguni wawiliwawili uliendelea, ila kwa shabaha ya kulindana bila ya kuaminiana, badala ya kushuhudia umoja wa kidugu na kusaidiana. Malezi kwa jumla yalilenga zaidi maisha ya ndani kuliko kwenda ulimwenguni, jambo lililotarajiwa kuwa la nadra tu. Mipango ya kwanza kwa malezi iliratibiwa na katiba (1260). Walezi walisaidiwa na vitabu kadhaa, hasa “Kielelezo cha Nidhamu” cha [[Bernardo wa Besse]] (+1300 hivi) ambacho kinalenga nidhamu, adabu njema, usafi na taratibu za kimonaki kuliko mitindo ya Kifransisko. Baada ya kumaliza [[unovisi]], watawa wapya waliendelea kulelewa walau miaka mitatu, ingawa kazi hiyo ilionekana mapema kuwa ngumu sana. Sehemu mbalimbali (hasa Wakonventuali) walianza kupokea watoto wadogo kama walivyofanya wamonaki.

Toka mwanzo kazi za Ndugu Wadogo zilikuwa tatu: sala, kazi za mikono na mahubiri; [[uvivu]] ulikuwa tishio kwa mwanzilishi na viongozi wengine. Bonaventura alipochaguliwa aliwaandikia mara wanashirika wote ili kuwaonyesha hatari hiyo kubwa, lakini alipinga kabisa watawa kufanya kazi za mikono zenye malipo. Badala yake walitafutiwa kazi nyingine mbalimbali: kusoma, kuimba [[Zaburi]], kutoa huduma za nyumbani, kuombaomba n.k.

Mchango muhimu mmojawapo wa mashirika ya Ombaomba ni kujenga daraja kati ya liturujia ya monasteri na ya makanisa makuu na mahitaji ya kidini ya jamii yenye kubadilika. Ndugu Wadogo, wakitumia haki ya wakati huo ya kila shirika kujitengenezea liturujia yake, walistawisha [[kalenda]] na taratibu zao, pamoja na kufuata kimsingi zile za Roma. Walizifupisha kwa faida ya sala ya moyo, na kuzisogeza jirani na haja za mtu binafsi. Ingawa wapinzani walisema kufanya hivyo ni kuvuruga liturujia, Mapapa wakaja kueneza [[breviari]] ya Kifransisko katika Kanisa lote la [[Kilatini]]. Hata [[misale]] ya Kiroma iliyotumiwa na kurekebishwa na Ndugu Wadogo ikaja kuenea: taratibu nyingi za [[ibada]], nyimbo na [[sikukuu]] mpya ziliingizwa nao kabla hazijakubaliwa kwa Kanisa lote. Kwa juhudi na mafanikio ya pekee zilistawishwa ibada kwa [[Ekaristi]], jina la Yesu, kuzaliwa kwake na kuteseka ([[Njia ya Msalaba]]), [[Bikira Maria]] ([[Kukingiwa Dhambi ya Asili]]). Kwa ajili hiyo, nje ya ibada walitumia pia maigizo, wakisaidiwa na [[Utawa III]]. Baada ya jumuia zote kupata kanisa la kitawa ambapo iliwabidi waadhimishe [[Sala ya Kanisa]], ibada zilizidi kuwa za fahari, hasa kwa lengo la kuwapa kazi ya kufanya ndugu wasiosoma wala kuhubiri. Kwa sababu hiyohiyo, juu ya Sala ya Kanisa vikaongezwa vipindi vingine kwa ajili ya wafu, kwa heshima ya Bikira Maria n.k. Hoja ya msingi ilikuwa kwamba walio wengi wasingefanya bidii katika sala ya binafsi. Kama kawaida, marekebisho yalirudia kusisitiza sala ya moyo na kusoma tu Zaburi, pamoja na kuadhimisha [[Misa]] pasipo fahari katika makanisa madogomadogo. Wasio mapadre walihudhuria Misa, ila ilikuwa kawaida kupokea Ekaristi kila baada ya wiki mbili. Kumbe maungamo yalikuwa mara mbili kwa juma.

Kati ya walimu wa kiroho Bonaventura alishika nafasi ya kwanza. Maandishi yake yote yalilenga [[maisha ya kiroho]], na kuathiri sana shirika na Kanisa lote hadi leo; ndiyo sababu akatangazwa [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] kwa jina la “mwalimu wa kiserafi”. Tukiacha waandishi wengine bora na kuzingatia waliofaulu kuyatekeleza kikamilifu maisha ya kiroho, tunakuta katika karne tatu za kwanza walifariki watakatifu 25 na wenye heri 61: ndio ushahidi bora wa jinsi kipeo cha Kifransisko kinavyofaa. Wa kwanza ni wafiadini wa [[Moroko]] (5 wa mwaka 1220, na 7 wa mwaka 1227). Kufuatana na mfano wao alijiunga na shirika [[Antoni wa Padua]] (+1231), “mwalimu wa Kiinjili” mwenye utakatifu usiosemeka kulingana na moyo wa mwanzilishi. Baada ya Bonaventura kuna askofu mwingine, [[Ludoviko wa Tolosa]] (+1297), aliyekufa kijana kama alivyotamani. Karne XIV, iliyojaa wamisionari na wafiadini, ina ndugu wanne kutoka nchi mbalimbali waliotangazwa watakatifu: [[Nikola Tavelic]] na wenzake waliouawa [[Yerusalemu]] (1391). Watakatifu sita wa karne XV ni Waoservanti ambao walipigania kanuni na kufanya utume mkubwa: Bernardino wa Siena (+1444), Yohane wa Capestrano (+1456) na Yakobo wa Marka (+1476) toka Italia, [[Didakus wa Alkala]] (+1463) toka [[Hispania]], halafu [[Yohane wa Dukla]] (+1484) toka [[Polandi]], isipokuwa [[Petro Regalado]] (+1456) aliyeishi katika urekebisho wa Wavilyakresi wa Hispania.

===Utume (1226-1517)===
Tangu mashirika ya Wafransisko na Wadominiko yaanzishwe, Mapapa walitambua yanavyohitajika na kufaa kutegemezea Kanisa la Roma ambalo, baada ya kufikia kilele cha fahari na mamlaka wakati wa [[Papa Inosenti III]] (1198-1216), lilianza kukabiliana na upinzani mpya wa viongozi wa siasa. Ili waweze kuwatumia watawa hao bila ya pingamizi, Mapapa walijiwekea kuwasimamia wasikae chini ya Maaskofu, wakawapendelea katika tume nyingi. Hivyo toka mwanzo Ndugu Wadogo walifanya kazi katika ofisi za Papa na kupewa vyeo mbalimbali, kinyume cha matakwa ya Fransisko aliyetaka wabaki “wadogo”. Hasa baada ya Gregori IX, Mapapa waliona ustawi wa Kanisa unastahili uzingatiwe kuliko udogo wa Kifransisko. Ingawa shirika lilijitahidi kuzuia ongezeko la vyeo, katika karne XIII waliishi Maaskofu Wafransisko 250, katika karne XIV 746, katika karne XV 791, na miaka 17 ya kwanza ya karne XVI 70. Mabalozi wa Papa jumla walikuwa zaidi ya 300, Makardinali 29, na wawili wakawa [[Papa Nikolasi IV]] (1288-1292) na [[Papa Sixtus IV]] (1471-1484). Ndugu Wadogo walichangia sana Mitaguso mikuu yote ya karne hizo tatu: [[Mtaguso wa Lyons I|Lyons I]] (1245), Lyons II (1274), Vienne (1311-1312), Konstans (1414-1418), [[Mtaguso wa Firenze|Firenze]] (1431-1445) na [[Mtaguso wa Laterano V|Laterano V]] (1512-1517). Vilevile ndugu wengine walitetea haki za Papa dhidi ya upinzani, na zaidi ya 200 walipokea hata kazi ya kuwahukumu wazushi, ingawa hiyo haikuwapendeza sana.

Kazi ya kawaida zaidi ilikuwa ile ya kuhubiri. Waliokubaliwa na Watumishi wakaja kuunda tabaka la juu kuliko mapadri wa kawaida (waliosoma Misa tu) na ya mabradha. Ilipobaki kazi ya wasomi tu, ikarudia mitindo ya vyuoni na kuachana na [[usahili]] wa mwanzo alioutumia na kuutaka mwanzilishi. Mhubiri mkuu wa kwanza ulikuwa Antoni ambaye kwa miaka 10 alichangamsha Italia na Ufaransa Kusini akishinda uzushi. Pamoja na kuhubiri, wengine wametuachia kwa maandishi hotuba zao, mifano mingi na maelekezo juu ya namna ya kuhubiri.

Karne XV ndiyo bora kwa mahubiri ya Kifransisko, ambapo “nguzo za Oservansya” walitoka upwekeni wakawashirikisha wote utajiri waliojipatia katika sala. Makanisa hayakutosha kukusanya wasikilizaji; wote waliguswa na wengi wakaongoka. Kutoka Italia wakahubiri nchi mbalimbali hadi [[Norwe]]. Tunda mojawapo la utume wa Yohane wa Capestrano ni ushindi wa Wakristo juu ya Waturuki waliotishia kuvamia Ulaya yote (1456). Huko Italia mahubiri hayo yalipinga mwelekeo mpya wa kuweka pembeni Ukristo katika maisha ya kila siku na kujali ustawi wa kidunia tu. [[Kitubio]] kilifuatana na mahubiri; hasa baada ya Mapapa kuruhusu watawa kutoa huduma hiyo, ikaja kuwa mojawapo ya kazi zao kuu.

Shirika likiwa na uhusiano wa pekee na watu wadogo toka mwanzo, daima ni jepesi kutambua hali na haja zao upande wa roho na wa mwili, na kuziitikia vizuri, hata kupitia Utawa III. Kipindi hicho watu walielekea sana kujiundia makundi kadiri ya fani zao n.k. Ndugu Wadogo waliwaelekeza kufanya hivyo bila ya kusahau dini, katika jina na taratibu walivyoyapatia. Walipatanisha mara nyigi wanasiasa wa miji au vyama tofauti, walisaidia maskini na wagonjwa (hata wenye [[ukoma]] na tauni), walianzisha [[hospitali]], walilaumu hadharani [[dhuluma]] n.k. Kwa ajili hiyo, bila ya kujali upinzani wowote, walianzisha pia [[benki]] ambazo zikopeshe pesa kwa [[riba]] ndogo sana ili kukomesha waliodai riba pasipo kiasi (hasa [[Wayahudi]]).

Kabla hatujaeleza umisionari wa Ndugu Wadogo, tuangalie juhudi zao kwa ajili ya umoja kati ya [[Waortodoksi]] na Kanisa la Roma. Kabla [[Konstantinopoli]] haujatekwa na Waturuki (1453), udhaifu wa [[Wagiriki]] upande wa siasa na jeshi uliwaelekeza kutafuta msaada wa [[Wakristo wa Magharibi]]. Hivyo zilipatikana fursa nyingi za kukaribiana na kujaribu kuungana, ambazo Mapapa kila mara waliwatumia Wafransisko na Wadominiko. Kwa namna ya pekee Mtaguso II wa Lyons, kwa juhudi hasa za Bonaventura, ulifanikiwa kutangaza umoja, ingawa baadaye ukashindikana kwa sababu mbalimbali.
Juhudi nyingine kulingana na mitazamo ya nyakati hizo zilifanywa na Ndugu Wadogo waliosambaa kotekote Mashariki na kutoa mifano bora ya maisha yao, pamoja na kutangaza kwa sauti na kwa maandishi ukweli wa Kanisa Katoliki ili kuwavuta Waortodoksi mmojammoja au makundimakundi kuingia katika ushirika kamili nalo. Sehemu fulanifulani matunda yaliridhisha, lakini wengine waliuawa, hasa baada ya Waturuki kuteka Ulaya Mashariki Kusini. Nje ya eneo hilo, utume huo ulifanyika pia [[Urusi]], [[Georgia]], [[Armenia]], [[Irani]], [[Lebanoni]], [[Misri]] hata [[Ethiopia]].

Kazi ngumu zaidi ilifanyika kwa wasio Wakristo. Karne XIII ilikuwa mwanzo wa [[umisionari]] wa aina mpya, ambao unaongozwa na Mapapa kwa kutumia mashirika ya Ombaomba (yaliyofaa sana kwa utayari wa kutumwa na kwa umoja wa miundo yake), unapata wamisionari mchanganyiko kutoka nchi yoyote, unaenea katika bara lote la [[Asia]] (ambalo linakuja kujulikana na Wazungu wakati huo) na hauna faida ya uchumi. Fransisko alichochea hayo kwa mifano na mafundisho yake ambayo alisisitiza kuwa wito huo ni wa Kimungu, kwa hiyo hautakiwi kuzuiwa. Kwa mang’amuzi yake alielekeza kutoa kwanza ushuhuda wa maisha ya Kikristo, halafu tu, kadiri ya mapenzi ya Mungu, kuhubiri wazi [[imani]]. Wafuasi wake hawakufuata daima maelekezo hayo, kwa maana wengi waliwachokoza [[Waislamu]] ili kuuawa.

Katika historia ya [[misheni]] za Kifransisko, tunaona kwanza uenezi mkubwa upande wa Mashariki, halafu karne nyingine ya kufifia, halafu katika karne XV msukumo mpya toka kwa Waoservanti, lakini kuelekea maeneo mapana ambayo yalivumbuliwa na Wazungu miaka ya mwisho ya karne hiyo na kuhitaji Injili.
Kuanzia mwaka 1217 Wafransisko wametunza mahali patakatifu pa nchi ya Yesu, ingawa iliwabidi kuvumilia magumu mengi, dhuluma na vifodini; wengi walikufa pia kwa kuwashughulikia wenye tauni. Kuanzia mwaka 1219 wengine walitumwa [[Afrika]] Kaskazini, ambapo baadhi walifia dini. Shirika lilianza kupata Maaskofu kwa ajili ya Moroko, ingawa hawakuweza kukaa huko. Kumbe [[Tunisia]] na [[Libya]] waliruhusiwa kuwaongoa Waislamu wakachuma matunda kwa muda fulani, ingawa vipindi vingine waliweza tu kuwahudumia Wakristo wageni.
[[Image:Central Asian trade routes.jpg|thumb|right|380px|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha kwa [[rangi]] ya [[buluu]] iliyokolea [[safari]] ya Yohane wa Pian del Carpine hadi [[Asia mashariki]].]]
Mwaka 1241 Wamongolia, baada ya kujitwalia Asia karibu nzima, walivamia Ulaya na kufadhaisha Wakristo wote, kwa sababu hakuna aliyeamini uwezekano wa kuwashinda. Mapapa walijaribu kuwasimamisha kwa kutuma Wafransisko na Wadominiko (wa kwanza ni [[Yohane wa Pian del Carpine]]) waombe masharti ya amani. Ujumbe huo uliposhindikana, walianza kupenya kama wamisionari upande wa Ulaya Mashariki, wakasambaa kwa ruhusa ya watu hao wakatili sana katika utawala wao wote. Nikola IV alimtuma (1291) [[Yohane wa Montecorvino]], mwanzilishi wa misheni za [[China]] na Askofu wa kwanza wa [[Beijing]], mwenye majimbo sita chini yake katika ufalme mzima (hadi Urusi). Nyumba za kitawa katika eneo hilo lote likafikia kuzidi 50, baadhi zikiwa na ndugu wasiopungua 20. [[Papa Inosenti VI]] (1352-1362) aliomba mkutano mkuu wa mwaka 1353 uongeze wamisionari alivyotaka mfalme wa Mongolia, lakini itikio likawa hafifu, kwa kuwa tauni iliyoua wamisionari wengi, iliua pia watawa wengi Ulaya. Hivyo misheni zikaendelea kwa shida tu mpaka ikaja kufa China ilipojikomboa. Pia, Ndugu Wadogo waliongoa Walitwania, taifa la mwisho la Ulaya kuingia Ukristo (karne XIII na XIV).

Karne XV ilielekeza umisionari upande mwingine, na Waoservanti waliuchangamkia kuanzia visiwa vya [[Kanaria]] vilivyopokea Ukristo haraka kwa juhudi za ndugu waliofikia kuwa 200, mmojawao Didakus wa Alkala. Kutoka huko umisionari ulienea pwani za Afrika Magharibi. Mzunguko wa Afrika hadi [[Rasi ya Tumaini Jema]] ([[Bartolomeo Dias]], 1488) na [[India]] ([[Vasko Da Gama]], 1497-1498), na hasa uvumbuzi wa [[Amerika]] ([[Kristoforo Columbus]], 1492) ulisisimua sana umisionari kwa maeneo, miundo na mbinu mpya. Wakati ambapo uenezi wa Waturuki Waislamu ulikuja kuzuia njia za Asia, na misheni zilizokuwa chini ya utawala wao zilidumaa, Ndugu Wadogo walistawisha upeo umisionari wao Amerika na Asia Mashariki kupitia baharini (wakati huo Asia Mashariki ilikuwa chini ya Askofu wa [[Funchal]], katika kisiwa cha Afrika Magharibi!). Upande wa miundo wafalme wa [[Ureno]] na wa Hispania walipogawana ulimwengu kwa baraka ya [[Papa Alexander VI]] (1492-1503) walipewa pia usimamizi wa kazi zote za misheni, pamoja na haki ya kuchagua na kutuma wamisionari katika maeneo yao. Hivyo karne XVI idadi ya wamisionari OFM ilifikia 6,000, wengi wao wakitokea nchi hizo mbili, kwa sababu mataifa mengine waliweza wakabaguliwa na hata kurudishwa nyumbani.

Ndugu Wadogo 6 wa kwanza walifika Amerika (kisiwa cha [[Hispaniola]], leo [[Jamhuri ya Dominika|Dominikana]]/[[Haiti]]) mwaka 1493 na kuanza kuwahubiria wazalendo. Wengine wakafuata mapema na kuenea kadiri vilivyovumbuliwa visiwa vingine. Kufikia mwaka 1500 walikuwa wameshabatizwa wazalendo 3,000 Hispaniola na wengi zaidi [[Kuba]]. Mwaka 1504 yaliundwa majimbo matatu na mwaka 1505 kanda ya shirika. Mwaka 1511 alitawazwa Askofu wa kwanza wa Amerika visiwani (Dominikana) na mwaka 1513 wa bara ([[Panama]]), wote wawili wakiwa Wafransisko. Ila barani hatari zikawa nyingi. Waliohamia [[Brazili]] (1503) waliuawa baada ya miaka miwili, na wengi wa waliowafuata wakauawa pia. Hata hivyo Wafransisko wakaendelea na umisionari huko, wakiwa peke yao hadi 1549.

Vilevile Ndugu Wadogo ndio wamisionari wa kwanza kufika India kwa meli (1500, baada ya kupitia Brazili); wengine wakafuata. [[Mabanyani]] waliwaua 3, lakini wengine waliongoka jumla wakabatizwa pasipo mafundisho kutokana na uhaba wa wamisionari. Safarini, wengine walihubiri kisiwani [[Sokotra]] (karibu na [[Somalia]]) na kuongoa karibu wote, hata wakageuza msikiti kuwa kanisa la Bikira Maria; lakini [[Waarabu]] wakakiteka (1510) wakaharibu kila kitu.

Uenezaji wa [[Injili]] unatimia unapopenya [[utamaduni]] wa watu. Tuone basi Ufransisko ulivyoathiri Kanisa na jamii, kuanzia elimu, [[fasihi]] na [[sanaa]].

Fransisko hakuwa msomi, tena alihisi uchu wa elimu unavyoweza kuzuia udogo na usawa wa wafuasi wake. Lakini, akitambua njia hiyo haiepukiki, alielekeza namna ya kuifuata bila ya kudhurika. Kwake Antoni wa Padua ndiye kielelezo, kwa jinsi alivyokuwa tayari kuweka pembeni usomi. Ndiyo sababu alimruhusu kuwafundisha ndugu [[teolojia]] huko [[Bologna]] mradi isizimishwe roho ya sala na ibada. Mwaka 1231 shirika lilikuwa na nyumba za masomo hata Paris na [[Oxford]] karibu na vyuo vikuu ili kuwaandaa walimu ambao wafundishe katika konventi muhimu zaidi za kila kanda. Ndipo walipojipatia sifa ya elimu na nafasi mpya za utume, ingawa Egidi na wengineo walizidi kulaumu Paris kwamba imeharibu shirika. Tangu karne XIV katika konventi karibu zote kulikuwa na vipindi vya lazima kwa wasio mabradha. Pia yalianzishwa masomo kwa waliotarajia kupata [[daraja takatifu]]. Mitindo ya kufundisha ilikuwa sawa na ile ya mashirika mengine na ya vyuo vikuu: vipindi asubuhi na jioni, mijadala, mahubiri ya walimu na ya wanafunzi vilevile.

Shirika halikuwa na mwalimu maalumu na mafundisho ya lazima, ila tabia na mazingira yake yote vilielekeza Ndugu Wadogo kuwaza namna fulani, yaani kusisitiza upendo kuliko ujuzi, na [[utashi]] kuliko [[akili]]; pia kumuona Mungu kama Wema kuliko kama Ukweli. [[Falsafa]] ya Wafransisko ilifuata ile ya [[Plato]] kumpitia [[Augustino]] (Antoni alitoka shirika lake). Kati ya walimu wa vyuo vikuu aliyeelekeza njia ni [[Aleksanda wa Hales]] (+1245), aliyemfundisha Bonaventura huko Paris. Kwa mtakatifu huyo, mwalimu ni Kristo tu, na elimu ni moja tu, ile inayotuunganisha naye, hasa Maandiko Matakatifu, ambayo peke yake yanawafaa Ndugu Wadogo. Baada yake teolojia ikabili [[mababu wa Kanisa]] na maandishi ya walimu wa teolojia. Wanafalsafa na waandishi wengine wasomwe tu kwa mpito kadiri wanavyosaidia kuelewa [[Biblia]]. Ndiyo njia ya kufikia elimu, lakini mtu akitaka [[hekima]] anapaswa kuwa na maisha matakatifu.

Oxford iliwatoa hasa: [[Roger Bacon]] (+1292), mtaalamu wa mambo mengi na mwanzilishi wa mtindo wa [[upimaji]] kama msingi wa [[sayansi]]; [[Yohane Duns Scoto]] (+1308), mwalimu mwenye uchambuzi mkali, anayesifiwa kwa kuonyesha Kristo kuwa kiini cha [[uumbaji]], na kwa kutetea sifa ya Maria kukingiwa dhambi ya asili (Wafransisko wakaendelea kuitetea hadi ikatangazwa na [[Papa Pius IX]], wa Utawa III, mwaka 1854, kuwa [[dogma]]); na [[Wiliamu wa Ockham]] (+1347) aliyepotosha falsafa akadai eti, akili haiwezi kujua yanayopita malimwengu: msimamo wake ukaenea sana, ukampa [[Martin Luther]] silaha dhidi ya imani katoliki, ukaathiri utamaduni wa Magharibi hadi leo.

Ufransisko uliathiri vilevile mwelekeo wote wa sanaa ya Magharibi. Ukiitikia vizuri matarajio yote ya kidini na ya kijamii ya kipindi cha mageuzi, ulieneza mtazamo mpya wa maisha unaojali mtu na viumbe vyote. Hivyo ulichangia sana upatikanaji wa mitindo mipya na njia mpya za kufurahia uzuri, ingawa bila ya kupotewa na imani. Fasihi ya Kifransisko inapenda kusimulia, tunavyoona katika maisha ya mwanzilishi yaliyoandikwa na wafuasi wake; [[uchoraji]] unaonyesha sura halisi ya kwake na ya wengineo; hata [[ujenzi]] unafuata njia mpya, hasa kufuatana na kielelezo cha kanisa la Fransisko huko [[Asizi]]. Hata katika ujenzi wa nyumba zao Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kuzingatia ufukara bila ya kupuuzia [[uzuri]], kiasi kwamba upendevu wake unavutia wengi hadi leo.

==Marekebisho kuendelea (1517-1762)==

===Matawi mapya kuchipuka===
Utengano wa Waoservanti na Wakonventuali ulitatua tatizo moja, lakini haukufaulu kuunganisha makundi yaliyorekebishwa, ingawa Papa alikuwa ameagiza itungwe mara katiba moja kwa yote. Baadhi yalidumu kuwa na kanda zao, Waoservanti wa Italia wakaikataa katiba hiyo wakaendelea kuirekebisha mfululizo ile maalumu ya kwao, na kanda nyingine zilijitungia vilevile na kuzidisha tofauti shirikani. Kilichohatarisha zaidi umoja ni [[utaifa]] uliochochewa na [[serikali]] mbalimbali kwa faida ya siasa ya nchi zao dhidi ya nyingine. Wafalme waliingilia kwa njama na vitisho masuala ya mikutano mikuu, sawa na walivyoingilia uchaguzi wa Papa, lakini kila mara idadi iliwapa ushindi Wahispania, hata washindani wao (Wafaransa) wakagoma kuhudhuria mara kadhaa.

Matatizo mengine yalihusu maisha yenyewe, hasa ufukara. Waliolazimika kujiunga na Waoservanti, na wale wasioacha kutumia fadhili walizokuwanazo wakiwa Wakonventuali, walikataa kurekebishwa. Kinyume chake, wengine hawakuridhika tena na namna OFM ilivyoshika kanuni, wakadai ruhusa ya kuishika kabisa. Ndivyo walivyofanya watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali, kwa kuwa haja ya urekebisho ilitambulikana na wote katika Kanisa la karne XV-XVI. Kwa namna ya pekee Ndugu Wadogo walichochewa kufanya hivyo na sura X ya kanuni pamoja na wasia. Ndiyo sababu Bonaventura aliona haja ya kuwepo makao ya upwekeni katika kila kanda ili kuwaachia uhuru wa kuishi hivyo wale wapendao. Kumbe Waoservanti wengi na baadhi ya viongozi wao hawakukubali kuwaachia wenye bidii uhuru huo, kwa sababu ingekuwa sawa na kukiri kwamba wamelegea. Hivyo wakawatenda ndugu hao kama Wakonventuali wa zamani walivyowatenda Waoservanti wa kwanza. Walioamini urekebisho unaweza kutoka kwa viongozi wakaja kujionea haiwezekani. Miundo iliyoanza kama urekebisho ikajikuta inajaribu kuzuia juhudi za waliopenda urekebisho, na viongozi wa shirika lililoanza kwa kushindana na viongozi wakawalaumu waliotaka kufanya vile wakisema eti, ni wakaidi tu! Kwa kukosa busara na wema walisababisha waliotaka urekebisho wakafuate njia zao ili kupata ruhusa walizozihitaji, kwa kumkimbilia Papa au viongozi wa serikali. Mara nyingine Wakonventuali walipokea makundi hayo chini ya ulinzi wao ili kuwakomoa Waoservanti waliokuwa wanawadharau wakijidai ndio wafuasi halisi wa Fransisko. Ndiyo asili ya matawi mapya, hasa lile la kujitegemea la [[Wakapuchini]].

Mwaka 1525 [[Mateo wa Bascio]] alimkimbilia [[Papa Klementi VII]] (1523-1534) ili kuruhusiwa ashike kanuni, avae kanzu asili na kuhubiri huko na huko alivyotaka. Alipokubaliwa, walijiunga naye ndugu wawili, [[Ludoviko wa Fossombrone]] na [[Rafaeli wa Fossombrone]]. Mtumishi wa kanda aliwatafuta sana, lakini walilindwa vizuri na [[Katerina Cibo]], ndugu wa Papa. Ili kukwepa dhuluma, wakajiunga na Wakonventuali, halafu wakapewa na Klementi VII haki ya kuwa na Mtumishi wao chini ya Mkuu wa Wakonventuali na ya kupokea wanovisi (1528). Mapema walianza kuitwa Wakapuchini kutokana na kofia yao kubwa. Upinzani wa Mkuu wa OFM dhidi yao haukufaulu; kinyume chake, kwa kuwa alitaka kuzuia hata makao ya upwekeni ndani ya shirika, ndugu wengi wenye bidii wakakata tamaa wakajiunga na Wakapuchini. Njama nyingine za kuwakomesha zikashindikana, hivi kwamba mwaka 1535 walikuwa tayari 700. Ndipo aliposhika uongozi wao [[Bernardino wa Asti]] aliyelipa shirika jipya sura ya kiroho ya kudumu, hasa kwa njia ya katiba iliyotungwa mwaka huo na kupitishwa mwaka uliofuata.
[[File:Guercino Blessed Felix of Cantalice.jpg|thumb|left|Feliche wa Cantalice akimfufua mtotoː [[mchoro]] wa [[Guercino]].]]
Hatari nyingine zilitokea ndani ya shirika, kwa ukaidi wa Ludoviko, halafu kwa uzushi wa mwandamizi wa Bernardino. Hatimaye mambo yakatulia na tawi jipya likazidi kustawi kiroho na kitume, ingawa [[Papa Julius III]] (1550-1555) alikataza Waoservanti wasihamie tena kwa Wakapuchini. Hivyo hawa wakazidi kujisikia tofauti na Wafransisko wenzao. Mkutano mkuu wa mwaka 1552 ulionyesha kuwa juhudi kali za awali zimeanza kutulia na kujilinganisha na maisha: shirika lilipanga masomo na kuwa na watu maarufu upande wa elimu, utume na uongozi. Jambo muhimu zaidi, lilimzaa mtakatifu wa kwanza, bradha [[Felix wa Cantalice]] (+1587), kielelezo cha [[unyofu]]. [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] (1545-1563) ulisifu tawi hilo kama urekebisho wa kufaa na wenye uaminifu kwa wito wake hata kustahili kutazamwa na Kanisa kwa namna ya pekee. Shirika likazidi kukaza nidhamu ili kuzuia ulegevu, likaanza kuenea ng’ambo ya milima ya Italia Kaskazini (1573). Ulipozuka upinzani wa Wakonventuali, Kanisa lilikuwa limeshang’amua ubora wa Wakapuchini; basi, [[Papa Paulo V]] (1605-1621) alitamka kuwa ni Ndugu Wadogo halisi na wana wa Fransisko sawa na matawi mengine (1608), halafu akawaondoa chini ya Mkuu wa Wakonventuali na kuwapa Mtumishi wa kwao mwenye haki ya kuhesabiwa mwandamizi halali wa mwanzilishi (1619). Kwa wakati huo shirika limeshazaa tena [[Serafino wa Montegranaro]] (+1604), bradha asiye na vipawa vingi kiutu bali mwenye karama za ajabu, [[Yosefu wa Leonesa]] (+1612), padri Mkapuchini wa kwanza kutumwa kwa Waturuki Waislamu halafu mhubiri bora Italia, na [[Laurenti wa Brindisi]] (+1619), “mwalimu wa Kitume”, mtimilifu kuliko Wakapuchini wote kwa utakatifu, elimu na utume. Wakafuata [[Fidelis wa Sigmaringen]] (+1622), wa kwanza kutoka nje ya Italia, na wa kwanza kufia dini kati ya waliotumwa na Idara ya Papa kwa Uenezaji wa Imani, halafu [[Bernardo wa Corleone]] (+1667), mwongofu mwenye toba kali. Pia walipatikana wenye heri 6.

Kipindi hicho ndicho cha ukomavu wa shirika, mitazamo ya Kiitalia ilipopanuka kwa kuenea nje ya nchi na wanashirika waliposhika nafasi muhimu katika Kanisa. Baadaye hakuna matukio ya maana zaidi, isipokuwa mengine ya kufaa na mengine yasiyofaa ambayo yaliathiri shirika: idadi ya watawa na ya shughuli iliongezeka pamoja na sifa kutoka kwa viongozi wa Kanisa na serikali, lakini zilizuka vurugu pia kama ile ya utaifa (1636-1678). [[Papa Benedikto XIV]] (1740-1758) aliamua mhubiri wa Papa awe daima Mkapuchini, akasema, “Shirika la Wakapuchini linastahili yoyote yale, kwa kuwa ndilo kielelezo pekee cha ukamilifu wa Kiinjili kilichobaki hadi nyakati zetu”. Kweli urekebisho huo uliendelea kushika kikamilifu kanuni kwa muda mrefu kuliko mengine yote. Nyumba ziliendelea kujengwa ilivyoagizwa toka mwanzo, ndogo sana, nje ya miji na vijiji, zikielekeza ndugu kufuata ufukara na unyofu hata ulimwengu ulipokazania fahari. Watakatifu wa kipindi hicho ni bradha [[Krispino wa Viterbo]] (+1750), kielelezo cha furaha ya kiroho, [[Ignas wa Santhià]] (+1770), padri mwenye bidii kwa wagonjwa na wakosefu, [[Ignas wa Lakoni]] (+1781), bradha ombaomba aliyesaidia sana fukara, na [[Felix wa Nicosia]] (+1787), bradha mtiifu ajabu, mbali ya mwenye heri 1.
[[File:Capela do Divino Espírito Santo em Porto Alegre 011-aa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kioo cha kanisa la [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]], kinachomuonyesha Benedikto akimpakata [[Mtoto Yesu]] katika [[njozi]].]]
Vilevile Italia, ndugu waliojikusanya katika makao ya upwekeni kuanzia mwaka 1535 (mkutano mkuu ulipowaruhusu ili kuzuia wengine wengi wasiwakimbilie Wakapuchini), kisha kuongezeka waliwekwa moja kwa moja chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu (1579), wakapewa katiba maalumu (1595), ruhusa za pekee sana (1596), hatimaye Kiongozi mkuu na mkutano mkuu wa kwao. Hivyo mamlaka ya Mtumishi wa OFM kwao ikawa jina tu. Kati ya hao [[Wariformati]] katika kipindi hicho tunawakuta watakatifu mabradha watatu: [[Benedikto Mwafrika]] (+1589), mtoto wa watumwa huko Italia, Mnegro wa kwanza kutangazwa mtakatifu, [[Umile wa Bisignano]] (+1637), mnyenyekevu ajabu, na [[Karolo wa Sezze]] (+1670), aliyeandika vizuri sana kuhusu maisha ya kiroho; halafu mapadri [[Pasifiko wa San Severino]] (+1721), aliyezingatia sana maisha ya sala, na [[Leonardo wa Portomaurizio]] (+1751), tunda bora la [[Kirekebisho]] kilichoanzia mjini Roma karne XVII. Pia walipatikana wenye heri 4.

Huko Hispania, baadhi ya wafuasi wa urekebisho wa [[Pekupeku]], baada ya kuunganishwa na Waoservanti (1517) walimkimbilia Mkuu wa Wakonventuali ili kukwepa vizuio vya OFM, na mmojawao, [[Petro wa Alcantara]] (+1562) akafanywa Mkurugenzi wao (1557). Alipokufa, [[Papa Pius IV]] (1560-1565) akawahamisha Waalkantara chini ya Waoservanti lakini bila ya kufuta kanda zao, katiba yao na mavazi yao maalumu. [[Papa Gregori XIII]] (1572-1585) akamkataza Mkuu wa OFM asiingilie masuala yao ya ndani (1578), na [[Papa Urban VIII]] (1623-1644) akawaruhusu wasifuate tena katiba ya shirika lote (1642). Jinsi sisitizo la sala na toba linavyozaa matunda imethibitishwa na umisionari wao (Amerika na Asia Mashariki) na hasa na watakatifu 9 wa urekebisho huo, wakiwa ni pamoja na [[Paskali Baylon]] (+1592), mwenye ibada ya pekee kwa Ekaristi, [[Petro Batista]], [[Martino wa Kupaa]] na [[Fransisko Blanco]], mapadri, halafu [[Fransisko wa mt. Mikaeli]], [[Gonzalo Garcia]] na [[Filipo wa Yesu]], mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini [[Japani]] (+1597), hatimaye [[Yohane Yosefu wa Msalaba]] (+1734), mpenda ufukara mkuu. Pia walipatikana wenye heri 22.

Huko Ufaransa makao ya upwekeni hayakustawi sana hadi mwisho wa karne XVI. Mwaka 1601 walioishi huko wakapewa na Kanisa Mkurugenzi mwenye mamlaka pana sana; hapo wakaenea haraka kwa msaada wa mfalme, hata kanda zote za Ujerumani na [[Uholanzi]] zikajirekebisha na kujiunga nao, wakaitwa [[Warekoleti]]. Mmojawao ni [[John Wall]] (+1679), aliyefia dini huko Uingereza.

Katika karne XVI-XVII karibu kila mkutano mkuu wa OFM ulizungumzia katiba na kupigania umoja, ambao haukuwa rahisi kutokana na mchanganyiko wa ndugu waliopenda fadhili za Wakonventuali na wengine waliotaka urekebisho. Katika hali hiyo Watumishi wakuu walijitahidi kuhuisha shirika lote, lakini wengi wao walitumwa na Mapapa kama mabalozi kwa wafalme na Maaskofu wa Ulaya, au walipewa uaskofu wa miji muhimu. Shirika halikupendezwa kwa sababu lilikuja kukosa uongozi imara: ndiyo maana mara kadhaa liliwadai kiapo cha kutokubali kazi hizo au walau cha kujiuzulu Utumishi. Watakatifu waliopatikana kipindi hicho ni: [[Salvatore wa Horta]] (+1567), bradha aliyefanya miujiza mingi ajabu (labda milioni moja), [[Nikolaus Pieck]], [[Jeromu wa Weert]], [[Teodoriko van der Eem]], [[Nikasi wa Heeze]], [[Wilehadi wa Denmaki]], [[Godefrid wa Melveren]], [[Antoni wa Weert]], [[Antoni wa Hoornaert]], [[Fransisko wa Roye]], mapadri, halafu [[Petro wa Assche]] na [[Korneli wa Wijk-bij-Durstede]] (+1572), mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini Uholanzi, [[John Jones]] (+1588), aliyefia dini Uingereza, hatimaye [[Fransisko Solano]] (+1610), mmisionari bora Amerika Kusini aliyezunguka kotekote kwa miaka 14, akihubiri na kuimba. Wenye heri wa kipindi hicho ni 17.

Karne XVII ikawa ya utulivu na utendaji, lakini ongezeko kubwa mno la watawa lilisababisha matatizo makubwa na ulegevu hata katika marekebisho. Pamoja na utaifa kuzidi, matawi ya Italia yalishindana kwa maandishi makali ya kukwaza. Makwazo mengine yalitokana na desturi ya Watumishi kadhaa kutuma watawa wasiofaa kwenye kanda nyingine au kuwaacha nyumbani mwa marafiki au ndugu. Badala ya juhudi za watawa kwa ajili ya kanuni kama katika karne zilizopita, sanasana tunakuta viongozi wakijitahidi kuwalazimisha washike kanuni, lakini bidii za namna hiyo hazikuweza kufanikiwa kwa kuwa hazikutoka moyoni mwa watawa. Hatimaye mwaka 1676 mkutano mkuu ulikubali na kuagiza kila kanda ianzishe makao 3-4 ya upwekeni ambapo yafanyike malezi ya watakaji na wanovisi wote: baadaye katika mazingira hayo walistawi [[Thomas wa Cori]] (+1729), mhubiri maarufu na [[Teofilo wa Corte]] (+1740), mwanafunzi wake. Mtakatifu mwingine ni [[Junipero Serra]] (̟+1784), padri Mhispania aliyeinjilisha kwa mara ya kwanza [[Kalifornia]] (leo Marekani Magharibi). Lakini katika karne XVIII ilionekana wazi jinsi matazamio ya wengi yalivyolenga kupata kwa visingizio vyovyote fadhili na nafasi za kwanzakwanza. Kupitia mikutano mikuu upuuzi wa namna hiyo uliathiri sheria za shirika. Pia mabadiliko mengi mno ya katiba, badala ya kusaidia nidhamu, yalizidi kuipunguza kwa kusababisha ndugu wasiijali katiba isiyodumu.

Upande wa Wakonventuali, utengano na Waoservanti haukuwaondolea baadhi yao wasiwasi kuhusu utekelezaji wa kanuni, ingawa Mtaguso wa Trento ulitamka (1563) kwamba OFM na Wakapuchini tu hawaruhusiwi kuwa na mali hata kishirika, tofauti na Wakonventuali na mashirika mengine yote. Uhusiano na matawi yaliyokimbilia chini ya Mkuu wao ili kufuata urekebisho ulichochea hamu ya kuwaiga. Ndivyo walivyoanza [[Wakonventuali wa Urekebisho]] Hispania: uenezi wao ulichangia uamuzi wa [[Papa Pius V]] (1566-1572) wa kuunganisha na OFM Wakonventuali wote wa Hispania na Ureno (1566-1567). Juhudi za mikutano, za Watumishi wakuu na za watawa wenyewe zilileta nidhamu na ustawi, hasa mmojawao alipochaguliwa kuwa [[Papa Sixtus V]] (1585-1590) akaanza kuwasaidia kwa kila njia, kama vile kuunganisha chini ya Wakonventuali marekebisho madogo yaliyokuwa yameanza Italia (1562). Ila mwaka 1669 yakaja kutawanywa, baada ya kusumbuliwa sana na Wakonventuali wa kawaida na Wakapuchini (kuhusu sare zao zilizofanana). Kabla ya hapo mkutano mkuu ulitunga katiba mpya kabisa (1625) ili kuondoa misimamo tofauti kuhusu kanuni: katiba hiyo haikufuata matamko ya zamani ya Mapapa juu ya kanuni, bali ilipitisha moja kwa moja desturi za shirika zilivyokuwa. Baada ya kuthibitishwa na Urbani VIII, Wakonventuali wakaanza kuweka nadhiri zao kwa kutamka wazi kuwa watashika kanuni “kadiri ya katiba ya Urbani” tu.

Baada ya kujipatia hivyo msimamo wa kudumu, Wakonventuali wakazaa mwenye heri 1 na watakatifu 2 waliong’aa mmoja hasa upande wa sala, mwingine upande wa utume: [[Yosefu wa Copertino]] (+1663) na [[Fransisko Antonio Fasani]] (+1742), wote mapadri. Pia shirika liliendelea kusifiwa upande wa elimudini likaona mtawa wake mwingine kuwa [[Papa Klementi XIV]] (1769-1774) ambaye naye alilipendelea sana, k.mf. kwa kuwahamisha Waoservanti wote wa Ufaransa chini ya Wakonventuali. Kwa mara nyingine upendeleo huo ukazaa chuki ya wengine ilivyojitokeza kisha kufa kwake.

Takwimu ya jumla ya Utawa I ni kama ifuatavyo:

Mwaka 1575 hivi: (Waoservanti) 32,750; (Pekupeku) 1,700; (Wariformati) 500; (Warekoleti) 50 = OFM jumla 35,000; Wakonventuali	12,000; Wakapuchini 3,600 = Jumla kuu 50,600

Mwaka 1700 hivi: (Waoservanti) 36,400; (Pekupeku) 6,600; (Wariformati) 13,900; (Warekoleti) 9,200 = OFM jumla 66,100; Wakonventuali 15,200; Wakapuchini 27,300 = Jumla kuu 108,600	

Mwaka 1762 hivi: (Waoservanti) 39,900; (Pekupeku) 7,000; (Wariformati) 19,000; (Warekoleti)11,000 = OFM jumla 76,900; Wakonventuali 21,000; Wakapuchini 34,000 = Jumla kuu 131,900.

Bila ya kujali tofauti kati ya tawi na tawi, karibu 60% walikuwa mapadri, ambao nusu ya idadi yao walikuwa wahubiri, nusu “mapadri wa Misa na sufuria” tu. Ongezeko lilipungua kwanza kutokana na [[Uprotestanti]] kuenea na kufuta kanda kadhaa Ulaya Kaskazini, na utawala wa Kiislamu kuenea Ulaya Mashariki Kusini, ingawa pande nyingine zilifidia. Karne yenye ongezeko la kasi zaidi ni ile ya XVII: ndio mwanzo wa wasiwasi na hofu kwa viongozi wa Kanisa na serikali, kwa kuwa mashirika mengine pia yalikua. Kuanzia mwaka 1634 Mapapa walichukua hatua kuzuia upokeaji wa wanovisi na kupunguza konventi (Italia zilifungwa 24.2%), hata kufikiria uwezekano wa kuwapeleka watawa vijana kupigana na Waturuki ili kuwapunguza! Lakini hatua hizo hazikufanikiwa. Kuhusu uenezi, wakati wa kufikia kilele cha idadi ya wanashirika mgawanyo ulikuwa ifuatavyo:

Italia na visiwa 52,400; Hispania na makoloni 26,100; Ufaransa 21,000; Ujerumani n.k. 20,300;
Ureno na makoloni 4,000; Dola la Waturuki 2,800; Polandi na Urusi 3,000; Uingereza na Irelandi 1,750.

===Maisha ndani ya shirika===
Kadiri ya hati ya utengano (1517) Mkuu wa Waoservanti tu alikubaliwa kuitwa Mtumishi mkuu, wakati yule wa Wakonventuali alipewa jina la Mwalimu Mkuu; vilevile viongozi wa kanda. Lakini jina hilo jipya halikuja kutumika. Mkuu wa Wakapuchini aliitwa Makamu (wa Mkuu wa Wakonventuali aliyetakiwa kumthibitisha baada ya kuchaguliwa). Jina la “Mtumishi mkuu wa Shirika lote” lililotumiwa na Mkuu wa OFM lilichukiwa na kulalamikiwa na Wakonventuali na Wakapuchini, hadi Paulo V alipotamka kuwa hao wote ni wana halisi wa Fransisko, na Wakuu wao ni waandamizi wake halali (1619). Hata hivyo mabishano ya wazi yakaendelea kuhusu mlolongo wa uandamizi huo, mtindo asili wa kanzu na hasa kofia yake, mpaka [[Papa Alexander VIII]] (1689-1691) alipokataza maandishi yote juu ya hayo.

Kwanza [[Kardinali mlinzi]] alikuwa mmoja kwa wote, halafu Wakapuchini wakakubaliwa kuwa na mmoja wa kwao (1564), na vilevile Wakonventuali (1580). Mara kadhaa waliingilia mno masuala ya shirika hadi kulivuruga na kusababisha Mapapa walazimike kuwazuia. Mamlaka yao ilipungua ilipoanzishwa Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa (1586). Tofauti kati ya matawi kuhusu miundo ya ndani ziliendelea, hasa upande wa mikutano, lakini hazikupata kamwe kuwa kubwa mno, kwa sababu ya kanuni na mapokeo yao kuwa mamoja.

Haikuwa rahisi kwa viongozi kuhuisha kiroho umati mkubwa vile wa watawa, hasa tukizingatia jinsi Wafransisko wasivyopangika. Ili kuleta nidhamu zilitumika mbinu za kisheria: ziara za Mkuu zilizofanyika kwa ukali na adhabu hata ya kufungwa na kufukuzwa. Mbinu mpya (hasa kuanzia katikati ya karne XVII) ni mazoezi ya kiroho; pengine zilisambazwa pia barua za Mkuu.

Maisha ya kiroho yalistawi hasa Hispania katika karne XVI, Ufaransa katika karne XVII, na Italia katika karne XVI-XVIII. Katika hiyo karne ya dhahabu ya Hispania, Ndugu Wadogo walichanga na wananchi wenzao walioandika juu ya maisha ya kiroho: ufafanuzi kamili wa mang’amuzi ya ndani na teolojia ya kiroho pamoja na ugumu wa maisha, ingawa walifuata mapokeo ya shirika kwa kusisitiza zaidi uhuru wa roho, ubora wa upendo na usahili katika kumuelekea Mungu. Ndugu wa Italia walielekea zaidi utendaji hasa katika huruma, hivyo hawakulenga mirukoruko katika ibada. Hasa Wakapuchini walijitahidi toka mwanzo kuandika vitabu vyenye lengo la kujenga kiroho wasomaji na kuwaelekeza wote katika sala kama njia bora ya kurekebisha maisha. Ndugu wa Ufaransa walizingatia hasa matakwa ya Mungu kama muhtasari wa hatua tatu za maisha ya kiroho.

Katika karne hizo mtindo wa [[Baroko]] ulitawala sanaa na maisha ya jamii pia, ukijali sura kuliko undani, vitendo kuliko moyo: hivyo mapambo na madoido yakazidishwa sana. Hiyo ni sababu mojawapo ya marekebisho kusifiwa kadiri yalivyojitokeza katika miguu mitupu, nguo duni, majengo fukara na mwenendo adili. Mambo hayo yalipotokana na msimamo wa moyo yalijenga kweli, tofauti na yalipofanyika kwa nje tu.

Maisha katika marekebisho yalikuwa magumu, si ya kuvutia, ingawa riziki hazikukosekana kwa ukarimu wa walei. Kila mmojawapo mwanzoni ulilenga kuwa na ndugu wachache katika nyumba ili kurahisisha usahili, ufukara na udugu, lakini polepole idadi ikaongezeka kwa faida ya taratibu za kitawa na hasa fahari ya ibada. Mwaka 1680 kwa wastani kulikuwa na ndugu 17 kwa nyumba; mwaka 1762 walifikia 20. Pamoja na mapadri, mafrateri (kwa maana ya wenye kusomea upadri au walau walionyolewa tonsura) na mabradha kulikuwa na [[Watersyari wa kudumu]] katika jumuia. Mwanzoni mwa kila urekebisho mabradha walikuwa wengi, halafu wakazidi kupungua kutokana na kuchujwa sana; lakini pia kwa sababu wakazidi kukosa nafasi, wakipangwa hata baada ya wanovisi watakaosomea upadri! Mtaguso wa Trento uliwanyima haki ya kupiga na kupigwa kura, ila Pius V aliwarudishia Wakapuchini. Hivyo mabradha wengi walijitafutia ruhusa ya kuhamia kati ya mafrateri, kinyume cha sheria. Wasio mapadri walizidi kupokea Komunyo kuliko zamani. Shida kubwa ilikuwa bado namna ya kuwapa kazi mapadri wasio wahubiri, kwa kuwa hawakufanya utume wala kazi za mikono. Shughuli kuu ilikuwa Misa na Sala ya Kanisa iliyoadhimishwa usiku (lakini kwa Wakonventuali si mahali pote) na mchana kwa nyimbo (isipokuwa Wakapuchini na Wariformati walipendelea kuacha nafasi zaidi kwa sala ya moyo).

Haja ya kutafuta miito haikuwepo; kazi ilikuwa kuichuja tu kwa majaribu mengi. Hata desturi ya Wakonventuali ya kupokea watoto ikaja kwisha karne XVI. Ili mtu apokewe kama frateri alipaswa kuwa na elimu ya msingi na kujua Kilatini. Hayakufikiriwa makao ya malezi kwa watakaji. Kwa wanovisi [[Papa Klementi VIII]] (1592-1605) aliagiza (1596) zichaguliwe tu nyumba ambapo maisha ya kitawa yanashikwa kikamilifu; tena watengewe sehemu maalumu na kuwasiliana na mlezi wao na msaidizi wake tu, pamoja na kushiriki ratiba ya jumuia (sala, milo n.k.). Katika karne XVIII zikaanza kutokea nyumba za unovisi kwa mabradha tu, zilizozidisha utengano wa kitabaka ndani ya shirika. Kazi ya mwaka wa jaribio ilikuwa hasa kueleza kanuni na amri zake kadiri ya matamko ya Mapapa; mapokeo ya shirika; nidhamu; juhudi za kiroho; taratibu za ibada (pamoja na kuimba, kwa Wakonventuali na Waoservanti); Sala ya Kanisa; hasa utekelezaji wa sala na maadili. Walezi bora waliandika vizuri juu ya mang’amuzi yao. Baada ya [[nadhiri]] (ambazo zilikuwa za daima tu) watawa chipukizi walitakiwa kuendelea na malezi miaka mitatu katika nyumba ya kuaminika. Kulikuwa na maagizo kuhusu malezi ya kudumu pia (vipindi vya mara kwa mara kwa wote).

===Utume===
Mikutano mikuu ilishughulikia utume wa kuhubiri ikisisitiza ndugu waandaliwe na kuchujwa kwa makini, halafu wasiofaa wanyang’anywe ruhusa. Pia zilipangwa ngazi mbalimbali: kuanzia wahubiri wa konventi na wa kanisa lake hadi wahubiri wakuu wa mahali muhimu zaidi alipojiwekea Mtumishi mkuu (Italia palikuwa 30). Lakini mvuto wa elimu ulisababisha huduma za kiroho zisizingatiwe sana na ndugu wenye vipawa vingi zaidi. Basi, ili kuwavuta wakahubiri na kuungamisha Mkuu wa OFM alipewa haki ya kuwapa fadhili na vyeo, kama kawaida ya wakati huo.

Urekebisho wa Wakapuchini ulipinga mitindo ya kuhubiri kwa kurudia unyofu wa Injili, kuhimiza ushuhuda wa maisha na kulenga wongofu wa wasikilizaji. Kwa karne moja na zaidi hao waliendelea kuwa wahubiri bora, kwa jinsi wanavyoelewa watu na kugusa sio akili tu, bali mioyo pia, ya wadogo na hata ya wasomi. Hayo yalikuwa matokeo ya maisha bora ya kiroho, lakini pia ya maandalizi ya mpango chini ya walimu wa hakika. Walipoanza (1650 hivi) kufuata mitindo ya Baroko, matunda yakapungua. Wahubiri waliongoza pia roho binafsi. Wafransiskani waliungamisha sana, kumbe Wakapuchini walisita kupokea kazi hiyo, isije ikavuruga maisha yao ya sala hasa. Walianza kuifanya nje ya Italia (katika mkoa wa [[Alsasya]] kati ya mwaka 1740 na 1747 waliungamisha mara 24 milioni!), lakini walitakiwa kuwa na sifa maalumu.

Kati ya mahubiri zilishika nafasi ya pekee wiki za uamsho, hasa kuanzia mwaka 1650 hivi. Waliokusudiwa kuziendesha walidaiwa maandalizi kamili. Baadhi zilifanywa na ndugu 30 hadi 60 kwa pamoja. Kulikuwa na mafundisho maalumu kwa makundi (watoto, vijana, akina baba, akina mama) na pengine mfungo wa siku nne kwa makundi ya pekee. Mbinu zilikuwa mbalimbali, lakini licha ya kufundisha imani na maadili Wakapuchini hawakukosa kuelekeza watu wote namna ya kufanya sala ya moyo. Wahispania walitumia sana maandamano ya toba, rozari za hadhara n.k. Waitalia walikuwa wakipanda msalaba karibu na mji au kijiji uwe kumbukumbu. Maarufu kuliko wote waliofanya kazi hiyo ni Leonardo wa Portomaurizio, aliyeendesha wiki hizo mara 343, akiongozana kwa kawaida na mapadri 4 na bradha 1. Baada ya wiki mbili za mahubiri kulikuwa na wiki moja ya maungamo. Katika miaka 44 aliokoa watu wengi ajabu, na kuinua hali ya roho ya mapadri wanajimbo na watawa katika Italia karibu nzima. Ndiye mwenezaji mkuu wa Njia ya Msalaba, ibada iliyoanza kustawi katika karne XV ikiwa na vituo 7 hadi 37, mpaka ile ya 14 ilipopewa rehema ya pekee (1686) na hivyo kuenea popote. Kumbe kiini cha wiki za uamsho za Wakapuchini kilikuwa ni kuabudu ekaristi kwa saa 40 mfululizo, ibada iliyoanza mwaka 1535 na kutoa nafasi ya kuhubiri kwa nguvu zaidi.
[[Image:Murillo immaculate conception.jpg|thumb|250px|''Mkingiwa Dhambi ya Asili'' alivyochorwa na [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]], [[1678]], [[Museo del Prado]], [[Hispania]].]]
Ndugu Wadogo walieneza ibada nyingine pia, hata kabla Kanisa halijazikubali rasmi, kama vile kwa Moyo wa Yesu, kwa Maria Mkingiwa Dhambi ya Asili (aliyetangazwa na mkutano mkuu wa mwaka 1645 kuwa msimamizi wa shirika) na ile ya kujifanya watumwa wake. Kuanzia karne XV Wakonventuali walieneza rozari ya furaha saba za Bikira Maria, na chama cha kamba ya Kifransisko (ambayo hata watakatifu 4 wasio wanashirika walipenda kuivaa kiunoni).
Ndugu Wadogo waliendelea kushika nafasi muhimu katika Kanisa: 739 walikuwa Maaskofu (kati ya mwaka 1503 na 1710), 16 Makardinali (karne XVI-XVIII), na 2 wakafikia Upapa. Wengine pia waliathiri sana siasa, k.mf. katika vita vya madhehebu, katika kutetea haki za Kanisa dhidi ya serikali, na hasa kama mabalozi wa Mapapa na wa wafalme Wakatoliki.

Hasa Wakapuchini walijihusisha na aina mbalimbali za utume wa kijamii, wakidaiwa na katiba kujitosa hadi ushujaa. Kwa namna ya pekee walifanya hivyo yalipoenea maradhi ya kuambukiza, hasa tauni. Katika karne XVI-XVII kila mara walijihatarisha na kufa ili wahudumie kiroho na kimwili walioambukizwa. Ilivutia sana kuona wanajumuia wote kujitolea. Tunafahamu zaidi ya ndugu 2,000 waliokufa hivyo, lakini walikuwa walau mara mbili zaidi, bila ya kuhesabu ndugu wengi wa matawi mengine. Katika miji mingi walikabidhiwa uongozi wa hospitali nzima, hata nje ya nyakati za tauni. Zaidi ya hayo Wakapuchini hasa walihudumia kiroho wagonjwa na walio mahututi, walianzisha vyama vya kutolea huduma hizo, walichapisha vitabu juu yake, walipenya magereza ili kuhudumia wafungwa na waliohukumiwa kufa. Ufaransa walikuwa wazimamoto pia. Hata vita viliwapa nafasi za kujitoa kwa upendo kama mapadri wa wanajeshi, hasa katika kuzuia Waturuki Waislamu wasiteke Ulaya nzima kati ya mwaka 1571 na 1686. Wafalme pia waliwatafuta sana Wakapuchini kama wahudumu wa roho na wa mwili wa askari wao.

Ndugu Wadogo walipambana na mifumo mbalimbali iliyofuatana kuzuka karne hizo na kupotosha imani na maadili, hasa Uprotestanti. Dhidi ya [[Rinascimento]] iliyotaka kurudisha Ulaya kwenye mitazamo ya kipagani, marekebisho ya karne XVI yalihubiri toba na kushuhudia dharau ya anasa. Dhidi ya [[Ujanseni]] shirika lilitetea kwa mahubiri na maandishi kipeo cha Kiinjili na mapokeo ya ibada. Dhidi ya waasi wa dini walioshambulia misingi ya Ukristo, huko Ufaransa walianzisha hata [[gazeti]] la kutetea dini.

Ingawa uenezi wa Uprotestanti ulifunga konventi nyingi, hakuna hata moja iliyoasi jumla. Idadi ya Wafransisko waliouingia ni ndogo kulingana na ile ya walioupinga tangu ulipoanza, kabla wengi hawajatambua hatari. Kardinali wa [[Brandenburg]] aliwakataza (1519) wasiendelee kuhubiri dhidi ya [[Martin Luther]], kumbe Mtumishi mkuu alipofika Ujerumani aliagiza maandishi yake yachomwe, wahubiri waandaliwe kumshambulia tena na wanashirika wote wasali na kujiandaa kufia imani (kama walivyofanya walau 500 katika miaka 1520-1620). [[Walutheri]] walitokeza chuki yao kwa kueneza kitabu cha dhihaka “Kurani ya Pekupeku”. Baadaye Ndugu Wadogo wakawa kati ya mashirika muhimu zaidi katika kurudisha Ukatoliki kwenye miji na vijiji. Wakapuchini walianza kupambana na Uprotestanti kwa mahubiri na [[katekesi]] huko Italia usije ukaipenya, wakawa wa kwanza kujitolea kutumwa na Idara ya Papa kwa Uenezaji wa Imani mara ilipoanzishwa (1622). Chini yake juhudi ziliongezeka na kupangwa vizuri zaidi. Chuo chake mjini Roma kilianzishwa (1627) hasa kwa juhudi na ukarimu wa Kardinali Mkapuchini. Idara ilikuwa ikituma wale wote waliopendekezwa na wakubwa wao wakiwa na sifa upande wa maadili na elimu. Katika karne XVII idadi kubwa ya waliotumwa ni Wakapuchini. Agizo la shirika lilikuwa kuwasiliana na Waprotestanti kwa kufuata mbinu za [[Fransisko wa Sales]] (+1622), yaani kwa [[upole]], usikivu na ushuhuda wa maisha safi yenye kujitosa. Pia Wakapuchini walishirikisha waamini katika kazi hiyo ngumu, na kuandika vitabu vya mabishano. Huko Uingereza na [[Irelandi]] baada ya kufukuzwa wote, kwa karne tatu Wafransiskani wakaendelea kuingia ili kufanya utume kwa siri kutoka Ulaya Bara walipopokea na kulea miito ya visiwa hivyo.

Wakonventuali walifanya kazi hasa kati ya Waortodoksi, wakivuta baadhi yao upande wa Roma na kutunza makundi madogomadogo ya Wakatoliki waliosambaa Mashariki. Pia walizuia Uprotestanti usienee kati ya Waortodoksi, hasa kwa kufaulu kumuondosha [[Patriarki]] wa Kostantinopoli aliyetaka kuhalalisha ungamo la imani la [[Wakalvini]]. Idara ya Papa ilistawisha pia misheni za Waoservanti chini ya utawala wa Waturuki, ambapo wengi walifia dini. Vilevile Wakapuchini walienea sehemu hizo na Urusi. Katika karne XVI Wafransiskani walichuma tunda bora India Kusini walipoungana na Roma Askofu Msiro-Malabari na familia 30,000. Wariformati walifanya kazi miaka 160 Ethiopia wakamwaga damu yao kwa wingi wasikate tamaa.

Kuhusu uenezaji Injili kwa wasio Wakristo, karne XVI-XVII zilikuwa na miito mingi ya kimisionari, hata likatokea swali, “Je, Watumishi wanaweza kuzuia watawa wasiende kwenye nchi za misheni?”. Kumbe karne XVIII wito huo haukuvutia tena umati wa ndugu wasio na kazi, hata swali likawa tofauti kabisa, “Je, Watumishi wanaweza kuagiza watawa wao waende Amerika?”. Mkuu wa OFM alifikia hatua ya kutangaza atawatenga na Kanisa watakaozuia watawa wasifuate wito huo. Kwa kuwachagua na kuandaa vilikuwa muhimu vyuo vya kimisionari, hasa miito hiyo ilipopungua: pamoja na kuwakusanya, kazi yake ilikuwa kuwafundisha lugha na kuwalea kiroho na kichungaji. Mara kwa mara Wakapuchini walisita kukubali misheni za mbali kwa kuhofia mazingira yatafanya watawa washindwe kufuata maisha ya shirika yaliyopangwa mtindo mmoja; pia umbali utamzuia Mkuu asiwatembelee kama desturi: ndiyo sababu hawakuanzisha miundo ya kudumu huko.

Upande wa Asia, Waturuki Waosmani walipoteka [[Yerusalemu]] (1517) walifunga wamisionari wote kwa miaka mingi, wakaendeleza dhuluma za kila aina pamoja na kuchochea ushindani na Waortodoksi kuhusu kumiliki mahali patakatifu hata kusababisha wauane nao. Utaifa uliwavuruga vilevile. Wafransiskani walianzisha kanda huko India (1583) wakazidi kuenea Mashariki hadi [[Indonesia]] walipoanzisha kanda nyingine (1622). Misheni za Filipino ni sifa kubwa ya Pekupeku walioanzisha kanda huko (1586) na kulipatia Kanisa (kwa msaada hasa wa [[Wajesuiti]]) nchi kubwa pekee ya Kikatoliki katika Asia nzima. Toka huko wakaenea katika nchi zote za kandokando kuanzia China, walipoongoa mtu aliyekuja kuwa Askofu Mchina wa kwanza. Ila mabishano yao na Wajesuiti kuhusu mbinu za umisionari yalikwaza sana hata kudai Papa aingilie kati. Dhuluma zilipoanza (1723), thuluthi moja ya Wakatoliki 300,000 wa China walikuwa chini ya Ndugu Wadogo, ambao wakafichama na kuendelea na kazi yao, bila ya kujali jela na kifo, kama walivyofanya pia [[Vietinamu]] na [[Kampuchia]]. Hata Japani ulizuka ushindani na Wajesuiti, halafu dhuluma kali za serikali, lakini umisionari ukaendelea na kuongoa wengi zaidi. Baada ya Wafransisko 354 wa Utawa I na III kufia dini, waamini wakaendelea kwa siri bila ya mapadri: wamisionari wapya walipofika (1865) wakakuta Wakristo wenye majina ya Kifransisko! Upande wa Wakapuchini walianzisha misheni India (1632) ambapo walishindana na Wajesuiti kuhusu madhehebu ya Kimalabari hadi mwaka 1744. Sifa kubwa zaidi ilipata misheni ya [[Tibet]] (1707-1745) iliyoeneza Injili hadi [[Nepali]], [[Butani]] na [[Bengala]].

Tofauti na India, Afrika na Brazili (zilizokabidhiwa na Papa kwa Wareno), sehemu nyingi za Amerika zilikabidhiwa kwa Wahispania. Kanda OFM ya visiwani ilizidi kustawi hata watawa wake kufanya kazi ngumu [[Venezuela]] na [[Guyana]] (1540); baada ya majaribio kadhaa wakafaulu kupenya kati ya wazalendo wa Panama halafu kuenea [[Kolombia]], ambapo hadi mwisho wa karne XVI walibatiza [[Wahindi Wekundu]] 200,000. Wakati huo barani kulikuwa na kanda yenye ndugu 145; miaka 100 baadaye walikuwa 338. Wafransiskani 2 walifika [[Mexico]] pamoja na wavamizi (1519), lakini kazi rasmi ilianza miaka 5 baadaye, walipotumwa [[Waguadalupe]] 12 walioandaliwa vizuri; hao wakatunga [[sarufi]], [[kamusi]] na [[katekisimu]] kwa lugha ya [[Kiazteka]] na kuanzisha [[shule]]. Watu waliongoka kwa wingi mkubwa ajabu: 200,000 hadi mwaka 1529, 1,000,000 hadi 1531, 5,000,000 hadi 1536, 9,000,000 hadi 1540 ([[Wamersedari]], halafu Wadominiko na Waagustino walisaidia pia). Ndugu Wadogo walienea Kusini (1525) hadi [[Gwatemala]], [[Honduras]] na [[Nikaragua]], na Kaskazini (1527) katika maeneo ambayo sasa ni [[Marekani]] Kusini. Kanda ya Mexico iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1535 ikazaa nyingine 7 hadi Marekani Kusini (1612). Pekupeku pia walianzisha kanda (1599). Mwisho wa karne XVII kulikuwa na Wafransiskani 2,400, wengi wao wakiwa wananchi. Wavamizi wa [[Peruu]] pia waliongozana na Wafransisko katika safari ya kwanza (1527), halafu wakaletwa “mitume 12” waliofanya kazi bora Meksiko (1531), wakifuatwa na wengine wengi kutoka Hispania hata ikaundwa kanda (1553) ambayo nyumba yake mojawapo ilifikia kuhudumia parokia 29 kati ya Wahindi Wekundu: Wafransisko 129 waliuawa nao. Mjini [[Lima]] ilianzishwa konventi kubwa ya malezi kwa wamisionari wa Amerika Kusini karibu nzima. Mapema waliingia [[Ekwador]] (1533) wakaunda kanda (1565), sawasawa na walivyofanya [[Chile]], ingawa huko hawakuongezeka sana kwa sababu wengi waliuawa katika mapigano ya muda mrefu ya wenyeji dhidi ya wakoloni. Toka Peruu Ndugu Wadogo walifanya umisionari kati ya Wahindi Wekundu wa [[Bolivia]] pia hadi mwaka 1793. Walikuwa pia wa kwanza kufika Amerika Kusini Mashariki ([[Paragwai]], [[Ajentina]] na [[Urugwai]]) ilipoanzishwa kanda (1612). Huko Brazili, kwa miaka 100 Pekupeku walianzisha kanda mbili (1657, 1675). Katika karne XVII waliingia pia Wakapuchini na Waoservanti kufanya kazi hasa kwa Wahindi Wekundu, halafu kwa [[Wanegro]] na [[Wazungu]]. Wafransiskani wengine walifanya kazi katika makoloni ya Waingereza Marekani Magharibi, ingawa mmojammoja tu, halafu Wakapuchini waliingia katika makoloni ya Wafaransa visiwani, Guyana na Marekani ya Kati (1722), wakafanya kazi miaka mingi Panama, Haiti, [[Trinidad]] n.k. Hata [[Kanada]] wamisionari wa kwanza walikuwa Ndugu Wadogo (Warekoleti kuanzia mwaka 1615, halafu Wakapuchini): misheni zao zilifungwa kila mara maeneo ya Wafaransa yalipotekwa na Waingereza.

Upande wa Afrika, misheni ya Moroko iliendelea hadi alipouawa Mfransiskani wa Italia (1532) ikafunguliwa tena na Wakapuchini (1624-1700), wakifuatwa na Pekupeku (kuanzia 1630). Huko Tunisia Wakapuchini walipojaribu mara ya pili walifaulu kufungua nyumba (1674). Huko Libya Wariformati (1630), halafu Wakapuchini waliendelea muda mrefu kwa matunda mengi. Huko Misri Wafransiskani waliendelea hadi karne XIX. Afrika Magharibi ([[Gine]], [[Kepuvede]], [[Siera Leoni]]) walifanya kazi zaidi Wakapuchini (kuanzia 1634), ingawa walifukuzwa mara kadhaa. Wafransiskani walianzisha misheni ya kudumu Kepuvede (1656), iliyoeneza kazi yake hadi Siera Leoni. Misheni bora ni ile ya Wakapuchini [[Kongo]]-[[Angola]] (1645-1835), ingawa kulikuwa na matatizo mengi (kwa miaka 100 walifia huko wamisionari 144). Aliyeianzisha alikubaliwa kufungua nyingine [[Nijeria]] (1651-1693). Wakapuchini walianzisha misheni nyingine ya kudumu katika kisiwa cha [[Saotome]] (1686) wakihudumia hata Wakristo wa pwani.

Mtaguso wa Trento ulikuwa fursa kwa kila shirika kutambulisha wasomi wake. Ndugu Wadogo waliuchangia sana kupitia Maaskofu na wanateolojia waliohudhuria: Wakonventuali 67, Waoservanti 57 na Wakapuchini 8. Idadi inaonyesha kuwa upande wa masomo, waliofanya juhudi zaidi ni Wakonventuali, kwa kuwa hawakupatwa kamwe na wasiwasi wa marekebisho yote kuhusu hatari zake. Labda ndiyo kazi kubwa zaidi waliyolifanyia Kanisa, hasa kama washauri wa Idara za Mapapa na kama waandishi wa vitabu. Hata Waoservanti, walipoondoa wasiwasi huo, wakaona masomo kuwa kazi ya lazima kwa shirika, wakaendelea sana katika elimu (karne XVI-XVII). Kati ya Wakapuchini elimu ilishirikishwa kibinafsi tu, wasianzishe nyumba za masomo mpaka Mtaguso huo ulipolazimisha kuyapanga. Hapo wakasisitiza ndugu wasisome kwa ajili ya elimu, bali kwa kujirekebisha na kurekebisha wengine. Kwa jumla Ndugu Wadogo, hasa Italia, walikwepa vyuo vikuu na [[digrii]] mpaka Sisto V, katika jitihada zake kwa ajili ya Wakonventuali wenzake, alipoanzisha (1587) Chuo cha mt. Bonaventura kama kiini cha shirika lao upande wa elimu. Mwalimu huyo na Yohane Duns Scoto ndio waliofuatwa zaidi na Ndugu Wadogo wa karne hizo, ingawa hakuna aliyetangazwa rasmi kuwa afuatwe na shirika katika falsafa na teolojia. Katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne XVII walimtetea sana Scoto dhidi ya mashambulizi ya Wadominiko (washabiki wa Thoma wa Akwino), hata baadhi wakajaribu kumfanya atangazwe hivyo ili shirika lijitukuze kwa wataalamu wake kama mengine yalivyofanya. Mabishano hayakusaidia kujua ukweli, bali yalijenga ukuta kati ya mashirika hayo mawili yenye udugu wa asili. Hatimaye mkutano mkuu ukahimiza (1651) uhusiano mzuri na Wadominiko katika elimudini, [[shetani]] asiachiwe nafasi ya kufitini. Wakonventuali na Waoservanti waliujali sana muziki pia, kinyume cha Wakapuchini na Wariformati.

==Ndugu Wadogo katika ulimwengu wa kisasa (1762–2005)==

===Matatizo ya ndani na ya nje (1762–1869)===
Ongezeko la watawa lilifikia kilele chake kati ya mwaka 1760 na 1770, likishinda vizuio vilivyowekwa na viongozi wa Kanisa. Kama kawaida, shaka zilizosababishwa na mageuzi ya harakaharaka katika jamii na uchumi zilichangia pia ongezeko la miito ya wasiwasi yenye kutafuta usalama konventini. Kadiri hiyohiyo ilionekana wazi kuwa wingi si hoja na kuwa umati wa watawa haukuhuishwa na vipeo halisi. Uvivu haukuepukika ukazaa ulegevu na maovu mengi. Ingawa watu wadogo waliendelea kuwaheshimu watawa, wasomi walizidi kuwaona vielelezo wa tunu zisizo na maana tena. Jamii ilipokuwa inaelekea kasi matazamio mapya hata upande wa dini, watawa walizidi kujitenga konventini wakijali desturi zao na elimu yao ya kidini bila ya mawasiliano na elimudunia. Kati yao wachache tu walijitahidi kulinganisha imani na sayansi.

Kwa muda mfupi mashirika, hasa ya Ombaomba, yalikuja kudharauliwa na wengi. Kufuatana na mawazo mapya kuhusu uchumi, serikali zilizidi kuyatazama kama mzigo au donda kwa jamii. Bahati mbaya, hali ya mashirika ilistahili lawama nyingi zilizotolewa. Sababu nyingine zilizoleta dhoruba juu ya watawa ni kwamba serikali zilitamani mali za mashirika yao, na maadui wa Kanisa waliwafanya shabaha ya kwanza, kwa kuwa kila mara ndio wanaohakikisha zaidi uimara wa ukatoliki chini ya Papa na dhidi ya utaifa (ambao wakati huo ulichochewa na serikali na kupendeza Maaskofu wengi). Ukweli wa dhati ni kwamba Mungu alitaka kutakasa watu aliowakusudia wawe moyo wa Kanisa.

Katika barua rasmi za miaka hiyo, Watumishi wakuu waliweka wazi matatizo yaliyokuwepo (utaifa, ugomvi, uchu wa vyeo, [[wivu]], malezi ya kulipua, kujiingiza katika masuala ya siasa, utovu wa unyofu na unyenyekevu, utovu wa usafi na nidhamu) pamoja na utabiri wa dhoruba ijayo. Ugumu wa hali unaonekana pia katika miundo mikuu ya utawa kwenda kinyume cha kawaida: OFM toka 1791 karibu mfululizo iliongozwa na Watumishi wakuu Pekupeku na Mriformati badala ya Waoservanti (waliokuwa na msimamo laini); vilevile Wakapuchini toka 1754 hadi 1789 waliongozwa karibu mfululizo na wasio Waitalia (tofauti na wanashirika wenzao, watawa wa nchi hiyo walikuwa wakiridhika zaidi na hali ya shirika na kupinga urekebisho). Pia mikutano mikuu haikufanyika muda mrefu: katika OFM tangu 1768 hadi 1856; kwa Wakonventuali tangu 1789 hadi 1847. Iliwabidi Mapapa wateue Watumishi wakuu.

Utatuzi ulijaribu kuelekea pande mbili: urekebisho wa hiari (kwa watawa wenyewe kujituma, hasa kwa kuanzisha makao ya upwekeni) na wa lazima (kwa viongozi kuimarisha nidhamu). Upande wa urekebisho wa hiari, kwa Waoservanti makao ya upwekeni yalikuwepo rasmi na kuhitaji kuhuishwa tu; kumbe matawi mengine hayakuwanayo. Watumishi wakuu wa Wakapuchini walijitahidi kuyaanzisha Italia na Hispania (huko kwa jina la “vyuo vya kimisionari”, yaani vituo vya sala na malezi ambapo watawa wajiandae kuhubiri) lakini walipingwa sana hata na washauri wao waliodai eti, shirika linafuata kwa umoja katiba yake, hivyo kukubali urekebisho ni kukiri limelegea; tena eti, anayetaka ukamilifu anaweza kuupata popote pale shirikani, hakuna haja ya kujitafutia mazingira ya pekee. Zilipokosekana juhudi za kutoka rohoni ililibidi shirika, hasa katika ngazi ya kanda, lidai vitendo vya nje vilivyopangwa kikamilifu katika vitabu vya taratibu na desturi vilivyoandikwa hasa wakati huo. Hivyo uaminifu ulidhaniwa kuishia katika utekelezaji wa vipengele vingi hivyo, ambavyo tena viliachwa iwezekanavyo vishikwe na vijana na mabradha, huku wengine wakijitafutia fadhili ili kuviepa.

Serikali zilianza kuchukua hatua kali, zikidai haki ya kujihusisha na maisha yote ya Kanisa. Kisha kuwafukuza Wajesuiti kutoka nchi mbalimbali (1759-1768) zilimlazimisha [[Papa Klementi XIV]] (1769-1774) kulifuta kabisa shirika lao (1773) lililokuwa kizuio kikubwa kwa serikali kutawala [[Kanisa mahalia]] (Maaskofu walikuwa wakiridhika au kunyamaza badala ya kutetea mamlaka ya Papa juu ya majimbo yote duniani). Kuhusu mashirika mengine serikali (kuanzia Ufaransa, 1765) zilitumia mbinu ya kuanzisha “kamati ya urekebisho” chini ya Maaskofu, zikificha hivyo malengo halisi. Hizo kamati zilitunga sheria za kunyongea mashirika: kupunguza au kufunga konventi zote za sehemu fulani au za aina fulani, kukataza kuombaomba, kupandisha umri wa kuingia unovisi, kupanga idadi yao, na hasa kuzuia mahudhurio katika mikutano mikuu kwa kudai mikutano ya kitaifa tu, vilevile katiba ya kitaifa badala ya ile ya shirika lote, uongozi wa kitaifa usio chini ya ule wa shirika lote, kukataza kukata rufaa kwa Papa n.k. Tukiondoa [[Dola la Kipapa]], nchi zote za Ulaya zilipanga kunyonga mashirika. Kwa miaka 13 Ndugu Wadogo wa Ufaransa walipungua 3,756; kwa miaka 9 Hispania walipungua 5,582; kwa miaka 28 Polandi watawa walipungua asilimia 67! Chini ya siasa hiyo mashirika yalielekea kwisha bila ya sifa.

Kumbe [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] yalipoanza kutumia nguvu zaidi na kuamua kufuta mashirika yote (1790) watawa wengi walipata taji la [[kifodini]]. Kisha kutupwa nje ya konventi, walipaswa kuchagua kati ya kula kiapo haramu cha kutii serikali badala ya Papa, au kuhama nchi au kukatwa kichwa. Wengi walikubali kwa furaha mwaliko wa kuacha utawa na kupewa pensheni; lakini wengiwengi pia walikwenda kuishi kitawa hasa Amerika, au walitoa uhai wao ili kutetea haki za Kanisa: kati ya wafiadini hao Wafransisko ni zaidi ya 250. Jeshi la Ufaransa llilipovamia karibu Ulaya nzima, sheria za namna hiyo zilienezwa [[Ubelgiji]] (1796), Italia Kaskazini-Magharibi (1802), Ujerumani Magharibi (1803), Italia Kusini (1809), Hispania (1810). Hata nchi nyingine za Ulaya ya kati zilifuta mashirika au kuyabana zaidi. Katika kipindi hicho waliishi watakatifu [[Egidi Maria wa mt. Yosefu]] (+1812), Pekupeku ombaomba, na [[Yohane wa Triora]], Mwoservanti aliyefia dini China (+1816), na Waoservanti 8 waliofia dini huko [[Syria]] (+1860): mapadri [[Manuel Ruiz]], [[Karmelo Bolta]], [[Engelbati Kolland]], [[Nikanori Ascanio]], [[Petro Nolasko Soler]], [[Nikola Maria Alberca]] na mabradha [[Fransisko Pinazo]] na [[Yohane Yakobo Fernandez]]. Akaja kufuata Mkapuchini [[Fransisko Maria wa Camporosso]] (+1866), bradha ombaomba mwenye upendo mkuu. Pia kuna wenye heri 17.

Wafaransa waliposhindwa, mkutano wa amani wa [[Vienna]] (1815) uliamua kurudisha iwezekanavyo hali iliyokuwepo Ulaya kabla ya mapinduzi. Hata mashirika wakajaribu kufanya hivyo, lakini haikuwa rahisi. Mawazo ya mapinduzi yalikuwa yameenea, yakidai uhuru na maendeleo. Watawa waliozoea kwa miaka kadhaa kuishi mmojammoja ulimwenguni, walipolazimishwa na Kanisa kurudi konventini hawakukubali tena nidhamu ya nadhiri. Pia ilikuwa vigumu kwao kuishi pamoja kutokana na misimamo yao tofauti kuhusu mapinduzi. Wasiwasi kuhusu kesho ukaendelea pia kwa sababu serikali mpya zilikuwa na siasa ileile ya kabla ya mapinduzi, hivyo mashirika yakaanza tena kufutwa: Urusi, ukiwa na Polandi chini yake (1831 hadi 1864), Ureno (1832-1890), Hispania (1836-1880), Italia Kaskazini Magharibi (kuanzia 1855), Italia nzima (kuanzia 1866), Ujerumani (1871-1875), Ufaransa (1880 kwa muda mfupi, tena kuanzia 1903). Wakati huo makoloni ya [[Amerika ya Kilatini]] yalijipatia uhuru (1820-1824): watawa wananchi walisimama wote upande wa mapinduzi, kumbe wamisionari (hasa Wahispania) waliyapinga wakateswa hadi kuuawa. Baada ya ushindi jamhuri mpya pia zilianza kudhulumu mashirika hata karibu kuyakomesha (k.mf. Brazili konventi zote ziliagizwa kufungwa mwaka 1822, Mexico mashirika yote yalifutwa mwaka 1855). Hivyo kila yalipotaka kuinuka, mashirika yalikumbwa na matatizo mapya. Hatimaye yalijikuta mali zake zimepungua sana, na wanashirika vilevile, lakini waliobaki wametakaswa kiasi kikubwa.

Kwa jumla, si wengi sana waliofurahia hatua za serikali kuwaondoa utawani, ingawa katika nchi nyingi walipewa pensheni. Kati yao mapadri walifanya kazi ya kichungaji jimboni, na baadhi wakawa Maaskofu; mabradha walitoa huduma katika sakristia au hospitali, ila wengine walirudi kwa ndugu zao. Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa ilitoa miongozo kuhusu hali yao na uhusiano na shirika, ikiwahimiza daima waishi kijumuia kadiri iwezekanavyo. Ndizo juhudi za Watumishi wakuu pia, ingawa waliona ugumu wa kuzitekeleza. Mang’amuzi ya maisha ya nje, yasiyo na hakika kiuchumi, yaliwasaidia watawa kuelewa watu wa kawaida, ambao si wakulima hasa kama zamani, bali umati wa wafanyakazi wenye kudhulumiwa na [[ubepari]] katika nchi za viwanda. Wakiishi ulimwenguni hasa Ndugu Wadogo waliacha usomi wao na tabia nyingine za tabaka la juu walizokuwanazo, wakajenga uhusiano mpya na watu na kuwajibika kuwasaidia hata kijamii. Miaka ya kukaa nje ya konventi ndiyo miaka ambapo mashirika mengi ya huduma yalianzishwa na watawa hao.

===Ukarabati (1869-1962)===

Maisha ya kitawa yalipoanza kuruhusiwa tena, waliojitahidi kufufua mashirika yao hawakufikiria kutekeleza karama asili katika mazingira mapya, bali kukarabati tu kilichobaki cha karne iliyopita. Waliridhika kujiona wanashangiliwa bado na watu wema wengi, bila ya kujali jamii inavyozidi kusogea mbali na tunu zao. Hivyo katika malezi wakasisitiza mambo yaleyale ya zamani hasa katika nchi (k.mf. Italia) ambapo miaka ya utawa kuzuiwa haikuwa mingi. Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kupata kwa urahisi miito ya kibradha, ila si ya kipadri, kwa kuwa wengi hawakuwa na elimu au ilikuwa tofauti na ile iliyodaiwa na Kanisa. Tena, waliokuwa wamesoma waliona wazi mbele yao njia za kufanikiwa ulimwenguni, na hawakuweza kufuata mitindo ya malezi ya kitawa iliyokuwa ileile ya zamani, yenye kusawazisha mno watu wenye vipawa tofauti. Basi, miito ikatafutwa kati ya watoto wa familia bora za wakulima wasioweza kuwasomesha: kwao ilikuwa heshima kuwa na mtoto padri mtawa. Ndivyo zilivyoanza (1869) [[seminari]] za kiserafi ambazo, baada ya kupingwa na watawa wazee, zikaja kuenea haraka na kuhimizwa rasmi katika matawi yote. Hapo muundo mzima wa malezi ukaja kubadilika, kwa kupatikana madarasa ya vijana wa kuongozana kuanzia umri wa miaka 11-12 hadi upadri, wakipata malezi yote utawani na hivyo kufyonza desturi, misimamo, mitazamo na matarajio ya shirika. Hawakukosekana watawa maarufu waliopinga malezi ambayo pengine haikuwa na maana tena wala ukweli na unyofu wa Kifransisko, ikitaka kusawazisha wote katika mitindo ya nje, na kugeuza vijana kuwa wanasesere wanaotenda lolote kwa kuongozwa. Hata hivyo seminari hizo ndogo zikawa mbinu kuu kwa karibu miaka mia.

[[Jubilei]] ya miaka 700 tangu azaliwe Fransisko (1882) iliadhimishwa kwa unyonge, lakini [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) alitoa hati iliyohimiza kufufua miundo ya Kifransisko, hasa Utawa III, dhidi ya [[ubinafsi]] unaotawala dunia. Miaka miwili baadaye Wakapuchini wakaadhimisha mkutano mkuu muhimu sana, uliochukua hatua mbalimbali na kumchagua Mtumishi mkuu bora aliyeongoza miaka 24 kwa mafanikio makubwa katika yote, k.mf. wanashirika wakiongezeka kutoka 7,896 hadi 10,083. Mwaka 1889 Wafransiskani pia, baada ya kuongozwa miaka 20 na Mriformati bora, wakafaulu kufanya mkutano mkuu uliotunga katiba kwa shirika lote, jambo lililokusudiwa bure tangu mwaka 1517; hata hivyo Wariformati walidai ruhusa ya kufuata pia sheria zao maalumu. Mwaka 1895 Leo XIII aliupendekezea mkutano mkuu muungano wa matawi OFM uwe agenda kuu, na Kardinali akaeleza namna ya kuyaunganisha. Waoservanti wote wakakubali, Warekoleti vilevile kwa sharti la kutunza ufukara kwa uangalifu, kumbe Wariformati na Pekupeku walio wengi wakakataa; jumla ya kura ikawa 77 ndiyo na 31 hapana. Basi kamati ikaandaa katiba mpya iliyothibitishwa mwaka 1897, halafu Leo XIII akatangaza rasmi muungano kamili wa matawi yote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu, ambao uonekane wazi hata kwa nje (kanzu ya mtindo mmoja badala ya ainaaina na rangi ya kahawia badala ya zile tofauti za awali: nyeusi, ya kijivu, ya zambarau na ya baharia). Akaagiza kanda zisizokubali wasiweze kupokea wanovisi tena, na watawa binafsi wasiokubali wapangiwe nyumba maalumu ambapo wakae wao tu, bila ya kuchanganyikana na walioungana. Hata hivyo muungano haukufanikiwa vizuri; Wahispania walikubali katiba lakini wakaendelea kujiongoza kitaifa hadi 1932; hasa majaribio ya kuunganisha katika kanda moja Wafransiskani wa matawi mbalimbali yalisababisha ushindani mwingi hadi juzijuzi. Hatimaye Wakonventuali pia walianza tena kufanya mikutano mikuu (1891); mwaka 1904 wakamchagua Mtumishi mkuu kutoka kanda ya Marekani, iliyoanzishwa 1872: hatua hiyo ilionyesha wazi mwelekeo mpya wa kimataifa.

Jubilei ya miaka 700 tangu shirika lianze (1909), iliadhimishwa kwa fahari zaidi, kutokana na hali ya kutumainisha ya matawi yote. Ila lilizuka suala la uhalisi wa shina na uongozi kuhusiana na Fransisko. Hapo [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) akatamka kwamba, “Watumishi wakuu wa familia tatu za Kifransisko wako sawa kwa heshima na mamlaka walizonazo, nao watazamwe sawia kama makamu na waandamizi halisi wa Fransisko, kila mmoja katika familia yake... Mashirika matatu ya familia ya Ndugu Wadogo ni kama matawi matatu ya mti uleule, ambao mzizi na shina lake ni Fransisko, na viungo vyake ni Ndugu Wadogo kwa haki kamili na sawia”.

[[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]] (1914-1918) na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] (1917) havikuleta mabadiliko makubwa utawani. Jubilei ya kifo cha mwanzilishi (1926) ilichochea Wafransisko wote; hali ilikuwa tofauti na karne iliyopita, kwa sababu ya kujitolea sana hata kijamii, jambo lililowafanya waheshimiwe upya na Waprotestanti na waasi wa dini pia. Hata hivyo katika nchi chache dhuluma zikawajia tena: kwanza Mexico (1926-1932), halafu Hispania (1936-1939), walipouawa Ndugu Wadogo 320 na Wafransisko wengine 88. Baadaye vikazuka [[vita vikuu vya pili]] (1939-1945) vilivyoharibu sana hasa Ulaya ya Kati na kanda zake.

Lakini mabaya zaidi yakafuata Ulaya Mashariki ukiwa chini ya [[Ukomunisti]] ambao, pamoja na kueneza mafundisho ya wakanadini na kupotosha maadili, pengine ulifuta mashirika yote, pengine uliyawekea vizuio vingi. Kumbe Magharibi tunu nyingi zikaja kufifia kadiri uchumi ulivyostawi na kuleta anasa. Watawa wote na Kanisa zima wakajiuliza upya kuhusu maana ya uwepo wao katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Majibu yakawa tofauti, na vizazi vikabishana: katika hali hiyo [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963) aliitisha [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]] (1962-1965).
[[File:Padre-Pio-young.jpg|thumb|right|Padri kijana Pio wa Pietrelcina alipolazimishwa kupigwa picha ikionyesha [[madonda matakatifu]] ya Yesu mikononi.]]
Ingawa kesi za kutangazia watakatifu zinachukua kwa kawaida miaka mingi, baadhi ya ndugu wa kipindi hicho wameshafikia hatua hiyo. Kuna Wafransiskani wanane waliofia dini China (1900): Maaskofu [[Gregori Grassi]], [[Francesco Fogolla]] na [[Antonino Fantosati]], halafu mapadri [[Elia Facchini]], [[Teodoriko Balat]], [[Giuseppe Maria Gambero]] na [[Cesidio Giacomantonio]], hatimaye bradha [[Andrea Bauer]]. Wakapuchini wako watatu: bradha [[Konrado wa Parzham]] (+1894), bawabu; halafu mapadri [[Leopoldo Mandich]] (+1942) na [[Pio wa Pietrelcina]] (+1968), mashujaa wa kitubio. Mkonventuali ni mmoja, [[Maksimiliani Maria Kolbe]] (+1941), shahidi wa upendo katika [[makambi ya maangamizi]] ya [[Wanazi]]. Wenye heri wako 50, wengi wao wakiwa wafiadini.

===Changamoto ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani (1962-2005)===

Mtaguso huo ulisisitiza kweli za kudumu na kuelekeza namna ya kukabili kichungaji ulimwengu wa kisasa. Kwa ajili hiyo watawa pia walidaiwa kujirekebisha upya, hasa kiroho. Ndugu Wadogo, sawa na watawa wote, walipaswa kurekebisha katiba zao pia kwa kutoa wote maoni yao, kufanya mikutano mikuu na majaribio mbalimbali. Kazi hiyo ilichukua miaka mingi kuliko ilivyotarajiwa, kwa kufikiria upya vipengele vyote vya maisha ya Kifransisko. Kwa mara ya kwanza mabadiliko ya katiba yaliwekwa mikononi mwa wanashirika, kwa kujali wingi si ubora wao, basi, iliwezekana kufuta harakaharaka mambo yaliyowashinda wengi, bila ya kujali kama yanafaa bado au la. Halafu wasiwasi uliokuwepo kabla ya Mtaguso ulilipuka na kusababisha wengi wapotewe na dira hata katika imani na maadili. Matokeo yake wengi waliacha utawa na upadri. Wengine walibaki pasipo msimamo, kwa kuona mengi ya zamani yamebadilishwa na mapya ni ya muda (yamekubaliwa kwa majaribio). Ratiba ya sala ilipunguzwa sana, kama si kuachwa kabisa. Utafiti uliofanywa na uongozi wa Wakapuchini ulionyesha kwamba wanashirika walio wengi wasingeshauri kijana kujiunga nao. Ndiyo sababu, pamoja na miito kujitokeza kwa nadra Ulaya, idadi ya Ndugu Wadogo ikapungua haraka tangu mwaka 1963 (OFM) na 1964 (OFMCap); kumbe Wakonventuali walipungua haraka kati ya 1968 na 1975, halafu wakaanza kuongezeka polepole sana.

Wengine wasioridhika na mabadiliko hayo, baada ya kunyimwa na Watumishi wao uhuru waliotaka kwa kufuata maisha ya kijumuia ya Kifransisko zaidi, wakaamua kuanzisha matawi mapya. Wakapuchini kadhaa (wakifuatwa na Wafransiskani pia) wakaanzisha [[Ndugu Wadogo Wapya]] huko Italia (1972) na [[Ndugu Wadogo Wamisionari]] huko Brazili (1973). Akielewa nia yao njema katika hali ya fujo iliyotanda, [[Papa Paulo VI]] (1963-1978) aliwakubalia wabaki na nadhiri zao kuu baada ya kuacha shirika walipoziweka. Wakapuchini wengine wa Italia walianzisha [[Ndugu wa Mt. Fransisko]] (1983), na wa Marekani [[Wafransisko wa Upyaisho]] (1987). Hatimaye Wakonventuali kadhaa wa Italia na Filipino wakaanzisha [[Wafransisko wa Imakulata]] (1990) kwa ruhusa ya pekee ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] (1978-2005) aliyewafanya mapema kuwa [[shirika la Kipapa]]. Huko na huko kuna makundi mengine madogo, na akina dada wanaoyafuata kwa kushika vilevile kanuni ya Utawa I. Juhudi za kuyaunganisha zimeshindikana kwa kuwa yana sura tofauti. Kwa jumla mashirika hayo hayakuongezeka sana. Hata hivyo uwepo wake umekuwa changamoto kwa matawi makubwa ambayo yakaanza kujirudi kidogo, baada ya kupungukiwa na wengi wasiokuwa na msimamo pamoja na kutambua matokeo ya majaribio yaliyofanywa; shida ni kwamba kujirekebisha baada ya kulegea sana si rahisi, hasa kama kazi hiyo inahusu idadi kubwa ya watu.

Polepole karama ya mwanzilishi na ya kila tawi ikaja kuzingatiwa tena kwa furaha, badala ya kujali masuala ya miundo tu. Mambo mengi yaliyosahauliwa kwa karne kadhaa yakaja kuonekana muhimu hasa leo, kama vile roho ya kanuni (udugu na udogo) kuliko mtazamo wa kisheria uliotawala matamko ya Mapapa wa zamani; au usawa wa watawa wote bila ya tabaka; au uwajibikaji wa kila mmoja katika uendeshaji wa jumuia, kanda na shirika; au umuhimu wa mikutano, kuanzia ngazi ya nyumba (ambapo ulikuwa umebaki kwa Wakonventuali tu). Wakati huohuo mabishano kati ya matawi yakapungua sana kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa kidugu mkubwa zaidi na zaidi katika ngazi zote. Hatimaye katiba zikaja kuthibitishwa na Kanisa kulingana na toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria zake kwa Walatini (1983). Utulivu upande huo umeleta msimamo mkubwa zaidi kwa viongozi na kwa wanashirika jumla: kinadharia njia imeeleweka; sasa kazi ni kuifuata hadi mwisho.

Baada ya Ukomunisti kuanguka (1989) matawi yote yamejitahidi kujiimarisha Ulaya Mashariki walipopata tena nafasi ya kuhubiri na kupokea miito, ambayo huko ni mingi. Mungu anazidi kuongoza historia.

===Utume (1762-2005)===
Kati ya 1762 na 1889 dhuluma zilifyeka idadi ya Wafransisko kwa asilimia 82.1 na kufuta kabisa kanda nyingi (Ufaransa zote 32!) na kuziacha nyingine hoi. Hata hivyo, kanda chache zilistawi, kwa kuwa mawazo ya uhuru kwa wananchi yalikomesha dhuluma za kidini pale zilipokuwepo toka muda mrefu sana, hasa Irelandi na Uingereza. Kwa namna ya pekee mashirika yakaja kustawi Amerika Kaskazini walipohamia watawa wengi.

Baada ya dhuluma hizo kwisha, kadiri Ndugu Wadogo walivyorudi kupenya maisha halisi ya Kanisa na ya jamii, walielewa ni tofauti sana na yalivyokuwa kabla ya dhoruba. Iliwabidi kutumia ubunifu wa Kifransisko kuitikia mahitaji mapya ya watu kwa utendaji usiozimika, ingawa ukatokea mgongano kati ya taratibu za maisha ya kijumuia na madai ya utume huo.

Mahubiri yaliendelea kuwa njia kuu ya utume, sio tu katika [[wiki za uamsho]], maandalizi ya sherehe na [[mafungo]], bali pia kwa njia ya vyombo vya [[upashanaji habari]]: baada ya magazeti (la kwanza lilianzishwa na Wakapuchini wa Ufaransa mwaka 1861; kufikia mwaka 1919 yalikuwa 164 tayari, halafu yakazidi tena), Ndugu Wadogo walifanya kazi katika [[redio]] na [[televisheni]] au kuzimiliki wenyewe. Katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne XX utume wa maungamo ulishika nafasi kubwa hata kwa Wakapuchini, ambao toka mwanzo hadi mwaka 1847 walikuwa wakizuiwa na katiba wasifanye kazi hiyo.

Nusu ya pili ya karne XIX na nusu ya kwanza ya karne XX juhudi za Ndugu Wadogo zilizaa vyama vingi vya kitume. Kati ya vile vilivyoenea zaidi tukumbuke kile cha [[Mashujaa wa Imakulata]] (1917) cha Maximiliani Maria Kolbe, na kile cha [[Makundi ya Sala]] cha Pio wa Pietrelcina. Baadaye Ndugu Wadogo wengi wakaja kupendelea matapo mapya ya kiroho, yaliyoanzishwa na walei, wakajihusisha nayo kuliko walivyojihusisha na shirika lao, hata kusababisha swali: je, kwao ni muhimu zaidi kuwa wanashirika au kufuata tapo fulani?

Utume wa kijamii ulipata sura nyingi kulingana na mahitaji ya watu wadogo: huduma za huruma, mshikamano wa kutumia kiasi (katika kunywa), upatikanaji wa kazi na vitendeakazi, vyuo kwa mabubu-viziwi, benki, utume kwa wazururaji, kwa watu wa kuhamahama, na kwa wahamiaji wa nchi zilizoendelea, huduma hospitalini n.k.

Baada ya vita vikuu vya pili, na hasa mara baada ya Mtaguso, karama maalumu iliposahauliwa ili kujali zaidi upadri wa mtawa, mashirika yalikimbilia utume wa mapadri wanajimbo kwa kupokea parokia nyingi. Kumbe yalipokumbuka tena karama ya kitawa yakaona ugumu wa kupunguza utume wa aina hiyo (kurudisha parokia kwa jimbo lililopungukiwa mapadri). Hivyo, pamoja na uhaba wa miito yakajikuta yanalemewa yasiweze kutua mzigo waliojitwisha.
Upande wa umisionari, katika karne XIX [[ukoloni]] wa Wazungu, waliokuja kutawala maeneo makubwa duniani kote, ulifungua njia na milango kwa uenezaji wa imani. Kanisa lilichangamkia tena kazi hiyo kuanzia Ufaransa, na kufanya mipango mingi ya ushirikiano na wamisionari, hata kuanzisha miundo ya kimataifa ambayo yakaja kuwekwa moja kwa moja chini ya Papa, na vilevile mashirika mbalimbali ya kimisionari tu. Ndugu Wadogo walipoanza kuinuka baada ya dhoruba wakakuta juhudi hizo zimeshaenea hata zikaja kufikia kilele chake kati ya vita vikuu. Basi matawi yote matatu yakajitosa katika kazi hiyo, tena kwa upana na mpango kuliko zamani. Kufikia mwaka 1934 Wafransiskani walishika nafasi ya kwanza kati ya mashirika yote kwa wingi wa wamisionari (3,600). Pigo kubwa lililowapata ni kufukuzwa wageni wote 550 waliokuwepo China katika majimbo 29 ya kwao (1949). Wakapuchini wamisionari waliokuwa 377 mwaka 1890, wakaongezeka hadi kuwa 1,562 mwaka 1975, wengi wao Afrika, India na Indonesia.

Hivyo kanda za Amerika ya Kilatini zikastawi (ndugu 1,600 wa mwaka 1905 wakawa 4,700 mwaka 1975); zikaanzishwa nyinginyingi Asia, na chache Afrika na Australia. Basi, kama inavyotokea kwa Kanisa lote, asilimia ya Wazungu shirikani inazidi kupungua, kumbe ndugu wa kontinenti nyingine wanaongezeka. Kwa mfano, kati ya Wakapuchini mwaka 1997 asilimia 15 walikuwa Amerika ya Kilatini, 14 Asia-[[Australia]] na 10 Afrika.

Takwimu ni kama ifuatavyo:

Mwaka 1762 hivi: (Waoservanti) 39,900; (Pekupeku) 7,000; (Wariformati) 19,000; (Warekoleti) 11,000 = OFM jumla 76,900; Wakonventuali 21,000; Wakapuchini 34,000 = Jumla kuu	131,900.

Mwaka 1889 hivi: (Waoservanti) 6,200; (Pekupeku) 900; (Wariformati) 5,700; (Warekoleti) 1,600 = OFM jumla 14,400; Wakonventuali 1,500; Wakapuchini 7,600 = Jumla kuu 23,500.

Mwaka 1964 hivi: OFM 27,100; Wakonventuali 4,800; Wakapuchini 11,229 = Jumla kuu 43,129.

Mwaka 2005: OFM 15,794; Wakonventuali 4,595; Wakapuchini 11,229; Wafransisko wa Imakulata 282 = Jumla kuu 31,900.
			
Upande wa elimu, kulingana na sheria za Kanisa, mipango ya masomo imebadilika, miaka ya falsafa na teolojia kwa ajili ya upadri imeongezeka, mbali ya seminari ndogo kuna vituo vingi wanaposoma pamoja watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali na pengine waseminari wa majimbo, kila tawi limeunda kituo kikuu cha malezi ya juu huko Roma, ambapo kuna vyuo vikuu vya Wakonventuali (Seraphicum) na OFM (Antonianum), na digrii kati ya wanashirika zimeenea.

==Tanbihi==
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{{Reflist|2}}

==Marejeo==

=== Vitabu ===
* ''The Poor and the Perfect: The Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209–1310'' by Neslihan Senocak. (Cornell University Press; 2012) 280 pages; shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles
*''A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517'' by [[John Moorman|John Richard Humpidge Moorman]], [[St. Bonaventure University|Franciscan Institute]] Publications, 1988.  ISBN 978-0-8199-0921-3
*''Origins of the Franciscan Order'' by Cajetan Esser, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1970.  ISBN 978-0-8199-0408-9
*''The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor'' by Maurice Carmody, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.  ISBN 978-1-57659-084-3
*''Friars Minor in China: 1294 – 1944'', by Arnulf Camps and Pat McCloskey, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1996.  ISBN 978-1-57659-002-7
*''In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century'', by Grado Giovanni Merlo, translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2009.  ISBN 978-1-57659-155-0
*''The History of Franciscan Theology'', by Kenan Osborne, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.  ISBN 978-1-57659-032-4
*''Friars Minor in Ireland from Their Arrival to 1400'', by Francis Cotter, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-083-6
*''The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform'', by Thaddeus MacVicar, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986.  ISBN 978-1-57659-086-7
*''Medieval Franciscan Houses'', by John R. H. Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1983.  ISBN 978-1-57659-079-9
*''A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty'', by Cyprian Lynch, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-1-57659-069-0
*''The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages'', by E. Randolph Daniel, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-8131-1315-6
*''Peace and Good in America, A History of the Holy Name Province, Order of the Friars Minor, 1850s to the Present'', by Joseph M. White, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-1-57659-196-3
*''The Birth of a Movement'', by David Flood and Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8199-0567-3
*''A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517'' by John R. H. Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968) ISBN 0-19-826425-9; reprint: Franciscan Herald Press, Chicago, IL (1988) ISBN 0-8199-0921-1
*''Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century'' by D.E. Sharp, Oxford University Press, London (1930); (a more recent ed.: ISBN 0-576-99216-X)
*''Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition)'' by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0-582-40427-4
*''The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis'' by David Burr. ISBN 0-271-02128-4
*''Francis and Clare: The Complete Works'' By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersey, (1982) ISBN 0-8091-2446-7
*''The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics'' By David B. Couturier, Cloverdale Books, South Bend (2007) ISBN 978-1-929569-23-6
*''Francis of Assisi: Early Documents'' 3 Volumes. Edited by Regis J. Armstrong, OFM Cap., J.A. Wayne Hellmann, OFM Conv., and William J. Short, OFM. New York: New City Press. Copyright 1999, Franciscan Institute of Saint Bonaventure University, Saint Bonaventure, NY. ISBN 978-1-56548-110-7.
* &quot;The Franciscan Story&quot; by Maurice Carmody, Athena Press Publishing Co. UK (2008). ISBN 1-84748-141-8 ; ISBN 978-1-84748-141-2
* &quot;Santo António de Lisboa - Da Ciência da Escritura ao Livro da Natureza&quot;, Maria Cândida Monteiro Pacheco, Imprensa Nacional casa da Moeda,Lisboa, (1997), ISBN 972-27-0855-4
* &quot;O Simbolismo da Natureza em Santo António de Lisboa&quot;, José Acácio Aguiar e Castro,Universidade Católica Portugesa- Fundação Engº António de Almeida, Porto, 1997, ISBN UCP 972-9290.13-X /FEAA 972-8386-03-6

===Makala===
* Schmucki, Oktavian (2000) &quot;Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam&quot; (pp.&amp;nbsp;219–244) in Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). ''La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihâd: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario.'' (CollectaneaArchivi Vaticani, 46.) Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City.
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2012.653139 , Masha Halevi, Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places, Middle Eastern Studies Volume 48, Issue 2, 2012pages 249-267]

==Tazama pia==
[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Franciscans}}

===Tovuti rasmi===

====Utawa wa Kwanza====
* [http://www.ofm.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum]
* [http://www.ofmcap.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ofmcap.org/ |date=20190816054340 }}
* [http://www.ofmconv.net/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium]

====Utawa wa Tatu====
* [http://www.franciscan.org/ Tertius Ordo Regularis]
* [http://www.ciofs.org/portal/index.php?lang=en Ordo Franciscanus Saecularis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ciofs.org/portal/index.php?lang=en |date=20140830143534 }}
* [http://www.franciscancommunityofmercy.org/ Franciscan Community of Mercy]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, independent Franciscan website.
* [http://www.franciscan-brothers.net/ Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis of Assisi]
* [http://www.unwa.tk/ Little Brothers and Sisters of Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unwa.tk/ |date=20210921191554 }}

===Wafransisko wa Kilutheri===
* [http://lutheranfranciscans.org/ Order of Lutheran Franciscans]
*{{de icon}} [http://www.hochkirchliche-vereinigung.de/evt.html Evangelische Franziskaner-Tertiaren] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hochkirchliche-vereinigung.de/evt.html |date=20070625145621 }} in Germany.
*{{sv icon}} [http://www.fto.st/  Franciskus Tredje Orden] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fto.st/ |date=20130821075633 }} in Sweden.
* [http://www.marysisters.org.au/international/kanaan/kanaan-brothers.htm The Kanaan Franciscan Brothers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marysisters.org.au/international/kanaan/kanaan-brothers.htm |date=20110706125151 }}
*{{sv icon}} [http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/klostren/Francisk.htm Helige Franciskus Systraskap] {{Wayback|url=http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/klostren/Francisk.htm |date=20071214030418 }}
*{{sv icon}} [http://www.franciskus.fi/ Franciskus-Sällskapet i Finland]

===Wafransisko wa Anglikana===
*[http://www.franciscans.org.uk/ Anglican Franciscans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscans.org.uk/ |date=20110717021315 }}
*[http://www.osffranciscans.com Order of Saint Francis (OSF)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.osffranciscans.com/ |date=20210609173449 }}
*[http://www.stclarelittlesisters.org/ The Little Sisters of St. Clare] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stclarelittlesisters.org/ |date=20100902173451 }}
*[http://www.holycrossfranciscans.com/ Franciscan Servants of the Holy Cross – Original Province (FSHC)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.holycrossfranciscans.com/ |date=20141220013315 }}
*[http://companyofjesus.org/ The Company of Jesus (CJ)]
*[http://www.fodc.net// The Franciscan Order of the Divine Compassion] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fodc.net// |date=20141217105120 }}
*[http://cfw.dionc.org// The Community of the Franciscan Way] {{Wayback|url=http://cfw.dionc.org// |date=20140915034157 }}

===Wafransisko wasio na madhehebu===
*[http://scjesus.co.uk/ Companions of Jesus] {{Wayback|url=http://scjesus.co.uk/ |date=20140516194105 }}, a non-denominational order.
*[http://www.franciscans.com/ Order of Ecumenical Franciscans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscans.com/ |date=20230208111212 }}, a non-denominational group.

=== Marejeo ya kitaalamu zaidi ===
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5199r1g0/ Online guide to the Academy of American Franciscan History Microfilm Collection, 1526–1972], [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/ Franciscan authors, 13th – 18th century] {{Wayback|url=http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/ |date=20140902235259 }}
* [http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/ Digital Franciscans - Extensive list of Franciscan internet resources] {{Wayback|url=http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/ |date=20140810042301 }}
[[Category:Kanisa Katoliki]]
[[Jamii:Mashirika ya kitawa]]
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      <text bytes="32775" sha1="mfa0pclspbg8jjfirgguhwhabijm7zk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:SDamiano-Clara og søstre.jpg|thumb|250px|Mchoro wa ukutani unaowaonyesha Mt. Klara na masista wake; unapatikana katika kikanisa cha monasteri yao asili, [[San Damiano, Assisi]].]]
'''Waklara''' ni jina linalojumlisha [[wanawake]] wote waliomfuata [[utawa]]ni [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] ([[1182]]-[[1226]]) nyuma ya [[Klara wa Asizi]] ([[1193]]-[[1253]]).

==Mche mdogo ulivyostawi (1212-1517)==

=== Mwanzo na uenezi (1212-1300) ===

Klara, aliyejiita “mche mdogo wa Mt. Fransisko”, ndiye jiwe la msingi la Utawa II wa [[Wafransisko]] ulioleta [[karama]] ileile ya [[Ndugu Wadogo]] kwa wanawake na kwa kujifungia faraghani. Ndizo nguzo mbili za utawa huo.

Binti huyo wa ukoo bora alizaliwa [[Asizi]] ([[Italia]]) mwaka 1193. Kisha kuvutiwa na mifano ya Fransisko, na kusikiliza mahubiri na mashauri yake, akaamua kujiweka [[wakfu]] kwa [[Yesu Kristo]] katika [[ufukara]] mkuu. Basi, akatoroka nyumbani usiku (1212) akamuendea Fransisko huko [[Porsyunkula]] ambapo alinyolewa naye na kuvikwa kanzu, kamba na shela nyeusi. Kesho yake asubuhi akapelekwa kwa masista [[Wabenedikto]], na baada ya wiki mbili kwenye [[monasteri]] yao nyingine, alipofikiwa na mdogo wake ([[Anyesi wa Asizi]]) ambaye pia alipaswa kukabili upinzani mkali wa ukoo wao.

Fransisko alipomaliza kuandaa jengo la Mt. Damiano, akina dada hao wakahamia huko kushika maisha ya ndani, wakaongezeka haraka. Miaka 40 baadaye Klara akaja kuandika kwamba mwanzo ulikuwa mgumu na walidharauliwa sana. Mwaka huohuo (au ule uliofuata) [[mwanzilishi]], alipoona walivyovumilia yote, aliwaandikia kwa ufupi “mtindo wa maisha”. Wakati huo aliwaomba wamsaidie kutambua kama [[Mungu]] anataka yeye na Ndugu Wadogo waishi upwekeni tu au wafanye [[utume]] pia. Jibu likawa kwamba wakahubiri; lakini Klara na wenzake watawafuata kiroho tu kwa [[sala]] na [[sadaka]], wakichangia [[urekebisho]] wa [[Kanisa]] bila ya kutoka nje ya kiota chao.

Baada ya [[Mtaguso IV wa Laterano]] (1215) kukataza [[kanuni]] mpya iliwabidi wapokee mojawapo ya zamani ili wakubaliwe na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama watawa. Basi wakaichagua ile ya [[Benedikto wa Nursia]], wakiifuata katika mambo kadhaa kadiri yalivyopatana na mtindo wao mpya, bila ya nia ya kuwa [[Wabenedikto]]. Hapo ilimpasa Klara kuitwa [[abesi]], jina alilolikubali tu kwa kumtii mwanzilishi, ingawa akaendelea kujiita “mtumishi wa Kristo na wa akina dada fukara”. Hasa Klara hakutosheka na uhalali wa monasteri yake mbele ya Kanisa, bali kwa njia ya Fransisko aliomba akapewa na [[Papa Inosenti III]] “fadhili ya ufukara” (1216), yaani ruhusa ya kuishi bila ya mali hata kijumuia, kama jambo la msingi katika wito wake wa “kuishi kadiri ya [[ukamilifu]] wa [[Injili]] takatifu”, kwa kuungana na [[Yesu]] fukara kama bibiarusi fukara.

[[Kardinali]] Ugolino, akiona monasteri za namna hiyo zinavyoongezeka huko na huko, alizitungia [[katiba]] (1219) iliyopitishwa na [[Papa Honori III]] (1216-1227) ambayo ikawa msingi wa kanuni zote zilizoandikwa baadaye kwa Utawa II. Lengo lake lilikuwa kukinga monasteri hizo dhidi ya upinzani na kuzipa mtindo wa kimonaki zaidi bila ya kuondoa [[usahili]] wake maalumu, ziwe muundo mpya wa aina moja chini ya Kanisa la Roma moja kwa moja. Katika juhudi zake za kurekebisha [[umonaki]] alielekeza hata monasteri kadhaa za zamani zifuate mtindo wa Mt. Damiano. Desturi kali alizoziagiza humo hazikumtisha Klara, ambaye alijishinda tayari na kujitesa kwa [[ushujaa]] mkubwa (katika kula, kuvaa, kulala n.k.) mpaka akakatazwa asizidishe. Wala hakuogopa ukali wa [[ugo]] ulioagiwa na katiba hiyo, ili kutunza mazingira ya sala. Wasiwasi wake ulihusu ufukara mkuu akiona hautajwi na katiba hiyo. Mwanzoni Ugolino alitaka msimamo huo udumu katika monasteri kadhaa, ila alipochaguliwa kuwa [[Papa]] akaanza kuzipatia mali nyinginyingi, labda kisha kung’amua matatizo yaliyojitokeza. Lakini Klara hakukubali kabisa akamuomba amtibitishie “fadhili ya ufukara” akakubaliwa (1228), lakini si kwa monasteri zote.

Suala lingine lililojitokeza mapema, halafu likaendelea kusababisha migogoro, ni nani awajibike kuwasaidia Waklara upande wa roho na upande wa riziki. Fransisko alipokuwa Mashariki, [[Filipo Longo]] aliteuliwa msimamizi wao, lakini mwanzilishi aliporudi uteuzi huo ukafutwa, masista wakasimamiwa tena na wasio Wafransisko, mpaka Ugolino, kisha kuchaguliwa awe [[Papa Gregori IX]] (1227-1241) alipowalazimisha Ndugu Wadogo kuwajibika (1221).

Klara alipoona [[wito]] wake wa Kiinjili upo hatarini upande wa [[sheria]], kwa kuwa kanuni na katiba hazikuwa za Kifransisko, akaanza kuomba aweze kuahidi kushika kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo badala ya ile ya Benedikto. Mwaka 1234 akaja kumuunga mkono [[Anyesi wa Praha]], binti mfalme ambaye alikataa kuolewa na mfalme mkuu [[Federiko II]] wa [[Ujerumani]] akaanzisha monasteri yake iliyokubaliwa “fadhili ya ufukara”. Alitunga kanuni mpya kwa kuchanganya “mtindo wa maisha” alioandika Fransisko na katiba ya Ugolino, akamuomba Gregori IX, halafu [[Papa Inosenti IV]] (1243-1254) waithibitishe, lakini akakataliwa. Kumbe Inosenti IV akathibitisha katiba ya Ugolino (1245) na kusisitiza ifuatwe kanuni ya Benedikto kwa sababu ina sifa nyingi. Wakati huohuo alijaribu kusuluhisha mgogoro wa uhusiano kati ya Ndugu Wadogo na Waklara. Klara alikuwa akiendelea kudai kwa nguvu msaada wa kiroho wa ndugu hao kulingana na ahadi ya mwanzilishi. Kumbe Mtumishi mkuu [[Kreshensi wa Iesi]] (1244-1247) aliomba shirika liondolewe mzigo liliobebeshwa na Gregori IX, yaani himizo la kuanzisha [[konventi]] ndogo karibu na kila monasteri ya Waklara. Basi, Inosenti IV aliamua Waklara wawe chini ya uongozi na [[mamlaka]] ya Ndugu Wadogo, akapendekeza masista waunganishwe na Utawa I. Lakini shirika likazidi kuona litalemewa na wingi wa monasteri.

Mwaka 1247 Inosenti IV akatunga katiba mpya badala ya ile ya Ugolino iliyokwishaenea katika monasteri zote za Kifransisko, ikitumika pengine pamoja na desturi maalumu za mahali. Katiba hiyo ilifanya kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo kuwa msingi wa sheria za Waklara bila ya kuwadai waishike katika yote, ila katika [[utiifu]], utovu wa mali na [[useja mtakatifu]]. Katiba hiyo ilimuondolea [[Kardinali mlinzi]] mamlaka juu ya Waklara, ambao wakawekwa moja kwa moja chini ya viongozi wa Utawa I. Kwa katiba hiyo Waklara wakaja kutambulikana Wafransisko kisheria, lakini ndani mlikuwa na pigo kubwa kwa Klara, yaani iliandikwa wazi kuwa monasteri zao zinaruhusiwa kuwa na mali za kujitegemea. Ndiyo sababu monasteri chache tu zikaipokea katiba hiyo. Vilevile Ndugu Wadogo wakazidi kulalamika hadi Kardinali mlinzi akajitwalia polepole mamlaka yao na hatimaye (1250) aliwaandikia wasithubutu kujiingiza katika uongozi wa Waklara. Hivyo kwa muda mfupi katiba hiyo ikashindikana pande zote.

Klara, mgonjwa toka siku nyingi, alipoona kifo kinamkaribia, aliandika wasia wake ambamo alimuiga Fransisko katika kukumbusha asili ya wito wake na wa jamaa yake, na kutamka kwa msisitizo mkubwa nia imara ya kufuata ufukara mkuu “aliouahidi kwa Mungu na kwa Mt. Fransisko” pamoja na kuhimiza sana [[umoja]] wa dada zake. Lakini pia, upande wa sheria, aliona haja ya kutunga upya “mtindo wa maisha” kwa kulinganisha kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo na masharti ya maisha ya ndani tu. Humo aliingiza pia maandishi mawili mafupi ya Fransisko kwao, kuhusu ufukara mkuu na kuhusu ahadi ya kwamba yeye na Ndugu Wadogo watawahudumia Waklara sawa na wenzao wa kiume. Upande wake Klara aliahidi kuwatii waandamizi wa mwanzilishi. Kiini cha huo “mtindo wa maisha” kinasisitiza kwa nguvu nia ya kuishi bila ya mali yoyote, isipokuwa monasteri na bustani. Jambo lingine linalokazwa ni [[udugu]]: humo neno “dada” linapatikana mara 66! Udugu huo unatimizwa siku kwa siku chini ya “abesi na mama” kwa umoja wa mioyo pasipo [[ubaguzi]] wowote (tofauti pekee ni kati ya wanaojua na wasiojua kusoma kuhusu [[Sala ya Kanisa]]). Hata dada “wa nje” (yaani “wanaohudumia nje ya monasteri” bila ya kubanwa na ugo) washiriki maisha ya jumuia sawa na wenzao. Hao ni kundi maalumu la mtindo wa Kiklara, linalohitajika kadiri wenzao wanavyojifungia ndani: ni “akina Marta” kwa “akina Maria” kadiri Fransisko alivyowapangia Ndugu Wadogo wanaoishi upwekeni. Udugu huo unajitokeza hata katika mikutano, ambayo inatakiwa kufanyika kila wiki kwa mchango wa wote, kupanga shughuli za maana na kuteua watakaoshika nyadhifa mbalimbali. Abesi mwenyewe, ingawa anachaguliwa kwa maisha yake yote, kadiri ya mapokeo ya kimonaki, anaweza kubadilishwa na dada zake wakiona hawezi kutimiza vizuri kazi zake. Uhusiano na Utawa I unasisitizwa tena kwa kudai msimamizi wa monasteri awe daima Ndugu Mdogo, pamoja na kuomba Utawa huo uipatie monasteri mapadri 2 na ma[[bradha]] 2 kwa huduma za kiroho na za kimwili.

Huo “mtindo wa maisha” ukakubaliwa na Kardinali mlinzi (1252) halafu na Inosenti IV (1253). Klara akapewa hati yake kitandani akaibusu; siku mbili baadaye akafa akiishika mikononi, wakihudhuria Leo, Angelo na Ginepro, “[[wenzi watatu]]” wa Fransisko; pia alijaliwa faraja za [[Bikira Maria na wanawake watakatifu kadhaa. Mazishi yalihudhuriwa na Papa, Makardinali, Ma[[askofu]] na wengineo. Inosenti IV alitaka ziimbwe sala za watakatifu ma[[bikira]] badala ya zile za wafu, ila akakubali shauri la Kardinali mlinzi la kufuata taratibu zilizopangwa kabla mtu hajatangazwa mtakatifu.

Miaka miwili baadaye, Kardinali huyo akiwa amechaguliwa kuwa [[Papa Aleksanda IV]] (1245-1261), akamtangaza rasmi kuwa [[mtakatifu]] (1255). Mwaka 1260 [[masalia]] yake yakahamishiwa mjini Asizi katika kanisa lililojengwa kwa heshima yake.

[[Image:AnezkaPremyslovna.jpg|left|250px|Mt. Agnes wa Praha.]]

Pamoja na kanuni na wasia, Klara ametuachia walau barua nne (kwa [[Agnes wa Praha]]). Maandishi hayo ndiyo chemchemi ya kwanza ambamo tuchote utajiri wa [[roho]] yake na wa utu wake. Hasa ya mwisho inatuonyesha alivyogeuka ndani ya Yesu kwa kuzidi kumkazia macho kama kioo chake na kujifunza toka kwake hasa ufukara, [[unyenyekevu]] na [[upendo]] wa ajabu, vilivyong’aa katika hatua mbalimbali za maisha yake kuanzia [[Bethlehemu]] hadi [[Kalivari]]. Klara alimfikia Mungu kwa kumfuata Yesu kama bibiarusi mwaminifu katika hatua hizo za maisha yake halisi, kama alivyoelekezwa na Fransisko, kadiri ya karama yake mpya katika kumtazama Yesu na kuelewa Injili.

Katika karne XIII monasteri chache ziliipokea kanuni ya Klara iliyothibitishwa kwa ajili ya nyumba asili tu. Kumbe monasteri kadhaa zikaja kupokea kanuni maalumu ambayo [[Izabela]] (+1270), dada wa [[mfalme Ludoviko IX]] wa [[Ufaransa]], aliiandika akakubaliwa na Aleksanda IV kwa monasteri yake ya [[Longchamp]] (1259). Kanuni hiyo iliweka Waklara chini ya Ndugu Wadogo na kukubali mali na mapato ya mara kwa mara.
Mwaka 1263 mkutano mkuu wa Ndugu Wadogo ulizidi kukataa wajibu wa kuwahudumia Waklara.

Akiwa Mtumishi mkuu, [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] (1257-1274) alijaribu kusuluhisha kwa kusema huduma za kiroho kwa dada hao zinatokana na upendo, lakini si [[wajibu]] ambao waudai kwa [[haki]]; pia zitegemee uamuzi wa Kardinali mlinzi. Kumbe mwaka huohuo [[Papa Urbani IV]] (1261-1264) alipitisha kanuni mpya ili kustawisha nidhamu na umoja ikidai monasteri hizo zote ziitwe Utawa wa Mtakatifu Klara (O.S.C.), kama ilivyoelekea kufanyika baada ya kutangazwa mtakatifu. Kanuni mpya ilifuata kidogo ile ya Klara, na zaidi katiba ya Inosenti IV, ikibana sana masista katika vipengele vingi. Zaidi ya hayo ilipanga mali (mashamba na kodi zake) kuwa tegemeo la kawaida la [[uchumi]] wa monasteri. Hatimaye iliwaondolea Watumishi wa kiume wajibu wa kuwahudumia Waklara. Kanuni hiyo ikakataliwa na monasteri bora na baadhi ya Ndugu Wadogo. Hivyo ukatokea mgawanyiko unaodumu hadi leo kati ya Waklara wanaofuata kanuni ya Klara (inayoitwa kanuni I) na wale wanaofuata kanuni ya Urbani IV ([[Waurbani]] au wa kanuni II), na kufanana na [[Wakonventuali]] (ambao pia wamekubali kuwa na mali kishirika). Kanuni nyingine zikaachwa kabla ya karne kwisha. Kwanza ilienezwa sana ile ya Urbani, lakini ile ya mt Klara ikabaki huko na huko ikiendelea kuathiri sana historia yote ya Waklara kwa kukumbusha tunu asili na kuchochea marekebisho mengi kuliko yale ya Ndugu Wadogo, kutokana na urahisi wa kubadili hali ya monasteri moja kuliko ya shirika kubwa iliyotawanyika sehemu mbalimbali.

Tofauti hizo hazikuzuia uenezi wa monasteri usiende kasi ajabu, kulingana na uenezi wa Utawa I [[Ulaya]] na hata ng’ambo ya [[Bahari ya Kati]]. Kila monasteri ilijitegemea kikamilifu upande wa mamlaka; kilichowaunganisha ni hakika ya kutokana na moto ule uliowashwa na Klara, uhusiano wa kiroho na Ndugu Wadogo na mamlaka ya Kardinali mlinzi. Kwa kawaida monasteri zilikuwa na masista wengi sana. Miito mingi ilitokea kati ya koo maarufu na za kifalme pia, hasa Urbani IV alipodai kila mtakaji alete “[[mahari]]” monasterini, sheria ambayo ilienea kote. Karne ya kwanza ilizaa watakatifu 4 (Klara na Anyesi wa Asizi, Anyesi wa Praha na [[Kinga wa Hungaria]]) na wenye heri 6 katika nchi mbalimbali, hasa kutoka koo za kifalme. Halikukosekana taji la ushahidi wa imani na wa ubikira (Waklara wote wa [[Tripoli]] mwaka 1289, na wote 70 wa [[Tolemais]] mwaka 1291).

Takwimu ni kama ifuatavyo:
Mwaka 1253: monasteri 111: Italia + visiwa 68, [[Hispania]] + [[Ureno]] 21, Ufaransa 14, Ujerumani + Ulaya Mashariki 8.
Mwaka 1300: Waklara zaidi ya 15,000 katika monasteri 413: Italia + visiwa 196, Hispania + Ureno 57, Ufaransa 68, Ujerumani + Ulaya Mashariki 46, Mashariki + [[Korasia]] 23, [[Uingereza]] + [[Irelandi]] 23.

=== Ulegevu (1300-1400) ===

[[Karne XIV]] ilileta [[ulegevu]] katika Utawa II, kama tulivyoona kwa ule wa kwanza, hasa kutokana na wingi wa masista na wa mali. Walipokewa kwa urahisi wanawake wasiofaa lakini wenye kuleta mahari kubwa, ambao waliingiza monasterini watumishi wao binafsi, hata kuleta [[anasa]], pengine kwa [[idhini]] ya Papa. [[Uovu]] ulizidi wakati wa [[farakano la Magharibi]] na fujo iliyofuata. Hata hivyo si monasteri zote zilipatwa kwa pamoja, kutokana na kila moja kujitegemea. Hazikukosekana pia juhudi za kurudisha nidhamu zilizofanywa na wasimamizi wa Utawa I – ambao [[Papa Bonifas VIII]] (1295-1303) aliurudishia wajibu wa kuwahudumia Waklara (1296) – na Makardinali walinzi na Mapapa wenyewe. Kati yao ni muhimu hasa [[Papa Benedikto XII]] (1334-1342), aliyekuwa [[mmonaki]] wa [[Citeaux]], ambaye aliwapa Ndugu Wadogo katiba (1336) ambayo sura yake mojawapo inahusu Waklara tu. Katiba yake ilibadili sura ya monasteri. Kwanza ilipanga idadi ya juu ya masista katika kila monasteri; pili ilisisitiza [[ugo wa Kipapa]], taratibu za pamoja kwa wote, usimamizi mzuri wa mali, katazo la pesa za binafsi na la [[dhuluma]] dhidi ya monasteri; tatu alilazimisha hata dada waliohudumia nje ya ugo wabaki ndani na hivyo wakaja kuwa tabaka la chini la masista, wakiwatumikia wenzao bila ya kuwa na sauti mikutanoni (ilikuwa hivyo kwa Wabenedikto, lakini ni kinyume cha udugu alioutaka Klara); nne kwa huduma hizo za nje waliruhusiwa wanawake wasekulari wa kufaa; tano vilikatazwa vyumba vya binafsi.

Jambo lingine lililokuja kubadilishwa ni muda wa uongozi wa abesi, kwa kuzingatia kwamba urefu wake unaweza ukafaa wakati wa juhudi, lakini unaweza ukasababisha uharibifu wa kudumu ulegevu ukiingia. Mtindo wa maisha wa Klara hausemi abesi adumu muda gani, ila unafuata kanuni ya Fransisko ukisema asipofaa tena aondolewe, halafu achaguliwe mwingine. Lakini utekelezaji wake haukuwa rahisi. Hivyo [[Papa Inosenti VII]] (1404-1406) aliagiza (1405) abesi achaguliwe kila baada ya miaka 10; baadaye muda ukapunguzwa tena hadi miaka 3. Lakini sheria hizo hazikufuatwa popote, hivyo baadhi ya monasteri zikaendelea kumchagua abesi hadi atakapokufa.

Pamoja na juhudi hizo na nyingine za kurekebisha hali, [[historia ya utawa]] inaonyesha kwamba nidhamu ya kuzalimishwa inaweza ikasaidia kiasi, lakini haiwezi kuleta hali mpya, kwa kuwa uhai unatoka ndani ya watawa wenyewe kwa kazi ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. Si suala la miundo, bali la roho. Hata katika ulegevu wa karne XIV mtindo wa maisha wa Klara ulivutia: kwa mfano malkia [[Sancha wa Napoli]] (+1345), alipojifanya Mklara hakukubali kuingia monasteri ya fahari ya Mt. Klara mjini, bali alianzisha nyingine ndogo fukara kwa kuita wamonaki toka Asizi na kushika kanuni I.
Huko na huko Ufaransa ilitokea vilevile. Katika karne hiyo walipatikana wenye heri 3.

Takwimu ni kama ifuatavyo:
Mwaka 1385: Waklara zaidi ya 15,000 katika monasteri 404: Italia + visiwa 245, Hispania + Ureno 51, Ufaransa 39, Ujerumani + Ulaya Mashariki 50, Mashariki + Korasia 11, Uingereza + Irelandi 8.

=== Marekebisho kuanza (1400-1517) ===

Karne XV hadi XVIII ziliona monasteri za Waklara kuhuishwa tena, kufuatana na marekebisho ya Ndugu Wadogo (kama ilivyotokea kwa wanawake wa mashirika mengine), halafu na [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] na maagizo ya Mapapa, lakini pia kutokana na karama yenyewe ya Klara iliyojitokeza wazi katika kanuni yake. Toka mwanzo [[utawa]] wake haukuwa tu muundo mpya wa kimonaki, bali mfumo mpya wa maisha ya Kiinjili, ambao unadai kufuatwa, la sivyo monasteri hazitatulia, kama vile Ndugu Wadogo.

Mwanzoni mwa karne XV ulitokea urekebisho mkubwa kwa njia ya [[Koleta Boylet]] (+1447) wa [[Corbie]] (Ufaransa). Baada ya kujifungia ndani amevaa mavazi ya [[Wafransisko Wasekulari]], alitokewa mara kadhaa na Fransisko na kuhimizwa arekebishe utawa wake.

Basi, akatoka (1406) akaenda kwa Papa wa [[Avinyon]] (bila ya kutambua kwamba ni wa bandia) akaweka mikononi mwake [[nadhiri]] ya kushika mtindo wa maisha wa Klara, akafanywa naye abesi na mrekebishaji wa utawa wote wa Fransisko (I-II-III), kutokana na karama yake wazi ya kurekebisha Kanisa kuanzia monasteri na miundo mingine ya Kifransisko. Kwa neema ya Mungu na kwa msaada wa wakuu wa dunia akaanza kutembelea Ufaransa na [[Benelux]] ili kueneza chachu ya Kiinjili, hasa ufukara. Upande wa Waklara alirekebisha au kuanzisha monasteri 22 kufuatana na kanuni I aliyoomba nakala yake halisi kwa monasteri mama ya Asizi. Mwenyewe aliiongezea katiba iliyopitishwa na Mtumishi mkuu (1432) halafu ikathibitishwa na [[Papa Pius II]] (1458-1464). Humo alikataza mahari za masista, mali yoyote na mapato ya hakika kwa monasteri, kodi na ghala za kutosha muda mrefu, kila kitu cha thamani au kisicho cha lazima, majengo yasiyo duni. Aliagiza wote wafanye [[kazi]]  ili kupata riziki, bila ya kuagiza watu wa nje kwa kazi wanazoweza kuzifanya wenyewe. Kwa udogo, alikataza [[baraka kuu]] kwa abesi na [[ibada ya kuweka wakfu mabikira]]. Hata hivyo alisisitiza usafi na masomo na kupunguza masharti ya ugo. Kwa ajili ya upendo wa kidugu alifuta matabaka, aliagiza vipindi vya burudani (maongezi), alisisitiza mikutano ya kila wiki, alionyesha tena kuwa wadhifa wowote ni utumishi tu. Ingawa alikubali vipengele kadhaa vya kanuni ya Urbani IV vilivyopata kuwa vya kawaida, kwa jumla alirudia vizuri karama ya Klara. Kama yeye alitaka mafungamano imara na Utawa I, monasteri zote zikiwa chini ya Ndugu Wadogo, na wanne kati yao wakiwa tayari kuihudumia kila mojawapo. Kwa sababu hiyo, kama tulivyokwishaona, watawa kadhaa wa kiume waliingia katika juhudi zake za urekebisho ([[Ndugu Wadogo Wakoleta]]).
[[Image:Camillavarano.jpg|thumb|Mt. Batista Varano.]]
Ndugu Wadogo [[Waoservanti]] mwanzoni walikataa kuwahudumia Waklara, lakini polepole wakalazimishwa na Kanisa kwa ombi la monasteri zilizorekebishwa. Hapo urekebisho wa kina ukapamba kwa juhudi za wamonaki bora, kama [[Katerina wa Bologna]] (+1463), [[Antonia wa Firenze]] (+1472), [[Eustokia Calafato]] (+1485) na [[Batista Varano]] (+1524) huko Italia, na wengineo Ufaransa na Hispania. Wote walishikilia kanuni I sio tu kwa Waurbani, bali pia kwa monasteri nyingi za Utawa III na hata nyingine zisizokuwa za Kifransisko! Si zote zilikubali kwa ridhaa yao urekebisho. Kumbe Waoservanti walijaribu kuueneza kote, hata kwa mabavu, mpaka walifikia hatua ya kutumia nguvu za kijeshi kupitia [[serikali]]! Kati ya wote aliyejitahidi zaidi ni [[Yohane wa Capestrano]], ambaye alitaka pia kuunganisha monasteri zote chini ya Waoservanti, lakini akashindana na msimamo wa Koleta aliyetaka kubaki chini ya Mtumishi mkuu na kudumisha uhusiano na Wakonventuali. Yohane akaandika (1445) ufafanuzi wa kanuni ya Klara akiorodhesha amri mia na zaidi, jambo lililowashangaza sana Waklara, hata mwaka uliofuata ulitolewa ufafanuzi mwingine juu ya maana ya amri hizo, halafu [[Papa Eugeni IV]] (1431-1447) akatamka kwamba chache tu zinawabana masista kiasi cha kutenda [[dhambi]] wakizivunja (1447). Mwenyewe aliweka chini ya Waoservanti monasteri zote zilizorekebishwa, hata zikifuata kanuni II, akiziacha nyingine chini ya Mtumishi mkuu. Kwa maana sera ya Kanisa haikuwa kulazimisha monasteri kufuata kanuni I, ila kuzirekebisha kwa kufuata sawasawa sheria za kila mojawapo; pengine waliokataa urekebisho iliwabidi wahame. Mwishoni mwa karne XV Waklara wa urekebisho wakawa wengi kuliko wasiorekebishwa. Sehemu nyingine monasteri za hawa wa mwisho zilikuwa na hali mbaya kweli. Hatimaye baadhi ya zile zilizokataa urekebisho zilibadili kanuni na kufuata ile ya Benedikto. Jambo lingine lisilopendeza lilikuwa kuona Waoservanti na Wakonventuali wakishindania monasteri za dada zao.

Kati ya marekebisho hayo, Wakoleta wamedumisha hadi leo umoja fulani kati ya baadhi ya monasteri zao. Vilevile [[Waklara Pekupeku]] walioanzishwa na [[Marina wa Villaseca]] (Hispania) aliyeruhusiwa (1490) kurekebisha monasteri yake ya Utawa III kwa kufuata kikamilifu kanuni I, na kupokea Waurbani wasirudie unovisi. Makundi mengine yamepoteza umaalumu wao: kwa mfano [[Dada Fukara Waklareno]] ambao [[Papa Sisto IV]] (1471-1484) aliwaweka (1473) chini ya Mtumishi mkuu kumpitia makamu wake Mklareno.

[[Papa Inosenti VIII]] (1484-1492) alimruhusu (1489) [[Beatriche wa Silva Meneses]] (+1490) aunde monasteri ya Kibenedikto aina ya Citeaux kwa heshima ya Bikira Maria [[Mkingiwa Dhambi ya Asili]] (Imaculata Concepcion). Baada ya mwanzilishi kufariki, [[Papa Aleksanda VI]] (1492-1503) akawaruhusu hao masista [[Wakonsesioni]] wafuate kanuni ya Klara na kuunda monasteri nyingine, halafu [[Papa Julius II]] (1503-1513) akawapatia kanuni mpya (1511) ambayo inafanana nayo, lakini inaruhusu mali ya monasteri na kulegeza mfungo. Hata hivyo wakaachwa chini ya Ndugu Wadogo wakapewa fadhili zote za Waklara (1520). Ndiyo sababu wanaorodheshwa pamoja na Utawa II. Hao wakastawi sana Ulaya na [[Amerika]] hadi leo.

Tofauti zaidi ni Utawa wa Bikira Maria ([[Waanunsyata]]) ulioanzishwa na malkia [[Yoana wa Valois]] (+1505) kwa heshima ya Maria Mpashwa Habari. Tawi hilo halifuati kanuni ya Kifransisko, lakini toka mwanzo liko chini ya Waoservanti na linashiriki fadhili za Waklara: ndiyo sababu linaorodheshwa pamoja nao.

Katika kipindi hicho ni vigumu sana kutoa takwimu za idadi ya masista. Kati yao, mbali ya watakatifu 5 waliotajwa, walipatikana wenye heri 7.

== Marekebisho kuendelea (1517-1762) ==
[[Image:Verónica Giuliani.jpg|left|220px|Mt. Veronika Giuliani.]]
Baada ya utengano wa Ndugu Wadogo (1517) monasteri zilizo nyingi ziliwekwa chini ya Waoservanti, hata zile za Wakoleta (nyingine tena zikaongezwa baadaye, k.mf. zile zote za Hispania na Ureno mwaka 1566). Kama kawaida mzigo huo ulilalamikiwa na mkutano mkuu (1532); hivyo ikakatazwa monasteri nyingine zisipokewe chini ya OFM pasipo ruhusa ya mkutano, na hasa wahusika washughulikie mahitaji ya kiroho tu ya Waklara. Baada ya Mtaguso wa Trento kutoa maagizo kuhusu watawa wanawake (1563) yaliyochangia marekebisho ya sheria na hasa juhudi kwa maisha magumu, mkutano mkuu wa OFM ulitunga sheria muhimu kwa utekelezaji wake ukifuta wadhifa wa ndugu msimamizi wa Waklara na kuwaweka moja kwa moja chini ya Watumishi wa kanda (1565). Lakini Waoservanti walipojaribu kusawazisha mno, kwa kudai monasteri zote ziwe na mali (ilivyoruhusiwa na Mtaguso) wakapatwa na matatizo makubwa, hasa kwa sababu Wakoleta hawakukubali kuacha ufukara mkuu, na kuja kulingana na Waurbani wenye kutegemea mali zao.

Urekebisho wa Ndugu Wadogo [[Wakapuchini]] ulisababisha mapema tawi jipya la Waklara linalodumu hadi leo. Mwanzilishi ni [[Maria Lorenza Llonc]] (+1542) mjane Mhispania aliyeishi [[Napoli]] (Italia) na kuhudumia wagonjwa pamoja na jumuia ya wanawake Wafransisko wasekulari aliyoianzisha. Wakapuchini walipohamia hospitali yake (1529), akawakabidhi uongozi wa jumuia hiyo. Kati ya 1533 na 1538 wakaongozwa na [[Gaetano wa Thiene]] aliyewaelekeza kwenye maisha ya sala tu na kuwatafutia idhini ya kuishi kimonaki kwa kufuata kanuni ya Klara (1535). Baadaye akawakabidhi tena Wakapuchini, kwa kuwa karama yao iliathiri sana monasteri hiyo na roho yake, na ndivyo alivyotaka mwanzilishi. [[Papa Paulo III]] (1534-1549) akathibitisha hayo na nia yao ya kushika kikamilifu kanuni (1538). Kwa ajili hiyo mwanzilishi aliikamilisha katiba ya Koleta kwa kutumia ile ya Wakapuchini. Sifa ya monasteri ikaenea haraka na kusababisha kabla ya 1600 zianzishwe 17 nyingine Italia ([[Karolo Boromeo]] aliunda tatu katika jimbo lake). Ila Wakapuchini wanaume wakakataa katakata kuzisimamia, isipokuwa mbili. Hata hivyo dada zao wakaendelea kuomba msaada huo kwa kuwapitia Maaskofu na wafalme, mpaka Mapapa wakalazimisha hao wanaume kuhudumia walau kiroho monasteri fulanifulani. Hata nje ya Italia wakaenea haraka: Hispania (1588), Ufaransa (1603), Ureno (1625), Mexico (1665) ambayo ikawa nchi walipoongezeka zaidi hadi leo, [[Peruu]] (1713), [[Gwatemala]] (1725), Chile (1727) n.k.

Hata marekebisho mengine ya Utawa I yalijaribu bure kukataa huduma kwa Waklara, hasa [[Wariformati]] waliojitahidi sana ili Mapapa wawaweke wote chini ya Maaskofu. Hatimaye wakalazimika kuwahudumia Waklara. Masista wa Utawa II na III waliokuwa chini ya [[Warekoleti]] wakaja kutumia jina hilo pia.

Marekebisho mengine ya Waklara yalifanyika katika karne XVII, hasa Italia. Kati yake ule wa [[Wakaapweke wa Mt. Petro wa Alkantara]], ulioanzishwa na Kardinali Mkapuchini na kuthibitishwa na [[Papa Klementi X]] (1670-1676), ndio tawi gumu kuliko yote yaliyowahi kuwepo. Masista hao waliishi kila mmoja peke yake kama [[Wakartusi]] na kujitahidi kumuiga [[Petro wa Alkantara]] katika yote, lakini hawakuenea sana.

Katika karne XVII na XVIII hata Waurbani wakapata marekebisho yao hasa upande wa ufukara, Ufaransa na Italia.

Waklara waliorekebishwa walitoa mifano bora ya kutetea [[imani]] na [[ubikira]] wakati wa uenezi wa [[Uprotestanti]] na vita vya dini vilivyofuata. Upungufu uliosababishwa na mambo hayo Ulaya Kaskazini ulifidiwa kabisa sio tu katika nchi zilizobaki kuwa za Kikatoliki, bali hata Amerika na [[Asia]]. Wakonsesioni walifika Mexico mwaka 1540. Waklara wakafungua monasteri yao ya kwanza ya Amerika huko [[Hispaniola]] mwaka 1551. Monasteri nyingine zikaanzishwa karne hiyohiyo Peruu, [[Ekwado]], [[Kolombia]], [[Chile]], Gwatemala na [[Brazili]]. Katika karne XVII Waklara wakaenea [[Ufilipino]] (1621) na [[China]] (1633). Katika karne XVIII ongezeko liliendelea ingawa kasi yake ilipungua. 

Takwimu ni kama ifuatavyo:
Mwaka 1587 Waklara tu walikuwa 28,000 katika monasteri 618 (Hispania + Ureno 277, Italia + visiwa 199, Ufaransa 91, Ulaya ya Kati 46, Amerika 5). Monasteri za Wakonsesioni zilikuwa 76 na za Waanunsyata 9.
Mwaka 1680 Waklara tu walikuwa 38,000 katika monasteri 973 (Hispania + Ureno 394, Italia + visiwa 248, Ufaransa 182, Ulaya ya Kati 128, Amerika 21). Monasteri za Wakonsesioni zilikuwa 90 na za Waanunsyata 40.
Kati yao wote anang’aa hasa [[Veronika Giuliani]] (+1727) aliyejaa karama na [[njozi]] tangu utotoni, alivyosimulia kwa utiifu na unyofu katika shajara yenye kurasa 22,000. Wako pia wenye heri 4.

== Karne za mwisho (1762-2005) ==
[[Picha:Poor Clares sister.jpg|thumb|220px]]
Kama ilivyowatokea Ndugu Wadogo, Waklara pia walishambuliwa na siasa mpya za serikali, kuanzia [[Austria]] na nchi zote zilizokuwa chini yake (1782-1783), monasteri zote zilipofutwa. Uamuzi huohuo ulichukuliwa Ufaransa (1792); miaka 2 baadaye [[Yosefina Leroux]] akauawa kwa kosa la kuanza tena kuishi kijumuia), halafu [[Ubelgiji]], Italia, Ujerumani na Hispania. Katika nchi hiyo ya mwisho monasteri nyingi zikaendelea hata baada ya sheria nyingine kudai zifutwe; pengine ilitumika mbinu ya kukubali kutoa huduma fulani (k.mf. shule) Lakini katika nchi nyingine monasteri nyingi zikakoma, hasa Ureno ambapo zilikwisha zote kufuatana na sheria ya mwaka 1834.

Tangu miaka ya kwanza ya karne XIX monasteri zikaundwa tena Ufaransa na Ubelgiji, pamoja na kuanzishwa mashirika mengi ya Kifransisko. Mojawapo ni tunda la [[Maria Klara Bouillevaux]] (1820-1871) aliyelianzisha [[Paris]] (1854), likifuata kanuni ya Utawa Hasa III na katiba maalumu, yenye jambo la pekee la kuabudu [[ekaristi]] saa zote. Mwaka 1912 monasteri zake zote zikapokea kanuni ya Urbani IV na kujiita [[Waklara Fukara wa Kuabudu Mfululizo]]. Walienea sana na kudumisha uhusiano na Wakapuchini. Hata katika nchi nyingine monasteri mpya ziliundwa na nyingine zilifunguliwa tena. Baadhi ziligeuka kuwa mashirika ya kitume, bila kuacha kanuni ya Kiklara.

Katika karne XX uenezi ukaendelea hasa katika nchi za Amerika na za [[misheni]]. Baada ya [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] idara ya Papa kwa Watawa iliagiza itungwe katiba moja kwa Waklara wote, isipokuwa Wakapuchini. Kazi hiyo ilifanywa polepole na OFM kwa kupokea mapendekezo ya maabesi pia, ikapitishwa (1930), lakini si kwa Wakoleta. Kwa Waklara Wakapuchini katiba ilitungwa na wenzao wa kiume na kupitishwa mapema zaidi (1927). Waurbani pia wakaja kukubaliwa katiba maalumu (1973). Juhudi hizo za kuimarisha umoja zilichangiwa sana na [[Papa Pius XII]] (1939-1958) alipohimiza ma[[shirikisho]] ya monasteri pamoja na kulegeza masharti ya ugo (1950) kwa lengo la kuziondoa katika hali ya ukiwa, kuzisaidia upande wa [[malezi]] na kuruhusu pengine uhamisho. Kazi hiyo ilianza Ufaransa (1953) na kuendelezwa na [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]] hivi kwamba mwaka 1975 kulikuwa na mashirikisho 43 (1 chini ya Wakonventuali, 7 chini ya Wakapuchini na 35 chini ya OFM). Ni mafanikio makubwa tukizingatia ugumu wa kushinda desturi za siku nyingi na tofauti za kila aina.

Uhusiano kati ya monasteri na kati ya hizo na [[Wafransisko]] wengine umeongezeka na kuinua ujuzi wa kidini na wa hali na mahitaji ya Kanisa na ya ulimwengu. [[Mtaguso]] uliagiza pia matabaka kati ya masista yafutwe; hivyo Waklara wakarudia mpango wa mwanzilishi kuhusu udugu, pamoja na kuzidi kuchimba karama yake kwa jumla. Katika uchangamfu huo mpya monasteri nyingi zikapokea kanuni I badala ya kanuni II. Hivyo mnamo mwaka 1975 kati ya monasteri za Waklara, 660 hivi zilikuwa zinafuata kanuni I na 150 hivi kanuni II. Hata [[sinodi ya Maaskofu]] kuhusu watawa (1994) ikajadili sana masuala ya wamonaki na kuhimiza tena mashirikisho yaimarishwe na ugo urekebishwe hasa kwa faida ya malezi.

Baada ya ongezeko la nusu ya kwanza ya karne XX, uhaba wa miito Ulaya umerudisha nyuma ustawi wa monasteri nyingi. Takwimu ya uenezi ni kama ifuatavyo:
Mwaka 1907 Waklara tu walikuwa 11,000 katika monasteri 561 (Hispania + Ureno 185, Italia 157, Amerika 40, Ulaya ya Kati 53, Ufaransa 43). Monasteri za Wakonsesioni zilikuwa 88 na za Waanunsyata 6.
Mwaka 1980 Waklara tu walikuwa 17,000 katika monasteri 824 (Hispania + Ureno 289, Italia 144, Amerika 172, Ulaya ya Kati 78, Asia+[[Afrika]]+[[Australia]] 60, Ufaransa 43). Monasteri za Wakonsesioni zilikuwa 153 na za Waanunsyata 4.
Mwaka 2000 Waklara tu walikuwa 13,160 katika monasteri 926. Monasteri za Wakonsesioni zilikuwa 164 na za Waanunsyata 7.
Kuhusu matawi, mwaka 2005 takwimu zilikuwa hivi: Waklara wa kawaida 7,662, Waklara Wakoleta 681, Waklara Waurbani 1,122, Waklara Wakapuchini 2,246, Wakapuchini wa Sakramenti Kuu 295, Waklara wa Kuabudu Mfululizo 587 = Jumla ya Waklara 12,593 katika monasteri 928. Wakonsesioni walikuwa 2,019 katika monasteri 157 na Waanunsyata 96 katika monasteri 8.
Waklara wafiadini wengine 6 wa karne XX, hasa Wahispania, wameshatangazwa wenye heri. Mklara maarufu zaidi wa milenia mpya ni [[Mama Anjelika]] wa Kupashwa Habari (1923-2016) ambaye, karibu na monasteri yake ya kuabudu ekaristi mfululizo, alianzisha (1981) mtandao wa Kikatoliki mkubwa kuliko yote ya Amerika ([[EWTN]])!

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12251b.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia: The Poor Clares]
*[http://poorclare.org/ Poor Clares] {{Wayback|url=http://poorclare.org/ |date=20210916095149 }} Official U.S. website
*[http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/prayer-franciscan-poor-clare-vocations/ Sala kwa ajili ya miito] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/prayer-franciscan-poor-clare-vocations/ |date=20141029065538 }}
*[http://www.poorclaresarundel.org/Pages/CONVENTDefault.aspx Konventi] Mfululizo wa filamu kwa [[runinga]]
[[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]]
[[Jamii:Mashirika ya kitawa]]
[[Jamii:Wafransisko]]
[[Jamii:Wamonaki]]
[[Jamii:Waklara| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyurosaikolojia</title>
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	[[Picha:Thomas_Willis.jpg|thumb|Thomas Willis,Mchangiaji mkubwa katika taaluma ya Nyurosaikolojia]]	

'''Nyurosaikolojia''' ni [[taaluma]] ya [[sayansi]] ya msingi inayochunguza muundo na utendaji wa [[ubongo]] kuhusiana na taratibu maalumu za kisaikolojia na tabia wazi. 

[[Neno]] nyurosaikolojia limetumika kwa uchunguzi wa vidonda katika [[binadamu]] na [[wanyama]]. Pia imetumika katika juhudi za kurekodi shughuli za [[umeme]] kutoka kwa [[seli]] binafsi (au vikundi vya seli) katika [[mamalia]] wa hali ya juu (pamoja na utafiti kiasi wa binadamu wagonjwa).&lt;ref name=&quot;Posner2000&quot;&gt; Posner, M.I. &amp;amp; DiGirolamo, G.J. (2000) Cognitive Neuroscience:Origins and Promise, ''Taarifa ya Kisaikolojia, 126:6,''  873-889.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ni ya kisayansi katika mtazamo wake na inashiriki mtazamo wa akili wa utengenezaji wa maelezo na saikolojia tambuzi na sayansi tambuzi. Ni moja ya taaluma za kisaikolojia isiyofuata mfumo mmoja wa mawazo, wakati mwingine ikipishana na mawanda kama vile sayansi ya neva, [[falsafa]] (hasa falsafa ya akili), nyurolojia, taaluma ya [[tiba]] ya magonjwa ya akili na sayansi ya kompyuta (hasa kwa kutumia mitandao bandia ya neva).

Katika vitendo wataalam wa nyurosaikolojia wana mwelekeo wa kufanya kazi za usomi (kushiriki katika utafiti wa msingi au wa kiafya), mipangilio ya kiafya (kushiriki katika kuchunguza au kutibu wagonjwa wenye matatizo ya nyurosaikolojia{{ndash}}tazama niurosaikolojia ya kiafya), mipangilio ya uchunguzi (mara nyingi kuchunguza watu kwa sababu za kisheria au kesi mahakamani au kufanya kazi na wahalifu, au kwenda mahakamani kama shahidi mtaalam) au tasnia (mara nyingi kama washauri ambapo maarifa ya nyurosaikolojia yanatumika kubuni bidhaa au katika usimamizi wa utafiti wa majaribio ya kiafya ya madawa ambayo yanaweza kuwa na athari kwa utendakazi wa mfumo mkuu wa neva).

==Mitazamo==
Nyurosaikolojia ya majaribio mtazamo unaotumia mbinu kutoka kwa saikolojia ya majaribio kufichua uhusiano kati ya [[mfumo wa neva]] na kazi tambuzi. Kazi nyingi inahusu kuchunguza binadamu wenye [[afya]] katika mazingira ya maabara, ingawa watafiti wachache wanaweza kufanya majaribio ya wanyama. Kazi ya binadamu katika taaluma hii mara nyingi hujinufaisha kwa sifa maalum za mfumo wetu wa neva (kwa mfano maelezo ya kuona yanayowasilishwa kwa eneo maalum la kuona hutengenezwa kwa upendeleo na nusu ya gamba iliyo upande mkabala) kuweka viungo kati ya nyuranatomia na kazi ya kisaikolojia.

Nyurosaikolojia ya kiafya ni matumizi ya maarifa ya kiniurosaikolojia katika tathmini (tazama uchunguzi wa kinyurosaikolojia na tathmini ya kinyurosaikolojia), usimamizi na ukarabati wa watu waliopatwa na ugonjwa au jeraha (hasa kwa ubongo) ambalo limesababisha matatizo yanayohusu uwezo wa utambuzi wa mfumo mkuu wa neva. Hasa wao huleta mtazamo wa kisaikolojia kwa matibabu, kuelewa jinsi magonjwa na majeraha haya yanaweza kuathiri na kuathiriwa na sababu za kisaikolojia. Wanaweza pia kutoa maoni ya kama mtu anaonyesha matatizo kutokana na patholojia ya ubongo au kama matokeo ya hisia au sababu nyingine za kupindulika (uwezekano). Mara nyingi wataalam wa niurosaikolojia ya kiafya hufanya kazi katika mazingira ya hospitali katika timu ya madaktari wa fani mbalimbali, wengine hufanya udaktari wa kibinafsi na wanaweza kutoa mchango wa kitaalam katika kesi za udaktari na kisheria.

Nyurosaikolojia tambuzi ni maendeleo ya hivi karibuni na imeibuka kama utoneshaji wa mitazamo saidishi ya nyurosaikolojia ya majaribio na ya kiafya. Inajaribu kuelewa akili na ubongo kwa kuchunguza watu waliopata jeraha la ubongo au ugonjwa wa neva. Mfano mmoja wa kazi ya nyurosaikolojia unajulikana kama ujanibishaji wa kiuntedaji. Hii ina msingi kwenye kanuni ya kwamba kama tatizo maalum tambuzi linaweza kupatikana baada ya jeraha katika eneo maalum la ubongo, inawezekana kwamba sehemu hii ya ubongo inahusika kwa njia fulani. Hata hivyo, kunaweza kuwa na sababu ya kuamini kwamba uhusiano kati ya kazi za akili na maeneo ya neva si rahisi. Mtindo mbadala wa kiungo kati ya akili na ubongo, kama vile utengenezaji sambamba, unaweza kuwa na maelezo zaidi ya utendakazi na utendakazi mbaya wa ubongo wa binadamu. Hata hivyo mtazamo mwingine unachunguza jinsi muundo wa makosa unaoonyeshwa na watu wenye ubongo ulioharibika unaweza kushurutisha ufahamu wetu wa mifano na michakato ya akili kurejea kwa muundo wa msingi wa neva. Mtazamo wa karibuni lakini unaohusiana ni sayansi tambuzi ya matibabu inayohusu magonjwa ya kisaikolojia ya mfumo wa neva ambayo inajaribu kuelewa utendakazi wa kawaida wa akili na ubongo kwa kuchunguza ugonjwa wa akili.

Uhusisho ni matumizi ya mitandao ghushi ya neva kufanya mfano michakato maalum tambuzi kwa kutumia mifano iliyorahisishwa lakini yenye kukubalika ya jinsi niuroni hufanya kazi. Baada ya mafunzo ya jinsi ya kufanya kazi tambuzi maalum mitandao hii mara nyingi huharibiwa au 'kujeruhiwa' kuiga jeraha au kuharibika kwa ubongo katika jaribio la kuelewa na kulinganisha matokeo kwa madhara ya jeraha la ubongo katika binadamu.

Upigaji picha za ubongo amilifu hutumia teknolojia maalum za upigaji picha za ubongo kuchukua hali kutoka kwa ubongo, kwa kawaida wakati mtu anafanya kazi fulani, katika jaribio la kuelewa jinsi uhamasishaji wa maeneo fulani ya ubongo yanahusiana na kazi hiyo. Hasa, ukuaji wa mbinu za kutumia upimaji tambuzi katika mbinu thabiti za upigaji picha kwa mwangwi wa usumaku wa kiutendaji(fMRI)  kuchunguza mahusiano ya ubongo na tabia kuna ushawishi dhahiri kwenye utafiti wa nyurosaikolojia.

Katika mazoezi mitazamo hii haihusiani pekee na wataalam wa nyurosaikolojia huchagua mtazamo au mitazamo bora zaidi kwa kazi kukamilika.

==Mbinu na zana==
*matumizi ya uchunguzi sanifu wa nyurosaikolojia. Kazi hizi zimeundwa ili utendaji wa kazi uweze kuhusishwa na michakato maalum tambuzi ya neva. Kwa kawaida uchunguzi huu umesanifishwa, kumaanisha kwamba umetolewa kwa kikundi (au vikundi) maalum cha watu kabla ya kutumika katika kesi binafsi za kiafya. Data inayotokana na usanifishaji hujulikana kama data sanifu. Baada ya data hizo kukusanywa na kuchambuliwa, zinatumiwa kama kipimo linganishi kitachotumiwa kulinganisha utendaji binafsi.  Mifano ya uchunguzi wa kiniurosaikolojia ni pamoja na: Kipimo cha Wechsler cha Kumbukumbu ya Watu wazima (WMS), Kipimo cha Wechsler cha Akili ya Watu wazima (WAIS), na Kipimo cha Wechsler cha Akili ya Watoto (WISC). Uchunguzi mwingine ni pamoja na Betri ya Niurosaikolojia ya Halstead-Reitan, Uchunguzi wa Kutaja wa Boston, Uchunguzi wa Wisconsin wa Kupambanua Kadi, na Uchunguzi wa Benton wa Kuzuia Kuona, na Shirika la Neno Simulizi Lililodhibitiwa. (Woodcock Johnson na Nelson-Denny si vipimo vya kiniurosaikolojia. Ni betri za elimu ya saikolojia za uchunguzi unaotumiwa kupima uwezo na udhaifu wa mtu binafsi ndani ya taaluma katika maeneo maalumu ya kielimu (kuandika, kusoma na sayansi ya namba)).

*matumizi ya picha za ubongo kuchunguza muundo au kazi ya ubongo ni ya kawaida, ama kama tu njia bora zaidi ya kuchunguza jeraha la ubongo kwa kutumia picha zenye uangavu wa juu zaidi, au kwa kuchunguza shughuli za maeneo mbalimbali ya ubongo. Teknolojia hizo ni pamoja na fMRI (upigaji picha kwa mwangwi wa usumaku wa kiutendaji) na picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama (PET), ambayo hutoa data inayohusiana na utendaji, pamoja na MRI (upigaji picha kwa mwangwi wa usumaku) na tomografia ya jira kupitia kompyuta (CAT au CT), ambayo hutoa data ya muundo. ..

*matumizi ya vipimo vya elektrofisiolojia vilivyoundwa kupima mwamsho wa ubongo kwa kupima eneo la umeme au eneo la sumaku lililotokana na mfumo wa neva. Hii inaweza kuwa pamoja na kupima na kurekodi shughuli za umeme za ubongo kwa kutumia vipima hisia (EEG) au kurekodi maeneo ya sumaku, yaliyopimwa nje ya kichwa,yanayotokana na shughuli za umeme ndani ya kichwa (MEG).

*matumizi ya kazi za majaribio zilizoundwa, zinazodhibitiwa mara nyingi na kompyuta na kwa kawaida kupima wakati wa mjibizo na usahihi wa kazi hasa inayozingatiwa kuhusiana na mchakato maalum tambuzi wa neva. Mfano wa hili ni Betri ya Kujiendesha ya Uchunguzi wa Kiniurosaikolojia wa Cambridge (CANTAB).

== Tazama pia ==
{{Colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* Nyurolojia ya tabia
* Saikolojia ya biolojia
* Uzima wa ubongo
* Nyurosaikolojia ya kiafya
* Tiba tabia tambuzi
* Sayansi ya matibabu inayohusu magonjwa ya kisaikolojia ya mfumo wa neva tambuzi
* Nyurosaikolojia tambuzi
* Sayansi ya neva tambuzi
* Saikolojia tambuzi
* Nyurosaikolojia linganishi
* Tiba tabia ya kipembuzi
* Tiba ya muziki
* Inayohusu mfumo wa neva na uwezo wake tambuzi
* Nyurolojia
* Sayansi ya matibabu inayohusu magonjwa ya kisaikolojia ya mfumo wa neva
* Upimaji wa nyurosaikolojia
* Nyurofisiolojia
* Sayansi ya neva
* Mawasiliano yasiyo na vurugu
* Falsafa ya akili
* Taaluma ya tiba ya magonjwa ya akili
* [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]]
* Muhtasari wa saikolojia
* Tiba ya tabia ya kimantiki yenye kuamsha hisia
* Uchapishaji muhimu wa nyurosaikolojia
{{Colend}}

==Maelezo==
{{Reflist}}

==Marejeo zaidi==
* Arnold, MB (1984). ''Memory and the Brain.''  Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
* Attix, DK &amp;amp; Welsh-Bohmer, KA (2006) ''Geriatric Neuropsychology.''  Vitabu vya Guilford: New York.
* Beaumont, JG (1983). ''Introduction to Neuropsychology.''  Uchapishaji wa Guilford Inc ISBN 0-89862-515-7
* Beaumont, J.G., Kenealy, P.M., na Rogers, M.J.C. (1999). ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Neuropsychology.''  Malden, Massachusetts, Wachapishaji wa Blackwell.
* Broks, P. (2003). ''Into the Silent Land: Travels in Neuropsychology.''  London, Vitabu vya Atlantic. ISBN 0-80214-128-5
* Bush, S.S. &amp;amp; Martin, T.A. (2005) Geriatric Neuropsychology: Practice Essentials. Kikundi cha Taylor &amp;amp; Francis: New York.
* Cabeza, R. &amp;amp; Kingstone, A. (eds.) (2001) ''Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging and Cognition.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Vitabu vya MIT.
* Christensen, A-L. (1975) ''Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation.''  New York: Uchapishaji wa Spectrum.
* David, AS et al. (eds.) (1997). ''The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia: Brain Damage, Behaviour, and Cognition Series,''  Sussex Mashariki, Uingereza, Vitabu vya Saikolojia.
* Hannay, H.J. (1986). ''Experimental Techniques in Human Neuropsychology.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Hartlage, L.C. &amp;amp; Telzrow, C.F. (1985) ''The Neuropsychology of Individual Differences.''  New York: Vitabu vya Plenum.
* Johnstone, B. &amp;amp; Stonnington, HH (2009). Rehabilitation of Neuropsychological Disorders, Toleo ''la 2.'' ''New York: Vitabu vya Saikolojia.'' 
* Kertesz, A. (ed.) (1994). ''Localization and Neuroimaging in Neuropsychology.''  Vitabu vya Kielimu: New York.
* Kolb, B., &amp;amp; Wishaw, I.Q. (2003). ''Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology''  (toleo la 5). Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6
* Levin, H.S., Eisenberg, H.M. &amp;amp; Benton, A.L. (1991) ''Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., &amp;amp; Loring, D.W. (2004). ''Neuropsychological Assessment''  (Toleo la 4). New York: Oxford University Press.
* Loring, D.W. (ed.) (1999). ''Ins Dictionary of Neuropsychology.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Llinas, R (2001) &quot;I of the Vortex&quot;. Boston, MIT Press.
* Luria, A.R. (1973). ''The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology.'' 
* Luria, A.R. (1976). ''Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
* Luria, A.R. (1979). ''The Making of Mind: A Personal Account of Soviet Psychology.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
* Luria, A.R. (1980). ''Higher Cortical Functions in Man.''  New York: Vitabu vya Msingi.
* Luria, A.R. (1982). ''Language and Cognition.''  New York: John Wiley &amp;amp; Watoto.
* Luria, A.R. (1987). ''The Mind of a Mnemonist.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* Luria, A.R. &amp;amp; Tsvetkova, L.S. (1990) ''The Neuropsychological Analysis of Problem Solving.''  Orlando: Paul M. Deutsch Press.
* McCarthy, R.A. &amp;amp; Warrington, E.K. (1990). ''Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Clinical Introduction.''  New York: Vitabu vya Kielimu.
* Mesulam, M-M. ((2000). ''Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology {{ndash}} Toleo la 2''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Miller, B.L. &amp;amp; Cummings, J.L. (1999) ''The Human Frontal Lobes.''  New York: Vitabu vya Guilford.
* Morgan, J.E. &amp;amp; Ricker, J.H. (2008),. ''Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology.''  New York: Vitabu vya Saikolojia.
* Rains, G.D. (2002). ''Principles of Human Neuropsychology:''  Boston: McGraw-Hill.
* Stuss, D.T. &amp;amp; Knight, R.T. (eds.) (2002) ''Principles of Frontal Lobe Function.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Tarter, R.E., Van Thiel, D.H. &amp;amp; Edwards, K.L. (1988) ''Medical Neuropsychology: The Impact of Disease on Behavior.''  New York: Vitabu vya Plenum.
* Tate, R.L. (2010). A Compendium of Tests, Scales and ''Questionnaires.'' ''Hove: Vitabu vya Saikolojia.'' 
* Heilbronner, R.L. (2005) ''Forensic Neuropsychology Casebook.''  New York, London. Vitabu vya Guilford.
* Groth-Marnat, G. ''Handbook of Psychological Assessment'' 
* Goldstein, G. &amp;amp; Nussbaum, P.D. &amp;amp; Beers, S.R. ''Neuropsychology'' 
* Strauss, E. &amp;amp; Sherman, E.M.S. &amp;amp; Spreen, O ''A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary'' 

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.nanonline.org/ The National Academy of Neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nanonline.org/ |date=20080418063307 }} shirika la kitaalamu linalojumuisha madaktari, wanasayansi-weledi, na watafiti wanaopenda niurosaikolojia
* [http://www.the-ins.org/ The International Neuropsychological Society], shirika lenye taaluma nyingi lisilo la kupata faida lenye kusudi la kuimarisha mawasiliano kati ya taaluma za kisayansi zinazochangia ufahamu wa mahusiano kati ya ubongo na tabia.&quot; 
* [http://www.nyng.org/ New York Neuropsychology Group] Shirika lenye taaluma nyingi lisilo la kupata faida lililoanzishwa mwaka wa 1979 kutoa jukwaa la majadiliano ya mahusiano kati ya ubongo na tabia, kutoa nafasi kwa mitandao ya wataalamu, na kusambaza maelezo kuhusu mafunzo na fursa za kielimu kwa wanafunzi na wataalamu; Kikosi chake cha Kazi cha Lugha mbili hushughulikia matatizo ya wateja wa lugha mbili na wasiozungumza Kiingereza.
* [http://www.div40.org/ Division 40 of the American Psychological Association (Clinical Neuropsychology)], &quot;shirika la kisayansi na la kitaalamu la wanasaikolojia wenye shauku ya kufanya utafiti wa mahusiano ya unongo na tabia, na matumizi ya kiafya ya maarifa hayo katika matatizo ya binadamu.&quot;
* [http://www.neuropsychologycentral.com/ Neuropsychology Central]
* [http://www.neuropsychologie.fr/ Clinnical neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.neuropsychologie.fr/ |date=20091221100011 }}
* [http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/neuro-timeline.html History of neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/neuro-timeline.html |date=20080319123645 }} kama muda.
* [http://www.divinestra.com/np.html a cup of neuropsychology?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.divinestra.com/np.html |date=20100210110151 }} rasilimali chaguzi kuhusu mahusiano ya ubongo na tabia kutoka kwa Anthony H. Risser, Ph.D.
* [http://neuropsychological.blogspot.com/ brainblog].
* [http://www.abpdn.org/index.shtml The American Board of Pediatric Neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abpdn.org/index.shtml |date=20101030154748 }}. Bodi ya kuthibitisha wataalam wa Nyurosaikolojia ya matibabu ya watoto na ndio bodi ya uthibitisho pekee maalum kwa niurosaikolojia ya matibabu ya watoto. 
*[http://www.iifnr.org/ International Institute for Neuropsychological Research] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iifnr.org/ |date=20071012182334 }} Taasisi isiyo ya faida yenye lengo la kufadhili utafiti wa niurosaikolojia kimataifa
* [http://www.pns-pa.org/ The Philadelphia Neuropsychology Society] shirika lililoanzisha jarida la Niurosaikolojia, linalotoa huduma kwa wataamal wa niurosaikolojia katika eneo la Filadelfia
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/schools.htm Neuropsychological Assessment in Schools] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/schools.htm |date=20110607083505 }} {{ndash}} kutoka kwa Ofisi za Kituo cha Maelezo ya Rasilimali ya Elimu  kuhusu Uchunguzi Kupima na Tathmini, Washington DC
* [http://dictionary-psychology.com Dictionary of psychology]
[[Category:Saikolojia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="15498" sha1="cnbbllv90yz2bkca15s2bhfkwe7g0oz" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Thomas_Willis.jpg|thumb|Thomas Willis,Mchangiaji mkubwa katika taaluma ya Nyurosaikolojia]]	
'''Nyurosaikolojia''' ni [[taaluma]] ya [[sayansi]] ya msingi inayochunguza muundo na utendaji wa [[ubongo]] kuhusiana na taratibu maalumu za kisaikolojia na tabia wazi. 

[[Neno]] nyurosaikolojia limetumika kwa uchunguzi wa vidonda katika [[binadamu]] na [[wanyama]]. Pia imetumika katika juhudi za kurekodi shughuli za [[umeme]] kutoka [[seli]] binafsi (au vikundi vya seli) katika [[mamalia]] wa hali ya juu (pamoja na utafiti kiasi wa binadamu wagonjwa).&lt;ref name=&quot;Posner2000&quot;&gt; Posner, M.I. &amp;amp; DiGirolamo, G.J. (2000) Cognitive Neuroscience:Origins and Promise, ''Taarifa ya Kisaikolojia, 126:6,''  873-889.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ni ya kisayansi katika mtazamo wake na inashiriki mtazamo wa akili wa utengenezaji wa maelezo na saikolojia tambuzi na sayansi tambuzi. Ni moja ya taaluma za kisaikolojia isiyofuata mfumo mmoja wa mawazo, wakati mwingine ikipishana na mawanda kama vile sayansi ya neva, [[falsafa]] (hasa falsafa ya akili), nyurolojia, taaluma ya [[tiba]] ya magonjwa ya akili na sayansi ya kompyuta (hasa kwa kutumia mitandao bandia ya neva).

Katika vitendo wataalam wa nyurosaikolojia wana mwelekeo wa kufanya kazi za usomi (kushiriki katika utafiti wa msingi au wa kiafya), mipangilio ya kiafya (kushiriki katika kuchunguza au kutibu wagonjwa wenye matatizo ya nyurosaikolojia{{ndash}}tazama niurosaikolojia ya kiafya), mipangilio ya uchunguzi (mara nyingi kuchunguza watu kwa sababu za kisheria au kesi mahakamani au kufanya kazi na wahalifu, au kwenda mahakamani kama shahidi mtaalam) au tasnia (mara nyingi kama washauri ambapo maarifa ya nyurosaikolojia yanatumika kubuni bidhaa au katika usimamizi wa utafiti wa majaribio ya kiafya ya madawa ambayo yanaweza kuwa na athari kwa utendakazi wa mfumo mkuu wa neva).

==Mitazamo==
Nyurosaikolojia ya majaribio mtazamo unaotumia mbinu kutoka kwa saikolojia ya majaribio kufichua uhusiano kati ya [[mfumo wa neva]] na kazi tambuzi. Kazi nyingi inahusu kuchunguza binadamu wenye [[afya]] katika mazingira ya maabara, ingawa watafiti wachache wanaweza kufanya majaribio ya wanyama. Kazi ya binadamu katika taaluma hii mara nyingi hujinufaisha kwa sifa maalum za mfumo wetu wa neva (kwa mfano maelezo ya kuona yanayowasilishwa kwa eneo maalum la kuona hutengenezwa kwa upendeleo na nusu ya gamba iliyo upande mkabala) kuweka viungo kati ya nyuranatomia na kazi ya kisaikolojia.

Nyurosaikolojia ya kiafya ni matumizi ya maarifa ya kiniurosaikolojia katika tathmini (tazama uchunguzi wa kinyurosaikolojia na tathmini ya kinyurosaikolojia), usimamizi na ukarabati wa watu waliopatwa na ugonjwa au jeraha (hasa kwa ubongo) ambalo limesababisha matatizo yanayohusu uwezo wa utambuzi wa mfumo mkuu wa neva. Hasa wao huleta mtazamo wa kisaikolojia kwa matibabu, kuelewa jinsi magonjwa na majeraha haya yanaweza kuathiri na kuathiriwa na sababu za kisaikolojia. Wanaweza pia kutoa maoni ya kama mtu anaonyesha matatizo kutokana na patholojia ya ubongo au kama matokeo ya hisia au sababu nyingine za kupindulika (uwezekano). Mara nyingi wataalam wa niurosaikolojia ya kiafya hufanya kazi katika mazingira ya hospitali katika timu ya madaktari wa fani mbalimbali, wengine hufanya udaktari wa kibinafsi na wanaweza kutoa mchango wa kitaalam katika kesi za udaktari na kisheria.

Nyurosaikolojia tambuzi ni maendeleo ya hivi karibuni na imeibuka kama utoneshaji wa mitazamo saidishi ya nyurosaikolojia ya majaribio na ya kiafya. Inajaribu kuelewa akili na ubongo kwa kuchunguza watu waliopata jeraha la ubongo au ugonjwa wa neva. Mfano mmoja wa kazi ya nyurosaikolojia unajulikana kama ujanibishaji wa kiuntedaji. Hii ina msingi kwenye kanuni ya kwamba kama tatizo maalum tambuzi linaweza kupatikana baada ya jeraha katika eneo maalum la ubongo, inawezekana kwamba sehemu hii ya ubongo inahusika kwa njia fulani. Hata hivyo, kunaweza kuwa na sababu ya kuamini kwamba uhusiano kati ya kazi za akili na maeneo ya neva si rahisi. Mtindo mbadala wa kiungo kati ya akili na ubongo, kama vile utengenezaji sambamba, unaweza kuwa na maelezo zaidi ya utendakazi na utendakazi mbaya wa ubongo wa binadamu. Hata hivyo mtazamo mwingine unachunguza jinsi muundo wa makosa unaoonyeshwa na watu wenye ubongo ulioharibika unaweza kushurutisha ufahamu wetu wa mifano na michakato ya akili kurejea kwa muundo wa msingi wa neva. Mtazamo wa karibuni lakini unaohusiana ni sayansi tambuzi ya matibabu inayohusu magonjwa ya kisaikolojia ya mfumo wa neva ambayo inajaribu kuelewa utendakazi wa kawaida wa akili na ubongo kwa kuchunguza ugonjwa wa akili.

Uhusisho ni matumizi ya mitandao ghushi ya neva kufanya mfano michakato maalum tambuzi kwa kutumia mifano iliyorahisishwa lakini yenye kukubalika ya jinsi niuroni hufanya kazi. Baada ya mafunzo ya jinsi ya kufanya kazi tambuzi maalum mitandao hii mara nyingi huharibiwa au 'kujeruhiwa' kuiga jeraha au kuharibika kwa ubongo katika jaribio la kuelewa na kulinganisha matokeo kwa madhara ya jeraha la ubongo katika binadamu.

Upigaji picha za ubongo amilifu hutumia teknolojia maalum za upigaji picha za ubongo kuchukua hali kutoka kwa ubongo, kwa kawaida wakati mtu anafanya kazi fulani, katika jaribio la kuelewa jinsi uhamasishaji wa maeneo fulani ya ubongo yanahusiana na kazi hiyo. Hasa, ukuaji wa mbinu za kutumia upimaji tambuzi katika mbinu thabiti za upigaji picha kwa mwangwi wa usumaku wa kiutendaji(fMRI)  kuchunguza mahusiano ya ubongo na tabia kuna ushawishi dhahiri kwenye utafiti wa nyurosaikolojia.

Katika mazoezi mitazamo hii haihusiani pekee na wataalam wa nyurosaikolojia huchagua mtazamo au mitazamo bora zaidi kwa kazi kukamilika.

==Mbinu na zana==
*Matumizi ya uchunguzi sanifu wa nyurosaikolojia. Kazi hizi zimeundwa ili utendaji wa kazi uweze kuhusishwa na michakato maalum tambuzi ya neva. Kwa kawaida uchunguzi huu umesanifishwa, kumaanisha kwamba umetolewa kwa kikundi (au vikundi) maalum cha watu kabla ya kutumika katika kesi binafsi za kiafya. Data inayotokana na usanifishaji hujulikana kama data sanifu. Baada ya data hizo kukusanywa na kuchambuliwa, zinatumiwa kama kipimo linganishi kitachotumiwa kulinganisha utendaji binafsi.  Mifano ya uchunguzi wa kiniurosaikolojia ni pamoja na: Kipimo cha Wechsler cha Kumbukumbu ya Watu wazima (WMS), Kipimo cha Wechsler cha Akili ya Watu wazima (WAIS), na Kipimo cha Wechsler cha Akili ya Watoto (WISC). Uchunguzi mwingine ni pamoja na Betri ya Niurosaikolojia ya Halstead-Reitan, Uchunguzi wa Kutaja wa Boston, Uchunguzi wa Wisconsin wa Kupambanua Kadi, na Uchunguzi wa Benton wa Kuzuia Kuona, na Shirika la Neno Simulizi Lililodhibitiwa. (Woodcock Johnson na Nelson-Denny si vipimo vya kiniurosaikolojia. Ni betri za elimu ya saikolojia za uchunguzi unaotumiwa kupima uwezo na udhaifu wa mtu binafsi ndani ya taaluma katika maeneo maalumu ya kielimu (kuandika, kusoma na sayansi ya namba)).

*Matumizi ya picha za ubongo kuchunguza muundo au kazi ya ubongo ni ya kawaida, ama kama tu njia bora zaidi ya kuchunguza jeraha la ubongo kwa kutumia picha zenye uangavu wa juu zaidi, au kwa kuchunguza shughuli za maeneo mbalimbali ya ubongo. Teknolojia hizo ni pamoja na fMRI (upigaji picha kwa mwangwi wa usumaku wa kiutendaji) na picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama (PET), ambayo hutoa data inayohusiana na utendaji, pamoja na MRI (upigaji picha kwa mwangwi wa usumaku) na tomografia ya jira kupitia kompyuta (CAT au CT), ambayo hutoa data ya muundo. ..

*Matumizi ya vipimo vya elektrofisiolojia vilivyoundwa kupima mwamsho wa ubongo kwa kupima eneo la umeme au eneo la sumaku lililotokana na mfumo wa neva. Hii inaweza kuwa pamoja na kupima na kurekodi shughuli za umeme za ubongo kwa kutumia vipima hisia (EEG) au kurekodi maeneo ya sumaku, yaliyopimwa nje ya kichwa,yanayotokana na shughuli za umeme ndani ya kichwa (MEG).

*Matumizi ya kazi za majaribio zilizoundwa, zinazodhibitiwa mara nyingi na kompyuta na kwa kawaida kupima wakati wa mjibizo na usahihi wa kazi hasa inayozingatiwa kuhusiana na mchakato maalum tambuzi wa neva. Mfano wa hili ni Betri ya Kujiendesha ya Uchunguzi wa Kiniurosaikolojia wa Cambridge (CANTAB).

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist}}

==Marejeo==
* Arnold, MB (1984). ''Memory and the Brain.''  Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
* Attix, DK &amp;amp; Welsh-Bohmer, KA (2006) ''Geriatric Neuropsychology.''  Vitabu vya Guilford: New York.
* Beaumont, JG (1983). ''Introduction to Neuropsychology.''  Uchapishaji wa Guilford Inc ISBN 0-89862-515-7
* Beaumont, J.G., Kenealy, P.M., na Rogers, M.J.C. (1999). ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Neuropsychology.''  Malden, Massachusetts, Wachapishaji wa Blackwell.
* Broks, P. (2003). ''Into the Silent Land: Travels in Neuropsychology.''  London, Vitabu vya Atlantic. ISBN 0-80214-128-5
* Bush, S.S. &amp;amp; Martin, T.A. (2005) Geriatric Neuropsychology: Practice Essentials. Kikundi cha Taylor &amp;amp; Francis: New York.
* Cabeza, R. &amp;amp; Kingstone, A. (eds.) (2001) ''Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging and Cognition.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Vitabu vya MIT.
* Christensen, A-L. (1975) ''Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation.''  New York: Uchapishaji wa Spectrum.
* David, AS et al. (eds.) (1997). ''The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia: Brain Damage, Behaviour, and Cognition Series,''  Sussex Mashariki, Uingereza, Vitabu vya Saikolojia.
* Hannay, H.J. (1986). ''Experimental Techniques in Human Neuropsychology.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Hartlage, L.C. &amp;amp; Telzrow, C.F. (1985) ''The Neuropsychology of Individual Differences.''  New York: Vitabu vya Plenum.
* Johnstone, B. &amp;amp; Stonnington, HH (2009). Rehabilitation of Neuropsychological Disorders, Toleo ''la 2.'' ''New York: Vitabu vya Saikolojia.'' 
* Kertesz, A. (ed.) (1994). ''Localization and Neuroimaging in Neuropsychology.''  Vitabu vya Kielimu: New York.
* Kolb, B., &amp;amp; Wishaw, I.Q. (2003). ''Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology''  (toleo la 5). Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6
* Levin, H.S., Eisenberg, H.M. &amp;amp; Benton, A.L. (1991) ''Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., &amp;amp; Loring, D.W. (2004). ''Neuropsychological Assessment''  (Toleo la 4). New York: Oxford University Press.
* Loring, D.W. (ed.) (1999). ''Ins Dictionary of Neuropsychology.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Llinas, R (2001) &quot;I of the Vortex&quot;. Boston, MIT Press.
* Luria, A.R. (1973). ''The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology.'' 
* Luria, A.R. (1976). ''Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
* Luria, A.R. (1979). ''The Making of Mind: A Personal Account of Soviet Psychology.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
* Luria, A.R. (1980). ''Higher Cortical Functions in Man.''  New York: Vitabu vya Msingi.
* Luria, A.R. (1982). ''Language and Cognition.''  New York: John Wiley &amp;amp; Watoto.
* Luria, A.R. (1987). ''The Mind of a Mnemonist.''  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* Luria, A.R. &amp;amp; Tsvetkova, L.S. (1990) ''The Neuropsychological Analysis of Problem Solving.''  Orlando: Paul M. Deutsch Press.
* McCarthy, R.A. &amp;amp; Warrington, E.K. (1990). ''Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Clinical Introduction.''  New York: Vitabu vya Kielimu.
* Mesulam, M-M. ((2000). ''Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology {{ndash}} Toleo la 2''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Miller, B.L. &amp;amp; Cummings, J.L. (1999) ''The Human Frontal Lobes.''  New York: Vitabu vya Guilford.
* Morgan, J.E. &amp;amp; Ricker, J.H. (2008),. ''Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology.''  New York: Vitabu vya Saikolojia.
* Rains, G.D. (2002). ''Principles of Human Neuropsychology:''  Boston: McGraw-Hill.
* Stuss, D.T. &amp;amp; Knight, R.T. (eds.) (2002) ''Principles of Frontal Lobe Function.''  New York: Oxford University Press.
* Tarter, R.E., Van Thiel, D.H. &amp;amp; Edwards, K.L. (1988) ''Medical Neuropsychology: The Impact of Disease on Behavior.''  New York: Vitabu vya Plenum.
* Tate, R.L. (2010). A Compendium of Tests, Scales and ''Questionnaires.'' ''Hove: Vitabu vya Saikolojia.'' 
* Heilbronner, R.L. (2005) ''Forensic Neuropsychology Casebook.''  New York, London. Vitabu vya Guilford.
* Groth-Marnat, G. ''Handbook of Psychological Assessment'' 
* Goldstein, G. &amp;amp; Nussbaum, P.D. &amp;amp; Beers, S.R. ''Neuropsychology'' 
* Strauss, E. &amp;amp; Sherman, E.M.S. &amp;amp; Spreen, O ''A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary'' 

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.nanonline.org/ The National Academy of Neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nanonline.org/ |date=20080418063307 }} shirika la kitaalamu linalojumuisha madaktari, wanasayansi-weledi, na watafiti wanaopenda niurosaikolojia
* [http://www.the-ins.org/ The International Neuropsychological Society], shirika lenye taaluma nyingi lisilo la kupata faida lenye kusudi la kuimarisha mawasiliano kati ya taaluma za kisayansi zinazochangia ufahamu wa mahusiano kati ya ubongo na tabia.&quot; 
* [http://www.nyng.org/ New York Neuropsychology Group] Shirika lenye taaluma nyingi lisilo la kupata faida lililoanzishwa mwaka wa 1979 kutoa jukwaa la majadiliano ya mahusiano kati ya ubongo na tabia, kutoa nafasi kwa mitandao ya wataalamu, na kusambaza maelezo kuhusu mafunzo na fursa za kielimu kwa wanafunzi na wataalamu; Kikosi chake cha Kazi cha Lugha mbili hushughulikia matatizo ya wateja wa lugha mbili na wasiozungumza Kiingereza.
* [http://www.div40.org/ Division 40 of the American Psychological Association (Clinical Neuropsychology)], &quot;shirika la kisayansi na la kitaalamu la wanasaikolojia wenye shauku ya kufanya utafiti wa mahusiano ya unongo na tabia, na matumizi ya kiafya ya maarifa hayo katika matatizo ya binadamu.&quot;
* [http://www.neuropsychologycentral.com/ Neuropsychology Central]
* [http://www.neuropsychologie.fr/ Clinnical neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.neuropsychologie.fr/ |date=20091221100011 }}
* [http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/neuro-timeline.html History of neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/neuro-timeline.html |date=20080319123645 }} kama muda.
* [http://www.divinestra.com/np.html a cup of neuropsychology?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.divinestra.com/np.html |date=20100210110151 }} rasilimali chaguzi kuhusu mahusiano ya ubongo na tabia kutoka kwa Anthony H. Risser, Ph.D.
* [http://neuropsychological.blogspot.com/ brainblog].
* [http://www.abpdn.org/index.shtml The American Board of Pediatric Neuropsychology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abpdn.org/index.shtml |date=20101030154748 }}. Bodi ya kuthibitisha wataalam wa Nyurosaikolojia ya matibabu ya watoto na ndio bodi ya uthibitisho pekee maalum kwa niurosaikolojia ya matibabu ya watoto. 
*[http://www.iifnr.org/ International Institute for Neuropsychological Research] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iifnr.org/ |date=20071012182334 }} Taasisi isiyo ya faida yenye lengo la kufadhili utafiti wa niurosaikolojia kimataifa
* [http://www.pns-pa.org/ The Philadelphia Neuropsychology Society] shirika lililoanzisha jarida la Niurosaikolojia, linalotoa huduma kwa wataamal wa niurosaikolojia katika eneo la Filadelfia
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/schools.htm Neuropsychological Assessment in Schools] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/schools.htm |date=20110607083505 }} {{ndash}} kutoka kwa Ofisi za Kituo cha Maelezo ya Rasilimali ya Elimu  kuhusu Uchunguzi Kupima na Tathmini, Washington DC
* [http://dictionary-psychology.com Dictionary of psychology]
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      <text bytes="1116" sha1="5f1ur3ulgqz2t9qm8kk3nzeei10tkhq" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Mujeres riendo.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Mchoro]] wa [[Goya]] ''Mujeres riendo'' (Wanawake wakicheka).]]
'''Uzinifu''' ni [[hamu]] isiyoratibiwa ya [[ashiki]] katika [[maisha]] ya [[binadamu]], hasa akienda nje ya [[ndoa]] yake au anaifuata na mume au mke wa mwingine.

Kwa kawaida watu wanakubaliana kwamba utafutaji wa ashiki unahitaji kuwa na mipaka, hasa usilenge [[ndugu]] wa [[damu]].

Katika [[maadili]] unaorodheshwa pengine kati ya [[vilema]] vikuu vilivyo [[mizizi ya dhambi]] nyingine, [[Biblia]] inavyoonyesha wazi katika habari ya [[mfalme Daudi]] kuzini na [[mke]] wa [[askari]] wake [[Uria Mhiti]] ([[2Sam]] 11-12). 
{{Vilema vikuu}}
==Tazama pia==
* [[Uasherati]]

==Viungo vya nje==
*[http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1672463.html &quot;The Seven Deadly Sins: Lust&quot;] [[National Public Radio]] feature
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09438a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia: Lust]
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=39&amp;letter=Y The Jewish Encyclopedia: Yeẓer ha-Ra]
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[[Category:Jinsia]]
[[Category:Saikolojia]]
[[Category:Maadili]]
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  <page>
    <title>Coca-Cola</title>
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        <username>Jonny Frosty</username>
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      <text bytes="2156" sha1="2hsybkuync6x8rzfbl5kewuawco825f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|jina = Coca-Cola
| logo = Coca-Cola logo.svg
| logo_alt = Coca-Cola logo - see &quot;Logo design&quot; section
|maelezo = Nembo iliyotumika tangu mwaka [[1946]]
|picha = Coca Cola Flasche - Original Taste.jpg
| image_alt = Coca-Cola bottle - see &quot;Contour bottle design&quot; section
| caption = Coca-Cola has retained many of its historical design features in modern glass [[Coke bottle|bottles]].
| type = [[Cola]]
|mtengenezaji = [[The Coca-Cola Company]]
|Wasambazaji = Coca-Cola Europacific Partners - Australia}}
'''Coca-Cola''', au '''Coke''', ni [[kinywaji]] kisicho na kilevi kinachotengenezwa na [[kampuni]] ya Coca-Cola. Mnamo mwaka [[2013]], [[bidhaa]] za Coke ziliuzwa kwenye zaidi ya [[nchi]] 200 [[Dunia|duniani]] kote, na zilikua na watumiaji zaidi ya [[bilioni]] 1.8. Coca-Cola ilikua nafasi 87 katika orodha iliyotolewa na [[gazeti]] la ''fortune 500'' ya makampuni yenye kipato kikubwa zaidi nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/|title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List|website=Fortune|language=en-US|access-date=November 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/|archive-date=November 10, 2018|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-04-04|archivedate=2019-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115060417/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kulingana na utafiti wa Interbrand ([[2020]]) wa brand bora ya kimataifa, Coca-Cola ilikuwa brand ya sita yenye [[thamani]] zaidi duniani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Best Global Brands - Interbrand |url=https://www.interbrand.com/best-global-brands/ |access-date=July 7, 2021 |website=Interbrand}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jina la kinywaji &quot;Coca cola&quot; limetokana na mchanganyiko wake wa majani ya &quot;Coca&quot; na karanga za &quot;kola&quot; (chanzo cha [[kafeini]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Veronique |date=2016-09-23 |title=The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160922-the-nut-that-helped-to-build-a-global-empire |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu}}
[[Jamii: Vinywaji]]</text>
      <sha1>2hsybkuync6x8rzfbl5kewuawco825f</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Aurea wa Ostia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126153</id>
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        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="2170" sha1="a274cp4y13hrunw096f998mcl93f178" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Basilica di Sant'Aurea.JPG|thumb|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] la Ostia lina [[jina]] la huyo &quot;msichana wa dhahabu&quot; (ndiyo maana yake).]]
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (alifariki [[Ostia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ostia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=  http://www.ostia-antica.org/dict/south/saurea.htm |title=Church of Sant'Aurea |publisher= Ostia-Antica.org|accessdate=March 15, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Roma]]) ni kati ya [[Wakristo]] wa [[Italia]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]] dhidi yao &lt;ref&gt;https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/54110&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;patrick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=  http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0824.shtml  |title=St. Patrick Catholic Church Saint of the Day |publisher= St. Patrick Catholic Church |accessdate=March 3, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[20 Mei]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Martyrologium Romanum]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tazama pia==
* [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist}}
==Viungo vya nje==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220223054507/http://www.ostia-antica.org/~atexts/demagis.htm ACTA MARTYRUM AD OSTIA TIBERINA] (Original Latin text, with English translation)
{{mbegu-Mkristo}}
[[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]]
[[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Africana</title>
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      <text bytes="1245" sha1="heh6ycqgvogn6q038enld0dmne8bhub" xml:space="preserve">{{Tafsiri kompyuta}}

'''Africana''' ni [[jina]] la [[Kiingereza]] linalojumlisha vifaa kama vitabu, nyaraka, kazi za sanaa au fasihi ambayo yanaangazia maendeleo ya kijiografia, ya kihistoria, au ya kitamaduni ya [[Taifa|mataifa]] yoyote ya [[Afrika]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = Definition of AFRICANA|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Africana|work=www.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=2021-07-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=africana|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/africana|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2021-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = Definition of Africana {{!}} Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/africana|work=www.dictionary.com|accessdate=2021-07-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ingawa kwa kawaida huzingatia zaidi historia ya [[Kusini kwa Sahara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Special Collections|url=https://library.sun.ac.za/en-za/Research/SC/Pages/africana.aspx|work=library.sun.ac.za|accessdate=2021-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718183538/https://library.sun.ac.za/en-za/Research/SC/Pages/africana.aspx|archivedate=2021-07-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu}}
[[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arusha Technical College</title>
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      <text bytes="4154" sha1="rm1eoyjqtcbhdldspdoe5bd7szxp4c0" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Atc logo.jpg|alt=Picha ya nembo ya chuo|thumb|Picha ya nembo ya chuo]]
'''Arusha Technical College''' ([[kifupi]]: '''ATC''') ni [[chuo]] kinachotoa [[elimu ya juu]] na ni kimoja kati ya [[vyuo vikuu]] nchini [[Tanzania]] kinachotoa mafunzo ya Ufundi, Uhandisi na [[Kilimo]] cha Umwagiliaji. Kampasi yake kuu ipo ndani ya [[kata]] ya [[Ngarenaro]], katika jiji la [[Arusha]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atc.ac.tz/|title=Establishment of the Arusha Technical College (ATC)|website=Arusha Technical College|access-date=30 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120185446/https://www.atc.ac.tz/|archivedate=2021-01-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuo cha ufundi Arusha (ATC) ni mojawapo ya Taasisi kubwa na yenye ufanisi wa umma za elimu ya sekondari na elimu ya ufundi katika Mkoa wa [[Arusha]].Chuo kina kampasi tatu: Kampasi Kuu katika Jiji la Arusha, Kampasi ya pili iliyopo katika kata ya [[Oljoro]] katika [[Wilaya ya Arumeru]], Mkoa wa [[Arusha]]. Kampasi ya tatu iko katika mji mdogo wa Kikuletwa katika [[Wilaya ya Hai]], [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro.]]


== Historia ==
Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha (ATC) kilianzishwa mwaka [[1978]] na Serikali ya [[Jamhuri]] ya Muungano wa [[Tanzania]] na [[Ujerumani]] (wakati huo ilikuwa [[Ujerumani Magharibi|Jamhuri ya Shirikisho la Ujerumani]]), kama [[Chuo cha Ufundi]] Arusha (TCA).

Mnamo Machi [[2007]], jina lilibadiliKa na kuwa Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha (ATC) kupitia Agizo la Uanzishaji wa Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha (TCA) katika sheria Na. 78 kama ilivyowezeshwa na Sheria ya NACTE namba 9 ya Mwaka 1997.


== Uidhinishaji ==
Baraza la Taifa la Elimu ya Ufundi (NACTE) imetoa kibali kwa ATC cha kufundisha Wataalamu wa kiufundi na wahandisi (NTAs 4-8).Mamlaka ya Mafunzo ya Elimu ya Ufundi Stadi (VETA) pia imeidhinisha Chuo hicho kusomesha Wafanyabiashara (NVAs 1-3).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ATC Accreditation|url=https://www.atc.ac.tz/index.php/about-atc/atc-history|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313135408/http://atc.ac.tz:80/index.php/about-atc/atc-history|archive-date=2018-03-13|accessdate=2022-02-12|archivedate=2018-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313135408/http://atc.ac.tz/index.php/about-atc/atc-history}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha (ATC), Kampasi ya Oljoro ==
Mwaka 2011, Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha (ATC) iliendeleza mafunzo ya [[umwagiliaji]] katika shamba la Oljoro katika kata ya Oljoro wilayani Arumeru kusini mwa mkoa wa Arusha.Shamba la chuo hicho limeundwa ili kuwapa wanafunzi wa Uhandisi wa Kiraia na Umwagiliaji ujuzi wa vitendo.Chuo hiki kina ekari 150 (ha 60) na zaidi ni shamba la maonyesho ya umwagiliaji. Shamba la chuo cha Oljoro liko takribani kilomita 15 kusini mwa jiji la Arusha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oljoro Campus|url=https://www.atc.ac.tz/index.php/about-atc/oljoro|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710165630/https://atc.ac.tz/index.php/about-atc/oljoro|archive-date=2017-07-10|accessdate=2022-02-12|archivedate=2017-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710165630/https://atc.ac.tz/index.php/about-atc/oljoro}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha (ATC), Kampasi ya Kikuletwa ==
Kampasi ya Kikuletwa inajulikana rasmi kama Kituo cha Mafunzo na Utafiti wa Nishati Mbadala ya Kikuletwa (KRETRC) kiliundwa mwaka [[2012]] ili kutoa mafunzo kwa wanafunzi juu ya kujenga na kuendesha miradi ya nishati mbadala.Chuo kimetengeneza mtambo wa kuzalisha umeme wa Kikuletwa Hydro Power Plant na ndicho kipengele kikuu katika chuo hicho. chuo hicho kipo katika mji wa Kikuletwa wilayani Hai mkoani [[Kilimanjaro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kikuletwa Campus|url=https://www.kretrc.ac.tz/history-of-kretc/|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307120741/https://www.kretrc.ac.tz/history-of-kretc/|archive-date=2021-03-07|accessdate=2022-02-12|archivedate=2021-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307120741/https://www.kretrc.ac.tz/history-of-kretc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Arusha]]
[[Jamii:WikiVibrance_Tanzania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mtumiaji:Deborah John Ngira</title>
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        <username>Deborah John Ngira</username>
        <id>52259</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>MABADILIKIO TU</comment>
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      <text bytes="3010" sha1="dus75w4enwz3yvxah3bnxuk583hpdo0" xml:space="preserve">Mimi naitwa '''Deborah John Ngira''' ni mtanzania nilizaliwa  tarehe 25 [[mwezi]] wa 1 mwaka [[2002]] nina [[miaka]] 20. Baba yangu anaitwa John Ngira  na mama anaitwa Juliana John ndio waliyo  fanikiwa kunileta [[Dunia|duniani]] nawapenda sana pia sipo mwenyewe kwenye familia yangu tupo watoto wa nne wa kwanza ni dada yangu anaitwa Hefsiba wa pili ni mimi Deborah wa tatu anaitwa Doreen na wa mwisho ni mdogo wetu wa kiume pekee anaitwa Harryson hii ndio familia yangu ambayo ipo kwa mgawanyo wa herufi za kwanza za majina kufanana ambayo, J ya mama na baba,H ya mzaliawa wa kwanza na wa mwisho na nyingine ni D ni ya wazaliwa wa katikati me na familiya yangu tulifurahi pale wazazi wetu walikuja kutuambia kuhusu hizi herufi na tulipenda hiki kitu. Mimi ni mchagga ila mzaliwa wa [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] pia  mimi na familia yangu tunampenda Mungu na kumshukuru apa alipotufikisha. Kuhusu mimi nilisoma shule ya msingi Inayoitwa Haradali pre and primary school iliyopo arusha ndio nilipochukulia elimu yangu ya msingi mpka mwaka [[2015]] nikaitimu darasa la saba.Nikaenda kuchukulia elimu yangu ya sekondari vunjo secondary high school iliyopo moshi ila siku fanikiwa kuhitimu pale nilihama na kwenda kusoma shule nyingine kuanzia kidato cha pili inayoitwa Ngarenanyuki secondary and high school  iliyopo arusha apo ndipo nikaitimu kidato cha nne mwaka [[2019]]. Nilipo maliza kidato cha nne nilipangiwa chuo cha elimu ya biashara mwanza (CBE) na nikachukulia kozi ya procurement and supply management (ugavi) nilisoma mwaka mmoja mwanza na nikaja kuhami dodoma na bado na soma ila lengo langu lilikuwa  kusomea pharmacy ya madical nilikuwa napenda kuja kufanya kazi zakutengeneza madawa sana ila ndoto yangu bado naamini nitakuja kuikamilisha siku moja. Napenda siku moja nije kutembelea nchi ya  jamaika nilipenda kuwaza ivyi kwa pale ambopo nilikuja kusoma stori kuhusu [[jamaika]] na kuona maisha wanayoishi na  nilitokea kupenda sana na nilikuwa na penda nyimbo za [[Lucky Dube|lucky dube]] na [[Bob Marley|bob marley]] .kuhusu kuwa mwana [[Wikimedia Foundation|wikimedia]] nilianzi [[Arusha (mji)|arusha t]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ukio la women’right  ndipo nilienda nakupenda wanachofanya  kusaidia jamii siyo tu kwa wale wenyeelimu ya juu kusoma kingereza ila ata ngazi ambazo hazijui kingereza, unapata makala imetafsiriwa kwa lugha  ambayo unahielewa, na kuandika pia stori ambazo watu wanatakujua kuanzia apo mpaka sasa napenda hili shirika . Nafanya kazi pia na kampuni ya Goodlife property inayo husika na huuzaji wa viwanja mikoani kama [[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]],[[Dar es Salaam|Dar es  salaam]],[[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]]. Ninacho muomba Mungu ni kwamba watoto wangu wasije kuishi maisha niliyo lelewa mimi bali waishi maisha mara mbili niliyo yaishi ndio msemo ninaosimama nao  nanitautimiza . Msemo ninao hupenda kwenye maisha ya sasa ili hufikie lengo lako bila kukatishwa tamaa na wanaokuzunguka “fanya kile unachopenda, penda unachofanya” hiki ndicho kuhusu mimi kwa ufupi.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Angela Perez Baraquio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>173618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611709</id>
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        <username>Deborah John Ngira</username>
        <id>52259</id>
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      <comment>Miss America</comment>
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      <text bytes="768" sha1="qoqccyrrbdcjn6nyhvfqyvq6dp10k5b" xml:space="preserve">'''Angela Perez Baraquio Grey''' (aliyezaliwa [[Juni]] 1, [[1976]]), &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvbuzer.com/celebrity/Angela-Perez-Baraquio&lt;/ref&gt; anafahamika kwa jina lake la kuzaliwa la Angela Perez Baraquio, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.angelaperezbaraquio.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2011-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209181110/http://angelaperezbaraquio.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mwalimu Mmarekani. Alikuwa mshindi wa Miss America [[2001]] tarehe [[14 Oktoba]] [[2000]] huko Atlantic City [[New Jersey|, New Jersey]], akiwa mwanamke wa kwanza [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Asia]], Mfilipino, na mwalimu wa kwanza kushinda taji hilo.

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1611731</id>
      <parentid>1611709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="810" sha1="e7qmugy0jvir02z3v0jjo9mvng46l6r" xml:space="preserve">'''Angela Perez Baraquio Grey''' (alizaliwa [[1 Juni]] [[1976]]), &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tvbuzer.com/celebrity/Angela-Perez-Baraquio&lt;/ref&gt; anafahamika kwa jina lake la kuzaliwa la Angela Perez Baraquio, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.angelaperezbaraquio.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2011-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209181110/http://angelaperezbaraquio.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mwalimu Mmarekani. Alikuwa mshindi wa Miss America [[2001]] tarehe [[14 Oktoba]] [[2000]] huko [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]], akiwa mwanamke wa kwanza [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Asia]], [[Ufilipino|Mfilipino]], na mwalimu wa kwanza kushinda taji hilo.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{BD|1976|}}
[[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>e7qmugy0jvir02z3v0jjo9mvng46l6r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Blessing Ejiofor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>179396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611646</id>
      <parentid>1483775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T21:31:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <text bytes="3009" sha1="7b2felgdqwoqq8q2qr8kzfo34bm6et3" xml:space="preserve">'''Blessing Ejiofor''' (alizaliwa [[1998]] au [[1999]]) ni [[Mchezaji wa mpira|mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] wa wanawake kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]]. Akitokea [[Jimbo la Ebonyi|Ebonyi]], Nigeria, alijiunga na timu ya [[mpira wa kikapu]] ya wanawake ya Chuo Kikuu cha Vanderbilt mnamo mwaka 2017 kama mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa kwanza.&lt;ref&gt;https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ Riadha za Chuo Kikuu cha Vanderbilt. 2017-10-03. Ilirejeshwa 2024-03-18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Light, Mitch (2018-02-26). https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ Chuo Kikuu cha Vanderbilt. Ilirejeshwa 2024-03-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha yake ya Zamani ==
Ejiofor alianza kucheza mpira wa kikapu akiwa na umri wa miaka 13. Tangu akiwa mdogo, alichagua Chuo Kikuu cha Vanderbilt kama shule yake ya ndoto.

Mwaka 2014, Ejiofor, ambaye alikuwa mwanafunzi wa kidato cha pili shuleni,&lt;ref&gt;Rafiki Mwema, Betsy (2018-01-19). https://vanderbilthustler.com/2018/01/18/blessing-ejiofor-making-tough-transition-from-nigeria-to-nashville/ Vanderbilt Hustler. Ilirejeshwa 2024-03-18.&lt;/ref&gt; alisafiri kwenda [[Marekani]] baada ya kurekodiwa na Evelyn Mack Academy huko Charlotte, North Carolina kama mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu. Hata hivyo, aliamua kuhudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Eastside huko [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], New Jersey. 

Ejiofor alivutia tahadhari kwa uchezaji wake wa mpira wa kikapu huko Eastside, na akapewa ufadhili wa masomo kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Vanderbilt. Baada ya kujiunga na Vanderbilt mwaka 2016, Ejiofor aligundua kuwa visa yake ya mwanafunzi ilikuwa imeisha muda wake kwa mwaka mmoja, kwani Eastside hawakuwasilisha nyaraka sahihi za kuiendeleza. 

Ejiofor alirudi Nigeria kwa mwaka mmoja, na alirudi Vanderbilt baada ya visa yake ya mwanafunzi kufanyiwa upya kwa mwaka wa masomo 2017-2018.&lt;ref&gt;Nespor, Cody (2020-03-30). https://wvsportsnow.com/wvu-center-blessing-ejiofors-story-featured-on-60-minutes/ Nespor, Cody (2020-03-30).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya mpira wa kikapu ==
Kama mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Vanderbilt, Ejiofor alifunga alama 28 kwa ajili ya Commodores, akicheza wastani wa dakika 5.6 kwa kila mchezo katika mechi 22. Baada ya mwaka wake wa kwanza, Ejiofor alihamia Chipola College huko [[Florida]], ambapo alicheza kwa msimu mmoja. Baadaye, alihamia tena Chuo Kikuu cha West Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;Bock, Ethan (2024-03-06). https://www.thedaonline.com/sports/womens_basketball/ejiofor-playing-vital-minutes-off-the-bench-for-injury-ridden-wvu/article_42ca834a-7b62-11eb-a732-33b985119671.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.thedaonline.com/sports/womens_basketball/ejiofor-playing-vital-minutes-off-the-bench-for-injury-ridden-wvu/article_42ca834a-7b62-11eb-a732-33b985119671.html |date=20240318214737 }} Athenaeum ya kila siku. Ilirejeshwa 2024-03-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-michezo}}</text>
      <sha1>7b2felgdqwoqq8q2qr8kzfo34bm6et3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Observansya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611679</id>
      <parentid>1609580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1611679</origin>
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      <text bytes="3394" sha1="b5a8zlrp36hmwep4meo0r40vskmrwbb" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Livio Mehus con San Pietro d’Alcantara che comunica santa Teresa d’Avila (1683).jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Livio Mehus]], ''[[Mtakatifu]] [[Petro wa Alkantara]] [[ekaristi|akimkomunisha]] mtakatifu [[Teresa wa Yesu|Teresa wa Avila]]''; [[mchoro]] huu wa mwaka (1683) unaotunzwa [[Prato]] ([[Italia]]) unaonyesha wawili kati ya [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wakuu wa observansya, mmoja [[mwanamume]] Mfransisko, wa pili [[mwanamke]] Mkarmeli.]]
'''Observansya''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''observantia'', kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''observantism'', ''observant movement'' au ''observant reform'') ilikuwa tapo la [[Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki]] lililoenea katika [[shirika|mashirika]] mbalimbali ya [[Mtawa|kitawa]] ya [[Kanisa la Kilatini]] kuanzia katikati ya [[karne ya 14]] hadi katikati ya [[karne ya 16]] au [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] ([[1545]]–[[1563]]).

Watawa hao walikusudia kushika sawasawa [[kanuni]] zao (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''observantia regulae'') kama ilivyokuwa mwanzoni, dhidi ya [[ulegevu]] uliosambaa kwa kawaida baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha [[Mwanzilishi|waanzilishi]], na hasa kutokana na vurugu zilizosababishwa na [[tauni]] iliyoua karibu [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote wa [[Ulaya]] ([[1346]]-[[1353]]) ikifuatwa na [[Farakano la Kanisa la Magharibi]] ([[1378]]-[[1417]]).

[[Juhudi]] zao zilijitokeza na kukubaliwa na watawa wengi, hazikutokana na maagizo ya [[Papa|Mapapa]] yaliyolenga kuweka mambo sawa, kama yale ya [[Papa Benedikto XII]] miaka [[1335]]–[[1339]].

Kati ya mashirika yaliyoguswa zaidi na tapo hilo kuna [[Waaugustino]], [[Wabenedikto]], [[Wakarmeli]], [[Wadominiko]] na hasa [[Wafransisko]] ([[Waoservanti]]).

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

==Marejeo==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Nelson Minnich |first=Nelson H. |last=Minnich |title=Observantism |encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation |editor=Hans J. Hillebrand |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year=1996 |year=2005 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001/acref-9780195064933-e-1014 |access-date=10 November 2024}}
*{{cite book |first=James |last=Mixson |chapter=Introduction |title=A Companion to Observant Reform in the Late Middle Ages and Beyond |editor1=James Mixson |editor2=Bert Roest |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |pages=1–20}}
*{{cite book |first=Francis |last=Oakley |author-link=Francis Oakley |title=The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/westernchurchinl00oakl |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1979}}
*{{cite book |first=Bert |last=Roest |chapter=Observant Reform in Religious Orders |pages=446–457 |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity |volume=4: Christianity in Western Europe, ''c''.1100–''c''.1500 |editor1=Miri Rubin |editor-link1=Miri Rubin |editor2=Walter Simons |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009}}
*{{cite book |first=Bert |last=Roest |chapter=Observant Reforms and Cultural Production in Europe: Introductory Remarks |pages=7–31 |title=Observant Reforms and Cultural Production in Europe: Learning, Liturgy and Spiritual Practice |editor1=Pietro Delcorno |editor2=Bert Roest |publisher=Radboud University Press |year=2023 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/4b6dc2b1-c928-4bd6-ab1d-7fa3c8203e10/observant-reforms-and-cultural-production-in-europe.pdf}}
{{refend}}
{{mbegu-katoliki}}
[[Jamii:Historia ya Kanisa]]
[[Jamii:Mashirika ya kitawa]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Acacia Bandubola</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5427" sha1="jd9mro7d1anxstom9zv9bru0t4z9ppc" xml:space="preserve">'''Acacia Bandubola Mbongo''' (alizaliwa [[Kisangani]], 16 Juni) ni mfanyabiashara na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], na ni mwanachama wa chama cha Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social (UDPS). Amekuwa Waziri wa Masuala ya Ardhi tangu [[2024]] katika serikali ya Judith Suminwa Tuluka &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=ORDONNANCE n°24‑039 du 28 mai 2024 portant nomination du gouvernement Suminwa|publisher=Ministère de la Coopération (RDC)|url=https://cooperation.gouv.cd/dev/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ORDONNANCE-N%C2%B024-039-DU-28-MAI-2024-portant-nomination-membres-du-gouvernement-Suminwa.pdf|date=28 mai 2024|accessdate=21 juin 2025|archive-date=2025-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624042048/https://cooperation.gouv.cd/dev/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ORDONNANCE-N%C2%B024-039-DU-28-MAI-2024-portant-nomination-membres-du-gouvernement-Suminwa.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Wasifu ==

=== Masomo ===
Acacia Bandubola Mbongo alizaliwa na Henriette Mbokoso Bokwetenge na Raphael Bandubola. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Complexe Scolaire Okapi, shule ya binafsi mjini Kisangani, ambako wazazi wake waliishi wakati huo. Mwaka 1994, alihamia Kinshasa, mji mkuu na mkubwa zaidi wa nchi. Aliendelea na masomo yake katika Lycée Bosangani kuanzia 1994 hadi 1999. Mwaka 2000, alipata diploma ya taifa kutoka Lycée Molière. Ana shahada ya uzamili ya pili (Master 2) katika uchumi wa fedha, akiwa amehitimu kwa heshima ya ‘distinction’ kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiprostanti cha Kongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=RDC : Voici le portrait de la nouvelle ministre de l'économie Acacia Bandubola Mbongo|url=https://www.7sur7.cd/2019/09/06/rdc-voici-le-portrait-de-la-nouvelle-Ministre-de-leconomie-acacia-bandubola-mbongo|date=2019-09-06|accessdate=2020-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Kazi ==
Acacia Bandubola Mbongo amefanya kazi Ecobank, FINCA, BIAC na [[Vodacom]].

Alianza harakati za kisiasa akiwa mwanafunzi. Aliajiriwa na Delly Sesanga kwa chama chake cha siasa cha ENVOL &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Infocongo|title=Acacia Bandubola, patronne de l’Economie congolaise - Infocongo|url=https://infocongo.net/2019/09/05/acacia-bandubola-patronne-de-leconomie-congolaise/|date=2019-09-04|accessdate=2025-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621173836/https://infocongo.net/2019/09/05/acacia-bandubola-patronne-de-leconomie-congolaise/|archivedate=2025-06-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Baadaye alijiunga na RNS ( Rally for a New Society ), ambayo alikuwa mgombea wa wadhifa wa naibu wa kitaifa huko [[Wilaya ya Funa]], Kinshasa.

Baada ya kushindwa katika uchaguzi wa wabunge wa 2006, alijiunga na Muungano wa Demokrasia na Maendeleo ya Kijamii (UDPS) na kuendelea na shughuli zake za kisiasa nchini Ufaransa. Alitambuliwa na Étienne Tshisekedi. Alishiriki katika maandamano kadhaa na alisafiri hadi nchi nyingine za Ulaya kusaidia wanaharakati wa Kongo.

Aliteuliwa katika serikali ya Ilunga kama Waziri wa Uchumi wa Kitaifa mnamo Agosti 26, 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=ORDONNANCE n°19‑077 du 26 août 2019 portant nomination du gouvernement Illunga|publisher=Primature de la RDC|url=https://www.primature.cd/public/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Ordonnance-Portant-nomination-PM-Ilunga.pdf|date=27 août 2024|accessdate=21 juin 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Webmaster|last=Webmaster|title=RDC : Voici le parcours politique d’Acacia Bandubola, nommée ministre de l’économie – PROVINCES 26 RDC.net::: site d'information|url=https://provinces26rdc.com/rdc-voici-le-parcours-politique-dacacia-bandubola-nommee-ministre-de-leconomie/|accessdate=2025-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;, alipokuwa akishikilia wadhifa wa Makamu wa Rais wa UDPS-Ufaransa.

Sanjari na Jacquemain Shabani, Acacia Bandubola aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi mwenza wa kampeni ya rais anayemaliza muda wake [[Félix Tshisekedi]] kwa uchaguzi wa urais wa decemba 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1497302/politique/en-rdc-deux-cadres-de-ludps-pour-diriger-la-campagne-de-felix-tshisekedi/|title=En RDC, deux cadres de l’UDPS pour diriger la campagne de Félix Tshisekedi|publisher=Jeune Afrique|author=Vincent Duhem|date=25 10 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Wakati wa uchaguzi wa wabunge wa Desemba 20, 2023, Acacia Bandubola alichaguliwa kuwa naibu wa kitaifa katika [[Wilaya ya Lukunga|eneo bunge la Lukunga]] katika jimbo la jiji la [[Kinshasa]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|author=Monge Junior Diama|first=|last=|title=Législatives 2023 : Muyaya, Mwaba, Kibuka, Kazadi, Mwabilu, Kabuya, Tshilumbu, … voici la liste des 56 députes élus de Kinshasa|url=https://www.politico.cd/archives/elections-2023/2024/01/14/legislatives-2023-muyaya-mwaba-kibuka-kazadi-mwabilu-kabuya-tshilumbu-voici-la-liste-des-56-deputes-elus-de-kinshasa.html/153762/|date=2024-01-14|accessdate=2024-01-14|archive-date=2024-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222102237/https://www.politico.cd/archives/elections-2023/2024/01/14/legislatives-2023-muyaya-mwaba-kibuka-kazadi-mwabilu-kabuya-tshilumbu-voici-la-liste-des-56-deputes-elus-de-kinshasa.html/153762/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Maisha binafsi==
Acacia Bandubola Mbongo ameolewa na ni mama wa mtoto mmoja.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{BD|karne ya 20|}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>208508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611629</id>
      <parentid>1611603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T17:46:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column</comment>
      <origin>1611629</origin>
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      <text bytes="21904" sha1="7ipqov62yax6f5ppur3kt8j7s3v3k43" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==
{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-10-27)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 64
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 71
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 26
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-10-27)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 433
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 611
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2632
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 618
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 369
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 379
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 173
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 270
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 163
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 334
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 384
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 180
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 200
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 173
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 112
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 6.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 344
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 142
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 6.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 375
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 160
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 5.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 156
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 220
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 95
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 794
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 253
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 67
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 127
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 231
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 255
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 281
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 95
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 162
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 295
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 148
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 120
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 154
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 167
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 296
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.85
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 265
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.81
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 85
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 144
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 3.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 100
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 69
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 142
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 149
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 174
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 112
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.21
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 548
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 106
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 132
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 132
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 151
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 177
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 243
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 89
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 140
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 108
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 118
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 50
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 72
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nchi iliyoendelea]]
| 2.27
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 155
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 195
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 106
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 10
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|}

==Takwimu==
===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 174 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35104 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22700 || ↓ -1.4%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.7 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 130.5 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2571 || ↓ -25.4%
|-
| 2 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 794 || ↑ +396.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Marekani]] || 618 || ↓ -10.6%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 588 || ↓ -11.7%
|-
| 5 || [[Komori]] || 548 || ↑ +432.0%
|-
| 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -6.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Burundi]] || 376 || ↓ -6.9%
|-
| 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 374 || ↓ -3.4%
|-
| 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 368 || ↑ +7.6%
|-
| 10 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 344 || ↑ +19.0%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 38.9%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 363 || 29.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 162 || 13.0%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 96 || 7.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0%
|-
| 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 10 || [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] || 7 || 0.6%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>7ipqov62yax6f5ppur3kt8j7s3v3k43</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611630</id>
      <parentid>1611629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T17:49:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1611630</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21903" sha1="ciitpf6dqcc05k59pxgqblpra8v73fy" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==
{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-10-27)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 64
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 71
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 26
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-10-27)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 433
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 611
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2632
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 618
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 369
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 379
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 173
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 270
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 163
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 334
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 384
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 180
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 200
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 173
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 112
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 6.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 344
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 142
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 6.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 375
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 160
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 5.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 156
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 220
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 95
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 794
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 253
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 67
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 127
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 231
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 255
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 281
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 95
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 162
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 295
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 148
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 120
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 154
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 167
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 296
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.85
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 265
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.81
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 85
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 144
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 3.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 100
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 69
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 142
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 149
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 174
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 112
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.21
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 548
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 106
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 132
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 132
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 151
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 177
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 243
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 89
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 140
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 108
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 118
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 50
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 72
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nchi iliyoendelea]]
| 2.27
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 155
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 195
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 106
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 10
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|}

==Takwimu==
===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 174 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35104 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22816 || ↓ -0.9%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.7 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 131.1 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2632 || ↓ -23.6%
|-
| 2 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 794 || ↑ +396.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Marekani]] || 618 || ↓ -10.6%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 611 || ↓ -8.3%
|-
| 5 || [[Komori]] || 548 || ↑ +432.0%
|-
| 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -6.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Burundi]] || 384 || ↓ -5.0%
|-
| 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 379 || ↓ -2.1%
|-
| 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 375 || ↑ +9.6%
|-
| 10 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 344 || ↑ +19.0%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 38.9%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 363 || 29.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 162 || 13.0%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 96 || 7.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0%
|-
| 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 10 || [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] || 7 || 0.6%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>ciitpf6dqcc05k59pxgqblpra8v73fy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611651</id>
      <parentid>1611630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T04:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column</comment>
      <origin>1611651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21902" sha1="40f7fqfpjtepf1ieyb3bt8nshyh8lba" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==
{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-10-28)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 64
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 71
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 26
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-10-28)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 426
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 604
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2582
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 600
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 368
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 378
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 167
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 251
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 160
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 323
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 376
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 198
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 169
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 212
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 6.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 335
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 6.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 354
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 154
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 5.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 145
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 216
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 117
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 787
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 249
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 113
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 123
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 229
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 248
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 265
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 157
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 214
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 67
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 295
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 87
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 116
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 155
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 166
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 285
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.85
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 252
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 129
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.81
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 230
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 3.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 102
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 132
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 149
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 100
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 67
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 7
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 169
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 109
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 106
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.21
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 547
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 159
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 176
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 110
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 87
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 114
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 74
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 180
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Nchi iliyoendelea]]
| 2.27
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 124
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 73
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 190
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 100
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|}

==Takwimu==
===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 174 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35104 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22816 || ↓ -0.9%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.7 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 131.1 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2632 || ↓ -23.6%
|-
| 2 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 794 || ↑ +396.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Marekani]] || 618 || ↓ -10.6%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 611 || ↓ -8.3%
|-
| 5 || [[Komori]] || 548 || ↑ +432.0%
|-
| 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -6.9%
|-
| 7 || [[Burundi]] || 384 || ↓ -5.0%
|-
| 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 379 || ↓ -2.1%
|-
| 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 375 || ↑ +9.6%
|-
| 10 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 344 || ↑ +19.0%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 38.9%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 363 || 29.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 162 || 13.0%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 96 || 7.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0%
|-
| 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 10 || [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] || 7 || 0.6%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>40f7fqfpjtepf1ieyb3bt8nshyh8lba</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611652</id>
      <parentid>1611651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T05:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1611652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21903" sha1="bc2bg0lsgm41ybqed1vfzsjmhzfnjcl" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==
{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-10-28)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 64
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 71
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 26
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-10-28)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 426
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 604
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2582
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 600
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 368
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 378
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 167
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 251
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 160
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 323
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 376
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 198
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 169
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 212
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 6.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 335
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 6.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 354
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 154
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 5.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 145
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 216
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 117
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 787
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 249
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 113
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 123
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 229
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 248
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 265
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 157
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 214
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 67
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 295
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 87
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 116
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 155
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 166
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 285
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.85
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 252
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 129
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.81
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 230
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 3.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 102
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 132
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 149
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 100
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 67
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 7
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 169
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 109
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 106
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.21
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 547
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 130
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 159
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 176
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 110
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 87
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 114
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 74
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 70
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 180
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Nchi iliyoendelea]]
| 2.27
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 124
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 73
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 190
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 100
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 77
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|}

==Takwimu==
===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 174 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35104 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22286 || ↓ -3.8%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.7 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 128.1 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2582 || ↓ -25.6%
|-
| 2 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 787 || ↑ +368.5%
|-
| 3 || [[Kenya]] || 604 || ↓ -10.4%
|-
| 4 || [[Marekani]] || 600 || ↓ -13.5%
|-
| 5 || [[Komori]] || 547 || ↑ +441.6%
|-
| 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 426 || ↓ -8.2%
|-
| 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 378 || ↓ -1.3%
|-
| 8 || [[Burundi]] || 376 || ↓ -6.9%
|-
| 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 354 || ↓ -1.4%
|-
| 10 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 335 || ↑ +13.6%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 38.9%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 363 || 29.1%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 162 || 13.0%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 96 || 7.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0%
|-
| 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8%
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| 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
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|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Allama Muhammad Bashir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>224290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611619</id>
      <parentid>1608923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T15:21:06Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="776" sha1="36k5r5vb2xigdkoh2da64rjb7wxzd0f" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Allama Muhammad Bashir.jpg|thumb|Allama Muhammad Bashir]]
'''Abu'l Irfan Allama Muhammad Bashir''' ([[Septemba]] [[1940]] – [[17 Machi]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mwanachuoni wa kidini wa madhehebu ya Sofia Noorbakhshia (tawi la Uislamu), Abu'l alitafsiri vitabu kadhaa vya Kiislamu kwenda lugha ya Kiurdu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.dailybaadeshimal.com/popup.php?r_date=03-19-2015&amp;img=03-19-2015page-1-1/|title = Daily Baad-e-Shimal|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20251225105836/https://www.dailybaadeshimal.com/popup.php?r_date=03-19-2015&amp;img=03-19-2015page-1-1/|archivedate = 2025-12-25|accessdate = 2026-02-23|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[jamii:waliozaliwa 1940]]
[[jamii:waliofariki 2015]]
[[jamii:watu wa Pakistan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alaa Bellaarouch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1611610</id>
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      <text bytes="1393" sha1="swjmgwhr84vzzypo85nxcdstp0t954d" xml:space="preserve">'''Alaa Bellaarouch''' (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]], [[2002]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[Morocco]] [[Mpira wa Miguu]] ambaye anacheza kama [[kipa]] kwa klabu ya Primeira Liga S.C. Braga.

== Kazi ya Klabu ==
Bellaarouch alifunzwa katika Akademi ya Soka ya Mohammed VI huko Salé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=National : Bellaarouch, la grosse tuile avant le déplacement à Martigues |url=https://footamateur.letelegramme.fr/318159/national-bellaarouch-la-grosse-tuile-avant-le-deplacement-a-martigues/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Le Télégramme |language=fr-FR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203081357/https://footamateur.letelegramme.fr/318159/national-bellaarouch-la-grosse-tuile-avant-le-deplacement-a-martigues/ |archivedate=2024-02-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=National : Bellaarouch blessé, quelles solutions pour le Stade Briochin ? |url=https://footamateur.letelegramme.fr/322794/national-bellaarouch-blesse-quelles-solutions-pour-le-stade-briochin/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Le Télégramme |language=fr-FR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203205016/https://footamateur.letelegramme.fr/322794/national-bellaarouch-blesse-quelles-solutions-pour-le-stade-briochin/ |archivedate=2024-02-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}} 
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|2002|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]]</text>
      <sha1>swjmgwhr84vzzypo85nxcdstp0t954d</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blessing Agbomadzi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1611645</id>
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      <text bytes="7968" sha1="az5f50iv1ohr6382ex3dlyk0x4t5il4" xml:space="preserve">'''Blessing Shine Agbomadzi''' (alizaliwa [[11 Juni]] [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa wa Ghana ambaye anacheza kama [[Beki|mlinzi]] wa klabu ya Mashindano ya Wanawake ya Morocco AS FAR na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Ghana. Pia aliiwakilisha Ghana katika ngazi ya kimataifa ya vijana.

== Kazi ==
Agbomadzi alianza kazi yake katika timu ya  Kumasi Sports Academy Ladies kabla ya kujiunga na Sea Lions. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ngwa|first=Lesley|date=2023-06-06|title=Israel-Gaza violence: &quot;We had just 45-seconds to run and save our lives&quot; – Blessing Shine Agbomadzi|url=https://kick442.com/israel-gaza-violence-we-had-just-45-seconds-to-run-and-save-our-lives-blessing-shine-agbomadzi/|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=KICK442 Sport News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alichezea Sea Lions katika Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Ghana. Mnamo Oktoba 2020, alijiunga na timu ya ligi kuu ya Israeli, Hapoel Be'er Sheva kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=27 October 2020|title=Black Princesses defender Blessing Shine Agbomadzi signs for Israeli club|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/black-princesses-defender-blessing-shine-agbomadzi-signs-for-israeli-club|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Ghanasoccernet}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-10-28|title=Blessing Agbomadzi joins Hapoel Be'er Sheva Football WFC Club|url=https://pfag.com.gh/index.php/2020/10/28/blessing-agbomadzi-joins-hapoel-beer-sheva-football-wfc-club/|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=The Professional Footballers Association of Ghana (PFAG)|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330224822/https://pfag.com.gh/index.php/2020/10/28/blessing-agbomadzi-joins-hapoel-beer-sheva-football-wfc-club/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muda wake katika Hapoel Be'er Sheva ulikatizwa ghafla kwani ulidumu kwa msimu mmoja tu, kutokana na mzozo kati ya Israeli na Palestina ambao ulidumu kwa miezi kadhaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Agbomadzi alirudi Ghana na baadaye akajiunga na Hasaacas Ladies kabla ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya CAF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hasaacas Ladies complete signing of Agbomadzi Blessing|url=https://footballghana.com/hasaacas-ladies-complete-signing-of-agbomadzi-blessing|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=Footballghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alicheza katika mechi zote na akaunda ushirikiano imara wa beki wa kati na [[Janet Egyir]], akiisaidia Hasaacas Ladies kufika fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya CAF ya 2021. Hata hivyo, walipoteza dhidi ya Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies kwa 2-0 katika fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya CAF ya 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=19 November 2021|title=Women's African Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns win inaugural title|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59337891|accessdate=19 November 2021|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika msimu wake pekee (msimu wa 2021-22 ) na Hasaacas, alicheza katika mechi 17 kati ya 19 za ligi huku Hasaacas ikimaliza msimu kama Mabingwa wa Kanda ya Kusini lakini ikapoteza fainali ya ubingwa kwa Ampem Darkoa Ladies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=28 May 2022|title=Ampem Darkoa Ladies beat Hasaacas Ladies on penalties to win Women's Premier League|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ampem-darkoa-ladies-beat-hasaacas-ladies-on-penalties-to-win-2021-2022-womens-premier-league|accessdate=2 March 2023|work=Ghana Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Mlinzi wa Mwaka.

Mnamo Septemba 2022, Agbomadzi alijiunga na klabu ya Mashindano ya Wanawake ya Morocco ya AS FAR kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Duah|first=George|date=2022-09-24|title=Blessing Shine Completes AS FAR Transfer|url=https://www.hasaacasladiesfc.com/blessing-shine-completes-as-far-transfer|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=Hasaacas Ladies|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331183654/https://www.hasaacasladiesfc.com/blessing-shine-completes-as-far-transfer|archivedate=2024-03-31|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika msimu wake wa kwanza na klabu hiyo, alishinda Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya CAF ya 2022 ambapo alicheza katika mechi zote, ikiwa ni pamoja na fainali ambayo AS FAR ilishinda kwa 4-0 dhidi ya mabingwa watetezi Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=14 November 2022|title=Black Queens defender Blessing Agbomadzi wins CAF Women's Champions League with AS FAR|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/black-queens-defender-blessing-agbomadzi-wins-caf-womens-champions-league-with-as-far|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Ghanasoccernet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Msimu uliofuata, alishinda mara mbili, akishinda Mashindano ya Wanawake ya Morocco na Kombe la Throne la Wanawake la Morocco. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=3 April 2023|title=Ghana's Blessing Shine Agbomadzi celebrates Throne Cup win with AS Far Rabat|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghanas-blessing-shine-agbomadzi-celebrates-throne-cup-win-with-as-far-rabat|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Ghanasoccernet}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=26 May 2023|title=Black Queens defender Blessing Agbomadzi wins Moroccan league with FAR Rabat|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/black-queens-defender-blessing-agbomadzi-wins-moroccan-league-with-far-rabat|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Ghanasoccernet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliisaidia AS FAR kushinda nafasi ya tatu katika Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya CAF ya 2023 akiwashinda Ampem Darkoa Ladies kwa 2-0. Matokeo yake, akawa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda medali zote tatu katika Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya CAF.

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Agbomadzi alichezea timu ya wanawake ya Ghana ya vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 17, ''Black Maidens.'' Mnamo 2016, alikuwa mshiriki wa timu iliyocheza Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake chini ya umri wa miaka 17 la FIFA la 2016, ambapo walifika robo fainali. Alicheza pamoja na [[Sandra Owusu-Ansah]], [[Nina Norshie]] na [[Vivian Adjei]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=23 September 2016|title=Ghana's Black Maidens confirms squad numbers for 2016 FIFA World Cup|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghanas-black-maidens-confirms-squad-numbers-for-2016-fifa-world-cup|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Ghanasoccernet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2018, Agbomadzi alikuwa mshiriki wa timu ya wanawake ya Ghana ya vijana chini ya miaka 20, ''Black Princesses'' na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichocheza Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake la FIFA la mwaka 2018 lililofunzwa na Yusif Basigi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nketsia|first=Benjamin|date=27 September 2018|title=Black Princesses squad for U -20 Women's World Cup revealed|url=https://citisportsonline.com/2018/07/27/black-princesses-squad-for-u-20-womens-world-cup-revealed/|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Citi Sports Online|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=23 September 2016|title=Black Princesses Coach Yussif Basigi names squad for FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/black-princesses-coach-yussif-basigi-names-squad-for-fifa-u-20-womens-world-cup|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Ghanasoccernet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Agosti 2020, pia alikuwa sehemu ya wachezaji 31 walioalikwa kwenye kambi ya Black Princesses kabla ya mechi za kufuzu Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la vijana chini ya miaka 20 mwaka 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Teye|first=Prince Narkortu|date=14 August 2020|title=U20 WWQ: Owusu-Ansah and Mukarama named in Ghana squad for Guinea-Bissau clash|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/u20-wwq-owusu-ansah-and-mukarama-named-in-ghana-squad-for-guinea-bissau-clash/b0jn2htoe3uo1esq8f6wkehst|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Goal|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=27 October 2020|title=Black Princesses defender Blessing Shine Agbomadzi signs for Israeli club|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/black-princesses-defender-blessing-shine-agbomadzi-signs-for-israeli-club|accessdate=31 March 2024|work=Ghanasoccernet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwishoni mwa Oktoba 2020, FIFA ilitangaza kwamba toleo la 2020 la mashindano lilikuwa limefutwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>André Guillabert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232815</id>
    <revision>
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'''André''' '''Guillabert''' (15 Juni 1918 – 24 Agosti 2010) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mwanadiplomasia wa [[Senegal]]. Guillabert alikuwa mwanachama wa Baraza la Seneti la Senegal kuanzia Juni 1958 hadi Julai 1959. Pia, alichaguliwa katika Baraza la Seneti la Ufaransa mnamo mwaka 1958. Guillabert alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Senegal kwa muda mfupi mnamo mwaka 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GUILLABERT André|url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/guillabert_andre0345r4.html|work=Sénat|date=2026-05-08|accessdate=2026-05-08|language=fr-FR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226172408/https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/guillabert_andre0345r4.html|archivedate=2024-12-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amadou Doucoure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>235742</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="758" sha1="a3i5iifar18satns9r7vux14glv3uon" xml:space="preserve">'''Amadou Doucouré''' (1919 huko Goumbou, Mali – 15 Novemba 1971 huko Bamako) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Mali.

Alichaguliwa kuwa seneta wa Bunge la Seneti la Ufaransa mwaka 1947, akiwa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Mali waliowakilisha eneo hilo katika mfumo wa kikoloni wa Ufaransa kabla ya uhuru wa Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DOUCOURE Amadou|url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/doucoure_amadou0122r4.html|work=Sénat|date=2026-05-16|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=fr-FR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204082450/https://www.senat.fr/senateur-4eme-republique/doucoure_amadou0122r4.html|archivedate=2024-12-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1971]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Björn Bregy</title>
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    <id>236720</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1218" sha1="ti2fuwf76ba2fq2a2lukq8f8ubi8jfw" xml:space="preserve">'''Björn Heinrich Walter Bregy'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2007_Results/08-11-07K1.pdf](http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2007_Results/08-11-07K1.pdf) |title=Kickboxing Show Results |location=Las Vegas |date=11 Agosti 2007 |website=Boxing.nv.gov |accessdate=2015-12-01}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (amezaliwa 30 Septemba 1974) ni mpiganaji wa kickboxing wa uzito wa juu kutoka Uswisi, bingwa wa Ulaya wa Yoseikan Budo, na mshindi wa mashindano ya K-1 Europe 2006 yaliyofanyika [[Amsterdam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bregy and Karacs Best in Budapest&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url=[http://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1gp/top834.htm](http://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1gp/top834.htm)
| title=Bregy and Karacs Best in Budapest
| last=DiPietro
| first=Monty
| accessdate=2008-02-09
| publisher=K-1 Grand Prix Website
| url-status=dead
| archiveurl=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080416142808/http://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1gp/top834.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20080416142808/http://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1gp/top834.htm)
| archivedate=2008-04-16
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1974|}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Uswisi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anatoly Dolmatov</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>238518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611623</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-27T16:26:11Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="758" sha1="7fzrt17p527aoetl0pr011t7lkg5h4a" xml:space="preserve">'''Anatoly Petrovich Dolmatov''' (29 Januari 1951 – 7 Aprili 2026) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Urusi]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa [[Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Umoja wa Kisovieti]], alihudumu katika Baraza la Muungano (Soviet of the Union) kuanzia mwaka 1987 hadi 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cherraion.ru/events/detail.php?ID=211645|title=Черемховское районное муниципальное образование|work=Cheremkhovsky District|language=Russian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260610130009/https://cherraion.ru/events/detail.php?ID=211645|archivedate=2026-06-10|accessdate=2026-05-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1951|2026}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Urusi]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ugo</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="2899" sha1="hdp998exd40juaf0agm2qlxc10tp5cz" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Claustro-Monasterio_Santa_Teresa_de_Jesús.JPG|thumb|[[Masista]] [[Wakarmeli Peku]] wakisali ndani ya ugo.]]
'''Ugo''' ni eneo lililozungukwa na [[ukuta]], [[Mti|miti]] au [[Kifaa|vifaa]] vingine vilivyochimbiwa au kujengwa kulizunguka eneo hilo ili kuzuia wasiohusika wasiweze kuingia kwa urahisi. 

==Ugo wa kitawa==
Katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] [[nyumba]] zote za [[mtawa|kitawa]] zinatakiwa na [[sheria za Kanisa]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_13051999_verbi-sponsa_en.html VATICAN: ''Verbi Sponsa'' - Instruction on the Contemplative Life and on the Enclosure of Nuns]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Code of Canon Law&quot;&gt;The Code of Canon Law, Canon 667 ff.&lt;cite&gt; English translation copyright 1983 The Canon Law Society Trust&lt;/cite&gt; {{cite web |url=http://www.deacons.net/Canon_Law/cci.htm |title=Code of Canon Law Index |access-date=17 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619055307/http://www.deacons.net/Canon_Law/cci.htm |archive-date=19 June 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Codex Iuris Canonici'' Can. 637, § 4&lt;/ref&gt; kuwa na ugo (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''clausura'') kwa lengo la kuzuia hasa watu wa [[jinsia]] tofauti ili kulinda [[usafi wa moyo]], lakini pia watu wa jinsia ileile ya wakazi ili kulinda [[kimya]] na hali ya [[sala]]. Taratibu zake zinatofautiana kadiri ya [[karama]] na [[katiba]] za [[shirika]] husika&lt;ref&gt;Second Vatican Council, [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19651028_perfectae-caritatis_en.html Decree on the Adaptation and Renewal of Religious Life], section 7, published on 28 October 1965, accessed on 27 December 2025&lt;/ref&gt;.

Zaidi ya hayo, mashirika ya [[Mmonaki|wamonaki]] [[Mwanamke|wanawake]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-meaning-of-the-terms-nun-sister-monk-priest-and-brother.html|title=The Meaning of the Terms Nun, Sister, Monk, Priest, and Brother|last=Saunders|first=William|date=2003|work=Catholic Education Resource Center|access-date=2018-05-28|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; yanatakiwa kufuata masharti maalumu kuhusu ugo yaliyopangwa na [[Papa]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_13051999_verbi-sponsa_en.html.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tanbihi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [https://cloisteredlife.com/introduction What is a Cloistered Nun? – an introduction to contemplative life]
* [https://cloisteredlife.com/mens-communities Cloistered contemplative monks – the contemplative men's monasteries]
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12748b.htm New Advent Encyclopaedia on ''Religious Life'']
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11164a.htm New Advent Encyclopaedia III ff. on ''Nuns, properly so called'']
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Contemplative Life}}
{{mbegu-Ukristo}}
[[Jamii:Mashirika ya kitawa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Buibui/Baibui</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Faili:Islamic_Clothing_Abaya.jpg|thumb|Abaya nyeusi]]
[[Faili:Traditional_Green_Abayas_with_Gold_Thread_Embellishments.jpg|thumb|Abaya yenye upambaji]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Lango|Islam|Fashion}}

'''Buibui ama baibui''' ( , Arabic   ''ʿabāyah'', hasa katika Fasihi Kiarabu : {{Lang|ar|عباءة}} ''ʿabā'ah'' ; wingi {{Lang|ar|عبايات}} ''ʿabāyāt'', {{Lang|ar|عباءات}} ''ʿabā'āt'' ), wakati mwingine pia huitwa '''abaya''', ni [[Mavazi|vazi]] jepesi, huru, refu na lenye kusitiri mwili wa mvaaji, kimsingi ni vazi linalofanana na joho, linalovaliwa na baadhi ya wanawake katika ulimwengu wa Kiislamu ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]], [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]], Afrika Mashariki na sehemu za [[Pembe ya Afrika]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktDfAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=the+encyclopedia+of+world+costume|title=The Encyclopedia of World Costume|last=Yarwood|first=Doreen|publisher=Bonanza Books|year=1978|isbn=0-517-61943-1|location=New York|page=9|author-link=Doreen Yarwood}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabuibui za kitamaduni, kawaida huwa meusi na yanaweza kuwa mraba mkubwa wa kitambaa kilichofunikwa kutoka mabegani au kichwani au mtandio mrefu. B''uibui'' hufunika mwili mzima isipokuwa kichwa (wakati mwingine), miguu, na mikono. Inaweza kuvaliwa na ''niqāb'', barakoa la uso linalofunika uso wote isipokuwa macho. Baadhi ya wanawake pia huvaa glavu ndefu nyeusi, kwa hivyo mikono yao pia hufunikwa. Kwa kawaida, buibui huvaliwa na wanawake wanapotoka majumbani mwao au hata katika hafla maalum, kama vile arusini, sherehe za sikukuu za Kiislamu za [[Idd el Fitr|Eid al-Fitr]] na [[Idd el Hajj|Eid al-Adha]], na pia wakati wa mwezi mtakatifu wa Kiislamu kama [[Ramadan (mwezi)|Ramadhani]] .

== Mantiki ==
Sababu ya  kuvaa kwa wanawake buibui mara nyingi ni kutokana na aya ya Quran isemayo, &quot;Ewe Mtume, waambie wake zako na binti zako, na wanawake waumini, wajifunike nguo legevu. Kwa hivyo watatambuliwa na hakuna madhara yatakayowapata&quot; (Qur'an 33:59, iliyotafsiriwa na Ahmed Ali ). Nukuu hii mara nyingi hutumika kama maagizo kutoka kwa Mungu kuhusu kuvaa buibui.

== Nchi ==
Nje ya baadhi ya nchi kama vile Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Yemen, UAE, Qatar na Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-06-15|title=Shop Online for Best Deals on Fashion Abaya Hijab and More|url=https://abayahijabavenue.pk/|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=abayahijabavenue.pk|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; buibui huvaliwa mno na wanawake Waislamu. Buibui pia huwa tafauti katika  baadhi ya nchi. Katika nchi za Kiarabu ya Ghuba la Uajemi, huwa na rangi nyeusi.

=== Saudi Arabia ===
Nchini [[Saudia|Saudi Arabia]], wanawake walitakiwa kujifunika wawapo hadharani.  Hata hivyo, mnamo Machi 2018, Mwanamfalme [[Mohammed bin Salman|Mohammad bin Salman]] alihoji kwamba [[Haki za wanawake nchini Saudi Arabia|wanawake wanaweza kujichagulia]] mavazi yao ya hadharani wao wenyewe, muradi yakidhi viwango fulani, aliposema, &quot;Uamuzi umeachwa kabisa kwa wanawake kuamua ni aina gani ya mavazi ya heshima na staha wanayochagua kuyavaa&quot;.  

==== Wanawake wa kigeni katika huduma  nchini Saudi Arabia ====
Rubani wa kijeshi wa Marekani [[Martha McSally]] aliyewakilishwa na Taasisi ya Rutherford katika kesi ya ''McSally dhidi ya Rumsfeld'', kesi hio iliyofanikiwa mwaka wa 2001 dhidi ya Idara ya Ulinzi ya Marekani, ilipinga sera ya kijeshi iliyowataka wanajeshi wa Marekani na Uingereza walioko Saudi Arabia kuvaa mabuibui  wanapotoka nje ya kambi nchini humo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Vojdik |first=Valorie |date=Summer 2002 |title=The Invisibility of Gender in War |url=http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?9+Duke+J.+Gender+L.+&amp;+Pol%27y+261 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Duke Journal of Gender Law &amp; Policy]] |volume=9 |pages=261–270 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306022817/https://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?9+Duke+J.+Gender+L.+&amp;+Pol%27y+261 |archive-date=March 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Mwaka `wa 2002, Jenerali Tommy Franks, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa kiongozi wa maagizo  makuu ya wanajeshi wa Marekani, alitangaza kwamba wanawake wa jeshi la Marekani hawatalazimika kamwe kuvaa mabuibui, ingawa &quot;wangehimizwa&quot; kufanya hivyo kama ishara ya kuheshimu desturi  na mila za wenyeji. Akizungumzia mabadiliko hayo, msemaji wa maagizo makuu Kanali Rick Thomas alisema hayakufanywa kwa sababu ya kesi ya McSally lakini tayari yalikuwa &quot;yamepitiwa&quot; kabla ya kesi hiyo kuwasilishwa. McSally alikuwa akifanya kazi ya kubadili sera hiyo kwa miaka kadhaa na alikuwa amewasilisha kesi hiyo baada ya kutishiwa na mahakama ya kijeshi ikiwa hatatwii. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Whitehead|first=John W.|title=No Abaya for McSally|url=http://libertymagazine.org/article/no-abaya-for-mcsally|work=Liberty Magazine|date=2002|accessdate=April 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714095959/http://libertymagazine.org/article/no-abaya-for-mcsally|archivedate=July 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Pia mwaka wa 2002, Bunge la Marekani lilipitisha sheria inayomkataza mtu yeyote katika jeshi &quot;kuhitaji au kuwatia moyo wanawake wa kijeshi kuvaa mabuibui nchini Saudi Arabia au kutumia pesa za walipa kodi kuyainunua.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=H.R.4546 - Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4546|work=United States Congress|date=December 2, 2002|accessdate=12 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108222451/https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4546|archivedate=January 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hijab&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=De Wind|first=Dorian|title=Should our Servicewomen in Afghanistan Have to Wear Headscarves?|url=http://themoderatevoice.com/102140/should-our-servicewomen-in-afghanistan-have-to-wear-headscarves|publisher=The Moderate Voice|accessdate=July 16, 2011|date=February 21, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429084951/http://themoderatevoice.com/102140/should-our-servicewomen-in-afghanistan-have-to-wear-headscarves/|archivedate=April 29, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Falme za Kiarabu ===
Mabuibui huvaliwa sana katika Falme za Kiarabu. Mara nyingi hutengenezwa kwa vitambara kama vile crêpe, georgette, na shifoni na rangi nyepesi kama kahawia na nyeupe zinazofaa hali ya hewa ya nchi hio.

=== Indonesia ===
Mabuibui  hujulikana kwa majina mbalimbali lakini hutumikia leng moja, ambalo ni kujistiri. Mitindo ya kisasa kwa kawaida ni kafeni, zilizokatwa kwa vitambaa vyepesi sana na vinavyotiririka kama vile crepe, georgette, na shifoni . Mitindo mingine inayojulikana ni buibui zilizo wazi mbele na abaya zilizofungwa mbele. Mitindo hutofautiana kutoka eneo hadi eneo: baadhi ya abaya zina ushonaji kwenye kitambaa cheusi, huku zingine zina rangi za kufunguka zina aina tofauti za kazi za kisanaa.

== Marufuku ya Mabuibui katika shule za Ufaransa ==

== Ushawishi wa mitindo ya Magharibi katika miundo ya mabuibui ==
Katikati ya karne ya 20, ushawishi wa mitindo ya ki-Magharibi yalianza kusambaa katika ulimwengu wa Kiarabu. Hii ilisababisha mabadiliko makubwa katika ushonaji  wa mabuibui. Ingawa umbo la msingi lilibaki vile vile, vitambaa vipya kama vile hariri, shiifoni na lace vilianzishwa. Wabunifu walianza kujaribu rangi, mifumo, mikato na mitindo, wakichanganya vipengele vya kitamaduni na mitindo ya kisasa.

Gymshark na Leana Deeb walitoa mkusanyiko wa mazoezi ya viungo ikiwemo mabuibui.
[[Faili:A_model_in_Abaya.jpg|thumb|Mwanamitindo aliyevaa gauni la abaya]]

== Tazama pia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

* Uislamu na mavazi
* Aina za hijabu

== Marejeleo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Folk costume}}

== Viungo vya nje ==

*  

* Kaur-Jones, Priya. &quot; [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13372186 Kubuni upya abaya ya Saudia] .&quot; ''[[BBC]]'' . 12 Mei 2011.
* Historia ya Abaya. &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20131111225614/http://www.alhamaidi.com/the-history-of-the-abaya Historia ya Abaya] .&quot;
* Tovuti ya Kiislamu ya Quran. &quot; [https://quran.com/en/al-ahzab/59] .&quot;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20251007112234/https://www.aqila.ng/history-and-evolution-of-abaya-fashion/4560/ Historia na Mageuzi ya Abaya] 
[[Jamii:Islamic attire]]
[[Jamii:Arabic clothing]]
[[Jamii:Hijab]]
[[Jamii:Abayas]]

== Marejeo ==
{{Marejeo}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thomas Domingo</title>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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'''Thomas Domingo''' (alizaliwa [[20 Agosti]] [[1985]]) ni mchezaji wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]].

Ana asili ya [[Ureno]] (mzao wa Wareno).

Domingo, ambaye hucheza nafasi ya prop wa upande wa kushoto, huichezea [[klabu]] ya ASM Clermont Auvergne.

Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Ufaransa dhidi ya [[Wales]] tarehe 27 Februari [[2009]].

Alicheza katika mchezo wa fainali wakati Clermont ilipotwaa ubingwa wa Top 14 msimu wa 2009–10.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=TD695266 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204165729/https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=TD695266 |archivedate=2024-12-04 |accessdate=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://all.rugby/player/thomas-domingo&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alain Penaud</title>
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'''Alain Penaud''' (alizaliwa [[19 Julai]] [[1969]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[raga]] ya muungano kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Alicheza katika nafasi ya fly-half (kiungo mshambuliaji wa namba 10).

Alijulikana kwa:

*  Maono mazuri ya mchezo 
*  Ujasiri wa kucheza 
*  Uwezo wa kubeba [[mpira]] 

Alitumia sehemu kubwa ya [[taaluma]] yake katika [[klabu]] ya Brive, ambako alicheza jumla ya mechi 334 na kufunga pointi 449.

Akiwa na Brive, alishinda:

*  Heineken Cup mwaka [[1997]]

Penaud anatambuliwa sana kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora kabisa wa Brive katika [[historia]] ya klabu hiyo.

Baadaye alihamia [[Toulouse]], ambako alishinda Ubingwa wa Raga wa Ufaransa mwaka [[2001]]. Wakati huo mashindano hayo yaliitwa Élite 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=AP670124 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204095934/https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=AP670124 |archivedate=2024-12-04 |accessdate=2026-08-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20241204095805/http://www.espnscrum.com/timeline/rugby/player/11138.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ben Youngs</title>
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      <text bytes="1603" sha1="cfg7fy7zhejzpjpd26kegpwjszikkdp" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Ben Youngs.jpg|thumb|Ben Youngs]]
'''Benjamin Ryder Youngs''' (alizaliwa [[5 Septemba]] [[1989]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kitaaluma wa [[raga]] ya muungano kutoka [[Uingereza]].

Alicheza nafasi ya namba 9 kwa [[klabu]] ya Leicester Tigers katika mashindano ya Premiership Rugby.

Youngs ndiye mwenye [[rekodi]] ya michezo mingi zaidi ya kimataifa katika [[historia]] ya [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanaume]] ya England.

Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa klabu akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 mwaka [[2007]]. Mwaka [[2010]], alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza kwa timu ya taifa ya England.

Mwaka [[2022]], alikua mchezaji wa England mwenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya mechi za kimataifa baada ya kufikisha mechi 115, na baadaye akaongeza hadi 127 caps.

Youngs alianza [[fainali]] ya [[Kombe la Dunia]] la Raga la 2019 akiwa katika kikosi cha kwanza cha England.

Pia alifanya ziara na British &amp; Irish Lions nchini [[Australia]] mwaka 2013.

Akiwa na Leicester Tigers, ameshinda ubingwa wa Premiership Rugby mara tano:

*  2007
*  [[2009]]
*  2010
*  2013
*  2022   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=BY523643 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123185644/https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=BY523643 |archivedate=2025-01-23 |accessdate=2026-08-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250123190630/http://www.espnscrum.com/timeline/rugby/player/27263.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
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    <title>Billy Vunipola</title>
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'''Viliami Vunipola''' (alizaliwa [[3 Novemba]] [[1992]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kitaaluma wa [[raga]] ya muungano anayocheza katika nafasi ya (Namba 8) kwa [[klabu]] ya [[Montpellier]] katika [[ligi]] ya Top 14 nchini [[Ufaransa]].

Alizaliwa nchini [[Australia]], lakini anaiwakilisha [[timu ya taifa]] ya England katika ngazi ya kimataifa baada ya kutimiza masharti ya kustahili kuiwakilisha England kupitia [[sheria]] ya ukaazi.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Vunipola alizaliwa Sydney, Australia, katika [[familia]] yenye wazazi wenye asili ya [[Tonga]]. Hata hivyo, alihamia [[Wales]] pamoja na familia yake akiwa [[mtoto]] mdogo baada ya [[baba]] yake, Feʻao Vunipola, kusaini [[mkataba]] wa kuichezea Pontypool RFC mwaka [[1998]].

Alisoma katika [[Shule]] ya Porth Infants na Shule ya Msingi ya Griffithstown, na akiwa huko alicheza raga kwa New Panteg RFC pamoja na Joeseph Lane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=VV741662 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409005859/https://historical-stats.epcrugby.com/player/?PlayGuid=VV741662 |archivedate=2025-04-09 |accessdate=2026-08-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220317081842/http://rd.premiershiprugby.com/players/player-archive.php?player=96095&amp;includeref=dynamic&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20241206200839/http://www.espnscrum.com/timeline/rugby/player/133309.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
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    <ns>2</ns>
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      <id>1611614</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-27T14:31:01Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ray mastory</username>
        <id>92442</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3438" sha1="5h954f1wfk7y2elswmzer78qh6kyj49" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox comedy person|name=Mr Welly Tz|image=|caption=|birth_name=Wellineli Emanueli Raulence|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1999|4|21}}|birth_place=[[Tanzania]]|nationality=Mtanzania|occupation=Muigizaji wa vichekesho, mbunifu wa maudhui ya dijitali|years_active=2020–hadi sasa|genres=Vichekesho vya mtandaoni (Skits), uigizaji wa matukio ya jamii|partner=Patra (Kwenye maudhui)|associated_acts=Kim Traveller, Salma Vybz}}

'''Wellineli Emanueli Raulence''' (anajulikana zaidi duniani kote kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Mr Welly Tz'''; alizaliwa 21 Aprili 1999) ni mchekeshaji, muigizaji, na mbunifu wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa video zake fupi za ucheshi (skits) kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kama vile [[Instagram]] na [[TikTok]], zinazogusa uhalisia wa maisha ya uhusiano, wivu, na changamoto za kijamii.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Wellineli Emanueli Raulence alizaliwa tarehe 21 Aprili mwaka 1999 nchini Tanzania. Alikua na kupata elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari nchini humo kabla ya kuingia rasmi kwenye tasnia ya burudani ya kidijitali. Tangu ujana wake wa mapema, alionyesha nia na kipaji kikubwa katika sanaa ya uigizaji na ucheshi, jambo lililomfanya kuanza kujipenyeza kwenye majukwaa ya mtandaoni ili kuonyesha sanaa yake.

== Kazi ==
Mr Welly Tz alianza kujulikana rasmi katika tasnia ya maudhui ya mtandaoni (Digital Content Creation) kupitia utengenezaji wa video fupi za ucheshi. Kazi yake ilipata kasi kubwa baada ya kuungana na kuunda ushirikiano endelevu wa kikazi na wasanii wenzake wa mtandaoni.

Ubunifu wake unajikita katika kuangazia maisha ya kila siku ya vijana nchini Tanzania, hususan namna wanavyokabiliana na masuala ya urafiki na mapenzi. Mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uwasilishaji umempa nafasi ya kuwa mmoja wa wachekeshaji wa mtandaoni wanaofuatiliwa kwa ukaribu nchini.

== Maudhui na wasifu kwa umma ==
Maudhui ya Mr Welly Tz yanatambulika kwa kiasi kikubwa kupitia mfululizo wa vichekesho vya uhusiano (Couple Skits). Katika video hizi, mara nyingi huigiza kama mhusika mwenye wivu mkali au anayekabiliwa na hofu ya kupoteza mpenzi wake.

Wasifu wake kwa umma umejengeka imara kutokana na kemia kubwa iliyopo kati yake na waigizaji wenzake, ambapo anashirikiana kwa karibu na mwigizaji '''Patra''' (anayechukua uhusika wa mpenzi wake kwenye skits) pamoja na '''Kim Traveller''' (anayechukua uhusika wa rafiki au mtu anayezua taharuki ya wivu). Mtindo huu wa uigizaji wa kikundi umewafanya mashabiki kuichukulia timu hiyo kama mfululizo wa tamthilia inayoendelea kila siku kwenye mitandao ya kijamii.

== Umaarufu wake ==
Umaarufu wa Mr Welly Tz ulikua kwa kasi kupitia akaunti zake rasmi za mitandao ya kijamii kama vile Instagram ([@mr_wellytz]) na TikTok. Video zake zimekuwa zikisambaa kwa kasi (viral) na kutumiwa kama &quot;memes&quot; au marejeo ya ucheshi katika kurasa mbalimbali za burudani Afrika Mashariki. Hadi kufikia sasa, amefanikiwa kujenga jamii kubwa ya wafuasi (followers) wanaofuatilia kazi zake kila wiki, jambo linalomfanya kuwa miongoni mwa washawishi (influencers) wa kidijitali nchini humo.

== Tuzo na uteuzi ==
Kutokana na kazi zake kuendelea kukua na kuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kwa jamii ya kidijitali, Mr Welly Tz amekuwa akitajwa na kuwekwa kwenye kategoria mbalimbali za utambuzi wa kidijitali nchini Tanzania

== Angalia pia ==

* [[Kim Traveller]]
* [[Sanaa ya Tanzania]]
* Wachekeshaji wa mtandaoni Tanzania

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Alastair Greene</title>
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      <text bytes="1046" sha1="1mlrb7nkc4h6ny05jent5lmcb0owst0" xml:space="preserve">'''Alastair L. Greene''' (amezaliwa [[18 Aprili]], [[1971]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mpiga gitaa]], na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa blues rock. Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''A Little Wiser'', ilitolewa mwaka 2001, ikiwa ya kwanza kati ya albamu tisa alizotoa kwa jina lake katika kipindi cha miaka 20 iliyofuata.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alastair-greene-mn0000198029/biography|title=Alastair Greene Biography, Songs, &amp; Albums|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=September 23, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://agsongs.com/about|title=About|website=Agsongs.com|access-date=September 23, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526153543/https://agsongs.com/about|archivedate=2024-05-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bona&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jbonamassa.com/alastair-greene-blues-and-beyond/|title=Alastair Greene – Blues and Beyond! |website=Jbonamassa.com|access-date=September 23, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1971|}}
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Salma Vybz</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57479-84</username>
        <id>93518</id>
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      <comment>Kuongeza jina jipya la Sanaa HAVA VYBZ</comment>
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'''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Salma Vybz na sasa kama HAVA VYBZ'''; amezaliwa 7 Oktoba 2003) ni mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi (aesthetician), na mtayarishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika sana kwa ubunifu wake katika tasnia ya sanaa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni, hususan kwa kufanya maudhui ya kimahusiano na mtengeneza maudhui mwenzake Kim Traveller, pamoja na uwekezaji wake mkubwa kwenye sekta ya urembo na afya ya ngozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/wasifu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faili:Salma Vybz.jpg|alt=Salma Vybz|thumb|Salma Vybz]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Hawa Tamimu Ally'''
! colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Jina la Kuzaliwa'''
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |Hawa Tamimu Ally
|-
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Majina Mengine'''
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |Salma Vybz,HAVA VYBZ 
|-
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa'''
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |7 Oktoba 2003
|-
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Mahali pa Kuzaliwa'''
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |Tanzania 🇹🇿
|-
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Elimu'''
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi
|-
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Kazi'''
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |Mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi &amp; mtayarishaji wa maudhui
|-
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |'''Anafahamika kwa'''
| colspan=&quot;undefined&quot; |Maudhui ya kidijitali (#salmaandkim) na ujasiriamali wa urembo
|}
----

== Maisha ya Awali na Elimu ==
Salma Vybz alizaliwa na kulelewa nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alionyesha nia ya mapema katika masuala ya urembo na afya, jambo lililomfanya kujiunga na masomo ya juu ya afya ambapo alihitimu na kutuzwa Stashahada (Diploma) ya Masuala ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi (Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine). Elimu hii imekuwa nguzo kuu katika biashara zake na maudhui anayozalisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/tazama-elimu-ya-salma-vybz.html|work=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanaa na Umaarufu ==
Salma Vybz alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mitandao ya kijamii kama vile [[TikTok]] na [[Instagram]], ambapo mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uwasilishaji ulimvutia melfu ya wafuasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/sanaa-na-umaarufu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubunifu wa Maudhui ===
Sanaa yake mtandaoni inajikita zaidi katika maudhui ya mtindo wa maisha (lifestyle), urembo, na sanaa ya ucheshi ya mahusiano. Amekuwa akitengeneza maudhui ya pamoja yanayovuma sana na mwenza wake, Kim Traveller, ambapo wawili hao wamejizolea umaarufu mkubwa chini ya alama ya reli #salmaandkim. Uwezo wake wa kuchanganya sanaa ya burudani na elimu ya urembo umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa brand influencers vijana wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/sanaa-na-umaarufu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biashara na Ujasiriamali ==
Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi, Salma aliamua kutumia taaluma yake kivitendo badala ya kutegemea ajira pekee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifungua duka kubwa la vipodozi (Cosmetics Store) linalofanya kazi kwa weledi wa kitiba. Duka hili linajikita katika kuuza bidhaa mbalimbali zilizothibitishwa kisayansi kushughulikia matatizo ya ngozi, kutoa tiba, na kudumisha afya ya ngozi. Kupitia duka hili, amefanikiwa kuunganisha umaarufu wake wa kidijitali na utaalamu wake wa kitaaluma, na hivyo kuwa mtoa huduma anayeaminika katika tasnia ya urembo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Angalia Pia ==

* [[TikTok]]
* [[Ujasiriamali]]

== Marejeo ==</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>AccountVanishRequests moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:TiffWar]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Renamed user f46c9e55a728fac62f33e9fd0a5752a5]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/TiffWar|TiffWar]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user f46c9e55a728fac62f33e9fd0a5752a5|Renamed user f46c9e55a728fac62f33e9fd0a5752a5]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3465" sha1="qc8x1o3scvv02w1fgy77o51ydb9nvo1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Septemba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <username>~2026-57365-57</username>
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      <comment>/* Kazi na Urembo */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4924" sha1="9yk7i5o5ib5yu9qo1xx1oeqmqx17gmx" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 5px; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; clear: right;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #FFD700; padding: 8px;&quot; | Jihan Dimack
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[Picha:Jihan Dimack - Miss Grand International 2026.png|250px|Jihan Dimack mwaka 2026]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jihan Dimack mwaka 2026&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: #FFD700; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;&quot; | Taarifa binafsi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Jina kamili:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Jihan Mohin Dimachk
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Tarehe ya kuzaliwa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | [[17 Juni]] [[1996]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Mahali pa kuzaliwa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | [[Lebanon]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Taifa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | [[Mtanzania]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Kazi:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Mfano wa mitindo na mshindi wa mashindano ya urembo
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Urefu:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | 1.75 m
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: #FFD700; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;&quot; | Mashindano ya urembo
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Mataji:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Miss Universe Tanzania 2016&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand Tanzania 2026&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand International 2026
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Mashindano makubwa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Miss Grand Tanzania 2015 (kujiondoa)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Universe Tanzania 2016 (mshindi)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Universe 2016 (hakupata nafasi)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 (mshindi)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand International 2026 (mshindi)
|}
'''Jihan Mohin Dimack''' (alizaliwa [[17 Juni]] [[1996]]) ni mwanamitindo na mrembo wa mashindano ya urembo kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alijulikana zaidi baada ya kushinda taji la ''Miss Universe Tanzania 2016'' na baadaye kushinda kuwa ''Miss Grand Tanzania 2026''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Citizen2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reporter |first=The Citizen |title=Jihan Dimack Crowned Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/jihan-dimack-crowned-miss-grand-tanzania-2026-5551684 |work=The Citizen Tanzania |date=9 Agosti 2026 |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Jihan  alizaliwa na kukulia mjini [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania. Yeye ni mwenye asili mchanganyiko ya Tanzania na [[Lebanoni]]. Alianza kuvutiwa na ulimwengu wa urembo na uwanamitindo akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, na kabla ya kujikita kikamilifu kwenye urembo, alifanya kazi kama afisa utawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;FamousBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jihan Dimack - Bio and Profile |url=https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/jihan-dimack.html |website=Famous Birthdays |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi na Urembo ==
Dimack alianza kushiriki mashindano ya urembo nchini Tanzania ambapo alipata mafanikio mbalimbali:

* '''Miss Tanzania 2014:''' Alishiriki katika shindano la Miss Tanzania mwaka 2014 na kufanikiwa kuwa mshindi wa tatu ''(3rd Runner-up).''
* '''Miss Universe Tanzania 2016:''' Mwezi Novemba 2016, alitawazwa kuwa Miss Universe Tanzania 2016. kufuatia ushindi huo, aliiwakilisha Tanzania katika shindano la kimataifa la [[Miss Universe 2016]]. lililofanyika nchini [[Ufilipino]] mnamo Januari 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mtaa2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Zoezi la upigaji kura lafunguliwa rasmi kwa ajili ya Miss Universe 2016 |url=http://www.mtaakwamtaa.co.tz/2017/01/zoezi-la-upigaji-kura-lafunguliwa-rasmi.html |work=Mtaa kwa Mtaa |date=24 Januari 2017 |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Miss Grand Tanzania 2026:''' Mwezi Agosti 2026, Dimack alishiriki shindano la urembo na kutawazwa kuwa Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 katika ukumbi wa The Super Dome, Masaki, Dar es Salaam, akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Mwanza. Ushindi huo ulimpa nafasi ya kuiwakilisha Tanzania katika shindano la Miss Grand International 2026 nchini [[Thailand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Citizen2026&quot; /&gt;

Pamoja na mashindano ya urembo, Dimack amefanya kazi kama mwanamitindo wa kimataifa na kushinda tuzo kadhaa katika maonesho ya ''Swahili Fashion Week'', pamoja na kutokea kwenye majarida mbalimbali ya mitindo nchini Tanzania. Pia, amekuwa akijihusisha na uwekezaji katika sekta ya uhifadhi wa wanyamapori na utunzaji wa mazingira.&lt;ref name=&quot;MGI2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jihan Mohin Dimachk - Contestant Profile |url=https://missgrandinternational.com/miss/jihan-mohin-dimachk/ |website=Miss Grand International |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-Mtanzania}}
{{BD|1996|}}
[[Jamii:wanamitindo wa Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>9yk7i5o5ib5yu9qo1xx1oeqmqx17gmx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611707</id>
      <parentid>1611705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57365-57</username>
        <id>93517</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi na Urembo */</comment>
      <origin>1611707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4931" sha1="tgdwqfasxbni4pgmnly2dqtnlr5h77g" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 5px; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; clear: right;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #FFD700; padding: 8px;&quot; | Jihan Dimack
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[Picha:Jihan Dimack - Miss Grand International 2026.png|250px|Jihan Dimack mwaka 2026]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jihan Dimack mwaka 2026&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: #FFD700; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;&quot; | Taarifa binafsi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Jina kamili:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Jihan Mohin Dimachk
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Tarehe ya kuzaliwa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | [[17 Juni]] [[1996]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Mahali pa kuzaliwa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | [[Lebanon]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Taifa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | [[Mtanzania]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Kazi:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Mfano wa mitindo na mshindi wa mashindano ya urembo
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Urefu:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | 1.75 m
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: #FFD700; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;&quot; | Mashindano ya urembo
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Mataji:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Miss Universe Tanzania 2016&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand Tanzania 2026&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand International 2026
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Mashindano makubwa:
| style=&quot;padding: 3px;&quot; | Miss Grand Tanzania 2015 (kujiondoa)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Universe Tanzania 2016 (mshindi)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Universe 2016 (hakupata nafasi)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 (mshindi)&lt;br /&gt;Miss Grand International 2026 (mshindi)
|}
'''Jihan Mohin Dimack''' (alizaliwa [[17 Juni]] [[1996]]) ni mwanamitindo na mrembo wa mashindano ya urembo kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alijulikana zaidi baada ya kushinda taji la ''Miss Universe Tanzania 2016'' na baadaye kushinda kuwa ''Miss Grand Tanzania 2026''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Citizen2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reporter |first=The Citizen |title=Jihan Dimack Crowned Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/jihan-dimack-crowned-miss-grand-tanzania-2026-5551684 |work=The Citizen Tanzania |date=9 Agosti 2026 |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Jihan  alizaliwa na kukulia mjini [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania. Yeye ni mwenye asili mchanganyiko ya Tanzania na [[Lebanoni]]. Alianza kuvutiwa na ulimwengu wa urembo na uwanamitindo akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, na kabla ya kujikita kikamilifu kwenye urembo, alifanya kazi kama afisa utawala. &lt;ref name=&quot;FamousBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jihan Dimack - Bio and Profile |url=https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/jihan-dimack.html |website=Famous Birthdays |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi na Urembo ==
Dimack alianza kushiriki mashindano ya urembo nchini Tanzania ambapo alipata mafanikio mbalimbali:

* '''Miss Tanzania 2014:''' Alishiriki katika shindano la Miss Tanzania mwaka 2014 na kufanikiwa kuwa mshindi wa tatu ''(3rd Runner-up).''
* '''Miss Universe Tanzania 2016:''' Mwezi Novemba 2016, alitawazwa kuwa Miss Universe Tanzania 2016. Kufuatia ushindi huo, aliiwakilisha Tanzania katika shindano la kimataifa la [[Miss Universe 2016]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;lililofanyika nchini [[Ufilipino]] mwezi Januari 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mtaa2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Zoezi la upigaji kura lafunguliwa rasmi kwa ajili ya Miss Universe 2016 |url=http://www.mtaakwamtaa.co.tz/2017/01/zoezi-la-upigaji-kura-lafunguliwa-rasmi.html |work=Mtaa kwa Mtaa |date=24 Januari 2017 |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Miss Grand Tanzania 2026:''' Mwezi Agosti 2026, Dimack alishiriki shindano la urembo na kutawazwa kuwa Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 katika ukumbi wa The Super Dome, Masaki, Dar es Salaam, akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Mwanza. Ushindi huo ulimpa tiketi ya kuiwakilisha Tanzania katika shindano la Miss Grand International 2026 nchini [[Thailand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Citizen2026&quot; /&gt;

Pamoja na mashindano ya urembo, Dimack amefanya kazi kama mwanamitindo wa kimataifa na kushinda tuzo kadhaa katika maonesho ya ''Swahili Fashion Week'', pamoja na kutokea kwenye majarida mbalimbali ya mitindo nchini Tanzania. Pia, amekuwa akijihusisha na uwekezaji katika sekta ya uhifadhi wa wanyamapori na utunzaji wa mazingira.&lt;ref name=&quot;MGI2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jihan Mohin Dimachk - Contestant Profile |url=https://missgrandinternational.com/miss/jihan-mohin-dimachk/ |website=Miss Grand International |access-date=7 Oktoba 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-Mtanzania}}
{{BD|1996|}}
[[Jamii:wanamitindo wa Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>tgdwqfasxbni4pgmnly2dqtnlr5h77g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aung Naing</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611635</id>
      <parentid>1608575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T18:44:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1266" sha1="bxli9tiq2c1639jbhmgf3wmbt8elefb" xml:space="preserve">'''U Aung Naing''' (Kiburma: ဦးအောင်နိုင်; alizaliwa mwaka 1972) ni [[kocha]] wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Myanmar na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani. Anainoa timu ya taifa ya Myanmar ya wachezaji walio chini ya umri wa miaka 19.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gnlm.com.mm/shan-united-technical-director-to-handle-myanmar-u-19-football-team/ &quot;Shan United technical director to handle Myanmar U-19 football team&quot;.] New Light of Myanmar. March 28, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya soka ==
Mwaka 1990, Aung Naing alisaini [[mkataba]] na klabu ya Perak ya Malaysia, ambako alichukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu zaidi wa klabu hiyo.

Aliunda ushirikiano wa ushambuliaji na mshambuliaji wa Korea Kusini Jang Jung. Pia aliisaidia Perak kushinda [[Kombe]] la Shirikisho la Soka la Malaysia la mwaka 1990.&lt;ref&gt;[https://semuanyabola.com/aung-naing-dinobat-jurulatih-terbaik-anugerah-bola-sepak-myanmar-2019/ &quot;Aung Naing Dinobat Jurulatih Terbaik Anugerah Bola Sepak Myanma&quot;.] {{Wayback|url=https://semuanyabola.com/aung-naing-dinobat-jurulatih-terbaik-anugerah-bola-sepak-myanmar-2019/ |date=20250118231155 }} semanyabola.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]</text>
      <sha1>bxli9tiq2c1639jbhmgf3wmbt8elefb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aye Min Han</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611637</id>
      <parentid>1609455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T18:56:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>1611637</origin>
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      <text bytes="1625" sha1="4fypojqzpm17jon0lsyyg2v4v3wfcm6" xml:space="preserve">'''Aye Min Han''' (Kiburma: ဦးအေးမင်းဟန်; alizaliwa tarehe 22 Mei 1983) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar na mbunge wa Baraza la Mataifa (Amyotha Hluttaw), akiwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi namba 1 la Jimbo la Mon.

Ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (NLD). Alizaliwa katika Jimbo la Mon na kabla ya kuingia katika siasa alifanya kazi kama mfanyabiashara.&lt;ref&gt;[http://amyotha.hluttaw.mm/?q=members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA &quot;Mp Profile&quot;.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Amyotha Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kisiasa ==
Aye Min Han ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Baraza la Mataifa baada ya kupata kura 38,309, na kuwa mwakilishi wa jimbo la uchaguzi namba 1 la Jimbo la Mon.

Baadaye, alihudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya Haki za Wanawake na Watoto katika Baraza la Mataifa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190909182652/http://www.openhluttaw.info/my_MM/2017/01/13/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BB-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD/ &quot;Elections Results – Global New Light Of Myanmar&quot;.] Myanmar1329.rssing.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]]</text>
      <sha1>4fypojqzpm17jon0lsyyg2v4v3wfcm6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bintimfalme Tenagnework</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611643</id>
      <parentid>1611017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T21:14:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>1611643</origin>
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      <text bytes="3165" sha1="ed3hf6us5k4p7gmo9b0ts59kosd9bal" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|picha=Princess tenagnework.jpg|tarehe ya kufa=6 April 2003 (aged 91)
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=12 January 1912
Harar, Ethiopian Empire}}

'''Princess Tenagnework Haile Selassie''' (jina lake la ubatizo: Fikirte Mariam; 12 Januari 1912 – 6 Aprili 2003) alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa kwanza wa [[Mfalme]] Haile Selassie na Empress Menen Asfaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Kibriye|first=Solomon|title=State Visit of the King and Queen of the Belgians to Ethiopia, His Majesty King Baudouin with Her Imperial Highness Princess Tenagnework Haile Selassie|date=2011-10-31|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7132788@N07/6299069181/|access-date=2026-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha yake ya awali ==
Alizaliwa katika mji wa '''Harar'''. Princess Tenagnework alipewa cheo chake baada ya baba yake, '''Haile Selassie''', kurithi [[kiti]] cha enzi cha kifalme mnamo Novemba 1930.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Crown Council of Ethiopia|url=http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon|work=www.ethiopiancrown.org|accessdate=2026-10-24|author=WebitectPRO!|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014/http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon|archivedate=2012-12-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Princess Tenagnework''' aliolewa kwa mara ya kwanza na '''Ras Desta Damtew''', aliyekuwa mwanachama wa familia mashuhuri ya kifalme ya '''Addisge'''. Ras Desta na Princess Tenagnework walipata '''wana wawili''', Amha na Iskinder Desta (ambaye baadaye alikuja kuwa Admiral wa Jeshi la Wanamaji), pamoja na '''binti wanne''': Princess Aida Desta, Seble Desta, Sophia Desta na Hirut Desta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Crown Council of Ethiopia|url=http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#CelebrationMedal|work=www.ethiopiancrown.org|accessdate=2026-10-24|author=WebitectPRO!|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014/http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#CelebrationMedal|archivedate=2012-12-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Mwaka '''1935''''', baada ya [[Italia]] kuivamia [[Ethiopia]], familia ya kifalme ililazimika kukimbilia uhamishoni katika '''Fairfield House, Bath, nchini [[Uingereza]]'''. Hata hivyo, Ras Desta alibaki Ethiopia kuongoza majeshi ya kifalme yaliyokuwa yakipambana kusini mwa nchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Kibriye|first=Solomon|title=State Visit of the King and Queen of the Belgians to Ethiopia, His Majesty King Baudouin with Her Imperial Highness Princess Tenagnework Haile Selassie|date=2011-10-31|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7132788@N07/6299069181/|access-date=2026-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa uhamishoni, Princess Tenagnework alizaa '''Emebet Tsige Mariam (Mary)''' kutokana na uhusiano wa muda mfupi na '''Ato Abebe Retta'''. Baadaye Abebe Retta alihudumu katika nafasi za ubalozi na nyadhifa nyingine katika serikali ya kifalme baada ya vita. Baada ya kutengana na Princess Tenagnework, hatimaye alikuja kuwa '''Rais wa Seneti ya Kifalme'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oops!|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7132788@N07/6299069181|work=Flickr|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ethiopia]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ethiopia]]</text>
      <sha1>ed3hf6us5k4p7gmo9b0ts59kosd9bal</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asnaketch Worku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611634</id>
      <parentid>1611118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T18:23:31Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>1611634</origin>
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      <text bytes="2280" sha1="0v9yzf3w0mu09ljaixja5d9wcr94ct7" xml:space="preserve">'''Asnaketch Worku'''  '''('''alizaliwa takribani mwaka '''1935 – 14 Septemba 2011''') alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa ''Ethiopia'' aliyeimba kwa lugha ya [[Kiamhari]] na ''mpigaji'' wa ala ya [[muziki]] inayoitwa ''krar''. Ala hiyo ndiyo iliyochangia kumfanya ajulikane sana katika miaka ya '''1960 na 1970'''. '''Asnaketch''' pia alikuwa na [[taaluma]] ndefu na yenye [[mafanikio]] kama [[mwigizaji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Queen of Kirar Asnakech Worku Passes Away|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails?Page=heads&amp;NewsID=3061|work=www.ezega.com|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== wasifu ==
'''Asnaketch Worku''' alizaliwa katika eneo la ''Sidist Kilo, Addis Ababa,'' na alikulia katika jiji hilo. Alikuwa wa jamii ya ''Waamhara.''

'''Asnaketch''' alizaliwa katika eneo la ''Sidist Kilo.'' Hakuwahi kukutana na baba yake, na ''wazazi'' wake walitengana muda mfupi baada ya kuzaliwa kwake. Mama yake alifariki alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] mitatu, hivyo alilelewa na mama yake wa ubatizo ambaye hakuwa na ''uhusiano'' mzuri naye sana.Baadaye, dada yake mkubwa''', Elfinesh Marefia,''' alihamia kuishi naye. Wawili hao walifurahia kwenda kutazama michezo ya kuigiza na ''matamasha'' ya [[muziki]].

''Asnaketch'' alinunua ''krar'' yake ya kwanza kwa senti 25 tu. Alijifunza mwenyewe jinsi ya kuipiga na kuanza kutumbuiza katika baa ndogo na maeneo ya [[burudani]] ya usiku yaliyoitwa ''Cabarets'' 

Hata hivyo, aliacha kazi yake katika baa iliyokuwa kwenye Barabara ya ''Churchill'' kwa sababu ya ''mshahara'' mdogo na unyanyasaji aliokuwa akikumbana nao.Baada ya kupitia hali ya kumpenda mtu ambaye hakumrudishia [[upendo]] wake''', Asnaketch''' alipatwa na [[huzuni]] kubwa. Aliacha kula kwa siku tatu na kwa muda mfupi alifungwa kwa minyororo ''kitandani'' mwake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The First Lady of Ethiopian Music|date=2014-04-21|url=http://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2014/04/the-first-lady-of-ethiopian-music/|work=Ethiopia Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2026-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075953/http://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2014/04/the-first-lady-of-ethiopian-music/|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waimbaji]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]]

== Marejeo ==
{{Marejeo}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aminatou Haidar</title>
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      <text bytes="5953" sha1="404n5ufw5mc62b0yw1pwu41onw879ai" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Aminatou Haidar meeting an old friend on her departure from prison (2006)..jpg|thumb|Aminatou haidar]]
'''Aminatou Ali Ahmed Haidar'''  (wakati mwingine anatajwa kama Aminetou, Aminatu au Aminetu; alizaliwa [[24 Julai]] [[1966]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za binadamu]] na mtetezi wa uhuru wa [[Sahara ya Magharibi|Sahara Magharibi]]. Mara nyingi anaitwa &quot;[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] wa Sahrawi&quot; au &quot;Pasionaria wa Sahrawi&quot; kwa [[maandamano]] ya amani&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Sahrawi Gandhi' awarded New York peace prize|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/sahrawi-gandhi-awarded-new-york-peace-prize-20091022-h9mr.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2009-10-21|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Western Sahara’s ‘Gandhi’ begins hunger strike|url=https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2009-11-20-western-sahara-s-gandhi-begins-hunger-strike/|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|date=2009-11-20|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=en-ZA|author=Xan Rice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AFP: Aminatou Haidar, la &quot;pasionaria&quot; inflexible du Sahara occidental|url=http://www.google.com:80/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOrOziBCsMO-yPj36pifY3R0T3YA|work=www.google.com|accessdate=2026-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Yeye ni [[rais]] wa [[Kikundi]] cha [[Watetezi wa imani|Watetezi]] wa Haki za Binadamu wa Sahrawi (CODESA).

== Historia ==
Wakati wazazi wake wakiishi [[Tan-Tan]], mji mdogo kusini mwa [[Moroko]] wenye idadi kubwa ya watu wa Sahrawi (na aliyekuwa Cape Juby ya [[Hispania]]) ambako alitumia utoto wake, Aminatou alizaliwa mwaka wa [[1966]] huko [[Akka]], katika mkoa wa Moroko wa Tata, mji wa bibi yake, kutokana na [[desturi]] ya Kibedui. Yeye si [[Mwanaharakati|mwanachama]] wa Front Polisario, ingawa anaichukulia harakati hiyo kama [[mwakilishi]] pekee wa watu wa Sahrawi. Ametengana na [[mume]] wake na ana [[Mtoto|watoto]] wawili, Hayat na Mohammed&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bárbulo|first=Tomás|title=La voluntad y la fuerza|date=2009-12-13|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2009/12/13/domingo/1260679954_850215.html|work=El País|language=es|issn=1134-6582|access-date=2026-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Sahrawi human rights defenders under attack|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde29/008/2005/en/|work=Amnesty International|date=2005-11-24|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tuzo na utambuzi ==
Haidar amepata [[tuzo]] kadhaa za kimataifa kwa kutambua kazi yake ya [[haki za binadamu]]. Mnamo [[Desemba]] [[2005]], alipata Tuzo ya V Juan María Bandrés ya Tume ya Hispania ya Msaada kwa [[Wakimbizi]] (CEAR)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=La defensora saharaui de los derechos humanos Aminetu Haidar, premio Juan María Bandrés {{!}} elmundo.es|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/12/19/solidaridad/1135004968.html|work=www.elmundo.es|accessdate=2026-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kutokana na kufungwa kwake [[gerezani]], hakuweza kupokea tuzo hiyo hadi Mei [[2006]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aminatou Haidar recibe el premio Juan María Bandrés 2006 de CEAR|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/canarias/abci-aminatou-haidar-recibe-premio-juan-maria-bandres-2006-cear-200605040300-1421396759400_noticia.html|work=Diario ABC|date=2006-05-04|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mnamo [[2007]], alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Solidar ya Silver Rose, mtandao wa Ulaya wa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Past Winners Archive 2000-2008 - SOLIDAR|url=http://www.solidar.org/Past-Winners-Archive-2000-2008.html|work=www.solidar.org|accessdate=2026-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402200516/http://www.solidar.org/Past-Winners-Archive-2000-2008.html|archivedate=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tuzo hiyo ya kila mwaka inatambua &quot;mafanikio makubwa ya watu binafsi na mashirika yanayojihusisha na mapiganaji ya haki za kijamii&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jeremías Chávez Rodríguez|url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/profile/jeremias-chavez-rodriguez|work=Front Line Defenders|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&quot; Mnamo 2008, Haidar alishinda Tuzo ya Haki za Binadamu ya [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] kutoka Kituo cha Robert F. Kennedy cha Haki na Haki za Binadamu chenye makao yake nchini Marekani. Mbali na tuzo hiyo (ambayo inajumuisha fedha), Kituo cha Ukumbusho cha RFK hutoa ushirikiano na wale wanaopokea katika kazi zao. [[Senati (Marekani)|Seneta]] wa [[Marekani]] Edward Kennedy alisema kwamba &quot;wote wanaojali [[demokrasia]], haki za binadamu, na [[utawala]] wa [[sheria]] kwa ajili ya watu wa Sahara Magharibi wanatiwa [[moyo]] na ujasiri wake wa pekee, kujitolea na kazi yake ya umahiri kwa niaba yao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Opinion {{!}} Common Dreams|url=https://www.commondreams.org/opinion|work=www.commondreams.org|accessdate=2026-10-24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; Haidar pia alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Ujasiri wa Kiraia ya 2009 kutoka Taasisi ya Train. Mwanzilishi wa tuzo hiyo John Train alisema, &quot;Jamii yenye afya inategemea ujasiri wa kiraia, na tunatumai kwamba kwa kumtambua kwa watu kama Aminatou Haidar, tunaweza kuwahimiza wengine kufuata nyayo zake na kutetea kwa amani haki zao za kiraia&lt;ref&gt;https://www.civilcourageprize.org/press-release-2009.htm&lt;/ref&gt;.&quot;

Mnamo [[2010]], [[Wajumbe Maalum wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu UKIMWI barani Afrika|wajumbe]] 40 wa [[Bunge]] la [[Ulaya]] walimpendekeza Haidar kuwania [[Tuzo]] ya Sakharov ya [[Uhuru]] wa Kufikiri ya shirika hilo. Mjumbe wa Bunge la Ulaya Willy Meyer Pleite alilaani kampeni ya barua kutoka [[Moroko]] inayopinga uwezekano wa Haidar kupewa tuzo hiyo. Hatimaye tuzo hiyo ilitolewa kwa mpiganaji wa njaa wa [[kuba]] Guillermo Fariñas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Cuba dissident Farinas awarded Sakharov Prize by EU|date=2010-10-21|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11594804|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Sahara Magharibi]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Sahara Magharibi]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lázaro Peña</title>
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      <text bytes="6024" sha1="d4px2mu00zamb8whekdzff7k4944qpy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|picha         = Lázaro Peña in 1944.png
| image_size    = 200
|maelezo       = Peña Mnamo Mwaka 1944&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Peña|first=Lázaro|title=El Problema de la C.T.C. — Lazaro Peña dice:|trans-title=The Problem with the CTC: — Lazaro Peña says:|date=18 June 1944|page=31|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/uf00029010/02050|magazine=[[Revista Bohemia]]|location=La Habana, Cuba|via=[[Digital Library of the Caribbean]]|issn=0864-0777|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| alt           = Damaged black and white photograph of Peña (approximately age 33) wearing a suit and looking to his right side
|tarehe ya kuzaliwa    = [[1911]]
|Mahali pa kuzaliwa   = [[Havana]], Cuba
| birth_name    = Lázaro Peña González
|tarehe ya kufariki    = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=yes|1974|3|11|1911}}}}
|utaifa  = [[Cuba]]
| death_cause   = 
| resting_place = 
| organization  = 
|kazi yake   = [[Mwanaharakati]]
}}'''Lázaro Peña González''' ([[1911]] - [[Machi]] [[1974]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa [[wafanyakazi]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa vyama vya [[wafanyakazi]] nchini [[Cuba]]. Alikua mwanachama hai wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Cuba (PCC) na alikamatwa kwa sababu za harakati zake za kutetea wafanyakazi na kujihusisha na siasa kabla ya Mapinduzi ya [[Cuba]].

== Wasifu ==
Lázaro Peña alizaliwa katika mtaa wa Los Sitios, [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]. Baba yake hakuwahi kumaliza shule na aliamua kufanya kazi mbalimbali kama vile [[useremala]] , kulima [[tumbaku]] na kuchambua majani ya [[tumbaku]]. Pena naye alianza kufanya kazi akiwa na umri mdogo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.contraloria.gob.cu/en/noticias/lazaro-pena-captain-cuban-working-class&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 alijiunga na Chama cha Kikomunisti cha [[Cuba]](PCC), na baada ya miaka kadhaa alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa kamati kuu ya chama hicho. Mnamo mwaka [[1934]], alichaguliwa kuwa katibu mkuu wa chama cha wafanyakazi wa [[Tumbaku]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.contraloria.gob.cu/en/noticias/lazaro-pena-captain-cuban-working-class&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa ni mwanachama wa Shirikisho la Kitaifa la Wafanyakazi wa Cuba (CNOC), mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1933]] alishiriki katika mgomo uliosababisha kuanguka kwa utawala wa kidikteta wa Gerardo Machado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Los trabajadores azucareros de Cuba fueron clave para la revolución|url=https://jacobinlat.com/2025/03/los-trabajadores-azucareros-de-cuba-fueron-clave-para-la-revolucion/|work=Jacobin Revista|date=2025-03-18|accessdate=2026-10-27|language=es-AR|author=Steve Cushion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo [[Machi]] [[1935]], alijiunga na mgomo mwingine; wakati huu wagomaji walikabiliana na vitendo vya kikatili kutoka kwa serikali pamoja na Fulgencio Batista, ambae alikua mkuu wa majeshi wakati huo. Pena alikamatwa na kuteswa. Mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1936]] aliachiliwa kutoka gerezani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=TIMES|first=Wireless to THE NEW YORK|title=POLITICAL PRISONERS RELEASED IN HAVANA; Four Women Among First Thirteen of Eighty to Go Free Under Recent Amnesty Law.|date=1936-08-09|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/08/09/archives/political-prisoners-released-in-havana-four-women-among-first.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peña aliendelea kuunda na kuratibu harakati za wafanyakazi nchini [[Cuba]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Times|first=Cable To the New York|title=CUBA BLOCKS ENTRY OF SPANISH GENERAL|date=1946-04-28|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/04/28/archives/cuba-blocks-entry-of-spanish-general.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pia alikua akipinga sera za [[Marekani]] na ushiriki wake katika masuala ya [[Amerika ya Kusini]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=TIMES|first=Special Cable to THE NEW YORK|title='WORKERS MILITIA' MARCHES IN MEXICO; C.T.M. Shows Well-Drilled Brigades in May Day Parade to Bolster Candidate SOME DISSENSION IS SEEN Cuban Speakers Assail Policy of U.S.--Brazil Gets New Minimum-Wage Law|date=1940-05-02|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/05/02/archives/workers-militia-marches-in-mexico-ctm-shows-welldrilled-brigades-in.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Katika miaka ya [[1940]] alikua Katibu Mkuu wa Shirikisho la Wafanyakazi wa [[Cuba]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=TIMES|first=Special to THE NEW YORK|title=CUBANS RE-ELECT PENA; Only Communists, Sympathizers Vote in Labor Congress|date=1947-05-11|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/05/11/archives/cubans-reelect-pena-only-communists-sympathizers-vote-in-labor.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mnamo mwaka [[1952]] alikamatwa wakati serikali ilipokuwa ikichukua hatua kali dhidi ya wapinzani wake. Baadaye , [[Septemba]] [[1953]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=TIMES|first=Special to THE NEW YORK|title=Red Leaders Seized in Havana|date=1952-07-06|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/07/06/archives/red-leaders-seized-in-havana.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;alikamatwa tena na kuhukumiwa kwa tuhuma za kujihusisha na shughuli za kupindua serikali.

Mwaka [[1953]], baada ya kuhudhuria kongamano la shirikisho la Vyama vya Wafanyakazi Duniani (WFTU) lililofanyika Vienna, Austria, alizuiliwa kurudi nchini [[Cuba]] na utawala wa kidikteta wa Batista.

Peña aliishi uhamishoni nchini [[Mexico]] na baadae alirejea [[Cuban Marimba Band|Cuba]] baada ya mapinduzi ya [[Cuba]] ya Mwaka [[1959]].

Mwaka 1965 alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa kamati kuu ya chama cha kikomunisti (PCC) . Mnamo [[1973]] aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Mashirika ya Kijamii katika chama hicho. Lázaro Peña alifariki mwaka uliofuata ([[1974]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Lazaro Pena, Ex‐Secretary Of Workers’ Unit in Cuba|date=1974-03-13|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/13/archives/lazaro-pena-exsecretary-of-workers-unit-in-cuba.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1974]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kuba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pepsi</title>
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        <username>Deborah John Ngira</username>
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      <comment>KUHUSU PEPSI KINYWAJI HALISI</comment>
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      <text bytes="10334" sha1="n2375vufvvjelkqp1xxkgc5dmgjum7r" xml:space="preserve">'''Pepsi''' ni kinywaji baridi chenye [[Kaboni]] chenye ladha ya [[Coca-Cola|cola]],bidhaa kuu ya PepsiCo. Mnamo 2023, Pepsi ilikuwa chapa ya pili yenye thamani kubwa zai  di ya vinywaji baridi duniani kote nyuma ya [[Coca-Cola]];&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=November 8, 2023.|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; wawili hao wanashiriki ushindani wa muda mrefu katika kile kinachoitwa &quot;vita vya cola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-29|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;.

Pepsi , ambayo awali iliundwa mwaka wa [[1893]] na Caleb Bradham na kuitwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pepsi-Cola, n.|date=2023-03-02|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oed/6691257894|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Brad's Drink,&quot; iliuzwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika duka lake la dawa huko [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bern]], [[North Carolina]]. Ikibadilishwa jina na kuitwa &quot;Pepsi-Cola&quot; mwaka wa 1898 kutokana na faida zake za usagaji chakula, jina lake lilifupishwa katika uuzaji hadi &quot;Pepsi&quot; mapema mwaka wa [[1951|1951.]] Mapema, Pepsi ilipambana na utulivu wa kifedha, ikafilisika mwaka wa 1923 lakini baadaye ilinunuliwa na kufufuliwa na Charles Guth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guth v. Loft: The Story of Pepsi-Cola and the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1414478|work=doi.org|date=2009|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Jennifer Ying}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ambaye alibadilisha sharubati hiyo. Pepsi ilipata umaarufu kwa kuanzishwa kwa chupa ya aunsi 12 wakati wa Mdororo Mkuu wa [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]] na mikakati ya uuzaji kama vile  &quot;Nickel, Nickel&quot; , na kuongeza mauzo maradufu kwa kusisitiza thamani yake.

Katikati ya karne ya 20, Pepsi ililenga soko la Waamerika Weusi, ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa halijatumika, likiwa na maonyesho chanya na uidhinishaji kutoka kwa watu mashuhuri, na kuongeza sehemu yake ya soko. Ushindani wa Pepsi na Coca-Cola, ulioangaziwa na &quot;vita vya cola&quot;, ulisababisha ushindani mkubwa wa kitamaduni na soko, ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo vya ladha vya &quot;Pepsi Challenge&quot; na kuanzishwa kwa Coke Mpya kama jibu. Upanuzi wa Pepsi katika masoko ya kimataifa umeona mafanikio mbalimbali, huku miradi muhimu  katika [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Umoja wa Kisovieti]] kupitia makubaliano muhimu ya kubadilishana bidhaa na umaarufu unaoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo kuliko [[Coca-Cola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Case Study for International Antitrust: Pepsi versus Coke|date=2012-12-06|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203050866-10|work=European Perspectives in Marketing|pages=141–158|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-05086-6|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Licha ya utata wa mara kwa mara, kama vile tangazo la [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] lililofutwa na kashfa ya &quot;Pepsi Number Fever&quot; nchini Ufilipino, Pepsi imebaki kuwa chapa maarufu duniani, kutokana na kampeni bunifu za uuzaji na udhamini katika michezo na burudani. PepsiCo pia imezindua vinywaji vingine chini ya chapa ya Pepsi, kama vile Diet Pepsi na Pepsi Max, ambavyo vinaunda kwingineko ya chapa leo juu ya cola ya awali ya Pepsi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Huesmann|first=Günther|title=Auer, Pepsi|date=2003|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j017900|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== SOKA LA PEPSI ==
Hapo zamani, katika miaka ya [[1950]] na [[1960]], soko la vinywaji baridi nchini Tanzania lilikuwa changa sana. Wakati huo, chupa ya kioo ya Pepsi ilikuwa kama anasa. Watoto na watu wazima walisubiri sikukuu au sherehe kubwa ili kupata ladha ile ya kipekee ya Pepsi, huku wauzaji wakiwa wachache na usambazaji ukitegemea miji mikubwa tu kama [[Dar es Salaam]] na Tanga. Changamoto za kiuchumi na mabadiliko ya kisiasa katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980 yalifanya Pepsi kupotea kabisa sokoni, ikawa kama hadithi ya kale&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9536286|title=Soda Goes Pop|last=Love|first=Joanna|date=2019|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-07402-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mambo yalianza kubadilika mapema miaka ya&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Marketing research for game development|date=2016-10-04|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748900-12|work=Video Game Marketing|pages=92–102|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-74890-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1990]] wakati uchumi wa nchi ulipofunguliwa. Hata hivyo, mapinduzi ya kweli yalianza rasmi tarehe 5 [[2025|Aprili,]] [[2001]]. Siku hii, kampuni ya '''SBC Tanzania Limited''' ilichukua rasmi usimamizi wa Pepsi nchini na kufungua kiwanda chake cha kwanza jijini Dar es Salaam chini ya kaulimbiu iliyoshika kasi ya ''&quot;'''Live for Now&quot;''''' kwa sasa ikitumia msemo wa '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'NO NOISE JUST EXECUTION'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' 

Kuanzia hapo, Pepsi ilianza safari mpya kutoka chini kabisa. Walijenga viwanda vingine kimkakati huko [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha,]] [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]]  ili kuhakikisha vinywaji vinafika hadi vijijini ndani ya muda mfupi. Katika miaka ya [[2010]], walileta bidhaa mbalimbali kama vile &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What the world can learn from Mexico’s tax on sugar-sweetened drinks|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.7casm43yk|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-22|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Elisa Pineda}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Pepsi ya asili''' na '''Pepsi Black''' (isiyo na sukari), mfululizo wa ladha za matunda za '''Mirinda (Fruity, Orange, Pineapple, na Lemon)''', kinywaji cha ndimu cha '''7UP''', pamoja na mchanganyiko wa '''Evervess Tonic na Soda Water'''. lilishuhudia ushindani mkubwa wa bei na ujazo (vile vichupa vidogo vya plastiki vya PET). Pepsi waliteka mioyo ya vijana kwa kudhamini matamasha ya muziki, michezo, na kutumia wasanii wakubwa wa Bongo Fleva kama mabalozi waommoja wapo ni  [[Diamond Platnumz|Dimond platnium]].

Kufikia sasa mwaka [[2026|'''2026''',]] soko la Pepsi limekuwa jitu kubwa linalotawala sekta ya vinywaji nchini&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How labor’s decline opened door to billionaire Trump as ‘savior’ of American workers|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aai.xpcqdevq7|work=doi.org|date=2016-08-08|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Raymond Hogler}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chini ya uongozi mpya wa '''Himanshu Shekhar''', Pepsi sio tu kinywaji cha sherehe, bali ni sehemu ya maisha ya kila siku ya Mtanzania. Kutokana na uzinduzi wa mitambo mipya ya kisasa hivi karibuni, soko limepanuka hadi kwenye migahawa mikubwa kama '''KFC''' na bidhaa mpya kama vinywaji vya kuongeza nguvu kupitia '''WILD ENERGY DRINK''' vikiwa vinapatikana kila kona ya nchi kutoka maduka ya reja reja ya uswahilini hadi supermaketi za kisasa  '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Pepsi chupa ni mwamba'''

== Rejeleo ==
1.{{Cite web|title=Much of the Global Beverage Industry Is Controlled by Coca Cola and Pepsi|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/060415/how-much-global-beverage-industry-controlled-coca-cola-and-pepsi.asp|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Investopedia|language=en}}

2.{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Kim|title=COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}

3.{{cite web|url=https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|title=The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola|access-date=October 20, 2022|publisher=Pepsistore.com|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020202701/https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|url-status=live}}

4.{{Cite web|last=Varghese|first=Justin|date=2025-09-11|title=Cheaper low-sugar drinks in UAE from 2026 as new tax model kicks in|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/tax-news/cheaper-low-sugar-drinks-in-uae-from-2026-as-new-tax-model-kicks-in-1.500265107|access-date=2025-09-11|website=[[Gulf News]]|language=en}}

5.{{cite web|last1=Phoon|first1=Andie|title=Essential Marketing Lessons to Take Away from Video Game Marketing|url=https://medianetic.me/essential-marketing-lessons-to-take-away-from-video-game-marketing/|website=Mediantic|date=23 May 2022|access-date=30 October 2023}}

6.{{Cite web|url=https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|title=Guth v. Loft (Del. 1939) [Pepsi]|website=h2o.law.harvard.edu|access-date=June 21, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072817/https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|url-status=live}}

7.{{Cite magazine|last=TIME|title=Marketing &amp; Selling: Pepsi v. Coke|url=https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241023061703/https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-date=2024-10-23|access-date=2025-09-11|magazine=Time|language=en|url-status=live}}

8.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|title=How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205030105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|url-status=live}}

9.{{cite web|title=Pepsi – FAQs|url=http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506010751/http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-date=May 6, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2009|publisher=[[PepsiCo]]|quote=1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: &quot;A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race.&quot; The theme &quot;Delicious and Healthful&quot; appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.}}

10.{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|title=Pepsi-Cola Advertising Through the Years|date=July 20, 1998|website=Advertising Age|language=en|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903150135/https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|url-status=live}}
[[Jamii:KINYWAJI]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="10237" sha1="250gkn7dgpgs6iqb99ph9fx027w9ilm" xml:space="preserve">'''Pepsi''' ni kinywaji baridi chenye [[kaboni]] chenye ladha ya [[Coca-Cola|cola]], bidhaa kuu ya PepsiCo. Mnamo 2023, Pepsi ilikuwa chapa ya pili yenye thamani kubwa zaidi ya vinywaji baridi duniani kote nyuma ya [[Coca-Cola]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=November 8, 2023.|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt; wawili hao wanashiriki ushindani wa muda mrefu katika kile kinachoitwa &quot;vita vya cola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-29|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;.

Pepsi, ambayo awali iliundwa mwaka wa [[1893]] na Caleb Bradham na kuitwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pepsi-Cola, n.|date=2023-03-02|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oed/6691257894|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Brad's Drink,&quot; iliuzwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika duka lake la dawa huko [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bern]], [[North Carolina]]. Ikibadilishwa jina na kuitwa &quot;Pepsi-Cola&quot; mwaka wa 1898 kutokana na faida zake za usagaji chakula, jina lake lilifupishwa katika uuzaji hadi &quot;Pepsi&quot; mapema mwaka wa [[1951|1951.]] Mapema, Pepsi ilipambana na utulivu wa kifedha, ikafilisika mwaka wa 1923 lakini baadaye ilinunuliwa na kufufuliwa na Charles Guth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guth v. Loft: The Story of Pepsi-Cola and the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1414478|work=doi.org|date=2009|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Jennifer Ying}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ambaye alibadilisha sharubati hiyo. Pepsi ilipata umaarufu kwa kuanzishwa kwa chupa ya aunsi 12 wakati wa Mdororo Mkuu wa [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]] na mikakati ya uuzaji kama vile  &quot;Nickel, Nickel&quot; , na kuongeza mauzo maradufu kwa kusisitiza thamani yake.

Katikati ya karne ya 20, Pepsi ililenga soko la Waamerika Weusi, ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa halijatumika, likiwa na maonyesho chanya na uidhinishaji kutoka kwa watu mashuhuri, na kuongeza sehemu yake ya soko. Ushindani wa Pepsi na Coca-Cola, ulioangaziwa na &quot;vita vya cola&quot;, ulisababisha ushindani mkubwa wa kitamaduni na soko, ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo vya ladha vya &quot;Pepsi Challenge&quot; na kuanzishwa kwa Coke Mpya kama jibu. Upanuzi wa Pepsi katika masoko ya kimataifa umeona mafanikio mbalimbali, huku miradi muhimu  katika [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Umoja wa Kisovieti]] kupitia makubaliano muhimu ya kubadilishana bidhaa na umaarufu unaoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo kuliko [[Coca-Cola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Case Study for International Antitrust: Pepsi versus Coke|date=2012-12-06|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203050866-10|work=European Perspectives in Marketing|pages=141–158|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-05086-6|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Licha ya utata wa mara kwa mara, kama vile tangazo la [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] lililofutwa na kashfa ya &quot;Pepsi Number Fever&quot; nchini Ufilipino, Pepsi imebaki kuwa chapa maarufu duniani, kutokana na kampeni bunifu za uuzaji na udhamini katika michezo na burudani. PepsiCo pia imezindua vinywaji vingine chini ya chapa ya Pepsi, kama vile Diet Pepsi na Pepsi Max, ambavyo vinaunda kwingineko ya chapa leo juu ya cola ya awali ya Pepsi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Huesmann|first=Günther|title=Auer, Pepsi|date=2003|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j017900|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Soko la Pepsi ==
Hapo zamani, katika miaka ya [[1950]] na [[1960]], soko la vinywaji baridi nchini Tanzania lilikuwa changa sana. Wakati huo, chupa ya kioo ya Pepsi ilikuwa kama anasa. Watoto na watu wazima walisubiri sikukuu au sherehe kubwa ili kupata ladha ile ya kipekee ya Pepsi, huku wauzaji wakiwa wachache na usambazaji ukitegemea miji mikubwa tu kama [[Dar es Salaam]] na Tanga. Changamoto za kiuchumi na mabadiliko ya kisiasa katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980 yalifanya Pepsi kupotea kabisa sokoni, ikawa kama hadithi ya kale&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9536286|title=Soda Goes Pop|last=Love|first=Joanna|date=2019|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-07402-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mambo yalianza kubadilika mapema [[miaka ya 1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Marketing research for game development|date=2016-10-04|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748900-12|work=Video Game Marketing|pages=92–102|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-74890-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wakati uchumi wa nchi ulipofunguliwa. Hata hivyo, mapinduzi ya kweli yalianza rasmi tarehe [[5 Aprili]] [[2001]]. Siku hii, kampuni ya ''SBC Tanzania Limited'' ilichukua rasmi usimamizi wa Pepsi nchini na kufungua kiwanda chake cha kwanza jijini Dar es Salaam chini ya kaulimbiu iliyoshika kasi ya ''&quot;Live for Now&quot;'' kwa sasa ikitumia msemo wa ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'NO NOISE JUST EXECUTION''&lt;nowiki/&gt;

Kuanzia hapo, Pepsi ilianza safari mpya kutoka chini kabisa. Walijenga viwanda vingine kimkakati huko [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha,]] [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] ili kuhakikisha vinywaji vinafika hadi vijijini ndani ya muda mfupi. Katika miaka ya [[2010]], walileta bidhaa mbalimbali kama vile &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What the world can learn from Mexico’s tax on sugar-sweetened drinks|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.7casm43yk|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-22|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Elisa Pineda}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Pepsi ya asili'' na ''Pepsi Black'' (isiyo na sukari), mfululizo wa ladha za matunda za ''Mirinda (Fruity, Orange, Pineapple, na Lemon)'', kinywaji cha ndimu cha ''7UP'', pamoja na mchanganyiko wa ''Evervess Tonic na Soda Water''. lilishuhudia ushindani mkubwa wa bei na ujazo (vile vichupa vidogo vya plastiki vya PET). Pepsi waliteka mioyo ya vijana kwa kudhamini matamasha ya muziki, michezo, na kutumia wasanii wakubwa wa Bongo Fleva kama mabalozi wao mmoja wapo ni [[Diamond Platnumz]].

Kufikia sasa mwaka [[2026]] soko la Pepsi limekuwa jitu kubwa linalotawala sekta ya vinywaji nchini&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How labor’s decline opened door to billionaire Trump as ‘savior’ of American workers|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aai.xpcqdevq7|work=doi.org|date=2016-08-08|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Raymond Hogler}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chini ya uongozi mpya wa ''Himanshu Shekhar'', Pepsi sio tu kinywaji cha sherehe, bali ni sehemu ya maisha ya kila siku ya Mtanzania. Kutokana na uzinduzi wa mitambo mipya ya kisasa hivi karibuni, soko limepanuka hadi kwenye migahawa mikubwa kama ''KFC'' na bidhaa mpya kama vinywaji vya kuongeza nguvu kupitia ''WILD ENERGY DRIN'' vikiwa vinapatikana kila kona ya nchi kutoka maduka ya reja reja ya uswahilini hadi supermaketi za kisasa ''Pepsi chupa ni mwamba''

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Marejeo==
*{{Cite web|title=Much of the Global Beverage Industry Is Controlled by Coca Cola and Pepsi|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/060415/how-much-global-beverage-industry-controlled-coca-cola-and-pepsi.asp|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Investopedia|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Kim|title=COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}
*{{cite web|url=https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|title=The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola|access-date=October 20, 2022|publisher=Pepsistore.com|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020202701/https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|last=Varghese|first=Justin|date=2025-09-11|title=Cheaper low-sugar drinks in UAE from 2026 as new tax model kicks in|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/tax-news/cheaper-low-sugar-drinks-in-uae-from-2026-as-new-tax-model-kicks-in-1.500265107|access-date=2025-09-11|website=[[Gulf News]]|language=en}}
*{{cite web|last1=Phoon|first1=Andie|title=Essential Marketing Lessons to Take Away from Video Game Marketing|url=https://medianetic.me/essential-marketing-lessons-to-take-away-from-video-game-marketing/|website=Mediantic|date=23 May 2022|access-date=30 October 2023}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|title=Guth v. Loft (Del. 1939) [Pepsi]|website=h2o.law.harvard.edu|access-date=June 21, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072817/https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=TIME|title=Marketing &amp; Selling: Pepsi v. Coke|url=https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241023061703/https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-date=2024-10-23|access-date=2025-09-11|magazine=Time|language=en|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|title=How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205030105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=Pepsi – FAQs|url=http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506010751/http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-date=May 6, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2009|publisher=[[PepsiCo]]|quote=1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: &quot;A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race.&quot; The theme &quot;Delicious and Healthful&quot; appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|title=Pepsi-Cola Advertising Through the Years|date=July 20, 1998|website=Advertising Age|language=en|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903150135/https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|url-status=live}}
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      <text bytes="10270" sha1="8y6b776mgw3pkh6umni5sl493e0ttlf" xml:space="preserve">'''Pepsi''' ni kinywaji baridi chenye [[kaboni]] chenye ladha ya [[Coca-Cola|cola]], bidhaa kuu ya PepsiCo. Mnamo [[2023]], Pepsi ilikuwa chapa ya pili yenye thamani kubwa zaidi ya vinywaji baridi duniani kote nyuma ya [[Coca-Cola]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=November 8, 2023.|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt; wawili hao wanashiriki ushindani wa muda mrefu katika kile kinachoitwa &quot;vita vya cola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-29|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;.

Pepsi, ambayo awali iliundwa mwaka wa [[1893]] na Caleb Bradham na kuitwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pepsi-Cola, n.|date=2023-03-02|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oed/6691257894|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Brad's Drink,&quot; iliuzwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika duka lake la dawa huko [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bern]], [[North Carolina]]. Ikibadilishwa jina na kuitwa &quot;Pepsi-Cola&quot; mwaka wa 1898 kutokana na faida zake za usagaji chakula, jina lake lilifupishwa katika uuzaji hadi &quot;Pepsi&quot; mapema mwaka wa [[1951|1951.]] Mapema, Pepsi ilipambana na utulivu wa kifedha, ikafilisika mwaka wa [[1923]] lakini baadaye ilinunuliwa na kufufuliwa na Charles Guth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guth v. Loft: The Story of Pepsi-Cola and the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1414478|work=doi.org|date=2009|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Jennifer Ying}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ambaye alibadilisha sharubati hiyo. Pepsi ilipata umaarufu kwa kuanzishwa kwa chupa ya aunsi 12 wakati wa Mdororo Mkuu wa [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]] na mikakati ya uuzaji kama vile  &quot;Nickel, Nickel&quot; , na kuongeza mauzo maradufu kwa kusisitiza thamani yake.

Katikati ya karne ya 20, Pepsi ililenga soko la [[Wamarekani weusi|Waamerika Weusi]], ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa halijatumika, likiwa na maonyesho chanya na uidhinishaji kutoka kwa watu mashuhuri, na kuongeza sehemu yake ya soko. Ushindani wa Pepsi na [[Coca-Cola]], ulioangaziwa na &quot;vita vya cola&quot;, ulisababisha ushindani mkubwa wa kitamaduni na soko, ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo vya ladha vya &quot;Pepsi Challenge&quot; na kuanzishwa kwa Coke Mpya kama jibu. Upanuzi wa Pepsi katika masoko ya kimataifa umeona mafanikio mbalimbali, huku miradi muhimu  katika [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Umoja wa Kisovieti]] kupitia makubaliano muhimu ya kubadilishana bidhaa na umaarufu unaoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo kuliko [[Coca-Cola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Case Study for International Antitrust: Pepsi versus Coke|date=2012-12-06|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203050866-10|work=European Perspectives in Marketing|pages=141–158|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-05086-6|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Licha ya utata wa mara kwa mara, kama vile tangazo la [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] lililofutwa na kashfa ya &quot;Pepsi Number Fever&quot; nchini Ufilipino, Pepsi imebaki kuwa chapa maarufu duniani, kutokana na kampeni bunifu za uuzaji na udhamini katika michezo na burudani. PepsiCo pia imezindua vinywaji vingine chini ya chapa ya Pepsi, kama vile Diet Pepsi na Pepsi Max, ambavyo vinaunda kwingineko ya chapa leo juu ya cola ya awali ya Pepsi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Huesmann|first=Günther|title=Auer, Pepsi|date=2003|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j017900|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Soko la Pepsi ==
Hapo zamani, katika miaka ya [[1950]] na [[1960]], soko la vinywaji baridi nchini Tanzania lilikuwa changa sana. Wakati huo, chupa ya kioo ya Pepsi ilikuwa kama anasa. Watoto na watu wazima walisubiri sikukuu au sherehe kubwa ili kupata ladha ile ya kipekee ya Pepsi, huku wauzaji wakiwa wachache na usambazaji ukitegemea miji mikubwa tu kama [[Dar es Salaam]] na Tanga. Changamoto za kiuchumi na mabadiliko ya kisiasa katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980 yalifanya Pepsi kupotea kabisa sokoni, ikawa kama hadithi ya kale&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9536286|title=Soda Goes Pop|last=Love|first=Joanna|date=2019|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-07402-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mambo yalianza kubadilika mapema [[miaka ya 1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Marketing research for game development|date=2016-10-04|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748900-12|work=Video Game Marketing|pages=92–102|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-74890-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wakati uchumi wa nchi ulipofunguliwa. Hata hivyo, mapinduzi ya kweli yalianza rasmi tarehe [[5 Aprili]] [[2001]]. Siku hii, kampuni ya ''SBC Tanzania Limited'' ilichukua rasmi usimamizi wa Pepsi nchini na kufungua kiwanda chake cha kwanza jijini Dar es Salaam chini ya kaulimbiu iliyoshika kasi ya ''&quot;Live for Now&quot;'' kwa sasa ikitumia msemo wa ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'NO NOISE JUST EXECUTION''&lt;nowiki/&gt;

Kuanzia hapo, Pepsi ilianza safari mpya kutoka chini kabisa. Walijenga viwanda vingine kimkakati huko [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha,]] [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] ili kuhakikisha vinywaji vinafika hadi vijijini ndani ya muda mfupi. Katika miaka ya [[2010]], walileta bidhaa mbalimbali kama vile &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What the world can learn from Mexico’s tax on sugar-sweetened drinks|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.7casm43yk|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-22|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Elisa Pineda}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Pepsi ya asili'' na ''Pepsi Black'' (isiyo na sukari), mfululizo wa ladha za matunda za ''Mirinda (Fruity, Orange, Pineapple, na Lemon)'', kinywaji cha ndimu cha ''7UP'', pamoja na mchanganyiko wa ''Evervess Tonic na Soda Water''. lilishuhudia ushindani mkubwa wa bei na ujazo (vile vichupa vidogo vya plastiki vya PET). Pepsi waliteka mioyo ya vijana kwa kudhamini matamasha ya muziki, michezo, na kutumia wasanii wakubwa wa Bongo Fleva kama mabalozi wao mmoja wapo ni [[Diamond Platnumz]].

Kufikia sasa mwaka [[2026]] soko la Pepsi limekuwa jitu kubwa linalotawala sekta ya vinywaji nchini&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How labor’s decline opened door to billionaire Trump as ‘savior’ of American workers|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aai.xpcqdevq7|work=doi.org|date=2016-08-08|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Raymond Hogler}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chini ya uongozi mpya wa ''Himanshu Shekhar'', Pepsi sio tu kinywaji cha sherehe, bali ni sehemu ya maisha ya kila siku ya Mtanzania. Kutokana na uzinduzi wa mitambo mipya ya kisasa hivi karibuni, soko limepanuka hadi kwenye migahawa mikubwa kama ''KFC'' na bidhaa mpya kama vinywaji vya kuongeza nguvu kupitia ''WILD ENERGY DRIN'' vikiwa vinapatikana kila kona ya nchi kutoka maduka ya reja reja ya uswahilini hadi supermaketi za kisasa ''Pepsi chupa ni mwamba''

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Marejeo==
*{{Cite web|title=Much of the Global Beverage Industry Is Controlled by Coca Cola and Pepsi|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/060415/how-much-global-beverage-industry-controlled-coca-cola-and-pepsi.asp|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Investopedia|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Kim|title=COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}
*{{cite web|url=https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|title=The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola|access-date=October 20, 2022|publisher=Pepsistore.com|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020202701/https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|last=Varghese|first=Justin|date=2025-09-11|title=Cheaper low-sugar drinks in UAE from 2026 as new tax model kicks in|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/tax-news/cheaper-low-sugar-drinks-in-uae-from-2026-as-new-tax-model-kicks-in-1.500265107|access-date=2025-09-11|website=[[Gulf News]]|language=en}}
*{{cite web|last1=Phoon|first1=Andie|title=Essential Marketing Lessons to Take Away from Video Game Marketing|url=https://medianetic.me/essential-marketing-lessons-to-take-away-from-video-game-marketing/|website=Mediantic|date=23 May 2022|access-date=30 October 2023}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|title=Guth v. Loft (Del. 1939) [Pepsi]|website=h2o.law.harvard.edu|access-date=June 21, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072817/https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=TIME|title=Marketing &amp; Selling: Pepsi v. Coke|url=https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241023061703/https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-date=2024-10-23|access-date=2025-09-11|magazine=Time|language=en|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|title=How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205030105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=Pepsi – FAQs|url=http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506010751/http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-date=May 6, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2009|publisher=[[PepsiCo]]|quote=1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: &quot;A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race.&quot; The theme &quot;Delicious and Healthful&quot; appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|title=Pepsi-Cola Advertising Through the Years|date=July 20, 1998|website=Advertising Age|language=en|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903150135/https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|url-status=live}}
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      <text bytes="11202" sha1="4qx76xnfnav1bq2drp38ffz7adoyql7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|jina = Pepsi
|logo = Pepsi 2023.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2023
|picha = Pepsi 355 ml, 591 ml, and 710 ml, Canada (obverse), 2026-03-05.jpg
|maelezo = Bidhaa za Pepsi
|aina = [[Cola]]
| manufacturer = [[PepsiCo]]
|asili = [[New Bern, North Carolina]]
| region = 
| introduced = {{Start date and age|1893}} (as '''Brad's Drink''')&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date and age|1898}} (as '''Pepsi-Cola''')&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date and age|1961}} (as '''Pepsi''')
|rangi = [[Caramel color|Caramel E-150d]]
| flavor = 
| ingredients = 
| variants = [[Diet Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Twist]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Lime]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Wild Cherry]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Crystal Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Caffeine-Free Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi-Cola Made with Real Sugar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Vanilla]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Zero Sugar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Max]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nitro Pepsi]]
| related = {{ubl|[[Coca-Cola]]|[[RC Cola]]}}
| tovuti = {{url|https://www.pepsi.com/|pepsi.com}}
}}
'''Pepsi''' ni kinywaji baridi chenye [[kaboni]] chenye ladha ya [[Coca-Cola|cola]], bidhaa kuu ya PepsiCo. Mnamo [[2023]], Pepsi ilikuwa chapa ya pili yenye thamani kubwa zaidi ya vinywaji baridi duniani kote nyuma ya [[Coca-Cola]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=November 8, 2023.|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt; wawili hao wanashiriki ushindani wa muda mrefu katika kile kinachoitwa &quot;vita vya cola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-29|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;.

Pepsi, ambayo awali iliundwa mwaka wa [[1893]] na Caleb Bradham na kuitwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pepsi-Cola, n.|date=2023-03-02|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oed/6691257894|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Brad's Drink,&quot; iliuzwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika duka lake la dawa huko [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bern]], [[North Carolina]]. Ikibadilishwa jina na kuitwa &quot;Pepsi-Cola&quot; mwaka wa 1898 kutokana na faida zake za usagaji chakula, jina lake lilifupishwa katika uuzaji hadi &quot;Pepsi&quot; mapema mwaka wa [[1951|1951.]] Mapema, Pepsi ilipambana na utulivu wa kifedha, ikafilisika mwaka wa [[1923]] lakini baadaye ilinunuliwa na kufufuliwa na Charles Guth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guth v. Loft: The Story of Pepsi-Cola and the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1414478|work=doi.org|date=2009|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Jennifer Ying}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ambaye alibadilisha sharubati hiyo. Pepsi ilipata umaarufu kwa kuanzishwa kwa chupa ya aunsi 12 wakati wa Mdororo Mkuu wa [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]] na mikakati ya uuzaji kama vile  &quot;Nickel, Nickel&quot; , na kuongeza mauzo maradufu kwa kusisitiza thamani yake.

Katikati ya karne ya 20, Pepsi ililenga soko la [[Wamarekani weusi|Waamerika Weusi]], ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa halijatumika, likiwa na maonyesho chanya na uidhinishaji kutoka kwa watu mashuhuri, na kuongeza sehemu yake ya soko. Ushindani wa Pepsi na [[Coca-Cola]], ulioangaziwa na &quot;vita vya cola&quot;, ulisababisha ushindani mkubwa wa kitamaduni na soko, ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo vya ladha vya &quot;Pepsi Challenge&quot; na kuanzishwa kwa Coke Mpya kama jibu. Upanuzi wa Pepsi katika masoko ya kimataifa umeona mafanikio mbalimbali, huku miradi muhimu  katika [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Umoja wa Kisovieti]] kupitia makubaliano muhimu ya kubadilishana bidhaa na umaarufu unaoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo kuliko [[Coca-Cola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Case Study for International Antitrust: Pepsi versus Coke|date=2012-12-06|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203050866-10|work=European Perspectives in Marketing|pages=141–158|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-05086-6|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Licha ya utata wa mara kwa mara, kama vile tangazo la [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] lililofutwa na kashfa ya &quot;Pepsi Number Fever&quot; nchini Ufilipino, Pepsi imebaki kuwa chapa maarufu duniani, kutokana na kampeni bunifu za uuzaji na udhamini katika michezo na burudani. PepsiCo pia imezindua vinywaji vingine chini ya chapa ya Pepsi, kama vile Diet Pepsi na Pepsi Max, ambavyo vinaunda kwingineko ya chapa leo juu ya cola ya awali ya Pepsi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Huesmann|first=Günther|title=Auer, Pepsi|date=2003|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j017900|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Soko la Pepsi ==
Hapo zamani, katika miaka ya [[1950]] na [[1960]], soko la vinywaji baridi nchini Tanzania lilikuwa changa sana. Wakati huo, chupa ya kioo ya Pepsi ilikuwa kama anasa. Watoto na watu wazima walisubiri sikukuu au sherehe kubwa ili kupata ladha ile ya kipekee ya Pepsi, huku wauzaji wakiwa wachache na usambazaji ukitegemea miji mikubwa tu kama [[Dar es Salaam]] na Tanga. Changamoto za kiuchumi na mabadiliko ya kisiasa katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980 yalifanya Pepsi kupotea kabisa sokoni, ikawa kama hadithi ya kale&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9536286|title=Soda Goes Pop|last=Love|first=Joanna|date=2019|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-07402-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mambo yalianza kubadilika mapema [[miaka ya 1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Marketing research for game development|date=2016-10-04|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748900-12|work=Video Game Marketing|pages=92–102|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-74890-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wakati uchumi wa nchi ulipofunguliwa. Hata hivyo, mapinduzi ya kweli yalianza rasmi tarehe [[5 Aprili]] [[2001]]. Siku hii, kampuni ya ''SBC Tanzania Limited'' ilichukua rasmi usimamizi wa Pepsi nchini na kufungua kiwanda chake cha kwanza jijini Dar es Salaam chini ya kaulimbiu iliyoshika kasi ya ''&quot;Live for Now&quot;'' kwa sasa ikitumia msemo wa ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'NO NOISE JUST EXECUTION''&lt;nowiki/&gt;

Kuanzia hapo, Pepsi ilianza safari mpya kutoka chini kabisa. Walijenga viwanda vingine kimkakati huko [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha,]] [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] ili kuhakikisha vinywaji vinafika hadi vijijini ndani ya muda mfupi. Katika miaka ya [[2010]], walileta bidhaa mbalimbali kama vile &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What the world can learn from Mexico’s tax on sugar-sweetened drinks|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.7casm43yk|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-22|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Elisa Pineda}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Pepsi ya asili'' na ''Pepsi Black'' (isiyo na sukari), mfululizo wa ladha za matunda za ''Mirinda (Fruity, Orange, Pineapple, na Lemon)'', kinywaji cha ndimu cha ''7UP'', pamoja na mchanganyiko wa ''Evervess Tonic na Soda Water''. lilishuhudia ushindani mkubwa wa bei na ujazo (vile vichupa vidogo vya plastiki vya PET). Pepsi waliteka mioyo ya vijana kwa kudhamini matamasha ya muziki, michezo, na kutumia wasanii wakubwa wa Bongo Fleva kama mabalozi wao mmoja wapo ni [[Diamond Platnumz]].

Kufikia sasa mwaka [[2026]] soko la Pepsi limekuwa jitu kubwa linalotawala sekta ya vinywaji nchini&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How labor’s decline opened door to billionaire Trump as ‘savior’ of American workers|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aai.xpcqdevq7|work=doi.org|date=2016-08-08|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Raymond Hogler}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chini ya uongozi mpya wa ''Himanshu Shekhar'', Pepsi sio tu kinywaji cha sherehe, bali ni sehemu ya maisha ya kila siku ya Mtanzania. Kutokana na uzinduzi wa mitambo mipya ya kisasa hivi karibuni, soko limepanuka hadi kwenye migahawa mikubwa kama ''KFC'' na bidhaa mpya kama vinywaji vya kuongeza nguvu kupitia ''WILD ENERGY DRIN'' vikiwa vinapatikana kila kona ya nchi kutoka maduka ya reja reja ya uswahilini hadi supermaketi za kisasa ''Pepsi chupa ni mwamba''

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Marejeo==
*{{Cite web|title=Much of the Global Beverage Industry Is Controlled by Coca Cola and Pepsi|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/060415/how-much-global-beverage-industry-controlled-coca-cola-and-pepsi.asp|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Investopedia|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Kim|title=COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}
*{{cite web|url=https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|title=The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola|access-date=October 20, 2022|publisher=Pepsistore.com|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020202701/https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|last=Varghese|first=Justin|date=2025-09-11|title=Cheaper low-sugar drinks in UAE from 2026 as new tax model kicks in|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/tax-news/cheaper-low-sugar-drinks-in-uae-from-2026-as-new-tax-model-kicks-in-1.500265107|access-date=2025-09-11|website=[[Gulf News]]|language=en}}
*{{cite web|last1=Phoon|first1=Andie|title=Essential Marketing Lessons to Take Away from Video Game Marketing|url=https://medianetic.me/essential-marketing-lessons-to-take-away-from-video-game-marketing/|website=Mediantic|date=23 May 2022|access-date=30 October 2023}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|title=Guth v. Loft (Del. 1939) [Pepsi]|website=h2o.law.harvard.edu|access-date=June 21, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072817/https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=TIME|title=Marketing &amp; Selling: Pepsi v. Coke|url=https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241023061703/https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-date=2024-10-23|access-date=2025-09-11|magazine=Time|language=en|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|title=How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205030105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=Pepsi – FAQs|url=http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506010751/http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-date=May 6, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2009|publisher=[[PepsiCo]]|quote=1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: &quot;A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race.&quot; The theme &quot;Delicious and Healthful&quot; appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|title=Pepsi-Cola Advertising Through the Years|date=July 20, 1998|website=Advertising Age|language=en|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903150135/https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|url-status=live}}
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      <text bytes="11245" sha1="en2fpd4jiwqgaciejinefspbedikmkg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|jina = Pepsi
|logo = Pepsi 2023.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2023
|picha = Pepsi 355 ml, 591 ml, and 710 ml, Canada (obverse), 2026-03-05.jpg
|maelezo = Bidhaa za Pepsi
|aina = [[Cola]]
| manufacturer = [[PepsiCo]]
|asili = [[New Bern, North Carolina]]
| region = 
| introduced = {{Start date and age|1893}} (as '''Brad's Drink''')&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date and age|1898}} (as '''Pepsi-Cola''')&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date and age|1961}} (as '''Pepsi''')
|rangi = [[Caramel color|Caramel E-150d]]
| flavor = 
| ingredients = 
| variants = [[Diet Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Twist]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Lime]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Wild Cherry]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Crystal Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Caffeine-Free Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi-Cola Made with Real Sugar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Vanilla]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Zero Sugar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Max]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nitro Pepsi]]
| related = {{ubl|[[Coca-Cola]]|[[RC Cola]]}}
| tovuti = {{url|https://www.pepsi.com/|pepsi.com}}
}}
'''Pepsi''' ni kinywaji baridi chenye [[kaboni]] chenye ladha ya [[Coca-Cola|cola]], bidhaa kuu ya PepsiCo. Mnamo [[2023]], Pepsi ilikuwa chapa ya pili yenye thamani kubwa zaidi ya vinywaji baridi duniani kote nyuma ya [[Coca-Cola]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=November 8, 2023.|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt; wawili hao wanashiriki ushindani wa muda mrefu katika kile kinachoitwa &quot;vita vya cola&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-29|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;.

Pepsi, ambayo awali iliundwa mwaka wa [[1893]] na Caleb Bradham na kuitwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pepsi-Cola, n.|date=2023-03-02|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oed/6691257894|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Brad's Drink,&quot; iliuzwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika duka lake la dawa huko [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bern]], [[North Carolina]]. Ikibadilishwa jina na kuitwa &quot;Pepsi-Cola&quot; mwaka wa 1898 kutokana na faida zake za usagaji chakula, jina lake lilifupishwa katika uuzaji hadi &quot;Pepsi&quot; mapema mwaka wa [[1951|1951.]] Mapema, Pepsi ilipambana na utulivu wa kifedha, ikafilisika mwaka wa [[1923]] lakini baadaye ilinunuliwa na kufufuliwa na Charles Guth&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guth v. Loft: The Story of Pepsi-Cola and the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1414478|work=doi.org|date=2009|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Jennifer Ying}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ambaye alibadilisha sharubati hiyo. Pepsi ilipata umaarufu kwa kuanzishwa kwa chupa ya aunsi 12 wakati wa Mdororo Mkuu wa [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]] na mikakati ya uuzaji kama vile  &quot;Nickel, Nickel&quot; , na kuongeza mauzo maradufu kwa kusisitiza thamani yake.

Katikati ya karne ya 20, Pepsi ililenga soko la [[Wamarekani weusi|Waamerika Weusi]], ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa halijatumika, likiwa na maonyesho chanya na uidhinishaji kutoka kwa watu mashuhuri, na kuongeza sehemu yake ya soko. Ushindani wa Pepsi na [[Coca-Cola]], ulioangaziwa na &quot;vita vya cola&quot;, ulisababisha ushindani mkubwa wa kitamaduni na soko, ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo vya ladha vya &quot;Pepsi Challenge&quot; na kuanzishwa kwa Coke Mpya kama jibu. Upanuzi wa Pepsi katika masoko ya kimataifa umeona mafanikio mbalimbali, huku miradi muhimu  katika [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Umoja wa Kisovieti]] kupitia makubaliano muhimu ya kubadilishana bidhaa na umaarufu unaoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo kuliko [[Coca-Cola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Case Study for International Antitrust: Pepsi versus Coke|date=2012-12-06|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203050866-10|work=European Perspectives in Marketing|pages=141–158|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-05086-6|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Licha ya utata wa mara kwa mara, kama vile tangazo la [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] lililofutwa na kashfa ya &quot;Pepsi Number Fever&quot; nchini Ufilipino, Pepsi imebaki kuwa chapa maarufu duniani, kutokana na kampeni bunifu za uuzaji na udhamini katika michezo na burudani. PepsiCo pia imezindua vinywaji vingine chini ya chapa ya Pepsi, kama vile Diet Pepsi na Pepsi Max, ambavyo vinaunda kwingineko ya chapa leo juu ya cola ya awali ya Pepsi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Huesmann|first=Günther|title=Auer, Pepsi|date=2003|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j017900|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Soko la Pepsi ==
Hapo zamani, katika miaka ya [[1950]] na [[1960]], soko la vinywaji baridi nchini Tanzania lilikuwa changa sana. Wakati huo, chupa ya kioo ya Pepsi ilikuwa kama anasa. Watoto na watu wazima walisubiri sikukuu au sherehe kubwa ili kupata ladha ile ya kipekee ya Pepsi, huku wauzaji wakiwa wachache na usambazaji ukitegemea miji mikubwa tu kama [[Dar es Salaam]] na Tanga. Changamoto za kiuchumi na mabadiliko ya kisiasa katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980 yalifanya Pepsi kupotea kabisa sokoni, ikawa kama hadithi ya kale&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9536286|title=Soda Goes Pop|last=Love|first=Joanna|date=2019|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-07402-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mambo yalianza kubadilika mapema [[miaka ya 1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Marketing research for game development|date=2016-10-04|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748900-12|work=Video Game Marketing|pages=92–102|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-74890-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wakati uchumi wa nchi ulipofunguliwa. Hata hivyo, mapinduzi ya kweli yalianza rasmi tarehe [[5 Aprili]] [[2001]]. Siku hii, kampuni ya ''SBC Tanzania Limited'' ilichukua rasmi usimamizi wa Pepsi nchini na kufungua kiwanda chake cha kwanza jijini Dar es Salaam chini ya kaulimbiu iliyoshika kasi ya ''&quot;Live for Now&quot;'' kwa sasa ikitumia msemo wa ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'NO NOISE JUST EXECUTION''&lt;nowiki/&gt;

Kuanzia hapo, Pepsi ilianza safari mpya kutoka chini kabisa. Walijenga viwanda vingine kimkakati huko [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha,]] [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] ili kuhakikisha vinywaji vinafika hadi vijijini ndani ya muda mfupi. Katika miaka ya [[2010]], walileta bidhaa mbalimbali kama vile &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=What the world can learn from Mexico’s tax on sugar-sweetened drinks|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.7casm43yk|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-22|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Elisa Pineda}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Pepsi ya asili'' na ''Pepsi Black'' (isiyo na sukari), mfululizo wa ladha za matunda za ''Mirinda (Fruity, Orange, Pineapple, na Lemon)'', kinywaji cha ndimu cha ''7UP'', pamoja na mchanganyiko wa ''Evervess Tonic na Soda Water''. lilishuhudia ushindani mkubwa wa bei na ujazo (vile vichupa vidogo vya plastiki vya PET). Pepsi waliteka mioyo ya vijana kwa kudhamini matamasha ya muziki, michezo, na kutumia wasanii wakubwa wa Bongo Fleva kama mabalozi wao mmoja wapo ni [[Diamond Platnumz]].

Kufikia sasa mwaka [[2026]] soko la Pepsi limekuwa jitu kubwa linalotawala sekta ya vinywaji nchini&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=How labor’s decline opened door to billionaire Trump as ‘savior’ of American workers|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aai.xpcqdevq7|work=doi.org|date=2016-08-08|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Raymond Hogler}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chini ya uongozi mpya wa ''Himanshu Shekhar'', Pepsi sio tu kinywaji cha sherehe, bali ni sehemu ya maisha ya kila siku ya Mtanzania. Kutokana na uzinduzi wa mitambo mipya ya kisasa hivi karibuni, soko limepanuka hadi kwenye migahawa mikubwa kama ''KFC'' na bidhaa mpya kama vinywaji vya kuongeza nguvu kupitia ''WILD ENERGY DRIN'' vikiwa vinapatikana kila kona ya nchi kutoka maduka ya reja reja ya uswahilini hadi supermaketi za kisasa ''Pepsi chupa ni mwamba''

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Marejeo==
*{{Rejea tovuti|title=Much of the Global Beverage Industry Is Controlled by Coca Cola and Pepsi|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/060415/how-much-global-beverage-industry-controlled-coca-cola-and-pepsi.asp|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Investopedia|language=en}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bhasin|first=Kim|title=COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}
*{{cite web|url=https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|title=The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola|access-date=October 20, 2022|publisher=Pepsistore.com|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020202701/https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|url-status=live}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|last=Varghese|first=Justin|date=2025-09-11|title=Cheaper low-sugar drinks in UAE from 2026 as new tax model kicks in|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/tax-news/cheaper-low-sugar-drinks-in-uae-from-2026-as-new-tax-model-kicks-in-1.500265107|access-date=2025-09-11|website=[[Gulf News]]|language=en}}
*{{cite web|last1=Phoon|first1=Andie|title=Essential Marketing Lessons to Take Away from Video Game Marketing|url=https://medianetic.me/essential-marketing-lessons-to-take-away-from-video-game-marketing/|website=Mediantic|date=23 May 2022|access-date=30 October 2023}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|title=Guth v. Loft (Del. 1939) [Pepsi]|website=h2o.law.harvard.edu|access-date=June 21, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072817/https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=TIME|title=Marketing &amp; Selling: Pepsi v. Coke|url=https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241023061703/https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-date=2024-10-23|access-date=2025-09-11|magazine=Time|language=en|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|title=How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205030105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=Pepsi – FAQs|url=http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506010751/http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-date=May 6, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2009|publisher=[[PepsiCo]]|quote=1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: &quot;A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race.&quot; The theme &quot;Delicious and Healthful&quot; appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|title=Pepsi-Cola Advertising Through the Years|date=July 20, 1998|website=Advertising Age|language=en|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903150135/https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|url-status=live}}
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      <text bytes="11246" sha1="l9wvv1inf8z1d24e17oh04qj3g3be28" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|jina = Pepsi
|logo = Pepsi 2023.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2023
|picha = Pepsi 355 ml, 591 ml, and 710 ml, Canada (obverse), 2026-03-05.jpg
|maelezo = Bidhaa za Pepsi
|aina = [[Cola]]
| manufacturer = [[PepsiCo]]
|asili = [[New Bern, North Carolina]]
| region = 
| introduced = {{Start date and age|1893}} (as '''Brad's Drink''')&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date and age|1898}} (as '''Pepsi-Cola''')&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date and age|1961}} (as '''Pepsi''')
|rangi = [[Caramel color|Caramel E-150d]]
| flavor = 
| ingredients = 
| variants = [[Diet Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Twist]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Lime]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Wild Cherry]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Crystal Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Caffeine-Free Pepsi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi-Cola Made with Real Sugar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Vanilla]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Zero Sugar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pepsi Max]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nitro Pepsi]]
| related = {{ubl|[[Coca-Cola]]|[[RC Cola]]}}
| tovuti = {{url|https://www.pepsi.com/|pepsi.com}}
}}
'''Pepsi''' ni kinywaji baridi chenye [[kaboni]] chenye ladha ya [[Coca-Cola|cola]], bidhaa kuu ya PepsiCo. Mnamo [[2023]], Pepsi ilikuwa chapa ya pili yenye thamani kubwa zaidi ya vinywaji baridi duniani kote nyuma ya [[Coca-Cola]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=November 8, 2023.|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt; wawili hao wanashiriki ushindani wa muda mrefu katika kile kinachoitwa &quot;vita vya cola&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coca-Cola contre Pepsi, la guerre est finie|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aak.dxnuarvy6|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-29|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=François Lévêque}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;.

Pepsi, ambayo awali iliundwa mwaka wa [[1893]] na Caleb Bradham na kuitwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pepsi-Cola, n.|date=2023-03-02|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oed/6691257894|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Brad's Drink,&quot; iliuzwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika duka lake la dawa huko [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bern]], [[North Carolina]]. Ikibadilishwa jina na kuitwa &quot;Pepsi-Cola&quot; mwaka wa 1898 kutokana na faida zake za usagaji chakula, jina lake lilifupishwa katika uuzaji hadi &quot;Pepsi&quot; mapema mwaka wa [[1951|1951.]] Mapema, Pepsi ilipambana na utulivu wa kifedha, ikafilisika mwaka wa [[1923]] lakini baadaye ilinunuliwa na kufufuliwa na Charles Guth&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guth v. Loft: The Story of Pepsi-Cola and the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1414478|work=doi.org|date=2009|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Jennifer Ying}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ambaye alibadilisha sharubati hiyo. Pepsi ilipata umaarufu kwa kuanzishwa kwa chupa ya aunsi 12 wakati wa Mdororo Mkuu wa [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]] na mikakati ya uuzaji kama vile  &quot;Nickel, Nickel&quot; , na kuongeza mauzo maradufu kwa kusisitiza thamani yake.

Katikati ya karne ya 20, Pepsi ililenga soko la [[Wamarekani weusi|Waamerika Weusi]], ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa halijatumika, likiwa na maonyesho chanya na uidhinishaji kutoka kwa watu mashuhuri, na kuongeza sehemu yake ya soko. Ushindani wa Pepsi na [[Coca-Cola]], ulioangaziwa na &quot;vita vya cola&quot;, ulisababisha ushindani mkubwa wa kitamaduni na soko, ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo vya ladha vya &quot;Pepsi Challenge&quot; na kuanzishwa kwa Coke Mpya kama jibu. Upanuzi wa Pepsi katika masoko ya kimataifa umeona mafanikio mbalimbali, huku miradi muhimu  katika [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Umoja wa Kisovieti]] kupitia makubaliano muhimu ya kubadilishana bidhaa na umaarufu unaoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo kuliko [[Coca-Cola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Case Study for International Antitrust: Pepsi versus Coke|date=2012-12-06|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203050866-10|work=European Perspectives in Marketing|pages=141–158|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-05086-6|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Licha ya utata wa mara kwa mara, kama vile tangazo la [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] lililofutwa na kashfa ya &quot;Pepsi Number Fever&quot; nchini Ufilipino, Pepsi imebaki kuwa chapa maarufu duniani, kutokana na kampeni bunifu za uuzaji na udhamini katika michezo na burudani. PepsiCo pia imezindua vinywaji vingine chini ya chapa ya Pepsi, kama vile Diet Pepsi na Pepsi Max, ambavyo vinaunda kwingineko ya chapa leo juu ya cola ya awali ya Pepsi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Huesmann|first=Günther|title=Auer, Pepsi|date=2003|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j017900|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Soko la Pepsi ==
Hapo zamani, katika miaka ya [[1950]] na [[1960]], soko la vinywaji baridi nchini Tanzania lilikuwa changa sana. Wakati huo, chupa ya kioo ya Pepsi ilikuwa kama anasa. Watoto na watu wazima walisubiri sikukuu au sherehe kubwa ili kupata ladha ile ya kipekee ya Pepsi, huku wauzaji wakiwa wachache na usambazaji ukitegemea miji mikubwa tu kama [[Dar es Salaam]] na Tanga. Changamoto za kiuchumi na mabadiliko ya kisiasa katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980 yalifanya Pepsi kupotea kabisa sokoni, ikawa kama hadithi ya kale&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9536286|title=Soda Goes Pop|last=Love|first=Joanna|date=2019|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-07402-0|location=Ann Arbor, MI}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mambo yalianza kubadilika mapema [[miaka ya 1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Marketing research for game development|date=2016-10-04|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748900-12|work=Video Game Marketing|pages=92–102|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-74890-0|access-date=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wakati uchumi wa nchi ulipofunguliwa. Hata hivyo, mapinduzi ya kweli yalianza rasmi tarehe [[5 Aprili]] [[2001]]. Siku hii, kampuni ya ''SBC Tanzania Limited'' ilichukua rasmi usimamizi wa Pepsi nchini na kufungua kiwanda chake cha kwanza jijini Dar es Salaam chini ya kaulimbiu iliyoshika kasi ya ''&quot;Live for Now&quot;'' kwa sasa ikitumia msemo wa ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'NO NOISE JUST EXECUTION''&lt;nowiki/&gt;

Kuanzia hapo, Pepsi ilianza safari mpya kutoka chini kabisa. Walijenga viwanda vingine kimkakati huko [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha,]] [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] ili kuhakikisha vinywaji vinafika hadi vijijini ndani ya muda mfupi. Katika miaka ya [[2010]], walileta bidhaa mbalimbali kama vile &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=What the world can learn from Mexico’s tax on sugar-sweetened drinks|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.7casm43yk|work=doi.org|date=2016-03-22|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Elisa Pineda}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Pepsi ya asili'' na ''Pepsi Black'' (isiyo na sukari), mfululizo wa ladha za matunda za ''Mirinda (Fruity, Orange, Pineapple, na Lemon)'', kinywaji cha ndimu cha ''7UP'', pamoja na mchanganyiko wa ''Evervess Tonic na Soda Water''. lilishuhudia ushindani mkubwa wa bei na ujazo (vile vichupa vidogo vya plastiki vya PET). Pepsi waliteka mioyo ya vijana kwa kudhamini matamasha ya muziki, michezo, na kutumia wasanii wakubwa wa Bongo Fleva kama mabalozi wao mmoja wapo ni [[Diamond Platnumz]].

Kufikia sasa mwaka [[2026]] soko la Pepsi limekuwa jitu kubwa linalotawala sekta ya vinywaji nchini&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=How labor’s decline opened door to billionaire Trump as ‘savior’ of American workers|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aai.xpcqdevq7|work=doi.org|date=2016-08-08|accessdate=2026-10-27|author=Raymond Hogler}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Chini ya uongozi mpya wa ''Himanshu Shekhar'', Pepsi sio tu kinywaji cha sherehe, bali ni sehemu ya maisha ya kila siku ya Mtanzania. Kutokana na uzinduzi wa mitambo mipya ya kisasa hivi karibuni, soko limepanuka hadi kwenye migahawa mikubwa kama ''KFC'' na bidhaa mpya kama vinywaji vya kuongeza nguvu kupitia ''WILD ENERGY DRINK'' vikiwa vinapatikana kila kona ya nchi kutoka maduka ya reja reja ya uswahilini hadi supermaketi za kisasa ''Pepsi chupa ni mwamba''

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Marejeo==
*{{Rejea tovuti|title=Much of the Global Beverage Industry Is Controlled by Coca Cola and Pepsi|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/060415/how-much-global-beverage-industry-controlled-coca-cola-and-pepsi.asp|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Investopedia|language=en}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bhasin|first=Kim|title=COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}
*{{cite web|url=https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|title=The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola|access-date=October 20, 2022|publisher=Pepsistore.com|archive-date=October 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020202701/https://pepsistore.com/index.php/history-of-the-birthplace/|url-status=live}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|last=Varghese|first=Justin|date=2025-09-11|title=Cheaper low-sugar drinks in UAE from 2026 as new tax model kicks in|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/tax-news/cheaper-low-sugar-drinks-in-uae-from-2026-as-new-tax-model-kicks-in-1.500265107|access-date=2025-09-11|website=[[Gulf News]]|language=en}}
*{{cite web|last1=Phoon|first1=Andie|title=Essential Marketing Lessons to Take Away from Video Game Marketing|url=https://medianetic.me/essential-marketing-lessons-to-take-away-from-video-game-marketing/|website=Mediantic|date=23 May 2022|access-date=30 October 2023}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|title=Guth v. Loft (Del. 1939) [Pepsi]|website=h2o.law.harvard.edu|access-date=June 21, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072817/https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/42028#p21|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=TIME|title=Marketing &amp; Selling: Pepsi v. Coke|url=https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241023061703/https://time.com/archive/6811434/marketing-selling-pepsi-v-coke/|archive-date=2024-10-23|access-date=2025-09-11|magazine=Time|language=en|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|title=How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 9, 2016|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205030105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116831396726171042|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=Pepsi – FAQs|url=http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506010751/http://www.pepsiusa.com/faqs.php?section=highlights|archive-date=May 6, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2009|publisher=[[PepsiCo]]|quote=1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: &quot;A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race.&quot; The theme &quot;Delicious and Healthful&quot; appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.}}
*{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|title=Pepsi-Cola Advertising Through the Years|date=July 20, 1998|website=Advertising Age|language=en|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903150135/https://adage.com/article/news/pepsi-cola-advertising-years/65047|url-status=live}}
[[Jamii:Vinywaji]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>El Roi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1611616</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grace Daudi</username>
        <id>93413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''El Roi''' (kwa Kiebrania cha Biblia: אֵל רֳאִי – ''El Ro'i''), ni mojawapo ya majina ya Mungu katika Biblia ya Kiebrania. Jina hili lina maana ya “Mungu anayeniona” au “Mungu anayeona.”  Jina El Roi linapatikana katika Kitabu cha Mwanzo 16:13. Jina hili lina umuhimu wa pekee kwa sababu lilitamkwa na Hagari (Hagar), mtumishi wa Kimisri wa Sarai (Sara), mke wa Abrahamu.  Hagari alimwita Mungu El Roi baada ya Mungu kumwona na kuzungumza n...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2956" sha1="1i4z3y0ipj7myzdq6uvxkkmnbp8oo4g" xml:space="preserve">'''El Roi''' (kwa Kiebrania cha Biblia: אֵל רֳאִי – ''El Ro'i''), ni mojawapo ya majina ya Mungu katika Biblia ya Kiebrania. Jina hili lina maana ya “Mungu anayeniona” au “Mungu anayeona.”

Jina El Roi linapatikana katika Kitabu cha Mwanzo 16:13. Jina hili lina umuhimu wa pekee kwa sababu lilitamkwa na Hagari (Hagar), mtumishi wa Kimisri wa Sarai (Sara), mke wa Abrahamu.

Hagari alimwita Mungu El Roi baada ya Mungu kumwona na kuzungumza naye wakati alipokuwa katika hali ngumu. Hivyo, jina hili linaonyesha Mungu kama Mungu anayewaona watu, anayejua hali zao na anayewajali hata wanapokuwa katika shida au upweke.[https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#13]&lt;ref&gt;https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#13&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muktadha ==
Katika Mwanzo 16, Sarai, mke wa Abramu (ambaye baadaye aliitwa Abrahamu), alikuwa hajapata mtoto. Alimpendekezea Abramu amchukue Hagari kama suria ili aweze kupata mtoto kupitia kwake. Hata hivyo, baada ya Hagari kupata ujauzito, kulitokea wivu na migogoro kati yake na Sarai. Hagari alipotendewa vibaya na kujisikia amekandamizwa, alikimbilia jangwani.

Akiwa jangwani karibu na chemchemi ya maji, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea. Alimwambia arudi kwa Sarai na pia akampa unabii kuhusu mwanawe, Ishmaeli, kwamba uzao wake ungekuwa mwingi sana.

Baada ya kukutana na Mungu katika hali hiyo ngumu, Hagari aliguswa sana na akamwita Mungu El Roi, yaani “Mungu anayeniona.” Alisema:[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+16:13&amp;version=ceb]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+16:13&amp;version=ceb&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Wewe ndiwe Mungu unayeniona,” kwa maana alisema, “Sasa nimemwona Yeye anayeniona.”  Mwanzo 16:13&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Tafsiri ==

=== Tafsiri za El Roi ===
Katika maandiko ya Kiyahudi, jina ''El Roi'' limetafsiriwa kwa njia mbalimbali na wasomi tofauti:

* Rashi – “Mungu wa kuona” (''God of sight'').
* Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor – “Mungu aliniona” (''God saw me'').
* Abraham Ibn Ezra, Bahya ben Asher na Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno – “Mungu anayeonekana” (''God who appears'').
* David Kimhi – “Mungu niliyemwona” (''God I saw'') au “Mungu anayeonekana” (''Visible God'').
* Levi ben Gershon – “Mungu anayeona yote” (''All-seeing God'').

Katika tafsiri za Biblia za Kiingereza, maana pia hutofautiana kidogo. English Standard Version (ESV) hutumia maana ya “Wewe ni Mungu wa kuona” (''You are a God of seeing''), huku New King James Version (NKJV) ikitumia “Wewe-Ndiwe-Mungu-Anayeona” (''You-Are-the-God-Who-Sees'').

Kwa upande mwingine, Common English Bible (CEB) na Jerusalem Bible hazitafsiri jina hilo, bali hulihifadhi kama lilivyo: “El Roi.”

Kwa ujumla, tafsiri hizi zote zinahusiana na wazo la Mungu kuona, kuonekana, au kumwona mtu, ingawa kila msomi au tafsiri ya Biblia inaeleza maana hiyo kwa namna tofauti.

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu-Biblia}}
[[Jamii:Biblia]]
[[Jamii:Majina]]
[[Jamii:Wayahudi]]</text>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2962" sha1="hskj9prch6mjd8jm5sxr7jv6ewcz9l8" xml:space="preserve">'''El Roi''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] cha [[Biblia ya Kiebrania|Biblia]]: אֵל רֳאִי – ''El Ro'i'') ni mojawapo ya majina ya [[Mungu]] katika Biblia ya Kiebrania. Jina hili linapatikana katika Kitabu cha Mwanzo 16:13 na lina maana ya “Mungu anayeniona” au “Mungu anayeona.” Jina hili lina umuhimu wa pekee kwa sababu lilitamkwa na [[Hagar]], mtumishi wa Kimisri wa Sarai ([[Sara]]), [[mke]] wa [[Abrahamu]].

Hagari alimwita Mungu El Roi baada ya Mungu kumwona na kuzungumza naye wakati alipokuwa katika hali ngumu. Hivyo, jina hili linaonyesha Mungu kama Mungu anayewaona watu, anayejua hali zao na anayewajali hata wanapokuwa katika shida au upweke.[https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#13]&lt;ref&gt;https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#13&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muktadha ==
Katika Mwanzo 16, Sarai, mke wa Abramu (ambaye baadaye aliitwa Abrahamu), alikuwa hajapata mtoto. Alimpendekezea Abramu amchukue Hagari kama suria ili aweze kupata mtoto kupitia kwake. Hata hivyo, baada ya Hagari kupata ujauzito, kulitokea wivu na migogoro kati yake na Sarai. Hagari alipotendewa vibaya na kujisikia amekandamizwa, alikimbilia jangwani.

Akiwa jangwani karibu na chemchemi ya maji, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea. Alimwambia arudi kwa Sarai na pia akampa unabii kuhusu mwanawe, Ishmaeli, kwamba uzao wake ungekuwa mwingi sana.

Baada ya kukutana na Mungu katika hali hiyo ngumu, Hagari aliguswa sana na akamwita Mungu El Roi, yaani “Mungu anayeniona.” Alisema:[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+16:13&amp;version=ceb]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+16:13&amp;version=ceb&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Wewe ndiwe Mungu unayeniona,” kwa maana alisema, “Sasa nimemwona Yeye anayeniona.”  Mwanzo 16:13&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Tafsiri ==
Katika maandiko ya Kiyahudi, jina ''El Roi'' limetafsiriwa kwa njia mbalimbali na wasomi tofauti:
* Rashi – “Mungu wa kuona” (''God of sight'').
* Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor – “Mungu aliniona” (''God saw me'').
* Abraham Ibn Ezra, Bahya ben Asher na Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno – “Mungu anayeonekana” (''God who appears'').
* David Kimhi – “Mungu niliyemwona” (''God I saw'') au “Mungu anayeonekana” (''Visible God'').
* Levi ben Gershon – “Mungu anayeona yote” (''All-seeing God'').

Katika tafsiri za Biblia za Kiingereza, maana pia hutofautiana kidogo. English Standard Version (ESV) hutumia maana ya “Wewe ni Mungu wa kuona” (''You are a God of seeing''), huku New King James Version (NKJV) ikitumia “Wewe-Ndiwe-Mungu-Anayeona” (''You-Are-the-God-Who-Sees'').

Kwa upande mwingine, Common English Bible (CEB) na Jerusalem Bible hazitafsiri jina hilo, bali hulihifadhi kama lilivyo: “El Roi.”

Kwa ujumla, tafsiri hizi zote zinahusiana na wazo la Mungu kuona, kuonekana, au kumwona mtu, ingawa kila msomi au tafsiri ya Biblia inaeleza maana hiyo kwa namna tofauti.

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-Biblia}}
[[Jamii:Biblia]]
[[Jamii:Majina]]
[[Jamii:Uyahudi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nkechi Nwogu</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="1420" sha1="2ptspd6609frjdlwmem49ud3okfzp6g" xml:space="preserve">'''Nkechi Justina Nwaogu, CON''', ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] wa benki kutoka [[Nigeria]], mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni ya ''Libra Investment''. Aliwahi kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Baraza Linaloongoza na Mkuu wa [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Calabar.

Nwaogu alikuwa mwakilishi wa jimbo la uchaguzi la shirikisho la ''Osisioma Ngwa'', Ugwunagbo na Obi Ngwa katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Shirikisho la Nigeria kuanzia mwaka [[2003]] hadi [[2007]]. Mwaka 2007, alichaguliwa kuwa seneta aliewakilisha Wilaya ya Uchaguzi ya Seneti ya Abia Central. Mwaka [[2011]], alichaguliwa tena kwa muhula wa pili.

Kufikia Juni [[2015]], Seneta Nkechi Justina Nwaogu aliondoka katika ''Chama cha People's Democratic Party (PDP'') kutokana na chama hicho kulazimisha uteuzi wa wagombea kwa namna ambayo haikuendana na maslahi yake.

Mwaka [[2016]], Nwaogu alitangaza rasmi kujiunga na chama tawala cha ''All Progressives Congress (APC)''.

Mwezi Mei 2026, Seneta Nwaogu alijiunga rasmi na chama cha ''Nigeria Democratic Congress (NDC'').&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20090719170228/http://senatornkechinwaogu.com/about.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120626141035/http://www.nassnig.org/nass/portfolio/profile.php?id=sen.nkechinwaogu&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rose Kabuye</title>
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        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="1379" sha1="71vem8bqcfxj1uel9ewur4d7kps3358" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabuye''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Kanyange'''; alizaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1961]] huko Muvumba, [[Rwanda]]) ni [[Luteni Kanali]] mstaafu wa Jeshi la Rwanda. Hadi mwishoni mwa mwaka 2023, alikuwa [[mwanamke]] mwenye cheo cha juu zaidi kuwahi kuhudumu katika [[jeshi]] la nchi yake.

Kwa sasa anafanya kazi katika sekta binafsi kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni za ''Virunga Logistics'' na ''Startech Limited''. Hata hivyo, anajulikana zaidi kwa kushiriki kwake kama mpiganaji wa Chama cha ''Rwanda Patriotic Front'' wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Rwanda.

Baadae, alihudumu kama Meya wa Jiji la [[Kigali]], Mkuu wa Itifaki ya [[Serikali]] ya Rwanda na mwanachama wa [[Bunge]] la Rwanda. Kwa sababu ya kushiriki kwake katika mapambano ya ukombozi, alitunukiwa Nishani ya Kitaifa ya Ukombozi wa Rwanda na Nishani ya Kampeni Dhidi ya [[Mauaji ya kimbari|Mauaji ya Kimbari]].

Mnamo Novemba 2008, alipokuwa akihudumu kama Mkuu wa Itifaki wa Rais wa Rwanda, [[Paul Kagame]], alikamatwa mjini Frankfurt, [[Ujerumani]]. Alikuwa anakabiliwa na mashtaka ambayo yaliondolewa mwezi Machi 2009.&lt;ref&gt;https://blackpast.org/global-african-history/rose-kanyange-kabuye-1961/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3378/rose-kabuye&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Rwanda]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
      <sha1>71vem8bqcfxj1uel9ewur4d7kps3358</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lynne Brown</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611628</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T17:44:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1235" sha1="0xcuchzuc7x7de6udqwxjk5xgu081ok" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Lynne-Brown.jpg|thumb|Lynne Brown]]
'''Lynne Brown''' (alizaliwa [[26 Septemba]] [[1961]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Mashirika ya Umma na Waziri Mkuu wa Mkoa wa ''Western Cape''.

Alizaliwa jijini [[Cape Town]] na kukulia katika eneo la ''Mitchells Plain''. Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Mkoa wa Western Cape mwezi Julai 2008, baada ya Ebrahim Rasool kujiuzulu. Kabla ya hapo, alikuwa Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Uchumi na Utalii.

Ni mwanachama wa ''African National Congress (ANC)'' na alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Kamati Kuu ya Utendaji ya chama hicho mwaka 2007 na 2012.

Ana asili ya jamii ya watu wa rangi mchanganyiko (''Coloured''). Alikuwa Waziri Mkuu wa nne wa Mkoa wa Western Cape kutoka jamii hiyo, wa pili kutoka ANC, na mtu wa kwanza aliyejitambulisha wazi kuwa shoga kuteuliwa kushika nafasi ya uwaziri katika serikali yoyote ya Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/south-africa-appoints-gay-minister-lynne-brown&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://iol.co.za/business-report/economy/2017-11-22-lynne-brown-denies-gupta-links/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>0xcuchzuc7x7de6udqwxjk5xgu081ok</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sherine Wagdy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611631</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T17:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1081" sha1="n0hi2v09hxa8h5txhkyqstvzmdwmiwi" xml:space="preserve">
'''Sherine Wagdy''' alizaliwa kwa jina la '''Sherine Farouk Salem''' (kwa Kiarabu: شيرين فاروق سالم), [[28 Machi]] [[1969]] jijini [[Cairo]], [[Misri]], ni [[mwimbaji]] wa Misri alieigiza katika [[filamu]] ya ''Road to Eilat'' ([[1994]]).

== Albamu ==

* ''Romeo w Juliet''
* ''Enta El Nos El Helw''
* ''Saddaqny''
* ''Maqdarshy''
* ''Law Benna Eih''
* ''Wala Leila''
* ''Kol Da''
* ''Layaly Hayaty''

== Nyimbo zilizotolewa kama singo ==

* ''Erga3ly''
* ''Law Benna Eih''
* ''Lafeit Belad Allah (akishirikiana na Guitara Band)''
* ''Wala Leila''
* ''W Da Yerdy Min''
* ''El Badr''
* ''Kol Da''
* ''Ana Ba2a''
* ''Law Youm Bey3ady'' &lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9028688/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9028688/bio/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/sherine_wagdy?_wl_challenge_id=802f24934c816e303e948539af685656&amp;_wl_challenge_response=c0aa7a4ce3394fac1f850ead2a8d4db6&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}</text>
      <sha1>n0hi2v09hxa8h5txhkyqstvzmdwmiwi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catherine Samali Kavuma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611633</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T18:21:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reine Cali</username>
        <id>85259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1748" sha1="evof0opd6u469ryo3kec8bf5wyv1ti5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person|jina=Catherine Samali Kavuma|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=Januari 1,1960|nchi=Uganda|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Nkokonjeru, Uganda|kazi_yake=Mwandishi wa riwaya|elimu=* Loreto Convent School, Msongari, Nairobi, Kenya
* St. Francis de Sales Convent Tring, Hertfordshire}}

'''Catherine Samali Kavuma''' (aliyezaliwa [[1960]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanpedia.com/author/author/a639bcb8-addf-4b4e-8581-e4b461f0809a/&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] na [[mtu]] mashuhuri nchini [[Uganda]].

Katikati ya miaka ya [[1980]], Bi. Kavuma alihamia [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]] nchini [[Marekani]], ili kufanya kazi na [[Balozi]] wa Uganda nchini Marekani, Elizabeth Bagaya. Baadaye, aliajiriwa katika Ubalozi wa [[Kanada]]. Miaka miwili baadaye mwaka [[1989]], alipewa nafasi ya kazi katika [[Benki ya Dunia]] kama msaidizi wa programu katika ofisi ya Mkurugenzi Mtendaji anayesimamia masuala ya [[Afrika]]. Alistaafu kutoka Benki ya Dunia mwaka [[2014]].&lt;ref&gt;https://alchetron.com/Catherine-Samali-Kavuma&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://prabook.com/web/catherine.kavuma/2491452&lt;/ref&gt;

== Machapisho ==
Catherine amechapisha kitabu kimoja kinachojulikana katika vyanzo vilivyopatikana:

* '''''Malita and Other Stories''''' (''Malita na Hadithi Nyingine''). Kilichapishwa [[2002]] na Sungai Books huko [[New Jersey]], Marekani. Kitabu hiki kina kurasa 183.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malita and other stories|last=Kavuma|first=Catherine Samali|date=2002|isbn=1-889218-28-6|location=Princetown N.J.|oclc=1056165070}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Catherine+Samali+Kavuma&amp;qt=notfound_page&amp;search=Search&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>evof0opd6u469ryo3kec8bf5wyv1ti5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611656</id>
      <parentid>1611633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1611656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1693" sha1="8vrsegt6zd0uy1klepqozkefmd9acxw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person|jina=Catherine Samali Kavuma|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=Januari 1,1960|nchi=Uganda|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Nkokonjeru, Uganda|kazi_yake=Mwandishi wa riwaya|elimu=* Loreto Convent School, Msongari, Nairobi, Kenya
* St. Francis de Sales Convent Tring, Hertfordshire}}
'''Catherine Samali Kavuma''' (alizaliwa [[1960]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanpedia.com/author/author/a639bcb8-addf-4b4e-8581-e4b461f0809a/&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] na [[mtu]] mashuhuri nchini [[Uganda]].

Katikati ya [[miaka ya 1980]], Kavuma alihamia [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Marekani]], ili kufanya kazi na [[Balozi]] wa Uganda nchini, Elizabeth Bagaya. Baadaye, aliajiriwa katika Ubalozi wa [[Kanada]]. Miaka miwili baadaye, mwaka [[1989]], alipewa nafasi ya kazi katika [[Benki ya Dunia]] kama msaidizi wa programu katika ofisi ya Mkurugenzi Mtendaji anayesimamia masuala ya [[Afrika]]. Alistaafu kutoka Benki ya Dunia mwaka [[2014]].&lt;ref&gt;https://alchetron.com/Catherine-Samali-Kavuma&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://prabook.com/web/catherine.kavuma/2491452&lt;/ref&gt;

== Machapisho ==
Catherine amechapisha kitabu kimoja kinachojulikana katika vyanzo vilivyopatikana:
* '''''Malita and Other Stories''''' (''Malita na Hadithi Nyingine''). Kilichapishwa [[2002]] na Sungai Books huko [[New Jersey]], Marekani. Kitabu hiki kina kurasa 183.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malita and other stories|last=Kavuma|first=Catherine Samali|date=2002|isbn=1-889218-28-6|location=Princetown N.J.|oclc=1056165070}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Catherine+Samali+Kavuma&amp;qt=notfound_page&amp;search=Search&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>8vrsegt6zd0uy1klepqozkefmd9acxw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Judith Sephuma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611639</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T19:25:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reine Cali</username>
        <id>85259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611639</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2699" sha1="n31e449n48w81kpynfxmsdl7wjajj3s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person|jina=Judith Sephuma|picha=Judith Sephuma.jpg|ukubwa wa picha=300px|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Seshego, Limpopo, South Africa|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=29 Juni 1974 (52)|nchi=Afrika Kusini|kazi_yake=Muimbaji}}

'''Judith Sephuma''' (aliyezaliwa [[29 Juni]] [[1974]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=9418&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayejulikana kwa [[muziki]] wa [[jazz]] na Afro-pop.

== Wasifu ==
Judith Sephuma alizaliwa katika mji wa Seshego,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/true-love/20170601/282080571758385&lt;/ref&gt;na alilelewa katika mji wa [[Polokwane]], [[Limpopo]] huko Afrika Kusini. Mwaka [[1994]], alihamia [[Cape Town]] ili kusomea uimbaji wa muziki wa jazz.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=60&lt;/ref&gt; [[1997]], alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]], akipata [[Diploma]] ya Uimbaji wa Muziki wa Jazz. Baadaye, aliendelea na masomo zaidi. Mwaka [[1999]], alishinda tuzo ya '''''Mwimbaji Bora wa Jazz''''' katika mashindano ya Old Mutual Jazz Into The Future na kusaini mkataba na kitengo cha [[Afrika]] cha kampuni ya muziki ya BMG.

Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''A Cry, A Smile, A Dance'', iliyotolewa mwaka [[2001]], ilipokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji wa muziki. Baadaye, alitoa albamu nyingine zilizoendelea kuimarisha kazi yake ya muziki.

Albamu zake nyingine ni pamoja na:

* ''New Beginnings'' ([[2005]]).
* ''Change Is Here'' ([[2008]]).
* ''I Am a Living Testimony'' ([[2011]]).
* ''A Legacy Live in Concert'' ([[2012]]), iliyotolewa katika mfumo wa [[CD]] na [[DVD]].
* ''The Experience LIVE in Concert'' ([[2013]]), albamu yake ya kwanza ya muziki wa injili, iliyotolewa katika mfumo wa CD na DVD. Baadhi ya nyimbo zake zilitayarishwa na Wilson Joel.
* ''One Word'' ([[2015]]), albamu ambayo aliielezea kuwa ni mchanganyiko wa Afro-Funk na Jazz.
* ''My Worship – Live'' ([[2017]]).

Mwaka [[2019]], baada ya kipindi cha miaka miwili cha kujitafakari na kujitambua upya, Judith Sephuma alitoa albamu yake ''Power of Dreams''. Albamu hii ilifuata kazi yake ya awali iliyotolewa mwaka 2017. Akiwa anajulikana kama '''Malkia wa Afro Jazz''', alilenga kutumia muziki wake mpya kuchochea fikra na hisia za wasikilizaji.

Baadhi ya nyimbo zilizomo katika albamu ya ''Power of Dreams'' ni:&lt;ref&gt;https://www.judithsephumamusic.com/latest-album&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Power of Dreams''
* ''Neither of Us''
* ''Ntshwarele''

Judith Sephuma hurekodi na kusambaza muziki wake kupitia kampuni yake huru ya kurekodi muziki inayoitwa '''Lalomba Music'''.

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]]
[[Jamii:Nyimbo kwa mtunzi]]</text>
      <sha1>n31e449n48w81kpynfxmsdl7wjajj3s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611659</id>
      <parentid>1611639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:10:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1611659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2681" sha1="t3fop57xwl7zqh2qt10uuedgu18wuir" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person|jina=Judith Sephuma|picha=Judith Sephuma.jpg|ukubwa wa picha=300px|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Seshego, Limpopo, South Africa|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=29 Juni 1974 (52)|nchi=Afrika Kusini|kazi_yake=Muimbaji}}
'''Judith Sephuma''' (alizaliwa [[29 Juni]] [[1974]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=9418&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayejulikana kwa [[muziki]] wa [[jazz]] na Afro-pop.

== Wasifu ==
Judith Sephuma alizaliwa katika mji wa Seshego,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/true-love/20170601/282080571758385&lt;/ref&gt;na alilelewa katika mji wa [[Polokwane]], [[Limpopo]] huko Afrika Kusini. Mwaka [[1994]], alihamia [[Cape Town]] ili kusomea uimbaji wa muziki wa jazz.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=60&lt;/ref&gt; [[1997]], alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]], akipata [[Diploma]] ya Uimbaji wa Muziki wa Jazz. Baadaye, aliendelea na masomo zaidi. Mwaka [[1999]], alishinda tuzo ya '''''Mwimbaji Bora wa Jazz''''' katika mashindano ya Old Mutual Jazz Into The Future na kusaini mkataba na kitengo cha [[Afrika]] cha kampuni ya muziki ya BMG.

Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''A Cry, A Smile, A Dance'', iliyotolewa mwaka [[2001]], ilipokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji wa muziki. Baadaye, alitoa albamu nyingine zilizoendelea kuimarisha kazi yake ya muziki.

Albamu zake nyingine ni pamoja na:
* ''New Beginnings'' ([[2005]]).
* ''Change Is Here'' ([[2008]]).
* ''I Am a Living Testimony'' ([[2011]]).
* ''A Legacy Live in Concert'' ([[2012]]), iliyotolewa katika mfumo wa [[CD]] na [[DVD]].
* ''The Experience LIVE in Concert'' ([[2013]]), albamu yake ya kwanza ya muziki wa injili, iliyotolewa katika mfumo wa CD na DVD. Baadhi ya nyimbo zake zilitayarishwa na Wilson Joel.
* ''One Word'' ([[2015]]), albamu ambayo aliielezea kuwa ni mchanganyiko wa Afro-Funk na Jazz.
* ''My Worship – Live'' ([[2017]]).

Mwaka [[2019]], baada ya kipindi cha miaka miwili cha kujitafakari na kujitambua upya, Judith Sephuma alitoa albamu yake ''Power of Dreams''. Albamu hii ilifuata kazi yake ya awali iliyotolewa mwaka 2017. Akiwa anajulikana kama '''Malkia wa Afro Jazz''', alilenga kutumia muziki wake mpya kuchochea fikra na hisia za wasikilizaji.

Baadhi ya nyimbo zilizomo katika albamu ya ''Power of Dreams'' ni:&lt;ref&gt;https://www.judithsephumamusic.com/latest-album&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Power of Dreams''
* ''Neither of Us''
* ''Ntshwarele''

Judith Sephuma hurekodi na kusambaza muziki wake kupitia kampuni yake huru ya kurekodi muziki inayoitwa '''Lalomba Music'''.

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>t3fop57xwl7zqh2qt10uuedgu18wuir</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senate Seeiso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611640</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T19:58:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grace Daudi</username>
        <id>93413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Princess Senate Mohato Seeiso''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 7 Oktoba [[2001|2001)]] ni binti wa kifalme wa [[Lesotho]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa kwanza wa Mfalme [[Letsie III]] wa Lesotho na mke wake, Malkia ’[['Masenate Mohato Seeiso|Masenate Mohato Seeiso]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/lesotho.html]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/les...'</comment>
      <origin>1611640</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2075" sha1="l8l2dwxd8t8wq67cxwniey3l181i5vf" xml:space="preserve">'''Princess Senate Mohato Seeiso''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 7 Oktoba [[2001|2001)]] ni binti wa kifalme wa [[Lesotho]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa kwanza wa Mfalme [[Letsie III]] wa Lesotho na mke wake, Malkia ’[['Masenate Mohato Seeiso|Masenate Mohato Seeiso]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/lesotho.html]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/lesotho.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Princess Sukatehime|Princess Senate]] alizaliwa katika Maseru Private Hospital, iliyopo [[Maseru|Maseru,]] mji mkuu wa Lesotho.

Kwa mujibu wa sheria za sasa zinazosimamia urithi wa kiti cha enzi cha Lesotho, wanawake hawaruhusiwi kurithi kiti cha enzi. Hata hivyo, kumekuwa na watu nchini Lesotho wanaounga mkono mabadiliko ya sheria hizo ili wanawake pia waweze kurithi kiti cha enzi.

Hadi sasa, sheria hizo hazijabadilishwa. Baada ya kuzaliwa kwa mdogo wake wa kiume, [[Prince Lerotholi Seeiso]], [[Mwaka Elfu Mbili|mwaka 2007,]] yeye ndiye aliyekuwa mrithi wa [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331062232/http://www.gov.ls/articles/2004/Senate_Lanches_NGOC.htm kiti cha enzi.]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120331062232/http://www.gov.ls/articles/2004/Senate_Lanches_NGOC.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Princess Senate alibatizwa katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] tarehe [[10 Novemba]] 2001, na katika ubatizo huo alipewa jina la [[Mary J. Blige|“Mary.”]]

[[Mwaka 2000|Mwaka 2024]], alihitimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Ottawa]] (University of Ottawa).

Princess Senate pia ni mlezi (patron) wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Coalition on the Rights of the Child. Shirika hilo linafanya kazi ya kufuatilia na kusaidia utekelezaji wa [[Mkataba]] wa [[Haki za watoto|Haki za Mtoto]] (Convention on the Rights of the Child) nchini Lesotho.

Kupitia nafasi hiyo, anahusishwa na juhudi za kulinda na kuendeleza haki na ustawi wa watoto nchini Lesotho.[https://home.crin.org/?ID=1137]&lt;ref&gt;https://home.crin.org/?ID=1137&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Ubatizo]]</text>
      <sha1>l8l2dwxd8t8wq67cxwniey3l181i5vf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611660</id>
      <parentid>1611640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Princess Senate Seeiso]] hadi [[Senate Seeiso]]: urahisi wa kuupata</comment>
      <origin>1611640</origin>
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      <text bytes="2075" sha1="l8l2dwxd8t8wq67cxwniey3l181i5vf" xml:space="preserve">'''Princess Senate Mohato Seeiso''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 7 Oktoba [[2001|2001)]] ni binti wa kifalme wa [[Lesotho]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa kwanza wa Mfalme [[Letsie III]] wa Lesotho na mke wake, Malkia ’[['Masenate Mohato Seeiso|Masenate Mohato Seeiso]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/lesotho.html]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/lesotho.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Princess Sukatehime|Princess Senate]] alizaliwa katika Maseru Private Hospital, iliyopo [[Maseru|Maseru,]] mji mkuu wa Lesotho.

Kwa mujibu wa sheria za sasa zinazosimamia urithi wa kiti cha enzi cha Lesotho, wanawake hawaruhusiwi kurithi kiti cha enzi. Hata hivyo, kumekuwa na watu nchini Lesotho wanaounga mkono mabadiliko ya sheria hizo ili wanawake pia waweze kurithi kiti cha enzi.

Hadi sasa, sheria hizo hazijabadilishwa. Baada ya kuzaliwa kwa mdogo wake wa kiume, [[Prince Lerotholi Seeiso]], [[Mwaka Elfu Mbili|mwaka 2007,]] yeye ndiye aliyekuwa mrithi wa [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331062232/http://www.gov.ls/articles/2004/Senate_Lanches_NGOC.htm kiti cha enzi.]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120331062232/http://www.gov.ls/articles/2004/Senate_Lanches_NGOC.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Princess Senate alibatizwa katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] tarehe [[10 Novemba]] 2001, na katika ubatizo huo alipewa jina la [[Mary J. Blige|“Mary.”]]

[[Mwaka 2000|Mwaka 2024]], alihitimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Ottawa]] (University of Ottawa).

Princess Senate pia ni mlezi (patron) wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Coalition on the Rights of the Child. Shirika hilo linafanya kazi ya kufuatilia na kusaidia utekelezaji wa [[Mkataba]] wa [[Haki za watoto|Haki za Mtoto]] (Convention on the Rights of the Child) nchini Lesotho.

Kupitia nafasi hiyo, anahusishwa na juhudi za kulinda na kuendeleza haki na ustawi wa watoto nchini Lesotho.[https://home.crin.org/?ID=1137]&lt;ref&gt;https://home.crin.org/?ID=1137&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Ubatizo]]</text>
      <sha1>l8l2dwxd8t8wq67cxwniey3l181i5vf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611662</id>
      <parentid>1611660</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1611662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2030" sha1="ohuva8lm973qwfgx4mw584dkyorlrdf" xml:space="preserve">'''Senate Mohato Seeiso''' (alizaliwa 7 Oktoba [[2001]]) ni bintimfalme wa [[Lesotho]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa kwanza wa Mfalme [[Letsie III]] wa Lesotho na mke wake, Malkia [['Masenate Mohato Seeiso]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/lesotho.html]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170630221838/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/africa/lesotho.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Princess Sukatehime|Princess Senate]] alizaliwa katika Maseru Private Hospital, iliyopo [[Maseru]], mji mkuu wa Lesotho.

Kwa mujibu wa sheria za sasa zinazosimamia urithi wa kiti cha enzi cha Lesotho, wanawake hawaruhusiwi kurithi kiti cha enzi. Hata hivyo, kumekuwa na watu nchini Lesotho wanaounga mkono mabadiliko ya sheria hizo ili wanawake pia waweze kurithi kiti cha enzi.

Hadi sasa, sheria hizo hazijabadilishwa. Baada ya kuzaliwa kwa mdogo wake wa kiume, [[Prince Lerotholi Seeiso]], [[Mwaka Elfu Mbili|mwaka 2007,]] yeye ndiye aliyekuwa mrithi wa [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331062232/http://www.gov.ls/articles/2004/Senate_Lanches_NGOC.htm kiti cha enzi.]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120331062232/http://www.gov.ls/articles/2004/Senate_Lanches_NGOC.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Princess Senate alibatizwa katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] tarehe [[10 Novemba]] 2001, na katika ubatizo huo alipewa jina la [[Mary J. Blige|“Mary.”]]

[[Mwaka 2000|Mwaka 2024]], alihitimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Ottawa]] (University of Ottawa).

Princess Senate pia ni mlezi wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Coalition on the Rights of the Child. Shirika hilo linafanya kazi ya kufuatilia na kusaidia utekelezaji wa [[Mkataba wa Haki za watoto]] (Convention on the Rights of the Child) nchini Lesotho.

Kupitia nafasi hiyo, anahusishwa na juhudi za kulinda na kuendeleza haki na ustawi wa watoto nchini Lesotho.[https://home.crin.org/?ID=1137]&lt;ref&gt;https://home.crin.org/?ID=1137&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Lesotho]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Lesotho]]</text>
      <sha1>ohuva8lm973qwfgx4mw584dkyorlrdf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stefania Casini</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611653</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T06:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1171" sha1="djm2o2rfidd86a9mnir07jblf4o9d5m" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Stefania Casini, circa 1973.jpg|thumb|Stefania Casini]]
'''Stefania Casini''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1948]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] wa miswada ya [[filamu]], mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Italia. Alishiriki pamoja na Robert De Niro na Gérard Depardieu katika filamu ya ''1900'' (1976), iliyoongozwa na Bernardo Bertolucci. Pia alipata uteuzi mara mbili wa [[tuzo]] za ''David di Donatello'' kutokana na kazi yake katika filamu ya ''Lontano da dove'' ya mwaka 1983.

Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, sura yake pia ilitumika kama msukumo wa mwonekano wa mhusika katika toleo la katuni la ''LULU'', lililotokana na kazi ya Frank Wedekind na kurekebishwa na John Linton Roberson. Aliwahi pia kupiga picha kwa ajili ya jarida la ''Playboy''.

Kwa sasa, anafanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa filamu za makala.

== Wasifu ==
Casini alisomea usanifu majengo katika Chuo cha Ufundi cha ''Polytechnic''. Ameolewa na Giancarlo Soldi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0143743/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>djm2o2rfidd86a9mnir07jblf4o9d5m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miriam Dalmazio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611654</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T06:57:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1057" sha1="6ug16rsy3nmwherl8mz3y9a22kti9gf" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Miriam Dalmazio 2025 Déluge 02.png|thumb|Miriam Dalmazio]]
'''Miriam Dalmazio''' (alizaliwa [[14 Septemba]] [[1987]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Maisha ya awali na taaluma ==
Alihitimu katika ''Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia'', iliyoko jijini [[Roma]], kisha akaanza kuigiza katika [[tamthilia]] ya [[televisheni]] ya ''Agrodolce''.

Baada ya kushiriki katika waigizaji wa baadhi ya vipindi vya televisheni, alipata nafasi yake ya kwanza muhimu katika tamthilia ya ''Che Dio ci aiuti''. Katika misimu ya kwanza, ya pili na ya tatu, aliigiza nafasi ya daktari Margherita Morbidelli, msichana mwenye haya na asiyejiamini, kutoka eneo la mikoani, aliehamia katika bweni linaloendeshwa na Sister Angela kwa sababu za masomo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3933829/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.panorama.it/tempo-libero/televisione/miriam-dalmazio-vi-racconto-il-successo-di-che-dio-ci-aiuti&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>6ug16rsy3nmwherl8mz3y9a22kti9gf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euridice Axen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611655</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:03:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="792" sha1="1wjxw8qb06vqii6byqops91f4b4btlp" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Euridice Axen Déluge 2024.png|thumb|Euridice Axen]]
'''Euridice Evita Axen''' (matamshi ya Kiitalia: [euriˈdiːtʃe ˈaksen]; alizaliwa [[20 Septemba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Euridice ni binti wa mwigizaji wa Uswidi Eva Axén na mwigizaji, mkurugenzi na msanii wa kutoa sauti za wahusika katika [[filamu]] wa Italia, Adalberto Maria Merli. Euridice anatumia jina la ukoo la mama yake kwa makubaliano ya wazazi wake wote wawili.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2595482/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.velvetmag.it/2022/06/05/euridice-axen-i-look-piu-belli-dellattrice-di-a-casa-tutti-bene-la-serie/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>1wjxw8qb06vqii6byqops91f4b4btlp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chiara Francini</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611658</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1223" sha1="3lhb399hy5qfwqfm1rvoqwdy3a88o4d" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:ChiaraFra.jpg|thumb|Chiara Francini]]
'''Chiara Francini''' (matamshi ya Kiitalia: [ˈkjaːra franˈtʃiːni]; alizaliwa [[20 Desemba]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mchekeshaji]] na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Maisha ya awali na maisha binafsi ==
Alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Florence, akipata shahada ya Fasihi. Tasnifu yake katika masomo ya Kiitalia ilihusu mbinu za usemi katika taaluma ya ''hermeneutiki''. Alipata alama za juu zaidi, 110 pamoja na heshima ya kitaaluma (''cum laude'').

Tangu mwaka [[2005]], amekuwa katika uhusiano na [[mfanyabiashara]] wa huduma za usalama kutoka [[Uswidi]], Frederick Lundqvist (alizaliwa mwaka [[1976]]). Wawili hao hutumia muda wao kati ya Tuscany, eneo alikozaliwa Francini, na Luleå nchini Uswidi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ilmessaggero.it/schede/chiara_francini_chi_e_eta_compagno_monologo_figlio_mai_nato_sanremo_2023_loretta_goggi_ultime_news-7279597.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.corriere.it/sport/23_febbraio_11/chi-frederic-lundqvist-fidanzato-chiara-francini-17-anni-3ce016ac-a9f5-11ed-9a4b-673945879bc9.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>3lhb399hy5qfwqfm1rvoqwdy3a88o4d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Princess Senate Seeiso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256244</id>
    <redirect title="Senate Seeiso" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611661</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Princess Senate Seeiso]] hadi [[Senate Seeiso]]: urahisi wa kuupata</comment>
      <origin>1611661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="27" sha1="czzpazs78l70l5agthptvo0e7217ue9" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senate Seeiso]]</text>
      <sha1>czzpazs78l70l5agthptvo0e7217ue9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Valeria Bilello</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611663</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="965" sha1="nxk33gmv2g51w5reiry7ksd04ylmo3w" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Valeria Bilello 2015.png|thumb|Valeria Bilello]]
'''Valeria Bilello''' (alizaliwa [[2 Mei]] [[1982]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Wasifu ==
Akiwa anasoma lugha za kigeni katika [[shule ya sekondari]], alianza kujihusisha na tasnia ya burudani kwa kufanya kazi ya uanamitindo na kushiriki katika matangazo ya biashara.

Baada ya kusomea [[filamu]] mjini [[Milano|Milan]] mwaka [[2006]], alitengeneza filamu fupi ''Attesa'', iliyoshinda [[tuzo]] katika tamasha la ''Festival Sguardi Altrove''. Mwaka [[2008]] alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji kwa kucheza katika filamu ''Giovanna's Father'', iliyoongozwa na Pupi Avati na kuonyeshwa katika ''Venice Film Festival''. Mwaka [[2010]]&lt;ref&gt;https://tavistockwood.com/clients/valeria-bilello/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3088211/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>nxk33gmv2g51w5reiry7ksd04ylmo3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maryam Abacha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611664</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reine Cali</username>
        <id>85259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3004" sha1="rvjxh2a0s4bmck7wrx5vnaye5l06rby" xml:space="preserve">'''Maryam Abacha''' (aliyezaliwa [[4 Machi|Machi]] [[4 Machi|4]], [[1947]]) ni [[mjane]] wa [[Sani Abacha]], aliyekuwa [[mtawala]] wa kijeshi wa [[Nigeria]] kuanzia [[1993]] hadi [[1998]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250916103511mp_/https://theparliamentdiary.com/z0f76a1d14fd21a8fb5fd0d03e0fdc3d3cedae52f?wsidchk=12885916&amp;pdata=https%253A%252F%252Ftheparliamentdiary.com%252Fprofile-and-achievements-of-dr-mrs-maryam-sani-abacha%252F&amp;id=7fa3b767c460b54a2be4d49030b349c7&amp;ts=1758018911&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsweek.com/lost-billions-156291&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya Awali na Kazi ==
Mwaka [[1999]], Maryam Abacha alisema kuwa [[mume]] wake alitenda kwa nia njema kwa manufaa ya Nigeria. Afisa mmoja wa serikali ya Nigeria alisema kuwa Maryam alitoa kauli hiyo ili kuishawishi serikali imsamehe na kumpunguzia adhabu, kwani rais wa wakati huo, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], alikuwa amefungwa gerezani na Sani Abacha.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/349120.stm&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kifo cha mume wake, Maryam alikamatwa alipokuwa akijaribu kuondoka Nigeria akiwa na masanduku 38 yaliyokuwa yamejazwa fedha taslimu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsweek.com/lost-billions-156291&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2000]], Maryam Abacha alikuwa bado anaishi nchini Nigeria na aliendelea kutetea kutokuwa na hatia kwa mume wake,&lt;ref&gt;accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7261033_ITM&lt;/ref&gt; licha ya ukiukaji mbalimbali wa haki za binadamu uliodaiwa kuhusishwa na utawala wake.

Maryam Abacha anaishi katika Jimbo la Kano, Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/oct/04/uk.world&lt;/ref&gt;

Maryam Abacha na Sani Abacha walikuwa na watoto kumi, wakiwemo binti watatu na wana saba. Mwanawe mkubwa aliye hai ni Mohammed Abacha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001217/world.htm#6&lt;/ref&gt;

Maryam Abacha alianzisha National Hospital Abuja, ambayo hapo awali ilijulikana kama ''National Hospital for Women and Children'' (Hospitali ya Taifa ya Wanawake na Watoto). Pia alianzisha ''African First Ladies Peace Mission'' (Misheni ya Amani ya Wake wa Marais wa Afrika).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/05/15/nigerian-e-mail-scam-the-perfect-mark?currentPage=3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/28/nyregion/email-offer-is-scheme-to-defraud-visa-seekers.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111508/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-74129222.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fool.com/investing/small-cap/2004/11/01/if-its-from-nigeria-hit-delete.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2005-04-05-file-sharing_x.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1025627421224338280?mod=googlewsj&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. Maendeleo ya Wanawake wa Kaskazini (Northern Women Development). Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{ISBN|978-978-906-469-4}}. {{OCLC|890820657}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Siasa ya Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1611666</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:24:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reine Cali</username>
        <id>85259</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1611666</origin>
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      <text bytes="2943" sha1="1lmvkjh5y5vgvjy2oz6ifnyvru0ln7f" xml:space="preserve">'''Maryam Abacha''' (aliyezaliwa [[4 Machi|Machi]] [[4 Machi|4]], [[1947]]) ni [[mjane]] wa [[Sani Abacha]], aliyekuwa [[mtawala]] wa kijeshi wa [[Nigeria]] kuanzia [[1993]] hadi [[1998]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250916103511mp_/https://theparliamentdiary.com/z0f76a1d14fd21a8fb5fd0d03e0fdc3d3cedae52f?wsidchk=12885916&amp;pdata=https%253A%252F%252Ftheparliamentdiary.com%252Fprofile-and-achievements-of-dr-mrs-maryam-sani-abacha%252F&amp;id=7fa3b767c460b54a2be4d49030b349c7&amp;ts=1758018911&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsweek.com/lost-billions-156291&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya Awali na Kazi ==
Mwaka [[1999]], Maryam Abacha alisema kuwa [[mume]] wake alitenda kwa nia njema kwa manufaa ya Nigeria. Afisa mmoja wa serikali ya Nigeria alisema kuwa Maryam alitoa kauli hiyo ili kuishawishi serikali imsamehe na kumpunguzia adhabu, kwani rais wa wakati huo, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], alikuwa amefungwa gerezani na Sani Abacha.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/349120.stm&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kifo cha mume wake, Maryam alikamatwa alipokuwa akijaribu kuondoka Nigeria akiwa na masanduku 38 yaliyokuwa yamejazwa fedha taslimu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsweek.com/lost-billions-156291&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2000]], Maryam Abacha alikuwa bado anaishi nchini Nigeria na aliendelea kutetea kutokuwa na hatia kwa mume wake, licha ya ukiukaji mbalimbali wa haki za binadamu uliodaiwa kuhusishwa na utawala wake.

Maryam Abacha anaishi katika Jimbo la Kano, Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/oct/04/uk.world&lt;/ref&gt;

Maryam Abacha na Sani Abacha walikuwa na watoto kumi, wakiwemo binti watatu na wana saba. Mwanawe mkubwa aliye hai ni Mohammed Abacha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001217/world.htm#6&lt;/ref&gt;

Maryam Abacha alianzisha National Hospital Abuja, ambayo hapo awali ilijulikana kama ''National Hospital for Women and Children'' (Hospitali ya Taifa ya Wanawake na Watoto). Pia alianzisha ''African First Ladies Peace Mission'' (Misheni ya Amani ya Wake wa Marais wa Afrika).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/05/15/nigerian-e-mail-scam-the-perfect-mark?currentPage=3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/28/nyregion/email-offer-is-scheme-to-defraud-visa-seekers.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111508/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-74129222.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fool.com/investing/small-cap/2004/11/01/if-its-from-nigeria-hit-delete.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2005-04-05-file-sharing_x.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1025627421224338280?mod=googlewsj&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. Maendeleo ya Wanawake wa Kaskazini (Northern Women Development). Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{ISBN|978-978-906-469-4}}. {{OCLC|890820657}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Siasa ya Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>1lmvkjh5y5vgvjy2oz6ifnyvru0ln7f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611667</id>
      <parentid>1611666</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:27:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1611667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2748" sha1="2dvom81b2dbn0r251ogkv24cyh0m52d" xml:space="preserve">'''Maryam Abacha''' (alizaliwa [[4 Machi]] [[1947]]) ni [[mjane]] wa [[Sani Abacha]], aliyekuwa [[mtawala]] wa kijeshi wa [[Nigeria]] kuanzia [[1993]] hadi [[1998]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250916103511mp_/https://theparliamentdiary.com/z0f76a1d14fd21a8fb5fd0d03e0fdc3d3cedae52f?wsidchk=12885916&amp;pdata=https%253A%252F%252Ftheparliamentdiary.com%252Fprofile-and-achievements-of-dr-mrs-maryam-sani-abacha%252F&amp;id=7fa3b767c460b54a2be4d49030b349c7&amp;ts=1758018911&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsweek.com/lost-billions-156291&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya Awali na Kazi ==
Mwaka [[1999]], Maryam Abacha alisema kuwa [[mume]] wake alitenda kwa nia njema kwa manufaa ya Nigeria. Afisa mmoja wa serikali ya Nigeria alisema kuwa Maryam alitoa kauli hiyo ili kuishawishi serikali imsamehe na kumpunguzia adhabu, kwani rais wa wakati huo, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], alikuwa amefungwa gerezani na Sani Abacha.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/349120.stm&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kifo cha mume wake, Maryam alikamatwa alipokuwa akijaribu kuondoka Nigeria akiwa na masanduku 38 yaliyokuwa yamejazwa fedha taslimu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsweek.com/lost-billions-156291&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2000]], Maryam Abacha alikuwa bado anaishi nchini Nigeria na aliendelea kutetea kutokuwa na hatia kwa mume wake, licha ya ukiukaji mbalimbali wa haki za binadamu uliodaiwa kuhusishwa na utawala wake.

Maryam Abacha anaishi katika Jimbo la Kano, Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/oct/04/uk.world&lt;/ref&gt;

Maryam Abacha na Sani Abacha walikuwa na watoto kumi, wakiwemo wa kike watatu na wa kiume saba. Mwanawe mkubwa aliye hai ni Mohammed Abacha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001217/world.htm#6&lt;/ref&gt;

Maryam Abacha alianzisha National Hospital Abuja, ambayo hapo awali ilijulikana kama ''National Hospital for Women and Children'' (Hospitali ya Taifa ya Wanawake na Watoto). Pia alianzisha ''African First Ladies Peace Mission'' (Misheni ya Amani ya Wake wa Marais wa Afrika).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/05/15/nigerian-e-mail-scam-the-perfect-mark?currentPage=3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/28/nyregion/email-offer-is-scheme-to-defraud-visa-seekers.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111508/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-74129222.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fool.com/investing/small-cap/2004/11/01/if-its-from-nigeria-hit-delete.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2005-04-05-file-sharing_x.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1025627421224338280?mod=googlewsj&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>2dvom81b2dbn0r251ogkv24cyh0m52d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Francesca Cavallin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611665</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611665</origin>
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      <text bytes="1173" sha1="mbqpfww8v0psjgqnplsx8oprn80dt4j" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Francesca Cavallin (cropped).jpg|thumb|Francesca Cavallin]]
'''Francesca Cavallin''' (alizaliwa [[23 Juni]] [[1976]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[televisheni]], jukwaani na [[filamu]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Maisha na kazi yake ==
Alihitimu katika fasihi ya kisasa, akibobea katika historia ya sanaa ya kisasa, katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Padua. Baada ya kusoma katika akademia ya maigizo na kufanya kazi kama [[mwanamitindo]] na mwigizaji katika matangazo ya biashara, alipata umaarufu mwaka [[2004]] kwa kucheza nafasi ya Irene Monteleone katika [[tamthilia]] ya mfululizo ya ''Vivere'', iliyorushwa na kituo cha Canale 5.

Alianza kuigiza katika filamu mwaka [[2006]], kupitia filamu ya vichekesho ''Vita Smeralda'', iliyoongozwa na Jerry Calà.

Mwaka [[2009]] alipata nafasi yake iliyojulikana zaidi, ya Bianca Pittaluga, katika mfululizo wa televisheni ''Un medico in famiglia'', ulioonyeshwa na kituo cha Rai 1.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1596920/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mymovies.it/persone/francesca-cavallin/33660/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>mbqpfww8v0psjgqnplsx8oprn80dt4j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wenzi watatu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256248</id>
    <redirect title="Wenzi Watatu" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611668</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:29:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Wenzi Watatu]]</comment>
      <origin>1611668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="25" sha1="8w5usde45oekctbqk4yefvxv1fpupqf" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Wenzi Watatu]]</text>
      <sha1>8w5usde45oekctbqk4yefvxv1fpupqf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ugo wa Kipapa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256249</id>
    <redirect title="Ugo" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611669</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:29:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Ugo]]</comment>
      <origin>1611669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="16" sha1="qfavt9dbclihtsyjfuillp7daw3niz7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[ugo]]</text>
      <sha1>qfavt9dbclihtsyjfuillp7daw3niz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Serena Autieri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611670</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:30:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611670</origin>
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      <text bytes="1110" sha1="ref782ys9crgs807k1lkkz4r206up8n" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Serena Autieri, November 2019.jpg|thumb|Serena Autieri]]
'''Serena Autieri''' (alizaliwa [[4 Aprili]] [[1976]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Kazi yake ==
Akiwa mtoto, alisoma dansi ya ballet, uimbaji na uigizaji.

Tarehe [[14 Aprili]] [[2003]], alitoa albamu yake ya muziki ya ''CD Anima Soul''. Alianza kuonekana kwenye [[televisheni]] mwaka [[1998]] katika [[tamthilia]] ya mfululizo ''Un posto al sole'', iliyorushwa na kituo cha RAI Tre.

Autieri alijitokeza kwa mara ya kwanza jukwaani mwaka [[2002]] katika [[muziki]] wa jukwaani ''Bulli e pupe''. Mwaka uliofuata, 2003, alikuwa mtangazaji mwenza wa toleo la 52 la tamasha la kitaifa la muziki la ''Sanremo Music Festival'', lililorushwa kwenye televisheni, akiwa pamoja na mtangazaji Pippo Baudo na mwigizaji Claudia Gerini.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0042605/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.napolitoday.it/blog/serena-autieri-compie-anni.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>ref782ys9crgs807k1lkkz4r206up8n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wafransisko Wasekulari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256251</id>
    <redirect title="Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611672</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:32:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]]</comment>
      <origin>1611672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43" sha1="gf1e3mbtwc247qds0qfzd9sfbb8g0n6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]]</text>
      <sha1>gf1e3mbtwc247qds0qfzd9sfbb8g0n6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baraka kuu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256252</id>
    <redirect title="Baraka" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611673</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:33:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Baraka]]</comment>
      <origin>1611673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="9sl2lkpxuc5g5xmusv3bfjjilistdji" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[baraka]]</text>
      <sha1>9sl2lkpxuc5g5xmusv3bfjjilistdji</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndugu Wadogo Wakoleta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256253</id>
    <redirect title="Wakoleta" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611674</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:33:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Wakoleta]]</comment>
      <origin>1611674</origin>
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      <text bytes="21" sha1="7i0d9b835l1ybm6ep01fvc1zk2q3hbm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Wakoleta]]</text>
      <sha1>7i0d9b835l1ybm6ep01fvc1zk2q3hbm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Giulia Bevilacqua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611676</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1041" sha1="34tw54i0n3x84xkn1pym02nq0kk2sxw" xml:space="preserve">'''Giulia Bevilacqua''' (alizaliwa [[19 Mei]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]], jukwaani na [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Maisha na kazi yake ==
Alisomea uimbaji wa kwaya katika ''Accademia Filarmonica'', kisha akaendelea na masomo katika ''Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia''.

Mwanzoni mwa kazi yake, Bevilacqua alionekana katika video mbalimbali za [[muziki]], zikiwemo zilizotengenezwa na Bon Jovi na Tiromancino.

Tangu mwaka [[2002]], amekuwa akishiriki katika misururu mbalimbali ya televisheni. Mwaka [[2005]], alicheza nafasi ya Paola Alimonti katika mfululizo wa ''Grandi domani'', ulioonyeshwa na kituo cha Italia 1. Mwaka huohuo, alipata umaarufu kupitia ''Distretto di Polizia'', ambamo aliigiza afisa wa ''polisi Anna Gori'' kuanzia msimu wa tano hadi wa tisa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1620471/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dilei.it/star-e-vip/giulia-bevilacqua/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>34tw54i0n3x84xkn1pym02nq0kk2sxw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dada Fukara Waklareno</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256255</id>
    <redirect title="Waklareno" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611677</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:37:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Waklareno]]</comment>
      <origin>1611677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="22" sha1="5n8m315o8p9xod0ksr9859l02d6kibb" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Waklareno]]</text>
      <sha1>5n8m315o8p9xod0ksr9859l02d6kibb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tolemais</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256256</id>
    <redirect title="Akko" />
    <revision>
      <id>1611678</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:38:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Akko]]</comment>
      <origin>1611678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="17" sha1="q3q0fgck5s4legf71th90u1k6rmx9jm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Akko]]</text>
      <sha1>q3q0fgck5s4legf71th90u1k6rmx9jm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Giusy Buscemi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611680</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:41:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="952" sha1="b9o7q024km7a56fwp1txn59zppav57q" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Giusy buscemi at 81st Venice International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giusy buscemi]]
'''Giuseppina “Giusy” Buscemi''' (alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]] [[1993]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Italia]] na [[mwanamitindo]] wa zamani. Alishinda taji la ''Miss Italia'' mwaka [[2012]].

== Maisha binafsi ==
Buscemi amekuwa katika ndoa na mkurugenzi Jan Michelini tangu mwaka [[2015]], na wana [[watoto]] watatu pamoja: Caterina Maria (alizaliwa [[11 Februari]] [[2018]]), Pietro Maria (alizaliwa [[5 Oktoba]] [[2019]]) na Elia Maria (alizaliwa [[31 Julai]] [[2022]]).

Anajitambulisha kuwa [[Mkatoliki]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5275309/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanityfair.it/people/family-vip/2019/10/16/giusy-buscemi-ha-partorito-nato-figlio-maschio-pietro-maria-foto-battesimo-gossip-notizie&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>b9o7q024km7a56fwp1txn59zppav57q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chaba Fadela</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611681</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:45:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reine Cali</username>
        <id>85259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2063" sha1="1ihradzdxyaov9tg1qji68wt2b1e32f" xml:space="preserve">'''Chaba Fadela''' (aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Fadela Zalmat, [[5 Februari|Februari]] [[5 Februari|5]],[[1962]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa muziki wa '''raï''' wa [[Algeria|Aljeria]] na [[mwigizaji]].

== Maisha ya Awali ==
Fadela alilelewa katika kitongoji maskini cha jiji la [[Oran]], nchini Aljeria. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, aliigiza katika filamu ya Aljeria iitwayo ''Djalti''. Alianza safari yake ya muziki kama mwimbaji katika bendi ya Boutiba S'ghir, na mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1970]] alianza kurekodi nyimbo akishirikiana na mtayarishaji wa muziki Rachid Baba Ahmed.

Inadaiwa kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kukaidi marufuku iliyowazuia wanawake kuimba katika vilabu vya muziki. Hata hivyo, dai hili linahitaji marejeo zaidi. Alipata mafanikio makubwa katika muziki nchini Aljeria kwa muda mfupi.

== Maisha Binafsi ==
Fadela alikutana na Cheb Sahraoui na baadaye wakafunga ndoa. Walianza kurekodi nyimbo pamoja kama wawili waimbaji (duo), kuanzia mwaka [[1983]] walipotoa wimbo ''N'sel Fik'' (''Wewe Ni Wangu''), ambao ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo za kwanza za muziki wa raï kupata mafanikio ya kimataifa. Albamu iitwayo ''You Are Mine'' ilitolewa mwaka [[1988]] na kampuni ya Mango/Island Records.

Katika miaka ya [[1980]], Fadela na Sahraoui walifanya ziara za kimataifa na kurekodi nyimbo nyingi, na kupata mafanikio zaidi. Mwaka [[1993]], walipokuwa [[New York]], walirekodi albamu ''Walli'' wakishirikiana na mtayarishaji wa muziki na mpiga ala mbalimbali Bill Laswell. Mwaka [[1994]], walihama kutoka Aljeria na kuhamia [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2015/11/23/de-la-musique-avant-toute-chose_4815517_3246.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]], uhusiano wao wa kikazi na wa kibinafsi ulivunjika. Tangu wakati huo, Fadela ameendelea na kazi yake ya muziki kama mwimbaji wa kujitegemea.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2001/10/26/l-oranie-de-cheb-sahraoui_381885/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Watu wa Algeria]]
[[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]]
[[Jamii:Muziki wa Algeria]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>1ihradzdxyaov9tg1qji68wt2b1e32f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611696</id>
      <parentid>1611681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:02:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1611696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2045" sha1="f7pha80lrj6dfs11sxlzml1k7it57se" xml:space="preserve">'''Chaba Fadela''' (alizaliwa kwa jina la '''Fadela Zalmat'''; [[5 Februari]] [[1962]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa muziki wa '''raï''' na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Algeria|Aljeria]].

== Maisha ya Awali ==
Fadela alilelewa katika kitongoji maskini cha jiji la [[Oran]], nchini Aljeria. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, aliigiza katika filamu ya Aljeria iitwayo ''Djalti''. Alianza safari yake ya muziki kama mwimbaji katika bendi ya Boutiba S'ghir, na mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1970]] alianza kurekodi nyimbo akishirikiana na mtayarishaji wa muziki Rachid Baba Ahmed.

Inadaiwa kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kukaidi marufuku iliyowazuia wanawake kuimba katika vilabu vya muziki. Hata hivyo, dai hili linahitaji marejeo zaidi. Alipata mafanikio makubwa katika muziki nchini Aljeria kwa muda mfupi.

== Maisha Binafsi ==
Fadela alikutana na Cheb Sahraoui na baadaye wakafunga ndoa. Walianza kurekodi nyimbo pamoja kama wawili waimbaji (duo), kuanzia mwaka [[1983]] walipotoa wimbo ''N'sel Fik'' (''Wewe Ni Wangu''), ambao ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo za kwanza za muziki wa raï kupata mafanikio ya kimataifa. Albamu iitwayo ''You Are Mine'' ilitolewa mwaka [[1988]] na kampuni ya Mango/Island Records.

Katika miaka ya [[1980]], Fadela na Sahraoui walifanya ziara za kimataifa na kurekodi nyimbo nyingi, na kupata mafanikio zaidi. Mwaka [[1993]], walipokuwa [[New York]], walirekodi albamu ''Walli'' wakishirikiana na mtayarishaji wa muziki na mpiga ala mbalimbali Bill Laswell. Mwaka [[1994]], walihama kutoka Aljeria na kuhamia [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2015/11/23/de-la-musique-avant-toute-chose_4815517_3246.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]], uhusiano wao wa kikazi na wa kibinafsi ulivunjika. Tangu wakati huo, Fadela ameendelea na kazi yake ya muziki kama mwimbaji wa kujitegemea.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2001/10/26/l-oranie-de-cheb-sahraoui_381885/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Algeria]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Algeria]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>f7pha80lrj6dfs11sxlzml1k7it57se</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sarah Felberbaum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611682</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611682</origin>
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      <text bytes="1232" sha1="oddvxq0apqwxxiphvmpmx8tvdvl4af2" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Sarah Felberbaum.jpg|thumb|Sarah Felberbaum]]
'''Sarah Frances Rose Felberbaum''' (alizaliwa [[28 Novemba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanamitindo]] mwenye asili ya [[Uingereza]] alielelewa na kufanya kazi nchini [[Italia]]. Aliteuliwa kuwania [[tuzo]] ya ''David di Donatello'' ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike kutokana na uigizaji wake katika filamu ''The Jewel'' ([[2011]]).

== Maisha na kazi yake ==
Alihamia Italia pamoja na [[familia]] yake alipokuwa na umri wa mwaka mmoja.

Akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 15, alianza kufanya kazi ya uanamitindo na kuonekana katika matangazo ya biashara na video za [[muziki]].

Mwaka [[2000]], aliendesha kipindi cha muziki cha ''Top of the Pops'' katika toleo lake la Kiitalia. Mwaka [[2002]], aliendesha kipindi cha mazungumzo cha ''Unomattina Estate'' kilichorushwa na kituo cha Rai 1.

Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka [[2001]] katika [[tamthilia]] ya [[vichekesho]] ya televisheni ''Via Zanardi, 33''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1855948/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2007/2787/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>oddvxq0apqwxxiphvmpmx8tvdvl4af2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Antonia Liskova</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611683</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T07:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611683</origin>
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      <text bytes="761" sha1="bgyavewnbkogp0kcxuvooenb2m1uime" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Antonia Liskova Déluge.jpg|thumb|Antonia Liskova]]
'''Antonia Liskova''' (alizaliwa [[25 Machi]] [[1977]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] mwenye asili ya [[Slovakia]] na [[Italia]].

== Kazi yake ==
Liskova aliishi nchini Slovakia hadi alipofikisha umri wa [[miaka]] 17. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo ya famasia na kemia ya dawa, baba yake alimzawadia safari ya kwenda Italia. Baada ya kuanza kazi ya uanamitindo mjini [[Milano|Milan]], alifanya kazi kama mhudumu katika baa ndogo mjini [[Roma]].

Baadae, alirejea Roma na kuanza kufanya kazi ya uigizaji.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0514108/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Slovakia]]</text>
      <sha1>bgyavewnbkogp0kcxuvooenb2m1uime</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucia Bosè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611684</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:04:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611684</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1080" sha1="six6pdbma166t77dj21rclx44ouzqex" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Accadde al commissariato 16 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lucia Bosè]]
'''Lucia Bosè''' ([[28 Januari]] [[1931]] – [[23 Machi]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Italia]].

== Maisha na kazi yake ==
Baada ya kufanya kazi kwa miaka kadhaa katika duka la mikate na vitobosha la ''Pasticceria Galli'', katika jiji alikozaliwa, alishinda toleo la pili la mashindano ya urembo ya ''Miss Italia'' mwaka [[1947]].

Alipata nafasi katika filamu fupi ya ''1848'' ([[1948]]), iliyoongozwa na Dino Risi, kabla ya kuanza kuigiza katika [[filamu]] ndefu mwaka [[1950]] kupitia ''Non c'è pace tra gli ulivi (No Peace Under the Olive Tree),'' iliyoongozwa na Giuseppe De Santis. Baadae, De Santis alimuelekeza tena katika filamu ya ''Roma, ore 11 (Rome 11:00)'' ya mwaka [[1952]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0098393/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071136/http://www.archivioflaviobeninati.com/2011/08/lucia-borloni/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>six6pdbma166t77dj21rclx44ouzqex</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isa Miranda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611685</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1147" sha1="paf7ml15p1ab3fgqzs9yyoe4vb9vx92" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Isa Miranda 1950s.jpg|thumb|Isa Miranda]]
'''Isa Miranda''' (alizaliwa kwa jina la '''Ines Isabella Sampietro'''; [[5 Julai]] [[1905]] – [[8 Julai]] [[1982]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Italia]] alikuwa na taaluma ya uigizaji wa [[filamu]] katika nchi mbalimbali.

== Wasifu ==
Akiwa binti wa kondakta wa magari ya tramway. Alipokuwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 10, alianza kufanya kazi ya kupeleka ujumbe na shughuli ndogondogo kwa fundi wa kushona nguo. Baadae, alifanya kazi katika [[kiwanda]] cha masanduku na kiwanda cha mikoba.

Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 15, alianza kufanya kazi ya uanamitindo. Kazi hiyo ilimpatia kipato cha kutosha cha kumwezesha kusoma uhasibu na uchapaji kwa mashine katika shule ya jioni.

Alifanya kazi ya uchapaji huku akisoma katika ''Accademia dei Filodrammatici'' mjini Milan, ambako alipata mafunzo ya uigizaji wa jukwaani.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0592109/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/isa-miranda_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1905]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>paf7ml15p1ab3fgqzs9yyoe4vb9vx92</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alida Chelli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611686</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:18:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611686</origin>
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      <text bytes="1376" sha1="l9aoae1r0wyte8tn16gsqw6eq9zl8kc" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:AlidaChelli-Italie-1961.png|thumb|Alida Chelli]]
'''Alida Rustichelli''' ([[23 Oktoba]] [[1943]] – [[14 Desemba]] [[2012]]), alifahamika kitaaluma kwa jina la '''Alida Chelli''' (matamshi ya Kiitalia: [aˈliːda ˈkɛlli]), alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Italia]], alijulikana zaidi kwa kushiriki katika maonyesho ya muziki jukwaani.

== Wasifu ==

=== Maisha ya awali na kazi yake ===
Alikuwa binti wa mtunzi wa muziki Carlo Rustichelli na dada wa mtunzi wa [[muziki]] Paolo Rustichelli. Alipata mafanikio yake ya kwanza kama mwimbaji kupitia wimbo “''Sinnò me moro''”, unaofungua filamu ya mwaka [[1959]] ''The Facts of Murder''.

Baadae, Chelli alipata umaarufu mkubwa jukwaani, akicheza katika [[vichekesho]] kadhaa vya muziki vilivyofanikiwa, kama vile ''Rugantino'' ([[1978]]), akiwa pamoja na Enrico Montesano; Cyrano ([[1979]]), akiwa pamoja na Domenico Modugno; na ''Aggiungi un posto a tavola'' ([[1990]]), akiwa pamoja na Johnny Dorelli.

Pia alishiriki katika filamu kadhaa, hasa za vichekesho, na vipindi vya [[televisheni]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0155072/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.discogs.com/artist/618714-Alida-Chelli?redirected=true&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Italia]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>l9aoae1r0wyte8tn16gsqw6eq9zl8kc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Loredana Cannata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611687</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611687</origin>
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      <text bytes="929" sha1="2w26uqfadsbe0j5rf1bsls6ibd1ra3g" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Loredana Cannata.jpg|thumb|Loredana Cannata]]
'''Loredana Cannata''' (alizaliwa [[14 Julai]] [[1975]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Italia]].

== Wasifu ==
Alisomea uigizaji alipokuwa akikua katika eneo lake la asili la Sicily. Alianza mapema kucheza nafasi kuu katika [[tamthilia]] kadhaa za jukwaani, ambazo baadhi yake ziliegemezwa kwenye kazi za ''Luigi Pirandello (Liolà), Euripides (The Trojan Women)'' na ''Arthur Schnitzler (La Ronde''). Mwaka [[1999]], alianza kazi yake katika filamu kupitia ''The Man-Eater'', iliyoongozwa na Aurelio Grimaldi.

Katika kipindi chote cha kazi yake, ''Cannata'' pia ameshiriki katika misururu mingi ya vipindi vya [[televisheni]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0134059/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mymovies.it/persone/loredana-cannata/26108/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>2w26uqfadsbe0j5rf1bsls6ibd1ra3g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Daniela Poggi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611689</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:29:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="ir5tyu9emmr3drjm3ohnh4rk7fy9tdp" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Daniela Poggi Portrait 2020 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Daniela Poggi]]
'''Daniela Poggi''' (alizaliwa [[17 Oktoba]] [[1954]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] na jukwaani kutoka [[Italia]], pamoja na mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]].

== Wasifu ==
Akiwa bado mdogo, alisomea dansi ya ballet, kisha akahitimu [[elimu ya sekondari]] katika shule ya lugha. Akifuata familia yake, alihamia Milan ambako alianza kufanya kazi katika matangazo ya biashara. Baadae aliendelea na masomo yake ya ballet. Baada ya kushiriki katika nafasi ndogo katika filamu kadhaa, alipata fursa yake kubwa ya kwanza mwaka [[1978]], Walter Chiari alipomchagua kuigiza pamoja naye katika onyesho la burudani la jukwaani ''Hai mai provato nell'acqua calda?''

Mwaka [[1979]], alipata umaarufu mkubwa kutokana na kushiriki katika kipindi cha burudani cha televisheni ''La sberla'', kilichorushwa na Rai 1 na kutazamwa na wastani wa watazamaji wapatao milioni 20.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0688207/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.discogs.com/release/4253552-Daniela-Poggi-Donna-Speciale&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>ir5tyu9emmr3drjm3ohnh4rk7fy9tdp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iaret</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611690</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:39:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reine Cali</username>
        <id>85259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611690</origin>
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      <text bytes="1715" sha1="rkgncdjic2dtxw22xrha1lrm30c3qxo" xml:space="preserve">'''Iaret''' alikuwa Mke Mkuu wa Kifalme (''Great Royal Wife'') katika kipindi cha katikati cha Nasaba ya Kumi na Nane ya [[Misri ya Kale]].

== Familia ==
[[Faili:Iaret001.png|thumb]]


'''Iaret''' alikuwa binti wa Amenhotep II na mke wa Thutmose IV. Namna sahihi ya kuandika na kutamka jina lake haijulikani kwa uhakika. Jina lake liliandikwa kwa kutumia alama moja ya nyoka aina ya kobra, ambayo inaweza kusomwa kwa namna kadhaa tofauti.

Vyeo vyake vilijumuisha: Binti wa Mfalme (''s3t-niswt''), Binti Mkuu wa Mfalme (''s3t-niswt-wrt''), Dada wa Mfalme (''snt-niswt''), na Mke Mkuu wa Mfalme (''hmt-niswt-wrt'').&lt;ref&gt;https://ancientegypt.fandom.com/wiki/Iaret&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakuna [[watoto]] wa Malkia Iaret wanaojulikana katika rekodi zilizopo.

== Maisha ==
Iaret alikuwa mke wa pili mwenye cheo cha Mke Mkuu wa Kifalme katika utawala wa Thutmose IV. Malkia Nefertari anaonekana katika maandishi ya kihistoria yaliyoanzia kipindi cha mwanzo cha utawala huo. Mke mwingine wa Thutmose IV, aliyekuwa na cheo cha chini kuliko Mke Mkuu wa Kifalme, aliyeitwa Mutemwiya, alikuwa mama wa mrithi wa kiti cha ufalme.
[[Faili:Iaret.jpg|thumb]]
Iaret ameonyeshwa katika jiwe la kumbukumbu (''stela'') la mwaka wa saba wa utawala wa Thutmose IV, lililopatikana Konosso. Jiwe hilo linaonyesha Thutmose IV akiwashambulia maadui mbele ya miungu ya Wanubi, Dedwen na Ha. Malkia Iaret ameonyeshwa akiwa amesimama nyuma yake.

Jina la Iaret pia linajulikana kutokana na maandishi yaliyopatikana katika migodi ya madini ya turquoise huko Serabit el-Khadim, katika [[Rasi ya Sinai]], yaliyoandikwa katika mwaka huo huo.

Haijulikani Iaret alifariki lini au alizikwa wapi.

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1611697</id>
      <parentid>1611690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:03:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1694" sha1="lioguw0awpef3on4sluyke7qx03mxqb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Iaret001.png|thumb]]
'''Iaret''' alikuwa Mke Mkuu wa Kifalme (''Great Royal Wife'') katika kipindi cha katikati cha Nasaba ya Kumi na Nane ya [[Misri ya Kale]]. Alikuwa binti wa Amenhotep II na mke wa Thutmose IV. Namna sahihi ya kuandika na kutamka jina lake haijulikani kwa uhakika. Jina lake liliandikwa kwa kutumia alama moja ya nyoka aina ya kobra, ambayo inaweza kusomwa kwa namna kadhaa tofauti.

Vyeo vyake vilijumuisha: Binti wa Mfalme (''s3t-niswt''), Binti Mkuu wa Mfalme (''s3t-niswt-wrt''), Dada wa Mfalme (''snt-niswt''), na Mke Mkuu wa Mfalme (''hmt-niswt-wrt'').&lt;ref&gt;https://ancientegypt.fandom.com/wiki/Iaret&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakuna [[watoto]] wa Malkia Iaret wanaojulikana katika rekodi zilizopo.

== Maisha ==
Iaret alikuwa mke wa pili mwenye cheo cha Mke Mkuu wa Kifalme katika utawala wa Thutmose IV. Malkia Nefertari anaonekana katika maandishi ya kihistoria yaliyoanzia kipindi cha mwanzo cha utawala huo. Mke mwingine wa Thutmose IV, aliyekuwa na cheo cha chini kuliko Mke Mkuu wa Kifalme, aliyeitwa Mutemwiya, alikuwa mama wa mrithi wa kiti cha ufalme.
[[Faili:Iaret.jpg|thumb]]
Iaret ameonyeshwa katika jiwe la kumbukumbu (''stela'') la mwaka wa saba wa utawala wa Thutmose IV, lililopatikana Konosso. Jiwe hilo linaonyesha Thutmose IV akiwashambulia maadui mbele ya miungu ya Wanubi, Dedwen na Ha. Malkia Iaret ameonyeshwa akiwa amesimama nyuma yake.

Jina la Iaret pia linajulikana kutokana na maandishi yaliyopatikana katika migodi ya madini ya turquoise huko Serabit el-Khadim, katika [[Rasi ya Sinai]], yaliyoandikwa katika mwaka huo huo.

Haijulikani Iaret alifariki lini au alizikwa wapi.

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Misri ya Kale]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pricilla Nanyang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611691</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:41:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611691</origin>
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      <text bytes="1340" sha1="2z2lm5mkmu5v0d4qzivmp7mmqdnf3qe" xml:space="preserve">'''Dkt. Pricilla Nanyang''' (anajulikana pia kama '''Priscila Nyanyang''' au '''Priscilla Nyayang Joseph Kuch''') ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sudan Kusini]]. Amewahi kuhudumu kama Naibu Waziri wa Jinsia, Watoto na Ustawi wa Jamii, pamoja na kuwa [[Waziri]] asie na Wizara maalumu.

== Elimu ==
Nanyang alipata shahada ya Tiba na Upasuaji mwaka [[1978]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Khartoum. Mwaka 1987, alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] katika Tiba ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Khartoum]].

== Kazi za kisiasa ==
Kati ya mwaka [[2005]] na [[2010]], alihudumu kama mwakilishi wa Harakati ya Ukombozi wa Wananchi wa Sudan (''SPLM'') katika Bunge la Kitaifa na kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya [[Haki za binadamu|Haki za Binadamu]] katika [[Bunge]] la Kitaifa. Mwaka [[2007]], Nanyang alishiriki katika kikosi kazi cha SPLM kilichojaribu kuwezesha mazungumzo ya amani huko [[Darfur]]. Mnamo Juni 2010, Nanyang alikuwa miongoni mwa [[wanawake]] saba walioteuliwa kujiunga na baraza la mawaziri la Sudan Kusini.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215619/http://www.newsudanvision.com/sudan/2368-south-sudans-minister-without-portfolio-committed-to-lean-and-effective-government

&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://alchetron.com/Pricilla-Nanyang&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Waoservanti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611692</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Image:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|[[Bernardino wa Siena]] ([[1380]]-[[1440]]), mchoro wa [[Jacopo Bellini]] ([[1400]] hivi - [[1470]] hivi).]] '''Waoservanti''' walikuwa [[tawi]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] waliojitokeza katika [[karne ya 14]] [[Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki|kurekebisha]] [[shirika]] lao kwa kufuata kikamilifu [[Kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo|kanuni ya Mt.]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]], hasa upande wa [[ufukara mkuu]], wakipingana na [[Wakonventuali]], wa...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="25677" sha1="t6y57wjz040tfjf0jiz05tyss348syf" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|[[Bernardino wa Siena]] ([[1380]]-[[1440]]), mchoro wa [[Jacopo Bellini]] ([[1400]] hivi - [[1470]] hivi).]]
'''Waoservanti''' walikuwa [[tawi]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] waliojitokeza katika [[karne ya 14]] [[Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki|kurekebisha]] [[shirika]] lao kwa kufuata kikamilifu [[Kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo|kanuni ya Mt.]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]], hasa upande wa [[ufukara mkuu]], wakipingana na [[Wakonventuali]], waliokubali [[ufafanuzi]] wa [[kanuni]] hiyo ulioruhusu jumuia kuwa na [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]] na kujenga [[konventi]] kubwa. 

Ni kwamba kati ya [[Wafransisko]] kuna utata wa kudumu kuhusu namna ya kulinganisha kipeo asili na maisha halisi, au sehemu mbalimbali za [[karama]] ileile: katika karne XIV-[[karne ya 15|XV]] utata huo ulisababisha mapambano ya kishujaa. Walioanzisha [[urekebisho]] walikuwa [[watawa]] (wengi wao [[bradha|mabradha]] wasio na [[elimu]]) wasioridhika na hali ya shirika. Wakililia hali ya mwanzoni, walilaumu maisha ya wenzao na [[uongozi]] wa Watumishi. Hao waliitikia kwa ukali wakijisingizia wanapaswa kudumisha [[nidhamu]] na kutetea [[haki]] ya walio wengi ya kutumia ruhusa za [[Kanisa Katoliki|Kanisa]]. Kwa kawaida [[Mwanzilishi|waanzilishi]] wa marekebisho hawakuwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]], bali nia yao ilichanganyikana na upungufu wa [[unyenyekevu]] na [[utiifu]]. Wakidai haki ya kufuata kanuni “Kiroho” kadiri ya sura ya 10, walikimbilia ngazi za juu kwa msaada wa [[wanasiasa]] ambao – sawa na watu wa kawaida – kila mara walipendelea urekebisho. Kisha kukubaliwa, marekebisho yakavuta [[wito|miito]] bora: k.mf. kati ya mwaka [[1402]] na [[1416]] walijiunga na Waoservanti [[Bernardino wa Siena]], [[Yohane wa Capestrano]], [[Alberto wa Sarteano]] na [[Yakobo wa Marka]] ambao wanaitwa “nguzo nne za [[Observansya]] (= kushikakanuni)”. Marekebisho yote, pamoja na kusisitiza [[Ufukara wa hiari|ufukara]], yalijali sana [[kimya]] na [[sala ya moyo]] [[Mkaapweke|upwekeni]]. Kama [[tunda]] la maisha ya namna hiyo yalifanya pia [[kazi]] kubwa tena bora ya kuhubiri, na hivyo kurudisha ule uwiano aliokuwa nao mwanzilishi. Mwishowe haki ya kushika kanuni kiaminifu ikatambulikana na Kanisa.

Mahali pa kwanza walipokusanyika ni makao ya upwekeni ya [[Brogliano]] karibu na [[Asizi]]. Aliyestawisha zaidi kuanzia mwaka [[1368]] ni [[Paolucho Trinci]] (+[[1390]]), bradha aliyefanywa mkurugenzi wa jumuia zilizofuata urekebisho [[Italia]], akiwa na haki ya kupokea [[Unovisi|wanovisi]] na kuanzisha [[nyumba]] nyingine. Dhidi ya upinzani wa Watumishi, [[Mtaguso wa Konstans]] ([[1415]]) uliwaruhusu Waoservanti kuenea katika kanda zote za shirika, kupokea wanashirika wote watakaopenda kujiunga nao, tena kuwa na kiongozi maalumu, yaani Watunzaji wao wawe chini ya mmojawao kama makamu wa Mtumishi mkuu badala ya kubaki chini ya Watumishi wa kanda. Hata hivyo marekebisho mengine yaliyokwishaanza ([[Wavilyakresi]], [[Wakoleta]], [[Waamadei]] na Waklareno) hayakupenda kujiunga na Waoservanti. Wakonventuali walipinga vikali uamuzi wa [[Mtaguso]], na [[juhudi]] za [[Papa|Mapapa]] hazikuweza kurudisha [[amani]], kwa kuwa hao hawakukubali kurekebishwa, wala Waoservanti kukaa chini yao. Wakati majaribio mbalimbali yalipoendelea kushindikana, Observansya ikaenea na kustawi, hadi [[Papa Eugenio IV]] ([[1431]]-[[1447]]) alipoiruhusu kujifanyia mikutano mikuu na ya kanda ili kujichagulia viongozi ([[1446]]). [[Ushindi]] mwingine ukawa tangazo la kuwa Bernardino wa Siena, Mkuu wake wa kwanza, ni mtakatifu ([[1450]]).

[[Papa Leo X]] ([[1513]]-[[1521]]) alifanya jaribio la mwisho alipoitisha mkutano mkuu wa wote pamoja ([[1517]]), wakiwa na viongozi wa marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wakakataa tena shirika lote lisifuate urekebisho wala kuongozwa na Mwoservanti. Basi, Papa akaamua kuwatenganisha moja kwa moja, na kupindua uhusiano kati yao: Waoservanti wawe na hadhi ya kuwa ndio shirika halisi (OFM), wakati waliotetea maisha yaliyofuatwa katika konventi kubwa wakakubaliwa kuendelea nayo kwa kutumia fadhili halali walizopewa, lakini kama tawi tu (OFMConv). Alimlazimisha Mtumishi mkuu wa Wakonventuali kujiuzulu na kukabidhi [[mhuri]] wa shirika kwa Waoservanti, ambao Mtumishi wao aitwe Mtumishi mkuu wa shirika lote, likiwa ni pamoja na marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wasishiriki tena [[uchaguzi]] wa Mtumishi mkuu, wala kiongozi wao asiitwe Mtumishi bali Mwalimu mkuu tu! Hata hivyo wasisumbuliwe kwa kutumia fadhili walizopewa na Kanisa. Waoservanti wabaki na nyumba zao, na Wakonventuali na nyumba zao, bila ya kuvuka toka upande mmoja kwenda upande mwingine.

Ingawa hakuna takwimu ya wanashirika kabla ya karne XVII, tunaweza kuwakadiria kutokana na idadi ya nyumba na ya wastani wa ndugu walioishi katika nyumba kwamba mwaka 1517 kulikuwa na ndugu 50,000 na zaidi (elfu 20 au 25 Wakonventuali na 30 au 32 Waoservanti).

Utengano huo ulitatua tatizo moja, lakini haukufaulu kuunganisha [[kundi|makundi]] yaliyorekebishwa, ingawa Papa alikuwa ameagiza itungwe mara katiba moja kwa yote. Baadhi yalidumu kuwa na kanda zao, Waoservanti wa Italia wakaikataa katiba hiyo wakaendelea kuirekebisha mfululizo ile maalumu ya kwao, na kanda nyingine zilijitungia vilevile na kuzidisha tofauti shirikani. 

Kilichohatarisha zaidi umoja ni [[utaifa]] uliochochewa na [[serikali]] mbalimbali kwa faida ya [[siasa]] ya nchi zao dhidi ya nyingine. [[Wafalme]] waliingilia kwa [[njama]] na vitisho masuala ya mikutano mikuu, sawa na walivyoingilia uchaguzi wa Papa, lakini kila mara [[idadi]] iliwapa ushindi [[Wahispania]], hata washindani wao ([[Wafaransa]]) wakagoma kuhudhuria mara kadhaa.

Matatizo mengine yalihusu maisha yenyewe, hasa ufukara. Waliolazimika kujiunga na Waoservanti, na wale wasioacha kutumia fadhili walizokuwanazo wakiwa Wakonventuali, walikataa kurekebishwa. Kinyume chake, wengine hawakuridhika tena na namna OFM ilivyoshika kanuni, wakadai ruhusa ya kuishika kabisa. Ndivyo walivyofanya watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali, kwa kuwa haja ya urekebisho ilitambulikana na wote katika Kanisa la karne XV-[[karne ya 16|XVI]]. Kwa namna ya pekee Ndugu Wadogo walichochewa kufanya hivyo na sura X ya kanuni pamoja na [[Wasia wa Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Ndiyo sababu [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio|Bonaventura]] aliona haja ya kuwepo makao ya upwekeni katika kila kanda ili kuwaachia [[uhuru]] wa kuishi hivyo wale wapendao. Kumbe Waoservanti wengi na baadhi ya viongozi wao hawakukubali kuwaachia wenye bidii uhuru huo, kwa sababu ingekuwa sawa na kukiri kwamba wamelegea. Hivyo wakawatenda ndugu hao kama Wakonventuali wa zamani walivyowatenda Waoservanti wa kwanza. Walioamini urekebisho unaweza kutoka kwa viongozi wakaja kujionea haiwezekani. Miundo iliyoanza kama urekebisho ikajikuta inajaribu kuzuia juhudi za waliopenda urekebisho, na viongozi wa shirika lililoanza kwa kushindana na viongozi wakawalaumu waliotaka kufanya vile wakisema eti, ni wakaidi tu! Kwa kukosa [[busara]] na wema walisababisha waliotaka urekebisho wakafuate [[njia]] zao ili kupata ruhusa walizozihitaji, kwa kumkimbilia Papa au viongozi wa serikali. Mara nyingine Wakonventuali walipokea makundi hayo chini ya ulinzi wao ili kuwakomoa Waoservanti waliokuwa wanawadharau wakijidai ndio wafuasi halisi wa Fransisko. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya matawi mapya, hasa lile la kujitegemea kabisa la [[Wakapuchini]].

Katika karne XVI-[[karne ya 17|XVII]] karibu kila mkutano mkuu wa OFM ulizungumzia katiba na kupigania [[umoja]], ambao haukuwa rahisi kutokana na mchanganyiko wa ndugu waliopenda fadhili za Wakonventuali na wengine waliotaka urekebisho. Katika hali hiyo Watumishi wakuu walijitahidi kuhuisha shirika lote, lakini wengi wao walitumwa na Mapapa kama [[balozi|mabalozi]] kwa wafalme na [[Askofu|Maaskofu]] wa [[Ulaya]], au walipewa uaskofu wa [[Mji|miji]] muhimu. Shirika halikupendezwa kwa sababu lilikuja kukosa uongozi imara: ndiyo maana mara kadhaa liliwadai [[kiapo]] cha kutokubali kazi hizo au walau cha kujiuzulu Utumishi. Watakatifu waliopatikana kipindi hicho ni: [[Salvatore wa Horta]] (+1567), bradha aliyefanya miujiza mingi ajabu (labda milioni moja), [[Nikolaus Pieck]], [[Jeromu wa Weert]], [[Teodoriko van der Eem]], [[Nikasi wa Heeze]], [[Wilehadi wa Denmaki]], [[Godefrid wa Melveren]], [[Antoni wa Weert]], [[Antoni wa Hoornaert]], [[Fransisko wa Roye]], mapadri, halafu [[Petro wa Assche]] na [[Korneli wa Wijk-bij-Durstede]] (+1572), mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini [[Uholanzi]], [[John Jones]] (+1588), aliyefia dini [[Uingereza]], hatimaye [[Fransisko Solano]] (+1610), [[mmisionari]] bora [[Amerika ya Kusini|Amerika Kusini]] aliyezunguka kotekote kwa miaka 14, akihubiri na kuimba. [[Mwenye heri|Wenye heri]] wa kipindi hicho ni 17.

Karne XVII ikawa ya utulivu na utendaji, lakini ongezeko kubwa mno la watawa lilisababisha matatizo makubwa na ulegevu hata katika marekebisho. Pamoja na utaifa kuzidi, matawi ya Italia yalishindana kwa [[maandishi]] makali ya kukwaza. Makwazo mengine yalitokana na [[desturi]] ya Watumishi kadhaa kutuma watawa wasiofaa kwenye kanda nyingine au kuwaacha nyumbani mwa [[Rafiki|marafiki]] au ndugu. Badala ya juhudi za watawa kwa ajili ya kanuni kama katika [[karne]] zilizopita, sanasana tunakuta viongozi wakijitahidi kuwalazimisha washike kanuni, lakini [[bidii]] za namna hiyo hazikuweza kufanikiwa kwa kuwa hazikutoka [[moyo|moyoni]] mwa watawa. Hatimaye mwaka [[1676]] mkutano mkuu ulikubali na kuagiza kila kanda ianzishe makao 3-4 ya upwekeni ambapo yafanyike [[malezi]] ya watakaji na wanovisi wote: baadaye katika [[mazingira]] hayo walistawi [[Thomas wa Cori]] (+[[1729]]), mhubiri maarufu na [[Teofilo wa Corte]] (+[[1740]]), [[mwanafunzi]] wake. Mtakatifu mwingine ni [[Junipero Serra]] (̟+[[1784]]), padri Mhispania [[Uinjilishaji|aliyeinjilisha]] kwa mara ya kwanza [[Kalifornia]] (leo [[Marekani]] Magharibi Kusini). Lakini katika [[Karne ya 18|karne XVIII]] ilionekana wazi jinsi matazamio ya wengi yalivyolenga kupata kwa visingizio vyovyote fadhili na nafasi za kwanzakwanza. Kupitia mikutano mikuu upuuzi wa namna hiyo uliathiri [[sheria]] za shirika. Pia mabadiliko mengi mno ya katiba, badala ya kusaidia nidhamu, yalizidi kuipunguza kwa kusababisha ndugu wasiijali katiba isiyodumu.

Ongezeko la watawa lilifikia kilele chake kati ya mwaka [[1760]] na [[1770]], likishinda vizuio vilivyowekwa na viongozi wa Kanisa. Kama kawaida, shaka zilizosababishwa na [[mageuzi]] ya harakaharaka katika [[jamii]] na [[uchumi]] zilichangia pia ongezeko la miito ya wasiwasi yenye kutafuta usalama konventini. Kadiri hiyohiyo ilionekana wazi kuwa wingi si hoja na kuwa [[umati]] wa watawa haukuhuishwa na vipeo halisi. [[Uvivu]] haukuepukika ukazaa ulegevu na maovu mengi. Ingawa watu wadogo waliendelea kuwaheshimu watawa, wasomi walizidi kuwaona vielelezo wa tunu zisizo na maana tena. Jamii ilipokuwa inaelekea [[kasi]] matazamio mapya hata upande wa [[dini]], watawa walizidi kujitenga konventini wakijali desturi zao na elimu yao ya kidini bila ya mawasiliano na elimudunia. Kati yao wachache tu walijitahidi kulinganisha imani na [[sayansi]].

Kwa muda mfupi mashirika, hasa [[Mashirika ya ombaomba|ya Ombaomba]], yalikuja kudharauliwa na wengi. Kufuatana na mawazo mapya kuhusu uchumi, serikali zilizidi kuyatazama kama mzigo au donda kwa jamii. Bahati mbaya, hali ya mashirika ilistahili lawama nyingi zilizotolewa. Sababu nyingine zilizoleta [[dhoruba]] juu ya watawa ni kwamba serikali zilitamani mali za mashirika yao, na maadui wa Kanisa waliwafanya shabaha ya kwanza, kwa kuwa kila mara ndio wanaohakikisha zaidi uimara wa Ukatoliki chini ya Papa na dhidi ya utaifa (ambao wakati huo ulichochewa na serikali na kupendeza Maaskofu wengi). [[Ukweli]] wa dhati ni kwamba [[Mungu]] alitaka kutakasa watu aliowakusudia wawe moyo wa Kanisa.

Katika [[barua]] rasmi za miaka hiyo, Watumishi wakuu waliweka wazi matatizo yaliyokuwepo (utaifa, ugomvi, uchu wa vyeo, [[wivu]], malezi ya kulipua, kujiingiza katika masuala ya siasa, utovu wa unyofu na unyenyekevu, utovu wa usafi na nidhamu) pamoja na [[utabiri]] wa dhoruba ijayo. Ugumu wa hali unaonekana pia katika miundo mikuu ya utawa kwenda kinyume cha kawaida: OFM toka [[1791]] karibu mfululizo iliongozwa na Watumishi wakuu [[Pekupeku]] na [[Wareformati|Mriformati]] badala ya Waoservanti (waliokuwa na msimamo laini); vilevile Wakapuchini toka mwaka [[1754]] hadi [[1789]] waliongozwa karibu mfululizo na wasio Waitalia (tofauti na wanashirika wenzao, watawa wa nchi hiyo walikuwa wakiridhika zaidi na hali ya shirika na kupinga urekebisho). Pia mikutano mikuu haikufanyika muda mrefu: katika OFM tangu 1768 hadi 1856; kwa Wakonventuali tangu 1789 hadi 1847. Iliwabidi Mapapa wateue Watumishi wakuu.

Utatuzi ulijaribu kuelekea pande mbili: urekebisho wa hiari (kwa watawa wenyewe kujituma, hasa kwa kuanzisha makao ya upwekeni) na wa lazima (kwa viongozi kuimarisha nidhamu). 

Serikali zilianza kuchukua hatua kali, zikidai haki ya kujihusisha na maisha yote ya Kanisa. Tukiondoa [[Dola la Kipapa]], nchi zote za Ulaya zilipanga kunyonga mashirika. Kwa miaka 13 Ndugu Wadogo wa Ufaransa walipungua 3,756; kwa miaka 9 Hispania walipungua 5,582; kwa miaka 28 Polandi watawa walipungua asilimia 67! Chini ya siasa hiyo mashirika yalielekea kwisha bila ya sifa.

Kumbe [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] yalipoanza kutumia nguvu zaidi na kuamua kufuta mashirika yote ([[1790]]) watawa wengi walipata taji la [[kifodini]]. Kisha kutupwa nje ya konventi, walipaswa kuchagua kati ya kula kiapo haramu cha kutii serikali badala ya Papa, au kuhama nchi au kukatwa [[kichwa]]. Wengi walikubali kwa [[furaha]] mwaliko wa kuacha utawa na kupewa [[pensheni]]; lakini wengiwengi pia walikwenda kuishi kitawa hasa [[Amerika]], au walitoa [[uhai]] wao ili kutetea haki za Kanisa: kati ya wafiadini hao Wafransisko ni zaidi ya 250. Jeshi la Ufaransa llilipovamia karibu Ulaya nzima, sheria za namna hiyo zilienezwa [[Ubelgiji]] (1796), Italia Kaskazini-Magharibi (1802), [[Ujerumani]] Magharibi (1803), Italia Kusini (1809), Hispania (1810). Hata nchi nyingine za Ulaya ya kati zilifuta mashirika au kuyabana zaidi. Katika kipindi hicho waliishi watakatifu [[Yohane wa Triora]], aliyefia dini [[China]] (+1816), na Waoservanti 8 waliofia dini huko [[Syria]] (+1860): mapadri [[Manuel Ruiz]], [[Karmelo Bolta]], [[Engelbati Kolland]], [[Nikanori Ascanio]], [[Petro Nolasko Soler]], [[Nikola Maria Alberca]] na mabradha [[Fransisko Pinazo]] na [[Yohane Yakobo Fernandez]]. 

Wafaransa waliposhindwa, mkutano wa amani wa [[Vienna]] (1815) uliamua kurudisha iwezekanavyo hali iliyokuwepo Ulaya kabla ya mapinduzi. Hata mashirika wakajaribu kufanya hivyo, lakini haikuwa rahisi. Mawazo ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa|mapinduzi]] yalikuwa yameenea, yakidai uhuru na [[maendeleo]]. Watawa waliozoea kwa miaka kadhaa kuishi mmojammoja ulimwenguni, walipolazimishwa na Kanisa kurudi konventini hawakukubali tena nidhamu ya [[nadhiri]]. Pia ilikuwa vigumu kwao kuishi pamoja kutokana na misimamo yao tofauti kuhusu mapinduzi. Wasiwasi kuhusu kesho ukaendelea pia kwa sababu serikali mpya zilikuwa na siasa ileile ya kabla ya mapinduzi, hivyo mashirika yakaanza tena kufutwa: [[Urusi]], ukiwa na Polandi chini yake (1831 hadi 1864), [[Ureno]] (1832-1890), Hispania (1836-1880), Italia Kaskazini Magharibi (kuanzia 1855), Italia nzima (kuanzia 1866), Ujerumani (1871-1875), Ufaransa (1880 kwa muda mfupi, tena kuanzia 1903). Wakati huo [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Amerika ya Kilatini]] yalijipatia uhuru (1820-1824): watawa wananchi walisimama wote upande wa mapinduzi, kumbe wamisionari (hasa Wahispania) waliyapinga wakateswa hadi kuuawa. Baada ya ushindi [[jamhuri]] mpya pia zilianza kudhulumu mashirika hata karibu kuyakomesha (k.mf. [[Brazili]] konventi zote ziliagizwa kufungwa mwaka 1822, [[Meksiko]] mashirika yote yalifutwa mwaka 1855). Hivyo kila yalipotaka kuinuka, mashirika yalikumbwa na matatizo mapya. Hatimaye yalijikuta mali zake zimepungua sana, na wanashirika vilevile, lakini waliobaki wametakaswa kiasi kikubwa.

Kwa jumla, si wengi sana waliofurahia hatua za serikali kuwaondoa utawani, ingawa katika nchi nyingi walipewa pensheni. Kati yao mapadri walifanya kazi ya [[mchungaji|kichungaji]] [[Dayosisi|jimboni]], na baadhi wakawa Maaskofu; mabradha walitoa huduma katika [[sakristia]] au [[hospitali]], ila wengine walirudi kwa ndugu zao. Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa ilitoa miongozo kuhusu hali yao na uhusiano na shirika, ikiwahimiza daima waishi kijumuia kadiri iwezekanavyo. Ndizo juhudi za Watumishi wakuu pia, ingawa waliona ugumu wa kuzitekeleza. 

Mang’amuzi ya maisha ya nje, yasiyo na hakika kiuchumi, yaliwasaidia watawa kuelewa watu wa kawaida, ambao si [[Mkulima|wakulima]] hasa kama zamani, bali umati wa [[wafanyakazi]] wenye kudhulumiwa na [[ubepari]] katika nchi za [[Kiwanda|viwanda]]. Wakiishi ulimwenguni hasa Ndugu Wadogo waliacha usomi wao na [[tabia]] nyingine za [[Tabaka (jamii)|tabaka]] la juu walizokuwanazo, wakajenga uhusiano mpya na watu na kuwajibika kuwasaidia hata kijamii. Miaka ya kukaa nje ya konventi ndiyo miaka ambapo mashirika mengi ya huduma yalianzishwa na watawa hao.

Maisha ya kitawa yalipoanza kuruhusiwa tena, waliojitahidi kufufua mashirika yao hawakufikiria kutekeleza karama asili katika mazingira mapya, bali kukarabati tu kilichobaki cha karne iliyopita. Waliridhika kujiona wanashangiliwa bado na watu wema wengi, bila ya kujali jamii inavyozidi kusogea mbali na tunu zao. Hivyo katika malezi wakasisitiza mambo yaleyale ya zamani hasa katika nchi (k.mf. Italia) ambapo miaka ya utawa kuzuiwa haikuwa mingi. Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kupata kwa urahisi miito ya kibradha, ila si ya kipadri, kwa kuwa wengi hawakuwa na elimu au ilikuwa tofauti na ile iliyodaiwa na Kanisa. Tena, waliokuwa wamesoma waliona wazi mbele yao njia za kufanikiwa ulimwenguni, na hawakuweza kufuata [[mitindo]] ya malezi ya kitawa iliyokuwa ileile ya zamani, yenye kusawazisha mno watu wenye vipawa tofauti. Basi, miito ikatafutwa kati ya [[Mtoto|watoto]] wa [[familia]] bora za wakulima wasioweza kuwasomesha: kwao ilikuwa [[heshima]] kuwa na mtoto padri mtawa. Ndivyo zilivyoanza ([[1869]]) [[seminari]] za kiserafi ambazo, baada ya kupingwa na watawa [[wazee]], zikaja kuenea haraka na kuhimizwa rasmi. Hapo muundo mzima wa malezi ukaja kubadilika, kwa kupatikana madarasa ya [[vijana]] wa kuongozana kuanzia [[umri]] wa miaka 11-12 hadi upadri, wakipata malezi yote utawani na hivyo kufyonza desturi, misimamo, mitazamo na matarajio ya shirika. Hawakukosekana watawa maarufu waliopinga malezi ambayo pengine haikuwa na maana tena wala ukweli na unyofu wa Kifransisko, ikitaka kusawazisha wote katika mitindo ya nje, na kugeuza vijana kuwa wanasesere wanaotenda lolote kwa kuongozwa. Hata hivyo seminari hizo ndogo zikawa mbinu kuu kwa karibu miaka mia.

[[Jubilei]] ya miaka 700 tangu azaliwe Fransisko ([[1882]]) iliadhimishwa kwa unyonge, lakini [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) alitoa hati iliyohimiza kufufua miundo ya Kifransisko, hasa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko|Utawa III]], dhidi ya [[ubinafsi]] unaotawala [[dunia]]. Mwaka [[1889]] Wafransiskani, baada ya kuongozwa miaka 20 na Mriformati bora, wakafaulu kufanya mkutano mkuu uliotunga katiba kwa shirika lote, jambo lililokusudiwa bure tangu mwaka 1517; hata hivyo Wariformati walidai ruhusa ya kufuata pia sheria zao maalumu. Mwaka [[1895]] [[Papa Leo XIII]] aliupendekezea mkutano mkuu [[muungano]] wa matawi OFM uwe [[agenda]] kuu, na [[Kardinali]] akaeleza namna ya kuyaunganisha. Waoservanti wote wakakubali, Warekoleti vilevile kwa sharti la kutunza ufukara kwa uangalifu, kumbe Wariformati na Pekupeku walio wengi wakakataa; jumla ya kura ikawa 77 ndiyo na 31 hapana. Basi [[kamati]] ikaandaa katiba mpya iliyothibitishwa mwaka [[1897]], halafu Leo XIII akatangaza rasmi muungano kamili wa matawi yote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu, ambao uonekane wazi hata kwa nje ([[kanzu]] ya mtindo mmoja badala ya ainaaina na [[rangi]] ya [[kahawia]] badala ya zile tofauti za awali: [[nyeusi]], ya [[kijivu]], ya [[zambarau]] na ya [[baharia]]). Akaagiza kanda zisizokubali wasiweze kupokea wanovisi tena, na watawa binafsi wasiokubali wapangiwe nyumba maalumu ambapo wakae wao tu, bila ya kuchanganyikana na walioungana. Hata hivyo muungano haukufanikiwa vizuri; Wahispania walikubali katiba lakini wakaendelea kujiongoza kitaifa hadi 1932; hasa majaribio ya kuunganisha katika kanda moja Wafransiskani wa matawi mbalimbali yalisababisha ushindani mwingi hadi juzijuzi.

Jubilei ya miaka 700 tangu shirika lianze ([[1909]]), iliadhimishwa kwa fahari zaidi, kutokana na hali ya kutumainisha ya matawi yote. Ila lilizuka suala la uhalisi wa [[shina]] na uongozi kuhusiana na Fransisko. Hapo [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) akatamka kwamba, “Watumishi wakuu wa familia tatu za Kifransisko wako sawa kwa heshima na mamlaka walizonazo, nao watazamwe sawia kama makamu na waandamizi halisi wa Fransisko, kila mmoja katika familia yake... Mashirika matatu ya familia ya Ndugu Wadogo ni kama matawi matatu ya mti uleule, ambao mzizi na shina lake ni Fransisko, na viungo vyake ni Ndugu Wadogo kwa haki kamili na sawia”.

[[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] ([[1917]]) havikuleta mabadiliko makubwa utawani. Jubilei ya kifo cha mwanzilishi ([[1926]]) ilichochea Wafransisko wote; hali ilikuwa tofauti na karne iliyopita, kwa sababu ya kujitolea sana hata kijamii, jambo lililowafanya waheshimiwe upya na Waprotestanti na waasi wa dini pia. Hata hivyo katika nchi chache dhuluma zikawajia tena: kwanza Meksiko (1926-1932), halafu Hispania (1936-1939), walipouawa Ndugu Wadogo 320 na Wafransisko wengine 88. Baadaye vikazuka [[vita vikuu vya pili]] (1939-1945) vilivyoharibu sana hasa [[Ulaya ya Kati]] na kanda zake.

Lakini mabaya zaidi yakafuata Ulaya Mashariki ukiwa chini ya [[Ukomunisti]] ambao, pamoja na kueneza mafundisho ya [[Ukanamungu|wakanadini]] na kupotosha maadili, pengine ulifuta mashirika yote, pengine uliyawekea vizuio vingi. Kumbe [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|Magharibi]] tunu nyingi zikaja kufifia kadiri uchumi ulivyostawi na kuleta anasa. Watawa wote na Kanisa zima wakajiuliza upya kuhusu maana ya uwepo wao katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Majibu yakawa tofauti, na vizazi vikabishana: katika hali hiyo [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963) aliitisha [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]] (1962-1965).

Ingawa kesi za kutangazia watakatifu zinachukua kwa kawaida miaka mingi, baadhi ya ndugu wa kipindi hicho wameshafikia hatua hiyo. Kuna Wafransiskani wanane waliofia dini China (1900): Maaskofu [[Gregori Grassi]], [[Francesco Fogolla]] na [[Antonino Fantosati]], halafu mapadri [[Elia Facchini]], [[Teodoriko Balat]], [[Giuseppe Maria Gambero]] na [[Cesidio Giacomantonio]], hatimaye bradha [[Andrea Bauer]].

===Changamoto ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani (1962-2005)===
[[Mtaguso]] huo ulisisitiza kweli za kudumu na kuelekeza namna ya kukabili kichungaji ulimwengu wa kisasa. Kwa ajili hiyo watawa pia walidaiwa kujirekebisha upya, hasa kiroho. Ndugu Wadogo, sawa na watawa wote, walipaswa kurekebisha katiba zao pia kwa kutoa wote maoni yao, kufanya mikutano mikuu na majaribio mbalimbali. Kazi hiyo ilichukua miaka mingi kuliko ilivyotarajiwa, kwa kufikiria upya vipengele vyote vya maisha ya Kifransisko. Kwa mara ya kwanza mabadiliko ya katiba yaliwekwa mikononi mwa wanashirika, kwa kujali wingi si ubora wao, basi, iliwezekana kufuta harakaharaka mambo yaliyowashinda wengi, bila kujali kama yanafaa bado au la. Halafu wasiwasi uliokuwepo kabla ya Mtaguso ulilipuka na kusababisha wengi wapotewe na [[dira]] hata katika imani na maadili. Matokeo yake wengi waliacha utawa na upadri. Wengine walibaki pasipo msimamo, kwa kuona mengi ya zamani yamebadilishwa na mapya ni ya muda (yamekubaliwa kwa majaribio). [[Ratiba]] ya [[sala]] ilipunguzwa sana, kama si kuachwa kabisa. Utafiti uliofanywa na uongozi wa Wakapuchini ulionyesha kwamba wanashirika walio wengi wasingeshauri kijana kujiunga nao. Ndiyo sababu, pamoja na miito kujitokeza kwa nadra Ulaya, idadi ya Ndugu Wadogo ikapungua haraka tangu mwaka 1963.

Wengine wasioridhika na mabadiliko hayo, baada ya kunyimwa na Watumishi wao uhuru waliotaka kwa kufuata maisha ya kijumuia ya Kifransisko zaidi, wakaamua kuanzisha matawi mapya. Kwa jumla mashirika hayo hayakuongezeka sana. Hata hivyo uwepo wake umekuwa changamoto kwa matawi makubwa ambayo yakaanza kujirudi kidogo, baada ya kupungukiwa na wengi wasiokuwa na msimamo pamoja na kutambua matokeo ya majaribio yaliyofanywa; shida ni kwamba kujirekebisha baada ya kulegea sana si rahisi, hasa kama kazi hiyo inahusu idadi kubwa ya watu.

Polepole karama ya mwanzilishi ikaja kuzingatiwa tena kwa furaha, badala ya kujali masuala ya miundo tu. Mambo mengi yaliyosahauliwa kwa karne kadhaa yakaja kuonekana muhimu hasa leo, kama vile roho ya kanuni (udugu na udogo) kuliko mtazamo wa kisheria uliotawala matamko ya Mapapa wa zamani; au usawa wa watawa wote bila ya tabaka; au uwajibikaji wa kila mmoja katika uendeshaji wa jumuia, kanda na shirika; au umuhimu wa mikutano, kuanzia ngazi ya nyumba (ambapo ulikuwa umebaki kwa Wakonventuali tu). Wakati huohuo mabishano kati ya matawi ya Ndugu Wadogo yakapungua sana kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa kidugu mkubwa zaidi na zaidi katika ngazi zote. Hatimaye katiba zikaja kuthibitishwa na Kanisa kulingana na toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria zake kwa [[Kanisa la Kilatini|Walatini]] (1983). Utulivu upande huo umeleta msimamo mkubwa zaidi kwa viongozi na kwa wanashirika jumla: kinadharia njia imeeleweka; sasa kazi ni kuifuata hadi mwisho.

Baada ya Ukomunisti kuanguka (1989) matawi yote yamejitahidi kujiimarisha Ulaya Mashariki walipopata tena nafasi ya kuhubiri na kupokea miito, ambayo huko ni mingi. Mungu anazidi kuongoza historia.
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      <text bytes="25777" sha1="i7k3mizllgnndxbr0702ba25er570wy" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|[[Bernardino wa Siena]] ([[1380]]-[[1440]]), mchoro wa [[Jacopo Bellini]] ([[1400]] hivi - [[1470]] hivi).]]
'''Waoservanti''' walikuwa [[tawi]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] waliojitokeza katika [[karne ya 14]] [[Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki|kurekebisha]] [[shirika]] lao kwa kufuata kikamilifu [[Kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo|kanuni ya Mt.]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]], hasa upande wa [[ufukara mkuu]], wakipingana na [[Wakonventuali]], waliokubali [[ufafanuzi]] wa [[kanuni]] hiyo ulioruhusu jumuia kuwa na [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]] na kujenga [[konventi]] kubwa. 

==Mwanzo wa urekebisho==
Ni kwamba kati ya [[Wafransisko]] kuna utata wa kudumu kuhusu namna ya kulinganisha kipeo asili na maisha halisi, au sehemu mbalimbali za [[karama]] ileile: katika karne XIV-[[karne ya 15|XV]] utata huo ulisababisha mapambano ya kishujaa. Walioanzisha [[urekebisho]] walikuwa [[watawa]] (wengi wao [[bradha|mabradha]] wasio na [[elimu]]) wasioridhika na hali ya shirika. Wakililia hali ya mwanzoni, walilaumu maisha ya wenzao na [[uongozi]] wa Watumishi. Hao waliitikia kwa ukali wakijisingizia wanapaswa kudumisha [[nidhamu]] na kutetea [[haki]] ya walio wengi ya kutumia ruhusa za [[Kanisa Katoliki|Kanisa]]. Kwa kawaida [[Mwanzilishi|waanzilishi]] wa marekebisho hawakuwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]], bali nia yao ilichanganyikana na upungufu wa [[unyenyekevu]] na [[utiifu]]. Wakidai haki ya kufuata kanuni “Kiroho” kadiri ya sura ya 10, walikimbilia ngazi za juu kwa msaada wa [[wanasiasa]] ambao – sawa na watu wa kawaida – kila mara walipendelea urekebisho. Kisha kukubaliwa, marekebisho yakavuta [[wito|miito]] bora: k.mf. kati ya mwaka [[1402]] na [[1416]] walijiunga na Waoservanti [[Bernardino wa Siena]], [[Yohane wa Capestrano]], [[Alberto wa Sarteano]] na [[Yakobo wa Marka]] ambao wanaitwa “nguzo nne za [[Observansya]] (= kushikakanuni)”. Marekebisho yote, pamoja na kusisitiza [[Ufukara wa hiari|ufukara]], yalijali sana [[kimya]] na [[sala ya moyo]] [[Mkaapweke|upwekeni]]. Kama [[tunda]] la maisha ya namna hiyo yalifanya pia [[kazi]] kubwa tena bora ya kuhubiri, na hivyo kurudisha ule uwiano aliokuwa nao mwanzilishi. Mwishowe haki ya kushika kanuni kiaminifu ikatambulikana na Kanisa.

Mahali pa kwanza walipokusanyika ni makao ya upwekeni ya [[Brogliano]] karibu na [[Asizi]]. Aliyestawisha zaidi kuanzia mwaka [[1368]] ni [[Paolucho Trinci]] (+[[1390]]), bradha aliyefanywa mkurugenzi wa jumuia zilizofuata urekebisho [[Italia]], akiwa na haki ya kupokea [[Unovisi|wanovisi]] na kuanzisha [[nyumba]] nyingine. Dhidi ya upinzani wa Watumishi, [[Mtaguso wa Konstans]] ([[1415]]) uliwaruhusu Waoservanti kuenea katika kanda zote za shirika, kupokea wanashirika wote watakaopenda kujiunga nao, tena kuwa na kiongozi maalumu, yaani Watunzaji wao wawe chini ya mmojawao kama makamu wa Mtumishi mkuu badala ya kubaki chini ya Watumishi wa kanda. Hata hivyo marekebisho mengine yaliyokwishaanza ([[Wavilyakresi]], [[Wakoleta]], [[Waamadei]] na Waklareno) hayakupenda kujiunga na Waoservanti. Wakonventuali walipinga vikali uamuzi wa [[Mtaguso]], na [[juhudi]] za [[Papa|Mapapa]] hazikuweza kurudisha [[amani]], kwa kuwa hao hawakukubali kurekebishwa, wala Waoservanti kukaa chini yao. Wakati majaribio mbalimbali yalipoendelea kushindikana, Observansya ikaenea na kustawi, hadi [[Papa Eugenio IV]] ([[1431]]-[[1447]]) alipoiruhusu kujifanyia mikutano mikuu na ya kanda ili kujichagulia viongozi ([[1446]]). [[Ushindi]] mwingine ukawa tangazo la kuwa Bernardino wa Siena, Mkuu wake wa kwanza, ni mtakatifu ([[1450]]).

[[Papa Leo X]] ([[1513]]-[[1521]]) alifanya jaribio la mwisho alipoitisha mkutano mkuu wa wote pamoja ([[1517]]), wakiwa na viongozi wa marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wakakataa tena shirika lote lisifuate urekebisho wala kuongozwa na Mwoservanti. Basi, Papa akaamua kuwatenganisha moja kwa moja, na kupindua uhusiano kati yao: Waoservanti wawe na hadhi ya kuwa ndio shirika halisi (OFM), wakati waliotetea maisha yaliyofuatwa katika konventi kubwa wakakubaliwa kuendelea nayo kwa kutumia fadhili halali walizopewa, lakini kama tawi tu (OFMConv). Alimlazimisha Mtumishi mkuu wa Wakonventuali kujiuzulu na kukabidhi [[mhuri]] wa shirika kwa Waoservanti, ambao Mtumishi wao aitwe Mtumishi mkuu wa shirika lote, likiwa ni pamoja na marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wasishiriki tena [[uchaguzi]] wa Mtumishi mkuu, wala kiongozi wao asiitwe Mtumishi bali Mwalimu mkuu tu! Hata hivyo wasisumbuliwe kwa kutumia fadhili walizopewa na Kanisa. Waoservanti wabaki na nyumba zao, na Wakonventuali na nyumba zao, bila ya kuvuka toka upande mmoja kwenda upande mwingine.

Ingawa hakuna takwimu ya wanashirika kabla ya karne XVII, tunaweza kuwakadiria kutokana na idadi ya nyumba na ya wastani wa ndugu walioishi katika nyumba kwamba mwaka 1517 kulikuwa na ndugu 50,000 na zaidi (elfu 20 au 25 Wakonventuali na 30 au 32 Waoservanti).

==Baada ya utengano==
Utengano huo ulitatua tatizo moja, lakini haukufaulu kuunganisha [[kundi|makundi]] yaliyorekebishwa, ingawa Papa alikuwa ameagiza itungwe mara katiba moja kwa yote. Baadhi yalidumu kuwa na kanda zao, Waoservanti wa Italia wakaikataa katiba hiyo wakaendelea kuirekebisha mfululizo ile maalumu ya kwao, na kanda nyingine zilijitungia vilevile na kuzidisha tofauti shirikani. 

Kilichohatarisha zaidi umoja ni [[utaifa]] uliochochewa na [[serikali]] mbalimbali kwa faida ya [[siasa]] ya nchi zao dhidi ya nyingine. [[Wafalme]] waliingilia kwa [[njama]] na vitisho masuala ya mikutano mikuu, sawa na walivyoingilia uchaguzi wa Papa, lakini kila mara [[idadi]] iliwapa ushindi [[Wahispania]], hata washindani wao ([[Wafaransa]]) wakagoma kuhudhuria mara kadhaa.

Matatizo mengine yalihusu maisha yenyewe, hasa ufukara. Waliolazimika kujiunga na Waoservanti, na wale wasioacha kutumia fadhili walizokuwanazo wakiwa Wakonventuali, walikataa kurekebishwa. Kinyume chake, wengine hawakuridhika tena na namna OFM ilivyoshika kanuni, wakadai ruhusa ya kuishika kabisa. Ndivyo walivyofanya watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali, kwa kuwa haja ya urekebisho ilitambulikana na wote katika Kanisa la karne XV-[[karne ya 16|XVI]]. Kwa namna ya pekee Ndugu Wadogo walichochewa kufanya hivyo na sura X ya kanuni pamoja na [[Wasia wa Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Ndiyo sababu [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio|Bonaventura]] aliona haja ya kuwepo makao ya upwekeni katika kila kanda ili kuwaachia [[uhuru]] wa kuishi hivyo wale wapendao. Kumbe Waoservanti wengi na baadhi ya viongozi wao hawakukubali kuwaachia wenye bidii uhuru huo, kwa sababu ingekuwa sawa na kukiri kwamba wamelegea. Hivyo wakawatenda ndugu hao kama Wakonventuali wa zamani walivyowatenda Waoservanti wa kwanza. Walioamini urekebisho unaweza kutoka kwa viongozi wakaja kujionea haiwezekani. Miundo iliyoanza kama urekebisho ikajikuta inajaribu kuzuia juhudi za waliopenda urekebisho, na viongozi wa shirika lililoanza kwa kushindana na viongozi wakawalaumu waliotaka kufanya vile wakisema eti, ni wakaidi tu! Kwa kukosa [[busara]] na wema walisababisha waliotaka urekebisho wakafuate [[njia]] zao ili kupata ruhusa walizozihitaji, kwa kumkimbilia Papa au viongozi wa serikali. Mara nyingine Wakonventuali walipokea makundi hayo chini ya ulinzi wao ili kuwakomoa Waoservanti waliokuwa wanawadharau wakijidai ndio wafuasi halisi wa Fransisko. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya matawi mapya, hasa lile la kujitegemea kabisa la [[Wakapuchini]].

Katika karne XVI-[[karne ya 17|XVII]] karibu kila mkutano mkuu wa OFM ulizungumzia katiba na kupigania [[umoja]], ambao haukuwa rahisi kutokana na mchanganyiko wa ndugu waliopenda fadhili za Wakonventuali na wengine waliotaka urekebisho. Katika hali hiyo Watumishi wakuu walijitahidi kuhuisha shirika lote, lakini wengi wao walitumwa na Mapapa kama [[balozi|mabalozi]] kwa wafalme na [[Askofu|Maaskofu]] wa [[Ulaya]], au walipewa uaskofu wa [[Mji|miji]] muhimu. Shirika halikupendezwa kwa sababu lilikuja kukosa uongozi imara: ndiyo maana mara kadhaa liliwadai [[kiapo]] cha kutokubali kazi hizo au walau cha kujiuzulu Utumishi. Watakatifu waliopatikana kipindi hicho ni: [[Salvatore wa Horta]] (+1567), bradha aliyefanya miujiza mingi ajabu (labda milioni moja), [[Nikolaus Pieck]], [[Jeromu wa Weert]], [[Teodoriko van der Eem]], [[Nikasi wa Heeze]], [[Wilehadi wa Denmaki]], [[Godefrid wa Melveren]], [[Antoni wa Weert]], [[Antoni wa Hoornaert]], [[Fransisko wa Roye]], mapadri, halafu [[Petro wa Assche]] na [[Korneli wa Wijk-bij-Durstede]] (+1572), mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini [[Uholanzi]], [[John Jones]] (+1588), aliyefia dini [[Uingereza]], hatimaye [[Fransisko Solano]] (+1610), [[mmisionari]] bora [[Amerika ya Kusini|Amerika Kusini]] aliyezunguka kotekote kwa miaka 14, akihubiri na kuimba. [[Mwenye heri|Wenye heri]] wa kipindi hicho ni 17.

==Karne ya 17 hadi 19==
Karne XVII ikawa ya utulivu na utendaji, lakini ongezeko kubwa mno la watawa lilisababisha matatizo makubwa na ulegevu hata katika marekebisho. Pamoja na utaifa kuzidi, matawi ya Italia yalishindana kwa [[maandishi]] makali ya kukwaza. Makwazo mengine yalitokana na [[desturi]] ya Watumishi kadhaa kutuma watawa wasiofaa kwenye kanda nyingine au kuwaacha nyumbani mwa [[Rafiki|marafiki]] au ndugu. Badala ya juhudi za watawa kwa ajili ya kanuni kama katika [[karne]] zilizopita, sanasana tunakuta viongozi wakijitahidi kuwalazimisha washike kanuni, lakini [[bidii]] za namna hiyo hazikuweza kufanikiwa kwa kuwa hazikutoka [[moyo|moyoni]] mwa watawa. Hatimaye mwaka [[1676]] mkutano mkuu ulikubali na kuagiza kila kanda ianzishe makao 3-4 ya upwekeni ambapo yafanyike [[malezi]] ya watakaji na wanovisi wote: baadaye katika [[mazingira]] hayo walistawi [[Thomas wa Cori]] (+[[1729]]), mhubiri maarufu na [[Teofilo wa Corte]] (+[[1740]]), [[mwanafunzi]] wake. Mtakatifu mwingine ni [[Junipero Serra]] (̟+[[1784]]), padri Mhispania [[Uinjilishaji|aliyeinjilisha]] kwa mara ya kwanza [[Kalifornia]] (leo [[Marekani]] Magharibi Kusini). Lakini katika [[Karne ya 18|karne XVIII]] ilionekana wazi jinsi matazamio ya wengi yalivyolenga kupata kwa visingizio vyovyote fadhili na nafasi za kwanzakwanza. Kupitia mikutano mikuu upuuzi wa namna hiyo uliathiri [[sheria]] za shirika. Pia mabadiliko mengi mno ya katiba, badala ya kusaidia nidhamu, yalizidi kuipunguza kwa kusababisha ndugu wasiijali katiba isiyodumu.

Ongezeko la watawa lilifikia kilele chake kati ya mwaka [[1760]] na [[1770]], likishinda vizuio vilivyowekwa na viongozi wa Kanisa. Kama kawaida, shaka zilizosababishwa na [[mageuzi]] ya harakaharaka katika [[jamii]] na [[uchumi]] zilichangia pia ongezeko la miito ya wasiwasi yenye kutafuta usalama konventini. Kadiri hiyohiyo ilionekana wazi kuwa wingi si hoja na kuwa [[umati]] wa watawa haukuhuishwa na vipeo halisi. [[Uvivu]] haukuepukika ukazaa ulegevu na maovu mengi. Ingawa watu wadogo waliendelea kuwaheshimu watawa, wasomi walizidi kuwaona vielelezo wa tunu zisizo na maana tena. Jamii ilipokuwa inaelekea [[kasi]] matazamio mapya hata upande wa [[dini]], watawa walizidi kujitenga konventini wakijali desturi zao na elimu yao ya kidini bila ya mawasiliano na elimudunia. Kati yao wachache tu walijitahidi kulinganisha imani na [[sayansi]].

Kwa muda mfupi mashirika, hasa [[Mashirika ya ombaomba|ya Ombaomba]], yalikuja kudharauliwa na wengi. Kufuatana na mawazo mapya kuhusu uchumi, serikali zilizidi kuyatazama kama mzigo au donda kwa jamii. Bahati mbaya, hali ya mashirika ilistahili lawama nyingi zilizotolewa. Sababu nyingine zilizoleta [[dhoruba]] juu ya watawa ni kwamba serikali zilitamani mali za mashirika yao, na maadui wa Kanisa waliwafanya shabaha ya kwanza, kwa kuwa kila mara ndio wanaohakikisha zaidi uimara wa Ukatoliki chini ya Papa na dhidi ya utaifa (ambao wakati huo ulichochewa na serikali na kupendeza Maaskofu wengi). [[Ukweli]] wa dhati ni kwamba [[Mungu]] alitaka kutakasa watu aliowakusudia wawe moyo wa Kanisa.

Katika [[barua]] rasmi za miaka hiyo, Watumishi wakuu waliweka wazi matatizo yaliyokuwepo (utaifa, ugomvi, uchu wa vyeo, [[wivu]], malezi ya kulipua, kujiingiza katika masuala ya siasa, utovu wa unyofu na unyenyekevu, utovu wa usafi na nidhamu) pamoja na [[utabiri]] wa dhoruba ijayo. Ugumu wa hali unaonekana pia katika miundo mikuu ya utawa kwenda kinyume cha kawaida: OFM toka [[1791]] karibu mfululizo iliongozwa na Watumishi wakuu [[Pekupeku]] na [[Wareformati|Mriformati]] badala ya Waoservanti (waliokuwa na msimamo laini); vilevile Wakapuchini toka mwaka [[1754]] hadi [[1789]] waliongozwa karibu mfululizo na wasio Waitalia (tofauti na wanashirika wenzao, watawa wa nchi hiyo walikuwa wakiridhika zaidi na hali ya shirika na kupinga urekebisho). Pia mikutano mikuu haikufanyika muda mrefu: katika OFM tangu 1768 hadi 1856; kwa Wakonventuali tangu 1789 hadi 1847. Iliwabidi Mapapa wateue Watumishi wakuu.

Utatuzi ulijaribu kuelekea pande mbili: urekebisho wa hiari (kwa watawa wenyewe kujituma, hasa kwa kuanzisha makao ya upwekeni) na wa lazima (kwa viongozi kuimarisha nidhamu). 

Serikali zilianza kuchukua hatua kali, zikidai haki ya kujihusisha na maisha yote ya Kanisa. Tukiondoa [[Dola la Kipapa]], nchi zote za Ulaya zilipanga kunyonga mashirika. Kwa miaka 13 Ndugu Wadogo wa Ufaransa walipungua 3,756; kwa miaka 9 Hispania walipungua 5,582; kwa miaka 28 Polandi watawa walipungua asilimia 67! Chini ya siasa hiyo mashirika yalielekea kwisha bila ya sifa.

Kumbe [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] yalipoanza kutumia nguvu zaidi na kuamua kufuta mashirika yote ([[1790]]) watawa wengi walipata taji la [[kifodini]]. Kisha kutupwa nje ya konventi, walipaswa kuchagua kati ya kula kiapo haramu cha kutii serikali badala ya Papa, au kuhama nchi au kukatwa [[kichwa]]. Wengi walikubali kwa [[furaha]] mwaliko wa kuacha utawa na kupewa [[pensheni]]; lakini wengiwengi pia walikwenda kuishi kitawa hasa [[Amerika]], au walitoa [[uhai]] wao ili kutetea haki za Kanisa: kati ya wafiadini hao Wafransisko ni zaidi ya 250. Jeshi la Ufaransa llilipovamia karibu Ulaya nzima, sheria za namna hiyo zilienezwa [[Ubelgiji]] (1796), Italia Kaskazini-Magharibi (1802), [[Ujerumani]] Magharibi (1803), Italia Kusini (1809), Hispania (1810). Hata nchi nyingine za Ulaya ya kati zilifuta mashirika au kuyabana zaidi. Katika kipindi hicho waliishi watakatifu [[Yohane wa Triora]], aliyefia dini [[China]] (+1816), na Waoservanti 8 waliofia dini huko [[Syria]] (+1860): mapadri [[Manuel Ruiz]], [[Karmelo Bolta]], [[Engelbati Kolland]], [[Nikanori Ascanio]], [[Petro Nolasko Soler]], [[Nikola Maria Alberca]] na mabradha [[Fransisko Pinazo]] na [[Yohane Yakobo Fernandez]]. 

Wafaransa waliposhindwa, mkutano wa amani wa [[Vienna]] (1815) uliamua kurudisha iwezekanavyo hali iliyokuwepo Ulaya kabla ya mapinduzi. Hata mashirika wakajaribu kufanya hivyo, lakini haikuwa rahisi. Mawazo ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa|mapinduzi]] yalikuwa yameenea, yakidai uhuru na [[maendeleo]]. Watawa waliozoea kwa miaka kadhaa kuishi mmojammoja ulimwenguni, walipolazimishwa na Kanisa kurudi konventini hawakukubali tena nidhamu ya [[nadhiri]]. Pia ilikuwa vigumu kwao kuishi pamoja kutokana na misimamo yao tofauti kuhusu mapinduzi. Wasiwasi kuhusu kesho ukaendelea pia kwa sababu serikali mpya zilikuwa na siasa ileile ya kabla ya mapinduzi, hivyo mashirika yakaanza tena kufutwa: [[Urusi]], ukiwa na Polandi chini yake (1831 hadi 1864), [[Ureno]] (1832-1890), Hispania (1836-1880), Italia Kaskazini Magharibi (kuanzia 1855), Italia nzima (kuanzia 1866), Ujerumani (1871-1875), Ufaransa (1880 kwa muda mfupi, tena kuanzia 1903). Wakati huo [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Amerika ya Kilatini]] yalijipatia uhuru (1820-1824): watawa wananchi walisimama wote upande wa mapinduzi, kumbe wamisionari (hasa Wahispania) waliyapinga wakateswa hadi kuuawa. Baada ya ushindi [[jamhuri]] mpya pia zilianza kudhulumu mashirika hata karibu kuyakomesha (k.mf. [[Brazili]] konventi zote ziliagizwa kufungwa mwaka 1822, [[Meksiko]] mashirika yote yalifutwa mwaka 1855). Hivyo kila yalipotaka kuinuka, mashirika yalikumbwa na matatizo mapya. Hatimaye yalijikuta mali zake zimepungua sana, na wanashirika vilevile, lakini waliobaki wametakaswa kiasi kikubwa.

Kwa jumla, si wengi sana waliofurahia hatua za serikali kuwaondoa utawani, ingawa katika nchi nyingi walipewa pensheni. Kati yao mapadri walifanya kazi ya [[mchungaji|kichungaji]] [[Dayosisi|jimboni]], na baadhi wakawa Maaskofu; mabradha walitoa huduma katika [[sakristia]] au [[hospitali]], ila wengine walirudi kwa ndugu zao. Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa ilitoa miongozo kuhusu hali yao na uhusiano na shirika, ikiwahimiza daima waishi kijumuia kadiri iwezekanavyo. Ndizo juhudi za Watumishi wakuu pia, ingawa waliona ugumu wa kuzitekeleza. 

Mang’amuzi ya maisha ya nje, yasiyo na hakika kiuchumi, yaliwasaidia watawa kuelewa watu wa kawaida, ambao si [[Mkulima|wakulima]] hasa kama zamani, bali umati wa [[wafanyakazi]] wenye kudhulumiwa na [[ubepari]] katika nchi za [[Kiwanda|viwanda]]. Wakiishi ulimwenguni hasa Ndugu Wadogo waliacha usomi wao na [[tabia]] nyingine za [[Tabaka (jamii)|tabaka]] la juu walizokuwanazo, wakajenga uhusiano mpya na watu na kuwajibika kuwasaidia hata kijamii. Miaka ya kukaa nje ya konventi ndiyo miaka ambapo mashirika mengi ya huduma yalianzishwa na watawa hao.

==Ufufuko baada ya dhuluma==
Maisha ya kitawa yalipoanza kuruhusiwa tena, waliojitahidi kufufua mashirika yao hawakufikiria kutekeleza karama asili katika mazingira mapya, bali kukarabati tu kilichobaki cha karne iliyopita. Waliridhika kujiona wanashangiliwa bado na watu wema wengi, bila ya kujali jamii inavyozidi kusogea mbali na tunu zao. Hivyo katika malezi wakasisitiza mambo yaleyale ya zamani hasa katika nchi (k.mf. Italia) ambapo miaka ya utawa kuzuiwa haikuwa mingi. Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kupata kwa urahisi miito ya kibradha, ila si ya kipadri, kwa kuwa wengi hawakuwa na elimu au ilikuwa tofauti na ile iliyodaiwa na Kanisa. Tena, waliokuwa wamesoma waliona wazi mbele yao njia za kufanikiwa ulimwenguni, na hawakuweza kufuata [[mitindo]] ya malezi ya kitawa iliyokuwa ileile ya zamani, yenye kusawazisha mno watu wenye vipawa tofauti. Basi, miito ikatafutwa kati ya [[Mtoto|watoto]] wa [[familia]] bora za wakulima wasioweza kuwasomesha: kwao ilikuwa [[heshima]] kuwa na mtoto padri mtawa. Ndivyo zilivyoanza ([[1869]]) [[seminari]] za kiserafi ambazo, baada ya kupingwa na watawa [[wazee]], zikaja kuenea haraka na kuhimizwa rasmi. Hapo muundo mzima wa malezi ukaja kubadilika, kwa kupatikana madarasa ya [[vijana]] wa kuongozana kuanzia [[umri]] wa miaka 11-12 hadi upadri, wakipata malezi yote utawani na hivyo kufyonza desturi, misimamo, mitazamo na matarajio ya shirika. Hawakukosekana watawa maarufu waliopinga malezi ambayo pengine haikuwa na maana tena wala ukweli na unyofu wa Kifransisko, ikitaka kusawazisha wote katika mitindo ya nje, na kugeuza vijana kuwa wanasesere wanaotenda lolote kwa kuongozwa. Hata hivyo seminari hizo ndogo zikawa mbinu kuu kwa karibu miaka mia.

[[Jubilei]] ya miaka 700 tangu azaliwe Fransisko ([[1882]]) iliadhimishwa kwa unyonge, lakini [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) alitoa hati iliyohimiza kufufua miundo ya Kifransisko, hasa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko|Utawa III]], dhidi ya [[ubinafsi]] unaotawala [[dunia]]. Mwaka [[1889]] Wafransiskani, baada ya kuongozwa miaka 20 na Mriformati bora, wakafaulu kufanya mkutano mkuu uliotunga katiba kwa shirika lote, jambo lililokusudiwa bure tangu mwaka 1517; hata hivyo Wariformati walidai ruhusa ya kufuata pia sheria zao maalumu. Mwaka [[1895]] [[Papa Leo XIII]] aliupendekezea mkutano mkuu [[muungano]] wa matawi OFM uwe [[agenda]] kuu, na [[Kardinali]] akaeleza namna ya kuyaunganisha. Waoservanti wote wakakubali, Warekoleti vilevile kwa sharti la kutunza ufukara kwa uangalifu, kumbe Wariformati na Pekupeku walio wengi wakakataa; jumla ya kura ikawa 77 ndiyo na 31 hapana. Basi [[kamati]] ikaandaa katiba mpya iliyothibitishwa mwaka [[1897]], halafu Leo XIII akatangaza rasmi muungano kamili wa matawi yote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu, ambao uonekane wazi hata kwa nje ([[kanzu]] ya mtindo mmoja badala ya ainaaina na [[rangi]] ya [[kahawia]] badala ya zile tofauti za awali: [[nyeusi]], ya [[kijivu]], ya [[zambarau]] na ya [[baharia]]). Akaagiza kanda zisizokubali wasiweze kupokea wanovisi tena, na watawa binafsi wasiokubali wapangiwe nyumba maalumu ambapo wakae wao tu, bila ya kuchanganyikana na walioungana. Hata hivyo muungano haukufanikiwa vizuri; Wahispania walikubali katiba lakini wakaendelea kujiongoza kitaifa hadi 1932; hasa majaribio ya kuunganisha katika kanda moja Wafransiskani wa matawi mbalimbali yalisababisha ushindani mwingi hadi juzijuzi.

Jubilei ya miaka 700 tangu shirika lianze ([[1909]]), iliadhimishwa kwa fahari zaidi, kutokana na hali ya kutumainisha ya matawi yote. Ila lilizuka suala la uhalisi wa [[shina]] na uongozi kuhusiana na Fransisko. Hapo [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) akatamka kwamba, “Watumishi wakuu wa familia tatu za Kifransisko wako sawa kwa heshima na mamlaka walizonazo, nao watazamwe sawia kama makamu na waandamizi halisi wa Fransisko, kila mmoja katika familia yake... Mashirika matatu ya familia ya Ndugu Wadogo ni kama matawi matatu ya mti uleule, ambao mzizi na shina lake ni Fransisko, na viungo vyake ni Ndugu Wadogo kwa haki kamili na sawia”.

[[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] ([[1917]]) havikuleta mabadiliko makubwa utawani. Jubilei ya kifo cha mwanzilishi ([[1926]]) ilichochea Wafransisko wote; hali ilikuwa tofauti na karne iliyopita, kwa sababu ya kujitolea sana hata kijamii, jambo lililowafanya waheshimiwe upya na Waprotestanti na waasi wa dini pia. Hata hivyo katika nchi chache dhuluma zikawajia tena: kwanza Meksiko (1926-1932), halafu Hispania (1936-1939), walipouawa Ndugu Wadogo 320 na Wafransisko wengine 88. Baadaye vikazuka [[vita vikuu vya pili]] (1939-1945) vilivyoharibu sana hasa [[Ulaya ya Kati]] na kanda zake.

Lakini mabaya zaidi yakafuata Ulaya Mashariki ukiwa chini ya [[Ukomunisti]] ambao, pamoja na kueneza mafundisho ya [[Ukanamungu|wakanadini]] na kupotosha maadili, pengine ulifuta mashirika yote, pengine uliyawekea vizuio vingi. Kumbe [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|Magharibi]] tunu nyingi zikaja kufifia kadiri uchumi ulivyostawi na kuleta anasa. Watawa wote na Kanisa zima wakajiuliza upya kuhusu maana ya uwepo wao katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Majibu yakawa tofauti, na vizazi vikabishana: katika hali hiyo [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963) aliitisha [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]] (1962-1965).

Ingawa kesi za kutangazia watakatifu zinachukua kwa kawaida miaka mingi, baadhi ya ndugu wa kipindi hicho wameshafikia hatua hiyo. Kuna Wafransiskani wanane waliofia dini China (1900): Maaskofu [[Gregori Grassi]], [[Francesco Fogolla]] na [[Antonino Fantosati]], halafu mapadri [[Elia Facchini]], [[Teodoriko Balat]], [[Giuseppe Maria Gambero]] na [[Cesidio Giacomantonio]], hatimaye bradha [[Andrea Bauer]].

===Changamoto ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani (1962-2005)===
[[Mtaguso]] huo ulisisitiza kweli za kudumu na kuelekeza namna ya kukabili kichungaji ulimwengu wa kisasa. Kwa ajili hiyo watawa pia walidaiwa kujirekebisha upya, hasa kiroho. Ndugu Wadogo, sawa na watawa wote, walipaswa kurekebisha katiba zao pia kwa kutoa wote maoni yao, kufanya mikutano mikuu na majaribio mbalimbali. Kazi hiyo ilichukua miaka mingi kuliko ilivyotarajiwa, kwa kufikiria upya vipengele vyote vya maisha ya Kifransisko. Kwa mara ya kwanza mabadiliko ya katiba yaliwekwa mikononi mwa wanashirika, kwa kujali wingi si ubora wao, basi, iliwezekana kufuta harakaharaka mambo yaliyowashinda wengi, bila kujali kama yanafaa bado au la. Halafu wasiwasi uliokuwepo kabla ya Mtaguso ulilipuka na kusababisha wengi wapotewe na [[dira]] hata katika imani na maadili. Matokeo yake wengi waliacha utawa na upadri. Wengine walibaki pasipo msimamo, kwa kuona mengi ya zamani yamebadilishwa na mapya ni ya muda (yamekubaliwa kwa majaribio). [[Ratiba]] ya [[sala]] ilipunguzwa sana, kama si kuachwa kabisa. Utafiti uliofanywa na uongozi wa Wakapuchini ulionyesha kwamba wanashirika walio wengi wasingeshauri kijana kujiunga nao. Ndiyo sababu, pamoja na miito kujitokeza kwa nadra Ulaya, idadi ya Ndugu Wadogo ikapungua haraka tangu mwaka 1963.

Wengine wasioridhika na mabadiliko hayo, baada ya kunyimwa na Watumishi wao uhuru waliotaka kwa kufuata maisha ya kijumuia ya Kifransisko zaidi, wakaamua kuanzisha matawi mapya. Kwa jumla mashirika hayo hayakuongezeka sana. Hata hivyo uwepo wake umekuwa changamoto kwa matawi makubwa ambayo yakaanza kujirudi kidogo, baada ya kupungukiwa na wengi wasiokuwa na msimamo pamoja na kutambua matokeo ya majaribio yaliyofanywa; shida ni kwamba kujirekebisha baada ya kulegea sana si rahisi, hasa kama kazi hiyo inahusu idadi kubwa ya watu.

Polepole karama ya mwanzilishi ikaja kuzingatiwa tena kwa furaha, badala ya kujali masuala ya miundo tu. Mambo mengi yaliyosahauliwa kwa karne kadhaa yakaja kuonekana muhimu hasa leo, kama vile roho ya kanuni (udugu na udogo) kuliko mtazamo wa kisheria uliotawala matamko ya Mapapa wa zamani; au usawa wa watawa wote bila ya tabaka; au uwajibikaji wa kila mmoja katika uendeshaji wa jumuia, kanda na shirika; au umuhimu wa mikutano, kuanzia ngazi ya nyumba (ambapo ulikuwa umebaki kwa Wakonventuali tu). Wakati huohuo mabishano kati ya matawi ya Ndugu Wadogo yakapungua sana kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa kidugu mkubwa zaidi na zaidi katika ngazi zote. Hatimaye katiba zikaja kuthibitishwa na Kanisa kulingana na toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria zake kwa [[Kanisa la Kilatini|Walatini]] (1983). Utulivu upande huo umeleta msimamo mkubwa zaidi kwa viongozi na kwa wanashirika jumla: kinadharia njia imeeleweka; sasa kazi ni kuifuata hadi mwisho.

Baada ya Ukomunisti kuanguka (1989) matawi yote yamejitahidi kujiimarisha Ulaya Mashariki walipopata tena nafasi ya kuhubiri na kupokea miito, ambayo huko ni mingi. Mungu anazidi kuongoza historia.
{{mbegu-katoliki}}
[[Jamii:Wafransisko]]</text>
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      <text bytes="25850" sha1="0gavcwn6tz6kjb5fuz1devgudn2id6h" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|[[Bernardino wa Siena]] ([[1380]]-[[1440]]), mchoro wa [[Jacopo Bellini]] ([[1400]] hivi - [[1470]] hivi).]]
'''Waoservanti''' walikuwa [[tawi]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] waliojitokeza katika [[karne ya 14]] [[Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki|kurekebisha]] [[shirika]] lao kwa kufuata kikamilifu [[Kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo|kanuni ya Mt.]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]], hasa upande wa [[ufukara mkuu]], wakipingana na [[Wakonventuali]], waliokubali [[ufafanuzi]] wa [[kanuni]] hiyo ulioruhusu jumuia kuwa na [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]] na kujenga [[konventi]] kubwa. 

==Mwanzo wa urekebisho==
Ni kwamba kati ya [[Wafransisko]] kuna utata wa kudumu kuhusu namna ya kulinganisha kipeo asili na maisha halisi, au sehemu mbalimbali za [[karama]] ileile: katika karne XIV-[[karne ya 15|XV]] utata huo ulisababisha mapambano ya kishujaa. Walioanzisha [[urekebisho]] walikuwa [[watawa]] (wengi wao [[bradha|mabradha]] wasio na [[elimu]]) wasioridhika na hali ya shirika. Wakililia hali ya mwanzoni, walilaumu maisha ya wenzao na [[uongozi]] wa Watumishi. Hao waliitikia kwa ukali wakijisingizia wanapaswa kudumisha [[nidhamu]] na kutetea [[haki]] ya walio wengi ya kutumia ruhusa za [[Kanisa Katoliki|Kanisa]]. Kwa kawaida [[Mwanzilishi|waanzilishi]] wa marekebisho hawakuwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]], bali nia yao ilichanganyikana na upungufu wa [[unyenyekevu]] na [[utiifu]]. Wakidai haki ya kufuata kanuni “Kiroho” kadiri ya sura ya 10, walikimbilia ngazi za juu kwa msaada wa [[wanasiasa]] ambao – sawa na watu wa kawaida – kila mara walipendelea urekebisho. Kisha kukubaliwa, marekebisho yakavuta [[wito|miito]] bora: k.mf. kati ya mwaka [[1402]] na [[1416]] walijiunga na Waoservanti [[Bernardino wa Siena]], [[Yohane wa Capestrano]], [[Alberto wa Sarteano]] na [[Yakobo wa Marka]] ambao wanaitwa “nguzo nne za [[Observansya]] (= kushikakanuni)”. Marekebisho yote, pamoja na kusisitiza [[Ufukara wa hiari|ufukara]], yalijali sana [[kimya]] na [[sala ya moyo]] [[Mkaapweke|upwekeni]]. Kama [[tunda]] la maisha ya namna hiyo yalifanya pia [[kazi]] kubwa tena bora ya kuhubiri, na hivyo kurudisha ule uwiano aliokuwa nao mwanzilishi. Mwishowe haki ya kushika kanuni kiaminifu ikatambulikana na Kanisa.

Mahali pa kwanza walipokusanyika ni makao ya upwekeni ya [[Brogliano]] karibu na [[Asizi]]. Aliyestawisha zaidi kuanzia mwaka [[1368]] ni [[Paolucho Trinci]] (+[[1390]]), bradha aliyefanywa mkurugenzi wa jumuia zilizofuata urekebisho [[Italia]], akiwa na haki ya kupokea [[Unovisi|wanovisi]] na kuanzisha [[nyumba]] nyingine. Dhidi ya upinzani wa Watumishi, [[Mtaguso wa Konstans]] ([[1415]]) uliwaruhusu Waoservanti kuenea katika kanda zote za shirika, kupokea wanashirika wote watakaopenda kujiunga nao, tena kuwa na kiongozi maalumu, yaani Watunzaji wao wawe chini ya mmojawao kama makamu wa Mtumishi mkuu badala ya kubaki chini ya Watumishi wa kanda. Hata hivyo marekebisho mengine yaliyokwishaanza ([[Wavilyakresi]], [[Wakoleta]], [[Waamadei]] na Waklareno) hayakupenda kujiunga na Waoservanti. Wakonventuali walipinga vikali uamuzi wa [[Mtaguso]], na [[juhudi]] za [[Papa|Mapapa]] hazikuweza kurudisha [[amani]], kwa kuwa hao hawakukubali kurekebishwa, wala Waoservanti kukaa chini yao. Wakati majaribio mbalimbali yalipoendelea kushindikana, Observansya ikaenea na kustawi, hadi [[Papa Eugenio IV]] ([[1431]]-[[1447]]) alipoiruhusu kujifanyia mikutano mikuu na ya kanda ili kujichagulia viongozi ([[1446]]). [[Ushindi]] mwingine ukawa tangazo la kuwa Bernardino wa Siena, Mkuu wake wa kwanza, ni mtakatifu ([[1450]]).

[[Papa Leo X]] ([[1513]]-[[1521]]) alifanya jaribio la mwisho alipoitisha mkutano mkuu wa wote pamoja ([[1517]]), wakiwa na viongozi wa marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wakakataa tena shirika lote lisifuate urekebisho wala kuongozwa na Mwoservanti. Basi, Papa akaamua kuwatenganisha moja kwa moja, na kupindua uhusiano kati yao: Waoservanti wawe na hadhi ya kuwa ndio shirika halisi (OFM), wakati waliotetea maisha yaliyofuatwa katika konventi kubwa wakakubaliwa kuendelea nayo kwa kutumia fadhili halali walizopewa, lakini kama tawi tu (OFMConv). Alimlazimisha Mtumishi mkuu wa Wakonventuali kujiuzulu na kukabidhi [[mhuri]] wa shirika kwa Waoservanti, ambao Mtumishi wao aitwe Mtumishi mkuu wa shirika lote, likiwa ni pamoja na marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wasishiriki tena [[uchaguzi]] wa Mtumishi mkuu, wala kiongozi wao asiitwe Mtumishi bali Mwalimu mkuu tu! Hata hivyo wasisumbuliwe kwa kutumia fadhili walizopewa na Kanisa. Waoservanti wabaki na nyumba zao, na Wakonventuali na nyumba zao, bila ya kuvuka toka upande mmoja kwenda upande mwingine.

Ingawa hakuna takwimu ya wanashirika kabla ya karne XVII, tunaweza kuwakadiria kutokana na idadi ya nyumba na ya wastani wa ndugu walioishi katika nyumba kwamba mwaka 1517 kulikuwa na ndugu 50,000 na zaidi (elfu 20 au 25 Wakonventuali na 30 au 32 Waoservanti).

==Baada ya utengano==
Utengano huo ulitatua tatizo moja, lakini haukufaulu kuunganisha [[kundi|makundi]] yaliyorekebishwa, ingawa Papa alikuwa ameagiza itungwe mara katiba moja kwa yote. Baadhi yalidumu kuwa na kanda zao, Waoservanti wa Italia wakaikataa katiba hiyo wakaendelea kuirekebisha mfululizo ile maalumu ya kwao, na kanda nyingine zilijitungia vilevile na kuzidisha tofauti shirikani. 

Kilichohatarisha zaidi umoja ni [[utaifa]] uliochochewa na [[serikali]] mbalimbali kwa faida ya [[siasa]] ya nchi zao dhidi ya nyingine. [[Wafalme]] waliingilia kwa [[njama]] na vitisho masuala ya mikutano mikuu, sawa na walivyoingilia uchaguzi wa Papa, lakini kila mara [[idadi]] iliwapa ushindi [[Wahispania]], hata washindani wao ([[Wafaransa]]) wakagoma kuhudhuria mara kadhaa.

Matatizo mengine yalihusu maisha yenyewe, hasa ufukara. Waliolazimika kujiunga na Waoservanti, na wale wasioacha kutumia fadhili walizokuwanazo wakiwa Wakonventuali, walikataa kurekebishwa. Kinyume chake, wengine hawakuridhika tena na namna OFM ilivyoshika kanuni, wakadai ruhusa ya kuishika kabisa. Ndivyo walivyofanya watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali, kwa kuwa haja ya urekebisho ilitambulikana na wote katika Kanisa la karne XV-[[karne ya 16|XVI]]. Kwa namna ya pekee Ndugu Wadogo walichochewa kufanya hivyo na sura X ya kanuni pamoja na [[Wasia wa Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Ndiyo sababu [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio|Bonaventura]] aliona haja ya kuwepo makao ya upwekeni katika kila kanda ili kuwaachia [[uhuru]] wa kuishi hivyo wale wapendao. Kumbe Waoservanti wengi na baadhi ya viongozi wao hawakukubali kuwaachia wenye bidii uhuru huo, kwa sababu ingekuwa sawa na kukiri kwamba wamelegea. Hivyo wakawatenda ndugu hao kama Wakonventuali wa zamani walivyowatenda Waoservanti wa kwanza. Walioamini urekebisho unaweza kutoka kwa viongozi wakaja kujionea haiwezekani. Miundo iliyoanza kama urekebisho ikajikuta inajaribu kuzuia juhudi za waliopenda urekebisho, na viongozi wa shirika lililoanza kwa kushindana na viongozi wakawalaumu waliotaka kufanya vile wakisema eti, ni wakaidi tu! Kwa kukosa [[busara]] na wema walisababisha waliotaka urekebisho wakafuate [[njia]] zao ili kupata ruhusa walizozihitaji, kwa kumkimbilia Papa au viongozi wa serikali. Mara nyingine Wakonventuali walipokea makundi hayo chini ya ulinzi wao ili kuwakomoa Waoservanti waliokuwa wanawadharau wakijidai ndio wafuasi halisi wa Fransisko. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya matawi mapya, hasa lile la kujitegemea kabisa la [[Wakapuchini]].

Katika karne XVI-[[karne ya 17|XVII]] karibu kila mkutano mkuu wa OFM ulizungumzia katiba na kupigania [[umoja]], ambao haukuwa rahisi kutokana na mchanganyiko wa ndugu waliopenda fadhili za Wakonventuali na wengine waliotaka urekebisho. Katika hali hiyo Watumishi wakuu walijitahidi kuhuisha shirika lote, lakini wengi wao walitumwa na Mapapa kama [[balozi|mabalozi]] kwa wafalme na [[Askofu|Maaskofu]] wa [[Ulaya]], au walipewa uaskofu wa [[Mji|miji]] muhimu. Shirika halikupendezwa kwa sababu lilikuja kukosa uongozi imara: ndiyo maana mara kadhaa liliwadai [[kiapo]] cha kutokubali kazi hizo au walau cha kujiuzulu Utumishi. Watakatifu waliopatikana kipindi hicho ni: [[Salvatore wa Horta]] (+1567), bradha aliyefanya miujiza mingi ajabu (labda milioni moja), [[Nikolaus Pieck]], [[Jeromu wa Weert]], [[Teodoriko van der Eem]], [[Nikasi wa Heeze]], [[Wilehadi wa Denmaki]], [[Godefrid wa Melveren]], [[Antoni wa Weert]], [[Antoni wa Hoornaert]], [[Fransisko wa Roye]], mapadri, halafu [[Petro wa Assche]] na [[Korneli wa Wijk-bij-Durstede]] (+1572), mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini [[Uholanzi]], [[John Jones]] (+1588), aliyefia dini [[Uingereza]], hatimaye [[Fransisko Solano]] (+1610), [[mmisionari]] bora [[Amerika ya Kusini|Amerika Kusini]] aliyezunguka kotekote kwa miaka 14, akihubiri na kuimba. [[Mwenye heri|Wenye heri]] wa kipindi hicho ni 17.

==Karne ya 17 hadi 19==
Karne XVII ikawa ya utulivu na utendaji, lakini ongezeko kubwa mno la watawa lilisababisha matatizo makubwa na ulegevu hata katika marekebisho. Pamoja na utaifa kuzidi, matawi ya Italia yalishindana kwa [[maandishi]] makali ya kukwaza. Makwazo mengine yalitokana na [[desturi]] ya Watumishi kadhaa kutuma watawa wasiofaa kwenye kanda nyingine au kuwaacha nyumbani mwa [[Rafiki|marafiki]] au ndugu. Badala ya juhudi za watawa kwa ajili ya kanuni kama katika [[karne]] zilizopita, sanasana tunakuta viongozi wakijitahidi kuwalazimisha washike kanuni, lakini [[bidii]] za namna hiyo hazikuweza kufanikiwa kwa kuwa hazikutoka [[moyo|moyoni]] mwa watawa. Hatimaye mwaka [[1676]] mkutano mkuu ulikubali na kuagiza kila kanda ianzishe makao 3-4 ya upwekeni ambapo yafanyike [[malezi]] ya watakaji na wanovisi wote: baadaye katika [[mazingira]] hayo walistawi [[Thomas wa Cori]] (+[[1729]]), mhubiri maarufu na [[Teofilo wa Corte]] (+[[1740]]), [[mwanafunzi]] wake. Mtakatifu mwingine ni [[Junipero Serra]] (̟+[[1784]]), padri Mhispania [[Uinjilishaji|aliyeinjilisha]] kwa mara ya kwanza [[Kalifornia]] (leo [[Marekani]] Magharibi Kusini). Lakini katika [[Karne ya 18|karne XVIII]] ilionekana wazi jinsi matazamio ya wengi yalivyolenga kupata kwa visingizio vyovyote fadhili na nafasi za kwanzakwanza. Kupitia mikutano mikuu upuuzi wa namna hiyo uliathiri [[sheria]] za shirika. Pia mabadiliko mengi mno ya katiba, badala ya kusaidia nidhamu, yalizidi kuipunguza kwa kusababisha ndugu wasiijali katiba isiyodumu.

Ongezeko la watawa lilifikia kilele chake kati ya mwaka [[1760]] na [[1770]], likishinda vizuio vilivyowekwa na viongozi wa Kanisa. Kama kawaida, shaka zilizosababishwa na [[mageuzi]] ya harakaharaka katika [[jamii]] na [[uchumi]] zilichangia pia ongezeko la miito ya wasiwasi yenye kutafuta usalama konventini. Kadiri hiyohiyo ilionekana wazi kuwa wingi si hoja na kuwa [[umati]] wa watawa haukuhuishwa na vipeo halisi. [[Uvivu]] haukuepukika ukazaa ulegevu na maovu mengi. Ingawa watu wadogo waliendelea kuwaheshimu watawa, wasomi walizidi kuwaona vielelezo wa tunu zisizo na maana tena. Jamii ilipokuwa inaelekea [[kasi]] matazamio mapya hata upande wa [[dini]], watawa walizidi kujitenga konventini wakijali desturi zao na elimu yao ya kidini bila ya mawasiliano na elimudunia. Kati yao wachache tu walijitahidi kulinganisha imani na [[sayansi]].

Kwa muda mfupi mashirika, hasa [[Mashirika ya ombaomba|ya Ombaomba]], yalikuja kudharauliwa na wengi. Kufuatana na mawazo mapya kuhusu uchumi, serikali zilizidi kuyatazama kama mzigo au donda kwa jamii. Bahati mbaya, hali ya mashirika ilistahili lawama nyingi zilizotolewa. Sababu nyingine zilizoleta [[dhoruba]] juu ya watawa ni kwamba serikali zilitamani mali za mashirika yao, na maadui wa Kanisa waliwafanya shabaha ya kwanza, kwa kuwa kila mara ndio wanaohakikisha zaidi uimara wa Ukatoliki chini ya Papa na dhidi ya utaifa (ambao wakati huo ulichochewa na serikali na kupendeza Maaskofu wengi). [[Ukweli]] wa dhati ni kwamba [[Mungu]] alitaka kutakasa watu aliowakusudia wawe moyo wa Kanisa.

Katika [[barua]] rasmi za miaka hiyo, Watumishi wakuu waliweka wazi matatizo yaliyokuwepo (utaifa, ugomvi, uchu wa vyeo, [[wivu]], malezi ya kulipua, kujiingiza katika masuala ya siasa, utovu wa unyofu na unyenyekevu, utovu wa usafi na nidhamu) pamoja na [[utabiri]] wa dhoruba ijayo. Ugumu wa hali unaonekana pia katika miundo mikuu ya utawa kwenda kinyume cha kawaida: OFM toka [[1791]] karibu mfululizo iliongozwa na Watumishi wakuu [[Pekupeku]] na [[Wareformati|Mriformati]] badala ya Waoservanti (waliokuwa na msimamo laini); vilevile Wakapuchini toka mwaka [[1754]] hadi [[1789]] waliongozwa karibu mfululizo na wasio Waitalia (tofauti na wanashirika wenzao, watawa wa nchi hiyo walikuwa wakiridhika zaidi na hali ya shirika na kupinga urekebisho). Pia mikutano mikuu haikufanyika muda mrefu: katika OFM tangu 1768 hadi 1856; kwa Wakonventuali tangu 1789 hadi 1847. Iliwabidi Mapapa wateue Watumishi wakuu.

Utatuzi ulijaribu kuelekea pande mbili: urekebisho wa hiari (kwa watawa wenyewe kujituma, hasa kwa kuanzisha makao ya upwekeni) na wa lazima (kwa viongozi kuimarisha nidhamu). 

Serikali zilianza kuchukua hatua kali, zikidai haki ya kujihusisha na maisha yote ya Kanisa. Tukiondoa [[Dola la Kipapa]], nchi zote za Ulaya zilipanga kunyonga mashirika. Kwa miaka 13 Ndugu Wadogo wa Ufaransa walipungua 3,756; kwa miaka 9 Hispania walipungua 5,582; kwa miaka 28 Polandi watawa walipungua asilimia 67! Chini ya siasa hiyo mashirika yalielekea kwisha bila ya sifa.

Kumbe [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] yalipoanza kutumia nguvu zaidi na kuamua kufuta mashirika yote ([[1790]]) watawa wengi walipata taji la [[kifodini]]. Kisha kutupwa nje ya konventi, walipaswa kuchagua kati ya kula kiapo haramu cha kutii serikali badala ya Papa, au kuhama nchi au kukatwa [[kichwa]]. Wengi walikubali kwa [[furaha]] mwaliko wa kuacha utawa na kupewa [[pensheni]]; lakini wengiwengi pia walikwenda kuishi kitawa hasa [[Amerika]], au walitoa [[uhai]] wao ili kutetea haki za Kanisa: kati ya wafiadini hao Wafransisko ni zaidi ya 250. Jeshi la Ufaransa llilipovamia karibu Ulaya nzima, sheria za namna hiyo zilienezwa [[Ubelgiji]] (1796), Italia Kaskazini-Magharibi (1802), [[Ujerumani]] Magharibi (1803), Italia Kusini (1809), Hispania (1810). Hata nchi nyingine za Ulaya ya kati zilifuta mashirika au kuyabana zaidi. Katika kipindi hicho waliishi watakatifu [[Yohane wa Triora]], aliyefia dini [[China]] (+1816), na Waoservanti 8 waliofia dini huko [[Syria]] (+1860): mapadri [[Manuel Ruiz]], [[Karmelo Bolta]], [[Engelbati Kolland]], [[Nikanori Ascanio]], [[Petro Nolasko Soler]], [[Nikola Maria Alberca]] na mabradha [[Fransisko Pinazo]] na [[Yohane Yakobo Fernandez]]. 

Wafaransa waliposhindwa, mkutano wa amani wa [[Vienna]] (1815) uliamua kurudisha iwezekanavyo hali iliyokuwepo Ulaya kabla ya mapinduzi. Hata mashirika wakajaribu kufanya hivyo, lakini haikuwa rahisi. Mawazo ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa|mapinduzi]] yalikuwa yameenea, yakidai uhuru na [[maendeleo]]. Watawa waliozoea kwa miaka kadhaa kuishi mmojammoja ulimwenguni, walipolazimishwa na Kanisa kurudi konventini hawakukubali tena nidhamu ya [[nadhiri]]. Pia ilikuwa vigumu kwao kuishi pamoja kutokana na misimamo yao tofauti kuhusu mapinduzi. Wasiwasi kuhusu kesho ukaendelea pia kwa sababu serikali mpya zilikuwa na siasa ileile ya kabla ya mapinduzi, hivyo mashirika yakaanza tena kufutwa: [[Urusi]], ukiwa na Polandi chini yake (1831 hadi 1864), [[Ureno]] (1832-1890), Hispania (1836-1880), Italia Kaskazini Magharibi (kuanzia 1855), Italia nzima (kuanzia 1866), Ujerumani (1871-1875), Ufaransa (1880 kwa muda mfupi, tena kuanzia 1903). Wakati huo [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Amerika ya Kilatini]] yalijipatia uhuru (1820-1824): watawa wananchi walisimama wote upande wa mapinduzi, kumbe wamisionari (hasa Wahispania) waliyapinga wakateswa hadi kuuawa. Baada ya ushindi [[jamhuri]] mpya pia zilianza kudhulumu mashirika hata karibu kuyakomesha (k.mf. [[Brazili]] konventi zote ziliagizwa kufungwa mwaka 1822, [[Meksiko]] mashirika yote yalifutwa mwaka 1855). Hivyo kila yalipotaka kuinuka, mashirika yalikumbwa na matatizo mapya. Hatimaye yalijikuta mali zake zimepungua sana, na wanashirika vilevile, lakini waliobaki wametakaswa kiasi kikubwa.

Kwa jumla, si wengi sana waliofurahia hatua za serikali kuwaondoa utawani, ingawa katika nchi nyingi walipewa pensheni. Kati yao mapadri walifanya kazi ya [[mchungaji|kichungaji]] [[Dayosisi|jimboni]], na baadhi wakawa Maaskofu; mabradha walitoa huduma katika [[sakristia]] au [[hospitali]], ila wengine walirudi kwa ndugu zao. Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa ilitoa miongozo kuhusu hali yao na uhusiano na shirika, ikiwahimiza daima waishi kijumuia kadiri iwezekanavyo. Ndizo juhudi za Watumishi wakuu pia, ingawa waliona ugumu wa kuzitekeleza. 

Mang’amuzi ya maisha ya nje, yasiyo na hakika kiuchumi, yaliwasaidia watawa kuelewa watu wa kawaida, ambao si [[Mkulima|wakulima]] hasa kama zamani, bali umati wa [[wafanyakazi]] wenye kudhulumiwa na [[ubepari]] katika nchi za [[Kiwanda|viwanda]]. Wakiishi ulimwenguni hasa Ndugu Wadogo waliacha usomi wao na [[tabia]] nyingine za [[Tabaka (jamii)|tabaka]] la juu walizokuwanazo, wakajenga uhusiano mpya na watu na kuwajibika kuwasaidia hata kijamii. Miaka ya kukaa nje ya konventi ndiyo miaka ambapo mashirika mengi ya huduma yalianzishwa na watawa hao.

==Ufufuko baada ya dhuluma==
[[File:Papa_Leone_XIII_(1898).jpg|thumb|left|[[Picha]] ya Papa Leo XIII.]]
Maisha ya kitawa yalipoanza kuruhusiwa tena, waliojitahidi kufufua mashirika yao hawakufikiria kutekeleza karama asili katika mazingira mapya, bali kukarabati tu kilichobaki cha karne iliyopita. Waliridhika kujiona wanashangiliwa bado na watu wema wengi, bila ya kujali jamii inavyozidi kusogea mbali na tunu zao. Hivyo katika malezi wakasisitiza mambo yaleyale ya zamani hasa katika nchi (k.mf. Italia) ambapo miaka ya utawa kuzuiwa haikuwa mingi. Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kupata kwa urahisi miito ya kibradha, ila si ya kipadri, kwa kuwa wengi hawakuwa na elimu au ilikuwa tofauti na ile iliyodaiwa na Kanisa. Tena, waliokuwa wamesoma waliona wazi mbele yao njia za kufanikiwa ulimwenguni, na hawakuweza kufuata [[mitindo]] ya malezi ya kitawa iliyokuwa ileile ya zamani, yenye kusawazisha mno watu wenye vipawa tofauti. Basi, miito ikatafutwa kati ya [[Mtoto|watoto]] wa [[familia]] bora za wakulima wasioweza kuwasomesha: kwao ilikuwa [[heshima]] kuwa na mtoto padri mtawa. Ndivyo zilivyoanza ([[1869]]) [[seminari]] za kiserafi ambazo, baada ya kupingwa na watawa [[wazee]], zikaja kuenea haraka na kuhimizwa rasmi. Hapo muundo mzima wa malezi ukaja kubadilika, kwa kupatikana madarasa ya [[vijana]] wa kuongozana kuanzia [[umri]] wa miaka 11-12 hadi upadri, wakipata malezi yote utawani na hivyo kufyonza desturi, misimamo, mitazamo na matarajio ya shirika. Hawakukosekana watawa maarufu waliopinga malezi ambayo pengine haikuwa na maana tena wala ukweli na unyofu wa Kifransisko, ikitaka kusawazisha wote katika mitindo ya nje, na kugeuza vijana kuwa wanasesere wanaotenda lolote kwa kuongozwa. Hata hivyo seminari hizo ndogo zikawa mbinu kuu kwa karibu miaka mia.

[[Jubilei]] ya miaka 700 tangu azaliwe Fransisko ([[1882]]) iliadhimishwa kwa unyonge, lakini [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) alitoa hati iliyohimiza kufufua miundo ya Kifransisko, hasa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko|Utawa III]], dhidi ya [[ubinafsi]] unaotawala [[dunia]]. Mwaka [[1889]] Wafransiskani, baada ya kuongozwa miaka 20 na Mriformati bora, wakafaulu kufanya mkutano mkuu uliotunga katiba kwa shirika lote, jambo lililokusudiwa bure tangu mwaka 1517; hata hivyo Wariformati walidai ruhusa ya kufuata pia sheria zao maalumu. Mwaka [[1895]] [[Papa Leo XIII]] aliupendekezea mkutano mkuu [[muungano]] wa matawi OFM uwe [[agenda]] kuu, na [[Kardinali]] akaeleza namna ya kuyaunganisha. Waoservanti wote wakakubali, Warekoleti vilevile kwa sharti la kutunza ufukara kwa uangalifu, kumbe Wariformati na Pekupeku walio wengi wakakataa; jumla ya kura ikawa 77 ndiyo na 31 hapana. Basi [[kamati]] ikaandaa katiba mpya iliyothibitishwa mwaka [[1897]], halafu Leo XIII akatangaza rasmi muungano kamili wa matawi yote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu, ambao uonekane wazi hata kwa nje ([[kanzu]] ya mtindo mmoja badala ya ainaaina na [[rangi]] ya [[kahawia]] badala ya zile tofauti za awali: [[nyeusi]], ya [[kijivu]], ya [[zambarau]] na ya [[baharia]]). Akaagiza kanda zisizokubali wasiweze kupokea wanovisi tena, na watawa binafsi wasiokubali wapangiwe nyumba maalumu ambapo wakae wao tu, bila ya kuchanganyikana na walioungana. Hata hivyo muungano haukufanikiwa vizuri; Wahispania walikubali katiba lakini wakaendelea kujiongoza kitaifa hadi 1932; hasa majaribio ya kuunganisha katika kanda moja Wafransiskani wa matawi mbalimbali yalisababisha ushindani mwingi hadi juzijuzi.

Jubilei ya miaka 700 tangu shirika lianze ([[1909]]), iliadhimishwa kwa fahari zaidi, kutokana na hali ya kutumainisha ya matawi yote. Ila lilizuka suala la uhalisi wa [[shina]] na uongozi kuhusiana na Fransisko. Hapo [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) akatamka kwamba, “Watumishi wakuu wa familia tatu za Kifransisko wako sawa kwa heshima na mamlaka walizonazo, nao watazamwe sawia kama makamu na waandamizi halisi wa Fransisko, kila mmoja katika familia yake... Mashirika matatu ya familia ya Ndugu Wadogo ni kama matawi matatu ya mti uleule, ambao mzizi na shina lake ni Fransisko, na viungo vyake ni Ndugu Wadogo kwa haki kamili na sawia”.

[[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] ([[1917]]) havikuleta mabadiliko makubwa utawani. Jubilei ya kifo cha mwanzilishi ([[1926]]) ilichochea Wafransisko wote; hali ilikuwa tofauti na karne iliyopita, kwa sababu ya kujitolea sana hata kijamii, jambo lililowafanya waheshimiwe upya na Waprotestanti na waasi wa dini pia. Hata hivyo katika nchi chache dhuluma zikawajia tena: kwanza Meksiko (1926-1932), halafu Hispania (1936-1939), walipouawa Ndugu Wadogo 320 na Wafransisko wengine 88. Baadaye vikazuka [[vita vikuu vya pili]] (1939-1945) vilivyoharibu sana hasa [[Ulaya ya Kati]] na kanda zake.

Lakini mabaya zaidi yakafuata Ulaya Mashariki ukiwa chini ya [[Ukomunisti]] ambao, pamoja na kueneza mafundisho ya [[Ukanamungu|wakanadini]] na kupotosha maadili, pengine ulifuta mashirika yote, pengine uliyawekea vizuio vingi. Kumbe [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|Magharibi]] tunu nyingi zikaja kufifia kadiri uchumi ulivyostawi na kuleta anasa. Watawa wote na Kanisa zima wakajiuliza upya kuhusu maana ya uwepo wao katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Majibu yakawa tofauti, na vizazi vikabishana: katika hali hiyo [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963) aliitisha [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]] (1962-1965).

Ingawa kesi za kutangazia watakatifu zinachukua kwa kawaida miaka mingi, baadhi ya ndugu wa kipindi hicho wameshafikia hatua hiyo. Kuna Wafransiskani wanane waliofia dini China (1900): Maaskofu [[Gregori Grassi]], [[Francesco Fogolla]] na [[Antonino Fantosati]], halafu mapadri [[Elia Facchini]], [[Teodoriko Balat]], [[Giuseppe Maria Gambero]] na [[Cesidio Giacomantonio]], hatimaye bradha [[Andrea Bauer]].

==Changamoto ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani (1962-2005)==
[[Mtaguso]] huo ulisisitiza kweli za kudumu na kuelekeza namna ya kukabili kichungaji ulimwengu wa kisasa. Kwa ajili hiyo watawa pia walidaiwa kujirekebisha upya, hasa kiroho. Ndugu Wadogo, sawa na watawa wote, walipaswa kurekebisha katiba zao pia kwa kutoa wote maoni yao, kufanya mikutano mikuu na majaribio mbalimbali. Kazi hiyo ilichukua miaka mingi kuliko ilivyotarajiwa, kwa kufikiria upya vipengele vyote vya maisha ya Kifransisko. Kwa mara ya kwanza mabadiliko ya katiba yaliwekwa mikononi mwa wanashirika, kwa kujali wingi si ubora wao, basi, iliwezekana kufuta harakaharaka mambo yaliyowashinda wengi, bila kujali kama yanafaa bado au la. Halafu wasiwasi uliokuwepo kabla ya Mtaguso ulilipuka na kusababisha wengi wapotewe na [[dira]] hata katika imani na maadili. Matokeo yake wengi waliacha utawa na upadri. Wengine walibaki pasipo msimamo, kwa kuona mengi ya zamani yamebadilishwa na mapya ni ya muda (yamekubaliwa kwa majaribio). [[Ratiba]] ya [[sala]] ilipunguzwa sana, kama si kuachwa kabisa. Utafiti uliofanywa na uongozi wa Wakapuchini ulionyesha kwamba wanashirika walio wengi wasingeshauri kijana kujiunga nao. Ndiyo sababu, pamoja na miito kujitokeza kwa nadra Ulaya, idadi ya Ndugu Wadogo ikapungua haraka tangu mwaka 1963.

Wengine wasioridhika na mabadiliko hayo, baada ya kunyimwa na Watumishi wao uhuru waliotaka kwa kufuata maisha ya kijumuia ya Kifransisko zaidi, wakaamua kuanzisha matawi mapya. Kwa jumla mashirika hayo hayakuongezeka sana. Hata hivyo uwepo wake umekuwa changamoto kwa matawi makubwa ambayo yakaanza kujirudi kidogo, baada ya kupungukiwa na wengi wasiokuwa na msimamo pamoja na kutambua matokeo ya majaribio yaliyofanywa; shida ni kwamba kujirekebisha baada ya kulegea sana si rahisi, hasa kama kazi hiyo inahusu idadi kubwa ya watu.

Polepole karama ya mwanzilishi ikaja kuzingatiwa tena kwa furaha, badala ya kujali masuala ya miundo tu. Mambo mengi yaliyosahauliwa kwa karne kadhaa yakaja kuonekana muhimu hasa leo, kama vile roho ya kanuni (udugu na udogo) kuliko mtazamo wa kisheria uliotawala matamko ya Mapapa wa zamani; au usawa wa watawa wote bila ya tabaka; au uwajibikaji wa kila mmoja katika uendeshaji wa jumuia, kanda na shirika; au umuhimu wa mikutano, kuanzia ngazi ya nyumba (ambapo ulikuwa umebaki kwa Wakonventuali tu). Wakati huohuo mabishano kati ya matawi ya Ndugu Wadogo yakapungua sana kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa kidugu mkubwa zaidi na zaidi katika ngazi zote. Hatimaye katiba zikaja kuthibitishwa na Kanisa kulingana na toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria zake kwa [[Kanisa la Kilatini|Walatini]] (1983). Utulivu upande huo umeleta msimamo mkubwa zaidi kwa viongozi na kwa wanashirika jumla: kinadharia njia imeeleweka; sasa kazi ni kuifuata hadi mwisho.

Baada ya Ukomunisti kuanguka (1989) matawi yote yamejitahidi kujiimarisha Ulaya Mashariki walipopata tena nafasi ya kuhubiri na kupokea miito, ambayo huko ni mingi. Mungu anazidi kuongoza historia.
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      <text bytes="37198" sha1="b9z1iu0rd9ml9452chdnkituh4c8v27" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|[[Bernardino wa Siena]] ([[1380]]-[[1440]]), mchoro wa [[Jacopo Bellini]] ([[1400]] hivi - [[1470]] hivi).]]
'''Waoservanti''' walikuwa [[tawi]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] waliojitokeza katika [[karne ya 14]] [[Urekebisho wa Kikatoliki|kurekebisha]] [[shirika]] lao kwa kufuata kikamilifu [[Kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo|kanuni ya Mt.]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]], hasa upande wa [[ufukara mkuu]], wakipingana na [[Wakonventuali]], waliokubali [[ufafanuzi]] wa [[kanuni]] hiyo ulioruhusu jumuia kuwa na [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]] na kujenga [[konventi]] kubwa. 

==Mwanzo wa urekebisho==
Ni kwamba kati ya [[Wafransisko]] kuna utata wa kudumu kuhusu namna ya kulinganisha kipeo asili na maisha halisi, au sehemu mbalimbali za [[karama]] ileile: katika karne XIV-[[karne ya 15|XV]] utata huo ulisababisha mapambano ya kishujaa. Walioanzisha [[urekebisho]] walikuwa [[watawa]] (wengi wao [[bradha|mabradha]] wasio na [[elimu]]) wasioridhika na hali ya shirika. Wakililia hali ya mwanzoni, walilaumu maisha ya wenzao na [[uongozi]] wa Watumishi. Hao waliitikia kwa ukali wakijisingizia wanapaswa kudumisha [[nidhamu]] na kutetea [[haki]] ya walio wengi ya kutumia ruhusa za [[Kanisa Katoliki|Kanisa]]. Kwa kawaida [[Mwanzilishi|waanzilishi]] wa marekebisho hawakuwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]], bali nia yao ilichanganyikana na upungufu wa [[unyenyekevu]] na [[utiifu]]. Wakidai haki ya kufuata kanuni “Kiroho” kadiri ya sura ya 10, walikimbilia ngazi za juu kwa msaada wa [[wanasiasa]] ambao – sawa na watu wa kawaida – kila mara walipendelea urekebisho. Kisha kukubaliwa, marekebisho yakavuta [[wito|miito]] bora: k.mf. kati ya mwaka [[1402]] na [[1416]] walijiunga na Waoservanti [[Bernardino wa Siena]], [[Yohane wa Capestrano]], [[Alberto wa Sarteano]] na [[Yakobo wa Marka]] ambao wanaitwa “nguzo nne za [[Observansya]] (= kushikakanuni)”. Marekebisho yote, pamoja na kusisitiza [[Ufukara wa hiari|ufukara]], yalijali sana [[kimya]] na [[sala ya moyo]] [[Mkaapweke|upwekeni]]. Kama [[tunda]] la maisha ya namna hiyo yalifanya pia [[kazi]] kubwa tena bora ya kuhubiri, na hivyo kurudisha ule uwiano aliokuwa nao mwanzilishi. Mwishowe haki ya kushika kanuni kiaminifu ikatambulikana na Kanisa.

Mahali pa kwanza walipokusanyika ni makao ya upwekeni ya [[Brogliano]] karibu na [[Asizi]]. Aliyestawisha zaidi kuanzia mwaka [[1368]] ni [[Paolucho Trinci]] (+[[1390]]), bradha aliyefanywa mkurugenzi wa jumuia zilizofuata urekebisho [[Italia]], akiwa na haki ya kupokea [[Unovisi|wanovisi]] na kuanzisha [[nyumba]] nyingine. Dhidi ya upinzani wa Watumishi, [[Mtaguso wa Konstans]] ([[1415]]) uliwaruhusu Waoservanti kuenea katika kanda zote za shirika, kupokea wanashirika wote watakaopenda kujiunga nao, tena kuwa na kiongozi maalumu, yaani Watunzaji wao wawe chini ya mmojawao kama makamu wa Mtumishi mkuu badala ya kubaki chini ya Watumishi wa kanda. Hata hivyo marekebisho mengine yaliyokwishaanza ([[Wavilyakresi]], [[Wakoleta]], [[Waamadei]] na Waklareno) hayakupenda kujiunga na Waoservanti. Wakonventuali walipinga vikali uamuzi wa [[Mtaguso]], na [[juhudi]] za [[Papa|Mapapa]] hazikuweza kurudisha [[amani]], kwa kuwa hao hawakukubali kurekebishwa, wala Waoservanti kukaa chini yao. Wakati majaribio mbalimbali yalipoendelea kushindikana, Observansya ikaenea na kustawi, hadi [[Papa Eugenio IV]] ([[1431]]-[[1447]]) alipoiruhusu kujifanyia mikutano mikuu na ya kanda ili kujichagulia viongozi ([[1446]]). [[Ushindi]] mwingine ukawa tangazo la kuwa Bernardino wa Siena, Mkuu wake wa kwanza, ni mtakatifu ([[1450]]).

[[Papa Leo X]] ([[1513]]-[[1521]]) alifanya jaribio la mwisho alipoitisha mkutano mkuu wa wote pamoja ([[1517]]), wakiwa na viongozi wa marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wakakataa tena shirika lote lisifuate urekebisho wala kuongozwa na Mwoservanti. Basi, Papa akaamua kuwatenganisha moja kwa moja, na kupindua uhusiano kati yao: Waoservanti wawe na hadhi ya kuwa ndio shirika halisi (OFM), wakati waliotetea maisha yaliyofuatwa katika konventi kubwa wakakubaliwa kuendelea nayo kwa kutumia fadhili halali walizopewa, lakini kama tawi tu (OFMConv). Alimlazimisha Mtumishi mkuu wa Wakonventuali kujiuzulu na kukabidhi [[mhuri]] wa shirika kwa Waoservanti, ambao Mtumishi wao aitwe Mtumishi mkuu wa shirika lote, likiwa ni pamoja na marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wasishiriki tena [[uchaguzi]] wa Mtumishi mkuu, wala kiongozi wao asiitwe Mtumishi bali Mwalimu mkuu tu! Hata hivyo wasisumbuliwe kwa kutumia fadhili walizopewa na Kanisa. Waoservanti wabaki na nyumba zao, na Wakonventuali na nyumba zao, bila ya kuvuka toka upande mmoja kwenda upande mwingine.

Ingawa hakuna takwimu ya wanashirika kabla ya karne XVII, tunaweza kuwakadiria kutokana na idadi ya nyumba na ya wastani wa ndugu walioishi katika nyumba kwamba mwaka 1517 kulikuwa na ndugu 50,000 na zaidi (elfu 20 au 25 Wakonventuali na 30 au 32 Waoservanti).

==Baada ya utengano==
Utengano huo ulitatua tatizo moja, lakini haukufaulu kuunganisha [[kundi|makundi]] yaliyorekebishwa, ingawa Papa alikuwa ameagiza itungwe mara katiba moja kwa yote. Baadhi yalidumu kuwa na kanda zao, Waoservanti wa Italia wakaikataa katiba hiyo wakaendelea kuirekebisha mfululizo ile maalumu ya kwao, na kanda nyingine zilijitungia vilevile na kuzidisha tofauti shirikani. 

Kilichohatarisha zaidi umoja ni [[utaifa]] uliochochewa na [[serikali]] mbalimbali kwa faida ya [[siasa]] ya nchi zao dhidi ya nyingine. [[Wafalme]] waliingilia kwa [[njama]] na vitisho masuala ya mikutano mikuu, sawa na walivyoingilia uchaguzi wa Papa, lakini kila mara [[idadi]] iliwapa ushindi [[Wahispania]], hata washindani wao ([[Wafaransa]]) wakagoma kuhudhuria mara kadhaa.

Matatizo mengine yalihusu maisha yenyewe, hasa ufukara. Waliolazimika kujiunga na Waoservanti, na wale wasioacha kutumia fadhili walizokuwanazo wakiwa Wakonventuali, walikataa kurekebishwa. Kinyume chake, wengine hawakuridhika tena na namna OFM ilivyoshika kanuni, wakadai ruhusa ya kuishika kabisa. Ndivyo walivyofanya watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali, kwa kuwa haja ya urekebisho ilitambulikana na wote katika Kanisa la karne XV-[[karne ya 16|XVI]]. Kwa namna ya pekee Ndugu Wadogo walichochewa kufanya hivyo na sura X ya kanuni pamoja na [[Wasia wa Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Ndiyo sababu [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio|Bonaventura]] aliona haja ya kuwepo makao ya upwekeni katika kila kanda ili kuwaachia [[uhuru]] wa kuishi hivyo wale wapendao. Kumbe Waoservanti wengi na baadhi ya viongozi wao hawakukubali kuwaachia wenye bidii uhuru huo, kwa sababu ingekuwa sawa na kukiri kwamba wamelegea. Hivyo wakawatenda ndugu hao kama Wakonventuali wa zamani walivyowatenda Waoservanti wa kwanza. Walioamini urekebisho unaweza kutoka kwa viongozi wakaja kujionea haiwezekani. Miundo iliyoanza kama urekebisho ikajikuta inajaribu kuzuia juhudi za waliopenda urekebisho, na viongozi wa shirika lililoanza kwa kushindana na viongozi wakawalaumu waliotaka kufanya vile wakisema eti, ni wakaidi tu! Kwa kukosa [[busara]] na wema walisababisha waliotaka urekebisho wakafuate [[njia]] zao ili kupata ruhusa walizozihitaji, kwa kumkimbilia Papa au viongozi wa serikali. Mara nyingine Wakonventuali walipokea makundi hayo chini ya ulinzi wao ili kuwakomoa Waoservanti waliokuwa wanawadharau wakijidai ndio wafuasi halisi wa Fransisko. Ndiyo [[asili]] ya matawi mapya, hasa lile la kujitegemea kabisa la [[Wakapuchini]].

Katika karne XVI-[[karne ya 17|XVII]] karibu kila mkutano mkuu wa OFM ulizungumzia katiba na kupigania [[umoja]], ambao haukuwa rahisi kutokana na mchanganyiko wa ndugu waliopenda fadhili za Wakonventuali na wengine waliotaka urekebisho. Katika hali hiyo Watumishi wakuu walijitahidi kuhuisha shirika lote, lakini wengi wao walitumwa na Mapapa kama [[balozi|mabalozi]] kwa wafalme na [[Askofu|Maaskofu]] wa [[Ulaya]], au walipewa uaskofu wa [[Mji|miji]] muhimu. Shirika halikupendezwa kwa sababu lilikuja kukosa uongozi imara: ndiyo maana mara kadhaa liliwadai [[kiapo]] cha kutokubali kazi hizo au walau cha kujiuzulu Utumishi. Watakatifu waliopatikana kipindi hicho ni: [[Salvatore wa Horta]] (+1567), bradha aliyefanya miujiza mingi ajabu (labda milioni moja), [[Nikolaus Pieck]], [[Jeromu wa Weert]], [[Teodoriko van der Eem]], [[Nikasi wa Heeze]], [[Wilehadi wa Denmaki]], [[Godefrid wa Melveren]], [[Antoni wa Weert]], [[Antoni wa Hoornaert]], [[Fransisko wa Roye]], mapadri, halafu [[Petro wa Assche]] na [[Korneli wa Wijk-bij-Durstede]] (+1572), mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini [[Uholanzi]], [[John Jones]] (+1588), aliyefia dini [[Uingereza]], hatimaye [[Fransisko Solano]] (+1610), [[mmisionari]] bora [[Amerika ya Kusini|Amerika Kusini]] aliyezunguka kotekote kwa miaka 14, akihubiri na kuimba. [[Mwenye heri|Wenye heri]] wa kipindi hicho ni 17.

==Karne ya 17 hadi 19==
Karne XVII ikawa ya utulivu na utendaji, lakini ongezeko kubwa mno la watawa lilisababisha matatizo makubwa na ulegevu hata katika marekebisho. Pamoja na utaifa kuzidi, matawi ya Italia yalishindana kwa [[maandishi]] makali ya kukwaza. Makwazo mengine yalitokana na [[desturi]] ya Watumishi kadhaa kutuma watawa wasiofaa kwenye kanda nyingine au kuwaacha nyumbani mwa [[Rafiki|marafiki]] au ndugu. Badala ya juhudi za watawa kwa ajili ya kanuni kama katika [[karne]] zilizopita, sanasana tunakuta viongozi wakijitahidi kuwalazimisha washike kanuni, lakini [[bidii]] za namna hiyo hazikuweza kufanikiwa kwa kuwa hazikutoka [[moyo|moyoni]] mwa watawa. Hatimaye mwaka [[1676]] mkutano mkuu ulikubali na kuagiza kila kanda ianzishe makao 3-4 ya upwekeni ambapo yafanyike [[malezi]] ya watakaji na wanovisi wote: baadaye katika [[mazingira]] hayo walistawi [[Thomas wa Cori]] (+[[1729]]), mhubiri maarufu na [[Teofilo wa Corte]] (+[[1740]]), [[mwanafunzi]] wake. Mtakatifu mwingine ni [[Junipero Serra]] (̟+[[1784]]), padri Mhispania [[Uinjilishaji|aliyeinjilisha]] kwa mara ya kwanza [[Kalifornia]] (leo [[Marekani]] Magharibi Kusini). Lakini katika [[Karne ya 18|karne XVIII]] ilionekana wazi jinsi matazamio ya wengi yalivyolenga kupata kwa visingizio vyovyote fadhili na nafasi za kwanzakwanza. Kupitia mikutano mikuu upuuzi wa namna hiyo uliathiri [[sheria]] za shirika. Pia mabadiliko mengi mno ya katiba, badala ya kusaidia nidhamu, yalizidi kuipunguza kwa kusababisha ndugu wasiijali katiba isiyodumu.

Ongezeko la watawa lilifikia kilele chake kati ya mwaka [[1760]] na [[1770]], likishinda vizuio vilivyowekwa na viongozi wa Kanisa. Kama kawaida, shaka zilizosababishwa na [[mageuzi]] ya harakaharaka katika [[jamii]] na [[uchumi]] zilichangia pia ongezeko la miito ya wasiwasi yenye kutafuta usalama konventini. Kadiri hiyohiyo ilionekana wazi kuwa wingi si hoja na kuwa [[umati]] wa watawa haukuhuishwa na vipeo halisi. [[Uvivu]] haukuepukika ukazaa ulegevu na maovu mengi. Ingawa watu wadogo waliendelea kuwaheshimu watawa, wasomi walizidi kuwaona vielelezo wa tunu zisizo na maana tena. Jamii ilipokuwa inaelekea [[kasi]] matazamio mapya hata upande wa [[dini]], watawa walizidi kujitenga konventini wakijali desturi zao na elimu yao ya kidini bila ya mawasiliano na elimudunia. Kati yao wachache tu walijitahidi kulinganisha imani na [[sayansi]].

Kwa muda mfupi mashirika, hasa [[Mashirika ya ombaomba|ya Ombaomba]], yalikuja kudharauliwa na wengi. Kufuatana na mawazo mapya kuhusu uchumi, serikali zilizidi kuyatazama kama mzigo au donda kwa jamii. Bahati mbaya, hali ya mashirika ilistahili lawama nyingi zilizotolewa. Sababu nyingine zilizoleta [[dhoruba]] juu ya watawa ni kwamba serikali zilitamani mali za mashirika yao, na maadui wa Kanisa waliwafanya shabaha ya kwanza, kwa kuwa kila mara ndio wanaohakikisha zaidi uimara wa Ukatoliki chini ya Papa na dhidi ya utaifa (ambao wakati huo ulichochewa na serikali na kupendeza Maaskofu wengi). [[Ukweli]] wa dhati ni kwamba [[Mungu]] alitaka kutakasa watu aliowakusudia wawe moyo wa Kanisa.

Katika [[barua]] rasmi za miaka hiyo, Watumishi wakuu waliweka wazi matatizo yaliyokuwepo (utaifa, ugomvi, uchu wa vyeo, [[wivu]], malezi ya kulipua, kujiingiza katika masuala ya siasa, utovu wa unyofu na unyenyekevu, utovu wa usafi na nidhamu) pamoja na [[utabiri]] wa dhoruba ijayo. Ugumu wa hali unaonekana pia katika miundo mikuu ya utawa kwenda kinyume cha kawaida: OFM toka [[1791]] karibu mfululizo iliongozwa na Watumishi wakuu [[Pekupeku]] na [[Wareformati|Mriformati]] badala ya Waoservanti (waliokuwa na msimamo laini); vilevile Wakapuchini toka mwaka [[1754]] hadi [[1789]] waliongozwa karibu mfululizo na wasio Waitalia (tofauti na wanashirika wenzao, watawa wa nchi hiyo walikuwa wakiridhika zaidi na hali ya shirika na kupinga urekebisho). Pia mikutano mikuu haikufanyika muda mrefu: katika OFM tangu 1768 hadi 1856; kwa Wakonventuali tangu 1789 hadi 1847. Iliwabidi Mapapa wateue Watumishi wakuu.

Utatuzi ulijaribu kuelekea pande mbili: urekebisho wa hiari (kwa watawa wenyewe kujituma, hasa kwa kuanzisha makao ya upwekeni) na wa lazima (kwa viongozi kuimarisha nidhamu). 

Serikali zilianza kuchukua hatua kali, zikidai haki ya kujihusisha na maisha yote ya Kanisa. Tukiondoa [[Dola la Kipapa]], nchi zote za Ulaya zilipanga kunyonga mashirika. Kwa miaka 13 Ndugu Wadogo wa Ufaransa walipungua 3,756; kwa miaka 9 Hispania walipungua 5,582; kwa miaka 28 Polandi watawa walipungua asilimia 67! Chini ya siasa hiyo mashirika yalielekea kwisha bila ya sifa.

Kumbe [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] yalipoanza kutumia nguvu zaidi na kuamua kufuta mashirika yote ([[1790]]) watawa wengi walipata taji la [[kifodini]]. Kisha kutupwa nje ya konventi, walipaswa kuchagua kati ya kula kiapo haramu cha kutii serikali badala ya Papa, au kuhama nchi au kukatwa [[kichwa]]. Wengi walikubali kwa [[furaha]] mwaliko wa kuacha utawa na kupewa [[pensheni]]; lakini wengiwengi pia walikwenda kuishi kitawa hasa [[Amerika]], au walitoa [[uhai]] wao ili kutetea haki za Kanisa: kati ya wafiadini hao Wafransisko ni zaidi ya 250. Jeshi la Ufaransa llilipovamia karibu Ulaya nzima, sheria za namna hiyo zilienezwa [[Ubelgiji]] (1796), Italia Kaskazini-Magharibi (1802), [[Ujerumani]] Magharibi (1803), Italia Kusini (1809), Hispania (1810). Hata nchi nyingine za Ulaya ya kati zilifuta mashirika au kuyabana zaidi. Katika kipindi hicho waliishi watakatifu [[Yohane wa Triora]], aliyefia dini [[China]] (+1816), na Waoservanti 8 waliofia dini huko [[Syria]] (+1860): mapadri [[Manuel Ruiz]], [[Karmelo Bolta]], [[Engelbati Kolland]], [[Nikanori Ascanio]], [[Petro Nolasko Soler]], [[Nikola Maria Alberca]] na mabradha [[Fransisko Pinazo]] na [[Yohane Yakobo Fernandez]]. 

Wafaransa waliposhindwa, mkutano wa amani wa [[Vienna]] (1815) uliamua kurudisha iwezekanavyo hali iliyokuwepo Ulaya kabla ya mapinduzi. Hata mashirika wakajaribu kufanya hivyo, lakini haikuwa rahisi. Mawazo ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa|mapinduzi]] yalikuwa yameenea, yakidai uhuru na [[maendeleo]]. Watawa waliozoea kwa miaka kadhaa kuishi mmojammoja ulimwenguni, walipolazimishwa na Kanisa kurudi konventini hawakukubali tena nidhamu ya [[nadhiri]]. Pia ilikuwa vigumu kwao kuishi pamoja kutokana na misimamo yao tofauti kuhusu mapinduzi. Wasiwasi kuhusu kesho ukaendelea pia kwa sababu serikali mpya zilikuwa na siasa ileile ya kabla ya mapinduzi, hivyo mashirika yakaanza tena kufutwa: [[Urusi]], ukiwa na Polandi chini yake (1831 hadi 1864), [[Ureno]] (1832-1890), Hispania (1836-1880), Italia Kaskazini Magharibi (kuanzia 1855), Italia nzima (kuanzia 1866), Ujerumani (1871-1875), Ufaransa (1880 kwa muda mfupi, tena kuanzia 1903). Wakati huo [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Amerika ya Kilatini]] yalijipatia uhuru (1820-1824): watawa wananchi walisimama wote upande wa mapinduzi, kumbe wamisionari (hasa Wahispania) waliyapinga wakateswa hadi kuuawa. Baada ya ushindi [[jamhuri]] mpya pia zilianza kudhulumu mashirika hata karibu kuyakomesha (k.mf. [[Brazili]] konventi zote ziliagizwa kufungwa mwaka 1822, [[Meksiko]] mashirika yote yalifutwa mwaka 1855). Hivyo kila yalipotaka kuinuka, mashirika yalikumbwa na matatizo mapya. Hatimaye yalijikuta mali zake zimepungua sana, na wanashirika vilevile, lakini waliobaki wametakaswa kiasi kikubwa.

Kwa jumla, si wengi sana waliofurahia hatua za serikali kuwaondoa utawani, ingawa katika nchi nyingi walipewa pensheni. Kati yao mapadri walifanya kazi ya [[mchungaji|kichungaji]] [[Dayosisi|jimboni]], na baadhi wakawa Maaskofu; mabradha walitoa huduma katika [[sakristia]] au [[hospitali]], ila wengine walirudi kwa ndugu zao. Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa ilitoa miongozo kuhusu hali yao na uhusiano na shirika, ikiwahimiza daima waishi kijumuia kadiri iwezekanavyo. Ndizo juhudi za Watumishi wakuu pia, ingawa waliona ugumu wa kuzitekeleza. 

Mang’amuzi ya maisha ya nje, yasiyo na hakika kiuchumi, yaliwasaidia watawa kuelewa watu wa kawaida, ambao si [[Mkulima|wakulima]] hasa kama zamani, bali umati wa [[wafanyakazi]] wenye kudhulumiwa na [[ubepari]] katika nchi za [[Kiwanda|viwanda]]. Wakiishi ulimwenguni hasa Ndugu Wadogo waliacha usomi wao na [[tabia]] nyingine za [[Tabaka (jamii)|tabaka]] la juu walizokuwanazo, wakajenga uhusiano mpya na watu na kuwajibika kuwasaidia hata kijamii. Miaka ya kukaa nje ya konventi ndiyo miaka ambapo mashirika mengi ya huduma yalianzishwa na watawa hao.

==Ufufuko baada ya dhuluma==
[[File:Papa_Leone_XIII_(1898).jpg|thumb|left|[[Picha]] ya Papa Leo XIII.]]
Maisha ya kitawa yalipoanza kuruhusiwa tena, waliojitahidi kufufua mashirika yao hawakufikiria kutekeleza karama asili katika mazingira mapya, bali kukarabati tu kilichobaki cha karne iliyopita. Waliridhika kujiona wanashangiliwa bado na watu wema wengi, bila ya kujali jamii inavyozidi kusogea mbali na tunu zao. Hivyo katika malezi wakasisitiza mambo yaleyale ya zamani hasa katika nchi (k.mf. Italia) ambapo miaka ya utawa kuzuiwa haikuwa mingi. Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kupata kwa urahisi miito ya kibradha, ila si ya kipadri, kwa kuwa wengi hawakuwa na elimu au ilikuwa tofauti na ile iliyodaiwa na Kanisa. Tena, waliokuwa wamesoma waliona wazi mbele yao njia za kufanikiwa ulimwenguni, na hawakuweza kufuata [[mitindo]] ya malezi ya kitawa iliyokuwa ileile ya zamani, yenye kusawazisha mno watu wenye vipawa tofauti. Basi, miito ikatafutwa kati ya [[Mtoto|watoto]] wa [[familia]] bora za wakulima wasioweza kuwasomesha: kwao ilikuwa [[heshima]] kuwa na mtoto padri mtawa. Ndivyo zilivyoanza ([[1869]]) [[seminari]] za kiserafi ambazo, baada ya kupingwa na watawa [[wazee]], zikaja kuenea haraka na kuhimizwa rasmi. Hapo muundo mzima wa malezi ukaja kubadilika, kwa kupatikana madarasa ya [[vijana]] wa kuongozana kuanzia [[umri]] wa miaka 11-12 hadi upadri, wakipata malezi yote utawani na hivyo kufyonza desturi, misimamo, mitazamo na matarajio ya shirika. Hawakukosekana watawa maarufu waliopinga malezi ambayo pengine haikuwa na maana tena wala ukweli na unyofu wa Kifransisko, ikitaka kusawazisha wote katika mitindo ya nje, na kugeuza vijana kuwa wanasesere wanaotenda lolote kwa kuongozwa. Hata hivyo seminari hizo ndogo zikawa mbinu kuu kwa karibu miaka mia.

[[Jubilei]] ya miaka 700 tangu azaliwe Fransisko ([[1882]]) iliadhimishwa kwa unyonge, lakini [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) alitoa hati iliyohimiza kufufua miundo ya Kifransisko, hasa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko|Utawa III]], dhidi ya [[ubinafsi]] unaotawala [[dunia]]. Mwaka [[1889]] Wafransiskani, baada ya kuongozwa miaka 20 na Mriformati bora, wakafaulu kufanya mkutano mkuu uliotunga katiba kwa shirika lote, jambo lililokusudiwa bure tangu mwaka 1517; hata hivyo Wariformati walidai ruhusa ya kufuata pia sheria zao maalumu. Mwaka [[1895]] [[Papa Leo XIII]] aliupendekezea mkutano mkuu [[muungano]] wa matawi OFM uwe [[agenda]] kuu, na [[Kardinali]] akaeleza namna ya kuyaunganisha. Waoservanti wote wakakubali, Warekoleti vilevile kwa sharti la kutunza ufukara kwa uangalifu, kumbe Wariformati na Pekupeku walio wengi wakakataa; jumla ya kura ikawa 77 ndiyo na 31 hapana. Basi [[kamati]] ikaandaa katiba mpya iliyothibitishwa mwaka [[1897]], halafu Leo XIII akatangaza rasmi muungano kamili wa matawi yote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu, ambao uonekane wazi hata kwa nje ([[kanzu]] ya mtindo mmoja badala ya ainaaina na [[rangi]] ya [[kahawia]] badala ya zile tofauti za awali: [[nyeusi]], ya [[kijivu]], ya [[zambarau]] na ya [[baharia]]). Akaagiza kanda zisizokubali wasiweze kupokea wanovisi tena, na watawa binafsi wasiokubali wapangiwe nyumba maalumu ambapo wakae wao tu, bila ya kuchanganyikana na walioungana. Hata hivyo muungano haukufanikiwa vizuri; Wahispania walikubali katiba lakini wakaendelea kujiongoza kitaifa hadi 1932; hasa majaribio ya kuunganisha katika kanda moja Wafransiskani wa matawi mbalimbali yalisababisha ushindani mwingi hadi juzijuzi.

Jubilei ya miaka 700 tangu shirika lianze ([[1909]]), iliadhimishwa kwa fahari zaidi, kutokana na hali ya kutumainisha ya matawi yote. Ila lilizuka suala la uhalisi wa [[shina]] na uongozi kuhusiana na Fransisko. Hapo [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) akatamka kwamba, “Watumishi wakuu wa familia tatu za Kifransisko wako sawa kwa heshima na mamlaka walizonazo, nao watazamwe sawia kama makamu na waandamizi halisi wa Fransisko, kila mmoja katika familia yake... Mashirika matatu ya familia ya Ndugu Wadogo ni kama matawi matatu ya mti uleule, ambao mzizi na shina lake ni Fransisko, na viungo vyake ni Ndugu Wadogo kwa haki kamili na sawia”.

[[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] ([[1917]]) havikuleta mabadiliko makubwa utawani. Jubilei ya kifo cha mwanzilishi ([[1926]]) ilichochea Wafransisko wote; hali ilikuwa tofauti na karne iliyopita, kwa sababu ya kujitolea sana hata kijamii, jambo lililowafanya waheshimiwe upya na Waprotestanti na waasi wa dini pia. Hata hivyo katika nchi chache dhuluma zikawajia tena: kwanza Meksiko (1926-1932), halafu Hispania (1936-1939), walipouawa Ndugu Wadogo 320 na Wafransisko wengine 88. Baadaye vikazuka [[vita vikuu vya pili]] (1939-1945) vilivyoharibu sana hasa [[Ulaya ya Kati]] na kanda zake.

Lakini mabaya zaidi yakafuata Ulaya Mashariki ukiwa chini ya [[Ukomunisti]] ambao, pamoja na kueneza mafundisho ya [[Ukanamungu|wakanadini]] na kupotosha maadili, pengine ulifuta mashirika yote, pengine uliyawekea vizuio vingi. Kumbe [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|Magharibi]] tunu nyingi zikaja kufifia kadiri uchumi ulivyostawi na kuleta anasa. Watawa wote na Kanisa zima wakajiuliza upya kuhusu maana ya uwepo wao katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Majibu yakawa tofauti, na vizazi vikabishana: katika hali hiyo [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963) aliitisha [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]] (1962-1965).

Ingawa kesi za kutangazia watakatifu zinachukua kwa kawaida miaka mingi, baadhi ya ndugu wa kipindi hicho wameshafikia hatua hiyo. Kuna Wafransiskani wanane waliofia dini China (1900): Maaskofu [[Gregori Grassi]], [[Francesco Fogolla]] na [[Antonino Fantosati]], halafu mapadri [[Elia Facchini]], [[Teodoriko Balat]], [[Giuseppe Maria Gambero]] na [[Cesidio Giacomantonio]], hatimaye bradha [[Andrea Bauer]].

==Changamoto ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani (1962-2005)==
[[Mtaguso]] huo ulisisitiza kweli za kudumu na kuelekeza namna ya kukabili kichungaji ulimwengu wa kisasa. Kwa ajili hiyo watawa pia walidaiwa kujirekebisha upya, hasa kiroho. Ndugu Wadogo, sawa na watawa wote, walipaswa kurekebisha katiba zao pia kwa kutoa wote maoni yao, kufanya mikutano mikuu na majaribio mbalimbali. Kazi hiyo ilichukua miaka mingi kuliko ilivyotarajiwa, kwa kufikiria upya vipengele vyote vya maisha ya Kifransisko. Kwa mara ya kwanza mabadiliko ya katiba yaliwekwa mikononi mwa wanashirika, kwa kujali wingi si ubora wao, basi, iliwezekana kufuta harakaharaka mambo yaliyowashinda wengi, bila kujali kama yanafaa bado au la. Halafu wasiwasi uliokuwepo kabla ya Mtaguso ulilipuka na kusababisha wengi wapotewe na [[dira]] hata katika imani na maadili. Matokeo yake wengi waliacha utawa na upadri. Wengine walibaki pasipo msimamo, kwa kuona mengi ya zamani yamebadilishwa na mapya ni ya muda (yamekubaliwa kwa majaribio). [[Ratiba]] ya [[sala]] ilipunguzwa sana, kama si kuachwa kabisa. Utafiti uliofanywa na uongozi wa Wakapuchini ulionyesha kwamba wanashirika walio wengi wasingeshauri kijana kujiunga nao. Ndiyo sababu, pamoja na miito kujitokeza kwa nadra Ulaya, idadi ya Ndugu Wadogo ikapungua haraka tangu mwaka 1963.

Wengine wasioridhika na mabadiliko hayo, baada ya kunyimwa na Watumishi wao uhuru waliotaka kwa kufuata maisha ya kijumuia ya Kifransisko zaidi, wakaamua kuanzisha matawi mapya. Kwa jumla mashirika hayo hayakuongezeka sana. Hata hivyo uwepo wake umekuwa changamoto kwa matawi makubwa ambayo yakaanza kujirudi kidogo, baada ya kupungukiwa na wengi wasiokuwa na msimamo pamoja na kutambua matokeo ya majaribio yaliyofanywa; shida ni kwamba kujirekebisha baada ya kulegea sana si rahisi, hasa kama kazi hiyo inahusu idadi kubwa ya watu.

Polepole karama ya mwanzilishi ikaja kuzingatiwa tena kwa furaha, badala ya kujali masuala ya miundo tu. Mambo mengi yaliyosahauliwa kwa karne kadhaa yakaja kuonekana muhimu hasa leo, kama vile roho ya kanuni (udugu na udogo) kuliko mtazamo wa kisheria uliotawala matamko ya Mapapa wa zamani; au usawa wa watawa wote bila ya tabaka; au uwajibikaji wa kila mmoja katika uendeshaji wa jumuia, kanda na shirika; au umuhimu wa mikutano, kuanzia ngazi ya nyumba (ambapo ulikuwa umebaki kwa Wakonventuali tu). Wakati huohuo mabishano kati ya matawi ya Ndugu Wadogo yakapungua sana kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa kidugu mkubwa zaidi na zaidi katika ngazi zote. Hatimaye katiba zikaja kuthibitishwa na Kanisa kulingana na toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria zake kwa [[Kanisa la Kilatini|Walatini]] (1983). Utulivu upande huo umeleta msimamo mkubwa zaidi kwa viongozi na kwa wanashirika jumla: kinadharia njia imeeleweka; sasa kazi ni kuifuata hadi mwisho.

Baada ya Ukomunisti kuanguka (1989) matawi yote yamejitahidi kujiimarisha Ulaya Mashariki walipopata tena nafasi ya kuhubiri na kupokea miito, ambayo huko ni mingi. Mungu anazidi kuongoza historia.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

==Vyanzo==
'''Vitabu'''
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE2HOwAACAAJ|title=O simbolismo da natureza em Santo António de Lisboa|last=Aguiar de Castro|first=José Acácio|publisher=Universidade Católica Portugesa, Fundação Eng António de Almeida|year=1997|isbn=978-9728386030|series=Biblioteca humanística e teológica|volume=11|location=Porto|language=pt|access-date=31 May 2016}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wshYVi3KM4C&amp;pg=RA2-PA486|title=Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor|publisher=TAU Franciscan Communications|others=Translated by Noel Muscat|year=2010|location=Malta|access-date=31 May 2016|author=Arnald of Sarrant|author-link=Arnald of Sarrant}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKw3QDsgz30C|title=Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis|last=Burr|first=David|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-271-04138-4|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0s2bPQAACAAJ|title=The Friars Minor in China (1294-1955): Especially the Years 1925-55, Based on the Research of Friars Bernward Willeke and Domenico Gandolfi, OFM|last2=McCloskey|first2=Patrick|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-1-57659-002-7|series=History series|volume=10|last1=Camps|first1=Arnulf|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX6ImwEACAAJ|title=The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor: 1897|last=Carmody|first=Maurice|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|year=1994|isbn=978-1-57659-084-3|series=History series|volume=8|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5evwOgAACAAJ|title=The Franciscan Story|last=Carmody|first=Maurice|publisher=Athena Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84748-141-2|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1_ZAAAAMAAJ|title=The Friars Minor in Ireland from their arrival to 1400|last=Cotter|first=Francis J.|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|year=1994|isbn=978-1-57659-083-6|series=History series|volume=7|editor=Roberta A. McKelvie|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTSEBAAACAAJ|title=The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics|last=Couturier|first=David B.|publisher=Cloverdale Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-929569-23-6|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWo4AAAACAAJ|title=The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages|last=Daniel|first=E. Randolph|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|year=1992|isbn=978-1-57659-065-2|series=Franciscan Pathways Series|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2nZAAAAMAAJ|title=Origins of the Franciscan Order|last=Esser|first=Kajetan|publisher=Franciscan Herald Press|year=1970|isbn=978-0-8199-0408-9|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veZlQgAACAAJ|title=The Birth of a Movement: A Study of the First Rule of St. Francis|last2=Matura|first2=Thaddée|publisher=Franciscan Herald Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-8199-0567-3|last1=Flood|first1=David|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|author=Francis of Assisi|others=Translated by Regis J. Armstrong and Ignatius C. Brady|title=Francis and Clare: The Complete Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sznaF957ieQC|access-date=30 May 2016|series=Classics of Western spirituality|year=1982|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0809124466}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/#tbm=bks&amp;hl=en&amp;q=bibliogroup%3A%22Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Early+Documents%22|title=Francis of Assisi: Early Documents|last=Francis of Assisi|editor-last=Armstrong|editor-first=Regis J.|editor-last2=Hellmann|editor-first2=J. A. Wayne|editor-last3=Short|editor-first3=William J.}}—4 volumes
**{{cite book
|title=The Saint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb_gQgAACAAJ|access-date=30 May 2016|edition=2nd|series=Francis of Assisi: Early Documents|volume=1|year=1999|publisher=New City Press|isbn=978-0-904287-62-2}}
**{{cite book
|title=The Founder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASsmngEACAAJ|access-date=30 May 2016|edition=Illustrated|series=Francis of Assisi: Early Documents|volume=2|year=2000|publisher=New City Press|isbn=978-1-56548-113-8}}
**{{cite book
|title=The Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USYhjwEACAAJ|access-date=30 May 2016|edition=Annotated|series=Francis of Assisi: Early Documents|volume=3|year=2001|publisher=New City Press|isbn=978-1-56548-114-5}}
**{{cite book
|title=Index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hj3ZAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 May 2016|edition=Annotated|series=Francis of Assisi: Early Documents|volume=4|year=2002|publisher=New City Press|isbn=978-1-56548-172-5}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/SaintClareOfAssisi|page=[https://archive.org/details/SaintClareOfAssisi/page/n184 160]|title=Saint Clare of Assisi: her life and legislation|last=Gilliat-Smith|first=Ernest|author-link=Ernest Gilliat-Smith|publisher=J.M. Dent &amp; Sons, Ltd.|year=1914|isbn=978-0665656316|location=London|access-date=31 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn4GCAAAQBAJ|title=Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages|last=Lawrence|first=C.H.|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-50467-2|edition=4th|series=Medieval World Series|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTk7NgAACAAJ|title=A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty|last=Lynch|first=Cyprian J.|publisher=Franciscan Institute|year=1988|isbn=978-1-57659-069-0|series=Franciscan Pathways Series|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jk9mnQEACAAJ|title=The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform|last=MacVicar|first=Thaddeus|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|year=1963|isbn=978-1-57659-086-7|series=History series|volume=5|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|title=In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century|last=Merlo|first=Grado Giovanni|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|others=Translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno|year=2009|isbn=978-1-57659-155-0}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_wlAQAAIAAJ|title=Medieval Franciscan houses|last=Moorman|first=John Richard Humpidge|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|year=1983|isbn=978-1-57659-079-9|series=History series|volume=4|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* &lt;!-- Removed redundant entry: Moorman, JRH. A History of the Franciscan Order. Oxford UP (1968).  The Franciscan Herald Press reprint is already listed. --&gt;{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CFGAAAACAAJ|title=A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517|last=Moorman|first=John Richard Humpidge|publisher=Franciscan Herald Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8199-0921-3|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4G_bwAACAAJ|title=The History of Franciscan Theology|last=Osborne|first=Kenan B.|publisher=Franciscan Institute Publications|year=1994|isbn=978-1-57659-032-4|access-date=30 May 2016}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/poorperfectriseo00enoc|url-access=registration|title=The Poor and the Perfect: the rise of learning in the Franciscan order, 1209-1310|last=Senocak|first=Neslihan|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8014-6471-3|location=Ithaca, New York|access-date=30 May 2016}}—Shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQyfngEACAAJ|title=Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century|last=Sharp|first=Dorothea Elizabeth|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1966|isbn=978-0-576-99216-9|series=British Society of Franciscan Studies|volume=16|access-date=30 May 2016}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYPNn9K06SIC|title=Friars in the Cathedral: The First Franciscan Bishops 1226-1261|last=Thomson|first=Williell R. |date=1975|publisher=Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies|isbn=9780888440334|series=Studies and texts|volume=33|location=Toronto|issn=0082-5328|access-date=31 May 2016}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xg7iAAAAMAAJ|title=Peace and good in America: a history of Holy Name Province Order of Friars Minor, 1850s to the present|last=White|first=Joseph M.|publisher=Holy Name Province OFM|year=2004|isbn=978-1-57659-196-3|edition=Illustrated|access-date=30 May 2016}}

'''Makala'''
* {{Cite journal|last=Halevi|first=Masha|date=2012|title=Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=48|issue=2|pages=249–267|doi=10.1080/00263206.2012.653139|s2cid=144234605}}
* {{Cite book|title=La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihad: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario|last=Schmucki|first=Oktavian|publisher=Archivio Segreto Vaticano|year=2000|editor-last=Cipollone|editor-first=Giulio|series=Collectanea Archivi Vaticani|volume=46|location=Vatican City|pages=219–244|chapter=Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category|Order of Friars Minor (OFM)}}
* [http://www.ofm.org/ Order of Friars Minor] – official website
* [http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/ Digital Franciscans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810042301/http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/ |date=2014-08-10 }} – extensive list of Franciscan internet resources
* [http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/ Franciscan authors, 13th–18th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902235259/http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/ |date=2014-09-02 }}
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5199r1g0/ Online guide to the Academy of American Franciscan History Microfilm Collection, 1526–1972] – collection by [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:18726 Luke Wadding Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104061706/https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:18726 |date=2017-01-04 }} – correspondence relating to [[Luke Wadding]] OFM and the Irish Friars Minor at [[Sant’Isidoro a Capo le Case|St. Isidore's College]], Rome, on ecclesiastical and political matters; and concerning his interests as historian of the Franciscan Order
* [https://www.museum.ie/Decorative-Arts-History/Exhibitions/Current-Exhibitions/Franciscan-Faith-Sacred-Art-in-Ireland-1600-1750 Franciscan Faith: Sacred Art in Ireland 1600–1750] – permanent exhibition of church silver in the [[National Museum of Ireland]]
*[https://www.academia.edu/45031021/BRIEF_HISTORY_OF_THE_CHURCH_AND_FORMER_REFORMATI_ORDERS_MONASTERY_IN_W%C4%98GR%C3%93W W. J. Górczyk, Brief History of the Church and Former Reformati Order's Monastery in Węgrów] Franciscans – Reformati of Poland.

{{mbegu-katoliki}}
[[Jamii:Wafransisko]]</text>
      <sha1>b9z1iu0rd9ml9452chdnkituh4c8v27</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Jarvis Yak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611693</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T08:54:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1275" sha1="95rstdpciwkxhh86kj7ymgn8l63mdao" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Jarvis Yak''', anajulikana pia kama '''Mary Jarvase Yak''', ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sudan Kusini]]. Kufikia mwaka [[2016]], alikuwa Naibu Waziri wa Fedha na Mipango katika [[Serikali]] ya Mpito ya Umoja wa Kitaifa (''TGoNU'') ya Jamhuri ya Sudan Kusini. Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo na Rais wa Jamhuri ya Sudan Kusini, Salva Kiir, tarehe 28 Aprili 2016.

== Elimu ==
Yak alipata shahada ya kwanza ya Uchumi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Khartoum]]. Pia ana [[shahada ya uzamili]] katika Jinsia na Maendeleo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha ''Sussex''.

== Kazi za kisiasa ==
Yak amewahi kuwa [[Mbunge]] anaewakilisha Sudan Kusini, [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za [[wanawake]], na Mwenyekiti wa Chama cha Wanawake wa Sudan.

Mary Jarvis Yak alikuwa Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Rasilimali Watu katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Sudan Kusini, baada ya kuteuliwa tarehe 10 Julai 2011. Kufikia mwaka 2012, Yak alikuwa na cheo cha Naibu Waziri wa Mipango.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20111108235215/http://sosanews.com/2011/07/13/the-newly-appointed-ministers-or-caretakers/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://everypolitician.org/positions/Q112700849/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Sudan Kusini]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>95rstdpciwkxhh86kj7ymgn8l63mdao</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ann Itto Leonardo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611699</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:06:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611699</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1313" sha1="huq9qozeafqp2vkjma0tkcbqjclll9u" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Ann Itto Leonardo.jpg|thumb|Ann Itto Leonardo]]
'''Ann Itto Leonardo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sudan Kusini]]. Hapo awali, aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Kilimo na Misitu katika [[serikali]] ya Sudan Kusini, pamoja na kuwa kaimu Katibu Mkuu wa Harakati ya Ukombozi wa Wananchi wa Sudan (''Sudan People’s Liberation Movement'').

== Kazi na elimu ==
Mwaka 1978, alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Juba kama msaidizi wa kufundisha. Baada ya kupata ufadhili wa masomo, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha ''Kansas State'' nchini [[Marekani]], ambako alisomea shahada ya uzamivu. Baadae, Leonardo alirejea Chuo Kikuu cha Juba na kuanza kazi ya kufundisha kama mhadhiri. Mwaka 1994, alijiunga na Harakati ya Ukombozi wa Wananchi wa Sudan na kuanza kufuatilia taaluma ya siasa.

== Kazi za kisiasa ==
Ann Itto Leonardo aliteuliwa kuwa [[Waziri]] wa Kilimo na Misitu katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Sudan Kusini tarehe 10 Julai 2011. Kabla ya kura ya maoni kuhusu kujitawala, alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuhakikisha usalama wa chakula.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eala.org/members/view/dr.-leanardo-itti-ann&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/ann-itto-an-inspiring-woman-forging-a-path-for-women-in-politics&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>huq9qozeafqp2vkjma0tkcbqjclll9u</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Awut Deng Acuil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611701</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1007" sha1="hnoq9f1vaz9wf1bi6e8d0jjc8o0ycjn" xml:space="preserve">'''Awut Deng Achuil''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sudan Kusini]] anaehudumu kama [[Waziri]] wa Elimu ya Jumla na Maelekezo katika [[Serikali]] ya Mpito Iliyohuishwa ya Umoja wa Kitaifa (R-TGoNU). Yeye ndiye [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Waziri wa Elimu nchini Sudan Kusini. Hapo awali, alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje na Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa kuanzia [[Agosti]] [[2019]] hadi [[Machi]] [[2020]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Awut Deng alizaliwa akiwa binti wa Deng Achuil. Kabila la baba yake liliishi katika eneo la mpakani kati ya jamii za Wanuer na Wadinka.

== Elimu ==
[[Faili:Awut Deng Acuil.png|thumb|Awut Deng Acuil]]
Awut ana shahada ya Sayansi ya Siasa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] Katoliki cha Afrika Mashariki.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.educationcannotwait.org/news-stories/featured-content/ecw-interviews-the-honourable-awut-deng-acuil-minister-general&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>hnoq9f1vaz9wf1bi6e8d0jjc8o0ycjn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1611702</id>
      <parentid>1611701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:13:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1611702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1006" sha1="lv7p5rvjpjrbl0lf552lghexa3e4utw" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Awut Deng Acuil.png|thumb|Awut Deng Acuil]]'''Awut Deng Achuil''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sudan Kusini]] anaehudumu kama [[Waziri]] wa Elimu ya Jumla na Maelekezo katika [[Serikali]] ya Mpito Iliyohuishwa ya Umoja wa Kitaifa (R-TGoNU). Yeye ndiye [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Waziri wa Elimu nchini Sudan Kusini. Hapo awali, alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje na Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa kuanzia [[Agosti]] [[2019]] hadi [[Machi]] [[2020]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Awut Deng alizaliwa akiwa binti wa Deng Achuil. Kabila la baba yake liliishi katika eneo la mpakani kati ya jamii za Wanuer na Wadinka.

== Elimu ==
Awut ana shahada ya Sayansi ya Siasa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] Katoliki cha Afrika Mashariki.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.educationcannotwait.org/news-stories/featured-content/ecw-interviews-the-honourable-awut-deng-acuil-minister-general&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>lv7p5rvjpjrbl0lf552lghexa3e4utw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jemma Nunu Kumba</title>
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    <id>256272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611703</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:19:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="1347" sha1="37qfyjxq9n5qaglgkjw4swg48l94jwh" xml:space="preserve">'''Dkt. Jemma Nunu Kumba''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1966]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sudan Kusini]] na Spika wa sasa wa [[Bunge]] la Kitaifa la Mpito tangu Agosti 2021. Yeye ndiye [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuongoza bunge la kitaifa la Sudan Kusini.

Kumba amewahi kushika nyadhifa mbalimbali za juu serikalini na ndani ya chama, zikiwemo Gavana wa Western Equatoria (2008–2010), Waziri wa Nyumba, Mipango ya Matumizi ya Ardhi na Mazingira (2010–2013), Waziri wa Umeme, Mabwawa, Umwagiliaji na Rasilimali za Maji (2013–2015), Waziri wa Jinsia, Watoto na Ustawi wa Jamii (2015), Waziri wa Uhifadhi wa Wanyamapori na Utalii (2015–2019), na [[Waziri]] wa Masuala ya Bunge (2019–2021). Pia aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Katibu Mkuu wa Harakati ya Ukombozi wa Wananchi wa Sudan (''SPLM'') mwaka 2015.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Kumba ameolewa na Dkt. Festo F. Kumba, aliewahi kuwa Waziri wa Rasilimali za Wanyama na Uvuvi. Wana [[watoto]] watano na ni wa jamii ya Wazande.&lt;ref&gt;https://jordantimes.com/news/region/jemma-nunu-kumba-ssudans-first-female-parliament-speaker&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20161023072016/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/who%E2%80%99s-who-splm-juba-faction-jemma-nunu-kumba&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>37qfyjxq9n5qaglgkjw4swg48l94jwh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lauretta Lamptey</title>
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      <id>1611704</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:27:02Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611704</origin>
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      <text bytes="1292" sha1="cm1jcmnoz5ff17r4sb354uroy0obc6d" xml:space="preserve">'''Lauretta Vivian Lamptey''' ni aliekuwa Kamishna wa Tume ya [[Haki za binadamu|Haki za Binadamu]] na Haki za Utawala nchini [[Ghana]]. Yeye ni [[mwanasheria]] na mtaalamu wa benki za uwekezaji.

== Elimu ==
Lamptey alipata elimu yake ya sekondari katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Wasichana ya Aburi kabla ya kusomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana]], Legon, ambako alipata shahada ya Sheria (LL.B.) mwaka 1980. Aliendelea na masomo katika Shule ya Sheria ya Ghana, ambako alihitimu na kufuzu kuwa wakili mwaka 1982.

Mwaka 1986, alikubaliwa kusomea sheria ya biashara ya kimataifa katika Shule ya Uchumi na Sayansi ya [[Siasa]] ya [[London]], iliyoko chini ya Chuo Kikuu cha London. Alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] ya Sheria (LL.M.) mwaka 1987.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka 1990, Lauretta Lamptey alikuwa mkuu wa Kitengo cha Masoko ya Mitaji katika ''Ecobank'' Ghana. Mwaka 1996, alihama kutoka hapo na kuwa mkuu wa Kitengo cha Fedha za Kampuni ya ''Cal Merchant Bank.''&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174143/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=214821&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110819223816/http://news.peacefmonline.com/social/201107/59224.php&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
      <sha1>cm1jcmnoz5ff17r4sb354uroy0obc6d</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nancy Tembo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611706</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:34:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48194</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="1259" sha1="ifbxb9dlgo8gvsq4w18ylyrgguh9k79" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg|thumb|Nancy Tembo]]
'''Nancy Gladys Tembo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Malawi]] ambae aliwahi kuhudumu kama [[Waziri]] wa Mambo ya Nje katika [[Serikali]] ya Malawi kuanzia mwaka 2022 hadi 2025. Pia ni [[Mbunge]] anayewakilisha jimbo la Ngwenya katika Jiji la [[Lilongwe]] ndani ya Bunge la Jamhuri ya Malawi.

Baada ya uchaguzi wa awali wa Chama cha ''Congress cha Malawi (MCP)'' wa mwaka 2018 kuharibika kutokana na matatizo ya kiutaratibu, aligombea kama mgombea huru na kupata ushindi mkubwa katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Malawi wa mwaka 2019.

Wakati wa urais wa Bingu wa Mutharika (2009–2012), alikuwa msemaji wa MCP, ambacho wakati huo kilikuwa chama kikuu cha upinzani. Alizuiliwa na kupigwa vibaya pamoja na viongozi wengine wa maandamano, wakiwemo ''Billy Mayaya'' na ''Undule Mwakasungula'', wakati wa maandamano yaliyofanyika tarehe 20 Julai 2011. Katika maandamano hayo, watu 22 waliuawa na vikosi vya usalama.&lt;ref&gt;https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Malawi]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruth Abraha</title>
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      <id>1611708</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:42:37Z</timestamp>
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        <id>48194</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="1123" sha1="j67u9zy32gbohh92wfxzp5h1gpp2j6l" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruth Abraha''', anajulikana pia kama '''Rutta Abraha''' (alizaliwa [[1989]]), ni [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Eritrea]]. Yeye ndiye mwimbaji mkuu wa kundi la [[muziki]] la ''Wari''.

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Mtindo wa muziki wa Abraha umeelezwa kuwa mchanganyiko wa mitindo ya Helen Meles, Elsa Kidane na Gual Ankere. Kufikia mwaka [[2011]], alikuwa akitawala tasnia ya muziki nchini Eritrea. Jarida la ''Ethiopian Review'' lilimtaja kuwa “mwimbaji anayevuma zaidi katika Pembe ya Afrika kwa sasa.” Mashabiki wake humwita “''Ruta Shikor''”. Akiwa na haiba ya utulivu na mtindo wa kisasa, anawakilisha taswira ya Eritrea ya kisasa.

Abraha alikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii waliotumbuiza katika Tamasha la Vijana la Eri la tano, lililofanyika katika Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Ulinzi cha ''SAWA'', nchini Eritrea, kuanzia tarehe 13 hadi [[15 Julai]] [[2012]]. Wasanii wengine waliotumbuiza katika tamasha hilo walikuwa Eriam Sisters na Helen Meles.&lt;ref&gt;https://musicinafrica.net/directory/ruth-abraha/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Eritrea]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hazarasp</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1611710</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
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      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611710</origin>
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      <text bytes="3463" sha1="a6p36xgt8ovbufymhzu2lklpw9odglh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Karibu</comment>
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Joseph Emmanuel owino</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611712</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:48:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611712</origin>
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      <text bytes="3463" sha1="a6p36xgt8ovbufymhzu2lklpw9odglh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a6p36xgt8ovbufymhzu2lklpw9odglh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ThunnyFlass</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611713</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="a6p36xgt8ovbufymhzu2lklpw9odglh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a6p36xgt8ovbufymhzu2lklpw9odglh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mishmish.txt</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611714</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="a6p36xgt8ovbufymhzu2lklpw9odglh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a6p36xgt8ovbufymhzu2lklpw9odglh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ZyTun</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611715</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jidaal ABDIAZIZ</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611716</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:49:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lowersilesian</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611717</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611717</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:DefenderOfTheEarth</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611718</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611718</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Quinn</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256285</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611719</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:49:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wamzi Hassan Mwangomo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256286</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611720</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:49:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bv5rwz2i5s2gd5g9ieubm70uwiv3zxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Issa abular</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611721</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:50:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Scrabble Scribble</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611722</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:50:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nate 2169</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611723</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Makigny</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611724</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:RedWoolTH</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611725</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:50:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Fahyie</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611726</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:50:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qtbsn0js4fc81lvvpe80fhpqmm9wwi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Navel Akoth</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611727</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:51:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Xan Tumonea</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:51:14Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611728</origin>
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      <text bytes="3463" sha1="356a2recwlhexue9e6k3soxts2rv6hh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EugeneMk</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>256295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611729</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:51:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1611729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="356a2recwlhexue9e6k3soxts2rv6hh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 28 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>356a2recwlhexue9e6k3soxts2rv6hh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caroline Faye Diop</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611730</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T09:53:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="943" sha1="r2hr1voiy85hp086blmtp7ifdp491ex" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline Faye Diop''' (alizaliwa [[11 Julai]] [[1923]] huko ''Foundiougne'' na kufariki [[28 Julai]] [[1992]] huko [[Dakar]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Senegal]], [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza nchini humo kuchaguliwa kuwa [[mbunge]] na wa kwanza kushika wadhifa wa uwaziri. Alikuwa mke wa mwanasiasa Demba Diop, Waziri wa Vijana na Michezo wakati wa utawala wa rais Léopold Sédar Senghor, alieuawa mwaka 1967.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Alikuwa binti wa Louis Diène Faye, mhasibu aliyekuwa na sifa za kitaaluma na [[mwanaharakati]] wa ''SFIO'', mojawapo ya vyama vya kisiasa vya [[Ufaransa]]. Baba yake alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa ''Senegalese Democratic Bloc''. Mama yake aliitwa Fatim Diop.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dakarposte.com/PAR-COURS-CAROLINE-FAYE-DIOP-FEMME-D-ENGAGEMENT_a42091.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>r2hr1voiy85hp086blmtp7ifdp491ex</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ericka Bareigts</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611732</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T10:00:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1242" sha1="9089qwmrs9sh12m8027luon2nc1vsa7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Ericka Bareigts 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ericka Bareigts]]
'''Ericka Bareigts''' (matamshi ya Kifaransa: [eʁika baʁɛtʃ]; alizaliwa [[16 Aprili]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ufaransa]] kutoka Chama cha ''Kisoshalisti'' (PS), aliewahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Maeneo ya Ng'ambo katika [[serikali]] za Mawaziri Wakuu Manuel Valls na Bernard Cazeneuve kuanzia tarehe 30 Agosti 2016 hadi 10 Mei 2017. Alikuwa [[mbunge]] wa Bunge la Taifa kuanzia mwaka 2012 hadi 2016 na tena kuanzia mwaka 2017 hadi 2020. Tangu tarehe 4 Julai 2020, amekuwa Meya wa [[Saint-Denis, Réunion]].

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha ''La Réunion'', ambako alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sheria. Baadae alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha ''Panthéon-Sorbonne'', ambako alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] ya sheria.

Bareigts alifanya kazi kama mtumishi wa umma.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/deputes/PA610681&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rtl.fr/actu/politique/remaniement-ministeriel-audrey-azoulay-ericka-bareigts-qui-sont-les-nouveaux-ministres-qui-entrent-au-gouvernement-7781836453&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}</text>
      <sha1>9089qwmrs9sh12m8027luon2nc1vsa7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elsa Pooley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T10:11:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1853" sha1="l602b02pctuc65bu56ngfbxh2hspfo4" xml:space="preserve">'''Elsa Pooley''' (alizaliwa kwa jina la '''Elsa Susanna Bond''' [[mwaka]] [[1947]] huko [[Johannesburg]]) ni mtaalamu wa mimea kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], mbunifu wa mandhari, mwongoza watalii na [[msanii]].

== Wasifu ==
Aliishi na kuchunguza hifadhi za wanyamapori za Ndumu na Mkuzi kwa takribani miaka 20, ambako alivutiwa na aina mbalimbali za mimea ya eneo hilo. Alikusanya [[mimea]], akaichora, akaandika kuihusu na kuitumia katika shughuli za bustani.

Kazi zake zimeonyeshwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ya Afrika Kusini, jambo lililomletea tume za kufanya kazi za sanaa ndani na nje ya nchi. Michoro yake imechapishwa katika mfululizo wa ''Flowering Plants of Africa'', na mkusanyiko wake wa matoleo machache ulioitwa ''Palms of Africa'' ([[1988]]) umeuzwa duniani kote. Mwaka 1999, alipewa tume ya kutengeneza michoro kwa ajili ya treni ya Blue Train.

== Tuzo ==

* Mwaka [[1996]], alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mhifadhi Bora wa Mwaka na Jumuiya ya Wanyamapori na Mazingira (Tawi la Natal).
* Mwaka [[1999]], alipokea Cheti cha Sifa kwa Mchango Bora katika Sayansi ya Mimea kutoka Chama cha Wataalamu wa Mimea cha Afrika Kusini.
* Mwaka [[2000]], alitunukiwa medali ya shaba katika Maonyesho ya Kwanza ya Sanaa ya Mimea yaliyofanyika Kirstenbosch.
* Mwaka [[2004]], alipokea Medali ya Marloth kutoka Jumuiya ya Mimea ya Kusini mwa Afrika.
* Mwaka [[2008]], alitunukiwa Shahada ya Heshima ya Sayansi na [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120308013816/http://www.baasa.co.za/Artist_EPooley.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://le.kloofconservancy.org.za/the-reluctant-revolutionary-elsa-pooley/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20081016231616/http://www.cavern.co.za/botanic.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Mimea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edwige Fenech</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611736</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T10:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1611736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1090" sha1="e4gyey2sq2lz7wbecqohat8isuf28xt" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Edwige Fenech - The Strange Vice of Mrs. Wardh (1971).png|thumb|Edwige Fenech]]
'''Edwige Fenech''' (matamshi ya Kifaransa: [ɛdviʒ fənɛʃ], na ya Kiitaliano: [edˈviʒ feˈnɛk, - ˈfɛːnek]; alizaliwa [[24 Desemba]] [[1948]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]] mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na [[Italia]]. Anajulikana kwa kuigiza katika mfululizo wa filamu za ''commedia sexy all'italiana'' na ''giallo'', zilizotolewa hasa katika kipindi cha miaka 20 ya kazi yake katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980. Filamu hizo zilimfanya kuwa alama ya mvuto wa kimapenzi.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Baba yake alikuwa na asili ya [[Algeria]] na [[Malta]], huku mama yake akiwa Mwitaliano kutoka Ragusa, Sicily. Wazazi wake walitalikiana alipokuwa mtoto, na Fenech alilelewa na mama yake huko Nice.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0271763/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/edwige_fenech&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
      <sha1>e4gyey2sq2lz7wbecqohat8isuf28xt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uasherati</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611737</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T10:24:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Gianciotto Discovers Paolo and Francesca Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.jpg|thumb|''[[Paolo Malatesta]] na [[Francesca da Rimini]]'', ambao [[Dante Alighieri]] katika ''[[Divina Commedia]]'' amewaweka mwenye [[Jehanum|moto wa milele]] kwa kufanya uasherati.]] '''Uasherati''' (pia: '''ugoni, umalaya, ukware, ufuska''' n.k.; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''fornication''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fornication|url=http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&amp;...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2062" sha1="1vkkenpppy46kn6mbty6cattkmqek1k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gianciotto Discovers Paolo and Francesca Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.jpg|thumb|''[[Paolo Malatesta]] na [[Francesca da Rimini]]'', ambao [[Dante Alighieri]] katika ''[[Divina Commedia]]'' amewaweka mwenye [[Jehanum|moto wa milele]] kwa kufanya uasherati.]]
'''Uasherati''' (pia: '''ugoni, umalaya, ukware, ufuska''' n.k.; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''fornication''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fornication|url=http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&amp;va=fornication|work=Student Dictionary|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=15 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225430/http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&amp;va=fornication|archive-date=2 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionaries on fornication&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fornication|access-date = 25 November 2013|publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]|url =http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fornication}}&lt;/ref&gt; au ''recreational sex''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csX0f7AVM3gC&amp;pg=PA663REDIR_ESC=Y |title=Sex and society |date=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference |isbn=978-0-7614-7905-5 |editor-last=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |volume=3 |location=New York |pages=663–666}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[tabia]] ya mtu ya kufanya [[Tendo la ndoa|ngono]] na watu ambao hana uhusiano nao wa [[ndoa|kindoa]]. Kama mwenyewe au mwenzake ana ndoa na mtu mwingine unaitwa ''[[uzinifu]]''.

Tabia hiyo inalaumiwa na [[dini]] na [[jamii]] nyingi kwa kuhatarisha uimara wa [[familia]] na [[Afya ya jamii|afya ya umma]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – The sixth commandment |publisher=Vatican.va |date=29 October 1951 |access-date=2 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813092321/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |archive-date=13 August 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu}}
[[Jamii:Maadili]]
[[Jamii:jinsia]]
[[Jamii:ndoa]]</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2065" sha1="taooz83y10bo9n8ovmnw88kavqfzaof" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gianciotto Discovers Paolo and Francesca Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.jpg|thumb|''[[Paolo Malatesta]] na [[Francesca da Rimini]]'', ambao [[Dante Alighieri]] katika ''[[Divina Commedia]]'' amewaweka mwenye [[Jehanum|moto wa milele]] kwa kufanya uasherati.]]
'''Uasherati''' (pia: '''ugoni, umalaya, ukware, ufuska''' n.k.; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''fornication''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fornication|url=http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&amp;va=fornication|work=Student Dictionary|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=15 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225430/http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&amp;va=fornication|archive-date=2 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionaries on fornication&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fornication|access-date = 25 November 2013|publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]|url =http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fornication}}&lt;/ref&gt; au ''recreational sex''&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csX0f7AVM3gC&amp;pg=PA663REDIR_ESC=Y |title=Sex and society |date=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference |isbn=978-0-7614-7905-5 |editor-last=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |volume=3 |location=New York |pages=663–666}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[tabia]] ya mtu ya kufanya [[Tendo la ndoa|ngono]] na watu ambao hana uhusiano nao wa [[ndoa|kindoa]]. Kama mwenyewe au mwenzake ana ndoa na mtu mwingine unaitwa ''[[uzinifu]]''.

Tabia hiyo inalaumiwa na [[dini]] na [[jamii]] nyingi kwa kuhatarisha uimara wa [[familia]] na [[Afya ya jamii|afya ya umma]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – The sixth commandment |publisher=Vatican.va |date=29 October 1951 |access-date=2 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813092321/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |archive-date=13 August 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu}}
[[Jamii:Maadili]]
[[Jamii:jinsia]]
[[Jamii:ndoa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dagmar Lassander</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611738</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T10:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="1461" sha1="jh32ge8gvqemmwork90dcnmknge5se4" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Dagmar Lassander - The Laughing Woman (1969).png|thumb|Dagmar Lassander]]
'''Dagmar Lassander''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Dagmar Regine Hager''' [[16 Juni]] [[1943]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Ujerumani]].

== Maisha ya awali na kazi ==
Akiwa na baba [[Mfaransa]] na mama mwenye asili ya [[Chile]] na Ujerumani. Alianza kazi yake kama mbunifu wa mavazi katika Opera ya Berlin. Jukumu lake la kwanza la uigizaji lilikuwa mwaka 1966 katika filamu ya ''Sperrbezirk'', iliyoongozwa na Will Tremper.

Kuanzia mwaka 1969, alianza kufanya kazi ya uigizaji mara kwa mara, hasa katika [[filamu]] za Kiitaliano zinazohusu uhalifu, vitisho na masuala ya kimapenzi. Filamu yake ya kwanza isiyohusisha maudhui ya kimapenzi ilikuwa ''Hatchet for the Honeymoon''.

== Orodha teule ya filamu alizoigiza ==

* ''Sperrbezirk (''[[1966]]'')''
* ''Murderers Club of Brooklyn (''[[1967]]'')''
* ''Street Acquaintances of St. Pauli (''[[1968]]'')''
* ''Andrea the Nympho (1968)''
* ''Quartett im Bett (Watu Wanne Kitandani) (''1968'')''
* ''The Laughing Woman (''[[1969]]'')''
* ''Un caso di coscienza (''[[1970]]'')''
* ''Hatchet for the Honeymoon'' (1970). &lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0489798/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://letterboxd.com/actor/dagmar-lassander/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/name.php?name-id=774417055&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ujerumani]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Demosthenes Philalethes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1611741</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T11:43:27Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Demosthenes Philalethes''' alikuwa daktari wa Ugiriki ya Kale kutoka Asia Minor ambaye alikuwa mmoja wa wanafunzi wa Alexander Philalethes, mtu wa wakati mmoja na Aristoxenus (physician), na mfuasi wa mafundisho ya Herophilos.&lt;ref name=&quot;galen&quot;&gt;[[Galen]], ''De Differ. Puls.'' iv. 4, vol. viii. p. 727&lt;/ref&gt; Alimrithi Alexander kama mkuu wa shule ya matibabu ya Herophilean huko Carura. Yaelekea aliishi mwanzoni mwa karne ya 1 BK, na alikuwa maarufu hasa kw...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1440" sha1="gis4o0dzyjp1kmybjctk21yhbbayi9n" xml:space="preserve">'''Demosthenes Philalethes''' alikuwa daktari wa Ugiriki ya Kale kutoka Asia Minor ambaye alikuwa mmoja wa wanafunzi wa Alexander Philalethes, mtu wa wakati mmoja na Aristoxenus (physician), na mfuasi wa mafundisho ya Herophilos.&lt;ref name=&quot;galen&quot;&gt;[[Galen]], ''De Differ. Puls.'' iv. 4, vol. viii. p. 727&lt;/ref&gt; Alimrithi Alexander kama mkuu wa shule ya matibabu ya Herophilean huko Carura. Yaelekea aliishi mwanzoni mwa karne ya 1 BK, na alikuwa maarufu hasa kwa umahiri wake kama mtaalamu wa macho. Alikuwa mwandishi wa kazi yenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi ya fani ya macho ya ulimwengu wa kale, kitabu kiitwacho ''Ophthalmicus'', kinachohusu magonjwa ya macho, ambacho kinaonekana kilikuwepo bado hadi katika zama za Kati, lakini ambacho kwa sasa hakijasalia chochote, ingawa dondoo zingine zimehifadhiwa na Aëtius Amidenus, Paul of Aegina, Rufus of Ephesus, na waandishi wengine wa baadaye. Katika kitabu hiki, alihusisha [[glaucoma]] na mabadiliko ya umajimaji ya lenzi (crystalline humor). Pia aliandika kazi kuhusu mapigo ya moyo au wa mishipa (pulse), ambayo imenukuliwa na [[Galen]]. Demosthenes alikuwa mfuasi wa mwisho aliyetambulika wa Herophilean huko Asia Minor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book  | last = Plinio  | first = Prioreschi  | title = A History of Medicine  | year = 1996 | publisher = Horatius  | pages = 504  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HaX733MnZZ4C  | isbn = 1-888456-02-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
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